Living in Venezuela at the time of the attack, Mr. Posada was tried before a military tribune but acquitted.
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In the film, Felton plays the aide of Fiennes' character, who is a "powerful Roman military tribune" who is on the mission to find Jesus in order to prevent an uprising in Jerusalem.
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Directed by "Waterworld's" Kevin Reynolds, "Risen" hits theaters in the midst of Lent after a major faith-based marketing push that included screening the movie at the Vatican, where stars Joseph Fiennes — who plays a powerful Roman military tribune tasked with investigating reports of Jesus' resurrection — met with Pope Francis.
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Lucius Julius Jullus, a military tribune with consular powers in 397 BC.Broughton, MRR1, p. 86.
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352, 353 (note 2). It is nonetheless certain that Caecus was military tribune before his censorship, because it was a requirement for being elected consul, which he became immediately after his censorship. As military tribune, he certainly served during the Second Samnite War (326–304 BC), the main conflict in Italy at the time.
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Gaius Julius Caesar II and Lucius Julius Caesar II may have had Sextus Julius Caesar, the military tribune of 181 BC, as a common ancestor.
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Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, pp. 274–275, citing Tacitus, Annales 2.10.3. The emperor Julian employed a bilingual Germanic military tribune as a spy.Ammianus Marcellinus 18.2.
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The Catii were an obscure family; the only other member to attain prominence during the Republic was Gaius Catius Vestinus, a military tribune in 43 BC under Marcus Antonius.
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A military tribune (Latin tribunus militum, "tribune of the soldiers", Greek chiliarchos, χιλίαρχος) was an officer of the Roman army who ranked below the legate and above the centurion. Young men of Equestrian rank often served as military tribune as a stepping stone to the Senate.Dio, LXVII, 2. The tribunus militum should not be confused with the elected political office of tribune of the people (tribunus plebis) nor with that of tribunus militum consulari potestate.
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He was the son of Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus (consul in 490 BC), and father of Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus (military tribune with consular power in 402 BC and 398 BC).
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427 His career as a senator began in a predictable fashion, as a triumvir monetalis, about which Syme notes, "No patrician in this epoch held any of the other three minor magistracies." However, his next office was unusual: Acilius Glabrio saw service as a military tribune of Legio XV Apollinaris. After Trajan became emperor, only one other patrician is known to have served as a military tribune, Publius Manilius Vopiscus Vicinillianus, consul of 114.Syme, "Eccentric Patrician", p.
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A Roman military tribune (centre) of the late Republic. Note the horse-hair plume on the helmet, bronze muscle cuirass, mantle, sash indicating knightly rank, pteruges. Detail from bas-relief on the Altar of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, about 122 BC. Musée du Louvre, Paris Modern re-enactor wearing replica equipment of a Roman military tribune of the imperial era. Note plumed, engraved helmet, bronze muscle cuirass, red mantle, red sash tied over cuirass indicating equestrian rank, pteruges.
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Lucius Sergius Fidenas was a Roman politician during the 5th century BC, and was elected consul in 437 and 429 BC. In 433, 424, and 418 BC he was military tribune with consular power.
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Quaestor Tribunis Militum annos natus XXXIII mortuus. Pater regem Antiochum subegit. A translation into English is: : Lucius Cornelius, son of Lucius, grandson of Publius, Scipio, quaestor, military tribune, died aged 33 years. His father conquered king Antiochus.
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It is housed in the Bodleian Library. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.P. Oxy. 32 at the Oxyrhynchus Online The letter was written to Julius Domitius, military tribune of the legion, by Aurelius Archelaus.
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Procilla -- was Mucianus' relative.Salomies, Adoptive and polyonymous nomenclature, p. 128 Edward Dabrowa has reconstructed Mucianus' cursus honorum from at least two inscriptions. His first recorded office was as military tribune of Legio X Fretensis, during the reign of Hadrian.
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14f The beginning of his senatorial career was not impressive. As a member of the vigintiviri, a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate, Marcianus was allocated to the tresviri capitalis, which was not a prestigious office. Following this he held the typical series of offices: a hitch as military tribune in Legio IV Scythica, then another hitch as military tribune in Legio X Fretensis. He returned to Rome to serve as quaestor, then plebeian tribune, praetor, legate to the proconsul of Africa, and legate or commander of Legio X Gemina.
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Pulvillus was elected tribunus militum consulari potestate ("military tribune with consular power") in 386 in a college of six members. His colleagues were Marcus Furius Camillus, Servius Cornelius Maluginensis, Quintus Servilius Fidenas, Lucius Quinctius Cicinnatus, and Publius Valerius Potitus Poplicola.Broughton, vol. I, pp.
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Lucius Julius L. f Vop. n. Iulus was a member of the patrician house of the Julii at ancient Rome. He was military tribune with consular powers in 401 and 397 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 657.
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Lucius Julius Iulus was a member of the ancient patrician house of the Julii. He held the office of military tribune with consular powers in 388 BC, and again in 379.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 657.
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Cornelius Sabinus, military tribune of the Praetorian Guard and after Cassius Chaerea, the principal conspirator against Caligula, who gave him one of the fatal blows. Upon the execution of Chaerea by Claudius, Sabinus voluntarily committed suicide, disdaining to survive the associate of his glorious deed.
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He was part of the gens Antonia. It is possible that he was a plebeian, since the nomen Antonius is found among the plebeians more often than the patricians in this era. He was the father of Quintus Antonius Merenda, military tribune in 422 BC.
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The previous Flaccus' son was also (d. 54 BC). He served in Asia under his father, but fled to his uncle Gaius, who was in Gaul. He later served as military tribune in Cilicia, quaestor in Hispania under Piso, a legate of Metellus in Crete.
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According to Livy, Valerius brought forward a proposal granting immunity to all who had taken part in the secession during an assembly of the people at the Peteline Grove. A Lex Sacrata ("sacred law") that no one should be struck from the military list against his will was also passed, and furthermore a law that no one who had been military tribune could afterwards be centurion, this law was made due to one Publius Salonius,Otherwise unknown, Oakley(1998), p. 385 who had every year been either military tribune or first centurion, and that the cavalry should have their pay reduced for having acted against the mutineers.Livy, vii.
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Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 5 Following this he was commissioned a military tribune with Legio VI Victrix, then stationed at the city of Legio (modern-day León) in Hispania Tarraconensis. After serving as a quaestor in Sicily, he accepted another commission as a military tribune with Legio IV Scythica in AD 62, stationed at Zeugma in Syria. At one point Vettonianus found himself commanding the legion under the leadership of Lucius Caesennius Paetus in the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63.Tacitus, Annales XV.7.1 The legion, however, was defeated in the Battle of Rhandeia and suffered dishonor.
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210 Proculus was the son of an Aulus Vicirius A.f. Proculus, attested as a military tribune of Legio IV Scythica and flamen Augusti during the reign of Claudius, who was buried at Siena.Vincenzo Saladino, "Iscrizioni Latine di Roselle (II)", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 39 (1980), pp.
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Most of Priscus' advancement through the cursus honorum has been established.Following Ladislav Vidman, "Die Familie des L. Neratius Marcellus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 43 (1981), pp. 377-384 His first known office was as military tribune with Legio XXII Primigenia between c. 79 to c.
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Flamininus' early career was peculiar, as he skipped several steps of the cursus honorum. The Second Punic War that was raging in Italy created several unusual careers, that of Scipio Africanus being the most famous example. It started in 208 as military tribune, a junior military position.Broughton, vol.
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Flaccus was a military tribune, a senior military position, sometime before 100 BC. In 99 BC, he was curule aedile, a junior political position.Cicero, Pro Flacco 77; Bobbio Scholiast 95 and 105 (Stangl). On completion of his term he was unsuccessfully prosecuted by Decianus.Cicero, Pro Flacco 51, 70ff.
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Camillus had been a noteworthy soldier in the wars with the Aequi and Volsci. Subsequently, Camillus was a military tribune. In 403 BC, he was appointed censor with Marcus Postumius Albinus Regillensis and, by means of extensive taxation, took action to solve financial problems resulting from incessant military campaigns.
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Purpureo was a military tribune in 210 BC during the Second Punic War. After the Battle of Numistro against Hannibal, he was left behind in charge of the wounded with a small number of guards, while the consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus pursued the enemy.Livy, History of Rome 27.2.
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4-8 His next office was as a military tribune in Legio V Macedonica. As quaestor, Montanus was assigned his home province of Bithynia et Pontus. Montanus held these posts, as well as the subsequent offices of plebeian tribune and praetor, under Nero, who apparently favored the young senator.
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134, 135 ("C. Velleius Paterculus"). As a young man, Velleius served as a military tribune in Rome's eastern provinces. In AD 2, he was with the army of Gaius Caesar, and personally witnessed the meeting between the young general and Phraates V of Parthia on the banks of the Euphrates.
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The gens Orfia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but others are known from inscriptions. The best-known may be Marcus Orfius, a military tribune who served under the command of Caesar.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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His second nomen, Metilius, suggests that his mother may have been a Metilia. If so, his uncle could be the governor Publius Metilius Nepos. Probably due to his patrician rank, Bradua went from the quaestorship to praetorship. There is a possibility at some point he could have served as a military tribune.
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He was a consul in 95AD, succeeding the Emperor Domitian, and again in 129. He served as a military tribune with the Legio XII Fulminata. He is the first person attested to have held the position of recorder of the minutes of the Senate. He was Governor of Britannia from 101 to 104.
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He was the son of Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 212 BC) and the brother of Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 184 BC). In 197 BC and the three following years, he served as a military tribune under Titus Quinctius Flamininus in Greece in the war with Philip V of Macedon.Livy, xxxii. 35, 36, xxxiii.
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Tiberius' military career started in the Third Punic War, as military tribune appointed to the staff of his brother in law, Scipio Aemilianus. During his tenure as military tribune under Aemilianus, Tiberius became known for his bravery and discipline, recorded as the first to scale the enemy walls of Carthage during the Roman siege in 146 BC.Plutarch, Ti. Gracch. 4, In 137 BC he was appointed quaestor to consul Gaius Hostilius Mancinus and served his term in Numantia (Hispania province). The campaign was part of the Numantine War and was unsuccessful; Mancinus's army suffered major defeats and Mancinus himself had tried disgracefully to withdraw at night and caused his rearguard to be cut to pieces and the Roman camp looted.
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At least some scholars have proposed that this Lucius was the son of Lucius Julius Libo, consul in 267 BC.Griffin, p. 13. Sextus appears to have had at least two children: Lucius, who was praetor in 183 BC, and Sextus, who served as military tribune in 181, and attained the consulship in 157. In his reconstruction of the Julii Caesares, classical scholar Wilhelm Drumann assumed that the consul was the son of the military tribune, rather than the same man, and therefore inserted an otherwise unknown Lucius between Sextus the praetor and his two sons; but since the tribune and the consul are identical, the consul's grandfather Lucius must have been the father of Sextus, praetor in 208.Drumann, p. 113.
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A gravestone found near Rome dedicated to his wife, Vitellia C.f. Rufilla, by his son, Gaius Salvius Vitellanius, provides details of his family. Salvius Vitellanius is known to have been a military tribune in Legio V Macedonica and legate to the proconsul of Macedonia; Birley suspects in both cases he served under his father.
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In one inscription, referring to the military tribune of Legio X Fretensis, the name Marcus Nonius Mucianus M.f. Pob. Mucianus Publius Delphius Peregrinus appears. In another, referring to the suffect consul of 138, the name Publius Delphius Peregrinus Alfius Allenius Maximus Curtius Valerianus Proculus Marcus Nonius Mucianus appears. This problem is discussed by Olli Salomies.
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An Exarch was established at Ravenna while a military tribune was set up in Oderzo. Greek-Byzantine rule did not last long. Starting in 568 AD, the Lombards crossed the Julian Alps. These invaders subdivided the territory of Venetia into numerous feuds ruled by Germanic dukes and counts, essentially creating the division of Veneto from Friuli.
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Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 304 The same inscription from Grottaferra provides information about his cursus honorum as far as his consulate. Calvinus began as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that comprise the vigintiviri. This was followed by a commission as military tribune in Legio V Macedonica, stationed in Syria.
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Probus entered the army around 250 upon reaching adulthood. He rose rapidly through the ranks, repeatedly earning high military decorations. Appointed as a military tribune by the emperor Valerian, at a very young age, in recognition of his latent ability, he justified the choice by a distinguished victory over the Sarmatians on the Illyrian frontier.Gibbon, p.
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The earliest offices Fundanus held are known from an inscription recovered from Baloie (modern Šipovo) in Bosnia.ILJug-03, 1627 The first office listed is military tribune with Legio XII Fulminata. Next is quaestor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he would be enrolled in the Senate.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p.
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From around 57 to 59 he was a military tribune in Germania. He also served in Britannia and perhaps arrived about 60 with reinforcements needed after the revolt of Boudica. About 63, he returned to Rome and married Arrecina Tertulla, daughter of Marcus Arrecinus Clemens, a former Prefect of the Praetorian Guard. She died about 65.
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In 181 BC, Sextus served as a military tribune under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, proconsul of Liguria.Livy, xl. 27.Broughton, vol. I. p. 385. In 170, he was one of the legates sent to Thrace in order to restore liberty to the people of Abdera, and to seek out and return those who had been sold into slavery.
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Living during the times of the Emperor Trajan and having a connection to Pliny the Younger, Suetonius was able to begin a rise in rank in the imperial administration. In c. 102, he was appointed to a military tribune position in Britain, which he did not actually accept. He was, though, among the staff for Pliny's command in Bithynia.
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Speech in Defense of Titus Annius Milo. Yonge. pp. 9. Valerius Maximus and Cicero both say that Lusius was a military tribune. Marian reforms to the military had lessened the power and number of military tribunes. Despite this, he attempted to use his position to seduce Trebonius, who had so far not cooperated with his advances.
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5 Family History Publishers, 1997 or identical to Lucius Julius Libo II, with Sextus Julius Caesar (praetor 208 BC) as his son, in which case the latter would be the father of Sextus Julius Caesar (military tribune 181 BC) identical to Sextus Julius Caesar (consul 157 BC).Miriam Griffin. A Companion to Julius Caesar, p. 13 ff.
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There has been no cultural break in the employment of marines since then. Duilius, reports Polybius, left his land army (pedzika stratopeda) in command of the chiliarchoi, a rank between the company commander and the legion commander. The only Roman officer that fits is the military tribune, one rank below the legion commander, a legate. This delegation is unusual.
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The inscription from Tibur provides the details of a likely patrician career, although some offices are presented out of order. Vopiscus began his career in his teenage years as one of the tresviri monetalis, which was the most prestigious of the four boards comprising the vigintiviri it was usually held either by patricians or favored plebeiansAnthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), pp. 4f about the same time he was admitted into the Salii Collinus. According to the order of the inscription, Vopiscus was a military tribune in Legio IV Scythica before he was a quaestor in attendance to the emperor Trajan; this order is unusual, for, by this point in history, serving as a military tribune almost always came after the office of quaestor.
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The Robe is a 1953 American Biblical epic film that tells the story of a Roman military tribune who commands the unit that is responsible for the Crucifixion of Jesus. The film was released by 20th Century Fox and was the first film released in the widescreen process CinemaScope.Chrissochoidis, Ilias (ed.). CinemaScope: Selected Documents from the Spyros P. Skouras Archive.
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The next day the reunited Romans attacked the Samnites and completely routed them. Several other ancient authors also mention Decius' heroic acts. Modern historians are however sceptical of the historical accuracy of Livy's account, and have in particular noted the similarities with how a military tribune is said to have saved Roman army in 258 BC during the First Punic War.
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This was followed by another commission as military tribune, this time with Legio II Adiutrix, at the time stationed at Aquincum (modern Budapest). A third commission, this time as praefectus or commander of ala Frontoniana which was stationed in Dacia. These were the usual commissions that comprise the equestrian tres militiae. From this point Victorinus held a series of civil appointments.
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The career of Africanus Fabius Maximus is much less clear than that of his brother. It is believed that Africanus' earliest post was as a military tribune in Spain, though this is not certain. His only two certain civilian posts were as ordinary consul in 10 BCE (with Iullus Antonius), and as proconsul of Africa in 6/5 BCE.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p.
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The patrician Flaccus became a friend, political patron, and ally of the young plebeian senator Marcus Porcius Cato, later called Cato the Elder, during the earlier years of the Second Punic War. Flaccus is possibly the Valerius Flaccus who was a military tribune in 212 BC, serving under the consuls who captured Hanno's camp at Beneventum.Livy 25.14.6; Valerius Maximus 3.2.20.
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247 "Multiple names are not always the product of ancestry or adoption", Syme asserts. "Advertising social success or aspirations, they may commemorate amity or a benefactor without any close tie of propinquity." He points out that Vopiscus, as explained below, was military tribune in Syria at the same time Quadratus Bassus was governor, which strengthens the possibility of some kind of connection.
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Alföldy and Halfmann, "M. Cornelius Nigrinus Curiatius Maternus, General Domitians und Rivale", Chiron, 3 (1973), pp. 331–373 An anomaly in the career of Aulus Larcius Priscus, suffect consul in 110, supports Maternus' identification. At the time, Priscus, who had been quaestor of Asia, then military tribune of Legio IV Scythica based in Syria, was appointed to the governorship of Syria.
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862; Arnold, pgs. 120-2 He agreed and pushed through laws (the ne cui militum fraudi secessio fuit)Oakley, pg. 471 which granted the mutinous soldiers immunity from prosecution, prevented the removal of a soldier’s name from the roll of service without his consent, and prohibited any Military Tribune being demoted down to the rank of centurion.Broughton, pg. 134; Arnold, pg.
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According to the notoriously unreliable Historia Augusta, Tiberianus was related in some way to the emperor Aurelian.Historia Augusta, Life of Aurelian, I:3 In AD 249, Tiberianus was a Military tribune attached to the Legio X Gemina, stationed at Vindobona in the province of Pannonia Superior.Christol, pg. 205 It is believed that Tiberianus was made consul designate around the year AD 265.
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Marcus Calpurnius Flamma was a Roman military leader and hero in the First Punic War. Flamma was a military tribune who led 300 volunteers on a suicide mission to free a consular army from a defile in which they had been trapped by the Carthaginians. Flamma was found gravely wounded under a pile of bodies but survived.Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology vol.
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Gaius Caninius Rebilus, a member of the plebeian gens Caninia, was a Roman general and politician. As a reward for devoted service, Julius Caesar appointed him consul suffectus in 45 BC. Rebilus, a novus homo of the late Republic,Syme, pg. 94 served with Julius Caesar throughout the Gallic Wars and the Civil Wars. He was Military tribune in Gaul in 52 BC,Broughton, pg.
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Livy also summarizes a second version found in some annalists he had consulted. According to these there was no dictator, the affair was entirely handled by the consuls and the mutiny broke out in Rome itself. At night the conspirators seized one Gaius ManliusA Gaius Manlius was Military Tribune with Consular power in 379, otherwise this name is unknown in this time period. Oakley(1998), p.
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Oakley(1998), p. 383 it is unlikely that purpose of the law barring military tribunes from becoming centurions were intended to protect military tribunes from demotion since the military tribunate had been made elective in 362.Oakley(1998), p. 384 A possibility is that this law clearly defined the military tribune as outranking the centurion and ensured these two offices were held in ascending order.
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Gaius Atinius served as military tribune in Gaul under the consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus in 194 BC. He is probably the same Gaius Atinius who served as praetor in 188, and received Hispania Ulterior as his province. He remained there as propraetor, defeating the Lusitani, before being killed during the siege of Hasta in 186 BC.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita xxxiv.46, xxxviii.35, xxxix.21.
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Domitia Decidiana was a Roman woman who lived in the 1st century. She was a well-connected woman of illustrious descent. In 62 she married the Roman general Gnaeus Julius Agricola, who had just recently returned from service in Britain as a military tribune. She gave birth to a son, whose name is not known, in 63, and in 64 to a daughter, Julia Agricola.
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Edward Dabrowa, Legio X Fretensis: A Prosopographical Study of its Officers (I-III c. A.D.) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1993), p. 56 The first recorded office Paetus held was as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandus, one of the four magistracies that comprised the vigintiviri. Then in the late 20s of the second century he served as military tribune in the Legio X Fretensis, stationed in Judea.
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Senecio was a member of literary circles. Pliny the Younger addressed two letters to a "Senecio" who is commonly identified with him. The first, beginning with "This year has produced a healthy crop of poets", is on the health of contemporary Roman literature.Epistulae I.13 The second is a request for a commission as military tribune on behalf of the relative of Pliny's friend Calvisius Rufus.
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Aulus Manlius Capitolinus was a politician of the Roman Republic and the brother of Marcus Manlius Capitolinus.Liv. 6 20 In 389, 385, 383, and 370 BC, he was a Military Tribune with Consular power.Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol. I, pp. 96, 101, 103, 110 During his 389 tribuneship, he served under the dictator, Marcus Furius Camillus, guarding Rome during the Battle ad Maecium.Liv.
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After the fulfillment of Paullus' military service, and being elected military tribune, he was elected curule aedile in 193. The next step of his cursus honorum was his election as praetor in 191. During his term of office, he went to the Hispania provinces, where he campaigned against the Lusitanians between 191 and 189. However, he failed to be elected consul for several years.
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Rufus Lollianus was a member of the gens Hedia Lolliana which probably originated from the region of Liguria, and which had achieved Patrician status by the time that he began his career.Mennen, pg. 107 He was the son of Lucius (Hedius Rufus) Lollianus Avitus, who was elected consul ordinarius in AD 144. He himself began his career as a Military tribune of the Legio VII Gemina.
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Ronald Syme, "The Enigmatic Sospes", Journal of Roman Studies, 67 (1977), p. 44 Paetus is known to have served as a military tribune in 62 under Domitius Corbulo.Tacitus, Annales xv.28 Despite the military reverses of his father, his career was not unduly harmed, for Paetus was governor of Syria in 70–72, then Consul Suffectus, and finally proconsular governor of Asia in 93/94.
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Syme interprets Ovid's poems to indicate Rufinus had been active in the Batonian War, which transpired from AD 6 to the year 9. If so, his role in that conflict is unclear: in different papers Syme speculated that Rufinus had been a military tribune,Syme, "Vibius Rufus and Vibius Rufinus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 43 (1981), p. 375 a quaestor or a legate of quaestorian rank.Syme, History in Ovid, p.
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Probable bust of Claudius in the Antiquarium del Palatino, Rome Before coming to power, Claudius served with the Roman army, where he made a good career and secured appointment to the highest military posts. During the reign of Decius (249-251), he served as a military tribune.See SHA, Vita Claudii, 14. It is in fact doubtful that Claudius was a military tribune at the time of Gallienus's murder.
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Ronald Syme speculated that his gentilicum indicated an origin in either Erutria or Campania, noting a number of Vicirii attested in inscriptions from those parts of Italy.Syme, "Missing Persons II", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 8 (1959), p. 210 Martialis was the son of an Aulus Vicirius A.f. Proculus, attested as a military tribune of Legio IV Scythica and flamen Augusti during the reign of Claudius, and interred at Siena.
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Livy XXII.49 The process of establishing a marching-camp would start when the Consul in command of a consular army determined the general area where the day's march would terminate. A detail of officers (a military tribune and several centurions), known as the mensores ("measurers"), would be charged with surveying the area and determining the best location for the praetorium (the Consul's tent), planting a standard on the spot.
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Gallicus' first known post was as military tribune of Legio XIII Gemina, which he is attested as holding in 52. = ILS 9499 This was followed by the Republican magistracies of quaestor and curule aedile. He then served again in the military as the legatus, or commander, of Legio XV Apollinaris during the reign of the emperor Claudius. During Gallicus' term as legatus the legion was stationed in Pannonia.
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His mother was the daughter of Manius Laberius Maximus, a general who was also twice consul. Praesens was born and raised in Volceii, Lucania, Italy. To judge by the presumed dates of his first offices, he must have been born in or around the year 119. He served as a military tribune in Legio III Gallica in Syria, probably about 136 when his father was governing the province.
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Iulius Placidus, often referred to simply as Placidus (), was a Roman military tribune in the 1st century. During the Year of the Four Emperors Placidus served in the staff of Marcus Antonius Primus, general in the army of Vespasian. According to Tacitus, Placidus led an assault detachment to the Vitellian headquarters while the capture of Rome by Flavian troops. Placidus detained Vitellius and tortured him to death in public.
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Gaius Lutatius Catulus (Latin: C·LVTATIVS·C·F·CATVLVS) was a Roman statesman and naval commander in the First Punic War. He was born a member of the plebeian gens Lutatius. His cognomen "Catulus" means "puppy". There are no historical records of his life prior to consulship, but his career probably followed the standard cursus honorum, beginning with service in the cavalry and continuing with the positions of military tribune and quaestor.
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His paternal great- grandfather Gaius Octavius was a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War. His grandfather had served in several local political offices. His father, also named Gaius Octavius, had been governor of Macedonia. His mother, Atia, was the niece of Julius Caesar.Rowell (1962), 14. A denarius from 44 BC, showing Julius Caesar on the obverse and the goddess Venus on the reverse of the coin.
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The extant records attesting a "Legio VI Hispana" are as follows: # AE (2003) 1014 and 7 other similar inscriptions from Corinth honouring Tiberius Claudius Dinippus, who is described as a military tribune of "VI Hispana" (also called "VI Hispanensis" in 3 of the inscr.). KEY TEXT: "LEG VI HISP". Date: reign of Nero (AD 54-68)Epigraphic Database Heidelberg # : Tile-stamps from Pannonia (Szent Mihaly,Hungary). KEY TEXT: "LEG VI HIS".
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In 202, Minucius Thermus may have been the military tribune named Thermus who served in Africa under Scipio Africanus.Appian, Lib. 36; Broughton points out that Friedrich Münzer accepts the testimony of Appian, despite questions of reliability. As a tribune of the plebs in 201, Thermus and his fellow tribune Manius Acilius Glabrio opposed the desire of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus to have Africa as his consular province.Livy 30.40.9–16.
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According to the ancient sources, a Roman army was in danger of being trapped in a defile when a military tribune led a detachment of 300 men to seize a hilltop in the middle of the enemy. The Roman army escaped, but of the 300 only the tribune survived. It is unlikely that this latter, in ancient times more famous, episode has not influenced the descriptions of the former.Salmon(1967) p.
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Publius Vinicius was a Roman senator active during the reigns of Emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He was the son of Marcus Vinicius, consul in 19 BC.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 426 Vinicius was ordinary consul in AD 2 with Publius Alfenus Varus, and was an imperial legate for Macedonia and Thracia. There he commanded a legion as military tribune under Lucius Calpurnius Piso.
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Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Proculus would be enrolled in the Senate. This was followed by a commission as a military tribune in the Legio IV Scythica, then stationed at Zeugma in Syria; upon returning to Rome, Proculus was appointed ab actis for the emperor Trajan. Then he advanced to the next two traditional Republican magistracies: plebeian tribune and praetor. After completing his praetorship, Proculus was appointed to a series of offices.
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A member of the gens Nonii, Asprenas was the son of Lucius Nonius Asprenas, an intimate friend of the emperor Augustus, and Quinctilla, a sister of Publius Quinctilius Varus.Syme, p. 315 His brother was Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, ordinary consul of the year 8.Ladislav Vidman, "Zum Stemma der Nonii Asprenates", Listy filologické / Folia philologica, 105 (1982), pp. 1-5 In 4 BC, Nonius Asprenas served as a military tribune in Syria under his uncle Varus.
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John F. Shean, Soldiering for God: Christianity and the Roman Army (Brill, 2010), p. 211. According to the hagiography, Callistratus was a native of Carthage and a member of the "Chalendon" cohors of the Roman army. He was caught praying by some pagan comrades and hauled before the military tribune, who ordered him to offer sacrifices to the pagan gods. He refused, was tortured and finally tied in a bag and thrown into the sea.
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His tombstone provides us the details of his cursus honorum. The first recorded office Florentinus held was as one of the tresviri monetalis, the most prestigious of the four boards that comprise the vigintiviri; assignment to this board was usually allocated to patricians or favored individuals.Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, pp. 4f This was followed by a commission as military tribune in Legio I Minervia; Anthony Birley dates this commission to about the year 110.
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Though Samnite ambushes are somewhat of a stock motif in Livy's narrative of the Samnite wars, this might simply reflect the mountainous terrain in which these wars were fought.Oakley(1998), pp. 310-311 While the story of Decius as preserved has been patterned after that of the military tribune of 258, Decius could still have performed some heroic act in 343, the memory of which became the origin of the later embellished tale.
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The career of Furius Victorinus is known from an inscription found at Rome, which also informs us that the praenomen of his father was Lucius, and that he was a member of the tribe Platina. = ILS 9002\. Two other inscriptions (, ) are fragmentary copies of the first. His first appointments was a commission as military tribune or commander of the cohort I Augusta Bracarum which was stationed at the time in Roman Britain.
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Suetonius identifies her father as the Vespasius Pollio who was a three-time military tribune and a praefectus castrorum. Her brother rose as high as the praetorship. The Vespasii were regarded as an old family of great renown, and Suetonius notes a site called Vespasiae where many of their monuments had been built. This site was located on a mountaintop near the sixth milestone on the road between Nursia and Spoletum (present-day Spoleto).
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Tacitus, Annales, XII.31 Scapula first appears in history as a soldier in one of the units stationed in his father's province of Roman Britain. During a battle against the Iceni, the younger Ostorius Scapula saved a fellow soldier's life and was afterwards awarded the civic crown. It is possible he had been commissioned a military tribune; in any case, his career after this point until he achieved the consulate is unknown.
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Caesar's progress through the cursus honorum is well known, although the specific dates associated with his offices are controversial. According to two elogia erected in Rome long after his death, Caesar was a commissioner in the colony at Cercina, military tribune, quaestor, praetor, and proconsul of Asia.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 6.1311 The dates of these offices are unclear. The colony is probably one of Marius' of 103 BC.T.C. Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, 555.
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Publius Crassus enters the historical record as an officer under Caesar in Gaul. His military rank, which Caesar never identifies, has been a subject of debate. Although he held commands, Publius was neither an elected military tribune nor legatus appointed by the senate, though the Greek historian Cassius Dio contributes to the confusion by applying Greek terminology (ὑπεστρατήγει, hupestratêgei) to Publius that usually translates the rank expressed in Latin by legatus.Cassius Dio 39.31.
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Those who have argued that Publius was the elder son have attempted to make a quaestor of him.In “The Sons of Crassus,” reprint p. 1222, Syme discounts the notion that Publius was ever a quaestor but entertains the possibility that in Gaul he might have been a military tribune. Rawson holds that even after his operations in Aquitania “he was still perhaps technically only praefectus equitum, if that” (“Crassorum funera,” p. 547).
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Rullianus engaged the Samnites near the town of Imbrinium. After many unsuccessful attempts by the cavalry to break the enemy lines, Lucius Cominius, a military tribune, suggested that the cavalrymen remove the bridles from their horses and charge quickly towards the enemy lines. This strategy worked, and the Samnites were thrown into disorder. The Roman infantry advanced on the enemy and routed the entire force, slaying nearly 20,000 men that day alone.
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Quintus Laberius Durus (died August 54 BC) was a Roman military tribune who died during Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain. Caesar describes how soon after landing in Kent, the Romans were attacked whilst building a camp by the native Britons. Before re-inforcements could arrive, Laberius was killed.Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5.15 His burial site is traditionally the earthworks of Julliberrie's Grave near Chilham (which is in fact a Neolithic long barrow).
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Grand games were organized to celebrate Rome's victory over Veii and Fidenae. Appius Claudius was left in charge of the city and held elections for the next consulship.Livy, 36.5 In 418, Sergius was elected military tribune with consular power again and for the third time, with Gaius Servilius Axilla and Marcus Papirius Mugillanus. A new enemy, the Labiciani, had allied themselves with the Aequi and they pillaged the fields of Tusculum the previous year.
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As the son and grandson of consuls, he attained the consulate without necessarily having served as military tribune, legate of a legion, or provincial governor, unlike his colleague Gaius Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus.X. Loriot, "Les consuls ordinaires de l'année 240 de notre ère", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 12 (1973), p. 258 Loriot has traced the origins of his family. The gens Ragonia had their origins in Opitergium in Venetia et Histria.
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He began his career in Roman public life as a military tribune, serving in Britain under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus from 58 to 62. He was probably attached to the Legio II Augusta, but was chosen to serve on Suetonius's staffAgricola 5 and thus almost certainly participated in the suppression of Boudica's uprising in 61. Returning from Britain to Rome in 62, he married Domitia Decidiana, a woman of noble birth. Their first child was a son.
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With the start of the reign of Claudius, the political career of Balbilus began. Following the assassination of Caligula January AD 41, Balbilus returned to Rome to support Claudius.Hazel, Who's who in the Roman World, p. 35 Balbilus accompanied Claudius on his expedition to Britain in 43, serving as a military tribune in Legio XX Valeria Victrix and as the Commander of the Military Engineers, thus being of the first Greek people to be in Britain.
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Livy writes that Cornelius then advanced from Saticula and led his army by a mountain pass which descended into a narrow valley. Unnoticed by the consul the Samnites had occupied the surrounding heights and were waiting for the Roman army to descend into the valley. When the Romans finally discovered the enemy it was too late to retreat. P. Decius Mus, a Roman military tribune, observed that the Samnites had failed to occupy a hilltop overlooking the Samnite camp.
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Gaius Dillius Vocula (died 70 AD) was a Roman commander of the Legio XXII Primigenia during the Batavian revolt. Defending Castra Vetera, he was murdered by rebellious Roman troops.Tacitus, Histories, IV.25, 33, 56, 57 An inscription found at Rome, commissioned by his wife Helvia Procula, provides details of his cursus honorum. His first recorded office was a commission as a military tribune; although the inscription identifies the unit as "Legio I", there were two active c.
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The following is a list of Roman tribunes as reported by ancient sources. A tribune in ancient Rome was a person who held one of a number of offices, including Tribune of the plebs (a political office to represent the interests of the plebs), Military tribune (a rank in the Roman army), Tribune of the Celeres (the commander of the king's personal bodyguard), and various other positions. Unless otherwise noted all dates are reported in BC.
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Conversely, a critic from the Los Angeles Examiner labelled Burton as "terribly, terribly tweedy". The film earned Burton the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor and his first Academy Award nomination in the Best Supporting Actor category. As the Roman military tribune Marcellus Gallio in The Robe (1953) The year 1953 marked an important turning point in Burton's career. He arrived in Hollywood at a time when the studio system was struggling.
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He was the son of Quintus Antistius Adventus Aquilinus Postumus and Novia Crispina. His mother is known from an honorific inscription dedicated to her, dating from her husband's governorship of Arabia Petraea. Quintus Antistius Adventus (born around mid-120s), during the rule of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty, served as a successful military tribune, legatus, quaestor, public construction official and governor in various provinces throughout the Roman Empire.Anthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), pp.
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Then he was commissioned a military tribune in Legio V Macedonica, then stationed in Moesia Inferior. Next he was elected a quaestor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Rutilianus would be enrolled in the Senate. Two more traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. After completing his term as praetor, Rutilianus likely served as legatus legionis for Legio VI Victrix, stationed in Roman Britain, under his father who was governor of the province c.133-138.
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Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispanus of the Scipiones branch of the gens Cornelia, was a Roman politician. Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispanus was the son of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispallus. He was one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis and military tribune before 150 BC, and became quaestor around that date. He then became aedile, probably in 141 BC. He was a praetor in 139 BC. As praetor, he expelled the astrologers (Chaldaeans and Jews) from the city of Rome.
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While chronology suggested that the tribune might be the son of the Sextus who had been praetor in 208 BC, the consul's filiation indicated that his grandfather's name was Lucius. Accordingly, Drumann inferred the existence of an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar between the praetor and the military tribune, although in order to make sense chronologically, the praetor would have to have been rather elderly and the tribune very young when they held their respective offices.
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The elder boy, Titus Flavius Sabinus, entered public life and pursued the cursus honorum. He served in the army as a military tribune in Thrace in 36. The following year he was elected quaestor and served in Creta et Cyrenaica. He rose through the ranks of Roman public office, being elected aedile on his second attempt in 39 and praetor on his first attempt in 40, taking the opportunity to ingratiate himself with the Emperor Caligula.
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Lucius Valerius Proculus was a Roman eques who held a number of military and civil appointments during the reigns of the Emperors Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius. He is known primarily from inscriptions and non-literary papyrus. The career of Valerius Proculus is documented in an inscription recovered from Málaga in Spain. = ILS 1341 His earliest imperial appointments were military commissions as praefectus or commander of cohors IV Tracum in Syria, then as military tribune in Legio VII Claudia.
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273 His cursus honorum is documented in an inscription recovered from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. Fabianus began as a member of the vigintiviri, a preliminary and required first step toward a gaining entry into the Roman Senate. He was allocated to the tresviri capitalis, which was not a prestigious office. He served as military tribune in Legio II Augusta which was stationed in Roman Britain; his service was during the tenure of Quintus Pompeius Falco as governor (118-122).
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Rome's reconstruction took an entire year. During that time, the Volsci and Aequi invaded the Roman territory, some Latin nations revolted, and the Etruscans besieged Satricum, which was a Roman ally. To confront such a crisis, in 389 BC, Camillus, who was military tribune at that time, was appointed Roman dictator yet again. When the enemy besieged Rome, Camillus slew most invaders on Mount Marcius, setting fire to their palisades during the windy hours of dawn.
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3 Sergius was elected consul again in 429 BC, with Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus. During their term, Roman territory was the victim of raids by the Veientians. In 428 BC, Sergius was selected by the senate, with Quintus Servilius and Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus to investigate Fidenae and remove some of its people to Ostia. Again in 424 BC, Sergius was elected military tribune with consular power, with Appius Claudius Crassus, Spurius Nautius Rutilus, and Sextus Julius Iulus.
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More recent scholarship has concluded that the military tribune and the consul were the same man, which means that his grandfather, Lucius, was the father of the praetor of 208 BC, rather than his son.Griffin, p. 13. It is therefore Sextus, the praetor of 208 BC, rather than an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar, who was the father of Lucius Julius Caesar, praetor in 183 BC, and Sextus, the consul of 157 BC. These sons provide the first two branches of the family; but the third branch, representing the ancestors of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator, are less certain. We know that Caesar's grandfather was also named Gaius, and that he married a woman of the Marcia gens. Drumann supposed that he might have been the son of a senator named Gaius Julius, who wrote a Roman history in Greek about 143 BC. This Gaius, he proposed, might have been a brother of Sextus Julius Caesar, the consul of 157, and therefore a son of the Sextus who was military tribune in 181.
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Quintus Caecilius Redditus was a Roman eques who held a number of appointments during the reigns of the Emperors Trajan and Hadrian. He is known in a series of inscriptions. The earliest known appointment Redditus is known to have held was as commander of Cohors I Montanorum in 102, then stationed in Pannonia. By 12 January 105, he had received another commission, this time as military tribune of the Cohors I Britannica milliaria civium Romanorum, which was stationed in Moesia Superior.
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A coin of Herod of Chalcis, showing him with his brother Agrippa of Judaea crowning Claudius. British Museum. On 24 January 41, Caligula was assassinated in a broad-based conspiracy involving Cassius Chaerea – a military tribune in the Praetorian Guard – and several senators. There is no evidence that Claudius had a direct hand in the assassination, although it has been argued that he knew about the plot – particularly since he left the scene of the crime shortly before his nephew was murdered.
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9, 2.2 During the Second Punic War, Octavius served as military tribune and participated in the disastrous battle of Cannae, being one of few survivors. When the Carthaginians marched into the Roman camp, Octavius and his colleague, tribune P. Sempronius Tuditanus, managed to cut their way through the enemy and arrived safely in Canusium. He served in Sicilia (modern Sicily) under the praetor Lucius Aemilius Papus in 205 BC, but it is unknown whether he took part in some other expedition.
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102 Nepos' career is largely documented in an inscription from Fulginiae in Umbria; = ILS 1338 although the name of the subject is missing, it is generally accepted that this inscription applies to Nepos since Bartolomeo Borghesi first proposed the identification.Anthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 302 The earliest appointment mentioned in this inscription was prefect or commander of an ala, from which he advanced to military tribune of an unnamed unit of auxiliary horsemen.
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This was to be the first time in his career he took up the role. Burton's second and final film of the year was in the Biblical epic historical drama, The Robe, notable for being the first ever motion picture to be made in CinemaScope. He replaced Tyrone Power, who was originally cast in the role of Marcellus Gallio, a noble but decadent Roman military tribune in command of the detachment of Roman soldiers that were involved in crucifying Jesus Christ.
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Like his forefathers, Cato was devoted to agriculture when not serving in the army. Having attracted the attention of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought to Rome and began to follow the cursus honorum: he was successively military tribune (214 BC), quaestor (204 BC), aedile (199 BC), praetor (198 BC), consul (195 BC) together with Flaccus, and censor (184 BC). As praetor, he expelled usurers from Sardinia. As censor, he tried to save Rome's ancestral customs and combat "degenerate" Hellenistic influences.
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In 217 BC, Claudius was an aedile.Livy, xxii. 53. In the following year, he was a military tribune and fought at Cannae. Together with Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, he was raised to the supreme command by the troops who had fled to Canusium. In 215 BC, he was created a praetor, and conducted the survivors of the defeated army into Sicily, where his efforts to detach Hieronymus, the grandson of Hiero II, from his connection with the Carthaginians, were unsuccessful.
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His career is documented in a fragmentary honorary inscription found at Tergeste. = ILS 989 He started his career in his teens as a member of the quattuorviri viarum curandarum, one of the four boards that make up the vigintiviri. This was followed by a term as military tribune in Legio VI Victrix. Next came the office of quaestor, followed by serving as sevir equitum Romanorum at the annual review of the equites, then the magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor.
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However, the Periochae, a short summary of Livy's work, records that "Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey were made consuls ... and reconstituted the tribunician powers." Suetonius wrote that when Julius Caesar was a military tribune "he ardently supported the leaders in the attempt to re-establish the authority of the tribunes of the commons [the plebeians], the extent of which Sulla had curtailed."Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Julius Caesar, 5 The two leaders must obviously have been the two consuls, Crassus and Pompey.
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The first part of his military career fits the typical tres militiae of equites. Julianus began his military career as prefect or commander of cohort III Augusta Thracum which was stationed in Syria; Karol Kłodziński dates his tenure there between 157 and 160.Kłodziński, "Equestrian cursus honorum basing on the careers of two prominent officers of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius", Tempore (2010), p. 7 His next commission was as military tribune of cohort I Ulpia Pannoniorum, which was stationed in Pannonia Superior.
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Statue of Ferrutio of Besançon. Basilique Saint-Ferjeux, near Besançon. According to their legend, their relics were discovered in a cave near Besançon in AD 370 by a military tribune whose dog was chasing a fox. The relics were enshrined by Bishop Anianus of Besançon in the 4th century AD. Saint Gregory of Tours writes that miracles were attributed to their relics in his time; he says that his brother-in-law was cured of a dangerous distemper at the saints' intercession.
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Marius as victor over the invading Cimbri. In 104 the Cimbri and the Teutones, two German tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occacions, seemed to be heading for Italy. As Marius, fresh from his victory over Jugurtha, was considered to be Rome's best military commander at that particular time, the Senate allowed him to lead the campaign against the northern invaders. Sulla, who had served under Marius during the Jugurthine War, joined his old commander as tribunus militum (military tribune).
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Caecus' early career before his censorship is only known from his eulogy, formerly displayed on the Forum. This summary of his career lists all the responsibilities he held, including some junior offices, while literary sources only record upper magistracies (censor, consul, and praetor); however it does not provide any date and the offices are not ordered chronologically.Ferenczy, "La carrière d'Appius jusqu'à la censure", p. 381. The eulogy tells that he was military tribune three times, one time quaestor, and curule aedile two times.
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137–138; Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992), pp. 110–111. Like his coevals, Marcellus fought in the Second Punic War, probably accompanying his father on various military campaigns, including the famous campaign against Syracuse. He was military tribune under his father, when the two consuls were ambushed in 208 BC resulting in his father's death and the other consul's severe injury. Marcellus himself was badly wounded; his father's body was subsequently returned by Hannibal to the son.
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Maternus was born to the equestrian order; his hometown was Liria in Hispania, where an inscription honoring him was found. While still an eques, Maternus served as a military tribune of Legio XIV Gemina, which was stationed in Roman Britain at the time. He was adlected into the Roman Senate as an ex-praetor by Vespasian for his loyalty in the Year of Four Emperors.George W. Houston, "Vespasian's Adlection of Men in Senatum", American Journal of Philology, 98 (1977), p.
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His cursus honorum can be reconstructed from two inscriptions, one found at Callenses and dated to AD 128, the other found at Salpensa (near Utrera). and respectively. His public career began with the quatraviri viarum curandorum, one of the four boards that comprise the vigintiviri; this board of four men was tasked with maintaining the city roads of Rome. This was followed by his commission as a military tribune with Legio III Augusta, stationed in Mauritania; Mireille Corbier dates this between the years 110 and 125.
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The gens Atia, sometimes written Attia, was a plebeian family at Rome. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Lucius Atius, a military tribune in 178 BC. Several of the Atii served in the Civil War between Caesar and Pompeius. The gens Attia may be identical with this family, although the individuals known by that name lived nearly a century after the more notable Atii, and are not known to have been related.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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As Oates expresses it, "He has a ringing name of great auctoritas, but we do not know if he was capax imperii." He dedicated an altar for the welfare of Septimius Severus and his family in Lyon while serving as military tribune in the Legio I Minervia, which would date his commission to the early years of Severus' reign, in the 190s.Hans-Georg Pflaum, "Les gendres de Marc-Aurèle", Journal des savants, 1 (1961), p. 33. In 209, he achieved the rank of consul.
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By this time the Cimbri had become fully aware of the Roman presence, and decided to attack. The Cimbri first came across the camp of the Samnite Legion. The commander of the legion, the military tribune Marcus Aemilius Scaurus Junior, did not know what to do so the legion's Primus Pilus, Centurion Gnaeus Petreius acted instead. He led a heroic charge against the Cimbri to keep the advancing barbarians occupied long enough to give the rest of the men the opportunity to cross the river and escape.
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The unit was organised as a milliary ala, probably containing 720 horsemen.Birley (2002) 43 It was under the command of a military tribune, who probably reported to one of the Praetorian prefects. It was the only praetorian regiment that admitted persons who were not natural-born citizens, although recruits appear to have been granted citizenship on enlistment and not on completion of 25 years' service as for other auxiliaries. The unit was housed in its own barracks on the Caelian hill, separate from the main castra praetoria.
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After two years, Bulla Felix was finally captured through a dishonorable betrayal rather than direct confrontation. A military tribune was given command of a substantial force of cavalry and ordered by the outraged emperor to bring Bulla Felix back alive or to face punishment in extremis himself. With the help of informants, the tribune was able to catch Bulla while he was sleeping in a sea cave he used as a hideout in Liguria.Cassius Dio 77.10.1, 6–7; Grünewald, Bandits in the Roman Empire, p. 118.
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As a young military tribune, he defeated a giant Gaul in single combat in one of the most famous duels of the Republic, which earned him the cognomen Torquatus after the torque he took from the Gaul's body. He was also known for his moral virtues, especially his severity as he had his own son executed after he had disobeyed his orders in a battle. His life was seen as a model for his descendants, who tried to emulate his heroic deeds, even centuries after his death.
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A few years after the Cimbric wars, Sertorius's patron Gaius Marius fell out of grace for his support of the demagogue Lucius Appuleius Saturninus and he and Sertorius had to get out of Rome for a while. Sertorius travelled to Hispania Ulterior and served its governor, Titus Didius, as a military tribune. He distinguished himself by putting down an insurrection in and around Castulo and was awarded the Grass Crown.Plutarch, Life of Marius, 27; Philip Matyszak, Sertorius and the struggle for Spain, p.17.
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Pedo's cursus honorum is documented in an inscription from Tibur. He started his senatorial career likely in his teens as a member of the decemviri stlitibus iudicandis, one of the four boards of the vigintiviri, a minor collegium young senators serve in at the start of their careers. Next he was a military tribune in Legio III Cyrenaica around 132-135,Dabrowa, Legio X Fretensis, p. 45 which was stationed in Syria at the time; while holding this commission he received dona militaria or military decorations.
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51Until recently it had been thought that the procurator Aeilius Juncus might also be identical with a Juncus who was military tribune of Legio X Fretensis; however, it has been shown the two are different persons. (Edward Dabrowa, Legio X Fretensis: A Prosopographical Study of its Officers (I-III c. A.D.) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1993), pp. 75-77) In either case, Juncus is likely not related to the patrician Aemilia gens, although he may be descended from a client or freedman of a member of that family.
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His cursus honorum as far as his consulship has been preserved in an inscription found in Cirta. It is notable for consisting only of civil positions, and excluding military ones, such as military tribune or command of a legion, which his contemporary from Cirta, Publius Julius Geminius Marcianus, held. Clemens began his public career in the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that comprise the vigintiviri; this board of ten was tasked with maintaining the city roads of Rome. His next documented office was as quaestor.
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Salmon(1967), p. 198 The exploits of Publius Decius takes up most of Livy's account, but as Livy himself noted,Livy, xxii.60.11 this story shares many similarities with an event said to have taken place on Sicily in 258 during the First Punic War. According to the ancient sources, in that year a Roman army was in danger of being trapped in a defile when a military tribune (the sources do not agree on his name) led a detachment of 300 men to seize a hilltop in the middle of the enemy.
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Livy, 2.26 In 493 BC Postumius was one of the ten envoys sent by the senate to treat with the plebeian leaders during the first secessio plebisBroughton, vol i, pp.15. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, vi.69.3,81.1-82.1 Postumius career prior to his consulship and dictatorship is not known, but he might have been the military tribune who is mentioned in 504 BC serving under the consul Publius Valerius Poplicola.Plutarch, Poplicola, 22.2 He was, according to some genealogies, the father of Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis and Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis.
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The chronology of the early stages of Petreius’ career is unclear.Marcus Petreius' father may have been the Centurion Gnaeus Petreius Atinas, who in 102 BC saved a Legion from destruction by the Cimbri and thereby received the Grass Crown (Pliny, naturalis historia 22, 11). He was in any case the first in his family line to enter into the Senate. Sallust describes him as a military man, who in 62 BC already had a thirty-year-long career in the army as Military tribune, Prefect and Legate behind him.
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Mithridates VI of Pontus. On his return to Rome he was elected military tribune, a first step on the cursus honorum of Roman politics. The war against Spartacus took place around this time (73–71 BC), but it is not recorded what role, if any, Caesar played in it. He was elected quaestor for 69 BC,Freeman, 51 and during that year he delivered the funeral oration for his aunt Julia, widow of Marius, and included images of Marius, unseen since the days of Sulla, in the funeral procession.
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A detail of officers (a military tribune and several centurions), known as the mensores ("measurers"), would be charged with surveying the area and determining the best location for the praetorium (the commander's tent), planting a standard on the spot.Polybius VI.41 Measured from this spot, a square perimeter would be marked out. Along the perimeter, a ditch (fossa) would be excavated, and the spoil used to build an earthen rampart (agger) on the inside of the ditch. On top of the rampart was erected a palisade (vallum) of cross-hatched wooden stakes with sharpened points.
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In the early Julio- Claudian period, the commanders of the auxiliary units (praefecti auxiliorum) were often senior centurions and so ranked below the legionary tribunes. The position changed under Claudius, who restricted command of auxiliary regiments to men of equestrian rank. Furthermore, an equestrian military cursus honorum became established, known as the tres militiae ("three commands"), each held for 3–4 years: command of an auxiliary cohort, followed by military tribune of a legion, followed by command of an ala. These reforms had the effect of elevating praefecti to the same rank as legionary tribunes.
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Anthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 5 Evidence of this favor appears shortly afterwards: after serving a term as military tribune in Legio IV Flavia Felix based at Singidunum, Tuscus served as quaestor to the emperor Antoninus Pius, then was legatus or assistant to the proconsul of Africa. These latter two assignments provided him with potential for visibility and introductions to influential people. After holding the Republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor, Tuscus was prefect of the aerarium Saturni (c. 147-c. 150).
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Furthermore in Italy there are two families called Corvo (or Corbo) and Corvino (or Corbino), in English they mean Crow and Little Crow respectively. These families descend from the Roman gens Valeria, the first descendants of Valeri Massimi while the second descendants from Valeri Poplicola. The surname is really due to an event described by Tito Livius in book 7, chapter 26 of "Ab Urbe Condita". A battle is described where the Roman military tribune Marcus Valerius was helped by a crow during a duel and for this he took the nickname Corvus.
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An inscription from (modern Marino), currently in the Gallaria Lapidaria of the Vatican Museum, provides us details of his cursus honorum. Modestinus began his career as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that form the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Mireille Corbier interprets the combination of this position and a lack of service as a military tribune as making him "predestined for an administrative career".Corbier, L'aerarium saturni et l'aerarium militare.
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Minicius had a remarkable career as a military tribune, serving in three different legions, "a feat for which the career of Hadrian offers the only parallel," according to Anthony Birley.Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 245 All three legions were stationed on the Danubian frontier: he served in Legio I Adiutrix around 115, Legio XI Claudia at Moesia around 115, and Legio XIV Gemina at Carnuntum around 116. Birley notes that his father was governor of Dacia at the same time (113-117) Minicius served in the XIV Gemina.
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Germanicus Julius Caesar, adopted son of the emperor Tiberius. The genealogy of the Julii Caesares was studied by Wilhelm Drumann in his monumental history of Rome, and the following tables are based largely on his reconstruction of the family.Drumann, vol. III, pp. 113 ff. In most respects, Drumann's genealogy forms the basis for modern scholarship on the family, with one important exception: Drumann believed that the Sextus Julius Caesar who was a military tribune in 181 BC and the Sextus who was consul in BC 157 were father and son.
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His next recorded office was as quaestor of the public province of Achaea; upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he would be enrolled in the Senate.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 The inscription omits all mention of a term of service as military tribune; John D. Grainger speculates that Senecio may have served with Legio XXI Rapax, which was destroyed by the Iazyges in 92.Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96-99 (London: Routledge, 2004), p.
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Following the cursus honorum, he was probably approaching forty years of age when he was elected praetor, and was probably born no later than 220 BC, while his brother, Sextus, first appears in history holding the rather junior post of military tribune in 181, and did not become consul for another twenty-four years after that. Further, Lucius had a son, also named Lucius, who was praetor in 166, and thus was probably born before 200; Sextus' son only obtained the praetorship in 123 BC.Broughton, vol. I, pp. 385, 437, 513.
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His first recorded office was as a tresviri capitales, one of the magistracies that comprised the vigintiviri. This was the least desirable office to hold, for men who held that office rarely had a successful career: Anthony Birley could find only five tresviri capitales who went on to be governors of consular imperial provinces.Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, p. 5 This was followed by a stint as military tribune with Legio IX Hispana in the reign of Trajan, about the time it was transferred from Roman Britain to a new base along the Rhine frontier.
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Caesonius Macer, the son of Gaius, was a member of the second century gens Caesonia, a family which originated from Italy, possibly hailing from Antium. Possibly of equestrian origin,Mennen, pg. 56 he began his career probably towards the end of the reign of Marcus Aurelius as a member of the vigintiviri where, as a triumvir capitalis, he managed the prisons in Rome. Sometime between AD 178 and 180, Caesonius Macer was commissioned military tribune of the Legio I Adiutrix which was stationed at Brigetio in Pannonia Superior.
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His cursus honorum is recorded in two inscriptions, and provides an outline of his life.CIL XI, 5210; IRT 527 Lucanus started his senatorial career likely in his teens as a member of the quattuorviri viarum curandarum, one of the four boards of the vigintiviri, a minor collegium young senators serve in at the start of their careers. This was followed by service as a military tribune with Legio V Alaudae on the Rhine frontier, the same legion his brother Tullus served in. Lucanus then was elected quaestor assisting the proconsular governor of Africa.
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Livy, 4.17.1-2 Statues of the ambassadors were set up in the rostra at the public's expense.Livy, 4.17.6 This began the second war between Rome and Veii, which would mark the first that Rome would defeat the army of king Tolumnius on their side of the river Anio, but with heavy losses. For his accomplishments in the war, Sergius earned the cognomen Fidenas.Livy, 4.17.7-9 In 433 BC, Sergius was elected military tribune with consular power alongside Marcus Fabius Vibulanus and Marcus Folius Flaccinator.; Livy, 4.25.2 That year saw a pestilence.Livy, 4.25.
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His cursus honorum can be reconstructed from one of the inscriptions at Attidium. Numisius Junior began in his teens as one of the tresviri monetalis, the most prestigious of the four boards that comprise the vigintiviri; assignment to this board was usually allocated to patricians or favored individuals. This was followed by a commission as military tribune in Legio IX Hispana, stationed in Roman Britain; Birley dates this to the 140s. Junior was afterwards appointed quaestor, which he discharged at Rome; about this time he was admitted to the sodales Titalis Flaviales.
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Assuming the inscription at Luxor refers to this Faustus, his cursus honorum is as follows. He began his career as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that form the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. This was followed as sevir equitum Romanorum, or the annual review of the equites. Faustus then received a commission as a military tribune with Legio III Augusta, stationed at Theveste (present day Tébessa).
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Tacitus took a particular interest in Britain as his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola served there three times (and was the subject of his first book). Agricola was a military tribune under Suetonius Paulinus, which almost certainly gave Tacitus an eyewitness source for Boudica's revolt. Cassius Dio's account is only known from an epitome, and his sources are uncertain. He is generally agreed to have based his account on that of Tacitus, but he simplifies the sequence of events and adds details, such as the calling in of loans, that Tacitus does not mention.
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The inscription from Corduba provides the cursus honorum for Aponianus up to the year 69. The first position recorded was his commission as a military tribune with Legio IV Macedonica. He was then appointed as a tresviri capitales, one of the four magistracies that comprised the vigintiviri; this was the least desirable of the four, for men who held that office rarely had a successful career: Anthony Birley could find only five tresviri capitales who went on to be governors of consular imperial provinces.Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p.
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Three other men of appropriate rank to command legions are known from the sources to have been involved in the invasion. Cassius Dio mentions Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, who probably led the IX Hispana, and Vespasian's brother Titus Flavius Sabinus the Younger. He wrote that Sabinus was Vespasian's lieutenant, but as Sabinus was the older brother and preceded Vespasian into public life, he could hardly have been a military tribune. Eutropius mentions Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus, although as a former consul he may have been too senior, and perhaps accompanied Claudius later.
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In 87 BC, Hybrida accompanied Lucius Cornelius Sulla on his campaign against Mithridates VI of Pontus either as a military tribune or as a legatus. Two years prior, the Mithridatic Wars had begun due to a dispute between Mithridates and Nicomedes III of Bithynia over the Roman province of Cappadocia. Mithridates invaded and conquered both Bithynia and Cappadocia before moving on to invade the Roman province of Asia,Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable Enemy, pp 38-42. here he massacred all Roman citizens he could find,Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable Enemy, pp 44-47.
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In 58, having presumably been consul, he was appointed governor of Britain, replacing Quintus Veranius, who had died in office.Tacitus, Agricola 14 He continued Veranius's policy of aggressively subduing the tribes of modern Wales, and was successful for his first two years in the post. His reputation as a general came to rival that of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo.Tacitus, Annals 14.29 Two future governors served under him: Quintus Petillius Cerialis as legate of Legio IX Hispana,Tacitus, Annals 14.32 and Gnaeus Julius AgricolaTacitus, Agricola 5 as a military tribune attached to II Augusta, but seconded to Suetonius's staff.
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He then was commissioned as a military tribune with Legio XIV Gemina stationed in Roman Britain; Birley dates this to before the year 60, meaning Messalla had left the legion when the unit triumphed in the Battle of Watling Street that year. He then proceeded through the traditional Republican magistracies -- quaestor, plebeian tribune and praetor -- before accepting a second commission, this time as legatus legionis or commander of Legio XVI Flavia Firma before the year 70. This was the point where the account of his cursus ends. From other sources we know Messalla was co-opted into the Septemviri epulonum following his consulate.
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After the conclusion of that war, he was commissioned military tribune with Legio X Gemina, at the time also stationed in Germania Inferior. He was then commissioned praefectus of the ala Dardanorum, which took part in Trajan's Second Dacian War (105-106). For his valor in these conflicts, Betuinianus received dona militaria: the corona muralis and corona vallaris (mural and camp crowns), hastae purae (headless or "pure" spears), and a vexillus argentus (a silver staff). These are an unusually generous amount of decorations, far in excess of any other known case of a man passing through his tres militiae.
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177 In Commentarii de Bello Civili, Caesar refers to him as a "military tribune". Septimius was a leading figure among the Gabiniani. When Pompey fled to Egypt in 48 BC following his defeat by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalia, he hoped to gain their support along with that of the new Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII, having been friends with Egypt's prior king, Ptolemy XII Auletes; however the advisers of the child successor believed they could win Caesar's favor by killing his foe. The Egyptian general Achillas met Pompey at the shore in Alexandria accompanied by Septimius and a centurion named Salvius.
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A denarius of Gaius Juventius Thalna, triumvir monetalis in 154 BC. The denomination is indicated by the 'X'. The gens Juventia, occasionally written Jubentia, was an ancient plebeian family at Rome. After centuries of obscurity, the gens emerges into history with the appearance of Titus Juventius, a military tribune, in the beginning of the second century BC. The first of the Juventii to obtain the consulship was Marcus Juventius Thalna in BC 163. But the family is renowned less for its statesmen than for its jurists, who flourished during the second century AD.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The gens Staberia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the final decades of the Republic, but they never achieved much importance. The most illustrious of the Staberii may have been the Grammarian Staberius Eros, though he was a freedman. One of this family served as a military tribune in the time of Vespasian, but none of the Staberii obtained any of the higher offices of the Roman state; the consul Marcus Pompeius Silvanus Staberius Flavianus belonged to the Pompeia gens, although he was probably descended from the Staberii through a female line.
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His cursus honorum is known from two inscriptions: one in Greek set up at Phaselis in Lycia,IGRR III.763 = ILS 8828 = TAM II.1201 the other in Latin erected in Perge. Voconius began his career as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that form the vigintiviri; membership in one of these boards was a required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Next, as a military tribune, he was assigned to two different legions: first to Legio III Cyrenaica, then to Legio XII Fulminata; Bernard Remy dates these commissions to Trajan's Parthian War.
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His cursus honorum is partially known from an inscription set up at Marmaraereglisi / Perinthus in Thracia. Antiquus began his career as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that form the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Next was commissioned military tribune with Legio III Gallica, which was stationed in Syria. He was appointed quaestor as a candidate of the emperor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Antiquus would be enrolled in the Senate.
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All the Malay Sultans on Kalimantan were executed and the Malay elite was devastated by the Japanese. The massacre occurred from 23 April 1943 to 28 June 1944 and most of the victims were buried in several giant wells in Mandor (88 km from Pontianak). Allied forces occupying the area after the war found several thousand bones, and more than 60 years after the massacre, several secret graves of the victims were found in Mandor and the surrounding areas. After the end of war, the Japanese officers in Pontianak were arrested by allied troops and brought in front of an international military tribune.
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Among them were Rui Luís Gomes and Arlindo Vicente, the first would not be allowed to participate in the election and the second would support Delgado in 1958. After the electoral fraud of 1958, Humberto Delgado formed the Independent National Movement (Movimento Nacional Independente – MNI) that, in October 1960, agreed that there was a need to prepare the people in the colonies, before giving them the right of self-determination. Despite this, no detailed policies for achieving this goal were set out. In 1961, the nº8 of the Military Tribune had as its title "Let's end the war of Angola".
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It records that Allenius was a military tribune (but not in which legion), quaestor, legatus under Tiberius, plebeian tribune, praetor, propraetorian legate for Tiberius, and then consul. He also held the priestly office of Quindecimviri sacris faciundis. Syme offers some explication of these offices: the first time as legatus under Tiberius, Allenius was commander of a legion, although its identity is unknown; the date he was praetor is AD 27; the time as propraetorian legate was a governorship in one of the five praetorian provinces under imperial control. Syme also implies that Allenius owed his consulship to the influence of Lucius Vitellius.
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His career is documented by an inscription recovered from Cures, = ILS 1026 although there are three more fragmentary inscriptions that record different portions of his career.TAM 2.567 from Tlos; IGRR 3.470 from Balbura in Lycia; and also from Cures. Simplex began his career in the vigintiviri, as a member of the quattuorviri viarum curandarum, then served as military tribune in Legio IV Scythica, then stationed in Moesia. As a quaestor, he was one of those allocated by lot to one of the ten public provinces administered by a proconsul; in his case, Simplex was assigned to Macedonia.
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Strabo was a prominent member of the Pompeii, a noble family in Picenum, in the north-east of Italy. The Pompeii had become the richest and most prominent family of the region and had a large clientele and a lot of influence in Picenum and Rome. Despite the anti-rural prejudice of the Roman Senate, the Pompeii could not be ignored. After serving in the military, probably as a military tribune, Strabo climbed the cursus honorum and became promagistrate in Sicily 93 BC and consul in the year 89 BC, in the midst of the Social War.
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Jones, pg. 757 and a noblewoman, possibly named Junia. According to Historia Augusta, he was a military tribune under Valerian,Historia Augusta, Tyranni Triginta, 12:10 but this information is challenged by historians. He gained the imperial office with his brother Macrianus Minor, after the capture of Emperor Valerian in the Sassanid campaign of 260.Jones, pg. 758 With the lawful heir, Gallienus, being far away in the West, the soldiers elected the two emperors. The support of his father, controller of the imperial treasure, and the influence of Balista, Praetorian prefect of the late Emperor Valerian, proved instrumental in his promotion.Körner, www.
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A tribunus angusticlavius ("narrow-striped tribune"; plural: tribuni angusticlavii) was a senior military officer in the Roman legions during the late Roman Republic and the Principate. The tribunus angusticlavius was a junior military tribune who was at least 20 years old, chosen from among the Equestrian order, as opposed to the tribunus laticlavius, who was chosen from the Senatorial class. There were five to each legion, identified by a narrow purple stripe (angustus clavus or angusticlavus) on their tunics. Despite their youth, the tribunes had previous experience, usually as a praefectus leading a quingenary auxiliary cohort.
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The main charge levelled at the man is that he used to be a slave and has now risen to be a military tribune, thereby offending those who traditionally occupied such positions. The poem also imagines the heckling of passers-by on the Via Sacra.Epod. 4.7. Critics have stated that the target of the epode resembles Horace's own biography. Epode 5 details the encounter of a young boy with the witch (venefica) Canidia. Together with a group of fellow witches, she plans to use his bone marrow and liver to concoct a love potion.Epod. 5.35–7.
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Piso held several positions under Augustus and Tiberius. Ronald Syme infers that Piso was a military tribune in the Spanish campaigns of 26-25 BC. This accords with his known tenure as triumvir monetalis in 23 BC. Between that office and being appointed quaestor, which enabled him entry into the Roman Senate, Syme infers Piso was married. Syme fills the gap between those events and his consulate with various activities, such as accompanying his friend Claudius Nero in his Alpine campaign. At some date between 5 BC and AD 2 he was admitted to the College of Pontiffs.
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Ronald Syme states that he is "probably" the Statilius Severus, a military tribune assigned to an unknown legion, to whom Trajan addressed a rescript concerning a soldier's testament.Syme, "Governors of Pannonia Inferior", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 14 (1965), p. 348 The other appointment Hadrianus is known to have received was governor of Thracia; he is mentioned as the governor succeeding Publius Juventius Celsus on a military diploma dated 19 July 114.Evgeni I. Paunov & Margaret M. Roxan, "The Earliest Extant Diploma of Thrace, AD 114 (=RMD I.14)", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 119 (1997), pp.
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They advanced on the Roman camp, waited two days for a Roman attack and then launched their own attack on the Roman position simultaneously from all sides. Two legions attempted to sortie out the main gates, but were pushed back by the Boii. The fighting dragged on in the confined space and weapons were little used, both sides preferring their shields and bodies for pushing and shoving instead.Livy, 34.46 A centurion from the second legion, Quintus Victorius, and a military tribune from the fourth legion, Gaius Atilius, threw the legionary standards in the midst of the Boii.
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Serving as one of these minor magistracies was considered an important first step in a senator's career. Next was service as a military tribune with Legio II Augusta, which was stationed in Roman Britain at the time. Agrippinus is then documented as quaestor of the public province of Roman Cyprus, which qualified him to be a senator, which is followed by the magistracies of aedile cerialis then praetor,Until the recovery of a second fragment, the relevant inscription had been restored to indicate that Agrippinus had been plebeian tribune, as shown in the scholarship. where our material ends.
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His cursus honorum is partially known from an inscription set up in Rome. His first recorded office was quattuorviri viarum curandarum, one of the magistracies that comprised the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward a gaining entry into the Roman Senate. This was followed with his commission as military tribune with Legio I Minervia, stationed at Bonna (modern Bonn), in Germania Inferior. Maximus returned to Rome where he was elected quaestor, which he served at the city of Rome; upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he would be enrolled in the Senate.
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A member of the patrician gens Valeria, Valerius first came to prominence in 349 BC when he served as a military tribune under the consul Lucius Furius Camillus who was on campaign against the Gauls of northern Italy.Broughton, pg. 129 According to legend, prior to one battle a gigantic Gallic warrior challenged any Roman to single combat, and Valerius, who asked for and gained the consul’s permission, accepted. As they approached each other, a raven settled on Valerius’ helmet and it distracted the enemy's attention by flying at his face, allowing Valerius to kill the enemy Gaul.
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Freeman, 39 After the ransom was paid, Caesar raised a fleet, pursued and captured the pirates, and imprisoned them. He had them crucified on his own authority, as he had promised while in captivityFreeman, 40—a promise that the pirates had taken as a joke. As a sign of leniency, he first had their throats cut. He was soon called back into military action in Asia, raising a band of auxiliaries to repel an incursion from the east.Goldsworthy, 77–78 On his return to Rome, he was elected military tribune, a first step in a political career.
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In Ancient Rome, Judaea, Capri, and Galilee (in the time period stretching from 32 to 38 AD.), Diana (Jean Simmons) tells Emperor Caligula that she has not heard from Marcellus Gallio (Richard Burton) for almost a year, when Marcellus was in Cana of Galilee. At that time, Marcellus was told by Paulus that Caligula had become the emperor. Marcellus Gallio, son of an important Roman senator (Torin Thatcher), and himself a military tribune, introduces through flashback narration, the might and scope of the Roman empire. Marcellus is notoriously known as a ladies’ man, but is captivated by the reappearance of his childhood sweetheart, Diana, ward of the Emperor Tiberius.
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The plebeian character of this gens is attested by the fact of Marcus Duilius being tribune of the plebs in BC 470, and further by the statement of Dionysius, who expressly says, that the decemvir Caeso Duilius and two of his colleagues were plebeians. In Livius we indeed read, that all of the decemvirs had been patricians; but this must be regarded as a mere hasty assertion which Livius puts into the mouth of the tribune Canuleius, for Livius himself in another passage expressly states, that Gaius Duilius, the military tribune, was a plebeian.Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia x. 58.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita iv.
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Hybrida's career began under Lucius Cornelius Sulla, whom he accompanied into Greece as either a military tribune or a legatus. Later, in 63 BC, he was elected to serve as consul of the Roman Republic alongside Marcus Tullius Cicero. During his consulship, Hybrida struck a deal with Cicero which effectively allowed Cicero to rule as sole consul in exchange for Hybrida receiving the governorship of Macedonia at the end of his term. The same year, Hybrida was involved in the Catilinarian Conspiracy, a plot against the Roman Senate led by Lucius Sergius Catilina, or "Catiline", and which culminated in a battle at Pistoria and the death of Catiline.
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The cursus honorum of Crispinus can be reconstructed from an inscription in Lambaesis. If we can trust the order of offices on this inscription to reflect the order they were held, his first recorded office was sevir equitum Romanorum of the annual review of the equites at Rome. Then came his membership in the quattuorviri viarum curandarum, one of the four boards that comprise the Vigintiviri, a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. He then received a commission as a military tribune with Legio IX Hispana, then stationed in Roman Britain; Anthony Birley dates this to the mid-120s.
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The cursus honorum began with ten years of military duty in the Roman cavalry (the equites) or in the staff of a general who was a relative or a friend of the family. The ten years of service were intended to be mandatory in order to qualify for political office, but in practice, the rule was not always rigidly applied. A more prestigious position was that of a military tribune. In the early Roman Republic, 24 men at the age of around 20 were elected by the Tribal Assembly to serve as commanders on a rotating basis; each commander retained six tribunes on his staff.
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In 87 B.C., Gaius (or Caius) Antonius Hybrida accompanied Sulla during his campaign to Greece as a military tribune. Sulla himself had left Rome, after ending an uprising in Rome, to face the Mithridatic Greek armies commanded by Archelus and Aristion in Greece and laid siege to Athens. Following this campaign, while Sulla returned to Rome, Hybrida remained behind with a small cavalry contingent to levy contributions from the province of Achaea. Several years later, in 76 B.C., Caesar had Hybrida prosecuted for his offence, the latter, however, failed to appear and the charges were dropped until in 70 B.C. Hybrida was ousted from the Senate for his crimes.
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Hermann Dessau, and others after him, identify that person with this Gentianus, although Dessau may be wrong in further identifying the author of the poem as his sister.See Dessau's notes at ILS 1046a Gentianus' cursus honorum is known in frustratingly incomplete detail from a fragmentary inscription in Sarmizegetusa. Prior to acceding to the consulate, Gentianus held the usual posts of military tribune, quaestor, plebeian tribune, praetor, then governor of an imperial province; however, the portions of the inscription which identifies which legion he was tribune of and the name of the province he governed are both missing. However the inscription from Sarmizegetusa attests Gentianus was admitted to the College of Pontiffs.
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141 Salomies further suggests that Balbinus was the son of Publius Coelius Apollinaris, consul in 111, and the father of Publius Coelius Apollinaris, consul in 169. The cursus honorum of Balbinus up to his consulate is known from an inscription reported from Rome. He began his career as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that form the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. He served as sevir equitum Romanorum, then was military tribune with the Legio XXII Primigenia, then stationed in Germania Superior at Mogontiacum.
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Dexter's cursus honorum is known from an inscription found at Budrum in Turkey. He began his career as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards of the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Then he was commissioned as a military tribune with Legio III Augusta, which at the time was stationed in Syria. He also served as sevir equitum Romanorum of the annual review of the equites at Rome prior to being quaestor, the office needed for Dexter to be enrolled into the Senate.
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Hadrian's first official post in Rome was as a member of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one among many vigintivirate offices at the lowest level of the cursus honorum ("course of honours") that could lead to higher office and a senatorial career. He then served as a military tribune, first with the LegioII Adiutrix in 95, then with the Legio V Macedonica. During Hadrian's second stint as tribune, the frail and aged reigning emperor Nerva adopted Trajan as his heir; Hadrian was dispatched to give Trajan the news— or most probably was one of many emissaries charged with this same commission.Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, p.
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The embassies of Sweden, Netherlands and United Kingdom objected and tried to cancel the punishments without success. After the executions, and in response, the United Kingdom withdrew its ambassador to Greece for some time. The executions were a kind of shock for the Greek conservatives, while they exacerbated the conflict between the royalists and the liberals the next decades, at least until the establishment of the 4th of August Regime. In 1932, during a speech in parliament, Prime Minister Venizelos supported that the victims were indeed not guilty "for treason", but he couldn't and wouldn't condemn any revolutionary officers of the military tribune, because they acted in patriotic and virtuous way.
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The inscription the decurions of Aeclanum erected provides details of his cursus honorum about as far as his consulate. He began as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards of the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Serving as one of these minor magistracies was considered an important first step in a senator's career. Next Ambibulus was commissioned as a military tribune of Legio XI Claudia, which was stationed at several points on the Danubian frontier during the possible dates Ambibulus was assigned to this legion.
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Most of the Octavii of the Republic were descended from Gnaeus Octavius Rufus, who had two sons, Gnaeus and Gaius. The descendants of the younger Gnaeus held many of the higher magistracies, but the descendants of Gaius remained simple equites, who did not rise to any importance. The great-grandfather of Augustus served as a military tribune during the Second Punic War, and survived the Battle of Cannae; however, when Marcus Antonius wished to throw contempt upon Augustus, he called this Gaius Octavius a freedman and a restio, or rope-maker. The first of this family who was enrolled among the senators was Gaius Octavius, the father of Augustus.
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Polybius VI.19, 26 The duplication and rotation of command was a characteristic feature of the Roman Republic, which, from the time of the expulsion of the kings, had always aimed for collegiate offices, to avoid excessive concentration of power (e.g. two Consuls, two Praetors etc.). Equites (and anyone else) who aspired to public office were required to perform at least 10 years' military service, which implies that the minimum age for public office was 27 years (16+10)Polybius VI.19 A military tribune wore a bronze cuirass (often engraved), pteruges, a mantle, and an Attic-style helmet with horsehair plume. Unlike lower ranks, officers never adopted mail armour.
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Of these inscriptions found in Taurinorum, two provide the details of his cursus honorum up to his first consulship., His first documented service was as sevir equitum Romanorum at the annual review of the equites, which was followed as one of the decemviri stlitibus judicandus, one of the magistracies that comprised the vigintiviri. Agricola then served as military tribune in Legio I Italica. Under the emperor Vespasian he was quaestor, which could have been as late as the year 78. Since Roman senators commonly held the office of quaestor at the age of 25, this suggests Agricola was born in the year 53, at the latest.
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Under the late Republic, a proconsul on campaign often formed a small personal guard, selected from the troops under his command, known as a cohors praetoria ("commander's cohort"), from praetorium meaning the commander's tent at the centre of a Roman marching-camp (or commander's residence in a legionary fortress). At the Battle of Actium (31 BC), Augustus had five such cohorts around him. After the battle, he retained them in being as a permanent brigade in and around Rome, known as the praetoriani ("soldiers of the imperial palace"). Inscription evidence suggests that Augustus increased the Praetorian establishment to nine cohorts, each under the command of a tribunus militum (military tribune).
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Rather than permit the election of a plebeian consul, the senate resolved upon the election of military tribunes with consular power, who might be elected from either order. Initially this compromise satisfied the plebeians, but in practice only patricians were elected. The regular election of military tribunes in the place of consuls prevented any plebeians from assuming the highest offices of state until the year 400, when four of the six military tribunes were plebeians. Plebeian military tribunes served in 399, 396, 383, and 379, but in all other years between 444 and 376 BC, every consul or military tribune with consular powers was a patrician.
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The city was under the Roman ius (law) and its citizens were endowed with full civil rights. Saldae was a center of a Mauretania Caesariensis area fully Romanised, that in the late third century was even fully Christian. In the 3rd century AD, Gaius Cornelius Peregrinus, a decurion (town councillor) of Saldae, was a tribunus (military tribune, a commander at cohort level) of the auxiliary garrison at Alauna Carvetiorum, in northern Britain. An altar dedicated by him was discovered shortly before 1587 in the north-west corner of the fort, where it had probably been re-used in a late-Roman building (British Museum, Description of the altar).
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Next he was assigned to serve as a military tribune in Legio VII Claudia stationed at Viminacium in Moesia Superior. This was followed by the traditional series of republican magistracies: first, quaestor assigned to assist with the administration of Rome, followed by plebeian tribune, then praetor. Syme argues the date of his praetorship fell in the years 90-94.Syme, Tacitus, p. 666 The sortition allotted to Caepio Hispo the public province of Hispania Baetica to govern; Werner Eck has dated his tenure in that province to 95/96.Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp.
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While Titus received a court education in the company of Britannicus, Vespasian pursued a successful political and military career. Following a prolonged period of retirement during the 50s, he returned to public office under Nero, serving as proconsul of the Africa province in 63, and accompanying the emperor during an official tour of Greece in 66.Jones (1992), pp. 9-11 From c. 57 to 59, Titus was a military tribune in Germania, and later served in Britannia. His first wife, Arrecina Tertulla, died two years after their marriage, in 65.Jones & Milns (2002), pp. 95-96 Titus then took a new wife of a more distinguished family, Marcia Furnilla.
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His cursus honorum is known from a three inscriptions set up in Ostia.; ; Priscus began his career as one of the quattuorviri viarum curandarum, one of the four boards that form the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward a gaining entry into the Roman Senate. He then was commissioned a military tribune with Legio V Macedonica, stationed at Troesmis on the Danube, in the imperial province of Moesia Inferior. He returned to Rome to hold the office of quaestor, which he served at the city, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Priscus would be enrolled in the Senate.
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The procurator of Iudaea, Ventidius Cumanus, was accused of partiality to the Samaritans, who were at variance with the Galileans, and both parties appealed to Quadratus. The governor went to Samaria in 52 and suppressed the disturbance. The Samaritan and Galilean insurgents were crucified; five (eighteen according to JosephusBellum Judaicum 2.12.6) Galileans whom the Samaritans pointed out as instigators of the movement were executed in Lydda; the high priest Ananias and Anan, the governor of the Temple, were sent in chains to Rome; and the leaders of the Samaritans, the procurator Cumanus, and the military tribune Celer were also sent to plead their cause before the emperor.
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The Samnites would have gained significant ground in Campania by the time the Romans arrived and Valerius' two victories could be the outcome of twin Samnite attacks on Capua and Cumae. And while Samnite ambushes are somewhat of a stock motif in Livy's narrative of the Samnite wars, this might simply reflect the mountainous terrain in which these wars were fought.Oakley(1998), pp. 310–311 The story of Decius, as preserved, has been patterned after that of the military tribune of 258, but Decius could still have performed some heroic act in 343, the memory of which became the origin of the later embellished tale.
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The earliest office Maximus is attested as holding was in the quattuorviri viarum curandarum, one of the four boards that formed the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Next he was commissioned a military tribune in Legio IV Scythica, during which time he distinguished himself, earning dona militaria from the emperor Trajan. Maximus returned to Rome, where he became a quaestor serving in the city, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Maximus was enrolled in the Senate. Following this he served as ab actis Senatus, or recorder of the Acta Senatus.
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201f An inscription from Dorylaeum attests to his adjudication of the boundary between that city and one of its neighbors;MAMA, V, 1937, pp.32-34 Corbier believes that second city was Midaeum. Severus was then appointed legatus or commander of Legio IV Scythica from approximately the year 130 to 132, then stationed in Syria; Corbier notes his homonymous son served as military tribune of that legion under him. The most noteworthy event of his command was that the governor of Syria, Gaius Poblius Marcellus, was called away to attend to the Bar Kochba revolt, which required Severus to fill in as governor of this strategic province.
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Marcus Aemilius Scaurus was a Roman politician of the 1st century BC and son of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and Caecilia Metella Dalmatica. Scaurus lost his father when he was very young, but his education was ensured by family friends. Pompey the Great was briefly married to his sister Aemilia Scaura and, even after her death, Pompey continued to take personal interest in the young man. During the Third Mithridatic War, Pompey specifically asked for Scaurus to become his military tribune, and charged Scaurus, at the time a quaestor, with the responsibility for the Judea region, which was involved in a bloody civil war between the brothers Hyrcanus and Aristobulus.
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Peng was then subjected to constant violent "interrogations" throughout most of 1970, until a special military tribune sentenced Peng to life imprisonment. The sentence was immediately approved by Lin Biao's General Chief of Staff, Huang Yongsheng.Domes 122 After the 1971 Lin Biao incident, the military attempted to improve Peng's living conditions, but the years of deprivation and torture from 1967–1970 had seriously weakened his physical health, and from late 1972 until his death Peng was seriously ill, probably with tuberculosis, thrombosis, or both. Peng was briefly hospitalized in 1973 before being returned to prison, the first time that he had been outside of prison since 1967.
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101 His cursus honorum is partially known from an inscription recovered at Antioch. The first office Postumus held was in the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that formed the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. This was followed by service as a military tribune in Legio XIII Gemina. After this, Postumus served as quaestor in attendance to the emperors Vespasian and Titus; in her doctoral dissertation Sarah Hillebrand dated this to the year 79, although Postumus could have held it any year Vespasian was emperor since his son Titus was considered his co-emperor.
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His description of the Roman ships anchored in the stream overnight having to ward off floating trees has the stamp of an eyewitness account. Map of Castra Vetera, a large permanent base (castra stativa) of Germania Inferior, where Pliny spent the last of his 10-year enlistment as a cavalry commander: The proximity of a naval base there means that he trained also in ships, as the Romans customarily trained all soldiers in all arms whenever possible. The location is on the lower Rhine River. At some uncertain date, Pliny was transferred to the command of Germania Superior under Pomponius Secundus with a promotion to military tribune, which was a staff position, with duties assigned by the district commander.
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A Latin inscription from Vindobona pertaining to a praefectus castrorum The praefectus castrorum ("camp prefect") was, in the Roman army of the early Empire, the third most senior commander of the Roman legion after the legate (legatus) and the senior military tribune (tribunus laticlavius). His responsibility was looking after equipment and building works but he could command the legion when his seniors were absent. The post was usually held by men coming from the ranks of the centurionate, having already served as chief centurions (primus pilus) of a legion, and was therefore open to ordinary citizens. A camp prefect's job was to maintain and update the equipment, organize the legion, and make sure that the soldiers were properly trained.
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The legate's nominal second-in-command was the single military tribune of senatorial rank attached to the legion, the laticlavius (literally: "broad-banded", referring to the wide stripe men of senatorial rank wore on their tunica). Typically the son of a senator (sometimes the legate's own son), and aged in his early twenties, he was performing his military service before seeking election as quaestor and thereby gaining a seat in the Senate (for which the minimum age was 25 years). His lack of military experience did not prevent him leading important combat missions. In the highly status-conscious Roman social system, his high birth would have commanded the automatic respect of even the most experienced commoner.
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His earliest recorded post was primipilus of Legio IV Flavia Felix, then stationed in Moesia Superior. Macedo returned to Rome where he held a series of commissions: first military tribune of cohort I of the vigiles; then tribune of cohort XI of the Cohortes urbanae; followed by tribune of cohort VIIII of the Praetorian Guard; and then primipilus a second time. Macedo was then commissioned praefectus or commander of Legio II Traiana Fortis, stationed in Roman Egypt. Because Egypt was governed by an eques, and a commander of a legion would need to be of a lower rank than the governor, this prevented senators from being commissioned commanders of any legion in that province.
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The remarkable aspect of a trial of an action under the legis actio procedure (and also later under the formulary system) was characterized by the division of the proceedings into two stages, the first of which took place before a magistrate, under whose supervision all the preliminaries were arranged, the second, in which the issue was actually decided, was held before a judge. The magistrate in question taking part in the preliminary stage was typically the consul or military tribune, almost exclusively the praetor upon the creation of this office. The judge was neither a magistrate nor a private lawyer, but an individual agreed upon by both parties.Jolowicz, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (1967).
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His career is documented in an inscription found at Rome, which was erected by negotiatores ole[ari] ex Baetica, or oil merchants from Baetica, which was one of the most important sources of quality oil; this group had chosen Petronius Honoratus as their patron. = ILS 1340\. His career is also documented in an inscription found at Ostia Antica, His career began with the tres militiae: first as prefect or commander of Cohors I Raetorum, which was stationed at the time in Germania Inferior, followed by military tribune with Legio I Minervia also stationed in Germania Inferior, and lastly prefect of ala II Thracum Augusta pia fidelis, which was stationed in Mauretania Caesariensis. This concluded his military career.
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The career of Ambibulus up to his consulate can be reconstructed from a damaged inscription erected in Cuicul in Numidia; it was erected by order of the civic government to honor him as their patron. = ILS 9486 In this inscription, all of his posts are listed in chronological order, except oddly for the first in the list, a hitch as military tribune in a legion whose name is mostly missing. In the order Ambibulus held these offices, he began his career in his teenage years as one of the decemviri stlitibus iudicandis, which was one of the four boards comprising the vigintiviri. The traditional Republican magistracies followed: quaestor, plebeian tribune, and praetor.
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Plebeians were the lower-class, often farmers, in Rome who mostly worked the land owned by the Patricians. Some plebeians owned small plots of land, but this was rare until the second century BC. Plebeians were tied to patricians through the clientela system of patronage that saw plebeians assisting their patrician patrons in war, augmenting their social status, and raising dowries or ransoms. In 450 BC, plebeians were barred from marrying patricians, but this law was repealed in 445 BC by a Tribune of the Plebs. In 444 BC, the office of Military Tribune with Consular Powers was created, which enabled plebeians who passed through this office to serve in the Senate once their one-year term was completed.
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By 311 BC the people acquired the right to elect sixteen tribunes of the soldiers, that is, four out of the six tribunes assigned to each of the four legions that formed the Roman Army. Previously these places had been for the most part in the gift of consuls or dictators.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita Libri IX, 29, with translation and notes by B. O. Foster, Loeb Classical Library, Additionally, in the early Republic, another type of military tribune was sometimes chosen in place of the annually elected consuls to be the heads of the Roman State. These are known in Latin as tribuni militum consulari potestate, "Military Tribunes with Consular Authority".
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His cursus honorum is known from a dedication to a statue raised by his fellow citizens at Saepium. The earliest office Proculus is attested as holding was in the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that formed the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. He served two commissions as military tribune: first with Legio VII Gemina then stationed at Legio (modern León); next with Legio VIII Augusta in Argentorate (modern Strasbourg), in Germania Superior. His next recorded office was quaestor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Proculus would be enrolled in the Senate.
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As one of the triumviri capitalis, Silva was one of three responsible for assisting the judicial magistrates. Next he served as military tribune of Legio IV Scythica around the year 64, when it was stationed in Syria; in 67 or 68 he was quaestor, the first stage of the cursus honorum allowing entry in the Senate; and around the year 70 he served as tribune of the plebs. Next he was appointed legate of the Legio XXI Rapax, which was stationed at Vindonissa, likely for his support of Vespasian in the Year of the Four Emperors. Flavius Silva was patron of his home town Urbs Salvia, where he twice held the honorary position of praetor quinquennalis.
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The dramatic date of the Epodes is around the Battle of Actium, here imagined by Justus van Egmont. Horace began writing his Epodes after the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. He had fought as a military tribune in the losing army of Caesar's assassins and his fatherly estate was confiscated in the aftermath of the battle. Having been pardoned by Octavian, Horace began to write poetry in this period. His budding relationship with the wealthy Gaius Maecenas features in several poems, which locates most of the work on the Epodes in the 30s BC. The finished collection was published in 30 BC. The dramatic date of the collection is less certain.
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The dramatic situation of the Epodes is set against the backdrop of Octavian's civil war against Mark Antony. Anxiety about the outcome of the conflict manifests itself in several poems: while Epodes 1 and 9 express support for the Octavian cause, 9 displays a frustration about the precarious political situation more generally. The wish to escape to a simpler, less hostile environment comes to the fore in two lengthy poems (2 and 16) and strikes a tone much like that of Virgil's early work, the Eclogues and Georgics. One result of decades of civil war is the increasing confusion of friend and foe, which can be seen in Horace's attacks on Maecenas (3) and the upstart military tribune (4).
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111-115 The date is also not certain, although Graham Webster assigns the date 101 to when the unit was raised.Webster, The Roman Imperial Army (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1969), p. 76 The earliest dated inscription referring to the legion, which lists the posts Lucius Cossonius Gallus held during his career, again entangles the XXI Rapax in the origins of this legion, for Gallus was first a military tribune with the first unit, then some years later commissioned commander of the II Traiana most likely after he had distinguished himself in Trajan's First Dacian War. = ILS 1038 About the only firm date is that Legio I Traiana was in existence by 108, the year Gallus was suffect consul.
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Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus (513 BCafter 423 BC) was a Roman statesman and general who served as consul six times. Titus Quinctius was a member of the gens Quinctia, one of the oldest patrician families in Rome. He was the son of Lucius Quinctius and grandson of Lucius Quinctius. He was possibly the brother of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, who was suffect consul and dictator in 460 BC, 458 BC and 439 BC. His son, who bore the same name, Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, was elected consul in 421 BC and was possibly the military tribune with consular power in 405 BC. According to Livy, Titus Quinctius was still alive in 423 BC, aged 90 years.
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The three earliest appointments Blassianus received, which comprise the steps of the tres militiae that equites followed in their military career, are recorded in several inscriptions from Trieste.These include and First was prefect of the Cohors II Asturum equitata, then stationed in Roman Britain; followed by military tribune in Legio VII, either Claudia or Gemina; and lastly prefect of the ala II Gallorum stationed in Cappadocia. Anthony Birley notes that "it would fit the chronology of his career if he obtained a commission from A. Platorius Nepos, governor of Britain 122-4, who was patron of Aquileia, a city close to Blassianus' home".Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p.
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The role of the vigintivirate in a senatorial career is discussed by A.R. Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), pp. 4–8 This was followed by Sospes serving as military tribune of the Legio XXII Primigenia which was stationed in Pannonia at the time; while serving as a junior officer in the legion, Sospes "received the decorations appropriate to a legate of praetorian rank, expedit(ione) Suebic(a) et Sarm(atica)."Syme, "Enigmatic Sospes", p. 38 Syme explains he earned these dona militaria from actions in Domitian's campaigns in Pannonia around 92, in response to the Sarmatians and Suebi having invaded that province and destroying Legio XXI Rapax.
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The cursus honorum of Caecilianus can be mostly reconstructed from a damaged inscription found in Amiternum (modern San Vittorino), erected by his wife (whose name is lost) and his freedman Atlans. = ILS 8969 The earliest office he is known to have held was in the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that formed the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Next he was commissioned a military tribune with Legio VIII Augusta, at the time stationed in Pannonia. Upon returning to Rome, Caecilianus was appointed quaestor, and served in the Senatorial province of Baetica; upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he would be enrolled in the Senate.
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The cursus honorum of Celsus has been recorded in a Latin inscription recovered at Ephesus. = ILS 8971 According to it, his earliest recorded office was military tribune in Legio III Cyrenaica, which was part of the garrison of Roman Egypt. The next recorded event in his life was his adlection into the Senate inter aedilicios by Vespasian and his son Titus, which was a reward Vespasian is known to have made to individuals who supported him during the Year of the Four Emperors. Exactly how Celsus supported Vespasian is not known: the governor of Egypt at the time, Tiberius Julius Alexander, was the first governor to declare publicly for Vespasian (1 July 69);Gwyn Morgan, 69 A.D.: The Year of Four Emperors (Oxford: University Press, 2006), pp.
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His career is recorded in an inscription recovered at Rome, but since its publication has been lost. As mentioned, the equestrian career of Bassaeus Rufus began with him being twice primus pilus; this was followed with commission as military tribune of a cohors vigilis, then of an urban cohort, and lastly a praetorian cohort. From here he advanced to civil appointments, beginning with procurator of the imperial properties in the regions of Asturias and Galicia, then became governing procurator of the imperial province of Noricum before the end of the reign of emperor Antoninus Pius. This was followed by the procuratorship of Gallia Belgica and both Germaniae; the duties of this official included supervising the distribution of funds for the armies on the Rhine.
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Penguin Caesar Appendix II 242 This was provided by Augustus, who appointed a legatus to command each legion with a term of office of several years. The ranking senatorial military tribune (tribunus militum laticlavius) was designated deputy commander, while the remaining five equestrian tribunes served as the legatus' staff officers. In addition, Augustus established a new post of praefectus castrorum (literally "prefect of the camp"), to be filled by a Roman knight (often an outgoing centurio primus pilus, a legion's chief centurion, who was usually elevated to equestrian rank on completion of his single-year term of office). Technically, this officer ranked below the senatorial tribune, but his long operational experience made him the legion commander's de facto executive officer.
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However, it is very likely that the optimates would have opposed this in the senate, making it unlikely that this measure could have been passed if the two consuls had opposed each other on this issue. Livy’s Periochae (a short summary of Livy's work) recorded that "Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey were made consuls ... and reconstituted the tribunician powers."Livy Periochae, 97.6 Similarly, Suetonius wrote that when Caesar was a military tribune, "he ardently supported the leaders in the attempt to re-establish the authority of the tribunes of the commons [the plebeians], the extent of which Sulla had curtailed."Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Julius Caesar, 5 The two leaders must obviously have been the two consuls, Crassus and Pompey.
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501 Information for the earlier appointments Marcius Dioga held comes from two acephalic inscriptions that had previously identified as referring to the same man, one found in Ostia Antica, = ILS 9501 the other in Rome, which Michel Christol identified as pertaining to Dioga.Christol, "Un fidèle de Caracalla: Q. Marcius Dioga", Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 2 (1991), pp. 165-188 The earliest appointment known for Dioga was as military tribune assigned to Legio XII Fulminata, stationed at Melitene in Cappadocia; he could have served during the reign of Commodus This was undoubtedly the second step in the tres militiae that equestrians with military commissions advanced through. The first, commander of a cohors of 500 men was described on a lost line on the two inscriptions.
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The son of Lucius and a member of the Roman tribe Camilia, Carus' career began with his appointment to the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards of the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. This was followed by serving as a military tribune, firstly of the Legio VIII Augusta, at the time stationed at Argentoratum (Strasbourg), then of the Legio IX Hispana, sometime after AD 122.Cowan, R. Roman Legionary AD 69-161 (2013), p. 10 Returning to Rome, Carus began his climb up the series of Republican magistracies: first appointed quaestor to the Emperor, then Plebeian Tribune before achieving the Praetorship.
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At that time this military tribune was usually the commander of a legionary cohort or an ala of auxiliary cavalry. For Claudius to have been demoted to this level from the heights he had previous occupied (Hipparchos of the Cavalry and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Armies) would suggest a serious rift between himself and Gallienus. It is possible, but there is no evidence for it in any of the ancient sources; even Zosimus, who is notably cool towards Claudius, gives no hint of it. The most likely explanation for the suggestion is that the author of the Historia Augusta, writing in the Fourth Century AD after the Constantinian reform of the army, had no notion what the term 'tribune' denoted in the seventh decade of the previous century.
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In Argentina, the topic of the Wandering Jew has appeared several times in the work of Enrique Anderson Imbert, particularly in his short-story ' (The Grimoire), included in the eponymous book. Chapter XXXVII, ', in the collection of short stories, Misteriosa Buenos Aires, by the Argentine writer Manuel Mujica Láinez also centres round the wandering of the Jew. The great Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges named the main character and narrator of his short story "The Immortal" Joseph Cartaphilus (in the story he was a Roman military tribune who gained immortality after drinking from a magical river and dies in the 1920s). In Green Mansions, W.H. Hudson's protagonist Abel, references Ahasuerus, as an archetype of someone, like himself, who prays for redemption and peace; while condemned to walk the earth.
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However, once they were alone, he drew his hidden knife and threatened to stab the tribune unless he made a public oath not to hold an assembly to accuse Lucius Manlius, which Pomponius agreed to and duly performed. Titus Manlius' reputation grew on account of his filially pious actions, which helped him to be elected as a military tribune later in the year. In 361 BC, Titus Manlius fought in the army of Titus Quinctius Poenus Capitolinus Crispinus against the Gauls during the Battle of the Anio River. When a Gaul of enormous size and strength challenged the Romans to single combat, Manlius accepted the challenge with the approval of Poenus after the rest of the army had held back from responding for a long period of time.
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He was the father of the Emperor Augustus, step- grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius, great-grandfather of the Emperor Claudius, and great-great grandfather of the Emperors CaligulaCaligula was a son pf Agrippina Major, daughter of Julia Major, daughter of Augustus, son of Gaius Octavius (proconsul) and NeroNero was a son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32), son of Antonia Major, daughter of Octavia Minor, daughter of Gaius Ovtavius (proconsul). Hailing from Velitrae, he was a descendant of an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the gens Octavia. At Rome his family was part of the wealthy plebeian cast and not being of senatorial rank, he was a novus homo ("new man"). His grandfather, Gaius Octavius, fought as a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War.
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From his filiation, we know that Sextus' father was also named Sextus, and that his grandfather was named Lucius. In his reconstruction of the family, classical scholar Wilhelm Drumann assumed that he was the son of Sextus Julius Caesar, one of the military tribunes of 181 BC, and the grandson of an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar, who would have been the son of Sextus, praetor in 208 BC.Drumann, p. 113. However, more recent scholarship has concluded that the military tribune and the consul were the same person, and that his father was the praetor of 208. Sextus had at least one brother, Lucius, who was praetor in 183 BC, and probably a second, Gaius, who was a senator and the great-grandfather of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator.
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J.-C.) (Pont- Bithynie, Galatie, Cappadoce, Lycie-Pamphylie et Cilicie) Préface d'André Chastagnol (Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, 1989), p. 84 His first known office was as a military tribune with the Legio XXI Rapax. This legion disappeared in the 90s: one theory is that it was disbanded as a result of its participation in the revolt of Lucius Antonius Saturninus in January 89; another theory holds that it was destroyed during Domitian's campaign against the Sarmatians in the 90s; a third theory is that the legion mutinied at the time of the uprising of the Praetorians against Nerva in the year 97, and was disbanded afterwards. Bernard Rémy prefers the first possibility, that the legion had dishonored itself, noting that the name of the legion has been excised from several inscriptions at Vindonissa, a common indication of damnatio memoriae.
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His full name was Gnaeus Pinarius Aemilius Cicatricula Pompeius Longinus. From the elements in his polyonymous name, Olli Salomies suggests Longinus was adopted. Arthur Stein first suggested the identification of his birth father was the Pompeius Longinus, military tribune of the Praetorian guard in AD 69, mentioned by Tacitus;Tacitus, Histories 1.31.2 this identification was also proposed by Ronald Syme.Syme, "Pliny the Procurator", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 73 (1969), p. 230 Salomies concurs in this identification, while proposing that his adoptive parent was Gnaeus Pinarius Aemilius Cicatricula, governor of Africa in 80.Salomies, Adoptive and polyonymous nomenclature in the Roman Empire (Helsinski: Societas Scientiarum Fenica, 1992), p. 120 Syme also proposes that, based on his gentilicium, Longinus may have originated in Gallia Narbonensis, but Edward Dabrowa notes that the same criterion could be used to argue that Longinus came from Hispania.
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The Papirius who held the consulship in 427 BC can not be certified to be a different individual from that of Lucius Papirius Mugillanus, suffect consul in 444 BC, nor can the consular tribune of 422 BC with certainty be identified as the same person as the consul of 427 BC. The classicist scholar Münzer notes uncertainty with the identification while the later scholar Degrassi points towards the lack of iteration in the ancient records indicates them as being two different individuals (one consul in 444 BC and a son of this consul in 427 BC). Broughton follows Degrassi and adds that "it is resonable to suppose that the consul of 427 and the military tribune of 422 were the same person".F. Münzer. in A. Pauly, G. Wissowa, and W. Kroll (eds.), Real-Encyclopädie d.
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C. Sallustius Crispus, more commonly known as Sallust, was a Roman historian of the 1st century BC, born c. 86 BC in the Sabine community of Amiternum. There is some evidence that Sallust's family belonged to a local aristocracy, but we do know that he did not belong to Rome's ruling class. Thus he embarked on a political career as a "novus homo", serving as a military tribune in the 60s BC, quaestor from 55 to 54 BC, and tribune of the plebs in 52 BC. Sallust was expelled from the senate in 50 BC on moral grounds, but quickly revived his career by attaching himself to Julius Caesar. He served as quaestor again in 48 BC, as praetor in 46 BC, and governed the new province in the former Numidian territory until 44 BC., making his fortune in the process.
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Gaius Junius Flavianus was a Roman eques who held a number of appointments in the second century AD. He is known from a series of inscriptions. His public career is known from dedication by the mercatores frumentari and oleari Afrari to him, which was recovered from Rome and is currently in the Museo Nazionale Romano. = ILS 1342 After being commissioned military tribune with Legio VII Gemina, which was stationed in Spain at the time, Junius Julianus advanced in a regular fashion through the levels of a civil career. First is promagister vicesima hereditatium, or sub-director of the twentieth inheritance tax; next is procurator or governor of Alpes Maritimes; this is followed by procurator of Hispaniae citerioris per Asturicam et Callaeciam, or overseer of the centenary of Spanish cities in Asturia and Galicia; he returns to Rome as procurator of inheritances; then Flavianus is procurator of Lugdunensis and Aquitaine.
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Birley, Fasti, p. 101 In the final years of the 1st century Nepos served as a military tribune with Legio XXII Primigenia at Mainz under the eye of the governor of Germania Superior, who brought him to the attention of Trajan, who, in turn, directly supported his candidacy for senatorial offices. Nepos likely became praetor in 111, then curator of the three roads in Etruria in 112 and 113 before becoming legate of Legio I Adiutrix during Trajan's Parthian campaigns.Birley, Fasti, p. 103 Upon Hadrian assuming the imperial throne, Nepos was made governor of Thracia, then suffect consul in the spring of 119. Shortly afterwards he was made governor of Germania Inferior, and while governor received Hadrian during his tour in 121. He accompanied Hadrian to Britain in 122, when he was made governor of that province, and oversaw the construction of Hadrian's Wall.
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The elements in this example of polyonomy invite speculation. Most obvious is the pair "Ducenius Proculus", which, combined with his connection to Patavium, suggests a connection to the other Ducenii in that city, such as Aulus Ducenius Geminus, suffect consul in either 60 or 61. While the inscription from Forum Fulvi lists three of the appointments Cornelius Priscus received, in reverse chronological order, it raises more questions than answers. These are: military tribune of Legio XXI Rapax, sevir equitum Romanorum turmae VI, and legatus legionis of an unknown legion while Trajan was emperor; the traditional Republican magistracy of praetor does not appear in the surviving text. The XXI Rapax was involved in the rebellion of Lucius Antonius Saturninus in 89, then was destroyed in 92, while fighting on the Lower Danube against the Sarmatians;Julian Bennett, Trajan: Optimus Princeps: a Life and Times (London: Routledge, 1997), p.
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At the crime scene, Falco makes the acquaintance of a centurion named Helvetius, before trying to contact Helena's brother Justinus, a military tribune serving at Argentoratum, but discovers that Justinus has been transferred elsewhere, and so proceeds down the Rhenus further into Germany, where the relatively wealthy Xanthus is accosted by a peddler named Dubnus. Falco discovers that Dubnus is selling curios which may have been relics of Varus' ill-fated expedition, and asks Dubnus about Veleda, who tells him that she lives in a tower in the middle of the forest somewhere in the north. At Moguntiacum, Falco tries to contact the local military legate, Florius Gracilis, but discovers that like Lupercus, Gracilis is missing. Falco finally meets Justinus and upon discussing Gracilis further, he discovers that Gracilis has been absent without leave, and his whereabouts are unknown, and in addition to his official duties, begins tracking down Gracilis.
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As a Pulchri, Claudianus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus trought his son Publius Claudius Pulcher. Claudianus descended via the first Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 212 BC and Publius Claudius Pulcher's son or grandson. Bartolomeo Borghesi has suggests that his biological father could have been either Appius Claudius Pulcher (military tribune in the year 87 BC) or the Gaius Claudius Pulcher who was legate or preator in 73 BC, both of the men were sons of Gaius Claudius Pulcher who was consul in 130 BC. Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul of 79 BC; and Gaius Claudius Pulcher, the consul of 92 BC, have been postulated by Ronald Syme. Susan Treggiari has speculated that his mother might have been a sister of Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, this explaining his adoption by Drusus, since Drusus had at least two other nephews whom he chose Claudianus over.
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Cambridge University Press, 2007, , page 180 According to the Augustan History, it was the future Emperor Hadrian who brought word to Trajan of his adoption. Hadrian was then retained on the Rhine frontier by Trajan as a military tribune, becoming privy to the circle of friends and relations with which Trajan surrounded himselfamong them the then governor of Germania Inferior, the Spaniard Lucius Licinius Sura, who became Trajan's chief personal adviser and official friend. As a token of his influence, Sura would later become consul for the third time in 107. Some ancient sources also tell about his having built a bath named after him on the Aventine Hill in Rome, or having this bath built by Trajan and then named after him, in either case a signal of honour as the only exception to the established rule that a public building in the capital could be dedicated only to a member of the imperial family.
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Marcus Titius Lustricus Bruttianus was a Roman senator and general of the early 2nd century AD. He was suffect consul in the nundinium of September to December 108 as the colleague of Quintus Pompeius Falco. Until the discovery of an inscription bearing a list of the offices he held, all that was known about him was the year of his consulate and an anecdote forming the subject of one of Pliny the Younger's letters. His cursus honorum is known from an inscription found between 2011 and 2014 at Vasio (modern Vaison-la-Romaine) in the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis; this has led some experts to suspect this was Bruttianus' hometown.§185 Marcus Titius Lustricus Bruttianus, Database of Military Inscriptions and Papyri of Early Roman Palestine, text, translation, and bibliography (last accessed 24 February 2018) The first office Bruttianus is known to have held was as quaestor of Achaea; this inscription also states he was military tribune for an unknown legion, but it is uncertain whether he held that commission before or after his quaestorship.
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His cursus honorum is recorded in two inscriptions, and provides an outline of his life.CIL XI,5211 (= ILS 911); IRT 528 Tullus started his senatorial career likely in his teens as a member of the decemviri stlitibus iudicandis, one of the four boards of the vigintiviri, a minor collegia young men whose fathers were members of the Senate serve in at the start of their careers. This was followed by service as a military tribune with Legio V Alaudae on the Rhine frontier, the same legion his brother Tullus served in. Lucanus then proceeded through the ranks of republican magistracies, first as quaestor assisting an unnamed emperor (likely Nero whose name was commonly omitted from inscriptions due to damnatio memoriae), then as plebeian tribune and praetor, after which he and his brother were appointed legatus, or commander, of Legio III Augusta, a posting that included governing the province of Numidia, from the year 70 to 73; Werner Eck suggests Lucanus handled the civilian responsibilities while Tullus commanded the legion.
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Broughton I, pg. 468 Fannius next appears in 141 BC, serving with distinction as a military tribune in Hispania Ulterior under Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus in his war against Viriathus.Broughton I, pg. 478 It is assumed that sometime after 139 BC (possibly 137 BC), Fannius was elected as Plebeian Tribune.Cornell, pg. 246 Then probably around 127/6 BC, he was elected to the office of Praetor, during which time he was mentioned in a decree responding to the request for Roman assistance by John Hyrcanus, the ruler of the Hasmonean Kingdom.Broughton I, pg. 509 In 122 BC, with the support of the Tribune of the Plebs Gaius Gracchus, Fannius was elected consul, serving alongside Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus.Smith II, pg. 296 However, once he was in office, he turned against Gracchus, opposing his reforming measures and supporting the traditional senatorial group who were against any reforms which impacted upon their wealth and status.Broughton I, pg. 516 During his consulship he obeyed the Senate's directive and issued a proclamation commanding all of the Italian allies to leave Rome.Smith II, pg. 297 He also spoke against Gracchus' proposal to extend the franchise to the Latins.
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