283 Sentences With "meteorological conditions"

How to use meteorological conditions in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "meteorological conditions" and check conjugation/comparative form for "meteorological conditions". Mastering all the usages of "meteorological conditions" from sentence examples published by news publications.

What's more, you can only fly in visual meteorological conditions, which generally means no night flights.
I know it refers to damp meteorological conditions, but somehow that phrase always makes me a little hungry.
The methodology accounts for meteorological conditions on routes, passenger load, cargo load, aircraft type, engines, and efficiency ground operations.
But changes in meteorological conditions due to climate change are also expected to increase certain concentrations of air pollutants.
The storm also moved extremely slowly over the Carolinas and faced just the right meteorological conditions to create massive flooding.
"Lightning in the Aleutians is mostly due to volcanic plumes, as the meteorological conditions for lightning are not common," Freymueller said.
He had proficiency training in inadvertent entry into instrument meteorological conditions and unusual attitude recovery in May 238, the update says.
Depending on meteorological conditions, he walks or takes the subway to his office, tacking another 15 minutes on the game clock.
Chad Elias looks at the ways in which the arts interact with "unpredictable meteorological conditions," turning away from attempts to manage or control natural forces.
Violent meteorological conditions, shifting landscapes, and the subsequent emotional impact form the core of Solastalgia, which is streaming below and comes out this Friday, June 21.
He walked around admiring them, learned their scientific names and the meteorological conditions that shape them and argued with friends who complained they were oppressive or drab.
"Do these meteorological conditions simultaneously amplify the public health risks officers are tasked with overseeing, like violent crime and vehicular crashes," the authors ask in the study.
"This time of the year, the meteorological conditions make it such that the pollutants don't disperse away rapidly... as a result the pollution levels spike up," Harish says.
But that's normal, especially when you're analyzing meteorological conditions at such a large scale, says Daniel Mendoza, a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Utah's Department of Atmospheric Sciences.
So they assembled September records from 2000 to 2015, including data on the rate at which the ozone hole opens, its average size and depth, meteorological conditions and volcanic activity.
Elias aims to look at the ways in which art and architecture interact with the atmosphere and "unpredictable meteorological conditions," turning away from attempts to manage or control natural forces.
So if I have millions of examples of people asking, "Alexa, what's the weather today?" in different variations, I don't actually need to know that it's a query about meteorological conditions.
WASHINGTON — As Hurricane Irma barrels dangerously toward Florida, scientists say that a perfect mix of meteorological conditions has conspired over the past week to make the storm unusually large and powerful.
ESPN's Home Run Tracker, interpolating data from tapes, meteorological conditions and eyewitnesses, projects that it would have traveled 218 feet if it had completed its arc and landed on River Avenue.
His most recent flight review, including proficiency training in inadvertent entry into instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC) and unusual attitude recovery, was conducted in a helicopter with EUROSAFETY International on May 8, 2019.
The study, however, said India did see "widespread improvements" in PM2.5 levels in 2019 compared to a year earlier, largely due to favorable meteorological conditions, government efforts to clean the air and an overall economic slowdown.
The study, however, said India did see "widespread improvements" in PM2.5 levels in 2019 compared to a year earlier, largely due to favorable meteorological conditions, government efforts to clean the air and an overall economic slowdown.
There are 20 cities which sit on three western, central and eastern routes on which air-borne pollutants travel north due to geological and meteorological conditions, the China Daily newspaper said citing the Ministry of Environment.
In an end-of-22017 piece, Rob Zacny reflected on the disconnect he felt between Forza Horizon 4's weather system and meteorological conditions of the real world, touched by an eerie kind of sadness, perhaps even solastalgia.
Yamaguchi said that his agency was looking to change the warning systems' focus — from simply announcing the meteorological conditions to defining what the risks were -- for example warning of flood and landslides, rather than just warning of heavy rain.
Growth in the second quarter was actually pulled down by a contraction in agriculture output, and that could continue in the near-term amid challenging meteorological conditions with the onset of the weather phenomenon known as La Nina, Incalcaterra noted.
ICE's president Carlos Manuel Obregón said the power company expects renewable power generation to stay "stable" this year, thanks in part to the nation's four new wind farms and favorable hydro-meteorological conditions, which are projected near the nation's hydropower plants.
""To be able to fly at less than 2,000 feet can be useful during stateside training too, when weather conditions are such to require a low level leg to keep visual contact with the ground and VMC (Visual Meteorological Conditions).
In Germany, even though the rains were caused by the same meteorological conditions — essentially a zone of low-pressure air that stalled over the region — the rains tended to come in shorter, more intense bursts, said Heidi Cullen, chief scientist at Climate Central.
"Everything we have seen thus far indicates a likely legitimate record, but we will of course begin a formal evaluation of the record once we have full data from SMN and on the meteorological conditions surrounding the event," said WMO's Weather and Climate Extremes rapporteur Randall Cerveny.
While better governance and bigger budgets would have helped contain the Honduran epidemic, scientists and public health experts say, they also point to another factor that might have contributed to the intensity and scope of the outbreak: meteorological conditions that are beyond the ability of one country to mitigate.
"Everything we have seen thus far indicates a likely legitimate record but we will of course begin a formal evaluation of the record once we have full data from SMN [El Servicio Meteorológico Nacional] and on the meteorological conditions surrounding the event," Randal Cerveny, an expert in climate extremes at the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), said in a statement.
US Code of Federal Regulations, 14 CFR 61.57(c) and (d) Practicing instrument approaches can be done either in the instrument meteorological conditions or in visual meteorological conditions – in the latter case, a safety pilot is required so that the pilot practicing instrument approaches can wear a view-limiting device which restricts his field of view to the instrument panel. A safety pilot's primary duty is to observe and avoid other traffic. In the UK, an IR (UK restricted) - formerly the "IMC rating" - which permits flight under IFR in airspace classes B to G in instrument meteorological conditions, a non-instrument-rated pilot can also elect to fly under IFR in visual meteorological conditions outside controlled airspace. Compared to the rest of the world, the UK's flight crew licensing regime is somewhat unusual in its licensing for meteorological conditions and airspace, rather than flight rules.
IMC and VMC are mutually exclusive. In fact, instrument meteorological conditions are defined as less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions. The boundary criteria between VMC and IMC are known as the VMC minima. There is also a concept of "marginal VMC", which are certain conditions above VMC minima, which are fairly close to one or more of the VMC minima.
XVS is different in that it is intended to provide the flight deck crew a real time view of the outside world in visual meteorological conditions (VMC).
During visual meteorological conditions (VMC), IFR aircraft are not provided with full IFR services. During instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), or marginal VMC, VFR operations are restricted in order to facilitate full IFR service for IFR aircraft. In June 2010, all GAAP aerodromes were changed to Class D aerodromes, and the previous Class D procedures were changed. The new Class D procedures are similar to the FAA Class D procedures.
The investigation by the Colombian authorities concluded the probable cause was "continuing VFR in meteorological conditions below the minimum laid down in the Manual of Colombian air routes".
Aviation Weather Center - METARs Help Page (4 of 5) National Weather Center. Retrieved 29 January 2015 The main purpose of IFR is the safe operation of aircraft in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The weather is considered to be MVFR or IMC when it does not meet the minimum requirements for visual meteorological conditions (VMC). To operate safely in IMC ("actual instrument conditions"), a pilot controls the aircraft relying on flight instruments and ATC provides separation.
The cause of the accident was found to be loss of control of the airplane and collision with terrain when encountering a zone with adverse meteorological conditions and severe turbulence.
Bowerman Field airport has fueling facilities and is the only jet-capable airport on the Washington coast. The airport has an instrument landing approach system for use in instrument meteorological conditions.
The probable cause was ascribed to pilot error in not monitoring descent rate during approach in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) and continuing an approach below company minima without sighting the runway.
After surface hoarfrost becomes buried by later snowfall, the buried hoar layer can be a weak layer upon which upper layers can slide. The snowpack is composed of ground-parallel layers that accumulate over the winter. Each layer contains ice grains that are representative of the distinct meteorological conditions during which the snow formed and was deposited. Once deposited, a snow layer continues to evolve under the influence of the meteorological conditions that prevail after deposition.
In addition to the chinook wind, Fairbanks experiences a handful of other unusual meteorological conditions. In summer, dense wildfire smoke accumulates in the Tanana Valley, affecting the weather and causing health concerns.
Caused in part by meteorological conditions sparked off by volcanic activity, food shortages were prevalent in Galway in early 1817.Cunningham, John (2004). ‘A town tormented by the sea’: Galway, 1790-1914.
The equipment is also used in introductory courses for beginning amateur astronomers. The Astrovillage is located on a terrace at an elevation of and has favorable geographical and meteorological conditions for astronomy.
Pilotage of an aircraft is practiced under visual meteorological conditions for flight. Land navigation is a related discipline, using a topographic map, especially when applied over trackless terrain. Divers use related techniques for underwater navigation.
The Squadron currently operates approximately between 110 and 130 days a year, depending on meteorological conditions. Days operations are organised each day by the Duty Instructor and overseen by the VGSDE (Volunteer Gliding Squadron Duty Executive).
Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is an aviation flight category that describes weather conditions that require pilots to fly primarily by reference to instruments, and therefore under instrument flight rules (IFR), rather than by outside visual references under visual flight rules (VFR). Typically, this means flying in cloudy or bad weather. Pilots sometimes train to fly in these conditions with the aid of products like Foggles, specialized glasses that restrict outside vision, forcing the student to rely on instrument indications only. The weather conditions required for flight under VFR are known as visual meteorological conditions (VMC).
Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute. Air pollution can also adversely affect outdoor artworks. In addition to meteorological conditions, traditional outdoor pollutants including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone affect the various composite materials.Grzywacz, Cecily M. (2006).
Hedges, by design, are usually (but not exclusively) maintained by hedge trimming, rather than by pruning. In nature, meteorological conditions such as wind, ice and snow, and salinity can cause plants to self-prune. This natural shedding is called abscission.
Unless a pilot holds a current instrument qualification, they must remain in VMC at all times. The exact definition of VMC varies in the different classes of airspace, but they prescribe a certain in-flight visibility and distance to be kept from cloud, and may require the pilot to remain in sight of the surface. When meteorological conditions are worse than the VMC minima, instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are said to exist, and an instrument qualification is required in order to fly legally. The training for the full Instrument Rating (IR) is very stringent and costly.
This "impossible turn" has killed many pilots because it very likely will result in a crash whereas a landing straight ahead (or within a few degrees of the initial flight path) would be survivable. Engine Failure on Climbout Leads to Impossible Turn LAX07LA022 Pilatus Aircraft established the procedures following an engine failure in a PC-12 after flight tests: the turn-back procedure necessitates a altitude in visual meteorological conditions and in instrument meteorological conditions. At a 15° bank angle, the maneuver takes 161 s., results in a loss of altitude and a turn radius while at 45° it takes 46 s.
They claimed that pilot Jeff Brown operated the helicopter recklessly under visual flight rules while in instrument meteorological conditions. The lawsuit ended in a settlement. The widows of Clapton's bodyguard, Nigel Browne, and assistant tour manager, Colin Smythe, received more than $2 million in settlements.
The meteorological conditions in Rostov-on-Don airport were described as "adverse". The cloud base was at , with light rain showers and a haze. The wind velocity was , gusting to , from 230 degrees, with severe turbulence and moderate wind shear on the final approach course.
The squadron is tasked with training all new all pilots of the Swiss Air Force in the skills to fly in instrument meteorological conditions. After they complete instrument flight training at Instumentenfliegerstaffel 14 the trainees separate for further advanced training as helicopter- or fixed wing pilots.
The NTSB's final conclusion was "The pilot's intentional flight into known adverse weather, continued flight into instrument meteorological conditions, and improper altitude. Contributing to the accident were low ceilings, poor visibility, and restricted visual lookout." The rebuilt high tension tower as it appeared in May 2015.
"T-28 Instrumented Research Aircraft" South Dakota School of Mines & Technology. Retrieved: 22 July 2012. The A-10's armor is expected to allow it to survive the extreme meteorological conditions, such as 200 mph hailstorms, found in inclement high-altitude weather events."Plane Has Combative Attitude toward Storms" .
The AAIU released its final report on the accident in January 2014. The probable cause was stated as loss of control during an attempted go-around below decision height in instrument meteorological conditions. The final report included 54 findings, found 9 contributing factors, and made 11 safety recommendations.
The polluted clouds thus engulf more of the overlying dry air causing them to rigorously evaporate and thin under dry meteorological conditions. Under a moist/unstable atmosphere the entrainment effect is smaller and the pollutants from the ship cause the clouds to thicken and the albedo to increase.
In September 1944, the 3d Scouting Force (originally 3rd Air Division Scouting Force) was activated at Wormingford. The unit flew a combination of P-47s, P-51s and B-17s on classified missions such as scouting target visibility and reporting meteorological conditions. The unit was inactivated during June 1945.
The illumination of the ESMoA gallery is provided by adjustable skylights that filter natural light and create a light-filled atmosphere that changes with the external meteorological conditions. The interior space can be broken up into individual galleries allowing the Curator to build a different setting for each Experience.
Runway safety is concerned with reducing harm that could occur on an aircraft runway. Safety means avoiding incorrect presence (incursion) of aircraft, inappropriate exits (excursion) and use of the wrong runway due to confusion. The runway condition is a runway's current status due to meteorological conditions and air safety.
An added complication was that the actual fuze running time was affected by the meteorological conditions, with the variation in gun muzzle velocity being an added complication. However, the British used fuze indicators at each gun that determined the correct fuze running time (length) corrected for muzzle velocity.
According to FAA records, there has been only one fatal accident involving Indian Lake Airport. On June 13, 1968, a student pilot attempting to land in instrument meteorological conditions crashed north of the airport. The NTSB concluded that the pilot had attempted operation beyond his ability level and experienced spatial disorientation.
On nearby Faraulep and Fais islands, similar meteorological conditions and damages were reported. The small Ngulu Atoll received gale-force winds and heavy rainfall, which destroyed half of the island's water storage tanks. Later in its duration, Sudal passed near Iwo Jima, producing wind gusts of 141 km/h (87 mph).
PANS-OPS is an air traffic control acronym which stands for Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Aircraft OPerationS. PANS-OPS are rules for designing instrument approach and departure procedures. Such procedures are used to allow aircraft to land and take off when instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) impose instrument flight rules (IFR).
Some of the external links provide repositories of many of these datasets in one place. For example, the Cambridge Atmospheric Chemical Database, is a large database in a uniform ASCII format. Each observation is augmented with the meteorological conditions such as the temperature, potential temperature, geopotential height, and equivalent PV latitude.
Burch, M. and Levetin, E., 2002. Effects of meteorological conditions on spore plumes. International journal of biometeorology, 46(3), pp.107–117. . However, other sources consider pollen or pollution as causes of thunderstorm asthma.Bernstein, J.A., Alexis, N., Barnes, C., Bernstein, I.L., Nel, A., Peden, D., Diaz-Sanchez, D., Tarlo, S.M. and Williams, P.B., 2004.
Of these, only 47 aircraft (31 MiG-21s and 16 MiG-17s) could be used for air combat. The MiG-19s were made in China and were not used in combat. Only 13 MiG-21 pilots and five MiG-17 pilots were trained for individual night flight in normal and difficult flying meteorological conditions.
Flamicell River as it passes through Senterada. The Flamicell, or Flamisell is a river in the province of Pallars, Catalonia, Spain. It is 34 km long and is a tributary of the Noguera Pallaresa. This river is known for the variation in flow depending on the time of the year and the meteorological conditions.
Both the urban heat island and urban cold island effects are most intense at times of stable meteorological conditions. Several other studies have observed the urban cool island in semi- arid or arid regions. The reason for this phenomenon is the availability of water and vegetation in the urban region as compared to the surroundings.
At the time of the accident meteorological conditions in the local area were thick, low fog. The poor weather conditions reduced horizontal visibility and ceiling. The pilot informed ATC that he wanted to attempt a break-through over the NDB. The aircraft was destroyed by fire when it impacted the ground, killing everyone on board.
Sea salt has been gathered around the world for millennia, but over the last thousand years, fleur de sel was only harvested in France. Elsewhere it was collected and discarded. As the market for specialty salts has grown, companies have begun to harvest fleur de sel for export wherever the geographic and meteorological conditions are favorable.
In 1979, Wilson was invited by Ian Anderson to contribute to the Jethro Tull album Stormwatch. He reads the Shipping Forecast on the track "North Sea Oil", and the spoken introduction to "Dun Ringill". In 1998, Wilson was invited to Morocco by Sir Richard Branson to advise on meteorological conditions for his Virgin Earth Challenge balloon attempt.
The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) who concluded that the plane crashed due to the flight crew's failure to maintain terrain clearance, which resulted in controlled flight into terrain in instrument meteorological conditions.The flight crew's failure to maintain terrain clearance, which resulted in controlled flight into terrain in instrument meteorological conditions.
The flight path became unstable after autopilot disconnect. The Precision Approach Path Indicator was showing three white lights just before entering Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). The rate of descent significantly exceeded 1,000 feet/min in IMC. The glideslope deviated from half dot low to two dots high within nine seconds after passing the Minimum Descent Altitude.
The system's radar antennas enhance the prediction of meteorological conditions (strong winds and lightning) and military attacks. The system by 2001 reached its end of its life. Requirements after 9/11 increased and the system's capacity of around 400 simultaneous objects could not keep up with increasing air traffic. The FLORIDA system was replaced in 2003 by FLORAKO.
Comparison of fallout gamma dose and dose rate contours for a 1 Mt fission land surface burst, based on DELFIC calculations. Because of radioactive decay, the dose rate contours contract after fallout has arrived, but dose contours continue to grow. Meteorological conditions greatly influence fallout, particularly local fallout. Atmospheric winds are able to bring fallout over large areas.
Fairly evenly distributed rain falls in the Paranaense region. Although local meteorological conditions play a contributing role, rain usually falls in dominant tropical air masses. The least rain falls in August, when averages in various parts of the region range from to . The two periods of maximum precipitation are March through May and October to November.
VFR / VMC visibility requirements in the US In aviation, visual meteorological conditions (VMC) is an aviation flight category in which visual flight rules (VFR) flight is permitted—that is, conditions in which pilots have sufficient visibility to fly the aircraft maintaining visual separation from terrain and other aircraft. They are the opposite of instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The boundary criteria between IMC and VMC are known as the VMC minima and are defined by: visibility, cloud ceilings (for takeoffs and landings), and cloud clearances. The exact requirements vary by type of airspace, whether it is day or night (for countries that permit night VFR), and from country to country. Typical visibility requirements vary from one statute mile to five statute miles (many countries define these in metric units as 1,500 m to 8 km).
Nadirgul is classified to Visual meteorological conditions (VMC). It has no instrument approach procedure, no PAPI or VASI, or any landing aids such as REIL, REL, ALS, or taxiway lights. The airfield has a pair of parallel runways, both of which are just about 3000' long and 75' wide. RW10L-RW28R is paved, while the RW10R-RW28L is un-paved.
Because of its geographical position, Kosovo has both a Mediterranean-Continental climate and European-Continental climate. Vučitrn has cold winters and hot summers. The city doesn't have a climate station with full data and observations of meteorological conditions, so the main information comes from the nearest stations in Mitrovica and Prishtina. Vučitrn has approximately 2,140 hours of sun during the year.
These events including turns, changes in altitude, sensor activations/de-activations and landing. The programmed flightpath had to be corrected for meteorological conditions. Data for this was provided by a standard artillery Target Acquisition meteor message. Two types of sensors were used with the CL-89, both using photographic film that was processed and analysed after the drone was recovered.
Doug Fesler and Jill Fredston developed a conceptual model of the three primary elements of avalanches: terrain, weather, and snowpack. Terrain describes the places where avalanches occur, weather describes the meteorological conditions that create the snowpack, and snowpack describes the structural characteristics of snow that make avalanche formation possible.Fesler, Doug and Fredston, Jill: Snow Sense, Alaska Mountain Safety Center, Inc. 2011.
However, at thermospheric altitudes, it becomes the predominant wave. It drives the electric Sq-current within the ionospheric dynamo region between about 100 and 200 km height. Heating, predominately by tidal waves, occurs mainly at lower and middle latitudes. The variability of this heating depends on the meteorological conditions within the troposphere and middle atmosphere, and may not exceed about 50%.
It appears that meteorological conditions at Brukkaros Mountain made the compensation for atmospheric absorption inaccurate. First, the Brukkaros observatory was at a relatively low elevation, with the result that atmospheric absorption was both substantial and variable. Second, the site proved to be more windy than anticipated. The strong winds often carried dust over the mountain and also affected the stability of the instruments.
In particular, as early as 1952 he associated low ozone levels in the stratosphere to the presence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs).On the Amount of Atmospheric Ozone and its Relation to Meteorological Conditions, Geofysiske publikasjoner, vol. 18 no. 6, 1952 Kaare Langlo was named Knight, First Class of Order of St. Olav in 1975 for his contribution to international meteorological collaboration.
Soil and meteorological conditions make the area suitable for growing wheat, cotton, and hay crops (alfalfa and cane). Little of the area immediately around Crowell has underground water in amounts suitable for irrigation. The majority of the area immediately east of Crowell is dedicated to cultivated crops. The majority of the area immediately west of Crowell is dedicated to raising beef cattle.
GOES-G was a weather satellite to be operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The satellite was designed to sense and monitor meteorological conditions from a geostationary orbit, intended to replace GOES-5 and provide continuous vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and moisture. It was lost due to the launch failure of a Delta 3914 rocket on 3 May 1986.
As an example of the first type, under certain meteorological conditions standing waves form in the atmosphere in the lee of mountain ranges. Such waves are often exploited by glider pilots. Standing waves and hydraulic jumps also form on fast flowing river rapids and tidal currents such as the Saltstraumen maelstrom. Many standing river waves are popular river surfing breaks.
It is composed of large blocks, pillars, stalactites and stalagmites as well as gravel, sand and clay layers. The meteorological conditions inside the cave vary according to the location. Narrow galleries and gateways connecting chambers and floors are somewhat windy. At an outside temperature of and a humidity of 47%, the temperature falls to and the humidity rises to 55% in the cave entrance.
As it was approaching Accra, the flight crew was told to descend to 2000', and then ordered to climb to 3000' due to high ground. On approach to Accra, the captain decided to fly an instrument landing system (ILS) approach. However, he later disconnected the autopilot and decided to fly manually. During landing, the aircraft encountered instrument meteorological conditions (IMS), with rain and zero visibility.
Most of the atmospheric background is caused by radon and its decay products. The gamma spectrum shows prominent peaks at 609, 1120, and 1764 keV, belonging to bismuth-214, a radon decay product. The atmospheric background varies greatly with wind direction and meteorological conditions. Radon also can be released from the ground in bursts and then form "radon clouds" capable of traveling tens of kilometers.
Players have to take into account real-time meteorological conditions in order to choose the best sail settings and heading, as they race against one another around the course. After signing up for a race, players can also choose their preferred type of boat and personalize it. Some races offer prize money of up to thousands of euros, which is split among the winners.
In 1927, Luft Hansa contributed to the Sino-Swedish expedition to Central and South Asia, following plans for an airline connection between Berlin and Beijing. With Sven Hedin as their guide, the expedition would check out meteorological conditions. Mühlenweg joined to expedition as the financial and materials manager from 1927 to 1928. He returned for a second trip to Central Asia in the winter of 1929-1930.
Béarn has a long association with aviation. The meteorological conditions of Béarn were convenient for early aviators, and the Wright brothers made several flights in Pont-Long, a flat marshy area north of Pau from 1908 onwards. Wilbur Wright helped set up the world's first aviation school, which opened outside Pau in 1908. Pau Pyrénées Airport is located on the site of this aviation school.
Although local meteorological conditions play a contributing role, rain usually falls when tropical air masses are dominant. The least rain falls in August, when averages in various parts of the region range from . The two periods of maximum precipitation are March through May and October to November. For the region as a whole, the difference between the driest and the wettest months ranges from .
This maneuver has also been called the search and rescue reversal. SAR helicopters fly this when hunting survivors or submarines, because it brings the aircraft directly back along the same course to verify the target. The maneuver doesn't require visual meteorological conditions (VMC) if the pilot is proficient at maintaining altitude by keeping the lateral acceleration ball centered, as any uncoordinated lateral acceleration will induce spatial disorientation.
On October 23, 1959, 2 days before his 33rd birthday, Agababov boarded the flight N200, an Ilyushin Il-14 flying from Baku to Moscow with stops in Makhachkala, Astrakhan and Stalingrad. Weather delayed the flight from the start. The flight arrived at Stalingrad with a delay of more than two hours. At 14:20 the aircraft approached Vnukovo, but the airport was closed due to meteorological conditions.
As such, when the engine began to lose thrust, the pilots were unaware of it. The situation would have been compounded when the pilot attempted to regain altitude by pulling back on the joystick, indicating pilot error. The flight simulator system used to train the crew was not exactly the same as the actual plane, the MD-83. The pilots did not have any experience at flying in Africa's meteorological conditions.
Wind farms may affect weather in their immediate vicinity. Turbulence from spinning wind turbine rotors increases vertical mixing of heat and water vapor that affects the meteorological conditions downwind, including rainfall. Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time. This effect can be reduced by using more efficient rotors or placing wind farms in regions with high natural turbulence.
On 12 September 2012 at about 12:20 local time (00:20 UTC), Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky Air Flight 251, operated by an Antonov An-28, crashed while attempting to land at Palana Airport in Russia. Both pilots were killed, together with 8 of the 12 passengers. All 4 survivors were in serious condition. The aircraft descended below minima on approach in instrument meteorological conditions and impacted a forested slope.
Spanish defence minister Federico Trillo stated "the meteorological conditions and dense fog caused the drama". NATO Secretary- General George Robertson stated "This is an appalling tragedy, given that these soldiers were serving the interest of peace in a difficult mission in Afghanistan". In 2004, the Spanish Socialist Party government sacked three generals after it was discovered that 22 of the victims' bodies had been misidentified and returned to the wrong families.
Runways 1 and 3 are equipped with CAT III systems for instrument landings. The airport can handle simultaneous take offs and landings using runways 1 and 3 at the same time. Simultaneous aircraft takeoffs and landings can be performed in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Runway 3 (01R/19L) is reached from the main terminal area via taxiway bridges constructed to be able to handle the heaviest and largest airplanes in traffic.
In late March, meteorological conditions similar to what allowed Ekeka to develop persisted in the central Pacific. An area of convection organized into Tropical Depression Two-C, just north of 5˚N, atypically close to the equator, and far to the southwest of Hawaii. Moving west-northwestward, it slowly intensified, intensifying into a tropical storm on March 29\. Upon doing so, the CPHC gave it the name Hali.
Operation Buffalo was the first nuclear test series to be conducted at Maralinga, and the largest ever held in Australia. Planning for the series, initially codenamed Theta, began in mid-1954. It was initially scheduled for April and May 1956, but was pushed back to September and October, when meteorological conditions were most favourable. Ultimately all tests on the Australian mainland were conducted at this time of year.
As the Atlantic Ocean had already been crossed by boats, he knew such a journey somehow needed to be unique. After three years studying the prevailing winds, currents, and meteorological conditions of the north Atlantic, he concluded that a west-to-east crossing would be possible, especially using the northern extension of the Gulf Stream known as the North Atlantic Drift. He eventually decided on using a raft.
The aircraft departed from Nantes Atlantique Airport at 19:15 GMT (20:15 CET) bound for Cardiff Airport. Sala had been signed two days previously by Cardiff City Football Club from FC Nantes. The pilot was identified by Guernsey Police as David Ibbotson. Shortly before contact with Jersey air traffic control was lost, a request was made by the pilot to descend from to , in order to maintain visual meteorological conditions.
A Standard port is a port whose tidal predictions are directly given in the Tide tables. Tide predictions for standard ports are based on continuous observation of tide over a period of at least one year. These predictions are given in feet or meters, with respect to the chart datum for average meteorological conditions. Some examples of primary ports are Bhavnagar, Bombay, Cochin, Manila, Karachi, Singapore, Suez, Port Dickson, etc.
The '4/3 Earth's radius' is a useful rule of thumb to the radio communication engineers when designing such a NLOS link. The 4/3 Earth radius rule of thumb is an average for the Earth's atmosphere assuming it is reasonably homogenised, absent of temperature inversion layers or unusual meteorological conditions. NLOS links that exploit atmospheric refraction typically operate at frequencies in the VHF and UHF bands, including FM and TV terrestrial broadcast services.
A vast portion of the global atmospheric water vapor comes from the western Pacific Ocean near the tropical zone, (mean 2009) and the H/D isotopic composition of atmosphere varies depending on the temperature and humidity. In general, higher δD values are observed in humid regions with a high temperature.White, J. W. C., Gedzelman, S. D. (1984) The isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapor and the concurrent meteorological conditions. JGR: Atmospheres. Vol. 89.
A number of fruits have originated in Iran, including Persian walnuts, muskmelons, limes, and pomegranates, Apple, Apricot, Grape, Fig, Citron, and many more. The country benefits from a variety of favorable meteorological conditions suitable for fruit production. The northern seaside lands of the Caspian Sea, and the country supplies finest conditions for citrus production. Iran ranks in the world in the production of pomegranates, in dates, in figs, in cherries, in grapes, and in oranges.
Polar aviation refers to aviation in the polar regions of the Earth. Specifically, one may speak of Arctic aviation and Antarctic aviation in the Arctic and Antarctic respectively. The major factors which define the character of polar aviation include remoteness from major populated areas, specific physical geography and climate. Specific factors include low temperatures, frequent changes of meteorological conditions, polar night, the uncertainty of magnetic compasses, difficulties in radio communication, and lack of landmarks.
Cool, dry air is very stable and resists vertical movement, which leads to good and generally clear weather. The greatest instability occurs when the air is moist and warm, as it is in the tropical regions in the summer. Typically, thunderstorms appear on a daily basis in these regions due to the instability of the surrounding air. The ambient lapse rate differs in different meteorological conditions, but, on average, is per 1,000 vertical feet (300 m).
The aircraft changed altitude as it passed western Africa and turned in an easterly direction, in compliance with airway requirements. At 14:11 UTC, the United States Air Force C-141B departed from Windhoek, Namibia for Ascension Island, a British territory in the South Atlantic. Per REACH 4201's filed flight plan it was flying on a northwesterly track at a cruise altitude of 35,000 feet. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the aircraft's departure.
Two up-front displays located around the ICP are used to display integrated caution advisory/warning (ICAW) data, CNI data and also serve as the stand-by flight instrumentation group and fuel quantity indicator."Military Avionics Systems", Ian Moir and Allan Seabridge, Wiley, pp. 360 The stand-by flight group displays an artificial horizon, for basic instrument meteorological conditions. The primary multi- function display (PMFD) is located under the ICP, and is used for navigation and situation assessment.
A taxiway extends the length of the runway, connected seven taxiways. Taxiway A3, a high speed taxiway, is often used when landing to the north on Runway 34, as it leads to the terminal apron.IFP Airport master plan, 2009 A rotating beacon is located to the east of the runway near mid-field, on top of the air traffic control tower. The beacon operates during night hours, and when instrument meteorological conditions exist at the airport.
Flights are conducted only in visual meteorological conditions by visual flight rules. Worldwide publicity was given to the heliport on the afternoon of 28 February 2013, when Pope Benedict XVI departed Vatican City for Castel Gandolfo mere hours before his resignation took effect. Since 2015, the heliport also serves—in urgent cases—the Bambino Gesù Hospital to transport patients, personnel, and medical equipment. The helicopter now used for the pope is an AgustaWestland AW139 of the Italian Air Force.
The Cali non- directional beacon (Ident: AS) is located off the Runway 02 approach threshold. The Cali VOR-DME (Ident: CLO) is located off the Runway 02 threshold.Cali NDBCali VOR Alfonso Bonilla airport is notable for being one of the very few secondary airports in Latin America that operates 24 hours a day. This is made possible not only by the year-round stable, consistent meteorological conditions but also because it is away from both Cali and Palmira.
An intruder is a military aircraft and its crew that is tasked with penetrating deep into enemy air space, to disrupt operations. Intruders are usually fighters, attackers or light bombers. The intruder concept dates from World War II, the first radar-equipped night and all-weather fighters were able to take advantage of the cover provided by night-time and meteorological conditions. Intruder crews attack enemy fighters, airfields, radar and other infrastructure; stage diversionary attacks; and escort bombers.
In retirement, Ebbesmeyer has continued to work with Evans-Hamilton, Inc., a Seattle-based oceanography company offering in physical oceanography services, meteorological conditions studies, and application of marine and freshwater instrumentation. Ebbesmeyer has worked with marine scientist Charles Moore, who, in 1999, published findings that the ratio of plastic to zooplankton (in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre) is about six to one, with consequent harm to ocean life from the very start of the food chain.
In aviation training, a view-limiting device simulates instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) by restricting a pilot's field of view only to the instrument panel. They are worn by pilots who are working toward an instrument rating, which allows a pilot to fly into conditions that are less than favorable for visual flight. They are also used by instrument-rated pilots for practicing instrument flight to maintain currency for acting as pilot in command under instrument flight rules.
Eastern spruce budworm moths are strong fliers and disperse in exodus in the evening. They can fly at elevations over 100 meters before going to a new site, which is typically only 50 to 100 kilometers downwind, but can sometimes be up to 450 km away. After depositing some eggs at the first dispersion site, female moths may emigrate and lay eggs at multiple sites. Factors controlling budworm flight during dispersal include meteorological conditions and temperature.
In a standard airport landing pattern, which is usually used under visual meteorological conditions (VMC), aircraft turn from base leg to final within one-half to two miles of the airport. For instrument approaches, as well as approaches into a controlled airfield under visual flight rules (VFR), often a "straight-in" final approach is used, where all the other legs are dispensed with. Straight-in approaches are discouraged at non-towered airports in the United States.
Retrieved: 26 January 2012. A DISS-7 doppler radar is used for navigation; the Su-25 can fly at night, in visual and instrument meteorological conditions. The Su-25 often has radios installed for air-to- ground and air-to-air communications, including an SO-69 identification- friend-or-foe (IFF) transponder. The aircraft's self-defence suite includes various measures, such as flare and chaff dispensers capable of launching up to 250 flares and dipole chaff.
In the early part of the 21st century, the bridge, which is the only direct land- based connection between Columbia and Lincoln counties, was determined to have experienced deterioration due to meteorological conditions and heavy traffic loads. At that time, it was discovered to be "structurally deficient". However, the bridge was not found to be in danger of collapse; just that cracks were found during inspection. In 2014, the bridge's condition was revamped to only be "functionally obsolete".
American Eagle Flight 5456 was a scheduled commuter flight between Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico and Eugenio María de Hostos Airport in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. The flight was operated by Executive Airlines, doing business as American Eagle, and was operated by a CASA C-212 aircraft. Instrument meteorological conditions were present as the plane made its approach to Mayagüez on June 7, 1992. The plane crashed during heavy rain into a swamp, short of the runway.
Instrument flight rules (IFR) additionally require a gyroscopic pitch-bank (artificial horizon), direction (directional gyro) and rate of turn indicator, plus a slip-skid indicator, adjustable altimeter, and a clock. Flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) require radio navigation instruments for precise takeoffs and landings. The term is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for cockpit instruments as a whole, in which context it can include engine instruments, navigational and communication equipment. Many modern aircraft have electronic flight instrument systems.
Flight 731 had taken off from La Mesa International Airport in San Pedro Sula at 07:04 local time (13:04 UTC) on February 14 for a 40-minute flight to Toncontín airport in Tegucigalpa. On board were twelve passengers and two crew. At around 07:35, the Turbolet initiated a non-precision approach to runway 20 at Toncontín, which is situated at an elevation of . Meteorological conditions at the time were such that the cloud base was lower than surrounding high ground.
Michael John Murphy, 26, of Biloxi, Mississippi and Instructor Pilot 2nd Lt. William David Eberz, 23, of Shohola, Pennsylvania. Both crew members were assigned to the 97th Flying Training Squadron of the 82nd Flying Training Wing at Williams Air Force Base Arizona. The aircraft crashed while on a low-level training flight when it impacted the very steep terrain below the peak of MSL Mazatzal Peak at 495 KIAS under controlled flight in instrument meteorological conditions. Both crew members were killed instantly.
All landings series showed a dominant annual cycle. Two seasonal patterns of the fisheries landings were observed, linked to the fish spawning behavior and/or their reaction to environmental forcings. In a smaller temporal scale (week to month), the migrations are controlled by the meteorological conditions and the lunar cycles. The increase of S. aurata landings in Mesolonghi-Aitoliko lagoons complex during the last years can be linked to the rapid development of the fish farms in the around coastal area.
Part of the city's territory west of Liteyny Prospekt is no higher than above sea level, and has suffered from numerous floods. Floods in Saint Petersburg are triggered by a long wave in the Baltic Sea, caused by meteorological conditions, winds and shallowness of the Neva Bay. The five most disastrous floods occurred in 1824 ( above sea level, during which over 300 buildings were destroyed), 1924 (), 1777 (), 1955 (), and 1975 (). To prevent floods, the Saint Petersburg Dam has been constructed.
The amount of power being delivered to the propellers could not be determined. Therefore, it remains possible that ice had accumulated in the carburetors and reduced engine power. Although meteorological conditions were favorable for carburetor icing, and the carburetor heat levers were in the "OFF" position, loss of engine power is not consistent with the speed and shallow angle of impact calculated from the wreckage. Analysis of the engines verified that carburetor heat was not being used at the time of the accident.
Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e. in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation authority. The pilot must be able to operate the aircraft with visual reference to the ground, and by visually avoiding obstructions and other aircraft.
Paro International Airport ( ') is the sole international airport of the four airports in Bhutan. It is from Paro in a deep valley on the bank of the river Paro Chhu. With surrounding peaks as high as , it is considered one of the world's most challenging airports, and fewer than two dozen pilots are certified to land at the airport. Flights to and from Paro are allowed under visual meteorological conditions only and are restricted to daylight hours from sunrise to sunset.
Lewis tried to examine these hypotheses making studies of meteorological conditions and examining the stools of infected patients. A study with Cunningham was made on fungal skin infections. While making studies of chyluria, he noticed worms in the urine of a patient which was later found to be filaria and were independently discovered and described by Joseph Bancroft. Lewis examined microscopic organisms in the blood of birds and mammals, and named several species of microbes including a trypanosome, Trypanosoma lewisi, from a rat.
Particular attention is given to the star that rises on the ascendant or culminates on the midheaven, whichever of these is the relevant preceding angle. (II.7 Loeb: p.171). and constellations involved.As an example of how this might be applied, an eclipse dominated by the 'beneficial planet' Jupiter, in good condition, would suggest prosperity and good meteorological conditions, whereas a planet considered to be destructive, such as Saturn, would suggest scarcity, freezing weather and floods (II.8 Loeb:pp.181–183).
For underwater bursts, the visible surge is, in effect, a cloud of liquid (usually water) droplets with the property of flowing almost as if it were a homogeneous fluid. After the water evaporates, an invisible base surge of small radioactive particles may persist. Meteorogically, snow and rain will accelerate local fallout. Under special meteorological conditions, such as a local rain shower that originates above the radioactive cloud, limited areas of heavy contamination just downwind of a nuclear blast may be formed.
The storm was classified as a supercell following further analysis of its erratic nature and extreme attributes. During the event, the Bureau of Meteorology was constantly surprised by the frequent changes in direction, as well as the severity of the hail and the duration of the storm. The event was also surprising as neither the time of year, time of day, nor the general meteorological conditions in the region were seen as conducive for extreme storm cell formation.Zillman (1999), 29.
The warm moist air from northern Italy is blocked on the windward side, loses much of its water vapour content, and descends on the French plateau and valley of the Mont-Cenis range in the Maurienne valley There are four known causes of the foehn warming and drying effect. These mechanisms often act together, with their contributions varying depending on the size and shape of the mountain barrier and on the meteorological conditions, such as the upstream wind speed, temperature and humidity.
On 26 November 2019 the IAC published the final report stating that the crash was caused by an incorrect aircraft configuration and incorrect crew piloting, and the subsequent loss of the pilot in command's situational awareness in nighttime instrument meteorological conditions. The incorrect configuration refers to performing the go-around procedure with retracted landing gear and flaps but with the maximum available thrust consistent with the Windshear Escape Maneuver combined with a light aircraft that led to a substantial excessive nose-up moment.
Most V-tail failures involved flight under visual flight rules into instrument meteorological conditions, flight into thunderstorms, or airframe icing. In addition to the structural issues, the Bonanza 35 has a relatively narrow center of gravity envelope, and the tail design is intolerant of imbalances caused by damage, improper maintenance, or repainting; such imbalances may induce dangerous aeroelastic flutter. Despite these issues, many Bonanza 35 owners insist that the aircraft is reasonably safe, and its reputation has lessened acquisition costs for budget-conscious buyers.
The aircraft was regarded by some pilots as underpowered, and had been nicknamed by them as the "lead-sled." Given the cloud cover, the pilots were flying under instrument meteorological conditions at an altitude of (FL180), and could not visually confirm their location. While some reports state the pilot incorrectly estimated his position using dead reckoning, the pilot was relying on radio navigation. The aircraft's VOR/DME instrument displayed to the pilot a digital reading of the distance to the next radio beacon in Curicó.
Ammonium sulfate is formed in fine particulate matter when sulfuric acid (formed largely in cloud water) interacts with gas-phase ammonia. Meteorological conditions such as subsidence inversions, decrease the amount of fresh air available for dilution of air emissions, and increase the rate of production of secondary air pollutants. CMAQ has the capability to accurately predict air pollution concentrations resulting from secondary formation. Like any air dispersion model, CMAQ inputs air pollutant emissions and meteorological data and outputs air pollutant concentrations and deposited totals.
"Cork plane crash: Two passengers emerge from air disaster unscathed" Belfast Telegraph 11 February 2011. The Air Accident Investigation Unit published its final report in January 2014. It stated that the probable cause of the accident was loss of control during an attempted go- around below decision height in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The report mentioned as contributory factors the inappropriate pairing of flight crews, inadequate command training and checking, and inadequate oversight of the charter operation by the operator and the operator's state.
On 10 July 2008 the Secretary of State granted planning permission. In 2008-9 Glyndebourne erected a temporary 50m mast on Mill Plain to monitor meteorological conditions for a year, prior to erection of the turbine. The data collected showed lower wind levels than had been predicted at this location, perhaps because 2008-9 had lower wind levels than usual. The turbine was launched in January 2012, and generated 89% of the company's electricity requirements in the first 12 months, up to 31 January 2013.
Accidents are inevitable when flying into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) without the proper instrument flight rules (IFR) equipments. In fact, over 19% of the general aviation crashes are caused from flying VFR in to IMC and 72% of these crashes are fatal. The research conducted by David O'Hare and Tracy Smitheram on pilot's decision making into deterioration conditions demonstrates the application of behavioral psychology to pilots. The experiment was conducted in a simulator where VFR pilots were presented scenarios of cross-country flights in marginal weather.
Foggles are glasses that have been made to simulate foggy conditions to the wearer and are used in pilot training exercises. Foggles are frosted on the top half to limit the field of vision of pilots and force them to use only the flight instruments, simulating the conditions of low ceiling of clouds, heavy fog, night, and other Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Under these conditions, pilots must fly under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), rather than by outside visual references under Visual Flight Rules (VFR).
During the early morning on April 4, 1981, meteorological conditions in Wisconsin were conducive for severe weather. At around 12:00am CST (0600 UTC) a thunderstorm developed and rapidly began to grow over south central Wisconsin. The growing storm caused a downburst near the village of Clyman and then continued on towards West Bend. The storm however did not appear to be severe, thunderstorm tops were measured to only be and a weak level 3 bow echo was observed by a radar in Neenah.
Burnham was seriously affected by the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, and various flood defences have been installed since then. In 1911, a concrete sea wall was built, and after World War II further additions to the defences were made using the remains of a Mulberry harbour. On 13 December 1981, a large storm hit the North Somerset coast. Meteorological conditions resulted in a very intense secondary low-pressure area moving rapidly at into the Bristol Channel, with pressure dropping from between 00:00 and 18:00.
The subsequent accident investigation established the failure of the aircraft's left windscreen wiper as the primary cause. It furthermore identified the pilot's mistake in confusing runway 08 at Drigh Road PAF Base with runway 07 at Karachi International Airport when landing in meteorological conditions below those recommended as minima by the Pakistan Department of Civil Aviation as a secondary cause.ASN Aircraft accident description Handley Page HP.81 Hermes 4A G-ALDK — Drigh Road Pakistan Air Force Base, Karachi The fatal accident occurred on 5 November 1956.
On 29 September 2009 there were reports from local news sources that indicated that a fumarole existing at the pinnacle of the mountain (Piquinho) began emitting volcanic gas. The region's seismic and volcanological monitoring centre () indicated that the phenomenon occurred in the early morning, turning intense and visible in various points throughout the island and from Faial. Although the event resulted from exceptional meteorological conditions and was visible in the Central Group, there was no liberation of anomalous volcanic gases and all other parameters fell within norms.
On high-speed cars, the lift force is directed downwards (called "down-force") to keep the car stable on the road. Lift can also occur in a different way if the air is not still, especially if there is an updraft due to heat ("thermals") or wind blowing along sloping terrain or other meteorological conditions. This form of lift permits soaring and is particularly important for gliding. It is used by birds and gliders to stay in the air for long periods with little effort.
On 11 September 1953, the Council of Ministers of Spain ordered the urgent construction of an airport to serve the city of A Coruña. This was the first airport to serve the area, as the hilly topography and meteorological conditions in the region made construction difficult. At the time, the only air service to the province of Galicia was through the Lavacolla Airport in Santiago de Compostela, which opened in 1935. The first airport was built on the Alvedro meseta in the municipality of Culleredo.
A Doppler on Wheels unit observing a tornado near Attica, Kansas Meteorology is a relatively young science and the study of tornadoes is newer still. Although researched for about 140 years and intensively for around 60 years, there are still aspects of tornadoes which remain a mystery. Scientists have a fairly good understanding of the development of thunderstorms and mesocyclones, and the meteorological conditions conducive to their formation. However, the step from supercell, or other respective formative processes, to tornadogenesis and the prediction of tornadic vs.
Overall, there were 14 named tropical storms during the season, which was the lowest on record; this was 2 less than the previous record set in 1998, and 12.7 less than the average of 26.7 storms. Although activity was below normal throughout the year, the quietest time of the year, with respect to climatology, was from October to December. Only two storms formed during the time period, which was 5.7 less than average. The overall inactivity was due to a variety of meteorological conditions, including decreased vorticity and suppressed convection.
Polli, Silvio: Effetti meteorici, statistici e dinamici, sul livello dell'Adriatico settentrionale, Istituto Sperimentale Talassografico di Trieste. Because the timeframe of both oscillations is comparable to naturally occurring (yet independent) astronomical tides, the two effects overlap and reinforce each other. The combined effects are more significant at the perigees, which correspond to new moons, full moons and equinoxes. Should meteorological conditions (such as a strong scirocco wind blowing north along the major axis of the Adriatic basin) hamper the natural outflow of excess tidal water, high waters of greater magnitude can be expected in Venice.
Rüsselsheim is internationally known for its automobile manufacturer Opel, one of the biggest automobile manufacturers in Germany. With 20,000 employees in 2003, Opel was one of the five largest employers in Hesse. Offenbach am Main is home to the European headquarters of automobile manufacturer Hyundai Motor Company, to the German headquarters of automobile manufacturer Honda, to Honeywell Germany and to Deutscher Wetterdienst, the central scientific agency that monitors weather and meteorological conditions over Germany. Two DAX companies are located in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA and Fresenius Medical Care.
One of Alexander Bain's early electromagnetic clocks, from the 1840s In 1815, Sir Francis Ronalds (1788–1873) of London published the forerunner of the electric clock, the electrostatic clock. It was powered with dry piles, a high voltage battery with extremely long life but the disadvantage of its electrical properties varying with the weather. He trialled various means of regulating the electricity and these models proved to be reliable across a range of meteorological conditions. Alexander Bain, a Scottish clock and instrument maker, was the first to invent and patent the electric clock in 1840.
The Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) require that a pilot who possesses an instrument rating complete at least six instrument approaches, practice holding procedures, and practice intercepting and tracking courses with the use of navigation systems under simulated or actual instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) every six months to be instrument current. While flying in actual IMC the pilots must be properly rated and follow instrument flight rules. IMC exists when weather conditions are below those prescribed for Visual Flight Rules (VFR). VFR minimums are covered under FAR Part 91.155.
Millaraca Picón was born in Antofagasta, Chile in 1977. She studied geology at the University of Chile where she gained her PhD in the study of meteorological conditions of the Atacama Desert in 2011. She established the first national meteor monitoring and observation station in Chile - the Chilean Allsky Camera Network for Astro-Geoscience (CHACANA). In 2009 she was elected to the Adolfo Ibáñez University business schools and El Mercurio young leaders network which recognises people who have made a significant impact in their field of work in Chile.
American Eagle Flight 5452 was a commuter flight between Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico and Eugenio María de Hostos Airport in Mayagüez. The flight was operated by Executive Airlines, doing business as American Eagle, and was operated by a CASA C-212 Aviocar aircraft. Visual meteorological conditions were present as the plane made its final approach to runway 9 at Mayagüez on May 8, 1987. The plane crashed 600 feet short of the runway, destroying the aircraft and killing both pilots, but leaving the four passengers with only minor injuries.
It was nighttime at the time of the accident, the meteorological conditions just before the crash consisted of a visibility of 5 miles, and the wind was calm. About 20 minutes prior to the impact, the aircraft had obtained meteorological information on the weather conditions at Barajas from Avianca. The first contact with Spanish air traffic controllers had taken place at 23:31. At 00:03 the aircraft contacted Barajas again, and was cleared to land on runway 33; this was the air traffic controller's last contact with the aircraft.
The aircraft was later sold to the United States and re- registered N95NA. As of July 1995, it was stored at Plattsburgh International Airport in the state of New York. The aircraft was subsequently restored to flying condition, and as of October 2007 was with BGA Aviation, Bennettsville, South Carolina, United States as N459NA. ;12 October :Douglas C-47A ZS-EJK of Comair was written off in South Africa, when it crashed into a mountain near Graskop, from Hoedspruit when attempting to divert to that airport whilst flying in instrument meteorological conditions.
Since World War II it has been held every two years. There are now six classes open to both sexes, plus three classes for women and two junior classes. The latest worldwide statistics for 2011 indicate that Germany, the sport's birthplace, is still a center of the gliding world: it accounted for 27 percent of the world's glider pilots, and the three major glider manufacturers are still based there. However the meteorological conditions that allow soaring are common and the sport has been taken up in many countries.
The aircraft was on a flight from AFB Waterkloof to Mthatha Airport when it crashed near Giant's Castle in the Drakensberg, killing all eleven people on board. Shortly before the crash at 09:45 hours South African Standard Time (07:45 UTC), the crew reported that they were flying on instruments at in instrument meteorological conditions. On board were six crew and five passengers. Former South African President Nelson Mandela's medical team were initially reported to have been on board the aircraft, but this was later found not to be the case.
According to procedures, both horizontal situation indicators (HSI) were set to 283°, but the magnetic localizer course of 300° was not set. A global positioning system (GPS) was used as a back-up. No requests were made for VHF direction finding. From MSL until impact, the flight was carried out in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and the flight controlled by automatic stabilization mode, with lateral navigation controlled by the navigator. At 08:10 UTC, the aircraft reached MSL, which is the minimum altitude to Advent and the initial approach altitude.
Virtual Regatta Offshore - User Interface in 2016 3D Race Reviewer Virtual RegattaOffshore organizes approximately 15 races a year. Some of these are held in partnership with some of the world's most famous sailing races, including the Vendée Globe, Route du Rhum, Volvo Ocean Race and the Solitaire du Figaro. These virtual regattas have routes identical to that of the actual race and the same start times. For each race, Virtual Regatta simulates the real meteorological conditions experienced by the skippers and allows its players to participate in real-time from their computers or mobile devices.
The wardened main part of the hut is only opened in the summer season, normally from the last week of May to the end of September or the beginning of October. In 2017 from 20 May and in 2018 from 25 May, as declared by the Fédération Française des Clubs Alpins et de Montagne (FFCAM). Because of the meteorological conditions (higher temperatures), in 2015 the hut remained open until 15 OctoberLe refuge du Goûter exceptionnellement ouvert jusqu'au 15 octobre after the season in which it was closed twice "administratively", i.e. ordered by the authorities.
After a brief F0 tornado touched down in Florida Meteorological conditions during the evening hours of June 18, 2001 rapidly began to deteriorate across the Upper Midwest. At 7 PM CDT (0000 UTC) an occluding cyclone was present over Northeast Minnesota, while a secondary front was located to its south. A zonally oriented warm front extended from the southern low, while a north- south cold front was located near the low pressure. Cape values in Iowa were between the 3000 to 4500 J/kg range, and conditions were starting to deteriorate there as well.
He recorded meteorological conditions, gathered vocabularies of the local languages, taught the first pupils at the mission and undertook a vast official correspondence. In the first ten years he led almost every diplomatic or exploratory mission, and took almost all important decisions for the mission. Laws aimed to teach Africans the skills needed to run trades and small industries so they would not be at the mercy of the "Greeks, Indians and Chinese". He was strongly opposed to the view of African education which held that "the native should be kept in his place".
The U.S. Steel Tower is architecturally noted for its triangular shape with indented corners. The building also made history by being the first to use liquid-filled fireproofed columns. U.S. Steel deliberately placed the massive steel columns on the exterior of the building to showcase a new product called Cor-ten steel. Cor- ten resists the corrosive effects of rain, snow, ice, fog, and other meteorological conditions by forming a coating of dark brown oxidation over the metal, which inhibits deeper penetration and doesn't need painting and costly rust-prevention maintenance over the years.
The new power supply system with inverters with double energy conversion, which has twice as much power as former-generation system that were based on transformer converters. New system guarantees high resistance and stability of output voltage. Eventually, the system's modification is planned for installation in long-range aircraft MS-21 and later in all types of national airplanes and helicopters. The Scientific Research Institute of Parachute Construction has built the D-10P system for extreme meteorological conditions, which is essentially an upgraded version of the serially produced D10 parachute system for airborne forces.
At night, or during instrument meteorological conditions, interceptors would have shot down less than 5 percent. He argued that a well-executed surprise atomic air attack would likely succeed. He died of emphysema in Newton, Kansas, on 12 October 1964, and was buried in Arlington Cemetery. His son, Ennis Whitehead, Jr., later became a major general in the U.S. Army in the late 1970s, and in March 2003, his grandson Ennis Whitehead III was promoted to brigadier general in the Army Reserve, making three generations of general officers.
As the air grows even colder and thus denser at night, the bora increases. Its initial temperature is so low that even with the warming occasioned by its descent it reaches the lowlands as a cold wind.v. Hann 1903. The wind takes two different traditional names in areas of Italy depending on associated meteorological conditions: the "light bora" () is a bora in the presence of clear skies, whereas clouds gathering on the hilltops and moving towards the seaside with rain or snow characterize the "dark bora" (bora scura).
Flying any glass cockpit aircraft requires transition training to familiarize the pilot with the aircraft's systems. Transition training is most effective when a pilot prepares ahead of time. Most general aviation manufacturers using the G1000 system have FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) training programs for pilots transitioning into their airplanes. FAA FITS compliant training is recommended for any pilot transitioning to the G1000 or any other glass cockpit prior to operating the aircraft in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) or if operating a glass cockpit aircraft for the first time.
The pilot, Flight Lieutenant Edward "Ted" Powles,Ted Powles was on a routine flight to survey outside air temperature and report on other meteorological conditions at various altitudes in preparation for a proposed new air service through the area. He climbed to indicated altitude, with a true altitude of . The cabin pressure fell below a safe level, and in trying to reduce altitude, he entered an uncontrollable dive which shook the aircraft violently. He eventually regained control somewhere below and landed safely with no discernible damage to his aircraft.
Schiaparelli EDM () was a failed Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) of the ExoMars programme—a joint mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian space agency Roscosmos. It was built in Italy and was intended to test technology for future soft landings on the surface of Mars. It also had a limited but focused science payload that would have measured atmospheric electricity on Mars and local meteorological conditions. Launched together with the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) on 14 March 2016, Schiaparelli attempted a landing on 19 October 2016.
From 1976 he was senior advisor to the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and from 1978 to 1983 Langlo was director of the institute. During his time at the institute he was promoting internationalization and he was eagerly working for Norwegian membership of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading in Great Britain. Norway eventually became a member, but that was after he had retired from the director chair. He published several geophysical reports and articles and is most well known for establishing links between the ozone layer and meteorological conditions.
It was said that he was his happiest while in Russia as he was surrounded by like- minded intellectuals, formed a relationship with Otto Struve, and enjoyed the scenery. His first job in astronomy as at the United States Naval Observatory until he was offered the director position at the Cincinnati Observatory, in 1868, by the Cincinnati Astronomical Society. He spent a few years in Cincinnati, but his interests were already evolving. Remembering that meteorological conditions directly affected the work of astronomers, he began working in the field of meteorology.
Residual lateral blast effects in the channelized blast zone, some thirty years after the eruption. Damage ranged from scorched earth, through tree trunks snapped at various heights, to more superficial effects. Generally, given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions, a certain variation of the ash type will occur, as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption. The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception, and hence the ash properties have large variations.
The Indirect aerosol effect consists of any change to the earth's radiative budget due to the modification of clouds by atmospheric aerosols and consists of several distinct effects. Cloud droplets form onto pre-existing aerosol particles, known as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Droplets condensing around human-produced aerosols such as found in particulate pollution tend to be smaller and more numerous than those forming around aerosol particles of natural origin (such as windblown dust). For any given meteorological conditions, an increase in CCN leads to an increase in the number of cloud droplets.
Cajon Pass Visual meteorological conditions predominantly prevailed along the route of flight, and a company visual flight rules (VFR) flight plan had been filed. The Cajon Pass area is known for high wind, turbulence and fog. Fog was heavy due to a marine layer that rolled in at and winds were said to be erratic. Reported weather conditions from VCV, northeast of the accident site, were visibility ; a broken cloud layer at , and an overcast cloud layer at ; temperature 11 degrees Celsius; dew point 3 degrees Celsius; altimeter .
LA is the country's second-largest city, and relies much more heavily on automobiles and has less favorable meteorological conditions than the largest and third-largest cities (New York and Chicago). California's emissions standards are set by the California Air Resources Board, known locally by its acronym "CARB". By mid-2009, 16 other states had adopted CARB rules; given the size of the California market plus these other states, many manufacturers choose to build to the CARB standard when selling in all 50 states. CARB's policies have also influenced EU emissions standards.
Air cadets tow planes take off from the grass runway and land on the asphalt runway. Operation of high performance civil gliders take place on the asphalt runway at ZBM. These high performance gliders use the same pattern and procedures as all other motorized aircraft. From Roland-Désourdy Airport, it is possible to soar the cold front wave with a good performance sailplane and, when the meteorological conditions are favourable, it is possible to get airborne and get into a steady lift of more than , over very wide areas.
Tropical Storm Earl intensifying over the Caribbean Sea on August 2 The precursor to Earl brought strong winds and heavy rainfall to the Dominican Republic. These meteorological conditions interrupted traffic, flooded areas, and sparked landslides. Along the northern coast near Nagua, the system's strong winds knocked a power line onto a bus, causing a fire that killed six people and injured 12. A boat with nine excursionists capsized in Samaná Bay inside Los Haitises National Park; a woman and the captain were found alive, while seven of the excursionists died.
Saussure had a thorough knowledge of the chemistry of the day and applied it to the study of minerals, water and air. His geological observations made him a firm believer in the Neptunian theory: He regarded all rocks and minerals as deposited from aqueous solution or suspension, and attached much importance to the study of meteorological conditions. His work with rocks, erosion, and fossils also led him to believe that the earth was much older than generally thought and formed part of the basis of Darwin's Theory of Evolution."Connections 2" with James Burke, Episode 4 "Whodunit".
Army vehicle maneuvering in thawing conditions CRREL continued to grow its capability to serve the U.S. military with programs in signal propagation that would facilitate the detection of enemy movements via infrared imaging, radar, acoustics or seismic sensors in any meteorological conditions. It served the environmental needs of the U.S. Army by facilitating the identification and clean-up of contaminants on training lands, due primarily to partially detonated explosives or unexploded ordnance (UXO). Other researchers addressed mobility issues with vehicles over snow and muddy terrain. CRREL researchers participated in defining tactical runway requirements for the C-17 military transport aircraft.
Convent of Norbertine Sisters in Kraków-Zwierzyniec and the Vistula River during the summer season Officially, Kraków has an temperate oceanic climate, denoted by Köppen classification as Cfb, best defined as a semicontinental climate. In older reference periods it was classified as a warm summer continental climate (Dfb). By classification of Wincenty Okołowicz, it has a warm temperate climate in the centre of continental Europe with the "fusion" of different features. Due to its geographic location, the city may be under marine influence, sometimes Arctic influence, but without direct influence, giving the city variable meteorological conditions over short spaces of time.
Sensors include forward-looking infrared (FLIR) and terrain-following radar. The Kamov Ka-50 is also fitted with an electronic radio and sighting-piloting-navigating system allowing flights at day and night in VFR and IFR weather conditions. The novelty of this avionics is based on the system of precise target designation with digital coded communication system, which ensures the exchange of information (precise enemy coordinates) between helicopters flying far apart from each other as well as with ground command posts. The Ka-52 is also equipped with a "Phazotron" cockpit radio-locator, allowing flights in adverse meteorological conditions and at night.
Then Beagle was to proceed to Point Venus, Tahiti, and on to Port Jackson, Australia, which were known points to verify the chronometers. No time was to be wasted on elaborate drawings; charts and plans should have notes and simple views of the land as seen from the sea showing measured heights of hills. Continued records of tides and meteorological conditions were also required. An additional suggestion was for a geological survey of a circular coral atoll in the Pacific Ocean including its profile and of tidal flows, to investigate the formation of such coral reefs.
The occurrence of favorable meteorological conditions during several successive seasons may and does increase the extent of the snowfields and lower the limit of seemingly permanent snow, while the opposite may cause the limit to rise higher on the flanks of the mountains. Hence all attempts to fix accurately the level of perpetual snow in the Alps are fallacious. At best, local accuracy might be established for a particular district. In some parts of the Alps the limit is about 2400 m (7900 ft) elevation, while in others it cannot be placed much below 2900 m (9500 ft).
Both aircraft were returning to Ketchikan Harbor Seaplane Base approximately 7 mi (11 km) southwest. The DHC-2 was flying at at an altitude of about mean sea level (MSL) while the DHC-3 was gradually descending at from an altitude of MSL. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed. The DHC-3 was equipped with an Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B) collision warning system, but the pilot did not perceive any ADS-B collision warnings before he saw a "flash" to his left, and the two aircraft collided at 12:21 PM local time at an altitude of about MSL.
The hydrological balance is mostly controlled by meteorological conditions since, due to the absence of significant tides the main factors controlling the water circulation in the lagoons are the wind intensity and direction. On the other hand, because of the limited depth of the lagoons the meteorological changes rapidly affect the abiotic parameters of the water masses. The seasonal changes of the air temperature and rainfall affecting the dynamics the abiotic and biotic parameters of the lagoons. The mean monthly air temperature ranged from 5 to 30 °C with seasonal fluctuations typical of the Mediterranean climate.
On the other side of the pole, the Aurora would take out the Ross Sea party, which would lay down depots on the route of the Transcontinental party and go south to assist that party. The Transcontinental party would take magnetic and meteorological observations during the journey. Other parties of the expedition would be engaged in scientific work, studying the geology and meteorological conditions; the ships would be equipped for hydrographic work. The book describes the progress of the Endurance through pack ice in the Weddell Sea; the ship was eventually held in pack ice and drifted with it.
The runway of Kaunas Airport is 3,250m long and 45m wide, and is categorized with a 4E ICAO reference code. This enables to handle aircraft with up to 45m wing span and 14m main gear wheel span, which includes planes the size of a Boeing 747 or Antonov An-124. The runway is oriented along the dominant direction of western winds; it is also equipped with CAT II ILS equipment which allows Kaunas Airport to receive aircraft with minimum visibility meteorological conditions. Theoretical runway average capacity, when aircraft are landing or taking off, is 12 operations per hour.
Continentality, through its potentiating influence on the meteorological extremes experienced by snowpacks, is an important factor in the evolution of instabilities, and consequential occurrence of avalanchesa faster stabilization of the snowpack after storm cycles.Whiteman, Charles David: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, Oxford University Press: 2001. The evolution of the snowpack is critically sensitive to small variations within the narrow range of meteorological conditions that allow for the accumulation of snow into a snowpack. Among the critical factors controlling snowpack evolution are: heating by the sun, radiational cooling, vertical temperature gradients in standing snow, snowfall amounts, and snow types.
All approach lighting systems in the United States utilize a feature called a decision bar. Decision bars are always located 1000′ farther away from the threshold in the direction of the arriving aircraft, and serve as a visible horizon to ease the transition from instrument flight to visual flight. Approach lighting systems are designed to allow the pilot to quickly and positively identify visibility distances in Instrument meteorological conditions. For example, if the aircraft is at the middle marker, and the middle marker is located 3600 feet from the threshold, the Decision Bar is 2600 feet ahead.
The 1987 Okinawan Tu-16 airspace violation was an incident on December 9, 1987 in which a Tupolev Tu-16P Badger J1 (an electronic warfare version of the Tu-16 bomber) of the Soviet Air Force repeatedly entered Japanese airspace over Okinawa and Kagoshima prefectures. This prompted a F-4EJ Phantom fighter of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) to fire warning shots on two occasions. It was the first time aircraft of the JASDF had done so in response to an aircraft intruding in Japanese airspace. The Soviet Union apologized, claiming that the intrusion was accidental and due to meteorological conditions.
Only a little more than half of the plane's wreckage was removed from the water. The Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), although intensively searched for 42 days, were never found. The JIAAC investigation, due to the lack of the black boxes, could not determine with certainty the cause of the accident, although it concluded as probable cause the "loss of control of the aircraft and impact against the water due to an error of appreciation of the pilot when evaluating the meteorological conditions when crossing through the zone of influence of a cumulonimbus of extremely violent activity".
The latter's leaves are rougher and ice less than the smoother lotus. Aircraft icing accidents result from a combination of increased weight, increased drag, decrease or loss of lift, and decrease or loss of thrust from ice accumulation on the airframe, airfoil(s), propellers (if present) and or wings, depending on the type of ice that forms (e.g. rime ice, clear ice, etc.), which is a function of the specific meteorological conditions. Also, induction ice can cause power losses in icing conditions either externally at air intakes (either turbine or piston aircraft), or locally in the induction system within the engine (e.g.
Passive or "diffusive" air sampling depends on meteorological conditions such as wind to diffuse air pollutants to a sorbent medium. Passive samplers have the advantage of typically being small, quiet, and easy to deploy, and they are particularly useful in air quality studies that determine key areas for future continuous monitoring. Air pollution can also be assessed by biomonitoring with organisms that bioaccumulate air pollutants, such as lichens, mosses, fungi, and other biomass. One of the benefits of this type of sampling is how quantitative information can be obtained via measurements of accumulated compounds, representative of the environment from which they came.
The government of Nepal formed a five-member panel to help determine the cause of the crash; the committee was instructed to submit a report on the crash within 65 days. Despite initial reports that technical issues had resulted in the accident, the cause was found to be spatial disorientation of the pilot following the loss of the attitude indicator. Flying in poor weather, that is in instrument meteorological conditions, the flight crew would have had to rely only on their instruments. The failure of the attitude indicator was caused by the failure of both generators and the crew using an outdated checklist.
The division's commander, Major-General Frederick Browning, was particularly enthusiastic, as a successful operation would be an excellent morale boost to the airborne troops under his command, as well as a good demonstration of their value.Otway, p. 66. Troops of the covering force and alt=Men running down a cliff towards a waiting boat on the shore line The two commanders believed that training by both airborne troops and aircrews could be completed by the end of February when there would be suitable meteorological conditions for such an operation to take place. Training for the raid was begun immediately but encountered several problems.
The main causes that the culture of apple trees were abandoned, particularly the variety Pilafa Delicious, is related to the increased needs of trees in farming care as well as in not guaranteed and unstable output from year-to-year mainly due to the unfavourable meteorological conditions or the apple trees diseases. Moreover, because a very important part of the ground of Piana as well as of the wider region, is covered with firs, it is produced honey of fir of high quality () as well as the acquaintance for the flavour of Honey of Fir Mainalou Vanilla().
The board determined the following probable cause for the accident: > ...the failure of the flightcrew to monitor altitude and to recognize > passage of the aircraft through the approach decision height during an > unstabilized precision approach conducted in rapidly changing meteorological > conditions. The unstabilized nature of the approach was due initially to the > aircraft's passing the outer marker above the glide slope at an excessive > airspeed and thereafter compounded by the flightcrew's preoccupation with > the questionable information presented by the flight director system. The > poor positioning of the flight for the approach was in part the result of > nonstandard air traffic control services.
The basic concept of the roadway air dispersion model is to calculate air pollutant levels in the vicinity considering them as line sources. The model takes into account source characteristics such as traffic volume, vehicle speeds, truck mix, and fleet emission controls; in addition, the roadway geometry, surrounding terrain and local meteorology are addressed. For example, many air quality standards require that certain near worst case meteorological conditions be applied. The calculations are sufficiently complex that a computer model is essential to arrive at authoritative results, although workbook type manuals have been developed as screening techniques.
Though the GPS satellite data is free and works anywhere in the world, the GPS device and the associated software must be bought or rented. A satellite navigation device can retrieve (from one or more satellite systems) location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth. GPS reception requires an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites, and is subject to poor satellite signal conditions. In exceptionally poor signal conditions, for example in urban areas, satellite signals may exhibit multipath propagation where signals bounce off structures, or are weakened by meteorological conditions.
The observatory in August 2003 In addition to the ongoing flask sample programs, the observatory maintains a core group of continuous measurement programs which include monitoring of aerosols, mercury, greenhouse gases, ozone (both ground level and stratospheric), broadband solar irradiance and albedo, permafrost temperatures, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and ground level meteorological conditions. The observatory also supports experimental testing of new monitoring equipment, and short-term, intensive research programs, e.g., NETCARE (Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments). Much of the research and data collection at the observatory is collaborative, including long-standing partnerships with, e.g.
The terminal building, erected in 1968, contains an arrivals room and a departure lounge, with a check-in desk for the airport's only scheduled airline, Aurigny.Alderney Airport website (see external links) Alderney is not a 24-hour airport; during winter, it is open Monday to Saturday from 0740 until 1830 and on Sunday from 0840 until 1830. During summer, it is open Monday - Thursday from 0740 until 1830 and Friday - Sunday from 0740 until 1920. The airport also has its own non-directional beacon, with runways 08 and 26 utilising this for instrument approaches during Instrument meteorological conditions.
The ALX project was then created by the Brazilian Air Force, which was also in need of a military trainer to replace the Embraer EMB 326GB Xavante. The new aircraft was to be suited to the Amazon region (high temperature, moisture, and precipitation; low threat). The ALX was then specified as a turboprop engine aircraft with a long range and autonomy, able to operate night and day, in any meteorological conditions, and able to land on short airfields lacking infrastructure. In August 1995, the Brazilian Ministry of Aeronautics awarded Embraer a $50 million contract for ALX development.
This appears to be the result of nonlinear coupling between the product of the diurnally varying wind and the diurnally varying conductivity .Volland, H., "Atmospheric Electrodynamics", Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1984 The centers of the daytime vortices show a day to day variability. This can be attributed to the internal tidal modes which are sensitive to the varying meteorological conditions in the lower and in the middle atmosphere, in part also to solar activity. Near the dip equator (where the geomagnetic field lines are horizontal), a strong band of eastward flowing currents can be observed in a range of about 150 km from the equator .
They emphasised the core strategic interest was attacking ports but they insisted in maintaining pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries building aircraft, anti-aircraft guns, and explosives. Other targets would be considered if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions. A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and prevented an escalation in air operations.
It is important not to confuse IFR with IMC. A significant amount of IFR flying is conducted in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC). Anytime a flight is operating in VMC and in a volume of airspace in which VFR traffic can operate, the crew is responsible for seeing and avoiding VFR traffic; however, because the flight is conducted under Instrument Flight Rules, ATC still provides separation services from other IFR traffic, and can in many cases also advise the crew of the location of VFR traffic near the flight path. Although dangerous and illegal, a certain amount of VFR flying is conducted in IMC.
Haze and visibility Atmospheric conditions along Kennedy's flight path on the night of the crash were occasionally hazy, which can lead to spatial disorientation for pilots. The weather was officially listed as "visual meteorological conditions" (VMC), which allowed Kennedy to fly under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) rather than Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), despite the fact he lacked an instrument rating. The visibility was very poor in Essex County, New Jersey and airports along Kennedy's flight path reported visibility between 5 and 8 miles with haze and a few clouds. Some pilots flying similar routes as Kennedy on the night of the accident reported no visual horizon over water because of haze.
On a follow-on phase II program, a later version of TCAS II was installed on a single Piedmont Airlines Boeing 727, and the system was certified in April 1986, then subsequently approved for operational evaluation in early 1987. Since the equipment was not developed to full standards, the system was only operated in visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Although the flight crew operated the system, the evaluation was primarily for the purpose of data collection and its correlation with flight crew and observer observation and response. Later versions of TCAS II manufactured by Bendix/King Air Transport Avionics Division were installed and approved on United Airlines airplanes in early 1988.
The intense winds associated with these severe low pressure systems in the Southern Indian Ocean trigger the generation of high waves which propagate to Indian Coastal regions as swells. Furthermore, these swells affect coastal areas which are dependent on the local topography, angle of incidence and tidal conditions, cause high wave activity and Kallakkadal along the Indian coastal regions. The study shows that Kallakkadal events along NIO coasts can be effectively monitored and forecasted at least 2 days in advance if the meteorological conditions of the Southern Ocean are properly monitored. INCOIS has been now successfully giving advanced warning to the coastal community about the Kallakkadal events.
Modern satellite communications systems (SATCOM) are often large and complex with many interacting parts and elements. In addition, the need for broadband connectivity on a moving vehicle has increased dramatically in the past few years for both commercial and military applications. To accurately predict and deliver high quality of service, SATCOM system designers have to factor in terrain as well as atmospheric and meteorological conditions in their planning. To deal with such complexity, system designers and operators increasingly turn towards computer models of their systems to simulate real-world operating conditions and gain insights into usability and requirements prior to final product sign-off.
On March 5, 1963, country music stars Patsy Cline, Cowboy Copas, and Hawkshaw Hawkins were killed in an airplane crash near Camden, Tennessee, United States, along with the pilot Randy Hughes. The accident occurred as the three artists were returning home to Nashville, Tennessee, after performing in Kansas City, Kansas. Shortly after takeoff from a refueling stop, the pilot lost control of the small Piper PA-24 Comanche while flying in low visibility conditions, and subsequently crashed into a wooded area, leaving no survivors. Investigators concluded that the crash was caused by the non-instrument rated pilot's decision to operate under visual flight rules (VFR) in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).
However, the assumptions underlying the results were unrealistic (including the worst meteorological conditions, no containment building, and that half the reactor core is released into the atmosphere as micrometre-sized pellets without any examination of how this might occur). These were due to conservatism (estimating the maximum possible damage) and the need to use atomic bomb fallout data, which had been collected from tests (computers in 1955 being greatly insufficient to do the calculations). As knowledge, models and computers improved the conclusions of this report were replaced by those of first WASH-1400 (1975, The Rasmussen Report), then CRAC-II (1982), and most recently NUREG-1150 (1991).
The preliminary NTSB report states that day instrument meteorological conditions prevailed (nearby station reporting 500 ft overcast ceiling and 1.25SM visibility) for the Part 91 corporate flight, that basic visual flight rules weather minimums for helicopters are .5 SM visibility, and remain clear of clouds, that the pilot radioed that he "did not know where he was", and that tracking data showed that the helicopter "flew erratically" and "changed course and altitude several times". A witness-recorded video of part of the flight is available. After the accident, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio briefed the press, confirming a lack of further victims or apparent terroristic motive.
The Night Rating privileges are, subject to regulations enforced in and by jurisdictions other than the United Kingdom, to operate in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) at night. (UK Air Navigation Order 2009, Schedule 7 refers.) 'Night' for the purpose of this section is defined under the UK Air Navigation Order 2009 Art. 255(1) as: :"'Night' means the time from half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise (both times inclusive), sunset and sunrise being determined at surface level". Flight Instructor and Examiner ratings extend the holder's privileges to act, respectively, as an instructor and to act as an examiner for proficiency checks and skill tests.
As they approached twelve miles from the planned SAS drop-off point, visibility was reduced to such an extent that the pilot was forced to land. The pilot and the commander of the SAS patrol disagreed on their exact position while the SAS commander was also certain that they had been spotted by an Argentine patrol: he asked to be dropped on the Chile/Argentine border. The pilots were forced to fly on instruments through Instrument Meteorological Conditions into neutral Chile. The SAS team was dropped off on the south coast of Bahia Inútil where they were to attempt to move to their observation post on foot.
The phenomenon described above that the atmospheric refractive index, relative permittivity or dielectric constant gradually reduces with increasing height is on account of the reduction of the atmospheric air density with increasing height. Air density is also a function of temperature, which ordinarily also reduces with increasing height. However, these are only average conditions; local meteorological conditions can create phenomena such as temperature inversion layers where a warm layer of air settles above a cool layer. At the interface between them exists a relatively abrupt change in refractive index from a smaller value in the cool layer to a larger value in the warm layer.
Frederick Valentich Frederick Valentich (born 1958) had about 150 total hours' flying time and held a class-four instrument rating, which authorised him to fly at night, but only "in visual meteorological conditions." He had twice applied to enlist in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) but was rejected because of inadequate educational qualifications. He was a member of the RAAF Air Training Corps, determined to have a career in aviation. Valentich was studying part-time to become a commercial pilot but had a poor achievement record, having twice failed all five commercial licence examination subjects, and as recently as the previous month had failed three more commercial licence subjects.
According to Brian Stone of the Urban Climate Lab and author of The City and the Coming Climate, "The average increase in the temperature difference between urban and rural environments in the Louisville area has been 1.67 degrees Fahrenheit every decade between 1961 and 2010. That's nearly double the rate of the next city on the list, Phoenix, which saw an average change of .96 degrees in the same period." Stone said that part of Louisville's problem stems from the unfortunate meteorological conditions of the Ohio River Valley, which is prone to stagnant air conditions but also that the lack of tree cover in the urban core contributes as well.
The meteorological conditions were good as Flight 365 approached Phuket International Airport. As they prepared to land, the flight crew of Flight 365 expressed concern about a Dragonair Boeing 737 that was also landing at the airport but behind and below their aircraft. At 15:34 local time (08:34 UTC), the Dragonair captain told the air traffic controller that he was away from the airport at an altitude of and that the Thai Airways aircraft at a distance of about in front of him. Because the Dragonair's Boeing 737 was closer to the airport and flying at a lower altitude, it was the first to land.
In 1981 the advanced MiG-25RBT entered service with the Bulgarian Air Force to form the Operational Reconnaissance Flight for photographic reconnaissance and ELINT duties, and a secondary task of ground attack. For it up to 8 500 kg unguided bombs could be carried. But the most impressive ability was to carry nuclear bombs and upon the beginning of a major military conflict between NATO and the Warsaw Pact they were to be delivered from the Soviet Union for nuclear strikes against Greece and Turkey. A MiG-25RBT was lost in flight due to bad meteorological conditions and consequent lack of fuel in 1984.
The final report by the commission of inquiry by the National Institute of Civil Aviation () concluded that the flight had made a slight deviation from its route to Horta, that was not perceptible by the flight crew. This deviation crossed the northern coast of the island of São Jorge, where it crashed into Pico de Esperança. The crew "was completely convinced" that the plane was over the São Jorge Channel, and they were concentrated on meteorological conditions at the time of the collision. After hearing their impact warning, three seconds before the first impact, the copilot alerted the crew that they were "losing altitude and over São Jorge".
Air quality forecasting attempts to predict when the concentrations of pollutants will attain levels that are hazardous to public health. The concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is determined by their transport, or mean velocity of movement through the atmosphere, their diffusion, chemical transformation, and ground deposition. In addition to pollutant source and terrain information, these models require data about the state of the fluid flow in the atmosphere to determine its transport and diffusion. Meteorological conditions such as thermal inversions can prevent surface air from rising, trapping pollutants near the surface, which makes accurate forecasts of such events crucial for air quality modeling.
When operation of an aircraft under VFR is not safe, because the visual cues outside the aircraft are obscured by weather, instrument flight rules must be used instead. IFR permits an aircraft to operate in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), which is essentially any weather condition less than VMC but in which aircraft can still operate safely. Use of instrument flight rules is also required when flying in "Class A" airspace regardless of weather conditions. Class A airspace extends from 18,000 feet above mean sea level to flight level 600 (60,000 feet pressure altitude) above the contiguous 48 United States and overlying the waters within 12 miles thereof.
IFR flying with clouds below It is essential to differentiate between flight plan type (VFR or IFR) and weather conditions (VMC or IMC). While current and forecast weather may be a factor in deciding which type of flight plan to file, weather conditions themselves do not affect one's filed flight plan. For example, an IFR flight that encounters visual meteorological conditions (VMC) en route does not automatically change to a VFR flight, and the flight must still follow all IFR procedures regardless of weather conditions. In the US, weather conditions are forecast broadly as VFR, MVFR (Marginal Visual Flight Rules), IFR, or LIFR (Low Instrument Flight Rules).
In winter, the Fraser Valley occasionally plays a significant role in the weather regime along the west coast of North America as far south as California, acting as a natural outlet for the intensely cold Arctic air mass which typically sits over Western Canada during winter. Under certain meteorological conditions strong winds pour out of the Fraser Valley and over the relatively warmer waters of the Strait of Georgia and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. This can cause ocean-effect snow, especially between Port Angeles and Sequim, where the air mass collides with the Olympic Mountains. The cold air from the Fraser Valley can also flow out over the Pacific Ocean.
The Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Officer operates the computerized weather reconnaissance equipment, generates the "horizontal data" measurements (also known as "Recco"), and acts as flight director inside the storm environment. The weather officer also evaluates other meteorological conditions such as turbulence, icing, visibility, cloud types and amounts, and ocean surface winds. The ARWO uses the equipment to determine the storm's center and analyze atmospheric conditions such as pressure, temperature, dew point and wind speed to create a Vortex Data Message sent to the National Hurricane Center. A critical piece of weather equipment on board the WC-130J is the GPS Dropsonde Windfinding System, a cylindrically-shaped instrument about long and in diameter and weighing approximately .
This Bondage: A Study of the "Migration" of Birds, Insects, and Aircraft, with some Reflections on "Evolution" and Relativity by Bernard Acworth. Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919-1933) 24 (96): 732. For example the British Medical Journal described it as a "charming work that will be welcomed by all his fellow bird lovers for the very clear exposition which it contains of the principles of bird flight." A more critical review in The Auk criticized the book for trying to discredit the evidence for evolution and noted that: > He fails to take the physical fact of inertia sufficiently into > consideration, nor does he grant to most birds the superiority over normal > meteorological conditions which they undoubtedly have.
Kallakadal/Swell surge are flash-flood events that take place without any noticeable advance change in local winds or any other apparent signature in the coastal environment. It is derived from a Malayalam word literally meaning 'sea-thief'. Kallakkadal event is considered as one of the major societal problems along the Indian coasts and these are caused by high swell waves, without any sign in the local winds, sometimes cause severe flooding. A recent research focused on the causes of Kallakkadal/swell surge has established the link between North Indian Ocean high swell events and the meteorological conditions in the Southern Ocean using a combination of ocean wave observations and numerical model simulations.
The An-2 was operating as flight 662, a passenger service from Khanty-Mansiysk to Surgut and departed at 11:36 Moscow time with 2 crew members and 12 passengers. At 12:54, the Mi-8 took off from Surgut airport, despite the fact that the weather conditions were below its meteorological minimum. The An-2 was approaching Surgut airport on a heading of 253 degrees in instrument meteorological conditions, then turned to a heading of 73 degrees to land. The helicopter was leaving the airport on a heading of 220 degrees and at 12:56:36 (14:56:36 local time), approximately 4.5 km southwest of Surgut airport at an altitude of 150 meters the aircraft collided.
In the early days of aviation, pilots had little chance to contemplate non-essential activities. Flying demanded constant attention, and the wind and engine noise in a slipstream-blasted open cockpit all but drowned out normal conversations. In the early years of instrument flying, the effort involved in "flying the beam" (navigating a course determined by the intersection of ground-based radio signals by straining to listen through a headset to a scratchy audio stream of "dits and dahs") also forced pilots to concentrate on flying duties during instrument meteorological conditions. As aviation technology matured into the Jet Age in the 1960s, comfort and sound levels gradually became more office-like and hence more conducive to distractions.
Efficiency of multiple runway operations (MRO), particularly those that are closely spaced, has been limited by safety risks, including collisions and wake turbulence with nearby aircraft. MRO advancements improve access to closely spaced parallel runways to enable more departure and arrival operations during instrument meteorological conditions, which increase efficiency and capacity while reducing flight delays. MRO enables the use of simultaneous approaches in low-visibility conditions, decreases separation for approaches to runways with stricter spacing requirements, and reduces the effects of wake turbulence that leads to increased separation. Revised wake separation standards, known as wake recategorization or Wake Recat, were reduced at 14 terminal radar approach control facilities and 28 airports across the United States.
After an initial cool down period following the mid-July storms, the intense heat built-up again over the Great Lakes region toward the end of July, sparking another series of severe storms, mostly in Canada. Although winds were not as widespread as on the July 17th events, severe tornado- producing storms fired: July 31 in Eastern Ontario, August 1 in southern Quebec from the upper Laurentians to the Eastern Townships and on August 2 from eastern Michigan to southeastern Ontario. On these three days, the meteorological conditions were quite similar to July 17. However, damage was more localized, and on August 2 it was associated with a more classic cold front passage.
In City of Revelation (1973) British author John Michell theorised that Whiteleaved Oak is the centre of a circular alignment he called the "Circle of Perpetual Choirs" and is equidistant from Glastonbury, Stonehenge, Goring-on- Thames and Llantwit Major. The theory was investigated by the British Society of Dowsers and used as background material by Phil Rickman in his novel The Remains of an Altar (2006). "Malvern Hills" is the third short story in Japanese-English author Kazuo Ishiguro's collection Nocturnes (2009). The legend of the Shadow of the Ragged Stone, a shadow appearing to arise from the hilltop under particular meteorological conditions said to bring ill-fortune to those on whom it falls, features in many literary sources.
In the months before the Bastrop County Complex fire, Texas was affected by a series of wildfires amid several distinct record-breaking meteorological conditions conducive to combustion. During 2011, Texas endured its most severe single-year drought since the 1950s, received the lowest single-year rainfall since 1895, and experienced the hottest June–August period of any U.S. state at any point in time on record – exceeding that of even the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. Circumstances were further exacerbated by Tropical Storm Lee, which produced strong winds over the Labor Day weekend, creating ideal conditions for wildfires to spread. Between September 4 and September 6, reports indicated that 63 new fires were started.
In other 1954 tests, including Yankee and Nectar, hot spots were mapped out by ships with submersible probes, and similar hot spots occurred in 1956 tests such as Zuni and Tewa. However, the major U.S. "DELFIC" (Defence Land Fallout Interpretive Code) computer calculations use the natural size distributions of particles in soil instead of the afterwind sweep-up spectrum, and this results in more straightforward fallout patterns lacking the downwind hot spot. Snow and rain, especially if they come from considerable heights, accelerate local fallout. Under special meteorological conditions, such as a local rain shower that originates above the radioactive cloud, limited areas of heavy contamination just downwind of a nuclear blast may be formed.
Annual rainfall can range from 500 to 10,000 mm/year and mean temperature between 8 and 20 °C. While cloud forest today is the most widely used term, in some regions, these ecosystems or special types of cloud forests are called mossy forest, elfin forest, montane thicket, and dwarf cloud forest. The definition of cloud forest can be ambiguous, with many countries not using the term (preferring such terms as Afromontane forest and upper montane rain forest, montane laurel forest, or more localised terms such as the Bolivian yungas, and the laurisilva of the Atlantic Islands), and occasionally subtropical and even temperate forests in which similar meteorological conditions occur are considered to be cloud forests.
Although the sparsely populated forest area is considered to be stronghold of the outlawed Naxal communist insurgents, the National Security Advisor of India ruled out the possibility of the Naxals bringing down the helicopter. The investigation eventually concluded that the factors that caused that crash included the fact that the crew became fixated for more than six minutes in trying to find the reason behind the problem with their transmission oil pressure system, and they became distracted from the worsening weather. They also noted that the flight crew was flying in Instrument Meteorological Conditions whereas the flight plan was cleared for VFR flying, and the flight crew never discussed the bad weather, diverting, or returning to base.
The 1971 Colorado Aviation Aero Commander 680 crash claimed the life of highly decorated World War II veteran Audie Murphy and five other people on May 28, 1971. The aircraft's passengers were on a business trip from Atlanta, Georgia to Martinsville, Virginia, aboard an Aero Commander 680 Super twin engine aircraft owned and operated by Colorado Aviation Co, Inc. The aircraft crashed into the side of Brushy Mountain, 14 nautical miles northwest of Roanoke, Virginia during conditions of poor visibility. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the crash was caused by the pilot's decision to continue operating under visual flight rules (VFR) into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), combined with his lack of experience in the aircraft type.
Currently the service mainly benefits general aviation (GA) aircraft equipped with ADS-B "in" hardware by providing a traffic information relay to a screen in the cockpit. In order to use TIS, the client and any intruder aircraft must be equipped with the appropriate cockpit equipment and fly within the radar coverage of a Mode S radar capable of providing TIS. Typically, this will be within 55 NM of these sites. At this time TIS–B is meant to be only a supplement to visual separation from other aircraft when operating in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) and as a backup to radar, which in remote areas only updates every 13 seconds, when operating under instrument flight rules (IFR).
Graham Sutton was born at Cwmcarn, Monmouthshire, and educated at Pontywaun Grammar School, the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, and at Jesus College, Oxford (which elected him to an Honorary Fellowship in 1958). From 1926 to 1928 he was a lecturer at University College of Wales in Aberystwyth before joining the UK Meteorological Office as an assistant. He was seconded to Shoeburyness to work on the meteorological effects on gunnery practices and then transferred to Porton Down. There he undertook a project on atmospheric turbulence and diffusion which quantified the effect of meteorological conditions on the distribution of gas at ground level, findings which could not be released until after the war.
The inter- island Faial-Pico route is the most active in the Azores, no matter the meteorological conditions The ferry was constructed by Estaleiros São Jacinto, of Aveiro, in 1987, under contract from the Regional Government of the Azores. The ship, and its sister-ship, were constructed to replace the lower-capacity launches used until that time, specifically the motor-launches Espalamaca and Calheta, that were decommissioned and sent to the shipyards of Madalena. Cruzeiro do Canal was originally inaugurated as the Cruzeiro das Ilhas, and entered into service in the waters of the archipelago on 7 July 1987. In January 1988 it began operating for Transmaçor, in order to service the vital Horta-Madalena, cross-channel route.
Thomas N. Coryell, 29, and behind him sat his student, 1st Lt. Gerald D. Moran, 24, who as part of his training would spend the flight under a hood that blocked his view outside the aircraft, but allowed him to see his instrument panel. The instructor had two-way microphone communication with the student, and his duties were to instruct the student in the rear seat, monitor his performance and maintain a lookout for other aircraft. The F-100F had dual pilot controls and the instructor could take over flying the jet at any time. The training flight involved a descent and approach to Nellis Air Force Base under simulated instrument meteorological conditions from an altitude of .
The minimum weather conditions for ceiling and visibility for VFR flights are defined in FAR Part 91.155, and vary depending on the type of airspace in which the aircraft is operating, and on whether the flight is conducted during daytime or nighttime. However, typical daytime VFR minimums for most airspace is 3 statute miles of flight visibility and a distance from clouds of 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, and 2,000 feet horizontally. Flight conditions reported as equal to or greater than these VFR minimums are referred to as visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Any aircraft operating under VFR must have the required equipment on board, as described in FAR Part 91.205 (which includes some instruments necessary for IFR flight).
From analysis of the cockpit voice recorder, the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) concluded that the crew elected to continue flying into weather that was below VFR minima – that is, the minimum visibility and distance from cloud required to fly in accordance with visual flight rules, as the accident flight had planned to do. The crew subsequently lost situational awareness until the aircraft impacted a mountainside, without any action being taken by the crew to avoid the impact. The report noted that the crew had not received CFIT-specific training nor the Approach and Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) training. Following the loss of Flight 823, Nusantara Buana Air took a number of safety measures, emphasizing the importance of maintaining visual meteorological conditions during VFR flights.
The investigation committee of the Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics (Colombia) found the probable cause of the accident to be the following: > 1\. The pilot's decision... to initiate and continue the flight towards > Tulcán Airport while below minimum meteorological conditions established in > the company's standard operating procedure. 2\. Inadequate navigation and > operation of the aircraft by the pilot in command... consistent with > entering the holding pattern at the Tulcán NDB with a velocity of 230 knots > indicated and with a bank angle of 15 degrees, exceeding the maximum limit > of 180 knots stipulated throughout the procedure, and using a bank angle > inferior to the recommended 25 to 30 degrees, thereby departing... holding > pattern obstacle protection, leading to a collision against the Cumbal > Volcano.
Available water capacity is the amount of water that can be stored in a soil profile and be available for growing crops. It is also known as available water content (AWC), profile available water (PAW) or total available water (TAW). The concept, put forward by Frank Veihmeyer and Arthur Hendrickson, assumed that the water readily available to plants is the difference between the soil water content at field capacity () and permanent wilting point (): :θa ≡ θfc − θpwp Daniel Hillel criticised that the terms FC and PWP were never clearly defined, and lack physical basis, and that soil water is never equally available within this range. He further suggested that a useful concept should concurrently consider the properties of plant, soil and meteorological conditions.
Testing consists of a written exam and a practical test (also known as a check ride in the USA, or a flight test in other countries). The check ride is divided into an oral component to verify that the applicant understands the theory of instrument flying and an actual flight to ensure the pilot possesses the practical skills required for safe IFR flight. For most private pilots, the most significant value of flying under IFR is the ability to fly in instrument meteorological conditions (such as inside clouds or days with poor visibility). Additionally, all flights operating in Class A airspace, defined in the US as the airspace from 18,000 MSL up to FL 600 (roughly 60,000 feet), must be conducted under IFR.
On 19 January 1973, a Vickers Viscount of British European Airways took off from Glasgow International Airport at about 2:20pm on a test flight to be conducted at Flight Level (FL) 40; in the conditions prevailing at the time FL40 was equivalent to about . At about 2:32pm the aircraft flew into Ben More about northeast and below the summit while flying in a westerly direction. The two pilots and two passengers on board were killed in the accident. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) found that the aircraft struck Ben More whilst flying over snow-covered high terrain in marginal visual meteorological conditions and said that "Failure to maintain a safe altitude and insufficient attention to navigational procedures were contributory factors".
He trialled various means of regulating the electricity and these models proved to be reliable across a range of meteorological conditions. In 1815, Giuseppe Zamboni of Verona invented and showed another electrostatic clock run with dry pile batteries and an oscillating orb. His team produced improved clocks over many years, which were later denoted as "the most elegant and at the same time the most simple movement yet produced by the electric column".Perpetual Electromotive Zamboni's clock had a vertical needle supported by a pivot and was so energy efficient that it could operate on one battery for over 50 years. In 1840, Alexander Bain, a Scottish clock and instrument maker was the first to invent and patent a clock powered by electric current.
The NTSB also stated that an angle of attack display on the flight deck could have helped the crew situational awareness. The fact that the crew lacked a visual horizon at nighttime was another factor due to the aircraft being in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) from the time the stall maneuver was performed until impact. Both captain Avery and captain Lemming had never flown a DC-8 post modification on an FEF until December 21 (the initial FEF that was aborted), though the director of flight technical programs authorized Avery to serve as a pilot in command on post modification FEF's. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) was inexperienced with Airborne Express' FEF program and was not firm enough with fully incorporating the revised stall procedure into Airborne Express's training manuals.
On 18 November 1946 the C-53 Skytrooper military transport aircraft, (serial no. 42-68846) – a military, passenger-only, variant of the civilian Douglas DC-3 airliner – took off from Tulln Air Base near Vienna, Austria, bound for Pisa, Italy. The route planning was affected by bad weather, so they chose a route (950 km) via Munich, Strasbourg, Dijon and Marseille-Istres, to arrive in Pisa two days later. The Gauli Glacier, with Schreckhorn & Lauteraarhorn Having already avoided several alpine peaks in instrument meteorological conditions, near Innsbruck, the crew became disoriented, and on 18 November at 2.45 PM, the aircraft crash-landed on the Gauli Glacier with a speed of at an altitude of because of the sudden onset of a Katabatic wind, the aircraft sliding over ice and snow upwards, slowing down rapidly.
In response to increasing concerns over public safety and the environment, the TEC implemented a complex system of approval of its research programs that included the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Secretary of Defense, and the President of the United States. During the last 10 years of the offensive research and development program (1959–69), many scientific advances were made that proved that biological warfare was clearly feasible, although dependent on careful planning, especially with regard to meteorological conditions. Large-scale fermentation, purification, concentration, stabilization, drying, and weaponization of pathogenic microorganisms could be done safely. Furthermore, modern principles of biosafety and containment were established at the Fort Detrick laboratories which have greatly facilitated biomedical research in general; still today, these are followed throughout the world.
The first 787 taking off on its maiden flight in December 2009 On December 15, 2009, Boeing conducted the 787-8 maiden flight from Paine Field in Everett, Washington, at 10:27 am PST and landed three hours later at 1:33 p.m. at Seattle's Boeing Field, after reaching and . Originally scheduled for 5 hours, the test flight was shortened to three hours with the pilots wanting to complete the flight under visual meteorological conditions while visibility and cloud ceiling were low. The 6,800h, six-aircraft ground and flight test programme was scheduled in eight and a half months, the fastest certification campaign for a new Boeing commercial design. The flight test program comprised six aircraft, ZA001 through ZA006, four with Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines and two with GE GEnx-1B64 engines.
Weather systems such as weather radar (typically Arinc 708 on commercial aircraft) and lightning detectors are important for aircraft flying at night or in instrument meteorological conditions, where it is not possible for pilots to see the weather ahead. Heavy precipitation (as sensed by radar) or severe turbulence (as sensed by lightning activity) are both indications of strong convective activity and severe turbulence, and weather systems allow pilots to deviate around these areas. Lightning detectors like the Stormscope or Strikefinder have become inexpensive enough that they are practical for light aircraft. In addition to radar and lightning detection, observations and extended radar pictures (such as NEXRAD) are now available through satellite data connections, allowing pilots to see weather conditions far beyond the range of their own in-flight systems.
According to the commission, the cause factors were: # The air traffic controllers allowed a visual flight at an altitude of 1500 meters in a mountainous area without meteorological conditions. # The air traffic controllers at Kutaisi airport did not prohibit the departure and did not warn the crew about the clouds, instead giving instructions to fly at an altitude of 1500 meters, an altitude dangerous during the weather conditions. # The pilot performed a visual flight, although in these weather conditions it was impossible, while below the safe altitude. # The deputy head of Kutaisi airport allowed the PM of the day shift to be two hours late for work, but when the day shift entered, he did not personally replace him, and therefore the RP of the night shift was forced to stay at work.
The central engine had a "period of instability", but its normal status was "restored and maintained" until the aircraft's landing. The fuel supply at Vnukovo Airport was confirmed to meet standards. On 1 April 2011, investigators announced that poor fuel quality had been ruled out as a cause of the crash, despite instrument readings that indicated issues with the fuel supply before the aircraft crashed. On 26 September 2011, the MAK released its report concluding that the cause of the accident was the erroneous actions of the crew during the flight and approach in instrumental meteorological conditions with one engine running (out of three), which resulted in the aircraft approaching significantly to the right of the extended center line, exiting the runway after landing and colliding with an embankment.
Atlas Air 3591 was on approach towards Houston when it flew through the forward edge of a cold front, which produced an area of instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) with clouds and turbulence, with cloud tops varying from approximately to of altitude and cloud bases varying from to above ground level; the pilot of another nearby airliner reported IMC, and a video taken by a ground witness showed a shelf cloud passing over the area at the time. The accident aircraft made a sharp turn south before going into a rapid descent. Witnesses to the crash described the plane entering a nosedive; some also recalled hearing "what sounded like lightning" before the Boeing 767 hit the ground. At 12:36 CST (18:36 UTC) radar and radio contact was lost.
There was a large variety of goals for the proposed tests, for example: "selected protective devices in preventing penetration of a naval ship by a biological aerosol," the impact of "meteorological conditions on weapon system performance over the open sea," the penetrability of jungle vegetation by biological agents, "the penetration of an arctic inversion by a biological aerosol cloud," "the feasibility of an offshore release of Aedes aegypti mosquito as a vector for infectious diseases," "the feasibility of a biological attack against an island complex," and the study of the decay rates of biowarfare agents under various conditions. Project 112 tests used the following agents and simulants: Francisella tularensis, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Bacillus globii, staphylococcal enterotoxin Type B, Puccinia graminis var. tritici (stem rust of wheat). Agents and simulants were usually dispensed as aerosols using spraying devices or bomblets.
But, even as the pilots increased engine output, the maneuver was "insufficient to overcome the obstacle". The conclusion of the report indicated that there was a lack of rigour in maintaining the prescribed safe altitude, inaccurate dead reckoning, lack of cross-checking the information of the radio altimeter and barometric altimeter, and improper use of airborne weather radar as an additional ease of navigation, all of which contributed to the disaster. The bad meteorological conditions on the day (which included clouds, moderate to heavy winds, with turbulence) and the lack of autonomous navigational aids aboard the aircraft (such as GPS), that could have determined their position, were also factors that contributed to the accident. In regards to the aircraft, the report determined that the ATP was operating within the navigational conditions correspondent to the regulations and approved procedures outlined by aeronautical authorities.
The press coverage also examined the link between the storm and global warming, given the tornado's historic nature, and the other recent subway service interruptions caused by torrential rain on July 18 and the previous winter. Official statements alluded to this as well. "We may be dealing with meteorological conditions that are unprecedented," said Metropolitan Transportation Authority Executive Director Elliot G. Sander in the immediate aftermath, and New York Governor Eliot Spitzer said the day after, "This is supposed to be a rainfall event that is a once-in-a-decade occurrence -- we've had three in the past seven months." Climate scientist James E. Hansen of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies at Columbia University in New York City cautioned against linking any single event with global warming, but did say that the probability of severe weather events is related.
The Restricted Canada Air Pilot (RCAP), contains additional approaches available to commercial operators who have been granted Op Spec 099.Transport Canada Op Spec 099 Approach plates are essential if an aircraft is to make a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) such as a low ceiling or reduced visibility due to conditions such as fog, rain or snow. In addition to the waypoints, altitudes and minimum visibility requirements necessary to line up an aircraft with a designated runway for landing, they also provide important navigational information such as course headings and navigational aids' radio frequencies. This information allows aircraft to safely transition from the enroute airway segment (which provides guidance for safe flight between the flight origination and destination) through the terminal environment (where aircraft transition from the enroute airway segment to the airspace in the immediate vicinity of the airport) to a safe landing on the designated runway.
According to the pair, Nakaya thought their original idea unachievable, but "it was her idea about irregular nozzle concentrations that saved the day." She has received numerous awards including the Australian Cultural Award, the Laser d’Or at the Locarno International Video Festival, the Yoshida Isoya Special Award, the Minister for Posts and Telecommunications Award for artistic contribution to HDTV programming and the Special Achievement Prize at the 2008 Japan Media Arts Festival Nakaya was awarded the Praemium Imperiale award in sculpture from the Japan Art Association in 2018. The first large- scale retrospective of Nakaya's work is on view at the Art Tower Mito in Japan in October, 2018 through January 2019. In an interview on April 27, 2014 with Irene Shum Allen, Nakaya explains that she doesn't directly create images with her fog sculptures, instead the fog is a kind of transducer that reacts to the local meteorological conditions.
Ramsey Courier, Friday 21 April 1939 The purpose of the station was to provide boats for the towing of the targets to be used in the bombing ranges and also to provide protection for the ranges. With the coming of war and the expansion of operations this boat station would evolve, becoming an RAF Air Sea Rescue Station. With the multitude of RAF Stations situated around the Irish Sea area, considerable difficulty began to be experienced concerning the controlling of the various aircraft which were undertaking the training of numerous navigators, air gunners, bomb aimers and wireless operators. The training sorties took the pupils over the sea, and it was considered necessary to set up an organisation which would be able to maintain radio contact with the aircraft at any stage of their exercises, in order to pass meteorological conditions and instructions necessary to their safety.
Throughout the evening a high pyrocumulonimbus cloud formed above the blaze, creating unpredictable winds, intense spotting and other extreme meteorological conditions; the fire burned to the east, along Timor Rd., burning to within of Coonabarabran township. A southerly wind change passed through the fire ground some time after 18:00 AEDT, causing hot ash and embers to fall in Baradine, north of Coonabarabran, throughout the night and prompting the Baradine local hospital to secure the windows with damp towels to prevent the entry of smoke and ash. Over a 41-day period, the fire burned of pasture, scrub and forest—including 95 percent of the Warrumbungles National Park—and impacted the communities of Bugaldie, Coonabarabran, Goorianawa, Quanda, Tonderburine and Warrumbungle; a hotel, three buildings at the Siding Spring Observatory, 53 houses, 130 other non-residential structures and of fencing were destroyed and 1,100 head of livestock died in the fire.
Some meteorological conditions, especially rapid changes in barometric pressure, as seen with the passing of a front, can displace bodies of water enough to cause trains of waves with wavelengths comparable to seismic tsunamis, but usually with lower energies. These are essentially dynamically equivalent to seismic tsunamis, the only differences being that meteotsunamis lack the transoceanic reach of significant seismic tsunamis and that the force that displaces the water is sustained over some length of time such that meteotsunamis cannot be modelled as having been caused instantaneously. In spite of their lower energies, on shorelines where they can be amplified by resonance, they are sometimes powerful enough to cause localised damage and potential for loss of life. They have been documented in many places, including the Great Lakes, the Aegean Sea, the English Channel, and the Balearic Islands, where they are common enough to have a local name, rissaga.
Flight U-45 was a scheduled domestic flight from Tashkent to Samarkand. At 14:11 Moscow time the Ilyushin departed Tashkent International Airport and climbed to a cruising altitude of 5,100 meters in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). At 14:33:47 air traffic control (ATC) contacted flight U-45 and gave permission to descend to 2,700 meters and reported their distance to Samarkand Airport at 93 kilometers. At 14:35:45 the controller advised the crew that they would use the approach to runway 27, but then at 14:36:22 due to a change in wind direction it was decided to use runway 09 and at 14:38:26 ATC reported the distance to the airport at 53 kilometers. Nearing the airport flight U-45 switched frequencies and contacted the approach controller at Samarkand Airport and at 14:39:13 were advised that the aircraft was 48 kilometers from the airport and granted permission to descend to 2,400 meters.
Locations of all known installed Antarctic automatic weather stations as of 2009 Current locations of all known installed Antarctic automatic weather stations Data from the UW-Madison Antarctic AWS program has been used for many research studies including, but not limited to: boundary layer meteorology studies near the South Pole, Katabatic wind studies at Reeves Glacier and the Adelie Coast, Long Term Ecological Research along the Antarctic Peninsula, and Barrier wind flow studies along the Transantarctic Mountains and the Antarctic Peninsula. Additional studies include flight forecasting and long-term climatology studies at Dome C in East Antarctica and historic Byrd Station in West Antarctica. Although the primary purpose of the AWS station project was intended to collect data on current meteorological conditions, the archive of data, beginning in 1980, has allowed for some recent climatological usage of the data.Costanza, Carol A., et al. “The Surface Climatology of the Ross Ice Shelf Antarctica.” International Journal of Climatology, vol.
ILS planes ILS localizer and glideslope emissions An instrument landing system operates as a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision lateral and vertical guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high- intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow. An instrument approach procedure chart (or 'approach plate') is published for each ILS approach to provide the information needed to fly an ILS approach during instrument flight rules (IFR) operations. A chart includes the radio frequencies used by the ILS components or navaids and the prescribed minimum visibility requirements. Radio- navigation aids must provide a certain accuracy (set by international standards of CAST/ICAO); to ensure this is the case, flight inspection organizations periodically check critical parameters with properly equipped aircraft to calibrate and certify ILS precision.
The first was calibrated and had its counterweight and trailing cone systems modified while the second had its functions and systems checked. The third was in final assembly with its wing and fuselage joined, cables and systems were being installed for a first flight target by the end of the year. On 12 July, the second prototype flew from Shanghai- Pudong to Dongying Airport in 1h 46min to allow for various meteorological conditions testing. In September, Comac expected to conduct 1,500 test flights for over 2,000 flying hours before the first delivery and planned to fly the third prototype before the end of 2018. In October 2018, the flight-deck design was re-evaluated to comply with US FAR Part 25.1302, not necessary for CAAC but for FAA certification to sell it outside China, a result of inexperience of the aircraft design process. Developing a Chinese engine to replace the CFM Leap-1C would take at least another 15 years.
On 21 December 1949 the report of the inquiry was issued by the Chief Inspector of Accidents, Air Commodore Vernon Brown, CB, OBE, MA, FRAeS. In it he stated that "through lack of evidence due to no wreckage having been found, the cause of the accident is unknown." Brown said that there was no evidence of defect in, or failure of, any part of the aircraft before its departure from Bermuda. The all-up weight and the centre of gravity were within the prescribed limits; a daily inspection had been carried out; the pilot was experienced on the route; the radio officer was very experienced and also experienced on the route; good radio communications had been maintained with the aircraft up to and including reception of its last message; there were no weather complications, and a study of the weather reports have no reason to believe that the accident was caused by meteorological conditions.
The functions of EAEMDR are related to: \- Ensuring safety of navigation in the common Bulgarian-Romanian section of the river; \- Studying the hydro morphological and hydrological conditions of the river in the Bulgarian section, processing the data from the studies and, on its basis, issuing guides, navigational maps, plans, yearbooks, reference books and other river navigational aids for the purposes of the Danube Commission and the Joint Bulgarian-Romanian commissions; \- Collecting and disseminating information regarding the condition of the waterway and navigational routes and for the hydro meteorological conditions; \- Alerting the respective authorities, ministries and administrations to the need of precautionary steps in case of foreseeable danger of flooding, banc erosions and others; \- Studying and approving projects for the construction of hydro technical and other infrastructure along the Danube River; \- Monitoring and approving the position of mining equipment with a view over navigational safety and the possibility of corrosion of banks and islands.
She wishes to depict a situation that shall be convincing in its lifelikeness and verisimilitude. To this end, she summons all the resources of her own personal knowledge and observation, and employs all her powers of animated description. We know or may know the exact appearance of each of her multitudinous characters, the color and curl of the hair, the shape of the nose, lips, and chin, the poise of the head, the cut of the coat, the tone of the voice, and the thousand other details that set themselves together to make up the external personality. Not only this, but she reproduces with the minute exactness of a photograph all the topographical, botanical, and meteorological conditions of the moment in question—just how the road wound through the forest, how the river gleamed, how the shadows flitted, how the wistaria bloomed, the arbutus trailed, the magnolia breathed, the banana tree nodded; what streets were overflowed, what signs filled the shop windows, what portraits hung on the walls.
The law outlines general rules of conduct for masters of both sail and steam vessels, to assist them in steering the vessels away from the center and right front (in the Northern Hemisphere and left front in the Southern Hemisphere) quadrants of hurricanes or any other rotating disturbances at sea. Prior to radio, satellite observation and the ability to transmit timely weather information over long distances, the only method a ship's master had to forecast the weather was observation of meteorological conditions (visible cloud formations, wind direction and atmospheric pressure) at his location. Included in the Sailing Directions for the World are Buys Ballot's techniques for avoiding the worst part of any rotating storm system at sea using only the locally observable phenomena of cloud formations, wind speed and barometric pressure tendencies over a number of hours. These observations and application of the principles of Buys Ballot's law help to establish the probability of the existence of a storm and the best course to steer to try to avoid the worst of it—with the best chance of survival.
NTSB. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the accident was: > "the pilots' failure to follow established procedures and properly conduct a > non-precision instrument approach at night in instrument meteorological > conditions, including their descent below the minimum descent altitude > before required visual cues were available (which continued un-moderated > until the airplane struck the trees) and their failure to adhere to the > established division of duties between the flying and non-flying > (monitoring) pilot." The NTSB analysis of the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) suggests that both pilots were looking outside the cockpit for visual cues to the location of the airport and failed to realize how low they had descended below the minimum descent altitude. The report further states: > Contributing to the accident were the pilots' failure to make standard > callouts and the current Federal Aviation Regulations that allow pilots to > descend below the minimum descent altitude into a region in which safe > obstacle clearance is not assured based upon seeing only the airport > approach lights. The pilots' failure to establish and maintain a > professional demeanor during the flight and their fatigue likely contributed > to their degraded performance.
The aircraft (registration arrived at Tokyo Haneda Airport at 12:40 on the day of the accident from Fukuoka Airport, where it had diverted the previous day due to conditions on the ground in Tokyo. The weather there had since improved behind a cold front with a steep pressure gradient bringing cool dry air from the Asian mainland on a strong west-northwest flow, with crystal-clear sky conditions. For the next Tokyo–Hong Kong segment, the crew received a weather briefing from a company representative, and filed an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan calling for a southbound departure from Haneda via the island of Izu Ōshima, then on airway JG6 to Hong Kong at flight level 310 (31,000 feet). The Boeing was commanded by captain Bernard Dobson, 45, from Dorset, described as a very experienced 707 pilot who had been flying the type since 1960. At 13:42 the crew contacted air traffic control requesting permission to start the engines, and amending their clearance request to a visual meteorological conditions (VMC) climb westbound via the Fuji-Rebel- Kushimoto waypoints, which would take them nearer to Mount Fuji, possibly to give the passengers a better view of the landmark.

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