People reverted to superstition: sugar lumps soaked in kerosene, and aromatic fires to clear "miasmas".
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A lot of neighborhoods smelled really bad, which leant credence to the widely-held theory for how cholera spread: miasmas.
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Miasmas was a theory that the air that rose up from decomposing waste was somehow infected, and if you breathed in that air, it would make you sick.
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Before we had germ theory, people thought cholera, malaria, and so on were caused by miasmas floating in the air or an imbalance of humors in your body.
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Meanwhile, his light sculptures are attempts to create dimensionalities that merge the formless, unexplained miasmas usually associated with space, and humbler shapes familiar to our everyday lives: a cube or a pyramid.
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True Detective The cases in all three seasons of "True Detectives" are horrific, all-consuming miasmas that devour the attention — and occasionally the lives — of those haunted souls condemned to investigate them.
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His way of building up gently droning miasmas was familiar to me, from a prior gig at Roulette with the composer-percussionists Susie Ibarra and YoshimiO (later released by Thrill Jockey, as the album "Flower of Sulphur").
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When it comes to doctoring the body, you have to go back to the 19th century to find a time when the theories were baseless (infections were caused by miasmas, for instance) and the treatments often harmful (bloodletting, purging and the like).
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Add to this Delhi's unique mix of spices: ash spewed out of coal-fired power plants, fine grit from dirty diesel engines, exhaust from generators running on the cheapest bunker and coking fuels, fumes from crematoria and malodorous miasmas from spontaneously combusting trash mountains.
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Labarraque's chlorinated lime and soda solutions have been advocated since 1828 to prevent infection (called "contagious infection", presumed to be transmitted by "miasmas"), and to treat putrefaction of existing wounds, including septic wounds.Scott, James (trans.). On the disinfecting properties of Labarraque's preparations of chlorine (S. Highley, 1828) Accessed Nov 1, 2011.
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At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called miasmas. Louis Pasteur experimenting on bacteria, c. 1870 Eminent French scientist Louis Pasteur confirmed Schwann's fermentation experiments in 1857 and afterwards supported the hypothesis that yeast were microorganisms. Moreover, he suggested that such a process might also explain contagious disease.
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The Buchan trap was devised in the 19th century to stop the flow of sewer gases also known as miasmas. It was believed that the disease cholera was an airborne infection, not waterborne. The Buchan trap is normally found in the bottom of manholes or drop-shafts. It normally denotes the end point of the domestic property's sewer before it joins the main public sewer.
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The light and dry higher land is cultivated first; only when population becomes dense and capital accumulates is low-lying land attacked and brought into occupation. Low-lying land is more fertile but also has morasses, inundations and miasmas. Rent as a proportion of the produce sinks, like all interest on capital, but increases as an absolute amount. The share of the labourer increases both as a proportion and an absolute amount.
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Thus in the preface of his edited volume entitled 'Rom und Karthago' Joseph Vogt states that "Surrounded by races of sailors from Asia Minor, Rome often had to draw its sword to assert its power. The destruction of Carthage was a crucial event in terms of racial history: it preserved the future Western civilization from the miasmas of this Phoenician pest".J. Vogt, Unsere Fragestellung, in J. Vogt (hrsg.), Rom und Carthago. Ein Gemeinschaftswerk, Leipzig, Koehler & Amelang, 1943, p. 8.
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Since 1881, thanks to Cuban physician Carlos Finlay, it was known that the transmitting agent of Yellow Fever was mosquito Aedes aegypti. Before that discovery, doctors attributed the cause of many epidemics to what they called "miasmas" floating in the air. Yellow Fever (or "black vomit", as it was called due to bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal) caused an epidemic in Buenos Aires in 1852. However, by a note addressed to practitioner Soler is known that outbreaks occurred even before that year.
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7 The Traders Bank was based in Toronto, with strong roots in rural Ontario; it would later become part of the Royal Bank of Canada, with RBC acquiring the Traders Bank in 1912. The building's height was fairly controversial at the time. A number of the city's public intellectuals and many of its architects expressed dismay at the prospect of skyscrapers. It would overload the property values and shade the streets, trapping the disease-causing "miasmas" that still lurked in the public imagination.
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Curti was proud of the films success stating that the film "blasted off like a bomb to chase away the fetid miasmas of neorealism" and that he recalled the theater owner of Civitavecchia writing him a ltter to alert him when these productions would happen beforehand, as audiences were "so enthusiastic that they uprooted the theater's seats." which Freda remarked that it would "not happen with Umberto D." The film was released in the United States as Return of the Black Eagle and in 1952 in the United Kingdom as The Black Eagle.
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These "putrid miasmas" were thought by many to cause the spread of "contagion" and "infection" – both words used before the germ theory of infection. Chloride of lime was used for destroying odors and "putrid matter". One source claims chloride of lime was used by Dr. John Snow to disinfect water from the cholera-contaminated well that was feeding the Broad Street pump in 1854 London, though three other reputable sources that describe that famous cholera epidemic do not mention the incident.Vinten-Johansen, Peter, Howard Brody, Nigel Paneth, Stephen Rachman and Michael Rip. (2003).
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It is believed by some that the hinged lid was implemented during the age of the Black Plague, to prevent diseased flies from getting into the beer. While some people do believe this, it is unlikely to be true, as the Black Death is believed to be spread by fleas and contemporaries thought it was spread through dangerous “miasmas,” or poisonous air. In the latter half of the 19th century, stein makers found different advantages within the different materials. The advantage in using stoneware to make steins was that molds could be used to mass-produce elaborately carved steins.
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1824); A System of Geology, with a Theory of the Earth and an Examination of its Connection with the Sacred Records (2 vols. 1831); Proofs and Illustrations of the Attributes of God, from the Facts and Laws of the Physical Universe: Being the Foundation of Natural and Revealed Religion (3 vols. 1837). He also studied marsh fevers or miasmas and introduced the word "malaria" into English in 1827 and examined its distribution from a topographical perspective. He married Louisa Margaretta White of Addiscombe and during his honeymoon in Cornwall he fell from a carriage and sustained multiple fractures to his right leg.
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Of course, alcohol was not considered an indulgence in those days, but rather a necessity, since it was erroneously believed that it warded off diseases like malaria, which it was claimed came from exposure to 'miasmas'. In March 1763, the rebel leader Cuffy made the Court of Policy building in the little town his headquarters, and on either side of its doorway he placed two cannon, which had been repaired for him by the blacksmith Prins. When the revolutionaries were forced to retreat upriver in 1764, New Amsterdam was torched under the supervision of Prins, and only the brick Lutheran church survived. After the uprising was crushed, he was charged with arson and executed.
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Labarraque's research resulted in chlorides and hypochlorites of lime (calcium hypochlorite) and of sodium (sodium hypochlorite) being employed not only in the boyauderies but also for the routine disinfection and deodorisation of latrines, sewers, markets, abattoirs, anatomical theatres and morgues. They were also used, with success, in hospitals, lazarets, prisons, infirmaries (both on land and at sea), magnaneries, stables, cattle-sheds, etc.; and for exhumations, embalming, during outbreaks of epidemic illness, fever, Blackleg (disease) in cattle, etc. Labarraque's chlorinated lime and soda solutions had been advocated in 1828 to prevent infection (called "contagious infection", and presumed to be transmitted by "miasmas") and also to treat putrefaction of existing wounds, including septic wounds.
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Churchwardens and curates were instructed to tell parishioners staying with those sick with plague not to come to church until several weeks after they die or recover. Strict countermeasures were taken at the local level to combat the epidemic such as painting blue crosses on the houses of the infected and government orders to kill and bury all stray cats and dogs "for the avoidance of plague," with special officers appointed to carry out the cull. Many people still believed that plague was caused by inhaling corrupt airs known as "miasmas." In another well-intentioned but likely ineffective effort to cleanse London, orders were given by Queen Elizabeth's Council on 9 July that all householders at seven in the evening should make bonfires in the street to consume the corrupt air.
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This was not simply modern calcium chloride, but contained chlorine gas dissolved in lime-water (dilute calcium hydroxide) to form calcium hypochlorite (chlorinated lime). Labarraque's discovery helped to remove the terrible stench of decay from hospitals and dissecting rooms, and, by doing so, effectively deodorised the Latin Quarter of Paris. These "putrid miasmas" were thought by many to be responsible for the spread of "contagion" and "infection"- both words used before the germ theory of infection. Perhaps the most famous application of Labarraque's chlorine and chemical base solutions was in 1847, when Ignaz Semmelweis used (first) chlorine-water, then cheaper chlorinated lime solutions, to deodorize the hands of Austrian doctors that Semmelweis noticed still carried the stench of decomposition from the dissection rooms to the patient examination rooms.
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His most cited research articles include Hazardous Waste Facilities: " Environmental Equity" Issues in Metropolitan Areas (1994), A longitudinal analysis of environmental equity in communities with hazardous waste facilities (1996), Sexual harassment: Organizational context and diffuse status (1987), Intergenerational transmission of relative fertility and life course patterns (1987), Birth spacing and fertility limitation: A behavioral analysis of a nineteenth century frontier population (1985), Demographics of dumping II: A national environmental equity survey and the distribution of hazardous materials handlers (2000), Grammars of death: An analysis of nineteenth-century literal causes of death from the age of miasmas to germ theory (2004), and Determination of free Bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in breast milk of US women using a sensitive LC/MS/MS method (2014). He has published over 65 refereed research articles including those noted.
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4 p.949 Vivian described the site as: > a section of land, about 400 acres in extent, situated on the River Yarra, > about 4 miles from Melbourne, and ½ a mile to the north of the village of > Kew ... the site selected is a fine slope, elevated about 100 feet above the > level of the river, admitting of proper drainage and admirably adapted for > ornamental grounds, the aspect chosen is south-east, and during the summer > months the refreshing influence of the sea-breeze will be felt, without > being exposed to south west gales. G. W. Vivian, Report on the Proposed Kew > Lunatic Asylum The idea that breezes or wind-swept locations were healthy came from a wider Victorian belief that associated disease with congestion and squalor, and that miasmas of impure air caused epidemics. The area Vivian recommended for the asylum had originally been set aside for a village reserve.
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Electronic sign inside a Washington Metro station during the COVID-19 pandemic The importance of hand washing for human healthparticularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitalswas first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis who worked in Vienna, Austria and Florence Nightingale, the English "founder of modern nursing". At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called miasmas. In the 1980s, foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to more actively promote hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection. The outbreak of swine flu in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to increased awareness in many countries of the importance of washing hands with soap to protect oneself from such infectious diseases.
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