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"mental retardation" Definitions
  1. mild to severe impairment in intellectual ability equivalent to an IQ of 70 to 75 or below that is accompanied by significant limitations in social, practical, and conceptual skills (as in interpersonal communication, reasoning, or self-care) necessary for independent daily functioning and that has an onset before age 18 : INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
"mental retardation" Synonyms
amentia brain damage dementia mental defect mental deficiency subnormality backwardness abnormality idiocy retardation slowness

950 Sentences With "mental retardation"

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"These kids all have mild to moderate mental retardation," Viljoen said.
"The White House is afflicted by mental retardation and does not know what to do," Rouhani said.
Some children develop encephalitis (swelling of the brain), which can lead to convulsions, loss of hearing, and mental retardation.
After about eight years, "a generation of newborns with no protection against mental retardation was born," Dr. Gorstein said.
As infants, Migdalia and an older sister both received a diagnosis of developmental disability — "mental retardation," their medical records said.
Paul was deprived of oxygen at birth; a doctor suggested to the twins' father, Clyde, that "mental retardation" might have resulted.
At a 2015 court hearing, a psychologist who examined Nolen said he suffered from minor mental retardation and wanted to be executed.
About 8 million children in the Congo are malnourished, according to the United Nations children's fund, UNICEF, causing growth stunting, mental retardation and death.
" His threat came in response to a caustic remark by Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, who described the White House as being "inflicted by mental retardation.
For some context, the term "mental retardation" was originally used clinically to describe a person with delayed or stalled mental development, or significant intellectual impairment.
"For example, people who used to be only diagnosed with mental retardation or an intellectual disability are now also getting an autism diagnosis," he said.
She also served as vice chairwoman of the Community Services Board of the New York City Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Alcoholism Services.
Those affected by the genetic disorder suffer grand mal seizures and often have facial feature deformities and severe mental retardation, with IQs as low as 25.
Babies born with this condition are likely to suffer untold developmental harms, including speech and movement delays, trouble with balance, facial distortions, seizures and mental retardation.
The suspect was Jesse Daniels, a 19-year-old neighbor who today would be described as having a developmental disability (probably some form of mental retardation).
But attorneys for Hernandez have long maintained their client has an "IQ in the borderline-to-mild mental retardation range," making him susceptible to a false confession.
Defense attorney Harvey Fishbein has long maintained his client has an "IQ in the borderline-to-mild mental retardation range" that made him susceptible to a false confession.
According to the National Institutes of Health, it prevents adequate blood flow to the brain and can result in mental retardation, epilepsy or cerebral palsy by age 2.
At least three of their six children have a rare neurological illness that manifests itself around age four, causing mental retardation, loss of the use of their limbs and, later, death.
This is true of the HPV vaccine, too—it doesn't pose greater risk than other vaccines, and it certainly doesn't cause mental retardation, as US Congresswoman Michele Bachmann erroneously claimed in 2011.
The CDC also advises pregnant women pass litter box changing duties on to someone else, as toxoplasmosis can be passed to the fetus and cause serious health problems like blindness, epilepsy, and mental retardation.
Risks were increased for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, personality and behavior disorders, mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder and tic disorders, the researchers said.
"Roughly a third have major neurodevelopmental complications (mental retardation, cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness), another third have minor neurodevelopmental complications (learning difficulties, vision or hearing impairment), and the other third have fairly normal outcomes," she said.
Dee Dee had been pretending her daughter was terminally ill since Gypsy was three months old, going to elaborate lengths to fabricate a litany of ailments ranging from leukemia to muscular dystrophy to mental retardation.
Some cases that used to be diagnosed as an "intellectual disability" or (in the bad old days) as "mental retardation" are now being recognised as autism, says Jennifer Stapel-Wax of Emory University's Marcus Autism Centre.
He's one of roughly 228 million people in the United States with an intellectual disability (ID)—a spectrum term that encompasses a range of conditions, including severe autism, fetal alcohol syndrome, and Down syndrome, in addition to mental retardation.
" While "the vast majority of those on death row are poor and ignorant and mentally damaged in one way or another," Toobin said, "the general rule is mental illness does not get you out of being executed; only mental retardation does.
And even though he has been receiving special education services off and on since he was 2, it wasn't until he was 12 that his family secured an accurate diagnosis of his problem: mild intellectual disability, a classification that used to be called mental retardation.
Neuroscientist Zilong Qiu of the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences says his team has generated more than a dozen monkeys with a genetic error that in human children causes a rare syndrome whose symptoms include mental retardation and autistic features, such as repetitive speech and restricted interests.
The lower court relied on a 1992 manual put out by the American Association on Mental Retardation that includes a three part test: significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, deficits in adaptive functioning (how one handles the demands of every day life,) and whether the disability was present in childhood.
ANTONIN SCALIA warned fifteen years ago that prohibiting the execution of intellectually disabled criminals as a violation of the Eighth Amendment's bar on cruel and unusual punishment would turn "capital trial[s] into a game" where defendants would "feign" mental retardation in order to escape the ultimate punishment.
Over the years, the list of alleged symptoms would only grow, to include leukemia, mental retardation, and sleep apnea, among countless other things; she had Gypsy fitted with a feeding tube; she shaved her head, "since it would all fall out anyway"; she lied about her daughter's age.
She helped form the New York City Federation of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Alcoholism Services in 1975; was president of the Black Psychiatrists of America from 483 to 1978; and was chairwoman of the New York City Directors of Psychiatry in Municipal Hospitals in the late 1980s.
The crux of the issue is that with autism there is often, not metaphorically but literally, a lack of voice, which renders the person a tabula rasa on which a writer can inscribe and project almost anything: Autism is a gift, a curse, super intelligence, mental retardation, mystical, repellent, morally edifying, a parent's worst nightmare.
Justices Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor zeroed in on the CCA's principle that intellectual disability standards are "exceedingly subjective" and should be geared to not clinical standards but to the "level and degree of mental retardation at which a consensus of Texas citizens would agree that a person should be exempted from the death penalty".
Haploinsufficiency for this protein may contribute to the mental retardation found in haemoglobin H-related mental retardation (ATR-16 syndrome).
This gene has been implicated in X-linked mental retardation, including specifically mental retardation and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia.
CAS tests have also been used for clinical evaluation of mental retardation and cognitive changes in ageing (Das, 2003Das, J.P. (2003). Cognitive Aging and Down Syndrome: An Interpretation .International Review of Research in mental retardation.
Complex forms of seipinopathies may include deafness, dementia or mental retardation.
Ron Ellis is a filmmaker known for his work dealing with mental retardation.
Brain Injury and Mental Retardation: Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry, p. 257. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. .
PAK3 is overexpressed in neuroendocrine/carcinoids tumors. PAK3 has been shown to be important for synapse formation and plasticity, and contribute to mental retardation. Further, a point mutation in PAK3 gene has been associated with nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation.
Tissue, cellular and subcellular anatomy are studied to provide insight into mental retardation at the Mental Retardation Research Center MRRC Cellular Neuroscience Core. Journals such as Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience are published regarding cellular neuroscientific topics.
The gene is also known as FMR2 (Fragile Mental Retardation 2) after this condition.
Mutations in this gene can cause mental retardation or permanent paralysis X-linked type 93, which is also referred to as mental retardation X-linked with macrocephaly. This gene is also associated with translocations in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
This may lead to various neurological sequelae including presentation with cerebral palsy, mental retardation and seizures.
Homozygosity for a GRIK2 deletion-inversion mutation is associated with non-syndromic autosomal recessive mental retardation.
The study of X-linked mental retardation began in 1943 when Martin and Bell reported a family exhibiting sex-linked mental retardation. However, this syndrome was not recognized until 1991. Wilson studied 14 males from three successive generations that presented hypogonadism, mental retardation, gynecomastia, and short stature, among other symptoms. Eventually, this disorder was ruled distinct from a syndrome presented by Prader and Willi (Prader-Willi syndrome) because of its mode of inheritance, gynecomastia, and the presence of small hands and feet.
Sweet, Lynn (October 5, 2010). "Obama signs 'Rosa's Law;' 'mental retardation' out, 'intellectual disability' in ". Chicago Sun-Times.
Clinical indications range from mild truncal ataxia with unaffected cognitive abilities, to severe cerebral palsy and mental retardation.
Inclusion of older adults with mental retardation in leisure opportunities. "Mental Retardation", 32(2), 91-99. By 2013, at least one academic recreation and tourism department had an inclusion, adaptive educator as its Departmental Chair supporting integration and inclusion. Recreational inclusion may entail a camp,Walker, P. & Edinger, B. (1988, May).
DOOR (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, and mental retardation) syndrome is a genetic disease which is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. DOOR syndrome is characterized by mental retardation, sensorineural deafness, abnormal nails and phalanges of the hands and feet, and variable seizures. A similar deafness-onychodystrophy syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and has no mental retardation. Some authors have proposed that it may be the same as Eronen Syndrome, but since both disorders are extremely rare it is hard to make a determination.
In 1959, Heber joined the faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Madison as coordinator of their special education program. He later chaired the President's Panel on Mental Retardation during the presidency of John F. Kennedy. Until December 1980, he was director of the University of Wisconsin's Center on Mental Retardation and Human Development.
Nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUFIP1 gene.
Nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUFIP2 gene.
Psychiatric morbidity in a mental retardation unit. Okasha, R. Al Fiky, N.A. Youssef and F. Lotaif Egypt. J. Psychiat., vol.
Fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FXR2 gene.
Zipperlin, H. (1975). Normalization. In: J. Wortis (Ed.), "Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, VII". NY, NY: Brumer Mazel Publishers.Chappell, A. (1992).
As of 2011, all 50 states within the U.S.A have at least one ICF/MR-based program providing for the MR/DD. Across the U.S., there are more than 7,000 ICFs/MR. Within these programs there are about 129,000 people with mental retardation and other related conditions receiving treatment. Most have other disabilities as well as mental retardation.
Feingold syndrome is marked by various combinations of microcephaly, limb malformations, esophageal and duodenal atresias, and sometimes learning disability or mental retardation.
The absence of this enzyme may contribute to the mental retardation or Alport syndrome. Alternative splicing of this gene generates 2 transcript variants.
An autopsy of a 21-year-old woman with autism, epilepsy and mental retardation found a near-complete absence of the superior olive.
Ritter was responsible for the invention "disguised mental retardation". According to Ritter, individuals, especially children with this alleged disorder displayed a certain independence and cunning and were quick talkers. "Disguised mental retardation" supposedly carried a mask of cleverness, which the pseudo- scientific medical specialists characterized as mental retardation: if they couldn't actually observe and demonstrate a mental problem, they simply insisted it was present anyway, and that evidence of its opposite was some kind of trick. The Nazi government used this alleged disorder as a justification to sterilize an estimated 500 Roma and Sinti individuals between 1933 and 1939.
By the 1990s, family support had gained in great popularity in the field of intellectual disabilities, especially since 80-90% of children with disabilities continue to live with their families even today.e.g., Fujuira, G. & Braddock, D. 1999. Fiscal and demographic trends in mental retardation services: The emergence of the family. In: L. Rowitz (Ed.), Mental retardation in the year 2000.
Hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome, HPMRS, also known as Mabry syndrome, has been described in patients recruited on four continents world- wide. Mabry syndrome was confirmed to represent an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by severe mental retardation, considerably elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, hypoplastic terminal phalanges, and distinct facial features that include: hypertelorism, a broad nasal bridge and a rectangular face.
In: K.C. Lakin & A. Turnbull, National Goals and Research for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. (pp. 93-107). Washington, DC: The Arc-US and the American Association on Mental Retardation. and traditional special education/mental retardation group (Dr. E.G. Carr) was reviewed by another behavioral specialist (recommended by special education) who uses a lifestyle approach, Wade Hitzing of Ohio.
Walking, running, swimming, ice skating, bicycling, playing, dance, yoga, and physical exercise are all physical exercises. Heart disease, diabetes and obesity can be controlled by exercise. The book also alleges that exercise helps to reduce mental retardation and reduce the risk of mental retardation in the exercise. It is essential to exercise immune organs or adequate vascular organs in a coherent blood circulation.
Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.Heighway, S.M., Kidd-Webster, S. & Snodgrass, P. (1998, November/ December). Supporting parents with mental retardation. "Children Today", 17, 24-27.
123ff, C. Thomas Gualtieri. 2002. Brain Injury and Mental Retardation: Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. and study how the mind processes figurative language.
The clinical picture is heterogeneous and includes motor delay, seizures, moderate to severe mental retardation, absent speech, growth delay, muscular hypotonia and autistic features.
Penrose undertook research into schizophrenia, designing tests of intelligence that were non-verbal in nature, that are still in current use, and was one of the earliest researcher on the phenylketonuria condition in the 1930s. Penrose's "Colchester Survey", produced as the report in 1938, in collaboration with the MRC called th MRC special report: No.229, Clinical and genetic study of 1,280 cases of mental defect, was the earliest serious attempt to study the genetics of mental retardation. He found that the relatives of patients with severe mental retardation were usually unaffected but some of them were affected with similar severity to the original patient, whereas the relatives of patients with mild mental retardation tended mostly to have mild or borderline disability. Penrose went on to identify and study many of the genetic and chromosomal causes of mental retardation (then called mental deficiency).
This was the first published recognition of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The progeny had congenital eye, heart and ear defects as well as mental retardation.
AF4/FMR2 family member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFF2 gene. Mutations in AFF2 are implicated in cases of breast cancer. CCG repeat expansions in this gene are associated with X-linked intellectual disability and specifically a syndrome known as Fragile XE mental retardation (FRAXE). FRAXE is one of the most common forms of non-syndromic X-linked mental retardation.
Depending on the grade of the disease, mental retardation, epilepsy and tumors of the skin, retina, heart, kidney and the central nervous system can be symptoms.
Rosa's LawPub. L. 111-256, 124 Stat. 2643 (2010). is a United States law which replaced several instances of "mental retardation" in law with "intellectual disability".
Other paroxysmal findings include intermittent ataxia, confusion, lethargy, sleep disturbance, and headache. Varying degrees of cognitive impairment can occur, ranging from learning disabilities to severe mental retardation.
Social Problems, 13(1), 18-34.Mercer, J. R. (1973). Labelling the mentally retarded: Clinical and social system perspectives on mental retardation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Forness has been an editorial board member of the Journal of Learning Disabilities, Journal of School Psychology, Learning Disability Quarterly, Remedial and Special Education, American Journal of Mental Retardation, Behavioral Disorders, Monographs in Behavioral Disorders, Education and Treatment of Children, Learning Disability Research and Practice, Teacher Education and Special Education, Exceptionality, Academy on Mental Retardation Newsletter, Journal of Child and Family Studies, and Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Youth.
This gene and IL1RAPL2 are located at a region on chromosome X that is associated with X-linked non-syndromic mental retardation. Deletions and mutations in this gene were found in patients with mental retardation. This gene is expressed at a high level in post-natal brain structures involved in the hippocampal memory system, which suggests a specialized role in the physiological processes underlying memory and learning abilities.
Stimson has been published in the Mental Retardation, a Journal of Policy, Practices, and Perspective, published by the American Association on Mental Retardation, and The Journal of Religion, Disability and Health published by Haworth Press. Articles about The Special Gathering have appeared in Christianity Today, Pentecostal Evangel, Charisma, and many other magazines. Stimson served as publisher of the quarterly journal, Networks, published by The Special Gathering from 1991 to 1994.
After college, worked as a management analyst for the University of Texas at Austin and as an auditor for the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation.
Reitan, R.M. (1966). A research program on the psychological effects of brain lesions in human beings. In N.R. Ellis (Ed.), International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, Vol.
On the other hand, the German law called for sterilization in cases of mental retardation, schizophrenia, manic- depression, insanity, hereditary epilepsy, hereditary blindness, deafness, malformation, and Huntington's chorea.
In the past, Australia has used British and American terms interchangeably, including "mental retardation" and "mental handicap". Today, "intellectual disability" is the preferred and more commonly used descriptor.
Urocanic aciduria is thought to be relatively benign. Although aggressive behavior and mental retardation have been reported with the disorder, no definitive neurometabolic connection has yet been established.
"Fragile X Mental Retardation" The Human Gene Compendium The FMR1 premutation is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes that affect more than two million people worldwide.
This can be facilitated through the development of goals, outings, and a behavioral support plan or Individual Service Plan established by their Qualified Mental Retardation Professional or QMRP.
The condition is characterized by contracture of the lower joints, muscle atrophy, impaired facial muscles, mental retardation, and syndromic facies. Heterozygous females may show mild signs of the disease.
Mutations of both GRAF1 and oligophrenin are strongly implicated in causing human disease (leukaemia and mental retardation, respectively). Recently, autoantibodies to ARHGAP26 have been implicated in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia.
Qualified Mental Retardation Professional (QMRP) is a term first used in federal standards developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s for intermediate care facilities for the developmentally disabled.
No. 68-21905 H. Carl Haywood (1970). Social-Cultural Aspects of Mental Retardation. Appleton-Century-Crofts () H.Carl Haywood and J. R. Newbrough (1981). Living environments for developmentally retarded persons.
Interest in MOG has centered on its role in demyelinating diseases. Some of them are not-inflammatory, such as adrenoleukodystrophy, vanishing white matter disease, and Rubella induced mental retardation.
Fryns-Aftimos syndrome is rare chromosomal condition and is associated with pachygyria, severe mental retardation, epilepsy and characteristic facial features. This syndrome has been seen in 30 unrelated people.
Location of FMR1 on the X chromosome. FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) is a human gene that codes for a protein called fragile X mental retardation protein, or FMRP. This protein, most commonly found in the brain, is essential for normal cognitive development and female reproductive function. Mutations of this gene can lead to fragile X syndrome, intellectual disability, premature ovarian failure, autism, Parkinson's disease, developmental delays and other cognitive deficits.
In 1993, the Massachusetts department of Mental Retardation said that the school had "repeatedly failed to comply with a number of state regulations" and threatened to take away its certification.
SCA13 is typified by early onset, mildly progressive cerebellar ataxia with accompanying dysarthria, mental retardation, and nystagmus. Symptoms and age of onset can vary slightly according to the causative mutation.
This syndrome is not only characterized by spasticity and weakness in the lower limbs, but also with dysarthria, mental retardation or mild developmental delay, and muscle wasting or muscle atrophy.
It is accepted that staff training in physical interventions can increase carer confidence.Cullen, C. (1992). Staff training and management for intellectual disability services. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation.
Hearing impairment, eye problems, mental retardation, autism, and death can be caused by vertically transmitted infections. The genetic conditions of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome are possibly present in a similar manner.
Scheerenberger, R. (1988, June). Review of the nonrestrictive environment: On community integration of persons with the most severe disabilities. Mental Retardation, 167-169.Taylor, S.J., Biklen, D. & Knoll, J. (1987).
Kahrizi syndrome (KHRZ) is an autosomal-recessive disease that is identified by mental retardation, cataracts, coloboma, kyphosis, and coarse facial features caused by a homozygous mutation in the SRD5A3 gene.
Caswell Developmental Center is a center for adults with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities in Kinston, North Carolina, United States. The Center started in 1911 and is still operating today.
The Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) believes that mental disability is not a reason to deny sterilization. The opinion of ACOG is that "the physician must consult with the patient’s family, agents, and other caregivers" if sterilization is desired for a mentally limited patient. In 2003, Douglas Diekema wrote in Volume 9 of the journal Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews that "involuntary sterilization ought not be performed on mentally retarded persons who retain the capacity for reproductive decision-making, the ability to raise a child, or the capacity to provide valid consent to marriage."Involuntary sterilization of persons with mental retardation: An ethical analysis, Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, pages 21–26, 2003.
The principle was developed and taught at the university level and in field education during the seventies, especially by Wolf Wolfensberger of the United States, one of the first clinical psychologists in the field of mental retardation, through the support of Canada and the National Institute on Mental Retardation (NIMR) and Syracuse University in New York State.Wolfensberger, W. (1972). The Principle of Normalization in Human Services Toronto, Canada: National Institute on Mental Retardation. PASS and PASSING marked the quantification of service evaluations based on normalization, and in 1991 a report was issued on the quality of institutional and community programs in the US and Canada based on a sample of 213 programs in the US, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Social Role Valorization: A proposed new term for the principle of normalization. "Mental Retardation", 21(6): 234-239.Wolfensberger, W. (1985). Social role valorization: A new insight, a new term, for normalization.
While inclusion criteria for Rud syndrome have varied considerably, the major manifestations includes congenital ichthyosis, hypogonadism, small stature, mental retardation, and epilepsy.Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.).
Hodapp, R.M., & Burack, J.A. (2006). Developmental approaches to children with mental retardation: A second generation? In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed.
Mental retardation and slowly progressive cerebellar abnormalities were also diagnosed in patients. Other symptoms include corneal edema, thickening of Descemet membrane, and degenerative pannus. Abnormalities were found in muscle and sural nerves.
Syracuse, NY: Center on Human Policy, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Community Integration, Syracuse University.Castellani, P., Downey, N.A., Tausig, M.B. & Bird, W.A. (1986). Mental Retardation, 24(2), 71-79.Bersani, H. (1987).
"Mental Retardation", 36: 1-11. , a "range of community support services" (e.g., community counseling, recreation support personnel), decent community life (e.g., community employment, financial security), and principles of community and self-determination/choice.
Aldred syndrome is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder. It is mainly characterized by a form of mental retardation and retinitis pigmentosa. The syndrome was first described by geneticist Micheala Aldred in 1994.
Inclusion Canada, formerly the Canadian Association for Community Living is a non-profit organization founded in 1958 to assist in training and socialization of people with intellectual disabilities, then known as Mental Retardation.
In N.R. Ellis (Ed.) International Review of Research in Mental Retardation. NY: Academic Press. Recent work has focused on a model of "developmental retardation,".Greenwood, C.R.; Hart, B.; Walker, D. & Risley, T. (1994).
The Long Term Care Unit, a licensed Skilled Nursing Facility, was closed in 1996 and the Mental Retardation Unit, which had long been located at Torrance State Hospital, was closed in June 1998.
Mental retardation is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. In Children: These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. Children with mental retardation may take longer to learn to speak, walk, and take care of their personal needs such as dressing or eating. They are likely to have trouble learning in school.
Cengage Learning, Phrases such as "mental retardation", "mentally retarded", and "retarded" are also subject to the euphemism treadmill: initially used in a medical manner, they gradually took on derogatory connotation. This had occurred with the earlier synonyms (for example, moron, imbecile, cretin, and idiot, formerly used as scientific terms in the early 20th century). Professionals searched for connotatively neutral replacements. In the United States, "Rosa's Law" changed references in many federal statutes to "mental retardation" to refer instead to "intellectual disability".
He became an associate professor in the Department of Anatomy in 1961 and later was promoted to professor and joined the Department of Psychiatry in 1970. Buchwald was the Director of the UCLA Mental Retardation Research Center for more than 40 years. End of the 1950s he had been among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. In 1969 he was the founder and Group Coordinator of the Neurophysiology Group of the new Mental Retardation Research Center.
After the landmark Supreme Court decision in Atkins v. Virginia (2002), which outlawed the execution of persons deemed mentally retarded, Clark moved his sentence should be commuted to life imprisonment without possibility of parole. The Supreme Court did not specifically outline exact definitions for "mental retardation" and suggested states follow the definition used by the American Association on Mental Retardation (which generally stated that an IQ less than 70 with two or more supporting limitations be used as the guideline), leaving ultimate decision to the individual states. The State of Texas adopted two definitions, both of which contain the same three basic elements, that mental retardation was a disability characterized by "significantly subaverage" intellectual functioning, accompanied with "related limitations in adaptive functioning" and a documented onset of these characterizations prior to the age of 18.
The classic Schimmelpenning syndrome diagnosis comprises a triad of sebaceous nevi, seizures, and mental retardation. The condition was first reported by Gustav Schimmelpenning in 1957 and independently reported by Feuerstein and Mims in 1962.
O'Brien, J. (1994, February). Down stairs that are never your own: Supporting developmental disabilities in their own homes. "Mental Retardation," 32(1), 1-6. Fields, R., Lakin, K.C., Seltzer, B., & Wobschall, R. (1995, September).
This gene encodes a protein that likely plays a role in NF-kappa-B signaling. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal-recessive mental retardation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.
A variety of neurological symptoms have been associated with carnosinemia. They include: hypotonia, developmental delay, mental retardation, degeneration of axons, sensory neuropathy, tremors, demyelinization, gray matter anomalies, myoclonic seizures, and loss of purkinje fibers.
Two siblings carrying a homozygous PITRM1 missense mutation (c.548G>A, p.Arg183Gln) were reported to be associated with an autosomal recessive, slowly progressive syndrome. Clinical features include mental retardation, spinocerebellar ataxia, cognitive decline and psychosis.
Mutations in the ST3GAL3 gene was recently shown to be the cause of autosomal recessive mental retardation 12. Since the mutations disrupt a glycosylation pathway, this disorder may be considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation.
It was first described by Happle et al. It is often associated with neurological or skeletal anomalies such as hemiatrophy, dysaesthesia and hyperhidrosis in a segmental pattern, mild mental retardation, seizures, deafness, ptosis and strabismus.
Mutations of the AP1S2 gene cause the Pettigrew syndrome, which is characterized by mental retardation and additional highly variable features, including choreoathetosis, hydrocephalus, Dandy-Walker malformation, seizures, and iron or calcium deposition in the brain.
He became the Associate Director for Research in 1971 and Director of the UCLA Mental Retardation Research Center in 1973, a position he held until 1993. Buchwald died July 14, 2006 in Los Angeles, CA.
In the obsolete medical classification (ICD-9, 1977), these people were said to have "profound mental retardation" or "profound mental subnormality" with IQ under 20. This term is not in use in the United Kingdom.
Mutations in this gene are associated with progressive epilepsy with mental retardation (EPMR), a subtype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Patients with mutations in this gene have altered levels of sphingolipid and phospholipids in the brain.
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and mental retardation (MR),Rosa's Law, Pub. L. 111-256, 124 Stat. 2643 (2010). is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
The main symptoms are given by its name: dry, scaly skin (ichthyosis), absence of hair (atrichia) and excessive sensitivity to light (photophobia). Additional features include short stature, mental retardation, seizures and a tendency for respiratory infections.
SRS was first reported in a 1969 paper published in Clinical Pediatrics by Russell D. Snyder and Arthur Robinson, who described the syndrome as "recessive sex- linked mental retardation in the absence of other recognizable abnormalities".
Deletion of GPR35 gene may be responsible for brachydactyly mental retardation syndrome and is mutated in 2q37 monosomy and 2q37 deletion syndrome. In one study GPR35 has been recognised as a potential oncogene in stomach cancer.
Waldon served in the United States Army from 1956 to 1959. He was appointed as NYS Deputy Commissioner of Human Rights in 1975. He served as counsel in the Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities.
Sternberg, Robert J. (2000). Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. . In the obsolete medical classification (ICD-9, 1977), these people were said to have "moderate mental retardation" or "moderate mental subnormality" with IQ of 35–49.
Senter syndrome is a cutaneous condition characterized by similar skin changes and congenital hearing impairment to keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome, but is associated with glycogen storage leading to hepatomegaly, hepatic cirrhosis, growth failure and mental retardation.
The D2 form is rare, with symptoms including macrocephaly, cardiomyopathy, mental retardation, hypotonia, and cortical blindness. It is caused by recessive mutations in D2HGDH (type I) or by dominant gain-of-function mutations in IDH2 (type II).
In the case of Fragile X syndrome it is thought that the symptoms result from the increased methylation and accompanying reduced expression of the fragile X mental retardation gene in individuals with a sufficient number of repeats.
GABAergic mood stabilizers and anticonvulsive drugs such as gabapentin, lithium, carbamazepine, and divalproex seem to aid in controlling the incidence of outbursts.Bozikas, V., Bascilla, F., Yulis, P., & Savvidou, I. (2001). Gabapentin for Behavioral Dyscontrol with Mental Retardation.
Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by mental retardation, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, eye abnormalities, and highly arched palate.update 2016 It was characterized in 1971; eight cases had been identified as of 1995.
Forness obtained a Senior Fulbright Scholarship to work in Portugal in 1976. He was also the Chief of the Educational Psychology Child Outpatient Department (1970–2003), member of the Mental Retardation Research Center (1970–2003), Professor of Psychiatry (1972–2003), Principal Inpatient Scholar (1976–2003), and Director of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities training program (1985–1992). Forness co-authored the Handbook of Learning Disabilities, Volumes I, II, and III with Kenneth Kavale and Michael Bender, and together with Kavale wrote Science of Learning Disabilities (1985) and Nature of Learning Disabilities (1995).
As of 2010, despite not typically being used in official context, "mental retardation" was still written in many of the United States' laws and documents, considered by many to be outdated. U.S. President Barack Obama replaced the term with "intellectual disability" with the approval of Rosa's Law—which would require these laws and documents to phase out the terms with the "intellectual disability" term. On October 5, 2010, Obama signed S. 2781 into law. Known as Rosa's Law, the bill changed references in federal law; the term mental retardation was replaced by mental disability.
In the mid 1990s, the Massachusetts Department of Mental Retardation launched the second attempt to shut down the center. A judge described the case as a "war of harassment" against Matthew Israel and ruled that the attempt to close the and ordered the state to pay $1.5 million to the JRC in compensation for legal fees and other costs. Additionally, he stripped the agency of its power to regulate the center and awarded it to the courts and the commissioner of the Department of Mental Retardation was forced to resign.
Mutations of ATRX can result in X-linked- alpha-thalassǢmia-mental retardation (ATR-X syndrome). Various types of mutations found in ATRX have been found to be associated with ATR-X, including most commonly single-base missense mutations, as well as nonsense, frameshift, and deletion mutations. Characteristics of ATR-X include: microcephaly, skeletal and facial abnormalities, mental retardation, genital abnormalities, seizures, limited language use and ability, and alpha-thalassemia. The phenotype seen in ATR-X suggests that the mutation of ATRX gene causes the downregulation of gene expression, such as the alpha-globin genes.
When the Dale Rogers Training Center (DRTC) opened in 1953, there were almost no services available to children with developmental disabilities. The families of approximately 20 children with mental retardation banded together to provide mutual support, day care and education.Brandy McDonnell, "Working their way to wholeness" The Oklahoman October 16, 2005 p.1E Although the organization incorporated as the "Oklahoma County Council for Mentally Retarded Children," it adopted its better-known name in honor of film star Dale Evans Rogers, one of the first advocates for persons with mental retardation.
Wilson-Turner syndrome (WTS), also known as mental retardation X linked syndromic 6 (MRXS6), and mental retardation X linked with gynecomastia and obesity is a congenital condition characterized by intellectual disability and associated with childhood-onset obesity. It is found to be linked to the X chromosome and caused by a mutation in the HDAC8 gene, which is located on the q arm at locus 13.1. Individuals with Wilson–Turner syndrome have a spectrum of physical characteristics including dysmorphic facial features, hypogonadism, and short stature. Females generally have milder phenotypes than males.
Atypical Gillespie syndrome associated with bilateral ptosis, exotropia, correctopia, iris hypoplasia, anterior capsular lens opacities, foveal hypoplasia, retinal vascular tortuosity, and retinal hypopigmentation. Neurological signs are nystagmus, mild craniofacial asymmetry, axial hypotonia, developmental delay, and mild mental retardation. Mariën P did not support the prevailing view of a global mental retardation as a cardinal feature of Gillespie syndrome but primarily reflect cerebellar induced neurobehavioral dysfunctions following disruption of the cerebrocerebellar anatomical circuitry that closely resembles the "cerebellar cognitive and affective syndrome" (CeCAS). Congenital pulmonary stenosis and helix dysplasia can be associated.
Advocates say that there are many children and young people who don't fit in (or feel as though they don't), and that a school that fully includes all disabled students feels welcoming to all. Moreover, at least one author has studied the impact a diversified student body has on the general education population and has concluded that students with mental retardation who spend time among their peers show an increase in social skills and academic proficiency.Trainer, M. (1991). Differences in common: Straight talk on mental retardation, Down Syndrome, and life.
4, 2010. As Welfare Secretary, Richman oversaw agency efforts that resulted in an increased percentage of foster children finding permanent homes, a drop in the waiting list for mental-retardation services, improved child-support collection programs, and the creation of the state's first Bureau of Autism. Prior to her job with the state Public Welfare Department, Richman held several offices in Philadelphia, including Managing Director, Director of Social Services, Commissioner of Public Health, and Deputy Commissioner for Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services. Richman resigned as a senior advisor at HUD in 2016.
This gene is located in Xp11.2, a hot spot for X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, however, the full length nature of some variants has not been defined.
Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine. TJC-based treatment planning,Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare. (2002). Accreditation manual for mental health, chemical dependency, and mental retardation/developmental disabilities services: Vol. 1. Standards. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Author.
Book Review: Positive Behavior Support for People with Developmental Disabilities: A Research Synthesis. Mental Retardation 38(5): 465-467. with our Beach Center on Families colleague Dr. Ann Turnbull of the University of Kansas,K.C. Lakin & A. Turnbull. (2005).
The self-injury can increase during times of stress. Self-harm is a distinguishing characteristic of the disease and is apparent in 85% of affected males.Gualtieri, C. Thomas (2002). Brain Injury and Mental Retardation: Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry, p. 257.
Damage to these tissues causes the release of ALP into the bloodstream. Elevated levels can be detected through a blood test. Elevated alkaline phosphate is associated with certain medical conditions or syndromes (e.g., hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome, HPMRS).
Bank-Mikkelsen, N. (1969). Ch. 10: A metropolitan area in Denmark, Copenhagen. In: R.B. Kugel & W. Wolfensberger, Changing Patterns of Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded (now Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2015). Washington, DC: President's Committee on Mental Retardation.
Mirhosseini–Holmes–Walton syndrome is a syndrome which involves retinal degeneration, cataract, microcephaly, and mental retardation. It was first characterized in 1972. There is evidence that this syndrome has a different mutation in the same gene as Cohen syndrome.
The FRAXE site is associated in the development of a form of mental retardation without any distinctive phenotypic features. Seckel syndrome, a genetic disease characterized by low levels of ATR, results in increased instability of chromosomes at fragile sites.
Some scholars disagree with this position. Some Muslim scholars also argue that abortion is permitted if the newborn might be sick in some way that would make its care exceptionally difficult for the parents (e.g. deformities, mental retardation, etc.).
One individual N. americanus can cause 30 μl of blood loss per day. Iron-deficiency anemia can cause mental retardation and growth insufficiency in children. Further, infected patients experience abdominal pain (exacerbated by meals) with diarrhea, bloating, and nausea.
Clinical features include severe mental retardation in all aspects. Most individuals have intellectual disabilities of a range of severity. Progressive deterioration in behavioral development has been recorded. Epilepsy and seizures are found in 30% - 79% of the affected individuals.
In such cases, the signs and symptoms are usually more severe than those starting later in life. In addition to the health problems described above, children with this disorder may have mental retardation and grow more slowly than other children.
Opitz' research and interests, in addition to clinical genetics, have covered a wide spectrum of genetic anomalies with focuses on sex determination and sex differentiation, skeletal dysplasias, mental retardation, human malformations and syndromes and the relationship between evolution and development.
MASA syndrome is named after its four principle features: mental retardation, adducted thumbs (clasped, or brought inwards towards the palm), shuffling gait, and aphasia (a language disability affecting the comprehension and production of speech as well as reading and writing abilities.
Behavioral interventions have been very helpful in reducing problem behaviors in residential treatment centers. The type of residential versus mental retardation does not appear to be a factor. Behavioral interventions have been found to be successful even when medication interventions fail.
Signs which develop during the acute encephalitic stage include neck rigidity, cachexia, hemiparesis, convulsions and a raised body temperature between . Mental retardation is usually developed.Mortality of this disease varies but is generally higher in children. Transplacental spread has been noted.
Mutations in the CSA gene account for about 20% of CS cases. Individuals with CSA and CSB are charactericed by severe postnatal growth and mental retardation and accelerated aging leading to premature death at the age of 12 to 16 years.
Robinson in Bert Combs The Politician, p. 16 Prestonsburg was closer to his wife's home in Knott County. Combs' son Tommy suffered from a form of mental retardation, the result of an injury sustained at birth."Bert Combs Missing, Feared Dead".
Casagrande had served on many editorial boards, including for the Cerebral Cortex, Journal of Comparative Neurology and Visual Neuroscience. She also was an assistant editor for the American Journal on Mental Retardation, Journal of Experimental and Integrative Medicine, and Visual Neuroscience.
In 1963, a doctor studied two female infants who showed symptoms of mental retardation, congenital cataracts, epileptic fits and small stature. The two girls died at the age of 4 and 8 months. The autopsy revealed renal tubular necrosis and encephalopathy.
Mental Retardation in America: A Historical Reader. NYU, 2004, pp. 73–75 Another version recounted that her son's disability was caused by a fall from a window. After their children were born, Victoria divorced her husband and kept his surname.
An advocate for the mentally disabled, Connelly was appointed chairwoman of the Assembly Committee on Mental Health, Mental Retardation, Developmental Disabilities, Alcoholism and Substance Abuse in 1977. Betty Connelly died on May 25, 2006, at her home in Westerleigh, Staten Island.
PAK3 (p21-activated kinase 2, beta-PAK) is one of three members of Group I PAK family of evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinases. PAK3 is preferentially expressed in neuronal cells and involved in synapse formation and plasticity and mental retardation.
The organization, which he and his wife co-founded, assisted parent and self-advocacy groups. He is known for is support of families of children with disabilities Dybwad, Gunnar. (1981). The rediscovery of the family. Mental Retardation, 32(1): 18-30.
Under federal law, any person working as a Qualified Mental Retardation Professional is required to meet the minimum requirements outlined in "Appendix J, Survey Procedures And Interpretive Guidelines For Intermediate Care Facilities For Persons With Mental Retardation." Appendix J (W160 through W163) requires a QMRP to have a bachelor's degree in human services or a related field of study, plus at least one year of experience working with people diagnosed as developmentally disabled. Registered nurses and physicians also qualify to serve as a QMRP. Some states, including California, require a QMRP to be licensed to work in the state.
In California, Developmental Disability means a disability that is attributable to mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism, or disabling conditions found to be closely related to mental retardation or to require treatment similar to that required for individuals with mental retardation. The Developmental Disability shall originate before age eighteen, Be likely to continue indefinitely, and Constitute a substantial disability A “substantial disability” is a condition which results in major impairment of cognitive and/or social functioning, representing sufficient impairment to require interdisciplinary planning and coordination of special or generic services to assist the individual in achieving maximum potential; and the existence of significant functional limitations, as determined by the regional center, in three or more of the following areas of major life activity (Receptive and expressive language, Learning, Self-care, Mobility, Self- direction, Capacity for independent living, and Economic self-sufficiency.) A Developmental Disability does not include handicapping conditions that are, solely psychiatric disorders, solely learning disabilities, or solely physical in nature.
In 1919, Gertrud Hurler, a German pediatrician, described a syndrome involving corneal clouding, skeletal abnormalities, and mental retardation. This became known as Hurler Syndrome. In 1962, a milder variant of Hurler Syndrome was identified by Scheie, leading to the designation of Scheie syndrome.
Thomas Bowling was arrested on April 11, in neighboring Tennessee. His car and a .357 calibre handgun were found hidden at his family's home in rural Kentucky. Bowling's attorneys pursued appeals and clemency on the grounds of potential innocence and mental retardation.
American Journal of Mental Retardation, 97, 145-160.Prizant, B.M. & Wetherby, A.M. (1998). Understanding the continuum of discrete-trial traditional behavioral to social-pragmatic, developmental approaches in communication enhancement for young children with ASD. Seminars in Speech and Language, 19, 329-353.
Toxic levels of phenylalanine accumulate in the brains of patients with phenylketonuria leading to severe brain damage and mental retardation. To prevent brain damage, these individuals can restrict dietary phenylalanine intake by avoiding protein and supplementing their diet with essential amino acids.
The condition is named after Sylvester Sanfilippo, the pediatrician who first described the disease in 1963.Sanfilippo, S. J.; Podosin, R.; Langer, L. O., Jr.; Good, R. A. : Mental retardation associated with acid mucopolysacchariduria (heparitin sulfate type). J. Pediat. 63: 837-838, 1963.
Overactive disorder associated with mental retardation and stereotyped movements is a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) listed in Chapter V (five) of the tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10); its diagnostic code is F84.4.
In addition, self- determination theory could not develop without this conceptual academic base to build upon and critique.Allard, M., Howard, A., Vorderer, L. & Wells, A. (1999). "Ahead of His Time: Selected Speeches of Gunnar Dybwad." Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
The syndrome has also been referred to as Snyder–Robinson X-linked mental retardation syndrome (MRXSSR) and spermine synthase deficiency. SRS exclusively affects males. Only about ten families currently have a child with SRS, and 50 people have been diagnosed worldwide since 1969.
"Mental Retardation", 34(1): 13-26. are operated by community services management (sometimes civil servants) and are separately regulated. All need a state health department approval for federal Medicaid and Medicare. Nurses may be hired as a staff supplement, as may be therapists (e.g.
The transition from stable to unstable occurred between 46 and 52 repeats. The instability increases the likelihood of fragile-X mental retardation. The repeats have a tendency to expand in transmission through meiosis. The size of the repeat correlates with severity of the disease.
A lack of social networking predisposes people to mental illness.Salvador-Carulla, L.; Rodríguez-Blázquez, C.; Velázquez, R.; García, R. (1999). "Trastornos psiquiátricos en retraso mental: Evaluación y diagnóstico" ["Psychiatric Disorders in Mental Retardation: Assessment and Diagnosis"]. Revista Electrónica de Psiquiatría. 3. pp. 1–17.
Rucker, L. (1987). A difference you can see: One example of services to persons with severe mental retardation in the community. In: S. Taylor, D. Biklen, & J. Knoll (Eds.), "Community integration for people with severe disabilities". (pp. 109-128). NY, NY: Teachers College Press.
A productive cure is still unavailable to prevent the brain degeneration associated with ataxia. Oculomotor ataxia accompanies gait ataxia which causes dysarthria, muscle weakness, loss of joint position sense and limb dysmetria. In some cases, patients have shown mental retardation and loss of myelinated axons.
A larger isodicentric chromosome 15 can result in weak muscle tone (hypotonia), mental retardation, seizures, and behavioral problems. Signs and symptoms of autism (a developmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction) have also been associated with the presence of an isodicentric chromosome 15.
University Park Press () Michael J. Begab, H. Carl Haywood, Howard L. Garber (1982) Psychosocial Influences in Retarded Performance (Nichd-Mental Retardation Research Centers Series). Univ Park Press () H. Carl Haywood, David Tzuriel (1991). Interactive Assessment. Springer () H. Carl Haywood, Penelope Brooks, Susan Burns(1992).
The syndrome causes cerebellar ataxia (balance and coordination problems), mental retardation, congenital cataracts in early childhood, muscle weakness, inability to chew food, thin brittle fingernails, and sparse hair.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .
Hospital in 1904 The Iowa Institution for Feeble-Minded Children was a psychiatric hospital for the treatment of what was then known as mental retardation located in the Loess Hills adjacent to Glenwood, Iowa. The facility is now known as the Glenwood Resource Center.
Volume II. Field Manual. Downsview, Toronto, Canada: National Institute on Mental Retardation. Normalization theory arose in the early 1970s, towards the end of the institutionalisation period in the US; it is one of the strongest and long lasting integration theories for people with severe disabilities.
Deaton is married to Anne Deaton, an adjunct professor in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of Missouri and a former Director of the Missouri Division of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. The Deatons have four children and seven grandchildren.
In 1962, the panel published a report with 112 recommendations to better serve the mentally ill. In conjunction with the Joint Commission on Mental Health and Health, the Presidential Panel of Mental Retardation, and Kennedy's influence, two important pieces of legislation were passed in 1963: the Maternal and Child Health and Mental Retardation Planning Amendments, which increased funding for research on the prevention of retardation, and the Community Mental Health Act, which provided funding for community facilities that served people with mental disabilities. Both acts furthered the process of deinstitutionalization. However, less than a month after signing the new legislation, JFK was assassinated and could not see the plan through.
A founder of the National Association for Retarded Children (now known as The Arc of the United States), she served as the Association's first woman President. Throughout her career, she remained involved with The Arc's Governmental Affairs Committee and its activities. She was appointed by John F. Kennedy to serve on the President's Panel on Mental Retardation and as Vice-Chair of The Task Force on the Law, 1961–1963, and on the President's Committee on Mental Retardation. Working with the International League of Societies for the Mentally Handicapped, she was a principal author of the United Nations Declaration of General and Special Rights of the Mentally Retarded.
Generally, the majority of individuals with creatine transporter defect express the following symptoms with varying levels of severity: developmental delay and regression, mental retardation, and abnormalities in expressive and cognitive speech. However, several studies have shown a wider variety of symptoms including, but not limited to attention deficit and hyperactivity with impulsivity, myopathy, hypotonia, semantic-pragmatic language disorder, oral dyspraxia, extrapyramidal movement disorder, constipation, absent speech development, seizures, and epilepsy. Furthermore, symptoms can significantly vary between hemizygous males and heterozygous females, although, symptoms are generally more severe in hemizygous males. Hemizygous males more commonly express seizures, growth deficiency, severe mental retardation, and severe expressive language impairment.
Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATRX), also called alpha- thalassemia X-linked mental retardation, nondeletion type or ATR-X syndrome, is an X-linked recessive condition associated with a mutation in the ATRX gene. Males with this condition tend to be moderately intellectually disabled and have physical characteristics including coarse facial features, microcephaly (small head size), hypertelorism (widely spaced eyes), a depressed nasal bridge, a tented upper lip and an everted lower lip. Mild or moderate anemia, associated with alpha-thalassemia, is part of the condition. Females with this mutated gene have no specific signs or features, but if they do, they may demonstrate skewed X chromosome inactivation.
President John F. Kennedy signing the act The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 (CMHA) (also known as the Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, Mental Retardation Facilities and Construction Act, Public Law 88-164, or the Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963) was an act to provide federal funding for community mental health centers and research facilities in the United States. This legislation was passed as part of John F. Kennedy's New Frontier. It led to considerable deinstitutionalization. In 1955, Congress passed the Mental Health Study Act, leading to the establishment of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Mental Health.
The long-term goal of Chen's research is to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie synapse function during behavior in the developing and mature brain, and how synapse function is altered during mental retardation. Chen discovered an important role of retinoic acid in synaptic scaling.
This case study also acknowledged how HGF can be part of a multi-system syndrome associated with disorders such as Zimmermann Laband syndrome (ear, nose, bone, and nail defects with hepatosplenomegaly), Rutherford syndrome (microphthalmia, mental retardation, athetosis, and hypopigmentation), Murray- Puretic Drescher syndrome and Ramon syndrome.
"Attitudes Regarding Interpersonal Relationships with Persons with Mental Illness and Mental Retardation". Journal of Rehabilitation. 70. pp. 50-57. Social deprivation is difficult to dissect because certain issues that may be considered outcomes of social exclusion may also be factored into causes of social stigma.Hobcraft, J. (2002).
Characteristic features of type III tyrosinemia include mild mental retardation, seizures, and periodic loss of balance and coordination (intermittent ataxia). Type III tyrosinemia is very rare; only a few cases have been reported. Pathophysiology of metabolic disorders of tyrosine, resulting in elevated levels of tyrosine in blood.
Two groups of artists operate in Kenafayim: a group of artists struggling with mental illnesses and a group of artists with mental retardation. The artistic activity in Kenafayim focuses on theater, music, visual art, cinema and writing, and it takes place every day in the morning.
Mutations in MED12 are responsible for at least two different forms of X-linked dominant mental retardation, Lujan-Fryns syndrome and FG syndrome, as well as instances of prostate cancer. Mutations in MED12 are associated with uterine leiomyomas and breast fibroepithelial tumors (e.g. fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumors).
The Independent. London. In his 1988 book, City Shadows: Psychological Interventions in Psychiatry, Mindell presented his approach to psychiatric disorders, drug addiction and mental retardation. The book provides verbatim case studies describing interventions focused on the meaning of the patient's unusual communication, including non-verbal signals.
ACSL1 is known to be involved in fatty-acid metabolism critical for heart function and nonspecific mental retardation. Since the ACSL4 gene is highly expressed in brain, where it encodes a brain specific isoform, an ASCL1 mutation may be an efficient diagnostic tool in mentally retarded males.
Rising Stars 40 Under 40: Dan Halloran , City & State N.Y., September 28, 2010. Halloran sat on the Fire & Criminal Justice, Public Safety, Land Use (including Landmarks, Public Siting & Maritime Uses sub- committee), Public Housing, and Mental Health, Mental Retardation, Alcoholism, Drug Abuse and Disability Services committees.
MNRH is the teaching hospital of Makerere University College of Health Sciences. He is a leading authority on Nodding disease, an ill- understood pediatric mental condition, characterized by seizures, mental retardation and stunted growth. The cause remains unknown and there was no known cure, as of 2019.
MEB was first discovered in Finland. In 1978, a patient from Finland showed symptoms including congenital muscular weakness, severe myopia, glaucoma, optical malformation, mental retardation, retinal hypoplasia, etc. In 1980, 14 more people with similar symptoms were identified in Finland. Similar cases were also published in 1989.
Presenting at birth, features of the disorder include moderately severe IUGR, microcephaly, craniosynostosis, moderately severe post uterine growth retardation, deafness, deep set eyes, cryptorchidism, truncal obesity and acanthosis nigricans, small teeth, prognathism, dislocated radial heads without generalized skeletal dysplasia, however, tall vertebrae, moderate mental retardation, hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, hypoparathyroidism.
The appendage on X-rays variously appeared as a prominent protrusion of the coccyx. On a physical examination, the appendage resembles a nodule-like stub of an animal tail.Finn and Lynch (2006), illustration, p. 243. Deficiencies such as mental retardation, learning disability, growth retardation and developmental delay are common.
Bhola founded Spastic Society of Gurgaon and is serving as its president, Spastic Society of Gurgaon is providing free of cost occupational therapy, medical care, speech therapy, special education, parents counselling, vocational training, rehabilitation, employment and medical insurance for children with autism, cerebral palsy, mental retardation and multiple disabilities.
Opened in 1946, the Mexia State Supported Living Center in unincorporated Limestone County is located west of Mexia and serves 12 counties. It was the first school for persons with mental retardation opened outside the immediate Austin area. The campus serves approximately 260 people. The average age is 37.
Beyond further describing the aetiology of epilepsy, Ingrid has worked to characterise new epilepsy syndromes, from infancy to adulthood, which have permitted appropriate treatment and diagnosis, such as Dravet Syndrome and Epilepsy limited to Females with Mental Retardation. Her work also provides for more accurate genetic reproductive counselling.
As deinstitutionalization policies in the US moved toward the development of community services,Hayden, M. & DePaepe, P. (1994). Waiting for community services: The impact on persons with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities. In: M. Hayden & B. Abery (Eds.), "Challenges for a service system in transition." (pp. 173-206).
This condition, which occurs almost exclusively in males, disrupts development from before birth. It is named eponymously for William Allan, Florence C. Dudley, and C. Nash Herndon. Allan- Herndon-Dudley syndrome is a rare disorder of brain development that causes moderate to severe mental retardation and problems with movement.
Smith, G. (1990). Supportive Living: New Directions in Services for People with Developmental Disabilities. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Retardation Program Directors. , were partners in the institution to community movement which included the "reallocation of some funds toward support and services for community living options" (Prince, 2002).
This classification is subjective and patients with complex HSPs are sometimes diagnosed as having cerebellar ataxia with spasticity, mental retardation (with spasticity), or leukodystrophy. Some of the genes listed below have been described in other diseases than HSP before. Therefore, some key genes overlap with other disease groups.
Wolfensberger, W. (1983). Social role valorization: A proposed new term for the principle of normalization. Mental Retardation, 21, 234-9. This theory retains most aspects of normalization concentrating on socially valued roles and means, in socially valued contexts to achieve integration and other core quality of life values.
Nance–Horan syndrome is a rare X linked syndrome characterized by congenital cataract leading to profound vision loss, characteristic dysmorphic features and dental anomalies. Microcornea, microphthalmia and mild or moderate mental retardation may accompany these features. Heterozygous females often manifest similarly but with less severe features than affected males.
Paramethadione is associated with various adverse effects including sedation, increased visual sensitivity to light, GI distress, edema, nephropathy, neutropenia, myasthenia gravis-like syndrome, fatal aplastic anemia, and severe birth defects known as fetal trimethadione syndrome (or paramethadione syndrome).Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes - Retrieved January 2007.
Mutations in CENPJ are associated with Seckel syndrome type 4 and primary autosomal recessive microcephaly, a disorder characterized by severely reduced brain size and mental retardation. Interestingly, CENPJ interacts with other microcephaly aossciated proteins such as WDR62 and both coordinate a regulatory function neocortical development and brain growth.
The National Center for Biotechnology, Pachygyria with Mental Retardation and SeizuresOmim Entry - % 600176 - Pachygyria With Mental Retardation, Seizures, And Arachnoid Cysts MRI showing the abnormal infolding of the perisylvian region typical of this syndrome. The abnormality is due to polymicrogyria. Additional research projects include the development of a watch sensor to detect convulsive seizures.. Kuzniecky continues to work on the Analysis of the Epilepsy Genome Phenome project through the EPi4K Genomic Discovery team. In addition, Kuzniecky, in conjunction with Dr. Daniel Lowenstein and Dr. Jacqueline French, launched the Human Epilepsy Project (HEP).Human Epilepsy Project (HEP) This project, involving 30 sites, aims to recruit 500 patients with new onset epilepsy and follow them up for seven years.
Apart from the work with her husband, Dybwad joined the board of directors for the International League of Societies for Persons with Mental Handicaps in 1966 and remained with the International League in 1978. Dybwad also wrote three editions of the International Directory of Mental Retardation Resources between 1971 to 1989.
Such mutations in MT-TN resulted in a failure in oxidative phosphorylation and protein synthesis of the mitochondria. In addition, a 5728A>G transition of MT-TN was found to result in a combined deficiency of complex I and IV, with symptoms of failure to thrive, renal failure, and mental retardation.
Washington, DC. and in the ICD-10. The DSM-IV-TR includes ten subcategories of disorders including mental retardation, Learning Disorders, Motor Skills Disorders, Communication Disorders, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Tic Disorders, Elimination Disorders, and Other Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence.
Furthermore, the third gene downstream of CXorf26, ZDHHC15, which when mutated, causes mental retardation X-linked type 91. One noteworthy gene located nearby is Xist, which plays a role in the inactivation process of the X chromosome. X inactivation relates to CXorf26, and is discussed below in the relevant research section.
Pilotto syndrome is a rare syndrome which affects the face, heart, and back. The syndrome can cause a cleft lip and palate, scoliosis, and mental retardation. The Office of Rare Diseases and National Institutes of Health have classified this syndrome as affecting less than 200,000 people in the United States.
Lenz–Majewski syndrome (LMS), also known as Lenz–Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism (LMHD), is a skin condition characterized by hyperostosis, craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, dwarfism, cutis laxa, proximal symphalangism, syndactyly, brachydactyly, mental retardation, enamel hypoplasia and hypertelorism.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .
In addition to biological, psychological and physical deficits, like hearing loss, mental retardation, motor deficits, neurological or psychiatric disorders, impairment in auditory system, as well as inability to extract linguistic features and impairment in representational or symbolic reasoning, there are other individual factors that could act as barriers to L2 acquisition.
In 2014, 667 cases were reported. The benefit of measles vaccination in preventing illness, disability, and death have been well documented. Within the first 20 years of being licensed in the U.S., measles vaccination prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths.
Mr. and Mrs. Su, elderly, married first-cousins who live together in Beijing, take care of their twenty-eight-year-old daughter Beibei who has mental retardation and cerebral palsy. While having breakfast, they receive a call from Mrs. Fong, who suspects that her husband is having an affair; Mrs.
Hyperactivity is common, and seizures occur in about 10%. Males are usually more affected than females. Fragile X syndrome has an X-linked dominant inheritance. It is typically caused by an expansion of the CGG triplet repeat within the FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) gene on the X chromosome.
Angiokeratomas, an increased coarsening of facial features, and mild intellectual impairment are likely symptoms. Type III is considered an intermediate disorder. Symptoms vary and can include to be more severe with seizures and mental retardation, or less severe with delayed speech, a mild autistic like presentation, and/or behavioral problems.
The Institute has long- term partnerships with foreign organizations working in this field. The partners are the Society of Friends of Dr. Haas, Germany, German National League of assistance to persons with mental retardation LEBENSHILFE, the Association of assistance companies to the disabled with intellectual disabilities ADAPEI AM, France, and others.
She was on the Texas State Advisory Council for Construction of Community Mental Health Centers and served on the board of the Heart of Texas Region Mental Health and Mental Retardation Center. Vivienne Malone-Mayes was a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and served as President of Waco Alumnae Chapter.
US Department of Health and Human Sciences (2007) Mental Health & Mental Disorders: Terminology Confusion often surrounds the ways and contexts in which these terms are used.Economic and Social Research Council Mental Health and Mental Illness in the UK Mental disorders are generally classified separately to neurological disorders, learning disabilities or mental retardation.
However, given Rac1's role in glucose transport, drugs that inhibits Rac1 could potentially be harmful to glucose homeostasis. Dominant negative or constitutively active germline RAC1 mutations cause diverse phenotypes that have been grouped together as Mental Retardation Type 48. Most mutations cause microcephaly while some specific changes appear to result in macrocephaly.
In individuals with Down Syndrome, GARS expression continues until at least seven weeks after birth. This suggests that GARS may be a main contributor to the development of Down Syndrome. However, so far no mutations to GARS have been identified that could change its function and cause Down Syndrome related mental retardation.
A longtime advocate for children's health and disability issues, Shriver championed the creation of the President's Panel on Mental Retardation in 1961. The panel was significant in the movement from institutionalization to community integration in the US and throughout the world.Braddock, D. (February 2010). Honoring Eunice Kennedy Shriver's legacy in intellectual disability.
BFP appears to be a symmetrical polymicrogyria that extends anteriorly from the frontal poles to the posterior precentral gyrus, and inferiorly to the frontal operculum. Patients who had polymicrogyria distribution similar to this also experienced similar symptoms including delayed motor and language developments, spastic hemiparesis or quadriparesis, and forms of mild mental retardation.
He was born in Pomona, California. His father was a child psychiatrist specializing in mental retardation, and ran a state hospital. As a child, Tarjan read a lot of science fiction, and wanted to be an astronomer. He became interested in mathematics after reading Martin Gardner's mathematical games column in Scientific American.
Olmstead v. L.C.. was a case before the United States Supreme Court in 1999. The two plaintiffs L.C. and E.W. were institutionalized in Georgia for diagnosed mental retardation and schizophrenia. Clinical assessments by the state determined that the plaintiffs could be appropriately treated in a community setting rather than the state institution.
Wolfensberger, W. & Zauha, H. (1973). Citizen Advocacy and protective services for the impaired and handicapped. Toronto, ON: National Institute on Mental Retardation. (See also Wolf Wolfensberger.) A central idea on which this practice is based is that the devaluation of a person or group by society has profoundly negative effects on their lives.
LCPS offers a wide range of Special Education programs for students who have minor learning disabilities to those with mild to moderate mental retardation in most schools. If a student is severely mentally impaired, he or she attends a special county wide program at Loudoun County High School or Heritage High School.
Anne had three younger sisters, two of whom were Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-Lyon, who were institutionalized from 1941 for severe mental retardation. Anne's paternal grandfather was Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, father of her aunt Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, who was born Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon.
The combination of muscular hypotonia and fixed dilated pupils in infancy is suspicious of Gillespie syndrome. Early onset partial aniridia, cerebellar ataxia, and mental retardation are hallmark of syndrome. The iris abnormality is specific and seems pathognomonic of Gillespie syndrome. The aniridia consisting of a superior coloboma and inferior iris hypoplasia, foveomacular dysplasia.
Hurler–Scheie syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the buildup of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in various organ tissues. It is a cutaneous condition, also characterized by mild mental retardation and corneal clouding. Respiratory problems, sleep apnea, and heart disease may develop in adolescence. Hurler-Scheie syndrome is classified as a lysosomal storage disease.
CYFIP2 has been shown to interact with FMR1. CYFIP2 is a p-53 inducible protein and also interacts with the Fragile=X mental retardation protein.Schenck, A., Bardoni, B., Moro, A., Bagni, C., Mandel, J.-L. (2001) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 8844-8849.
Surveyor nuclease assay has been used to detect germline mutations in human genes. For example, ATRX for X-linked mental retardation, and the HBB gene linked to β-thalassemia. The assay has also been used to detect mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations associated with respiratory chain defects, and mutations associated with kidney disease.
Ethical and legal problems in rehabilitation and medicine. In: The Changing Rehabilitation World: Into the 21st Century (pp.10-15). NY, NY: United Cerebral Palsy of New York City, Inc. From 1964 to 1967, Dybwad and his wife directed the "mental retardation project" of the International Union of Child Welfare, Geneva, Switzerland.
While there are 50 states, 19 don't allow the death penalty under any circumstance, making 21 out of 31 a clear majority of the death penalty states. In light of the "consistency of direction of change" toward a prohibition on the execution of the mentally retarded, and the relative rarity of such executions in states that still allow it, the Court proclaimed that a "national consensus has developed against it." The Court, however, left it to individual states to make the difficult decision regarding what determines mental retardation. Also, the "relationship between mental retardation and the penological purposes served by the death penalty" justifies a conclusion that executing the mentally retarded is cruel and unusual punishment that the Eighth Amendment should forbid.
Warkany syndrome 1 was an X-chromosome linked recessive genetic condition originally described by Joseph Warkany in 1961 as part of an article on intrauterine growth retardation \- the condition is no longer diagnosed. The family history was consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance of intrauterine growth retardation and small head size, but these features are not unique to this condition and no linkage to a specific gene was ever established. In fact, the condition appears to have been abandoned, given that the OMIM number (308400) assigned to it () and listed in a review article on X-linked mental retardation has been removed from the OMIM database. Furthermore, this condition is no longer mentioned in a more recent review of X-linked mental retardation.
The CVLT-CDelis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1994). CVLT-C: California Verbal Learning Test. is usually administered to children aged 5–16 to evaluate mild to severe learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, mental retardation and other neurological disorders. It also provides information for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders.
Certain mutations, like GLY286ASP and a 3-bp deletion in ILE435/436, cause Stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects (SDCHCN), a rare form of stomatocytosis characterized by episodic hemolytic anemia, cold-induced red cells cation leak, erratic hyperkalemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, hepatosplenomegaly, cataracts, seizures, mental retardation, and movement disorder. Inheritance of this disease is autosomal dominant.
No direct correlation has been found between GAPO syndrome and mental retardation, though cases of individuals having both have been reported. Due to the severity of the phenotype, GAPO syndrome can be diagnosed very early on. Most cases can be diagnosed by 6 months of age, and most symptoms will be apparent by age 2.
Sensorineural hearing loss can be managed with the use of hearing aids and educational services designated for the hearing impaired. Special education, specialized counseling methods and occupational therapy designed for those with mental retardation have proven to be effective, for both the patient and their families. This, too, is carefully considered for JBS patients.
Lockridge was a member of the 60th Texan legislature. He received committee assignments to the Education, House State Affairs, Federal Relations, Mental Retardation and Penitentiary committees. His legislative focus was on mental health. His primary legislative accomplishment was a law that created halfway houses to aid recovering mental health patients in re- integrating into communities.
Occasional multisystem disorders accompanied by exercise intolerance may arise as well, in forms of deafness, mental retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, growth retardation, and epilepsy. Other phenotypes include mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, mitochondrial myopathy, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, muscle weakness, myoglobinuria, blood acidosis, renal tubulopathy, and more. Complex III deficiency is known to be rare among mitochondrial diseases.
Schuster, J. W., Griffen, A. K., & Wolery, M. (1992). Comparison of simultaneous prompting and constant time delay procedures in teaching sight words to elementary students with moderate mental retardation. Journal of Behavioral Education, 2, 305-325. For this procedure, the same prompt is given during every session (a controlling prompt; similar to CTD & PTD).
Diagnosis is based on appearance and family history. KID syndrome or keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans have some similar symptoms and must be eliminated.Boente M del, Bibas-Bonet H, Coronel AM, Asial RA; Atrichia, ichthyosis, follicular hyperkeratosis, chronic candidiasis, keratitis, seizures, mental retardation and inguinal hernia: a severe manifestation of IFAP syndrome?, European Journal of Dermatology.
Mutations in the BRAF gene can cause disease in two ways. First, mutations can be inherited and cause birth defects. Second, mutations can appear later in life and cause cancer, as an oncogene. Inherited mutations in this gene cause cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, a disease characterized by heart defects, mental retardation and a distinctive facial appearance.
The impetus for this mass deinstitutionalization was typically complaints of systematic abuse of the patients by staff and others responsible for the care and treatment of this traditionally vulnerable population with media and political exposes and hearings.Blatt, B. & Kaplan, F. (1974). "Christmas in Purgatory: A Photographic Essay on Mental Retardation". Syracuse, NY: Human Policy Press.
Onset : Early childhood Progression: Chronic progressive Clinical: Cerebellar ataxia plus syndrome / Optic Atrophy Plus Syndrome Ocular: Optic atrophy, nystagmus, scotoma, and bilateral retrobulbar neuritis. Other: Mental retardation, myoclonic epilepsy, spasticity, and posterior column sensory loss. Tremor in some cases. Musculoskeletal Contractures, lower limbs, Achilles tendon contractures, Hamstring contractures, Adductor longus contractures Systemic Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.
McLaughlin, M., Blacher, J., Duffy, S., Hardman, M., McDonnell, J., Nisbet, J., Safer, N., & Snell, M. (2005). Effective education in the least restrictive environment. In: K.C. Lakin & A. Turnbull, National Goals and Research for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Washington, DC: The Arc of the US and the American Association on Mental Retardation.
It is characterized by developmental defects including cryptophthalmos (where the eyelids fail to separate in each eye), and malformations in the genitals (such as micropenis, cryptorchidism or clitoromegaly). Congenital malformations of the nose, ears, larynx and renal system, as well as mental retardation, manifest occasionally. Syndactyly (fused fingers or toes) has also been noted.
However, the most credible intelligence test rated Couey's IQ at 78, above the standard accepted level of mental retardation, which is 70. On August 24, 2007, Couey was sentenced to death, in addition to three consecutive life sentences. However, on September 30, 2009, before the sentences could be carried out, Couey died of natural causes.
In December 2010, the district administration reported that 496 pupils or 12% of the district's pupils received Special Education services. Of the identified students, 52% had specific learning disabilities. In 2009, the district administration reported that 521 pupils or 13% of the district's pupils received Special Education services. Among them 9% had mental retardation.
In addition, other critical aspects were paid work, vocational choices, employer development, school to work transition to job sites, and involvement of parents in the employment process.Wehman, P. & Moon, S. (1985). Critical values in employment programs for persons with developmental disabilities. In: P. Wehman & M. Hill, "Competitive Employment for Persons with Mental Retardation, from Research to Practice, Volume 1".
Fountain syndrome is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by mental retardation, deafness, skeletal abnormalities and a coarse face with full lips. The abnormal swelling of the cheeks and lips are due to the excessive accumulation of body fluids under the skin. The deafness is due to malformation of the cochlea structure within the inner ear.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. page 10-11 Warren became Vice Chancellor, Health Services in 1962 at UCLA. From 1963 to 1965 he served as special assistant to President John F. Kennedy and later Lyndon B. Johnson on mental retardation. Returning to UCLA in 1965, he became professor emeritus, a position he held until his death in 1981.
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a hereditary condition characterized by cellular hypersensitivity to DNA cross- linking agents. A dominant negative mutation in the Rad51 gene has been reported to give rise to an FA-like phenotype with features of mental retardation. This report included evidence that Rad51-mediated homologous recombinational repair likely has an important role in neurodevelopment.
Birk-Barel syndrome is a rare genetic disorder associated with the KCNK9 gene. Signs and symptoms include mental retardation, hypotonia, hyperactivity, and syndromic facies. Due to imprinting, mutations in the maternal copy of KCNK9 cause the condition, while mutations in the paternal copy do not. As such, this condition can only be inherited from the mother.
In: V.J. Bradley, J. Knoll, & J.M. Agosta, Emerging issues in family support. (pp.9-56). Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation. The field then was challenged in the 1990s to broaden approaches to families, including gendered caring,Traustadottir, R. (1991). The meaning of care in the lives of mothers of children with disabilities. (pp. 185-194).
FACL4 was the gene shown to be involved in nonspecific mental retardation and fatty-acid metabolism. Since the ASCL4 gene is highly expressed in brain, where it encodes a brain specific isoform, a FACL4 mutation may be an efficient diagnostic tool in mentally retarded males. FACL4was discovered to bedeleted in a family with Alport syndrome and elliptocytosis.
Dymeclin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYM gene. This gene encodes a protein which is necessary for normal skeletal development and brain function. Mutations in this gene are associated with two types of recessive osteochondrodysplasia, Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC) dysplasia and Smith- McCort (SMC) dysplasia, which involve both skeletal defects and mental retardation.
Type 1 and 2 are both linked with mental retardation. Severe cases can develop life-threatening complications early in childhood. Because the major accumulating glycoconjugate in fucosidosis patients is the blood group H-antigen, it is intriguing to speculate, but the evidence is not clear at this time, that blood type may affect the course of the disease.
From her experience in caring for Laith, Sarah promoted public awareness of mental retardation and wrote a book of her movement: The Story of Laith and His Life After Encephalitis. She also wrote Folktales from the City of the Golden Dome, a compilation of Iraqi folktales. Also known as Mohammad Fadhil Jamali and Mohammed Fadhil Jamali.
Spondyloperipheral dysplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder of bone growth. The condition is characterized by flattened bones of the spine (platyspondyly) and unusually short fingers and toes (brachydactyly). Some affected individuals also have other skeletal abnormalities, short stature, nearsightedness (myopia), hearing loss, and mental retardation. Spondyloperipheral dysplasia is a subtype of collagenopathy, types II and XI.
KIAA0895L has been shown to be up regulatedNCBI GEO (National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus) in lymphoblastoid cells from males with autism that is caused by an expansion of a CGG repeat in the promoter region of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene located at Xq27.3 as well as in cells with a 15q11-q13 mutation.
The goal of behavior analytic research is to provide methods for reducing the overall number of children who fall into the retardation range of development by behavioral engineering.Bijou, S.W. (1983). The prevention of mild and moderate retarded development. In F.J. Menolascino, R. Neman & J.A. Stark (Eds.) Curative aspects of mental retardation: Biomedical and behavioral advances. (pp. 223–241).
In addition, homocystinuria is a hereditary disease caused by the deficiency of L-serine dehydratase. Its symptoms include mental retardation, death, atherosclerosis, and coronary thrombosis as well as dislocation of the eye lens. Homocystinuria is a disease characterized by high urine and plasma levels of homocysteine. L-Serine dehydratase condenses homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine.
The first case of the MASA Syndrome was found in a boy in Asia. The patient was a 10-year-old boy with symptoms like, mild mental retardation, bilateral adducted thumbs and corpus callosum hypoplasia. His family didn’t have any history with MASA syndrome. There is not just one specific doctor or scientist for this disorder.
The gene Auts2 is also regulated by TBR1. The autism susceptibility candidate 2 gene (Auts2) is a marker of frontal identity in the developing cortex and has been linked to mental retardation and autism. Auts2 is a target of the transcription factor, TBR1, in the neocortex. TBR1 is involved in both the binding and activation of the Auts2 gene.
This change in language was instituted to lay emphasis that "mentally ill person" means a person who is in need for treatment by reason of any mental disorder other than mental retardation. # For ensuring compliance and safety of women, stricter penalties were introduced for MTPs being conducted in unapproved sites or by untrained medical providers by the Act.
Marshall-Smith Syndrome, discovered in 1971 (Marshall, Graham, Scott, Boner, & Smith), is characterized by unusual accelerated skeletal maturation (usually starting before birth) and symptoms like conspicuous physical characteristics, respiratory difficulties, and mental retardation. Cases described in the literature show a clinical variability regarding related symptoms. For instance, respiratory difficulties are ranging from absent to severe difficulties.
Gregory, Psychological Testing (2011), p. 50–56. From this test, Terman concluded that mental retardation "represents the level of intelligence which is very, very common among Spanish-Indians and Mexican families of the Southwest and also among negroes. Their dullness seems to be racial."Guthrie, Even the Rat was White (1998), Chapter 3: "Psychometric Scientism" (pp.
In 1919, Gertrud Hurler, a German pediatrician, described a syndrome involving corneal clouding, skeletal abnormalities, and mental retardation. A similar disease of "gargoylism" had been described in 1917 by Charles A. Hunter. Hurler did not mention Hunter's paper. Because of the communications interruptions caused by World War I, it is likely that she was unaware of his study.
Language abilities in Williams syndrome: A critical review. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 97–127 and Mervis and BecceraMervis, C. B., & Beccera, A. M. (2007). Language and communicative development in Williams Syndrome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13, 3–15 demonstrated that language abilities in WS are no more than would be predicted by non-linguistic abilities.
The Director of the National Institute of Mental Health convened an ad hoc panel to fast track funding for Reiss's conference. In 1987 he published the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior, which became the leading method in North America for screening for dual diagnosis.Reiss, S. (1990). The development of a screening measure for psychopathology in people with mental retardation.
Xaa-Pro dipeptidase is a cytosolic dipeptidase that hydrolyzes dipeptides with proline or hydroxyproline at the carboxy terminus (but not Pro-Pro). It is important in collagen metabolism because of the high levels of imino acids. Mutations at the PEPD locus cause prolidase deficiency. This is characterised by Iminodipeptidurea, skin ulcers, mental retardation and recurrent infections.
Comprehensive health support and health promotion. (pp.109-124). In: K. C. Lakin & A. Turnbull, National Goals and Research for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Washington, DC: The Arc of the US and American Association on Mental Retardation. In addition, mental health, behavioral, communication and crisis needs may need to be planned for and addressed.
A study by Leao-Teles et al. has shown that De Barsy syndrome may be related to mutations in ATP6V0A2 gene, known as ATP6V0A2-CDG by the new naming system. Alternative names for De Barsy syndrome include corneal clouding-cutis laxa-mental retardation, cutis laxa-growth deficiency syndrome, De Barsy–Moens–Diercks syndrome, and progeroid syndrome of De Barsy.
Nos Pilifs centre is a pre-primary and primary school with specialized education for children with pervasive developmental disorders (specialized in type 3 – autism) or with mental retardation or deficiency. The school is part of the non-confessional network. Nos Pilifs centre provides multidisciplinary care in speech therapy, psychomotor education, occupational therapy, physiotherapy and behavioural psychology.
Dr. Kriek was born in Leiden and obtained her doctorate in Biomedical Science at Leiden University in 2002. Her graduate studies included mutation screening in the mentally retarded. Dr. Kriek's subsequent research interests similarly focussed on the diagnosis and clinical significance of genomic imbalances and micro rearrangements as the causes of developmental delay, mental retardation and congenital syndromes.
Furthermore, proteinuria, urinary casts, azotemia, and metastatic calcification (especially in the kidneys) may develop. Other symptoms of vitamin D toxicity include mental retardation in young children, abnormal bone growth and formation, diarrhea, irritability, weight loss, and severe depression. Vitamin D toxicity is treated by discontinuing vitamin D supplementation and restricting calcium intake. Kidney damage may be irreversible.
Cafe au lait spots As the cases reported are few in number, and the phenotype expression for ring chromosome 15 syndrome occurs over a wider spectrum; the cells of patients could have different levels of mosaicism. Ring chromosome 15 is associated with growth delay due to insulin-like growth factor I resistance. Common features include growth delay, mental retardation and congenital malformation. Of 25 studies examined by Butler MG, all cases reported growth deficiency, 95% of cases showed varied levels of mental retardation, and 88% of the patients showed microcephaly. Besides those top 3 symptoms that are found most frequently, other symptoms include: Delayed bone age (7%), Hypertelorism (46%), Brachydactyly (44%), Triangular face (42%), Speech delay (39%),Frontal bossing (36%), Anomalous ear (30%), Café-au-lait spots (30%), Cryptorchidism (30%) and Cardiac abnormalities (30%).
This condition was first described in 1999.Christianson AL, Stevenson RE, van der Meyden CH, Pelser J, Theron FW, van Rensburg PL, Chandler M, Schwartz CE (1999) X linked severe mental retardation, craniofacial dysmorphology, epilepsy, ophthalmoplegia, and cerebellar atrophy in a large South African kindred is localised to Xq24-q27. J Med Genet 36:759–766 The causative mutation was discovered in 2008.Gilfillan GD, Selmer KK, Roxrud I, Smith R, Kyllerman M, Eiklid K, Kroken M, Mattingsdal M, Egeland T, Stenmark H, Sjøholm H, Server A, Samuelsson L, Christianson A, Tarpey P, Whibley A, Stratton MR, Futreal PA, Teague J, Edkins S, Gecz J, Turner G, Raymond FL, Schwartz C, Stevenson RE, Undlien DE, Strømme P (2008) SLC9A6 mutations cause X-linked mental retardation, microcephaly, epilepsy, and ataxia, a phenotype mimicking Angelman syndrome.
" In further support of her ruling, Gabriel allowed and gave weight to testimony from untrained lay people whose statements were of anecdotal nature and unreliable. One such witness was Clark's former landlord, who readily admitted she had memory problems, who testified that she believed that Clark's ability to pay his own bills, barter chores for rent reduction and capacity to play card games similar to Uno, meant he could not be retarded. This was in direct conflict with the Texas Persons With Mental Retardation Act which dictates, "'Person with mental retardation' means a person determined by a physician or psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the department to have subaverage general intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive behavior.' That is, only a licensed physician or psychologist may determine who's mentally retarded.
There has been much debate about the justification of imposing capital punishment on individuals who have been diagnosed with mental retardation. Some have argued that the execution of people with mental retardation constitutes cruel and unusual punishment as it pertains to the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. While the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted cruel and unusual punishment to include those that fail to take into account the defendant's degree of criminal culpability, it did not determine that executing the mentally retarded constitutes cruel and unusual punishment until 2002. In 1986, a US Supreme Court decision ruled that it is unconstitutional to execute someone who does not understand the reason for or the reality of his or her punishment, this decision was upheld in a 2002 decision.
Lynaugh, in which Johnny Paul Penry had filed a habeas corpus petition in federal district court that claimed his death sentence should be vacated because it violated his Eighth Amendment rights. His reasoning was that he suffered from mental retardation, and numerous psychologists had confirmed this to be factual, indicating that his IQ ranged from 50 to 63 and that he possessed the mental abilities of a six-and-a-half-year-old. Penry's petition was denied by the district court, whose decision was subsequently affirmed by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Penry would later appeal to the Supreme Court, who ultimately ruled in a five-to-four decision that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution did not categorically prohibit the execution of persons with mental retardation.
Microlissencephaly Type A or Norman-Roberts syndrome (NRS): a microlissencephaly with thick cortex without infratentorial anomalies. Other clinical features may include: a bitemporal narrowing, a broad nasal root. There is postnatal growth retardation, severe mental retardation associated with pyramidal spasticity and epilepsy. This entity could be identical to "lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia type B" (LCHb), and therefore linked to mutations in RELN gene.
Neurodevelopmental processes in the ontogenesis and epigenesis of psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 375-393. While at Harvard University, Cicchetti began publishing on the development of conditions such as depression and borderline personality disorder, in addition to his own work on child maltreatment and mental retardation. In 1984, Cicchetti edited both a book and a special issue of Child Development on developmental psychopathology.
No problems were reported with the procedure. A heart abnormality, atrial septal defect, was also apparent but required no intervention. At age three years, mental retardation, hyperactivity and obsessive compulsive disorder were diagnosed; hearing impairment was diagnosed at age six, managed with the use of hearing aids. Over the course of the decade that followed, a number of psychiatric evaluations were performed.
Groce 1992, p. 141 During this time period, Dybwad joined the board of directors for the International League of Societies for Persons with Mental Handicaps in 1966. She additionally served as a vice president and remained with the International League until 1978. Outside of the work with her husband, Dybwad released the International Directory of Mental Retardation Resources in 1971.
Ingrid Eileen Scheffer is an Australian paediatric neurologist and senior research fellow at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health. She has made several major advances in the field of epilepsy research. Scheffer is credited with finding the first gene implicated in epilepsy. She has also described and classified novel epileptic syndromes such as Epilepsy limited to Females with Mental Retardation.
Bannon is married to Elizabeth Stewart, an addiction specialist who works as a psychologist for the New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. They have four sons. Nick Bannon is an administrator for the Texas School for the Deaf in Austin, and Brendan Bannon is a professional photographer. Clinton and Peter Brown work in the foreign service.
Mental retardation ranging from mild to severe is present in the majority of Johanson–Blizzard syndrome patients, and is related to the deleterious nature of the known mutagen responsible for the disorder and its effects on the developing central nervous system. Normal intelligence and age appropriate social development, however, have been reported in a few instances of Johanson–Blizzard syndrome.
Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973.Fortes & Lomnitz (1990), p. 18 Mexican scientists, physicians, and intellectuals were involved in the movement to shape Mexico's population through eugenics. The Sociedad Mexicana de Eugenesia was founded in 1931, and was concerned with mental retardation, prison reform, tuberculosis, syphilis, alcoholism, sexual education, mestizaje, prostitution, puericulture, (scientific child-rearing), and single mothers.
In infants with poor neurodevelopment, prematurity and asphyxia are typical problems. These conditions can lead to cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and sensory impairment. Hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy is a proven therapy for neonatal brain injury. However, recent research has demonstrated that high doses of recombinant erythropoietin can reduce or prevent this type of neonatal brain injury if administered early.
At one time, Eastern State Hospital grounds consisted of 400 acres, and most of this acreage was farmland. In 1956, over 300 acres were sold to IBM; at present, 88 acres make up the Eastern State Hospital grounds. Then, in 1993, the non-profit organization Bluegrass Regional Mental Health-Mental Retardation Board, Inc. became concerned about the possible closing of the hospital.
Bardet–Biedl syndrome 2 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BBS2 gene. This gene encodes a protein of unknown function. Mutations in this gene have been observed in patients with Bardet–Biedl syndrome type 2. Bardet–Biedl syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe pigmentary retinopathy, obesity, polydactyly, renal malformation, and mental retardation.
On 6 February 1997 the Constitutional Assembly had removed President Bucaram from office due to "mental retardation". However, it had not been done by a majority of 67 of the 100 members as proscribed by the constitution. On 8 April interim President Alarcón issued decree 201, calling a referendum on 14 questions, as allowed by article 58 of the constitution.
DOPEY2 is a human gene located just above the Down Syndrome chromosomal region (DSCR) located at 21p22.2 sub-band. Although the exact function of this gene is not yet fully understood, it has been proven to play a role in multiple biological processes, and its over-expression (triplication) has been linked to multiple facets of the Down Syndrome phenotype, most notably mental retardation.
Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation. In 2013, Robert Agranoff reported in the "Public Administration Review", that leading state systems in the US (in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities) indicated an 80-90% conversion from a large institutional system to small, dispersed community homes and services in the community.Agranoff, R. (2013, September/October). The transformation of public sector intellectual developmental disabilities programming.
Associated abnormalities include the following: • Body asymmetry (extremities; macrocephaly) • Glaucoma • Cutaneous atrophy • Neurological anomalies • Vascular anomalies (nevus flammeus /Sturge-Weber/Klippel-Trénauna Adams Oliver syndrome) • Psychomotor and/or mental retardation • Chronic ulceration that can complicate long-term CMTC • Chronic urticaria.Melani L, Antiga E, Torchia D, et al. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and chronic autoimmune urticaria in a young man. J Dermatol.
Richard Franz Heber (born January 12, 1932) is an American educational psychologist and expert on mental retardation. He is known for his work on the Milwaukee Project, and for his subsequent conviction on charges of fraud and misuse of federal funds. As a result of this conviction, Heber was sentenced to a three-year term in a federal prison in Bastrop, Texas.
Schinzel–Giedion syndrome (SGS) is a congenital neurodegenerative terminal syndrome. It was first described in 1978 by Albert Schinzel (1944–) and Andreas Giedion (1925–) as a syndrome with severe midface retraction, skull anomalies, renal anomalies (hydronephrosis) and other anomalies. Babies born with Schinzel–Giedion syndrome have severe mental retardation, growth retardation (unless fed through a feeding tube) and global developmental delay.
The woman was charged with criminal second degree animal neglect. After being diagnosed with a mild case of mental retardation, however, the judge found the woman unable to aid and assist in her own defense. The second degree charge was thereby dismissed. Since the woman was not convicted of a crime, her rights to the 11 cats were not forfeited.
In patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), abnormalities occur in astrocyte, which leads to pathogenesis of neurological dysfunction in this disease. TSC is a multisystem genetic disease with mutation in either TSC1 or TSC2 gene. It results in disabling neurological symptoms such as mental retardation, autism, and seizures. Glial cells have important physiological roles of regulating neuronal excitability and preventing epilepsy.
Research in Developmental Disabilities is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering developmental disabilities. It was formed in 1987 by the merger of Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities and Applied Research in Mental Retardation, which were established in 1981 and 1980, respectively. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Dagmara Dimitriou (UCL Institute of Education).
In E. Dibble and D.B. Gray (eds.), Assessment of behavior problems in persons with mental retardation living in the community (pp. 107-118). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health. The tool greatly reduced the cost of identifying service needs for many thousands of people with a dual diagnosis. This was followed by a children's version the Reiss Scales in 1994.
The study did not find evidence of widespread genetic damage. It did, however, find increased incidence of microcephaly and mental retardation in children most proximally exposed in utero to the bombs' radiation."Archives" The genetics project studied the effects of radiation on the survivors and their children.Lindee, 76 This project turned out to be the largest and most interactive of the ABCC programs.
Symptoms vary according to the abnormality, but often feature poor muscle tone and motor function, seizures, developmental delays, mental retardation, failure to grow and thrive, difficulties with feeding, swelling in the extremities, and a smaller than normal head. Most infants with an NMD appear normal, but some disorders have characteristic facial or skull features that can be recognized by a neurologist.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is categorized as a group of birth defects ranging from mental retardation to various growth and behavioral problems. The March of Dimes has provided grant funding for FAS research,Caley, Linda, M., Sara Riemer, and Helen, S. Weinstein. "Results Of A Nurse-Led Workshop Designed To Prevent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder." Public Health Nursing 27.3 (May/Jun.
The protein encoded by this gene is an RNA binding protein containing two KH domains and one RCG box, which is similar to FMRP and FXR1. It associates with polyribosomes, predominantly with 60S large ribosomal subunits. This encoded protein may self-associate or interact with FMRP and FXR1. It may have a role in the development of fragile X mental retardation syndrome.
Deletion of 5q12.1 can lead to the development of mental retardation and ocular defects. Another deletion in the 5q12.1 - 5q12.3 region lead to mental- motor retardation and dysmorphia. In terms of diseases, Caries is a multifactorial disease and little is still known about the host genetic factors influencing susceptibility. The interval 5q12.1-5q13.3 as linked to low caries susceptibility in Filipino families.
Visual problems are often found in people with DSS. Patients experience optic atrophy due to progressive cranial nerve compression, which may lead to nystagmus or even blindness in severe cases. Other neurological abnormalities include mental retardation, speech and psychological deterioration. Convulsions and status epilepticus are also present in patients, however the mechanisms for the development of these features are unknown.
In mice, mutations of Dab1 and Reelin generate identical phenotypes. In humans, Reelin mutations are associated with brain malformations and mental retardation. In mice, Dab1 mutation results in the scrambler mouse phenotype. With a genomic length of 1.1 Mbp for a coding region of 5.5 kb, DAB1 provides a rare example of genomic complexity, which will impede the identification of human mutations.
Purpura fulminans may also lead to severe large vessel venous thrombosis if untreated in its early stages. Purpura fulminans secondary to severe infection is self-limiting. In cases of homozygous protein C deficiency, episodes of purpura fulminans and other thrombotic events are recurrent. Moreover, infant survival due to maintenance replacement therapy is often associated with mental retardation and/or visual impairment.
It is also claimed that some individuals are unaware of time, lack language, have severe mental retardation with no conscious experience, and communicate by using sounds. Two males are unable to stand up, while in other cases, can stand up but cannot make a step when standing. Less severe cases use toe walking, which is a normal phase in child gait development.
Treatments are usually based on the individuals symptoms that are displayed. The seizures are controlled with anticonvulsant medication. For the behavior problems, the doctors prescribe a few medications and behavioral modification routines that involve therapists and other types of therapy. Even if mental retardation is severe, it does not seem to shorten the lifespan of the patient or to get worse with age.
A further study in 2006 concluded that the apparent rise in administrative prevalence was the result of diagnostic substitution, mostly for findings of mental retardation and learning disabilities. "Many of the children now being counted in the autism category would probably have been counted in the mental retardation or learning disabilities categories if they were being labeled 10 years ago instead of today," said researcher Paul Shattuck of the Waisman Center at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, in a statement.Rise in Autism Rate Misleading, study says CBC news quoting Paul Shattuck, 2006 A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota county found that the cumulative incidence of autism grew eightfold from the 1980–83 period to the 1995–97 period. The increase occurred after the introduction of broader, more-precise diagnostic criteria, increased service availability, and increased awareness of autism.
In 1989, the U.S. Supreme Court held in Penry v. Lynaugh. that Johnny Paul Penry had been sentenced to death in violation of the Eighth Amendment after finding that Texas' special instruction questions did not permit the jury to consider mitigating evidence involving his mental retardation. On retrial in 1990, Penry was again found guilty of murder. The defense again put on evidence regarding Penry's mental impairments.
In addition to the symptoms associated with immunodeficiency, such as depletion of T-cells, decline of lymphocyte activity, and an abrupt proliferation of both benign and opportunistic infections — PNP-deficiency is often characterized by the development of autoimmune disorders. lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura have been reported with PNP-deficiency.Neurological symptoms, such as developmental decline, hypotonia, and mental retardation have also been reported.
In all he proposed 15 categories, also including psychogenic neurosis, psychopathic personality, and syndromes of defective mental development (mental retardation). He eventually included homosexuality in the category of "mental conditions of constitutional origin". The neuroses were later split into anxiety disorders and other disorders. Freud wrote extensively on hysteria and also coined the term, "anxiety neurosis", which appeared in DSM-I and DSM-II.
Polymicrogyria typically forms while the embryo's central nervous system is maturing. Ulegyria is acquired later in development during the perinatal period after neuronal migration has already occurred. It is also suspected that polymicrogyra is genetically linked, whereas ulegyria is caused by environmental factors—namely lack of oxygen. Polymicrogyria can lead to similar conditions that are linked to ulegyria such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy.
Counteracting huntingtin toxicity, SGK1 has been found to phosphorylate huntingtin. "Genomic upregulation of SGK1 coincides with the onset of dopaminergic cell death in a model of Parkinson's disease". However, at the current time, it is unclear whether SGK1 prevents or motivates cell death. An excessive expression of SGK1 has also been observed in Rett syndrome (RTT), which is a disorder of severe mental retardation.
Other early tests of intelligence were made for entertainment rather than analysis. Modern mental testing began in France in the 19th century. It contributed to separating mental retardation from mental illness and reducing the neglect, torture, and ridicule heaped on both groups. Englishman Francis Galton coined the terms psychometrics and eugenics, and developed a method for measuring intelligence based on nonverbal sensory-motor tests.
Johanson–Blizzard syndrome is a rare, sometimes fatal autosomal recessive multisystem congenital disorder featuring abnormal development of the pancreas, nose and scalp, with mental retardation, hearing loss and growth failure. It is sometimes described as a form of ectodermal dysplasia. The disorder is especially noted for causing profound developmental errors and exocrine dysfunction of the pancreas, and it is considered to be an inherited pancreatic disease.
Bardet–Biedl syndrome 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BBS4 gene. This gene encodes a protein which contains tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR), similar to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase. Mutations in this gene have been observed in patients with Bardet–Biedl syndrome type 4. The encoded protein may play a role in pigmentary retinopathy, obesity, polydactyly, renal malformation and mental retardation.
Kisharon is a British charity, founded in 1976 by Chava Lehman. Its resources are all in London. Kisharon specialises in caring for and educating Jewish children and adults with disabilities. Typically, Kisharon students may have one or more of the following: Autism and Asperger syndrome, both autism spectrum disorders; Down syndrome, a chromosomal anomaly causing mental retardation, or cerebral palsy, a disorder characterized by spastic movements.
Galactosemia, the inability to metabolize galactose in liver cells, is the most common monogenic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, affecting 1 in every 55,000 newborns. When galactose in the body is not broken down, it accumulates in tissues. The most common signs are failure to thrive, hepatic insufficiency, cataracts and developmental delay. Long term disabilities include poor growth, mental retardation, and ovarian failure in females.
BPOP is located in the parasagittal and mesial regions of the parieto-occipital cortex. This form has been associated with IQ scores that range from average intelligence to mild mental retardation, seizures, and cognitive slowing. The age of seizure onset has been found to occur anywhere from 20 months to 15 years, and in most cases the seizures were intractable (meaning hard to control).
Maple syrup urine disease is associated with genetic anomalies in the metabolism of branched- chain amino acids (BCAAs). They have high blood levels of BCAAs and must severely restrict their intake of BCAAs in order to prevent mental retardation and death. The amino acids in question are leucine, isoleucine and valine. The condition gets its name from the distinctive sweet odor of affected infants' urine.
Just like X-linked inheritance, there will be a lack of male-to-male inheritance, which makes it distinguishable from autosomal traits. One example of an X-linked trait is Coffin–Lowry syndrome, which is caused by a mutation in ribosomal protein gene. This mutation results in skeletal, craniofacial abnormalities, mental retardation, and short stature. X chromosomes in females undergo a process known as X inactivation.
Supported living or supportive living Smith, G. (1990). Supported Living: New Directions in Services for People with Developmental Disabilities. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Retardation Program Directors. refers to a range of services and community living arrangements (CLAs) designed with individuals with disabilities and their families to support disabled citizens to attain or retain their independence (See, independent living) or interdependence in their local communities.
There are at least six types of GEFS+, delineated by their causative gene. Known causative genes are the sodium channel α subunit genes SCN1A, an associated β subunit SCN1B, and a GABAA receptor γ subunit gene, GABRG2 and there is another gene related with calcium channel the PCDH19 which is also known as Epilepsy Female with Mental Retardation. Penetrance for this disorder is estimated at approximately 60%.
Coaches use behavioral techniques such as objective setting, goal setting, self-control training and behavioral activation to help clients achieve specific life goals. Behavioral coaching was sometimes used to teach job skills to people having mental retardation or head injury. In this area the model made extensive use of task analysis, direct instruction, role play, reinforcement and error correction. Often this approach employs techniques of direct instruction.
Penrose was particularly interested in different facets of biology, for example fingerprint, demography, and cytogenetics, which were a result of his research into the problems of mental defect, especially Down syndrome. He did intensive research on the latter, communicating the results of his investigations in 1963 and winning the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation Award for his contributions to the understanding of the causes of mental retardation.
By the end of 1934, 1,362 people had been sterilized under the law; 19% via the procedures of castration or oophorectomy, which the state defended as "limit[ing] lewdness and vice". Through 1948, the number of sterilizations had reached about 3,000, the third-highest in the entire United States, a majority on the ground of "insanity and mental retardation". The law was finally repealed in 1965.
Eventually the sanatorium was closed in 1973. The campus was then used as the Booneville Human Development Center, a state-run residential program for adults with mild and moderate mental retardation and other developmental disabilities which is what it remains today. The main buildings were designed by the architectural firms of Haralson & Mott of Fort Smith, Arkansas and Erhart & Eichenbaum of Little Rock, Arkansas.
Much of the humor in the strip comes from the juxtaposition of childlike innocence and nostalgia with the darker or more disturbing realities of life; it explores themes such as death, mental retardation, and sexual abuse by priests. The strip is very critical of the Catholic Church and the hypocrisy of the middle class. You Damn Kid! is part of the Keenspot webcomics group.
Fetal warfarin syndrome is a disorder of the embryo which occurs in a child whose mother took the medication warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) during pregnancy. Resulting abnormalities include low birth weight, slower growth, mental retardation, deafness, small head size, and malformed bones, cartilage, and joints.Yurdakök, M. 2012, "Fetal and neonatal effects of anticoagulants used in pregnancy: a review", The Turkish journal of pediatrics, vol. 54, no.
Defects of the central nervous system can lead to profound mental challenges. Fetal warfarin syndrome can lead to microcephaly; an abnormally small head, hydrocephaly; increased ventricle size and CSF volume, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. These defects contribute to the appearance of significant mental retardation in 31% of fetal warfarin syndrome cases. Hypotonia, whole body muscle relaxation, can appear in newborns with severe nervous deficits.
Dann Klawon lives in Painesville, Ohio and works as an electrical contractor; he also sings and plays piano at Lakeside Baptist Church there. Wally Bryson is a community employment specialist with the Cuyahoga County Board of Mental Retardation; he lives and works in Euclid, Ohio. Jim Bonfanti has an auto sales business in Mentor, Ohio. Dave Smalley is a respiratory therapist and lives in Arizona.
By the 1950s, the Village was overflowing with 4,000 inhabitants. Quoting a spokesman for the State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Corcoran confirmed that families abandoned their relatives there. Families of patients seemed to be just as neglectful as caregivers of the facility. In the 1940s, Irving Haberman did a set a photographs which revealed the true nature of what was going on.
The District Court for the Southern District of Texas denied Tennard a certificate to appeal on the basis that a low IQ is not a sufficient reason for appeal there was no evidence presented that Tennard's behavior was mentally retarded and that mental retardation was related to the criminal act. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld this finding. The Supreme Court granted Tennard's writ of certiorari.
This gene encodes a zinc finger protein with an N-terminal Kruppel-associated box-containing (KRAB) domain and 11 Kruppel-type C2H2 zinc finger domains. Like other zinc finger proteins, this gene may function as a transcription factor. This gene resides on an area of chromosome X that has been implicated in nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Mutations in the gene encoding iodotyrosine deiodinase can affect enzyme function and be detrimental to human health. Iodide is an essential micronutrient for health in mammals. Low levels of iodide either through the diet or through iodide metabolism are associated with hypothyroidism, mental retardation, goiter, and developmental defects. Because iodotyrosine deiodinase is responsible for scavenging iodide, mutations in this enzyme result in iodide deficiency.
This encoded protein is a cell surface glycoprotein and may have a role in the control of neurite outgrowth. It is known to complex with integrins. This gene is associated with X-linked mental retardation and neuropsychiatric diseases such as Huntington's chorea, fragile X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. More recently, it has been identified as a key immune system target in type 1 diabetes.
After his conviction, Morin converted to Christianity. His execution date was scheduled for March 1985. Shortly before this, the convicted stated that he did not want to appeal for a new trial or postpone the execution, which conflicted with his lawyer David Goldstein, whom filed a petition for a forensic examination on his client, since he showed signs of mental retardation. The application, however, was rejected.
Intellectual functioning refers to the "general mental ability that includes reasoning, planning, problem solving, abstract thinking, comprehending complex ideas, learning quickly and learning from experience". Significantly limited or impaired intellectual functioning characterizes intellectual disabilities.American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) Manual on Definition, Classification and Support Systems in Mental Retardation (Schalock et al., 2010) Ageing has been shown to cause a decline in intellectual functioning.
Unconverted phenylalanine builds up in the bloodstream and can lead to levels that are toxic to the developing nervous system of newborn and infant children. The most dangerous form of this is called classic PKU, which is common in infants. The baby seems normal at first but actually incurs permanent intellectual disability. This can cause symptoms such as mental retardation, abnormal gait and posture, and delayed growth.
Morel's Catholic and radical political background greatly shaped his process. Morel noticed that the patients in the mental asylum with mental retardation also had physical abnormalities like goiters. He was able to expand this idea when he noticed most people in the asylum had unusual physical characteristics. Morel's degeneration theory was based on the idea that psychological disorders and other behavioral abnormalities were caused by an abnormal constitution.
In the 1970s, the publication reported on the effort to establish a separate Office of Mental Retardation in New York State. OVT also regularly reported on the National coverage that was being given to the deplorable conditions found at the Willowbrook State School. Willowbrook had been given National attention thanks to the media coverage of WABC, led by reporter Geraldo Rivera, and by the efforts of NYSARC, Inc.
Alwadei Syndrome or Autosomal recessive mental retardation-61 (MRT61) is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, and variable abnormal facial features. Severe patients may develop refractory seizures and have brain abnormalities, including hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. Alwadei Syndrome attributed to mutation in RUSC2 gene on chromosome 9p13.3. It was first described at King Fahd Medical City by the pediatric neurologist Ali Alwadei in 2014.
A lack of 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) is the most common cause of a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin. Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency leads to hyperphenylalaninemia and the inability to make neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. PTPS deficiency has been shown to lead to severe mental retardation, delayed motor development, and seizures. Low levels of tetrahydrobiopterin production, opposed to near complete lack of tetrahydrobiopterin may cause fluctuations in the symptoms experienced throughout the day.
Baumeister, A.A., & Bacharach, V.R. (2000). Early Generic Educational Intervention Has No Enduring Effect On Intelligence and Does Not Prevent Mental Retardation: The Infant Health and Development Program. Intelligence, 28, 161–192. In fact, it is known that randomization was compromised in the Abecedarian program, with seven families assigned to the experimental group and one family assigned to the control group dropping out of the program after learning about their random assignment.
He strove to integrate not only the structures but the faculty with other departments of the university. He fostered the development of a major biomedical library as both a tangible and intellectual link between the life sciences and the health sciences. Warren became Vice Chancellor, Health Services in 1962. From 1963 to 1965 he served as special assistant to President John F. Kennedy and later Lyndon B. Johnson on mental retardation.
Ulegyria was found in about 1/3 of patients with defects caused by circulatory disease in the perinatal period. Most clinical observations of the condition report mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and seizures as the main defects. However, milder cases have been reported in which patients that exhibit ulegyria develop relatively normally. The main movement disorders associated with ulegyria that are classified as cerebral palsy are choreoathetosis, dystonia, and ataxia.
Thyroid hormone is critical for growth and brain development, especially during the first few weeks to months of life. Children with untreated hypothyroidism are at high risk of mental retardation; thus, early detection is crucial. Central hypothyroidism can be diagnosed by a low or normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the presence of a low level of free T4. Free T-4 should be checked annually for at least four years.
In 1866 he described a syndrome of retinitis pigmentosa, loss of vision progressing to blindness, mental retardation, stunted stature and hypogonadism. This disease would become known as the Laurence–Moon syndrome, named along with his colleague Robert Charles Moon. Laurence was a man of great gifts and versatility, a philanthropist, and a pioneer of new ideas. He was also a fine linguist, and was deeply interested in the Arts.
The L-2 form is more common, severe, and mainly affects the central nervous system. The basal ganglia are affected, and cystic cavitations in the white matter of the brain are common, beginning in infancy. This form is chronic, with early symptoms such as hypotonia, tremors, and epilepsy declining into spongiform leukoencephalopathy, muscular choreodystonia, mental retardation, and psychomotor regression. It is associated with L2HGDH, which encodes L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase.
Affected individuals exhibit intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, leading to short stature and an aged appearance from birth. They have physical abnormalities including a large head (macrocephaly), sparse hair, prominent scalp veins, inward-folded eyelid (entropion), widened anterior fontanelles, hollow cheeks (malar hypoplasia), general loss of fat tissues under the skin (lipoatrophy), delayed tooth eruption, abnormal hair pattern (hypotrichosis), beaked nose, mild to severe mental retardation and dysmorphism.
William H. Reid is an American forensic psychiatrist based in Texas. He is a professor at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, the Texas A&M; College of Medicine, and the University of Texas Dell Medical School. He was Medical Director of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation from 1989 to 1996. He has authored or co-authored over 300 publications and abstracts, and 16 professional books.
The protein encoded by this gene functions early in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the inositol deacylation of GPI. The encoded protein is required for the production of GPI that can attach to proteins, and this may be an important factor in the transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Defects in this gene are a cause of mental retardation, autosomal recessive 42.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency often becomes evident in the first few days of life. An infant with this condition may be lacking in energy (lethargic) or unwilling to eat, and have a poorly controlled breathing rate or body temperature. Some babies with this disorder may experience seizures or unusual body movements, or go into a coma. Complications of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency may include developmental delay and mental retardation.
Supported living: Beyond conventional thinking and practice. In: R. Schalock & G. Siperstein (Eds.), "Quality of Life", Vol. II (pp. 79-94). Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation. This agency and systems change work was based on the identification of leading practice of organizations supporting people with disabilities in the community, including the following program design components: the separation of housing and support, home ownership Hagner, D. & Klein, J. (2005).
Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia (HSH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder affecting intestinal magnesium absorption. Decreased intestinal magnesium reabsorption and the resulting decrease in serum magnesium levels is believed to cause lowered parathyroid hormone (PTH) output by the parathyroid gland. This results in decreased PTH and decreased serum calcium levels (hypocalcemia). This manifests in convulsions and spasms in early infancy which, if left untreated, can lead to mental retardation or death.
X-linked intellectual disability (previously known as X-linked mental retardation) refers to forms of intellectual disability which are specifically associated with X-linked recessive inheritance. As with most X-linked disorders, males are more heavily affected than females. Females with one affected X chromosome and one normal X chromosome tend to have milder symptoms. Unlike many other types of intellectual disability, the genetics of these conditions are relatively well understood.
Mutations involving amines have been shown to be a prevalent source of changes in behaviour. A point mutation in the structural gene for Monoamine Oxidase A, also known as MAO-A, is responsible for the breakdown of neurotransmitters. This mutation is X-linked, affecting only males, and eliminates the production of MAO-A. Males afflicted with this mutation are prone to mild mental retardation as well as violent and antisocial behaviour.
Children affected by this disorder develop more slowly than normal and may display delayed speech and walking skills. The disease is fatal, with symptoms that include neurological damage and severe mental retardation. These sulfatase enzymes are responsible for breaking down and recycling complex sulfate-containing sugars from lipids and mucopolysaccharides within the lysosome. The accumulation of lipids and mucopolysaccharides inside the lysosome results in symptoms associated with this disorder.
Tyrosinemia is the most common metabolic disease associated with tyrosine aminotransferase. The disease results from a deficiency in hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase. Tyrosinemia type II (Richner-Hanhart syndrome, RHS) is a disease of autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by keratitis, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, mental retardation, and elevated blood tyrosine levels. Keratitis in Tyrosinemia type II patients is caused by the deposition of tyrosine crystals in the cornea and results in corneal inflammation.
After the invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, she escaped a second time to England, where she worked with Lionel Penrose at the 'Kennedy-Galton Centre for Medical and Community Genetics' in London on mental retardation. She was then appointed to the faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she worked in its research center for human developmental disabilities, the Waisman Center on prenatal diagnosis and genetics counseling.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1955. He helped found the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center for Mental Retardation. In 1949, together with Joseph Michael Foley he described negative myoclonusAdams RD, Foley JM. "The neurological changes in the more common types of severe liver disease". Trans American Neurology Association 1949; 74: 217–19 and in 1953 they coined the term asterixis.
Symptoms of ML III are often not noticed until the child is 3–5 years of age. Patients with ML III are generally of normal intelligence (trait) or have only mild mental retardation. These patients usually have skeletal abnormalities, coarse facial features, short height, corneal clouding, carpal tunnel syndrome, aortic valve disease and mild enlargement of organs. Some children with severe forms of this disease do not live beyond childhood.
Northern epilepsy syndrome (NE), or progressive epilepsy with mental retardation (EPMR), is a subtype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and a rare disease that is regarded as a Finnish heritage disease. Unlike most Finnish heritage diseases, this syndrome has been reported only in Finland. page 125 The disease is characterized by seizures in early childhood that progressively get worse until after puberty. Once the onset of seizures occurs, mental degradation is seen.
Sulfur is the third most abundant mineral element in the body. The amino acids cysteine and methionine are used by the body to make glutathione. Excess cysteine and methionine are oxidized to sulfate by sulfite oxidase, eliminated in the urine, or stored as glutathione (which can serve as a store for sulfur). The lack of sulfite oxidase, known as sulfite oxidase deficiency, causes physical deformities, mental retardation, and death.
Ring chromosome 20, ring-shaped chromosome 20 or r(20) syndrome is a rare human chromosome abnormality where the two arms of chromosome 20 fuse to form a ring chromosome. The syndrome is associated with epileptic seizures, behaviour disorders and mental retardation. When not all cells contain a ring chromosome 20, the individual suffers from ring 20 chromosomal mosaicism. Ring Chromosome 20 syndrome is thought to be an underdiagnosed condition.
The Mandie books are Christian as well as mystery in theme. Mandie prays when troubled, and attempts to demonstrate Christian virtues of tolerance and compassion. Mandie is proud to be part Cherokee, and she has a diverse group of friends, including a girl with mental retardation. Some critics have noted that the Cherokee and African American characters are at times depicted sentimentally and as speaking in a stereotypical dialect.
Complications from argininosuccinic aciduria may include developmental delay and mental retardation. Progressive liver damage, skin lesions, and brittle hair may also be seen. Immediate treatment and lifelong management (following a strict diet and using appropriate supplements) may prevent many of these complications. Occasionally, an individual may inherit a mild form of the disorder in which ammonia accumulates in the bloodstream only during periods of illness or other stress.
Paramethadione (brand name Paradione) was originally approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1949, as a second-line treatment for petit mal and absence seizures. Paramethadione was ultimately discontinued in 1994 due to safety and efficacy concerns,Drug information for PARADIONE such as being associated with fetal trimethadione syndrome, which is also known as paramethadione syndrome.Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes - Retrieved January 2007.
Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency is a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Features include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development and mental retardation. Some affected individuals manifest a fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resulting in neonatal death. A subset of patients manifest Leigh syndrome.
In 1968, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1959, he received the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal. In 1962, he won a Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation Award for his contributions to the understanding of the causes of mental retardation. In 1963, he received the Gairdner Foundation International Award and in 1972 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London.
Fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FXR1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an RNA binding protein that interacts with the functionally similar proteins FMR1 and FXR2. These proteins shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm and associate with polyribosomes, predominantly with the 60S ribosomal subunit. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Transcription factor SOX-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOX3 gene. This gene encodes a member of the SOX (SRY-related HMG-box) family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of embryonic brain development and in determination of cell fate. The encoded protein acts as a transcriptional activator. Mutations in this gene have been associated with X-linked hypopituitarism (XH) and X-linked mental retardation.
Patients with XH are male, have short stature, exhibit a mild form of mental retardation and present pan-hypopituitarism. A duplication of the SOX3 gene has also been discovered to cause XX male sex reversal. SRY-box transcription factor 3, SOX3, is a transcription factor that is encoded by the SOX3 gene. This gene is responsible for ensuring proper embryonic development and determining the fate of different cells.
Since its inception, the project, relying on the care of institutions for the aged with disability and mental retardation, has influenced community and home- based care services for the aged. It has benefited 450 elderly people in total, of which 80 are disabled people with dementia. In the same year, it established the “Time Bank” volunteer system, and more than 100 volunteers provided voluntary services for the disabled people with dementia.
After being recruited in 1967, Purpura served as the Scientific Director of the Einstein's Rose F. Kennedy Center for Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities from 1969 to 1972. The center focused on both developmental and intellectual disabilities, which were also the focus of Purpura's research. After two years as the scientific director, he was appointed as the center's director. In 1974, he founded the neuroscience department at the university.
Adenylate kinase deficiency in the erythrocyte is associated with hemolytic anemia. This is a rare hereditary erythroenzymopathy that, in some cases, is associated with mental retardation and psychomotor impairment. At least two patients have exhibited neonatal icterus and splenomegaly and required blood transfusions due to this deficiency. In another patient, an abnormal fragment with homozygous and heterozygous A-->G substitutions at codon 164 caused severe erythrocyte ADK deficiency.
In addition to the smaller head circumference found in benzodiazepine-exposed babies mental retardation, functional deficits, long-lasting behavioural anomalies, and lower intelligence occurs. Benzodiazepines, like many other sedative hypnotic drugs, cause apoptotic neuronal cell death. However, benzodiazepines do not cause as severe apoptosis to the developing brain as alcohol does. The prenatal toxicity of benzodiazepines is most likely due to their effects on neurotransmitter systems, cell membranes and protein synthesis.
The Developmentally Disabled Assistance and Bill of Rights Act is a US law providing federal funds to Councils on Developmental Disabilities, Protection and Advocacy Systems, as well as University Centers. The law defined the relatively new term "developmental disability" to include specific conditions that originate prior to age 18, are expected to continue indefinitely, and that constitute a substantial handicap. These conditions included mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism, and dyslexia.
Uner Tan Syndrome, Unertan syndrome or UTS is a syndrome proposed by the Turkish evolutionary biologist Üner Tan. According to Tan, persons affected by this syndrome walk with a quadrupedal locomotion and are afflicted with "primitive" speech and severe mental retardation. Tan postulated that this is an example of "reverse evolution" (atavism). The proposed syndrome was featured in the 2006 BBC2 documentary The Family That Walks On All Fours.
Their hands are short with unusual palm creases with short, shaped fingers and foot abnormalities are shortened and have fused toes and usually mild. They have an absent of a spleen and the genitals may also show undescended testes ranging from mild to severe that leads to female gender assignment. People who have SFMS have severe mental retardation. They are sometimes restless, behavior problems, seizures and severe delay in language development.
Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) is a disease that arises from a mutation in the TFAP2A gene. It is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that starts to affect a child's development before birth. Symptoms of this condition include skin abnormalities on the neck, deformities of the ears and eyes, and other distinctive facial features such a cleft lip along with slow growth, mental retardation and premature graying of hair.
Spastics Society, Bandra, Mumbai - Profile Tata, www.tatainternational.com. It was started on 2 October 1972 by Mithu Alur, to provide education and treatment services for the spastics (children suffering from cerebral palsy).The Spastics Society of India Profiles of Nonprofit organizations. www.karmayog.com. Today it has broadened its scope to include programs on teacher training, vocational training of young adults with Cerebral Palsy, Autism, Mental Retardation, Multiple Disabilities and Learning Disabilities.
Attorneys in the Mental Health Division (MHD) handle involuntary civil commitment cases that arise in DC Superior Court. PDS is initially appointed when a person is detained in a mental hospital upon allegations that the person is a danger to self or others as a result of mental illness. MHD lawyers also represent persons in post- commitment proceedings, including commitment reviews and outpatient revocation hearings, as well as in involuntary commitment proceedings of persons found incompetent to stand trial because of mental illness or mental retardation, and in matters relating to persons found not guilty by reason of insanity in DC Superior Court or United States District Court cases. The lawyers in this division also provide information to the Council of the District of Columbia on proposed mental health and mental retardation legislation, conduct training sessions on the rights of mentally ill persons involved in civil commitment actions, and provide legal assistance to Criminal Justice Act lawyers appointed by the court to handle involuntary civil commitment cases.
In 1934 at Oslo University Hospital, Følling saw a young woman named Borgny Egeland. She had two children, Liv and Dag, who had been normal at birth but subsequently developed mental retardation. When Dag was about a year old, the mother noticed a strong smell to his urine. Følling obtained urine samples from the children and, after many tests, he found that the substance causing the odor in the urine was phenylpyruvic acid.
Føllings discovery provided the basis for the so-called metabolic screening of newborns. Today a screening blood test for PKU is done on newborns to detect the disease. With a special diet low in phenylalanine, PKU newborns can grow and develop into normal children and adults. Følling's work was too late to save Liv and Dag from severe progressive mental retardation (and in Dag's case, death) but it has saved thousands of children since then.
Mutations in the L2HGDH gene cause L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder. Individuals with L2HGDH mutations present toxic accumulation of high concentration of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. At least 70 disease-causing variants in the L2HGDH gene have been discovered in patients. Patients with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria are associated with moderate to severe mental retardation, psychomotor retardation, cerebellar ataxia, macrocephaly, or epilepsy.
Adenoidectomy was first performed using a ring forceps through the nasal cavity by William Meyer in 1867. In the early 1900s, adenoidectomies began to be routinely combined with tonsillectomy. Initially, the procedures were performed by otolaryngologists, general surgeons, and general practitioners but over the past 30 years have been performed almost exclusively by otolaryngologists. Then, adenoidectomies were performed as treatment of anorexia nervosa, mental retardation, and enuresis or to promote 'good health'.
In 1955, the Joint Commission on Mental Health and Health was authorized to investigate problems related to the mentally ill. President John F. Kennedy had a special interest in the issue of mental health because his sister, Rosemary, had been lobotomized at the age of 23 at the request of her father. Shortly after his inauguration, Kennedy appointed a special President's Panel of Mental Retardation. The panel included professionals and leaders of the organization.
In its 2002 ruling on the case Atkins v. Virginia, the US Supreme Court outlawed the execution of mentally retarded criminals on the grounds that it constituted cruel and unusual punishment, which is prohibited by the 8th Amendment. The designation of mental retardation (or developmental disability) typically requires a measured IQ below 70 or 75. The Supreme Court of the United States has utilized IQ test results during the sentencing phase of some criminal proceedings.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten.
Article 162 made a crime engaging in "banned" crafts or forms of employment. A basic premise of Marxism is that crime is a socio- economic phenomenon: Some Marxist theorists contended that the most immediate reasons for crime in the Soviet Union were mental retardation, poor upbringing, and capitalist influence. This led to novel inventions in the field of psychiatry ("delusion of reformism", sluggish schizophrenia) used as an instrument of repression against critics.
Mutations to the JmjC domain in Drosophila causes either lethal effects on larval or many developmental defects in those that survive. :KDM5A in cell culture systems have also shown links to regulation of differentiation, mitochondrial function, cell cycle progression. KDM5B and KDM5C have also shown to interaction with PcG proteins, which are involved in transcriptional repression. KDM5C mutations (found on the X-chromosome) have also been found in patients with X-linked mental retardation.
Additionally, the phrase "mentally retarded individual" was replaced with "an individual with an intellectual disability". Rosa's Law was named after Rosa Marcellino, a nine-year-old girl with Down syndrome. She worked with her parents to have the words "mentally retarded" officially removed from health and education code in Maryland, her home state. With this new law, "mental retardation" and "mentally retarded" no longer exist in federal health or education and labor policy.
Subcortical heterotopia form as distinct nodes in the white matter, "focal" indicating specific area. In general, patients present fixed neurologic deficits and develop partial epilepsy between the ages of 6 and 10. The more extensive the subcortical heterotopia, the greater the deficit; bilateral heterotopia are almost invariably associated with severe developmental delay or mental retardation. The cortex itself often suffers from an absence of gray matter and may be unusually thin or lack deep sulci.
A c.202C>T mutation in this gene has been found in a patient suffering from 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, and related symptoms. Two patients with Homozygous G>C transversions in the SERAC1 gene have been found to show symptoms of MEGDEL syndrome with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome. Another patient with a homozygous 4 base pair deletion (1167delTCAG) showed symptoms of recurrent infections, failure to thrive, mental retardation, spasticity and extrapyramidal symptoms.
Borderline intellectual functioning, also called borderline mental retardation (in the ICD-8), is a categorization of intelligence wherein a person has below average cognitive ability (generally an IQ of 70–85), but the deficit is not as severe as intellectual disability (below 70). It is sometimes called below average IQ (BAIQ). This is technically a cognitive impairment; however, this group may not be sufficiently mentally disabled to be eligible for specialized services.
The primary characteristic of iminoglycinuria is the presence of glycine and imino acids in the urine. Otherwise, it is thought to be a relatively benign disorder, although symptoms associated with disruptions of proline and glycine metabolism caused by malabsorption may be present with iminoglycinuria. These include encephalopathy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, kidney stones, hypertension and gyrate atrophy. Gyrate atrophy is an inherited degenerative disorder of the retina and choroid, sometimes accompanying the metabolic condition hyperornithinemia.
Wolcott–Rallison syndrome, WRS, is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder with infancy-onset diabetes mellitus, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, osteopenia, mental retardation or developmental delay, and hepatic and renal dysfunction as main clinical findings. Patients with WRS have mutations in the EIF2AK3 gene, which encodes the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3. Other disease names include multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and early- onset diabetes mellitus. Most patients with this disease do not survive to adulthood .
The duplication at Xp11.2, especially the Xp11.22-11.23 region is syndromic and is implicated in X-linked mental retardation. The chromosomal duplication can be de novo or familial. Familial carriers of small duplication (<1 Mb) show X-linked recessive inheritance. All other affected individuals with larger duplication present dominant expression and comparable clinical phenotypes irrespective of sex, duplication size, and X-inactivation pattern. Xp11.22 comprises approximately 5 Mb of DNA (chrX:49,800,001–54,800,000, hg19).
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten.
Original surveys conducted for the Lieutenant showed the extent of mental disorder was found to be greater than expected and extended beyond veterans. Surveys in schools showed a large number of mental retardation and psychiatric disorders in children. However, according to the organization, programs to address the children's needs were non-existent. CNCMH recommended the government spend over six million dollars to improve facilities and establish auxiliary classes for the special education of such children.
Mutations in this gene cause MDC1D, a novel form of congenital muscular dystrophy with severe mental retardation and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants that encode the same protein. LARGE may also play a role in tumor-specific genomic rearrangements. Mutations in this gene may be involved in the development and progression of meningioma through modification of ganglioside composition and other glycosylated molecules in tumor cells.
Galactosemia is caused by mutations in the gene that makes the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Approximately 70% of galactosemia-causing alleles have a single missense mutation in exon 6. A milder form of galactosemia, called Galactokinase deficiency, is caused a lack of the enzyme uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase which breaks down a byproduct of galactose. This type of is associated with cataracts, but does not cause growth failure, mental retardation, or hepatic disease.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten.
He was the 231st inmate executed nationwide since the U.S. Supreme Court restored the death penalty in 1976 and the 18th in Georgia. In the hours before his death, the Supreme Court voted, 6–3, not to consider his appeal. In dissent, Justice Harry Blackmun said that even if he had not recently Hance had an IQ of 75-79 points, which classifies him as "borderline intellectual functioning" on modern medical scales of mental retardation.
Sidman took his PhD at Columbia in psychology from Columbia University 1952 under the advisorship of William N. Schoenfeld. He has worked at many research institutions, including Harvard Medical School, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. He served as director of the Behavioral Sciences Department at the E.K. Shriver Center for Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. Until his death, he was professor emeritus at Northeastern University.
The Territory-wide System Assessment is conducted in the form of pencil and paper (except Chinese and English oral assessment) and the examined subjects are Chinese Language, English Language and Mathematics. The Territory-wide System Assessment is compulsory for all Primary 3, Primary 6 and Secondary 3 students from government-subsidised schools. The assessment results of the students with intellectual disabilities, e.g. suffering from dyslexia or mental retardation can be excluded after getting medical approval.
KCC3 is widely expressed in human tissues and, like KCC1, is stimulated by both swelling and N-ethylmaleimide. The induction of KCC3 is up-regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor and down-regulated by tumour necrosis factor. Defects in KCC3 are linked to agenesis of the corpus callosum with peripheral neuropathy. This disorder is characterised by severe progressive sensorimotor neuropathy, mental retardation, dysmorphic features and complete or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum.
McDermott's career began at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he was a tenured professor and up-and-coming clinician-scholar in the new field of child and adolescent psychiatry. . From 1960 to 1962, he served as a resident in child psychiatry for the University. He was also a director of inpatient services. In 1961, he had a fellowship in mental retardation in Letchworth Village in New York in 1961.
Gesell Institute gathered new data in 2008–2010 to validate the use of the Gesell Developmental Observation-Revised in today's classrooms. The data and tests of reliability and validity support the use of the new instrument for the purpose of monitoring child growth and behavior. The newest scale does provide an updated and improved screening instrument. While the assessment does not predict future intelligence, it can obtain an early estimate of possible mental retardation.
He reported on programs like the Carolina Abecedarian Early Intervention Project which advocated the early education of poor children.Spitz HH (1992). Does the Carolina Abecedarian Early Intervention Project Prevent Sociocultural Mental Retardation? Intelligence v16 n2 p225-37 Apr-Jun 1992 Through use of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, he reported that the Flynn effect of massive intelligence quotient gains in a single generation in many nations only applied to people in the average intelligence range.
1976-1979 Certified Professional Counselor, Professional Alcohol & Drug Counselors of Tennessee, Certificate No. 119 1977-1980 Certified Substance Abuse Counselor, Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, Certificate No. 0 026 1978-1981 Licensed Psychologist, Tennessee. Certificate No. P.645 1981-1997 Registered Psychologist, Ontario (Canada). Certificate No.1478 1996-2014 Fellow, American Academy of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. 1996–present Board Certified in Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology, American Board of Professional Psychology.
In 1973, he rejoined Peabody College as a professor and director of the Institute on Mental Retardation and Intellectual Development. From 1983 to 1990, he was the director of Vanderbilt's John F. Kennedy Center for Research on Education and Human Development. After stepping down as director of the Kennedy Center in 1990, he remained on the Vanderbilt faculty until his retirement in 2000. He died in Tuscaloosa, Alabama on March 14, 2011.
Sulfite oxidase is required to metabolize the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine in foods. Lack of functional sulfite oxidase causes a disease known as sulfite oxidase deficiency. This rare but fatal disease causes neurological disorders, mental retardation, physical deformities, the degradation of the brain, and death. Reasons for the lack of functional sulfite oxidase include a genetic defect that leads to the absence of a molybdopterin cofactor and point mutations in the enzyme.
Inherited mutations of the ATRX gene are associated with an X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) syndrome most often accompanied by alpha-thalassemia (ATR-X) syndrome. These mutations have been shown to cause diverse changes in the pattern of DNA methylation, which may provide a link between chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, and gene expression in developmental processes. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. Female carriers may demonstrate skewed X chromosome inactivation.
A role for mGluR in synaptic plasticity is further evidenced by the observation of dendritic spine elongation following mGluR stimulation. Furthermore, mGluR activation results in the synthesis of FMRP near synapses. The produced FMRP associates with polyribosomal complexes after mGluR stimulation, proposing the involvement of fragile X mental retardation protein in the process of translation. This further advocates a role for FMRP in synaptic protein synthesis and the growth of synaptic connections.
Martin Gurule was a Latino who was raised by his father and grandmother. His mother died shortly before his first birthday. He attended W. B. Ray High School in Corpus Christi and cared for intellectually disabled patients at Corpus Christi State School, an institution run by the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation. His 23-year-old girlfriend, Malisa Smith, worked on the checkout at the U & I restaurant in Corpus Christi.
Mutations of this gene can cause the development of Fragile X Syndrome, autism, and other neurological disorders."Fragile X Mental Retardation" The Human Gene Compendium Specifically, Fragile X Syndrome is caused by an increase from 50 to over 200 CGG repeats within exon 13 of the FMR1 gene. This repeat expansion promotes DNA methylation and other epigenetic heterochromatin modifications of FMR1 that prevent the transcription of the gene, leading to pathological low levels of FMRP.
Occasional multisystem disorders accompanied by exercise intolerance may arise as well, in forms of deafness, mental retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, growth retardation, and epilepsy. Other phenotypes include mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, mitochondrial myopathy, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, muscle weakness, myoglobinuria, blood acidosis, renal tubulopathy, and more. Complex III deficiency is known to be rare among mitochondrial diseases and may follow a maternal or mendelian mode of inheritance due to its duality of genetic origin.
Almost all people with this syndrome have some degree of mental retardation and facial dysmorphism (round face, deep-set eyes, thin upper lip). Behavioural problems are common. Brachymetaphalangism (metacarpal or metatarsal shortening) is reported in ~50% of cases overall, but is typically not evident below the age of 2 years. There is striking phenotypic variability, and the size and extent of the deleted region cannot be used as accurate predictors of prognosis.
During the Depression and World War II, demand for its services increased, resulting in both overcrowding and long waiting lists for new enrollments. Staffing levels increased during the 1960s as philosophies on treatment of mental retardation changed, and there were 1,609 residents and 875 full-time staff as of 1969. During the 1970s and 1980s many residents were relocated from dormitories to on-campus cottages or to group homes located around the state.
Juvenile and adult onsets display similar symptoms including a decrease or loss in hearing and vision. While children do experience optic and auditory degeneration, the course of the disease is usually too rapid, causing death relatively quickly, whereas adults may live with these conditions for many years. In children, spastic activity often precedes progressive ataxia and rapid cognitive deterioration which has been described as mental retardation. Epilepsy is commonplace for patients of all ages.
Manuel Gómez was most interested in neurocutaneous syndromes, and especially tuberous sclerosis. In 1967 he broke the established wisdom that tuberous sclerosis was defined by Vogt's triad of mental retardation, epilepsy and adenoma sebaceum (a papular facial rash). He co-published a paper showing that about a third of patients had normal intelligence. In 1979, he edited the monograph Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, the first and, for over twenty years, the only textbook on the disease.
Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S. 782 (2001), is a United States Supreme Court case which concerned whether instructions given to a Texas jury were constitutionally adequate to emphasize the mitigating factors in sentencing of mental retardation.. The Texas courts had determined the sentencing instructions were consistent with prior Supreme Court jurisprudence, but the Court in a divided decision reversed, finding the sentencing instructions insufficient. This was the second time Penry's case made it to the Supreme Court.
Mutations in this gene result in Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), a disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features, growth delay, limb reduction defects, and mental retardation. As these mutations are usually heterozygous, CdLS is caused by a reduction in the abundance of Nipbl not a complete loss. Experiments on cells from patients and mice indicate that the reduction is by less than half. It is not known why a reduction in Nipbl expression results in CdLS.
Cancer- associated retinopathy (CAR), seen when certain cancers incite the production of deleterious antibodies against retinal components, may cause hemeralopia. Another known cause is a rare genetic condition called Cohen syndrome (aka Pepper syndrome). Cohen syndrome is mostly characterized by obesity, mental retardation and craniofacial dysmorphism due to genetic mutation at locus 8q22–23. Rarely, it may have ocular complications such as hemeralopia, pigmentary chorioretinitis, optic atrophy or retinal/iris coloboma, having a serious effect on the person's vision.
Mutations affecting the COX6B1 gene are associated with mitochondrial complex IV deficiency (MT-C4D), a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Features include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development, and mental retardation. Some affected individuals manifest a fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resulting in neonatal death. A subset of patients manifest Leigh's syndrome.
Intellectual disability and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH), also known as mental retardation, X-linked, syndromic, Najm type (MRXSNA), is a rare X-linked dominant genetic disorder of infants characterised by intellectual disability and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. It usually affects females; many males die before birth or not long after. The disorder is associated with a mutation in the CASK gene. As with the vast majority of genetic disorders, there is no known cure to MICPCH.
Human primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a distinct subtype that is genetically inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. MCPH is characterized by a smaller cerebral cortex associated with mild to moderate mental retardation and no other neurological deficits. Additionally, MCPH is associated with the absence of environmental causes such as intrauterine infections, exposure to prenatal radiation or drugs, maternal phenylketonuria, and birth asphyxia. MCPH has an incidence rate of 1/30,000 to 1/250,000 in western populations.
Pittenger served two non-consecutive terms in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. After becoming active in the Democratic Party, Pittenger was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing his district from 1965 to 1968. During his first term, Pittenger was the principal sponsor of the Mental Health/Mental Retardation Act of 1966 and drafted the bill for Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency scholarship program. Pittenger was defeated for re-election to the Pennsylvania State House.
Mevalonate kinase deficiency causes an accumulation of mevalonic acid in the urine, resulting from insufficient activity of the enzyme mevalonate kinase (ATP:mevalonate 5-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.36). Mevalonate pathway The disorder was first described in 1985. Classified as an inborn error of metabolism, mevalonate kinase deficiency usually results in developmental delay, hypotonia, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, various dysmorphic features, mental retardation, an overall failure to thrive and several other features. Mevalonate kinase deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
Foster care, which involved "substitute care" from birth families, preceded this organization of parents nationally and together with group homes were considered the primary forms of community residential services in the US.e.g., Hill, B., Lakin, K.C., Bruininks, R., Amado, A., Anderson, D. & Copher, J.(1989). Living in the community: A comparative study of foster homes and group homes for people with mental retardation. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Residential and Community Services, Institute on Community Integration, University of Minnesota.
From 1968 to 1970, he served as a staff physician at St. Albans Naval Hospital in New York. In 1972, he began working as a professor of pediatrics and head, Infant Processes Section at the Waisman Center on Mental Retardation and Human Development at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1987, he became the director of developmental pediatrics at the school's Department of Pediatrics; in 1989, he became the medical director of the Waisman Center's Clinical Services Unit.
She was appointed Executive Secretary to the New York City Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Alcoholism Services, when John Lindsay was elected Mayor of New York City. At that time she was a Republican District Leader and Lindsay, a Republican, received more votes in that election than a Republican ever had. Emma served in that capacity until she retired in 1984 from the Department. She was a lifelong advocate for community causes and rights of minorities.
Using array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) to screen 2,400 individuals with isolated or syndromic mental retardation for copy number variation, Giorda et al. (2009) identified 8 (0.33%) unrelated individuals, 2 males and 6 females, with a microduplication at chromosome Xp11.23-p11.22. The rearrangement was familial in 3 patients. A female patient shared a 4.5-Mb duplication with her affected mother and sister, and an unrelated male patient shared a 4.5-Mb duplication with his affected mother and sister.
But on that volcano—the future site of the Windfarm—they had an astounding stroke of luck. They found speckles, an indigenous plant that had adapted to concentrate potassium as a defense against predation, making complex extraction of the element unnecessary. Even so, upon the ship's return to Spiral Town, they found they were too late. Everyone had succumbed to devastating cases of potassium deficiency; all had suffered severe mental retardation, and a great many were dead.
The state government promptly converted the hospital into a psychiatric institution for patients with mental retardation and other developmental handicaps. It operated without major incident for nearly three decades, avoiding major controversy despite the general climate of abuse and misconduct that hung over mental health institutions at the time. The hospital's almost closed doors in 1989 when could not maintain its ICF/MR license for mental health treatment. The administration applied for a four-year extension which was granted.
Affected individuals exhibit intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, leading to short stature and an aged appearance from birth. They have physical abnormalities including a large head (macrocephaly), sparse hair, prominent scalp veins, inward-folded eyelids, widened anterior fontanelles, hollow cheeks (malar hypoplasia), general loss of fat tissues under the skin, delayed tooth eruption, abnormal hair pattern, beaked noses, mild to severe mental retardation and dysmorphism. The cause of WR is unknown, although defects in DNA repair have been implicated.
Infants often develop sudden involuntary muscle contractions (called myoclonus) and have red spots in their eyes (cherry red spots). They are often unable to coordinate voluntary movement (called ataxia). Tremors, impaired vision, and seizures also occur in children with ML I. Tests reveal abnormal enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly) and extreme abdominal swelling. Infants with ML I generally lack muscle tone (hypotonia) and have mental retardation that is either initially or progressively severe.
The common symptoms in all reported cases of primrose syndrome include ossified pinnae, learning disabilities or mental retardation, hearing problems, movement disorders (ataxia, paralysis, and parkinsonism among others (likely due, in part, to calcification of the basal ganglia), a torus palatinus (a neoplasm on the mouth's hard palate), muscle atrophy, and distorted facial features. Other symptoms usually occur, different in each case, but it is unknown whether or not these symptoms are caused by the same disease.
Political leaders of note who were residents of Castor Gardens at one time include former Councilman at Large Jack Kelly (politician), former Congressman Charles F. Dougherty, the late Congressman Joshua Eilberg, and the late leader of the Northeast Mental Health and Mental Retardation Center Anthony Iannerelli. Philadelphia Controller Alan Butkovitz currently resides there with his wife Theresa. Rep. Mark Cohen has long resided there with his wife Mona. A Democratic stronghold, the area is split into many political districts.
DOPEY2 has been associated with the Down Syndrome phenotype. When DOPEY2 was overexpressed in mice, abnormal lamination patterns of cortical cells was observed, as well as altered cortical, hippocampal, and cerebellar cells, regions that play key roles in memory and learning. These changes are similar to those observed in Down Syndrome patients. It is because of this that C21orf15 is now being studied as a new candidate gene for the mental retardation phenotype in Down Syndrome.
The region in which unilateral polymicrogyria occurs has been generalized into different cortical areas. Features associated with this form of polymicrogyria are similar to the other forms and include spastic hemiparesis, mental retardation in variable degrees, and seizures. The features depend on the exact area and extent to which polymicrogyria has affected the cortex. Patients who have unilateral polymicrogyria have been reported to also have electrical status epilepticus during sleep (EPES), and all suffered from seizures.
Deficiencies in β-glucuronidase result in the autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disease known as Sly syndrome or Mucopolysaccharidosis VII. A deficiency in this enzyme results in the build-up of non-hydrolyzed mucopolysaccharides in the patient. This disease can be extremely debilitating for the patient or can result in hydrops fetalis prior to birth. In addition, mental retardation, short stature, coarse facial features, spinal abnormalities, and enlargement of liver and spleen are observed in surviving patients.
Achalasia microcephaly syndrome is a rare condition whereby achalasia in the oesophagus manifests alongside microcephaly and mental retardation. This is a rare constellation of symptoms with a predicted familial trend. The main signs of achalasia microcephaly syndrome involve the manifestation of each individual disease associated with the condition. Microcephaly can be primary, where the brain fails to develop properly during pregnancy, or secondary, where the brain is normal sized at birth but fails to grow as the child ages.
Avaz is a communication device for > people with speech disorders such as cerebral palsy, autism, mental > retardation, and aphasia. It works by converting limited muscle movements, > such as head or finger movements, into speech. His invention broadly falls > under the category of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) > technologies. Though speech generating devices are effective, most AAC > devices aren't within the reach of the speech-impaired persons in the > developing world and they mostly generate speech in English.
Most conditions of STH have a light worm burden and usually have no discernible symptoms. Heavy infections however cause a range of health problems, including abdominal pain, diarrhoea, blood and protein loss, rectal prolapse, and physical and mental retardation. Severe ascariasis is typically a pneumonia, as the larvae invade lungs, producing fever, cough and dyspnoea during early stage of infection.Hookworm infections insinuate a skin reaction (dermatitis), increased white blood cells (eosinophils), a pulmonary reaction (pneumonitis), and skin rash (urticarial).
The acronym "MASA" stands for the four main signs and symptoms associated with the syndrome: (1) mental retardation (mild to moderate intellectual disability), (2) aphasia (delayed onset of speech), (3) shuffling gait, and (4) adducted thumbs characterized by cleft palate, microcephaly, and dysmyelination. Affected males may also have a variable dilatation (widening) of the third heart ventricle. MASA has five other factors including hydrocephalus. The build-up is often caused by an obstruction that prevents proper fluid drainage.
In those who have Type 2 CGL, a mutation in the BSCL2 gene encoding the Seipin protein and located at 11q13. This gene encodes a protein, Seipin, whose function is unknown. Expression of mRNA for the seipin protein is high in the brain, yet low in adipose tissues. Additionally, patients which have mutations in this protein have a higher incidence of mental retardation and lack mechanically active adipose tissue, which is present in those with AGPAT2 mutations.
GDP dissociation inhibitors are proteins that regulate the GDP-GTP exchange reaction of members of the rab family, small GTP-binding proteins of the ras superfamily, that are involved in vesicular trafficking of molecules between cellular organelles. GDIs slow the rate of dissociation of GDP from rab proteins and release GDP from membrane-bound rabs. GDI1 is expressed primarily in neural and sensory tissues. Mutations in GDI1 have been linked to X-linked nonspecific mental retardation.
Most neonatal jaundice shows during the first week after birth. Nevertheless, when bilirubin levels become exceedingly high, the substance may move out of the blood, cross the blood brain barrier, and collect in brain tissue, damaging the baby's brain cells, a condition known as acute bilirubin encephalopathy. If acute bilirubin encephalopathy is not addressed promptly, Kernicterus syndrome can develop and cause permanent brain damage. In rare situations, a baby may experience seizures, deafness, cerebral palsy or mental retardation.
Recent commentators such as Bill James have suggested that Waddell suffered from a developmental disability, mental retardation, autism, or attention deficit disorder (ADD). Not much was known about these mental conditions, or their diagnoses, at the time. Though eccentric and childlike, Waddell was not illiterate as some sources have claimed. To make sure he stayed out of trouble during the offseason, Browns owner Robert Hedges hired him as a hunter over the winters of 1908 and 1909.
Hannushkin created a psychiatric school, experimentally studied hypnosis, analyzed psychoanalytic ideas and developed a doctrine of pathological character and psychopathic personality. Hannushkin believed in psychopathic personality, finding it distinct from healthy personalities and characterized by an inborn character and consistency of movement. She presented "Some experimentalе confirmation of P.B. Hannushkins views on psychopathic personality", at a 1975 scientific conference, devoted to his 100th anniversary. She published some 50 papers on the problems of mental retardation and other pathologies.
6, pp. 1637-1641. The period of pregnancy in which warfarin is administered can affect the category of defects which develop. Warfarin taken in the first trimester of pregnancy is more likely to result in physical abnormalities while warfarin taken in the second and third trimester more commonly causes abnormalities of the central nervous system. The more extreme symptoms such as severe mental retardation, blindness and deafness occur more often when warfarin is used throughout all three trimesters.
Several proteins containing DHHC domains have been implicated in human disease. Two missense mutations within the DHHC domain of ZDHHC9 were identified in X-linked mental retardation associated with a Marfanoid Habitus. A potential link of ZDHHC11 with bladder cancer has been suggested by the discovery that 5 out of 9 high-grade bladder cancer samples surveyed contained a duplication of the 5p15.33 genomic region. However, this region contains another gene TPPP which may be the causative gene.
Following the 1989 Penry ruling, sixteen states as well as the federal government passed legislation that banned the execution of offenders with mental retardation. Penry was overruled in 2002 by Atkins v. Virginia, which held that the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment precluded the execution of the mentally handicapped, but the Supreme Court left the definition of mentally handicapped as something to be determined by the states. In 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in Hall v.
The Universidad César Vallejo offers careers in Accounting, Law, Psychology, Management, Systems Engineering. Other schools include the Universidad Peruana Union, the Universidad Alas Peruanas, the Instituto Superior Público de Tarapoto, the Instituto Superior Tecnológico Nororiental de la Selva, and numerous private vocational education centers. For special education, Tarapoto has the Education Centre No. 001 for children with Mental Retardation and/or physical limitations and Education Centre No. 002 or Blind Rehabilitation Center (CREC) for the visually impaired.
Mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme give rise to an autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis, cerebral calcification, and mental retardation. It is very rare and cases from all over the world have been reported, of which about 70% are from the Maghreb region of North Africa, possibly due to the high prevalence of consanguinity there. The kidney problems are treated as described above. There is no treatment for the osteopetrosis or cerebral calcification.
However, while genes influencing variation in g in the normal range have proven difficult to find, many single-gene disorders with mental retardation among their symptoms have been discovered.Plomin 2003 It has been suggested that the g loading of mental tests have been found to correlate with heritability, but both the empirical data and statistical methodology bearing on this question are matters of active controversy.Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2005). Problems with the method of correlated vectors.
Boys have a higher chance of being diagnosed with autism than girls. The ASD sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with mental retardation and more than 5.5:1 without. Recent studies have found no association with socioeconomic status, and have reported inconsistent results about associations with race or ethnicity. RORA deficiency may explain some of the difference in frequency between males and females.
His interest in the field of special education continued as he worked closely with individuals with learning disabilities. Samuel Kirk “wrote so widely and so authoritatively on so many aspects of mental retardation and learning disorders and was responsible for so many innovations in diagnosis, training, and social policy”. In 1963, Dr. Kirk delivered a speech to an education conference and was the first to use and define the term “learning disability”.Noilon, R. (2013, December 12).
Kittinger has been an avid speaker over the last 10 years; speaking at everything from major conferences in the States, and as far away as Manila, Philippines, to author visits in local classrooms. She also served as a representative of Hoover, Alabama for ten years on the board of the Mental Retardation / Developmental Disabilities Health Care Authority of Jefferson Co.,Inc., standing up for Alabama citizens who live under afflictions similar to Cerebral Palsy, which impaired her eldest son.
Mutations in this gene can cause mitochondrial Complex IV deficiency, a disease of the mitochondrial respiratory chain displaying a wide variety of clinical manifestations ranging from isolated myopathy to a severe multisystem disease affecting multiple organs and tissues. Symptoms may include liver dysfunction and hepatomegaly, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, delayed motor development, mental retardation, developmental delay, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In some patients, the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is fatal at the neonatal stage. Other affected individuals may manifest Leigh disease.
In 1967, Dybwad became the founding director of the Starr Center for Mental Retardation at the Heller School for Policy and Management, Brandeis University. In 1973, Dybwad was a founding member of the American Bar Association's (ABA) commission on the Mentally Disabled. Other members included Chesterfield Smith, Jerome J. Shestack, David L. Bazelon, Charles R. Halpern, Jonas Robitcher, Saleem A. Shah, McNeill Smith, Helen Wright, and Alan A. Stone. He served as president of Inclusion International from 1978-1982.
Three Iranian siblings born with syndrome characterized by severe mental retardation, cataracts with onset in late adolescence, kyphosis, contracture of large joints, bulbous nose with broad nasal bridge, and thick lips. At age 8, all 3 siblings had developed severe thoracic kyphosis but after several skeletal X-rays revealed no vertebral abnormalities. One sibling had left iris coloboma, and another sibling had bilateral iris coloboma. The oldest brother had a large capillary hemangioma on the left cheek.
Retrieved 2015-10-03. The procedure took place in November 1941. James W. Watts, who carried out the procedure with Walter Freeman (both of George Washington University School of Medicine), described the procedure to author Ronald Kessler as follows: Dr. Watts told Kessler that in his opinion, Rosemary had suffered not from mental retardation but rather from a form of depression. A review of all of the papers written by the two doctors confirmed Dr. Watts' declaration.
Giles & Manchester, 2006 Non-aversive approaches to behaviour disorder after TBI are consistent with concepts in psychiatric rehabilitation and positive behavioural supports in work with persons with mental retardation but were developed independently from them. The interventions stress a philosophy of normalisation, respect, non- confrontation, positive engagement, support, and functional and behavioural skill development. The approach is based on the observation that much of the behavioural disregulation is hostile/irritable aggression and not instrumental in nature.
When adult worms attach to the villi of the small intestine, they suck on the host's blood, which may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, cramps, and weight loss that can lead to anorexia. Heavy infections can lead to the development of iron deficiency and hypochromic microcytic anemia. This form of anemia in children can give rise to physical and mental retardation. Infection caused by cutaneous larvae migrans, a skin disease in humans, is characterized by skin ruptures and severe itching.
O'Connor was a pioneer in the experimental study of cognitive abilities in children with learning disabilities, various referred to as mental retardation or subnormality. He applied the advances in psychology that originated from information processing. He studied processes underlying perception, memory, language and spatial abilities with refined behavioural methods and derived new knowledge from comparing individuals with different levels of general intellectual ability. His aim was to see whether there were specific deficits over and above general deficits.
Behavioral interventions have been very helpful in reducing problem behaviors in residential treatment centers. The type of clients receiving services in a facility (children with emotional or behavioral disorders versus mental retardation versus psychiatric disorders) is a factor in the effectiveness of behavior modification. Behavioral intervention has been found to be successful even when medication interventions fail.Luiselli, J.K. & Evans, T.P. (1987) However, there is evidence that certain populations may benefit more from interventions that fall outside of the behavior-modification paradigm.
This gene encodes L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent enzyme that oxidizes L-2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate in a variety of mammalian tissues. Mutations in this gene cause L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder resulting in moderate to severe mental retardation. L2HGDH codes for a protein that is 50 kDa in size. The L2HGDH protein contains a mitochondrial-targeting transit peptide and is localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane inside mitochondria inside the cell.
Forness was an Executive Committee Member for the Academy on Mental Retardation from 1989 to 1991 and Co-Chair of the Definition Task Force for the National Mental Health and Special Education Coalition, 1987-2000. He was on the DSM IV subcommittee on learning disorders with the American Psychiatric Association from 1988–1994 and received a Best Article of the Year Award from this association. At the Midwest Symposium on Behavioral Disorders in 1993, Forness was given the Leadership Award.
The nutrition of children 5 years and younger depends strongly on the nutrition level of their mothers during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Infants born to young mothers who are not fully developed are found to have low birth weights. The level of maternal nutrition during pregnancy can affect newborn baby body size and composition. Iodine-deficiency in mothers usually causes brain damage in their offspring, and some cases cause extreme physical and mental retardation. This affects the children’s ability to achieve their full potential.
Megalocornea (MGCN, MGCN1) is an extremely rare nonprogressive condition in which the cornea has an enlarged diameter, reaching and exceeding 13 mm. It is thought to have two subforms, one with autosomal inheritance and the other X-linked (Xq21.3-q22). The X-linked form is more common and males generally constitute 90% of cases. It may be associated with Alport syndrome, craniosynostosis, dwarfism, Down syndrome, Parry–Romberg syndrome, Marfan syndrome, mucolipidosis, Frank–ter Haar syndrome, crouzon syndrome, megalocornea-mental retardation syndrome etc.
Disruptions of the RELN gene are considered to be the cause of the rare form of lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia classed as a microlissencephaly called Norman-Roberts syndrome. The mutations disrupt splicing of the RELN mRNA transcript, resulting in low or undetectable amounts of reelin protein. The phenotype in these patients was characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, and developmental delay, with lack of unsupported sitting and profound mental retardation with little or no language development. Seizures and congenital lymphedema are also present.
X-linked interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RAPL2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the interleukin 1 receptor family. This protein is similar to the interleukin 1 accessory proteins, and is most closely related to interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL1RAPL1). This gene and IL1RAPL1 are located at a region on chromosome X that is associated with X-linked non- syndromic mental retardation.
The Library of Congress reports that "In 2006, Russia had 1,373 boarding schools for 170,000 children with speech, hearing, and language pathology, vision impairment, mental retardation, skeletal diseases, and tuberculosis; and 1,946 day schools for 236,000 disabled students." Primarily, though, children are placed into institutions at an early age. Since 1993, the Ministry of Education made a recommendation regarding the creation of the availability of classes for children with learning disabilities, but this sort of social change is still in progress.
In humans, the gene that codes for GARS-AIRS-GART is on chromosome 21, and individuals with Down Syndrome have higher purine levels, which has been correlated with mental retardation. Thus, studies have been conducted to investigate its involvement in Down Syndrome. It has been found that GARS is expressed for longer in individuals with Down Syndrome than in unaffected individuals. In unaffected individuals, GARS is highly expressed in the cerebellum before birth but is barely expressed by three weeks after birth.
Joubert syndrome (JS) is one of the most commonly diagnosed syndromes associated with the molar tooth sign (MTS), or hypoplasia/dysplasia of the cerebellar vermis accompanied by brainstem abnormalities. JS is defined clinically by features of hypotonia in infancy with later development of ataxia, developmental delays, mental retardation, abnormal breathing patterns, abnormal eye movements specific to oculomotor apraxia, or the presence of the MTS on the cranial MRI. JS is an autosomal recessive condition with an estimated prevalence of 1: 100,000.
Upset, he asks Nandkishore why he sent the child to a boarding school in the first place and shows Mrs Awasthi her son's notebooks giving an analysis of his struggles. He explains how Ishaan has severe difficulty in understanding letters and words due to dyslexia even though Nandkishore, labelling it as mental retardation, dismisses it as a mere excuse for laziness. Frustrated by his crude and inaccurate explanation of Ishaan's condition, Nikumbh leaves. Nandkishore finally feels guilty for his mistreatment towards Ishaan.
Patients with band heterotopia may present at any age with variable developmental delay and seizure disorder, which vary widely in severity. Subcortical band heterotopia, also known as “double cortex” syndrome, refers to a band of subcortical heterotopia neurons, located midway between the ventricles and the cerebral cortex. The disorder is seen primarily in females and typically causes varying degrees of mental retardation and almost all of them have epilepsy. Approximately two thirds of patients with epilepsy ultimately develop intractable seizures.
As a seven-year-old girl, Alice Della Rocca is forced by her father to take skiing lessons, although she hates the ski school and has no particular aptitude for the sport. One morning, Alice is separated from the rest of the group and falls off a cliff, sustaining serious injuries. Alice will remain crippled for the rest of her life. Mattia Balossino is a gifted and intelligent child, unlike his twin sister Michela, who suffers from a severe form of mental retardation.
Stanfield has received a BA in Psychology from UCLA, MA in Educational Psychology from California State University, Northridge, and a Doctor of Education in Special Education/Instructional Design from USC. During his doctoral studies he received a Bureau of Health & Education doctoral fellowship in mental retardation from USC. He later taught as a Professor of Special Education at the CSULA Graduate Department of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, as well as a special education instructor within the Los Angeles City Schools.
The brain is abnormally smooth, with fewer folds and grooves. The face, especially in children, has distinct characteristics including a short nose with upturned nares, thickened upper lip with a thin vermilion upper border, frontal bossing, small jaw, low- set posteriorly rotated ears, sunken appearance in the middle of the face, widely spaced eyes, and hypertelorism. The forehead is prominent with bitemporal hollowing. Characteristics that are not visual include mental retardation, pre- and postnatal growth retardation, epilepsy, and reduced lifespan.
Fish oil supplement to pregnant and lactating mothers has been linked to increased cognitive ability in one study. Another study found that pregnant women who consumed 340 grams of low-mercury containing fish with fatty acids per week have benefits that outweigh the risks for mercury poisoning. They were less likely to have children with low verbal IQ, motor coordination and behavioral problems. However, foods containing high amounts of mercury, such as shark, swordfish, king mackerel and tilefish, might cause mental retardation.
Fetal alcohol exposure, causing Fetal alcohol syndrome, is one of the leading known causes of mental retardation in the Western world. Current cannabis use was found to be significantly correlated in a dose- dependent manner with a decline in IQ scores, during the effect of the use. However, no such decline was seen in subjects who had formerly been heavy cannabis users and had stopped taking the drug. The authors concluded that cannabis does not have a long-term effect on intelligence.
Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, commonly known as Bradley Hospital, is a non- profit hospital in East Providence, Rhode Island, in the Riverside neighborhood. In 1929 the hospital was founded as the nation's first neuropsychiatric hospital for children. The hospital was named for George and Helen Bradley's only child Emma Pendleton Bradley, who was diagnosed with breast cancer at age Twenty Three in 1886 leaving her with "epilepsy, mental retardation ". The Bradleys willed their Rhode Island estate to be used as a hospital.
In 1966 he moved to Cambridge University as Sir William Dunn Reader in Biochemistry, and fellow of University (now Wolfson College). From 1967–71 he acted in addition as Chief Research Scientist at the New York State Institute for Basic Research in Mental Retardation and was Visiting Professor at the City University of New York (1968–72). From 1973 to 1987 he was Director and Head of the Department of Neurochemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany.
From 1975 to 1977, Haywood was Vice President for Psychology of the American Association on Mental Deficiency, now American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disability, and President of the association from 1980 to 1981. From 1978 to 1979, he was President of the American Psychological Association's Division on Mental Retardation. From 1980 to 1982, he also served on the American Psychological Association's Council of Representatives. From 1988 to 1992, Haywood served as President of the International Association for Cognitive Education.
Erbkrank () is a 1936 Nazi propaganda film. Directed by Herbert Gerdes, it was one of six propagandistic movies produced by the "NSDAP, Reichsleitung, Rassenpolitisches Amt" or the Office of Racial Policy, from 1935 to 1937 to demonize people in Germany diagnosed with mental illness and mental retardation. The goal was to gain public support for the T-4 Euthanasia Program then in the works. This film, as the others, was made with actual footage of patients in German psychiatric hospitals.
The most frequent reported symptoms in patients with 22q11.2 duplication syndrome are mental retardation/learning disability (97% of patients), delayed psychomotor development (67% of patients), growth retardation (63% of patients) and muscular hypotonia (43% of patients). However, these are common and relatively non-specific indications for cytogenetic analysis, and the extent to which the duplication of 22q11.2 causes these features is currently unknown. The duplication is frequently inherited from a normal parent, so it is clear that intellectual development can be normal.
Malaria is also an issue which affects educational development. In a 2010 study about the effects of malaria on the village of Diankabou, researchers found that malaria was responsible for the majority of deaths of children under 5 years old and over a third of all visits to health clinics. Additionally, they found that malaria during pregnancy can negatively affect the development of a child. Once a child is born, malaria can lead to speech delay and mental retardation for children under 5.
Extra toes are more commonly seen than fingers. Often both the toes and fingers are webbed, a process that occurs before the sixth week gestational period. Often their digits will be abnormally short, and the fingers are commonly missing an interphalangeal joint. Roughly half of the babies born with Carpenter Syndrome have some type of heart defect, and seventy five percent of individuals with this disease will experience some degree of development delay due to mild mental retardation (Carpenter Syndrome-description).
Heather suffered from German measles, a rather harmless disease to most adults, but dangerous for a pregnant woman. Heather innocently infected Marina when she met her during the Second World War while Marina was pregnant: she had caused Marina's child to be born with mental retardation. Upon hearing Heather cheerfully tell this story, Marina was overcome with rage and deliberately poisoned her. She then spread the idea that she was the intended victim, concocting the death threats and poisoning her own coffee.
As a senator, Meyer von Bremen served as Chairman of the Special Judiciary committee. He also served as a member of the Senate Appropriations, Ethics, Judiciary and Natural Resources Committees. Additionally he sat on the Joint Commission on Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Committee, the Southern Legislative Conference’s Economic Development, Transportation and Cultural Affairs Committee and the Joint Comprehensive Water Plan Study Committee. From 2002 until he left the Georgia Senate, Meyer von Bremen served as the (Democratic) Senate Minority Leader.
Aminoacylase 1 deficiency (A1D) is a rare disease caused by an autosomal recessive mutation in the aminoacylase 1 gene (ACY1) on chromosome 3p21. The lack of functional aminoacylase 1 caused by A1D results in a dysfunctional urea cycle, causing an array of neurological disorders including seizures, muscular hypotonia, mental retardation, and impaired psychomotor development. A1D has also been associated with autism . Patients with A1D often start expressing symptoms shortly after birth but seem to recover fully in the next few years.
In 2005, Williams was one of the subjects of Sister Prejean's book, The Death of Innocents: An Eyewitness Account of Wrongful Executions. She noted that the defense had been weak, failing to discuss his low IQ of 65, which is below the range establishing mental retardation (now referred to as intellectual disability). Such people may be suggestible and it may have contributed to his confessing to officers. The attorney also failed to discuss mitigating factors such as abuse in his childhood.
The principle of normalization was developed in Scandinavia during the sixties and articulated by Bengt Nirje of the Swedish Association for Retarded Children with the US human service system a product of Wolf Wolfensberger formulation of normalization and evaluations of the early 1970s.The normalisation principle and its human management implications, in R. Kugel & W. Wolfensberger (Eds.) Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded, Washington, D.C: President’s Committee on Mental Retardation, 1969.Wolfensberger, W. (1972). The Principle of Normalization in Human Services.
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMR1) acts to regulate translation of specific mRNAs through its binding of eIF4E. FMRP acts by binding CYFIP1, which directly binds eIF4e at a domain that is structurally similar to those found in 4E-BPs including EIF4EBP3, EIF4EBP1, and EIF4EBP2. The FMRP/CYFIP1 complex binds in such a way as to prevent the eIF4E-eIF4G interaction, which is necessary for translation to occur. The FMRP/CYFIP1/eIF4E interaction is strengthened by the presence of mRNA(s).
FMRP has a diverse array of functions throughout different areas of the neuron; however these functions have not been fully characterized. FMRP has been suggested to play roles in nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of mRNA, dendritic mRNA localization, and synaptic protein synthesis. Studies of Fragile X syndrome have significantly aided in the understanding of the functionality of FMRP through the observed effects of FMRP loss on neurons. A mouse model of fragile X mental retardation implicated the involvement of FMRP in synaptic plasticity.
Then, when he was five years old, he was adopted by Joanne and Rudy Sheptock, a Polish man and Italian woman. They lived in an old mansion in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey and had a family of thirty-seven children—seven natural-born and thirty adopted children. Most of the children the children they adopted had some sort of handicap, such as: neurological impairment, mental retardation, emotional problems, blindness, missing limbs and lung problems. in 1985, the family moved to Interlachen, Florida.
The clinical phenotype of 3q29 microdeletion syndrome is variable. Clinical features can include mild/moderate intellectual disability with mildly dysmorphic facial features (long and narrow face, short philtrum and a high nasal bridge). Of the 6 reported patients, additional features including autism, ataxia, chest-wall deformity and long, tapering fingers were found in at least two patients. A review of 14 children with interstitial deletions of 3q29, found 11 who had the common recurrent 1.6Mb deletion and displayed mental retardation and microcephaly.
Hossein Najmabadi is an Iranian medical scientist and the director of Genetics Research Center at University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR). Najmabadi is known for his significant contribution to the genetics of mental retardation. Najmabadi studied biology at the University of North Texas and hold a PhD in molecular biology from the same university in 1989. He then joined UCLA as a postdoc and in 1995 he was appointed as a faculty member at Charles Drew University of Medicine & Science - UCLA.
IND can be grouped into NID A and NID B, with the "A" form affecting the sympathetic innervation, and the "B" version affecting the parasympathetic innervation. In 2002 Martucciello and colleagues published the first analysis of associated anomalies in IND population is an important clinical approach to investigate possible pathogenetic correlations. Two recessive syndromes were identified (3 families). The first was characterized by NID B, intestinal malrotation, and congenital short bowel, the second by NID B, short stature, mental retardation, and facial dysmorphism.
First elected to the Assembly in 1992, Rivera was the Chairman of the New York Assembly's Puerto Rican/Hispanic Task force and Assembly Committee on Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Developmental Disabilities. He was the highest-ranking self-described Latino officeholder within the State Assembly. In the summer of 2010, The New York Times reported that Rivera would face a Democratic primary election challenge from Bronx lawyer Luis R. Sepúlveda. Rivera went on to defeat Sepulveda in the 2010 primary.
Abbeduto received various awards during his tenure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison including the Kellett Mid-Career Research Award and the Emil A. Steiger Award for Distinguished Teaching. In 2010, Abbeduto received the Enid and William Rosen Research Award from the National Fragile X Foundation. Abbeduto has authored several books including Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Educational Psychology and Guide to Human Development for Future Educators. He co-authored Language and Communication in Mental Retardation: Development, Processes and Intervention, with Sheldon Rosenberg.
Symptoms include brittle hair, mild mental retardation and nail dysplasia. The syndrome was first observed in Sabinas, a small community in northern Mexico. The principal biochemical features of the illness are reduced hair cystine levels, increased copper/zinc ratio, and presence of arginosuccinic acid in the blood and urine. The key finding is brittle hair with low sulfur content, but alternating dark and light bands under polarizing microscopy, trichoschisis, and absent or defective cuticle are additional important clues for the diagnosis of trichothiodystrophy.
Mutations in the DLX5 gene have been shown to be involved in the hand and foot malformation syndrome. SHFM is a heterogenous limb defect in which the development of the central digital rays is hindered, leading to missing central digits and claw-like distal extremities. Other defects associated with DLX5 include sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation, ectodermal and craniofacial findings, and orofacial clefting. In mice, the targeted disruption of DLX1, DLX2, DLX1/2, or DLX5 orthologs yields craniofacial, bone, and vestibular defects.
Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GATM gene. This gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that belongs to the Amidinotransferase family. This enzyme is involved in creatine biosynthesis, whereby it catalyzes the transfer of a guanido group from L-arginine to glycine, resulting in guanidinoacetic acid, the immediate precursor of creatine. Mutations in this gene cause arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, an inborn error of creatine synthesis characterized by mental retardation, language impairment, and behavioral disorders.
Simultaneously, the Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities attempted to obtain group homes. Opposition was strong on the parts of many local residents - who attended Town Hall Meetings to express their fears. Letchworth had already initiated learning programs which were designed to train individuals in the skills with hopes of making their transitions easier. Coupled with other, community-based options such as "Family Care" homes, the population of the Village steadily decreased throughout the 80's and 90's.
This genetic condition may lead to mental retardation, epilepsy, a disfiguring facial rash and benign tumors in the brain, heart, kidney and other organs. The condition was also studied by the British dermatologist, John James Pringle (1855-1922), leading some historical texts to refer to it as "Bourneville-Pringle disease". Bourneville published works which stated that saints claiming to produce miracles or stigmata, and those claiming to be possessed were actually suffering from epilepsy or hysteria.Porter, Dorothy; Porter; Roy. (1993).
Mutations in the STXBP1 cause Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy Type 4 (EIEE4), a severe form of epilepsy characterized by frequent tonic seizures or spasms beginning in infancy with a specific EEG finding of suppression-burst patterns, characterized by high-voltage bursts alternating with almost flat suppression phases. Affected individuals have neonatal or infantile onset of seizures, profound mental retardation, and MRI evidence of brain hypomyelination. Inheritance of EIEE4 is autosomal dominant. This gene was initially discovered in 2008 as cause for Ohtahara Syndrome.
The affected children after birth can suffer mental retardation and problems with learning, memory, attention, problem solving and problems with mental health and social interactions. Deformities in facial features, skeletal and body organs as well as a smaller head circumference are also sometimes present in these children. Studies in sheep indicate that fetal neurotoxicity induced by alcohol may be due to acidaemia and hypercapnia. Binge drinking three or more times during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of stillbirth.
Otx2 is expressed in the brain, ear, nose and eye, and in the case of mutations; it can lead to significant developmental abnormalities and disorders. Mutations in OTX2 can cause eye disorders including anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Apart from anophthalmia and microphthalmia, other abnormalities such as aplasia of the optic nerve, hypoplasia of the optic chiasm and dysplastic optic globes have also been observed. Other defects that occur due to a mutation of the Otx2 gene include pituitary abnormalities and mental retardation.
Thomas et al. (1986) also emphasized the occurrence of the cryptophthalmos syndrome without cryptophthalmos and proposed diagnostic criteria for Fraser syndrome. Major criteria consisted of cryptophthalmos, syndactyly, abnormal genitalia, and positive family history. Minor criteria were congenital malformation of the nose, ears, or larynx, cleft lip and/or palate, skeletal defects, umbilical hernia, renal agenesis, and mental retardation. Diagnosis was based on the presence of at least 2 major and 1 minor criteria, or 1 major and 4 minor criteria.
In the 2003 remake of the original film and its prequel, Leatherface suffers from a facial disfigurement and a skin disease that caused severe deformities and tumors to his face. Due to this disfigurement, his muteness and mental retardation (carried over from the original series), other children bullied the boy. He wears skin masks to cover up his deformity, and also has a tendency toward self-mutilation. A doctor diagnosed him as suffering from a type of neurodegeneration at age 12.
In 1959, a law was enacted that led to the establishment of the Mental Retardation Service and a decentralised regional system of services for those with intellectual disabilities. That same year, an extension of covered occupational diseases in work injury compensation was carried out. In 1958, an education reform was enacted that reduced educational barriers. In March 1957 it had been 4 years since the last election to the Folketing, and as mandated by the Danish constitution new elections were held.
The resulting high blood and urine concentrations of iodotyrosine can be used as a measure for diagnosis, as the iodide is not removed from the tyrosine residues effectively. In some countries, newborn babies are tested for congenital hypothyroidism and treated immediately if the disease is detected, safely preventing the development of mental retardation. However, mutations of iodotyrosine deiodinase are often not detected until after developmental damage has already occurred. Furthermore, these mutations may not be specifically detected using standard thyroid function tests.
This inflammation can lead in the short term to paralysis, bladder dysfunction, visual disturbance, and coma and in the long term to permanent nerve damage, mental retardation, nerve damage, permanent brain damage, or death. Eosinophilic meningitis is commonly defined by the increased number of eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In most cases, eosinophil levels rise to 10 or more eosinophils per μl in the CSF, accounting for at least 10% of the total CSF leukocyte (white blood cell) count."EOSINOPHILIC MENINGITIS".
Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation of the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome. The disease occurs mostly in females and involves repetitive hand movements, frequent seizures and a loss of vocal skills and sometimes motor skills. Females with one copy of the mutated allele show symptoms of severe mental retardation. Asymptomatic carriers and patients with very mild symptoms have been described, who can show skewed X-inactivation that favors the inactivation of the mutated allele.
The writers have published psychometric results that indicate both reliability and validity of the ADI-R. Both inter-rater reliability and internal consistency were good across all behavioral areas investigated in the interview. The interview was also found to have adequate reliability across time. Research comparing ADI-R results of autistic children and children with other developmental disorders suggested that individual questions on the interview were slightly more valid when discriminating autism from mental retardation than the algorithm as a whole.
Variants of COX20 have been associated with the mitochonrdial Complex IV deficiency, a deficiency in an enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome c utilizing molecular oxygen. The deficiency is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Other Clinical Manifestations include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development and mental retardation. A homozygous mutation of c.
Variants of COA3 have been associated with the mitochonrdial Complex IV deficiency, a deficiency in an enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome c utilizing molecular oxygen. The deficiency is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Other Clinical Manifestations include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development and mental retardation. A missense mutation of c.
The blood of a two-week-old infant is collected for a PKU screening. A common example of pleiotropy is the human disease phenylketonuria (PKU). This disease causes mental retardation and reduced hair and skin pigmentation, and can be caused by any of a large number of mutations in the single gene on chromosome 12 that codes for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. Depending on the mutation involved, this conversion is reduced or ceases entirely.
Before her election to the State Senate, Dorathy was involved in numerous community groups and had a leadership role in several prominent organizations. She was on the Governor's Advisory Committee on Mental Retardation, and was the past president of the Arkansas Hospital Association. She was a charter member and the first president of the Brinkley Business and Professional Women's Club, and was a past president of Arkansas Press Women. After Dorathy left the Senate, she remained active in community clubs throughout the rest of her life.
Kagin worked for a time as a college English instructor and served as editor of the American Association of Mental Deficiency and National Institute for Mental Health project that created the Adaptive Behavior Scale, an instrument for the assessment of mental retardation. But the larger part of his career was as an attorney, sometimes focusing on civil liberties and constitutional issues. After abandoning belief in Christianity, Kagin became a freethought activist. He was a founding member in 1991 of the Free Inquiry Group, Inc.
Retinoic acid-induced protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAI2 gene. Retinoic acid plays a critical role in development, cellular growth, and differentiation. The specific function of this intronless, retinoic acid-induced gene has not yet been determined; however, it has been suggested to play a role in development. Localization of this gene designates it to be a candidate for diseases such as Nance-Horan syndrome, sensorineural deafness, non-specific X-linked mental retardation, oral-facial-digital syndrome, and Fried syndrome.
Bowling's lawyers claim the evidence against him is purely circumstantial, and there are other suspects for the murder. Bowling was assessed at the age of 12 - 13 to have an IQ of 74 which, given the margin of error, placed him within the range for mental retardation. In addition, he had a documented history of adaptive deficits, being described as a "follower" and easily manipulated. Throughout school, his parents had to lay his clothes out for him and ensure that he bathed and maintained personal hygiene.
In affected individuals, diabetes results when the beta cells do not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar effectively. Researchers have not determined how such mutations lead to hearing loss or the other features of MIDD. The mutation involved in this condition replaces the DNA building block (nucleotide) thymine with the nucleotide cytosine at position 14709 (written as T14709C). A family with a mutation of 14709T>C in the MT-TE gene showed phenotypes of congenital myopathy, mental retardation, cerebellar ataxia, and diabetes mellitus.
One test of nearly 3000 residents showed over half had lead poisoning. From 1983 to 1993, some 2000 people were hospitalized due to lead- induced anemia or severe lung and stomach pains. Of local children aged two to fourteen, 96% had chronic bronchitis and respiratory problems. Studies of children seven to twelve years old from Copșa Mică and Mediaș found that many showed signs of mental retardation, two-thirds were underweight and 30% of boys and nearly half of girls had high blood pressure.
Other mutations, like GLY314SER, ALA275THR, ASN34ILE, SER95ILE, ARG93TRP, ARG91TRP, a 3-bp insertion (TYR292) and a 12-bp deletion (1022_1033del) in exon 6, have been shown to cause GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2 (GLUT1DS2), a clinically variable disorder characterized primarily by onset in childhood of paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia. The dyskinesia involves transient abnormal involuntary movements, such as dystonia and choreoathetosis, induced by exercise or exertion, and affecting the exercised limbs. Some patients may also have epilepsy, most commonly childhood absence epilepsy. Mild mental retardation may also occur.
Before the Compulsory Education Act of 1974, only selected groups of students with disabilities, such as deaf and blind students, received any formal special education, although students with mild disabilities had been accommodated at rural schools since 1907. With the changes in the law, a special school was opened in Reykjavik for students with mental retardation, and similar programs followed. Students with physical disabilities were mainstreamed into regular classrooms. The Iceland University of Education developed programs to train teachers and other specialists to provide appropriate services.
Supported parenting for people with learning difficulties: Lessons from Wisconsin. "Representing Children", 9,2, 99-102.Booth, T. & Booth, W., (2000, February). Against the odds: Growing up with parents who have learning difficulties. "Mental Retardation", 38(1), 1-14. after initial programs and studies in the US as early as the late 1980s and 1990s.Peter, D. (1991). We began to listen: Training Towards Self Reliance, CA. In; S.Taylor, R. Bogdan & J. Racino, "Life in the community: Case studies of organizations supporting people with disabilities". (pp. 129-138).
The third cause for PWS is the disruption of the imprinting process on the paternally inherited chromosome 15 (epigenetic phenomena). This disruption is present in approximately 2–5% of affected individuals. Less than 20% of individuals with an imprinting defect are found to have a very small deletion in the PWS imprinting centre region, located at the 5′ end of the SNRPN gene. AS is a severe debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mental retardation, speech impairment, seizures, motor dysfunction, and a high prevalence of autism.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
Erzsbet Szekeres is from Hungary and is a disability rights activist and social entrepreneur. Erzsebet's son, Tibor, was born with mental and physical disabilities, microcephalus and mental retardation. When Erzsebet had learned the chances of her son living into adulthood she felt led to help other individuals facing similar problems as her son. Erzsebet has contributed to the rights of disabled individuals, mainly adults, in Hungary by eliminating three big issues that they face; "lack of job training, few employment opportunities, and a housing shortage.".
Mutations in this gene are responsible for non-specific X-linked intellectual disability (previously called mental retardation). OPHN1 syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by intellectual disability and changes in the part of the brain which controls movement and balance (cerebellum). The syndrome mainly affects males. It is characterized by low muscle tone (hypotonia), developmental and cognitive delay, early-onset seizures, abnormal behavior, characteristic facial features (long face, bulging forehead, under eye creases, deep set eyes, and large ears), crossed eyes (strabismus) and inability to coordinate movements.
Loss of telomeric DNA through repeated cycles of cell division is associated with senescence or somatic cell aging. In contrast, germ line and cancer cells possess an enzyme, telomerase, which prevents telomere degradation and maintains telomere integrity, causing these types of cells to be very long-lived. In humans, the role of subtelomere disorders is demonstrated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), Alzheimer's disease, and peculiar syndromic diseases (malformation and mental retardation). For example, FSHD is associated with a deletion in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
Mutations in this gene cause biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease (BBGD); a recessive disorder manifested in childhood that progresses to chronic encephalopathy, dystonia, quadriparesis, and death if untreated. Patients with BBGD have bilateral necrosis in the head of the caudate nucleus and in the putamen. Administration of high doses of biotin in the early progression of the disorder eliminates pathological symptoms while delayed treatment results in residual paraparesis, mild mental retardation, or dystonia. Administration of thiamine is ineffective in the treatment of this disorder.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
Congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIc or Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-2 (LAD2) is a type of leukocyte adhesion deficiency attributable to the absence of neutrophil sialyl-LewisX, a ligand of P- and E-selectin on vascular endothelium. It is associated with SLC35C1. This disorder was discovered in two unrelated Israeli boys 3 and 5 years of age, each the offspring of consanguineous parents. Both had severe mental retardation, short stature, a distinctive facial appearance, and the Bombay (hh) blood phenotype, and both were secretor- and Lewis-negative.
In November 2010, Forbes introduced a Private Member's Bill to protect service animals, such as guide dogs and police dogs. One week after introducing this bill it became law as a part of The Animal Protection Act. , Animal Protection Act Passes in Record-breaking time. In April 2011, Forbes introduced a second Private Member's Bill, "The Saskatchewan Respectful Language Act," which would see phrases and words such as 'mental retardation,' 'retarded' or 'retard' found in government legislation, regulations and materials replaced with the use of 'intellectual disability.
Radiotherapy plays a critical role in the treatment of brain metastases, and includes whole-brain irradiation, fractionated radiotherapy, and radiosurgery. Whole-brain irradiation is used as a primary treatment method in patients with multiple lesions and is also used alongside surgical resection when patients have single and accessible tumors. However, it often causes severe side effects, including radiation necrosis, dementia, toxic leukoencephalopathy, partial to complete hair loss, nausea, headaches, and otitis media. In children this treatment may cause mental retardation, psychiatric disturbances, and other neuropsychiatric effects.
Sanatorium is a community in Simpson County, Mississippi, U.S., northwest of Magee. The community was named for the Mississippi Tuberculosis Sanatorium, founded in 1916, which was a hospital for TB patients from 1918 to the 1950s. In 1976, the old Sanatorium facilities were transferred to the Mississippi Department of Mental Health and renamed Boswell Regional Center, which is now an Intermediate Care Facility for Persons with Mental Retardation and other developmental disabilities (ICF-MR). Its central building, Dexter Hall, received a Heritage Award for Restoration in 2014.
In 1964 medical student Michael Lesch and pediatric faculty member Bill Nyhan at Johns Hopkins Hospital reported finding an X-linked recessive disorder in two young brothers with progressive mental retardation and a bizarre tendency to self-mutilation. Because the boys had abnormally high blood levels of uric acid, Lesch and Nyhan called it A familial disorder of uric acid metabolism and central nervous system function.Lesch M, Nyhan WL. A familial disorder of uric acid metabolism and central nervous system function. Am J Med 1964;36:561-70. .
Compulsory sterilization was seen by many as a way to reduce the incidence of mental illness and mental retardation in the general population of the United States. Davis was a eugenicist and during her tenure as General Secretary, she affiliated the Bureau with leaders in the field of eugenics such as Harry Laughlin, Charles Davenport and E. S. Gosney, director of The Human Betterment Foundation in California. In 1924, Davis accepted a position on the Committee on Eugenics of the United States' Advisory Council.
There is considerable variation in the frequency of reflex anoxic seizures. Some subjects undoubtedly only ever have a single attack whilst other well-documented cases have multiple daily attacks. The attacks have been reported to generally reach a peak in frequency towards the end of the first or beginning of the second year of life. Reflex anoxic seizures occur in otherwise normal children, although there is no reason to suppose that children with disorders such as cerebral palsy and mental retardation are protected from them.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2011, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
He met his wife, Margaret, while he was stationed at Camp Barkeley. The two were married for fifty-nine years until her death in 2007. Brown was a former president of the Abilene Chamber of Commerce, the Abilene and the Texas State Exchange clubs, the West Texas Rehabilitation Center, and the Abilene Country Club. He was also involved in Goodfellows, Young Men's Christian Association, the City-County Child Welfare Board, Texas Mental Health-Mental Retardation Board, the Abilene Health Foundation, and the Development Corporation Board.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism (MOPD) type II is an autosomal multisystem disorder including severe pre- and post-natal growth retardation, microcephaly with Seckel syndrome-like facial appearance, and distinctive skeletal alterations. Usually those affected have mild to moderate mental retardation. This female child is the first born of nonconsanguineous parents at 35 weeks gestation through a cesarean section due to intrauterine growth retardation. She had a retarded psychomotor development and was repeatedly hospitalized during her first six months of life due to recurring respiratory infections.
Keutel syndrome (KS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by abnormal diffuse cartilage calcification, hypoplasia of the mid-face, peripheral pulmonary stenosis, hearing loss, short distal phalanges (tips) of the fingers and mild mental retardation. Individuals with KS often present with peripheral pulmonary stenosis, brachytelephalangism, sloping forehead, midface hypoplasia, and receding chin. It is associated with abnormalities in the gene coding for matrix gla protein (MGP). Being an autosomal recessive disorder, it may be inherited from two unaffected, abnormal MGP-carrying parents.
She signed the Bill of Rights for Foster Children, drafted in 1973, which was ratified by Congress and attended the White House Conference on Mental Retardation. In 1974, she received the Indian Leadership Award from the BIA for her work as chair of the National Action for Foster Children Committee, drafting the Foster Children's Bill of Rights, and her direction of studies on how the BIA handled native children's care. That same year, she was recognized by Oklahoma Governor David Hall as the Outstanding Citizen of Oklahoma.
Raju (Suresh) is a taxi driver cum tourist guide down on his luck. Nandini (Meena), a tourist with mental retardation makes her presence in Tirupati and meets Raju, then a series of events are intertwined with the lives of Raju and his friend Nethranandham (Chinna). In the early part of the movie, hilarity ensues in their misguided attempts in getting rid of Nandini. However, Raju and Nethranandham happen to know that she is an escaped mental patient who has a bounty on her safe return.
The central nervous system (CNS) is affected with deficits in the cerebral cortex which indicate signs of mental retardation even though psychological observations appear relatively normal for individuals studied. Atypical epilepsy is also a common feature of CNS malfunctioning including aphasia expressions, blurred vision, and numbness of the face and limbs. In the third decade of the condition, individuals develop further visual problems including retinitis pigmentosa, and bilateral cataracts. Sufferers endure the restriction of visual fields, night blindness, and eventually severe or complete blindness.
Maternal diabetes causes excessive birth size, making it harder for the infant to pass through the birth canal without injury or it can directly produce early neurodevelopmental deficits. Usually the neurodevelopmental symptoms will decrease in later childhood. Phenylketonuria, also known as PKU, can induce neurodevelopmental problems and children with PKU require a strict diet to prevent mental retardation and other disorders. In the maternal form of PKU, excessive maternal phenylalanine can be absorbed by the fetus even if the fetus has not inherited the disease.
The Valley Baptist Hospital has grown into the Valley Baptist Medical Center. The city's outstanding network of health-care specialists and facilities parallels the growth of the still-expanding center. Also serving regional health needs are the South Texas State Chest Hospital, the State Hospital for Children, and the Rio Grande State Mental Health and Mental Retardation Center. Besides public and church-affiliated schools, Harlingen students attend the University Preparatory School, the Marine Military Academy, Texas State Technical College, or Rio Grande Vocational and Rehabilitation classes.
First 5 LA's four goal statements carry several public health implications. Babies are born healthy. :By providing health insurance and access support programs, First 5 LA seeks to reduce the proportion low weight births, which account for 20 percent of neonatal deaths. Ensuring that babies are born healthy may result in a reduction of healthcare expenditures associated with delivery and care, as well a reduction in the prevalence of disabilities such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and vision and hearing impairments.Hack, M., Klein, NK, Taylor, HG. (1995).
Observed through case study, was a particular individual who spontaneously "recovered" from autistic disorder after a mere 13 days, without therapeutic intervention. This individual was diagnosed with autistic disorder and severe mental retardation as per the DSM-IV-TR criteria. Over the course of 13 days, this individual revealed age appropriate reciprocal social interaction and communication by means of gesture, when no signs of communication were visible prior to the onset of the recovery period. This individual could also now show affection, emotional warmth, and self- expression.
Toronto, Canada: National Institute on Mental Retardation. According to the history taught in the 1970s, although the "exact origins are not clear", the names Bank-Mikkelson (who moved the principle to Danish law), Grunewald, and Nirje from Scandinavia (later Ministry of Community and Social Services in Toronto, Canada) are associated with early work on this principle. Wolfensberger is credited with authoring the first textbook as a "well-known scholar, leader, and scientist" and Rutherford H. (Rud) Turnbull III reports that integration principles are incorporated in US laws.
According to the U.S. Office of Special Education, an estimated 948,000 children may both be linguistically different and have disabilities—a substantial population who could benefit from bilingual special education services. In addition, a disproportionate number of minority students are placed in special education. Of particular concern is the over- representation of minority children in particular categories of disability such as mental retardation and emotional disturbance. The educational landscape has changed a great deal since the passage of the individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA, 2004).
Glutaric acidemia type 1 is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan. Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (glutaric acid, glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs), but particularly the basal ganglia, which are regions that help regulate movement. GA1 causes secondary carnitine deficiency, as glutaric acid, like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Mental retardation may also occur.
Enzyme substitution therapy using PAL to treat phenylketonuria (PKU), an autosomal recessive genetic disorder in humans in which mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH, EC 1.14.16.1) gene inactivate the enzyme is being explored. This leads to an inability of the patient to metabolize phenylalanine, causing elevated levels of Phe in the bloodstream (hyperphenylalaninemia) and mental retardation if therapy is not begun at birth. In May 2018, the FDA approved pegvaliase, a recombinant PEGylated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase for the treatment of PKU that had been developed by Biomarin.
Reiss is one of the world’s leading scientific authorities on “dual diagnosis” or the co-occurrence of mental illness and intellectual disabilities. About one million Americans have a dual diagnosis, but in severe form the prevalence is closer to about 200,000 people, many of whom also have autism. In 1980 Reiss founded an outpatient clinic for dual diagnosis in the Chicago metropolitan area,Reiss, S. & Trenn, E. (1984). Consumer demand for outpatient mental health services for mentally retarded people. Mental Retardation, 22, 112-115.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
Histidinemia is considered benign as most patients remain asymptomatic, early correlational evidence from the first decade of histidinemia research lead to the theory that histidinemia was associated with multiple developmental symptoms including hyperactivity, speech impediment, developmental delay, learning difficulties, and sometimes mental retardation. However, these claims were later deemed coincidental as a large subpopulation of infants that tested positive for histidinemia were found to have normal IQ and speech characteristics; as such histidinemia has since been reclassified as a benign inborn error of metabolism.
Bowe says that regular inclusion, but not full inclusion, is a reasonable approach for a significant majority of students with special needs. He also says that for some students, notably those with severe autism spectrum disorders or mental retardation, as well as many who are deaf or have multiple disabilities, even regular inclusion may not offer an appropriate education. Teachers of students with autism spectrum disorders sometimes use antecedent procedures, delayed contingencies, self-management strategies, peer-mediated interventions, pivotal response training and naturalistic teaching strategies.
Mutations in the SCO1 gene are associated with hepatic failure and encephalopathy resulting from mitochondrial complex IV deficiency also known as cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. This is a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Features include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly, and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development, mental retardation, and lactic acidosis. Some affected individuals manifest fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resulting in neonatal death.
Due to this disfigurement, his muteness and mental retardation, other children often bullied the boy. He wore a small leather mask to cover up his deformity, and worked at the same meat factory where he was born, for the same boss as his mother. He also had a tendency toward self-mutilation, and a doctor diagnosed him as suffering from a type of neurodegeneration at age 12. After health inspectors shut the factory down, Hewitt's boss and a reluctant co-worker ordered him to leave.
During his time in the McKernan administration, the government was shut down due to the inability to agree on a budget. He also served from 1995 to 2000 as Associate Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health/Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services for Independent Angus King. In 2011, Millett was unanimously confirmed as Commissioner of Administrative and Financial Services by the Maine Senate after being selected by Republican Paul LePage. Millett announced his retirement on April 3, 2014, to be effective on May 30.
EAST syndrome is a syndrome consisting of epilepsy, ataxia (a movement disorder), sensorineural deafness (deafness because of problems with the hearing nerve) and salt-wasting renal tubulopathy (salt loss caused by kidney problems). The tubulopathy (renal tubule abnormalities) in this condition predispose to hypokalemic (low potassium) metabolic alkalosis with normal blood pressure. Hypomagnesemia (low blood levels of magnesium) may also be present. EAST syndrome is also called SeSAME syndrome, as a syndrome of seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, intellectual disability (mental retardation), and electrolyte imbalances.
About one third of children whose mothers are taking this drug during pregnancy typically have intrauterine growth restriction with a small head and develop minor dysmorphic craniofacial features (microcephaly and mental retardation) and limb defects including hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges (birth defects). Heart defects including ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta may occur in these children. A smaller population will have growth problems and developmental delay, or intellectual disability. Methemoglobinemia is a rarely seen side effect.
Variants of COX14 have been associated with the mitochonrdial Complex IV deficiency, a deficiency in an enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome c utilizing molecular oxygen. The deficiency is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Other Clinical Manifestations include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development and mental retardation. A mutation in the homozygous missense mutation c.
In 2003, the Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders (TARA- APD) campaigned to change the name and designation of borderline personality disorder in DSM-5. The paper How Advocacy is Bringing BPD into the Light reported that "the name BPD is confusing, imparts no relevant or descriptive information, and reinforces existing stigma." Instead, it proposed the name "emotional regulation disorder" or "emotional dysregulation disorder." There was also discussion about changing borderline personality disorder, an Axis II diagnosis (personality disorders and mental retardation), to an Axis I diagnosis (clinical disorders).
In an August 14, 2007 ruling, Judge Tauro ordered the Department of Mental Retardation to consider the individual wishes of all 185 institution residents before closing the facility. However, in September 2007, the new administration of Governor Deval Patrick appealed Tauro's ruling to the First Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Boston. In a statement, the Patrick administration contended that Fernald had become too expensive to continue to operate and that equal or better care could be provided in private, community-based settings for the remaining Fernald residents.
Saethre–Chotzen syndrome (SCS), also known as acrocephalosyndactyly type III, is a rare congenital disorder associated with craniosynostosis (premature closure of one or more of the sutures between the bones of the skull). This affects the shape of the head and face, resulting in a cone-shaped head and an asymmetrical face. Individuals with SCS also have droopy eyelids (ptosis), widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), and minor abnormalities of the hands and feet (syndactyly). Individuals with more severe cases of SCS may have mild to moderate mental retardation or learning disabilities.
For this reason, if an individual has both SCS and mental retardation, then they should have their TWIST1 gene screened more carefully because this is not a normal trait of SCS. Cytogenetic testing and direct gene testing can also be used to study gene/chromosome defects. Cytogenetic testing is the study of chromosomes to detect gains or losses of chromosomes or chromosome segments using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and/or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Direct gene testing uses blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid, or other tissues in order to find genetic disorders.
By current standards, these indications seem odd but may be explained by the hypothesis that children might have failed to thrive if they had chronically sore throats or severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Also, children who heard poorly because of chronic otitis media might have had unrecognized speech delay mistaken for mental retardation. Adenoidectomy might have helped to resolve ear fluid problems, speech delays, and consequent perceptions of low intelligence. The relationship between enuresis and obstructive apnea, and the benefit of adenoidectomy by implication, is complex and controversial.
Low-birthweight babies are 20 times > more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, > and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental > retardation and cerebral palsy. Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have > smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest > that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, > including urinary-tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also > may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a > heart attack.
Pinel's successor, Esquirol, extended Pinel's categories to five. Both made a clear distinction between insanity (including mania and dementia) as opposed to mental retardation (including idiocy and imbecility). Esquirol developed a concept of monomania—a periodic delusional fixation or undesirable disposition on one theme—that became a broad and common diagnosis and a part of popular culture for much of the 19th century. The diagnosis of "moral insanity" coined by James Prichard also became popular; those with the condition did not seem delusional or intellectually impaired but seemed to have disordered emotions or behavior.
Bachmann, who had been losing ground to Perry, attacked his actions as governor of Texas to vaccinate teenage girls against HPV. Bachmann said Perry was influenced by the Merck pharmaceutical company, and said the vaccination trampled on the girls' rights, who she said "didn't have a choice". Bachmann told the media that a voter came to her and claimed her child developed mental retardation from the vaccine. After scientists disputed her claim as baseless, she refused to retract the statement, and insisted the vaccine had dangerous side effects.
Young–Simpson syndrome (YSS) is a rare congenital disorder with symptoms including hypothyroidism, heart defects, facial dysmorphism, cryptorchidism in males, hypotonia, mental retardation and postnatal growth retardation. Other symptoms include transient hypothyroidism, macular degeneration and torticollis. The condition was discovered in 1987 and the name arose from the individuals who first reported the syndrome. An individual with YSS has been identified with having symptoms to a similar syndrome known as Ohdo Blepharophimosis syndrome, showing that it is quite difficult to diagnose the correct condition based on the symptoms present.
Our Nordic lead began with gender perspectives on family caregiving and published "in house" (Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Community Integration) a supported employment bibliography from gender perspectives (Traustadottir, 1990-. p.s., the daughter of Trausta). In addition, the major federal research center in "mental retardation/intellectual and developmental disabilities" in the US has been "male-led" as Director, Associate Director and Technical Assistance to US States) for over 3 decades (Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Supported Employment, and variations) (e.g., Wehman, 1993; Wehman & Kregel, 1994) Wehman, P. (1993, Winter).
Denton State Supported Living Center, located in southeastern Denton south of Downtown Denton and north of Downtown Dallas, houses approximately 650 residents, many of whom are medically fragile and require constant medical care. Most have severe to profound mental retardation and over half navigate the campus with wheelchairs or power chairs. The Denton State School employs about 1,500 staff and has a budget in excess of $44 million annually. The campus has a central kitchen, 30-bed infirmary, canteen, cemetery, dental clinic, beauty shop, swimming pool, sheltered workshops, and central laundry.
It also features one guest house and one guest apartment for visiting family members. The Denton Chamber of Commerce learned in the late 1950s that the state was planning to build a mental retardation facility in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Citizens donated money for the purchase of of land, and the land was donated to the state with the stipulation that it be used to provide services for people with mental intellectual challenges. The Denton State School was established in 1960 by the legislature, and opened in July of that year.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. The funds were distributed to districts based on a state policy which estimates that 16% of the district's pupils are receiving special education services.
This includes a spectrum of simplified cortex ranging from agyria (a total absence of cortical convolutions) to pachygyria (broadened gyri) with unusually thick cortex. Mis-migration of neurons can also result in bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia, a disease recognized by neuronal heterotopia lining the lateral ventricles. Zellweger Syndrome is characterized by a cortical dysplasia similar to polymicrogyria of cerebral and cerebellar cortex, occasionally with pachygyria surrounding the Sylvian fissure, and focal/subependymal heterotopia. Kallmann syndrome is recognized by anosmia associated with mental retardation, hypogonadism, and the failure of the olfactory bulb to develop.
During her post-graduate training in pediatrics at Hauner Children's Hospital, she observed two infants that displayed symptoms of corneal clouding, dwarfing skeletal dysplasia, spinal misalignment, and mental retardation. Previously known as gargoylism or lipochondrodystrophy, the disease was named after her, despite the initial report being given by her chief, Professor von Pfaundler, to the Munich Pediatric Society. Hurler wrote up the case in that was published in the Zournal Kinderheilk in 1919. That same year she started a private practice as a pediatrician in Neuhausen that lasted until her death in 1965.
As a result of the Soviet planning of the industrial boom era, the city became heavily polluted. Soon after Azerbaijan's independence, the industrial sectors went into decline. The Absheron Peninsula (which consists of Sumqayit, Baku and the Absheron Rayon) was considered by scientists to be the most ecologically devastated part of Azerbaijan. The city was known for its children's cemetery, known as the "Baby Cemetery" which contains many graves of infants born with deformities and mental retardation that were further complicated by the lack of adequate medical care for the poor.
Clinton Nathan Woolsey (November 30, 1904 — January 14, 1993) was an American neuroscientist notable for mapping the brain and exploring the location and inner workings of touch, hearing, and vision. Clinton Nathan Woolsey;By Richard F. Thompson Woolsey was the son of Joseph Woodhull and Mathilda Louise Aicholz Woolsey.Thompson p.3 He was the Charles Sumner Slichter Emeritus Professor of Neurophysiology and professor at the University of Wisconsin- Madison, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a founder of Waisman Center on Mental Retardation and Human Development at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Shroom Family Member 4 (SHROOM4), also known as KIAA1202, encodes a member of the APX/Shroom family, which contains an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-terminal ASD2 motif. It is located on the X chromosome at Xp11.22 and is mainly associated with the Stocco dos Santos X-linked mental retardation syndrome characterized by cognitive disabilities. The encoded protein may play a role in cytoskeletal architecture. Symptoms of SHROOM4 gene mutations in the original family described by Stocco dos Santos include severe intellectual disability, bilateral congenital hip luxation and short stature.
Danny Aswad was a 14 year old autistic boy who died at the JRC (then called the Behavior Research Institute) in 1981 while restrained face-down to a bed. The coroner's report concluded that he had died of "mental retardation" and "cerebral malformation" and recorded his death as from natural causes. The institute was not authorized to use restraints on its residents at that time. Aswad had previously had a rod surgically implanted in his back to treat a degenerative back disease that had resulted from his treatment at the institute.
If a mattress is allowed to become damp, for example by wet cleaning, mildew may develop inside the upholstery; cleaning with a vacuum cleaner or mild surface cleanser and a slightly damp cloth avoids this. Mattresses absorb fluids and stains readily, notably from nightly sweating (which results in a yellow stain), seminal (or Cowper) stains which are darker, menstrual fluids which are dark red,Richman, Gina S., et al. "Simulation procedures for teaching independent menstrual care to mentally retarded persons." Applied research in mental retardation 7.1 (1986): 21-35.
Most pediatric neuropsychologists have several years of post-doctoral training regarding developmental or acquired neuropathology in children. Pediatric neuropsychologists work in any setting where children with central nervous system dysfunction are treated. This includes neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry practices as well as in hospital and outpatient settings. In addition to assessing and treating children with medical disorders such as traumatic brain injury, brain tumors or epilepsy, pediatric neuropsychologists work with children who have Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities, intellectual and developmental disorders (mental retardation), autism spectrum disorders.
The risk an offspring born to an alcoholic mothers having FAS increases from 6% to 70% if the mother's previous child had FAS. People diagnosed with FAS have IQs ranging from 20–105 (with a mean of 68), and demonstrate poor concentration and attention skills. FAS causes growth deficits, morphological abnormalities, mental retardation, and behavioral difficulties. Among adolescents and adults, those with FAS are more likely to have mental health problems, dropping out or be suspended from schools, problems with the law, require assisted living as an adult, and problems with maintaining employment.
The flashbacks also continue, with Shaky and Aoileann trying to take care of the handicapped Ashoke, who it turns out is battling a drug addiction. At this point, Shaky has fallen in love with Aoileann, but she remains devoutly chaste despite his advances. Eventually, Shaky decides that he cannot risk keeping Ashoke with them, as his mental retardation is a liability. He leads him off during the night and abandons him, telling the nun that he must have wandered off and they cannot spend time searching for him.
AASD has offered full day kindergarten since 2008 and preschool since 2009. Austin Area School District has seen a minimal in the percentage of special education students it serves, yielding no savings. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2008, Mifflin County School District reported that 14% of its pupils received a broad variety of services for all children with disabilities in accordance with state and federal laws, rules, and regulations. Students were also provided with gifted education services.
A child in Nigeria during the Biafra War suffering from kwashiorkor – one of the three protein energy malnutrition ailments afflicting over 10 million children in developing countries. Protein deficiency and malnutrition (PEM) can lead to variety of ailments including mental retardation and kwashiorkor. Symptoms of kwashiorkor include apathy, diarrhea, inactivity, failure to grow, flaky skin, fatty liver, and edema of the belly and legs. This edema is explained by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes and the normal functioning of proteins in fluid balance and lipoprotein transport.
In 1952, cancer research and the operation of cancer clinics was added to the department's responsibilities. Insured hospital services and insured physicians' services, introduced in 1959 and 1966 respectively, were combined under the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) in 1972. The department also had responsibility over areas that are no longer associated with health, such as water and sewage functions (prior to 1957), mental retardation facilities and children's services (transferred to the Ministry of Community and Social Services in 1974), and occupational health (transferred to the Ministry of Labour in 1976).
The Children's Bureau provided early national leadership in the diagnosis and treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) to prevent mental retardation. Other special health care projects during this period included prosthetics research, epilepsy treatment, and dissemination of vaccines for polio and other childhood diseases. The Children's Bureau also contributed to a growing awareness of child abuse, or "battered child syndrome" as it was called in the early 1960s. The Bureau held meetings with experts and drafted a model statute that states could use to require doctors and hospitals to report suspected abuse.
In 1928, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Canada, enacted the Sexual Sterilization Act. The Act, drafted to protect the gene pool, allowed for sterilization of mentally disabled persons in order to prevent the transmission of traits to offspring deemed undesirable. At that time, eugenicists argued that mental illness, mental retardation, epilepsy, alcoholism, pauperism, certain criminal behaviours, and social defects, such as prostitution and sexual perversion, were genetically determined and inherited. Further, it was widely believed that persons with these disorders had a higher reproduction rate than the normal population.
Due to its prevalence in females, it has been linked to male lethality, or to a predominant transmission with the paternal X chromosome; nevertheless, in rare cases some males can also be affected by Rett Syndrome. Males with gene duplications of MECP-2 at the Xq28 locus are also at risk for recurrent infections & meningitis in infancy. Mutations in the MECP2 gene have also been identified in people with several other disorders affecting the central nervous system. For example, MECP2 mutations are associated with some cases of moderate to severe X-linked mental retardation.
The CPP originated in 1954, when funding for the study was approved as a line item in the budget of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness (later renamed the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). It was originally dubbed the "Collaborative Study of Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infants and Children". It was later renamed the Cerebral Palsy Project, and then renamed again to the Collaborative Perinatal Project. More recently, the word "National" has often been added to the name of the study.
In 1956, she was an alternate delegate to National Democratic Convention; in 1960, she was elected as a delegate to the National Democratic Convention. She then also served as an appointed member of the: Commission on Philadelphia School Charter, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Governor’s Commission on the Status of Women, Governor’s Council on Drugs, Governor’s Task Force on Human Services, and State Advisory Committee on Mental Health/Mental Retardation. She opted not to stand as a candidate for reelection to the House for its 1973 term, retiring instead in 1972.
A small amount of dextrose may also be added to stabilize the iodine.; Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation. Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used. The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)] 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women.
The Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse was transferred from the New York State Department of Health to the Department of Mental Hygiene in 1962. In 1978, the Department of Mental Hygiene was reorganized into the autonomous Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse, Office of Mental Health (OMH), and the Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities (OMRDD). These three offices are headed up by a Commissioner who also serves on a council that performs inter-office coordination. The OMRDD is now the Office for People With Developmental Disabilities (OPWDD).
In 1993, David and Jean Lehman of Newmarket, Ontario, were charged with sexually abusing their 20-year-old son, Derek, based solely on evidence obtained through facilitated communication. At birth, Derek had been diagnosed with autism and severe mental retardation and, at the time of the allegations, lived in a group home. He was not able to speak but could use two hand signals: "please" and "toilet". He was not able to recognize numbers beyond three and was not aware of his own sex or that of others.
Admission to the hospital was covered by the Mental Retardation Administration, a division of Maryland Special Services, for new patients and through the Rosewood State Hospital for patients already receiving care elsewhere. Henryton also ran a respite care program with admission by special request. In 1972, Hurricane Agnes swept away the Henrytown Bridge which served the facility and Henrytown road since the early 1800s. The American mindset in the late seventies and early eighties shifted from institutionalization to more outpatient and home care which led to decreasing resident numbers at Henryton.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In December 2009, the district administration reported that 102 pupils or 15% of the district's pupils received Special Education services. In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state funding and federal Title I funding and competitive grants.
Adult patients experienced extreme salivation, limb deformity, and irreversible dysarthria and intelligence loss. In children and fetuses (exposed to mercury through the mother's consumption of contaminated seafood), extensive brain lesions were observed and the patients experienced more serious effects like cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and primitive reflexes. In order to avoid the toxic effects of mercury exposure, the United States EPA advises a mercury dose limit of 0.1 µg/kg/day. In addition to human health, animal health is also seriously threatened by mercury pollution in the ocean.
Being an extremely rare autosomal genetic disorder, differential diagnosis has only led to several cases since 1972. Initial diagnosis lends itself to facial abnormalities including sloping forehead, maxillary hypoplasia, nasal bridge depression, wide mouth, dental malocclusion, and receding chin. Electroencephalography (EEG), computed tomography (CT) scanning, and skeletal survey are further required for confident diagnosis. Commonly, diffuse cartilage calcification and brachytelephalangism are identified by X-radiation (X-ray), while peripheral pulmonary arterial stenosis, hearing loss, dysmorphic facies, and mental retardation are confirmed with confidence by the aforementioned diagnostic techniques.
According to Tan, persons affected by this syndrome walk with a quadrupedal locomotion and are afflicted with "primitive" speech and severe mental retardation; he postulated that this is an example of backward evolution. He proposed the syndrome after studying the Ulas family of rural southern Turkey, five of whom have these symptoms. The proposed syndrome was featured in the 2006 BBC2 documentary The Family That Walks On All Fours. After his study of the Ulas family, Tan went on to diagnose Uner Tan syndrome in several other families.
The Utah Division of Health established the Office of Handicapped Services in 1979. Four years later, the Department of Social Services merged that office with the Department of Developmental Disabilities and Mental Retardation to form the currently named Division of Services for People With Disabilities. For the next 34 years, major changes occurred in DSPD in the form of waivers and legislation. These changes and a brief description are listed below: # Waiver Authority (1981) – allows the agency to provide community-based programs instead of institutions and still be in compliance with federal statutory requirements.
The most severely injured of the victims was Natálie Kudriková, aged 3, who suffered second- and third-degree burns over 80% of her body, and lost two of her fingers at the time of the attack. Later a third finger had to be surgically removed. She will probably never be able to grasp objects with her right hand, which was burned more severely than the left. According to expert witness Igor Dvořáček, the many long-lasting anaesthesia doses necessary for her treatment have also caused minor mental retardation.
Newborn screening originated with an amino acid disorder, phenylketonuria (PKU), which can be easily treated by dietary modifications, but causes severe mental retardation if not identified and treated early. Robert Guthrie introduced the newborn screening test for PKU in the early 1960s. With the knowledge that PKU could be detected before symptoms were evident, and treatment initiated, screening was quickly adopted around the world. Ireland was the first country in the world to introduce a nationwide screening programme in February 1966, Austria started screening the same year and England in 1968.
Originally called New York Service Program for Older People, SPOP was founded in 1972 by a consortium of health care and social service providers that recognized the need for mental health services among the older population of Manhattan’s West Side. Beginning as a program called Selfhelp Community Services, Inc., SPOP became an independent, nonprofit organization in 1979 with funding from the New York City Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation & Alcoholism Services (now the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene). In 2006, the agency’s name was changed to Service Program for Older People.
The Commonwealth Center for Children and Adolescents, formerly known as The DeJarnette Center for Human Development, is a children's mental hospital located in the city of Staunton, Virginia, in the United States. At its present location, the facility has four units which house up to 12 patients each. It is the only mental health facility for children and adolescents operated by the Virginia Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Substance Abuse Services in the state (with the exception of a few beds available at other mental health hospitals for adolescents).
In type II, the defect affects both isoforms and thus affects more general tissues such as red blood cells, leukocytes, and all body tissues. This type is associated with mental deficiency and other neurologic symptoms, which may be because the cytochrome b5 system plays a crucial role in the desaturation of fatty acids in the body. One patient was described as having a new class of this disorder, type III. This condition was characterized by a deficiency of NADH cytochrome b5 reductase in lymphocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes, but this was not associated with mental retardation.
In 1952, cancer research and the operation of cancer clinics was added to the department's responsibilities. Insured hospital services and insured physicians' services, introduced in 1959 and 1966 respectively, were combined under the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) in 1972. The department also had responsibility over areas that are no longer associated with health, such as water and sewage functions (prior to 1957), mental retardation facilities and children's services (transferred to the Ministry of Community and Social Services in 1974), and occupational health (transferred to the Ministry of Labour in 1976).
While people lacking the gene for MAO-A display mental retardation and behavioral abnormalities, people lacking the gene for MAO-B display no abnormalities except elevated phenethylamine levels in urine, raising the question of whether MAO-B is actually a necessary enzyme. Newer research indicates the importance of phenethylamine and other trace amines, which are now known to regulate catecholamine and serotonin neurotransmission through the same receptor as amphetamine, TAAR1. The prophylactic use of MAO-B inhibitors to slow natural human aging in otherwise healthy individuals has been proposed, but remains a highly controversial topic.
Encyclopedia of Serial Killers p. 375 On June 29, 1969, Watts was arrested for sexually assaulting 26-year-old Joan Gave. When he was tried, he was sentenced to the Lafayette Clinic, a mental hospital in Detroit. According to a psychiatric assessment, Watts was revealed to suffer from mild mental retardation, with a full scale I.Q. of 75, and to have a delusional thought process, though a police officer interrogating Watts after his arrest later stated that he appeared to be "very, very intelligent" with an "excellent memory".
Later that year, Mamie got a job that she finally thought was rewarding, at the Riverdale Home for Children in New York; there she conducted psychological test and counseled young homeless black people. While here she saw how insufficient psychological services were for minority children. Many of the children were called mentally retarded by the state and Clark tested them and realized that they had IQ's that were above mental retardation. She saw society's segregation as the cause for gang warfare, poverty, and low academic performance of minorities.
His sister Eunice committed suicide after a long history of depression and the death of her son. Todd received a letter from Eunice's husband in August 1829, which told of her death. Todd had thought he had cured her, multiple times, but she still had episodes, and when she had to attend to a large farm in empty Vermont alone, she was pushed over the edge. This began his theory that mental retardation (insanity at the time) was a disease and had a cause and possibly a cure.
Excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 5 (xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group G) is involved in excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage. Mutations cause Cockayne syndrome, which is characterized by severe growth defects, mental retardation, and cachexia. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described, but the biological validity of all variants has not been determined. Mutations in ERCC5 cause arthrogryposis. XPG is a structure specific endonuclease that incises DNA at the 3’ side of the damaged nucleotide during nucleotide excision repair.
There is also evidence that birth complications and other factors around the time of birth (perinatal) can have serious implications on intellectual development. For example, a prolonged period of time without access to oxygen during the delivery can lead to brain damage and mental retardation. Also, low birth weights have been linked to lower intelligence scores later in lives of the children. There are two reasons for low birth weight, either premature delivery or the infant's size is just lower than average for its gestational age; both contribute to intellectual deficits later in life.
A meta analysis of low birth weight babies found that there is a significant relationship between low birth weight and impaired cognitive abilities; however, the relationship is small, and they concluded that, although it may not be relevant at an individual level, it may instead be relevant at a population level. Other studies have also found that the correlations are relatively small unless the weight is extremely low (less than 1,500 g) – in which case the effects on intellectual development are more severe and often result in mental retardation.
The psychiatrist Koch sought to make the moral insanity concept more scientific and suggested in 1891 the phrase 'psychopathic inferiority' (later personality) be used instead. This referred to continual and rigid patterns of misconduct or dysfunction in the absence of apparent mental retardation or illness. The diagnosis was meant to imply a congenital disorder, and to be made without moral judgement, though Koch has been described as deeply rooted in a Christian faith. Toward the mid 20th century the terminology of the 'psychopathic' would become specifically associated with an aggressive and anti-social personality.
She contacted her superiors and was given permission to study special education and returned to Montevideo."Renfrew (1999)", p 18 Between 1943 and 1944, she studied mental retardation and earned a specialists certificate in 1944. She began working with Dr. Emilio Mira y Lopez in 1945 at the Laboratory of Psychology researching "marginal cases" and was awarded an authorization to perform professional guidance counseling for schoolchildren. Dr. Mira also helped her apply for a scholarship to go to school in the US, which she won from the Institute of International Education.
The debate as to whether to focus on networking or service was resolved in 1919, when Kiwanis adopted a service-focused mission. In 1924, the Objects of Kiwanis were adopted (see above) and remain unchanged today. Each year, clubs sponsor nearly 150,000 service projects, complete more than 18.5 million hours in volunteer service and raise more than $100 million. As a global project in coordination with UNICEF, members and clubs contributed more than $80 million toward the global elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), the leading preventable cause of mental retardation.
The canalization of the Angerapp and the expansion of the harbor in 1856 allowed business to expand, and the garrison left the town in 1858. The district court and the office of the public prosecutor moved from Angerburg to Lyck (Ełk) after the Kreistag, or district parliament, hindered the connection of the town to developing road network and railways. Angerburg was first connected to the railroad network in 1898, allowing it to develop into a trade center. The town became especially known for its Behindertenanstalt Bethesda, an institute for those with mental retardation.
Complex IV deficiency (COX deficiency) is a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Features include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development, mental retardation, lactic acidemia, encephalopathy, ataxia, and cardiac arrhythmia. Some affected individuals manifest a fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resulting in neonatal death and a subset of patients manifest Leigh syndrome. The mutations G7970T and G9952A have been associated with this disease.
The reason for this situation was partly due to the prevailing cultural perspective of what was often called "mental deficiency". Around the turn of the 20th century, many people with handicaps were simply kept at home when possible. This changed in the 1920s and 1930s because state governments and bureaucracies developed special divisions to manage these individuals—in Massachusetts and elsewhere, this was the role of the Massachusetts Department of Mental Retardation. In addition, expertise on "the infirm" became a specialty in the medical world, which in turn helped shape social policy.
When SOX3 expression is affected, the development of different structures can be affected as well. Specifically, both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland can suffer in accomplishing proper growth. Due to this, conditions such as hypopituitarism and mental retardation are found in cases with a lack of SOX3. Also, craniofacial abnormalities can be seen as a result of a lack of the SOX3 gene. To aid in the further understanding of the SOX3 gene, mice have been used as knockout models to study the effects of the gene’s absence.
Nazi seizure of power in 1933 allowed the party to transform their ideology of racial purity into policy. The Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring was put into effect New Year's Day, 1934, and included compulsory sterilization of individuals who, according to medical knowledge, were likely to pass on to their offspring a serious physical or mental disorder. Besides a diagnosed medical disorder, citizens would also be sterilized for being classified as asocial. An asocial diagnosis was often associated with having "moral" or "disguised mental retardation", despite showing no deficit in intelligence.
In nearly 95% of the cases, death occurs in the neonatal period due to respiratory distress, generally related to small chest size or insufficient development of the trachea and other upper airway structures. Among survivors of CMD, the skeletal malformations change over time to include worsening scoliosis or kyphosis resulting in decreased trunk size relative to the limb length. Neurological damage is also often seen including mental retardation and deafness. Even among survivors of the prenatal period, CMD patients have shortened life spans due to lifelong respiratory issues.
Metascreen, as a newborn metabolic screening test, was first launched by Cordlife in India in October 2013. Since April 2014, Metascreen became available also in Hong Kong and the Philippines through Cordlife for parents looking for more comprehensive screening of metabolic disorders for their children. As a newborn suffering from certain metabolic disorder, such as isovaleric acidemia, may appear asymptomatic in the first few days or even weeks of life, early detection and treatment is key in preventing irreversible lifelong complications, such as physical disability or mental retardation.
The Idiot by Evert Larock (1892) An idiot, in modern use, is a stupid or foolish person. It was formerly a technical term in legal and psychiatric contexts for some kinds of profound intellectual disability where the mental age is two years or less, and the person cannot guard themself against common physical dangers. The term was gradually replaced by the term profound mental retardation (which has itself since been replaced by other terms). Along with terms like moron, imbecile, and cretin, it is archaic and offensive in those uses.
Under its third superintendent, Walter E. Fernald (1859–1924), an advocate of eugenics, the school was viewed as a model educational facility in the field of mental retardation. It was renamed in his honor in 1925, following his death the previous year. The institution was involved in several different procedures that used the residents as test subjects some of which include sterilization and radiation experimentation. The institution did serve a large population of children with cognitive disabilities (referred to as “mentally retarded children”), but The Boston Globe estimates that upwards of half of the inmates tested with IQs in the normal range.
Bender was born in Butte, Montana, to parents John Oscar Bender and Katherine Irvine Bender. Bender had a difficult time in school when she was young and had to repeat the first grade three times. She often reversed her letters when reading and writing which led people to believe she had some form of mental retardation. Her father helped her overcome her dyslexia and she often credited him for making her a strong individual Her family moved often and she attended high school in Los Angeles where she graduated as valedictorian of her high school class.
Other school activities included the Newman Catholic Center, as well as football and basketball intramurals.Cherry Tree Yearbook 1964, Page 188, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University Gray is also an avid participant in hand dancing, a D.C.-area derivative of Lindy hop. Gray began his political career with the D.C. Association for Retarded Citizens, where he successfully advocated for innovative public policy initiatives on behalf of people with mental retardation. In 1991, then- Mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly appointed Gray to the post of Director of the DC Department of Human Services.
An additional debate is between institutionalizing persons with disabilities versus supporting them in their homes. In 1963 during John F. Kennedy’s presidency, he transformed the national view of mental health by boosting funding for community-based programs and drafting legislation for mental health care. He also created the President's Panel on Mental Retardation, which created recommendations for new programs that governments can implement on a state level, therefore moving away from "custodial institutions". This shift away from institutionalization has generated a long-lasting stigma against mental health institutions, which is why in politics there is often not enough funding for this concept.
Salla disease is an extremely rare illness which is considered the mildest form of the free sialic acid accumulation disorders though its childhood form is considered an aggressive variant and people who suffer from it have mental retardation. It is an autosomic recessive disorder caused by a mutation of the chromosome 6. It mainly affects the nervous system and it is caused by a lysosomal storage irregularity which comes from a deficit of a specific sialic acid carrier located on the lysosomal membrane Currently, there is no cure for this disease and the treatment is supportive, focusing on the control of symptoms.
His first paper was authored during his post-doctorate, and was a algebraic formulas to find a practical method of calculating the surface area of a body, useful for calculating some dosages. He taught at the Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, as well as throughout his career, and he established a generation of pediatric neurologists in Israel who looked up to him as their mentor. A syndrome first described by him carries his name: the Costeff Syndrome. His papers pioneered new ways of looking at diagnosis and treatment of mental retardation, with an emphasis on challenging entrenched theories.
August 29, 2017, WeChat circle of friends was a piece of "children" painting as a screen. This reporter has learned that the "one dollar purchase" fund-raising activities are sponsored by Tencent public platform, painting by the WABC barrier-free Yitu public institutions suffering from autism, mental retardation, cerebral palsy and other illnesses of special crowd creation, WeChat users can To buy a dollar price paintings, save into wallpaper use. "One dollar purchase" donation activities to complete the target of 15 million yuan, was completed in the afternoon of August 28, 2017. More than 5.8 million people participated in the event.
This also allowed for the admission of children. M.J. Kelly, director for the State Board of Hospitals and Special Schools, said, "Instead of making these institutions places to retain patients, we intend to make them centers for curing patients and putting them on the road to recovery. We want all those children who can learn to receive the best of instruction." On October 31, 1963, President John F. Kennedy signed a bill providing federal aid for research, training, and rehabilitation for people with mental retardation throughout the country, which allowed increases in staff-to-patient ratios.
The facility includes five residential units, a gym and aquatics center, a sheltered workshop, centralized dietary services, maintenance and transportation services, laundry, canteen, sewing room, all- faith chapel, guest house and camping facilities at nearby Lake Mexia. There are two specialized treatment units that serve individuals with severe behavioral and/or emotional mental issues. The center employs approximately 1,400 people. The Mexia State Supported Living Center Sunshine Group released a record titled "Dedicated to the Glory of God and to the Work and Study of Mental Retardation" in the 1970s with the cooperation of music therapist Mrs.
Anomalies of the cerebellar vermis are diagnosed in this manner and include phenotypes consistent with Dandy–Walker malformation, rhombencephalosynapsis, displaying no vermis with fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, or stunted growth of the cerebellum, and neoplasms. In neonates, hypoxic injury to the cerebellum is fairly common, resulting in neuronal loss and gliosis. Symptoms of these disorders range from mild loss of fine motor control to severe mental retardation and death. Karyotyping has shown that most pathologies associated with the vermis are inherited though an autosomal recessive pattern, with most known mutations occurring on the X chromosome.
Munis Dundar (Turkish: Munis Dündar) is a professor of Medical Genetics and Head of the Medical Genetics Department at Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey. He is founder and head of the Medical Genetics Department at Erciyes University and has carried out various administrative tasks since 1996. He defined four genetic syndromes in the medical literature: the “Dundar Syndrome”, “Dundar Acropectoral Syndrome”, “Scoliosis, Blindness and Arachnodactyly Syndrome” and “Multiple Congenital Abnormalities and Mental Retardation Syndrome”. He has taken part as project coordinator and assistant investigator in many research projects and has prepared articles published in international journals since 1995.
Since the body is unable to create the enzymes it needs within the central nervous system, it is unable to attach to these gangliosides to break them apart and make them non-toxic. With this buildup there are several symptoms that begin to appear such as muscle/motor weakness, sharp reaction to loud noises, blindness, deafness, inability to react to stimulants, respiratory problems and infections, mental retardation, seizures, cherry red spots in the retina, enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), pneumonia, or bronchopneumonia. The other two forms of Sandhoff disease have similar symptoms but to a lesser extent.
The detainee belonged to the "golden youth" category (his father held a senior position in the urban construction sector, and his mother was a famous doctor in Leningrad), who had no job. It was revealed that he suffered from mental retardation. Three hours after his arrest, he was released, but was left under secret police surveillance. A few days later, a search and seizure was conducted on Danilov's apartment, during which porn magazines were found and a collection of curls from female hair, which the suspect cut off from women whom he pestered on the street.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten. He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention.
Congenital amusia, otherwise known as tone deafness, is a term for lifelong musical problems which are not attributable to mental retardation, lack of exposure to music or deafness, or brain damage after birth. Amusic brains have been found in fMRI studies to have less white matter and thicker cortex than controls in the right inferior frontal cortex. These differences suggest abnormal neuronal development in the auditory cortex and inferior frontal gyrus, two areas which are important in musical-pitch processing. Studies on those with amusia suggest different processes are involved in speech tonality and musical tonality.
In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). South Middleton School District provides a variety of opportunities for the screening and evaluation of students thought to have disabilities.
IQ motif and Sec7 domain 2 (IQSEC2), also known as BRAG1 or IQ-ARFGEF, is located on the X chromosome at Xp11.22 and encodes guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the ARF family of GTP-binding proteins (ARFGEF). It is expressed in the neurons and is involved in cytoskeletal organization, dendritic spine morphology, and excitatory synaptic organization. Mutations in IQSEC2 are widely associated in cases of X-linked non-syndromic mental retardation, with some carrier females reported with learning disabilities. This gene is known to play a significant role in the maintenance of homeostasis within the neural environment of the human brain.
It was initially popular, but was abandoned after the discovery that it had no relationship to outcomes such as college grades. French psychologist Alfred Binet, together with psychologists Victor Henri and Théodore Simon, after about 15 years of development, published the Binet-Simon test in 1905, which focused on verbal abilities. It was intended to identify mental retardation in school children. The origins of personality testing date back to the 18th and 19th centuries, when personality was assessed through phrenology, the measurement of the human skull, and physiognomy, which assessed personality based on a person's outer appearances.
One indication of a successful Entrepreneur, according to David Bornstein, is a, “Willingness to Break Free of Established Structures.” Such willingness is demonstrated in the life and work of Erzsebet Szekeres, of Hungary. Szekeres created an entirely new procedure to manage the mentally disabled in her country; this is because her son, Tibor, had microcephalus , which is a condition that includes, “abnormal smallness of the head and severe mental retardation.” To many, the simple solution to dealing with the disabled was to send them to institutions for their lives, this was not an option for Szekeres.
Headquarters of the Texas Department of State Health Services Austin State Hospital Texas Department of State Health Services is a state agency of Texas. The department was created by House Bill 2292 of the 78th Texas Legislature in 2003 through the merging of four state agencies: the Texas Department of Health, Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, Texas Health Care Information Council, and Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse. The department provides state-operated health care services, including hospitals, health centers, and health agencies. The agency is headquartered at the Central Campus at 1100 West 49th Street in Austin.
Defects in the GPI-anchor synthesis occur in rare acquired diseases such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and congenital diseases such as hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome (HPMRS). In PNH a somatic defect in blood stem cells, which is required for GPI synthesis, results in faulty GPI linkage of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59 in red blood cells. The most common cause of PNH are somatic mutations in the X-chromosomal gene PIGA. However, a PNH case with a germline mutation in the autosomal gene PIGT and a second acquired somatic hit has also been reported.
One review of the CJP data showed that jurors who were asked a hypothetical question regarding how much certain mitigating factors would influence their sentencing decisions were true, 56.2 percent of the jurors would consider a lesser sentence than death if a history of mental illness was presented as a mitigating factor and 73.6 percent would do so if evidence of mental retardation were presented. However, another review of the data showed the race of the victim had a substantial effect on jury failure to find mitigating factors. If the victim were white there was more failure to find mitigating factors.
The group continues on their own, though Ashoke has suffered severe mental retardation from the attack. Back in the present, the sortie runs into another survivors group led by a brutal but devious man named Jasper, and Shaky tells them of his group's "sanctuary" and how if the other group follows his orders, they may come along when his group goes home. Shaky realizes he can only take two of Jasper's group back with him, and plans to weed them out as time goes on. Jackson, disapproving of Shaky's vileness, leaves the group under Shaky's sole care.
A young Lakota boy named Adam (Michael Spears) is adopted by 26 year old David Norwell. Norwell is told that Adam might have mental retardation, but Norwell thinks that the boy will succeed in a loving environment. He has to deal with the issues of raising a special needs child, such as having to take care of a child that has everything from toilet training trouble to seizures. After the discovery of a lesion in Adam's brain, it is later realized that Adam does not have a learning disability as earlier believed, but rather fetal alcohol syndrome.
Abnormalities in BCKD activity often leads to pathological conditions which is why BCKDK is needed to regulate it. Often, mutations in the BCKDK gene occur creating the deviation in BCKD behavior. Exceedingly high BCKD complex activity increases branched-chain amino acid catabolism and protein degradation in skeletal muscle, which is a distinctive feature for cachexia. Deficiencies in BCKD activity have been the main cause in the rare metabolism maple syrup urine disease that can lead to mental retardation, brain edema, seizures, coma, and death if not treated correctly by lifelong limitation of branched-chain amino acid intake.
The Anne McDonald Centre, a centre for FC use in Melbourne directed by Crossley. In 1975, Crossley was working at St. Nicholas Hospital, Carlton, Victoria, which was run by the Mental Health Authority and housed children with intellectual disabilities. Concerned that the hospital schedule accommodated inflexible staffing arrangements, rather than the needs of the children, Crossley made a submission to a Victorian committee on mental retardation. She also raised questions with the Mental Health Authority about some of the children in the hospital, claiming that although they had severe physical disabilities, they were not intellectually disabled.
A variety of potential applications have been suggested for accurate computational neurogenetic models, such as simulating genetic diseases, examining the impact of potential treatments, better understanding of learning and cognition, and development of hardware able to interface with neurons. The simulation of disease states is of particular interest, as modeling both the neurons and their genes and proteins allows linking genetic mutations and protein abnormalities to pathological effects in the central nervous system. Among those diseases suggested as being possible targets of computational neurogenetic modeling based analysis are epilepsy, schizophrenia, mental retardation, brain aging and Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Edmark was founded in 1970 by Gordon B.Bleil by combining the assets of Educational Aids and Services Co. a small supplier of educational materials and programs and L-Tec Systems Inc. which had developed programs from its research. The Child Development and Mental Retardation Center of the University of Washington under the direction of Dr. Sidney Bijou had conducted research into the operant conditioning and reinforcement theories of B.F. Skinner as applicable to human learning. From this research they developed academic programs which for the first time proved the viability of teaching reading to people with severe mental limitations.
Mutations in the gene have also been found in males with severe brain dysfunction (neonatal encephalopathy) who live only into early childhood. In addition, several people with features of both Rett syndrome and Angelman syndrome (a condition characterized by mental retardation, problems with movement, and inappropriate laughter and excitability) have mutations in the MECP2 gene. Lastly, MECP2 mutations or changes in the gene's activity have been reported in some cases of autism (a developmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction). More recent studies reported genetic polymorphisms in the MeCP2 genes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Throughout her life, Long served on several committees and worked with numerous organizations committed to advocating for mental health awareness on local, national, and global levels. Within her home state of Georgia, Long served as the president of the National Mental Health Association of Atlanta between 1968 and 1969. She then took on the role of president of the National Mental Health Association of Georgia (now known as Mental Health America of Georgia) from 1973 to 1974. Between 1975 and 1978, Long served as the first chair of the Georgia Governor's Advisory Council on Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Substance Abuse.
Core first entered government service in Logan County, where he was a member of the county's MR/DD (mental retardation/developmental disability) board. In 1999, he was appointed to fill the empty seat for the 83rd District of the House of Representatives, which includes part or all of Logan, Marion, and Union counties; the seat had been vacated by the death of its previous occupant, Tony's father Ed.2004 Ohio Federal & State Legislative Election Wrap-Up, Ohio Capitol Connection, 2004. Accessed 2008-11-07. After finishing the partial term, he was re-elected to four full terms before being term-limited in 2008.
These communities had been shunned by society forcing them to look inwards for support. Authorities had largely ignored them for a century or more, despite documents dating to the 1860s that showed the prevalence of intra-family relationships through high rates of birth defects and mental retardation, although the county's low- income housing society had been working to build 565-square-feet 'hearth homes'. Due to the sensational nature of the crime, the trial received extensive national coverage. A book entitled On South Mountain: The Dark Secrets of the Goler Clan was written and published in 1998 covering their story in detail.
His mother, Vivienne, is a superstitious diabetic who has a complex relationship with her own mother, Alegria. Aviel's older brother, Avi, is a low-ranking police officer who still lives with his parents, while the younger twenty-something Eviatar dreams of a career in Oriental music and occasionally engages in petty crime for the local mafia boss, Ciao. 32-year-old eldest sister Miri is a desperate spinster; another younger brother, Avishay, suffers from supposed mental retardation, though he is intelligent in his own way. The young teen Abir is foul-mouthed, violent, and troubled, and his slightly older sister Avigail is neurotic.
The Sexual Sterilization Act was an act passed by the Alberta Legislature in 1928. The Act, drafted to protect the gene pool, allowed for sterilization of mentally disabled persons in order to prevent the transmission of traits to offspring deemed undesirable, the act also created the Alberta Eugenics Board. At that time, eugenicists argued that mental illness, mental retardation, epilepsy, alcoholism, pauperism, certain criminal behaviours, and social defects, such as prostitution and sexual perversion, were genetically determined and inherited. Further, it was widely believed that persons with these disorders had a higher reproduction rate than the normal population.
One of Voison's better known assistants was educator Édouard Séguin (1812–1880). Voisin was a leading advocate of the phrenological theories of Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) and Johann Spurzheim (1776–1832), and along with Louis Delasiauve (1804–1893) and Jacques-Étienne Belhomme (1800–1880), he is considered to be one of the more prominent members in the French school of phrenology. Voison was particularly interested in the role phrenology could be used to understand the pathology of mental retardation and insanity. Voisin also did extensive research of satyriasis and nymphomania, and was interested in the relationship between hypersexuality and hysteria.
The State Department of Mental Retardation (renamed the Division of Developmental Disabilities, House Bill 2213) joined the Department in 1974 . The purpose in creating the Department was to provide an integration of direct services to people in such a way as to reduce duplication of administrative efforts, services and expenditures. Family Connections became a part of the Department in January 2007.About DES The Minnesota Department of Economic Security was formed in 1977 from the departments of Employment Services and Vocational Rehabilitation, the Governor's Manpower Office, and the Economic Opportunity Office, which administered anti-poverty programs.
It has therefore been suggested that transcriptional repression of Sox2, mediated by the thyroid hormone signaling axis, allows for neural stem cell commitment and migration from the sub-ventricular zone. A deficiency of thyroid hormone, particularly during the first trimester, will lead to abnormal central nervous system development. Further supporting this conclusion is the fact that hypothyroidism during fetal development can result in a variety of neurological deficiencies, including cretinism, characterized by stunted physical development and mental retardation. Hypothyroidism can arise from a multitude of causes, and is commonly remedied with hormone treatments such as the commonly used Levothyroxine.
In 1964, Moser returned to the Joseph P. Kennedy research laboratories at MGH, and with Mary Efron and her junior faculty staff, Harvey Levy and Vivian Shih, he started screening programs for amino acid disorders and lysosomal disorders. When training with other neurologists under Dr. Ray Adams at the Fernald State School in Waltham, Massachusetts, Hugo Moser became interested in providing better services for persons with developmental and physical disabilities. He was appointed research director and later superintendent of the Fernald State School. He also founded and directed the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center for research and training in mental retardation.
Mutations in the SETX gene are the cause of the disease. AOA2 shows cerebellar atrophy, loss of Purkinje cells, and demyelination. In particular, there is a failure of the cerebrocerebellar circuit in AOA2 that has been shown to be responsible for the weaker coordination of complex cognitive functions such as working memory, executive functions, speech, and sequence learning. Although there is no sign of mental retardation or severe dementia, even after long disease duration, research on families with possible AOA2 have shown mild cognitive impairment as indexed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale.
He noted Hedrick's IQ score of 76, which was "far below average", although "not so low as to suggest mental retardation". The jury recommended that he be sentenced to death, finding that Hedrick posed a "continuing serious threat to society" and that his conduct in committing the offenses was "outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman in that it involved torture, depravity of mind, aggravated battery to the victim beyond the minimum necessary to accomplish the act of murder". The Circuit Court agreed and, on July 22, 1998, sentenced Hedrick to death. Hedrick's accomplice, Trevor Jones, was sentenced to life in prison.
There are a variety of disabilities affecting cognitive ability. This is a broad concept encompassing various intellectual or cognitive deficits, including intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation), deficits too mild to properly qualify as intellectual disability, various specific conditions (such as specific learning disability), and problems acquired later in life through acquired brain injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like dementia. Many of these disabilities have an effect on memory, which is the ability to recall what has been learned over time. Typically memory is moved from sensory memory to working memory, and then finally into long-term memory.
He could not follow an academic career and was never elected to the Académie de Médecine, despite several applications. His scientific and clinical interests encompassed classical neurological syndromes but also hysteria, memory, emotions and mental retardation, where he was the precursor of the development of the intellectual ratio. Already in the 1890s, he developed cognitive behavioral therapies, which he applied to his most famous patient, French novelist Marcel Proust. Proust largely inspired himself from Sollier's The Problem of Memory (1900) for his emphasis on involuntary memory in his 1913–1927 novel In Search of Lost Time.
Recent studies link mutations in genes encoding neurexin and neuroligin to a spectrum of cognitive disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), schizophrenia, and mental retardation. Cognitive diseases remain difficult to understand, as they are characterized by subtle changes in a subgroup of synapses in a circuit rather than impairment of all systems in all circuits. Depending on the circuit, these subtle synapse changes may produce different neurological symptoms, leading to classification of different diseases. Counterarguments to the relationship between cognitive disorders and these mutations exist, prompting further investigation into the underlying mechanisms producing these cognitive disorders.
Mutation of TIMM8A is associated with Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome/Deafness Dystonia Syndrome (MTS/DDS), a mitochondrial disease postulated to be associated with a defective mitochondrial protein import system.Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome is a recessive, X-linked neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by early-onset deafness followed by progressive dystonia in adulthood, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation, dysphagia, paranoia, and cortical blindness. It is known to be caused by a truncation or deletion of the 11 kDa protein product of TIMM8A. Defects in this gene also cause Jensen syndrome, an X-linked disease with opticoacoustic nerve atrophy and muscle weakness.
Variants of MT-CO2 have been associated with the mitochondrial Complex IV deficiency, a deficiency in an enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome c utilizing molecular oxygen. The deficiency is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Other Clinical Manifestations include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development and mental retardation. Mutations of MT-CO2 is also known to cause Leigh's disease, which may be caused by an abnormality or deficiency of cytochrome oxidase.
Although relatively little is known about the function of COX4I1, mutations in this gene have been associated with mitochondrial complex IV diseases with severe phenotypes. Among these, COX deficiency and Fanconi anemia have been suspected and linked to mutations in the COX4I1 gene. Clinical features of pathogenic variants of COX4I1 can include short stature, poor weight gain, mild dysmorphic features, mental retardation, spastic paraplegia, severe epilepsy, a narrow and arched palate, malar hypoplasia, little subcutaneous fat, and arachnodactyly. The homozygous mutation K101N and a de novo 16q24.1 interstitial duplication have been found to cause defective COX4I1.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten. He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). The Commonwealth delivers the services to all students including those enrolled in traditional public schools, public charter schools, cyber charter schools, children enrolled in private schools and home schooled children. The Upper Adams School District provides a wide variety of special services to students with special needs.
Under the new legislation, all institutions of higher education run or funded by the government must reserve 5% of their spaces for enrollment for people with disabilities. The rights of persons with psychosocial disabilities are protected under the Mental Health Care Act, 2017. The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992 created the Rehabilitation Council of India, which is tasked with training rehabilitation professionals and promoting research in rehabilitation and special education. Another law governing disability affairs in India is the National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999, or simply National Trust Act.
The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), is a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. The pervasive developmental disorders were autism, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS, i.e. all autism spectrum disorders (ASD)), childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), overactive disorder associated with mental retardation and stereotyped movements and Rett syndrome. The first four of these disorders are commonly called the autism spectrum disorders; the last disorder is much rarer, and is sometimes placed in the autism spectrum and sometimes not.
Zigler's research on intellectual disabilities was among the first efforts to differentiate children based on the causes of their intellectual disabilities. His "two- group" approach to what was then referred to as "mental retardation," differentiated those children whose disabilities were believed to be caused by familial/environmental factors, from children with known biological cases, such as genetic syndromes. This work, which was influenced by the developmental theorist Heinz Werner, lay the foundation for more a meaningful taxonomy of intellectual disabilities, beyond IQ level alone. Zigler also conducted research on schizophrenia, which similarly challenged the dominant classification system.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten. He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten. He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten. He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention.
In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten.
Without Hill, SPK relocated to London where Guerin and Revell recorded their debut album, Information Overload Unit, in a Vauxhall squat with the help of Revell's brother Ashley Revell (a.k.a. "Mr.Clean") and Mike Wilkins (guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals). The album deals with psychotic states and mental retardation. The original 1981 release on Side Effects has a black cover with a small picture of head being operated on, the 1985 version on Normal is blue and pictures a man in a wheelchair and the 1992 CD reissue has System Planning Korporation with the initials SPK highlighted in red.
The condition was first described in 1978 by Pitt and Hopkins in two unrelated patients.Pitt D, Hopkins I (1978) A syndrome of mental retardation, wide mouth and intermittent overbreathing. Aust Paed J 14(3):182-184 The genetic cause of this disorder was described in 2007.Amiel J, Rio M, de Pontual L, Redon R, Malan V, Boddaert N, Plouin P, Carter NP, Lyonnet S, Munnich A, Colleaux L (2007) Mutations in TCF4, encoding a class I basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, are responsible for Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, a severe epileptic encephalopathy associated with autonomic dysfunction.
In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten.
In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten.
The German psychiatrist Koch sought to make the moral insanity concept more scientific, and in 1891 suggested the phrase 'psychopathic inferiority', theorized to be a congenital disorder. This referred to continual and rigid patterns of misconduct or dysfunction in the absence of apparent mental retardation or illness, supposedly without a moral judgment. Described as deeply rooted in his Christian faith, his work established the concept of personality disorder as used today. 20th century In the early 20th century, another German psychiatrist, Emil Kraepelin, included a chapter on psychopathic inferiority in his influential work on clinical psychiatry for students and physicians.
In 1972 Gross began, with psychodramatist Marcia Karp Robbins, teaching the patients of the Mental Retardation Centre of Toronto – now known as the Surrey Place Centre. It is during this time that he also observed how art reached disturbed children at the art school. He decided to capture his methods of teaching art to autistic children and their experiences in the art class, which becomes his first documentary film As We Are, produced in 1974. Later in 1975, Gross traveled back to Japan to continue his pottery apprenticeship in Naha, Okinawa, which marked the beginning of Gross's career in film, pottery and producing.
In 1q21.1, the '1' stands for chromosome 1, the 'q' stands for the long arm of the chromosome and '21.1' stands for the part of the long arm in which the deletion is situated. The syndrome is a form of the 1q21.1 copy number variations, and it is a deletion in the distal area of the 1q21.1 part. The CNV leads to a very variable phenotype, and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable. Some people who have the syndrome can function in a normal way, while others have symptoms of mental retardation and various physical anomalies.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten. He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention.
Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
The loss of protein dystrophin ultimately leads to a lethal syndrome of skeletal and cardiac myopathy, stationary night blindness, mental retardation, a cardiac-conduction defect, and a subtle smooth-muscle defect. Some of these traits are also found in a subset of the limb-girdle muscular dystrophies that result from sarcoglycan defects. α-Dystrobrevin proteins were found absent in a heart that is highly susceptible to injury during cardiac stress. The dystrobrevin loss resulted from a weakening of dystrophin's interaction with the membrane-bound dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, and lead to a significant loss of membrane integrity.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, Wyomissing Area School District engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs.
Variants of COA5 have been mainly associated with a mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, a deficiency of the enzyme complex Complex IV, which is responsible for the catalysis of oxidation of cytochrome c using molecular oxygen. The deficiency is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Other phenotypes include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development and mental retardation. Mutations in COA5 has also known to be associated with Cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency 3 (CEMCOX3).
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In December 2010, Chester Upland School District administration reported that 902 pupils or 19.9% of the district's pupils received special education services. Sixty percent of special education pupils were identified by the district, as having a specific learning disability. In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services.
Alles Leben ist Kampf (English translation: All Life is Struggle) is a National Socialist propaganda film produced in 1937, directed by Herbert Gerdes, and W. Hüttig. This film is about the disabled and the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, passed to stop disabilities affecting other generations through forced sterilization. At the same time, it called for hereditary healthy Germans to reproduce so as to avoid the death of their people. It was one of six propagandistic movies produced by the NSDAP, the Reichsleitung, Rassenpolitisches Amt or the Office of Racial Policy from 1935–1937 to demonize people in Germany diagnosed with mental illness and mental retardation.
This situation changed in the 1970s, when a class action suit, Ricci v. Okin, was filed to upgrade conditions at Fernald and several other state institutions for persons with mental retardation in Massachusetts. U.S. District Court Judge Joseph Louis Tauro, who assumed oversight of the case in 1972, formally disengaged from the case in 1993, declaring that improvements in the care and conditions at the facilities had made them "second to none anywhere in the world". A result for Fernald residents of the class action suit which took effect in 1993 was the provision of "a guaranteed level of care, regardless of cost, to compensate for decades of neglect and abuse".
In 1931, Haakon Saethre, a Norwegian psychiatrist, described similar characteristics between a mother and her two daughters. They all had long and uneven facial features, low-set hairlines, short fingers, and webbing between the second and third fingers and between the second, third, and fourth toes. A year later in 1932, F. Chotzen, a German psychiatrist, described a father and his two sons as having very similar characteristics as the mother and her daughters, as well as having hearing loss, short stature, and mild mental retardation. Hence, the name Saethre- Chotzen Syndrome was derived from the two scientists, who had separately described the condition without any previous knowledge of the other.
Forness received the Distinguished Educator Alumni Award Alumni Award page, U of NC from the University of Northern Colorado in 2006 and is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at UCLA. He is a fellow at the International Academy of Research in Learning Disabilities and American Association of Mental Retardation. He is a member of Teacher Educators for Children with Behavior Disorders, of which he was President from 1985–1986 and also received a Leadership Award in 1995. This society also created the Forness Regional Scholarship in 2003. Forness was an Interdisciplinary Council Member for the American Association of University Affiliated Programs in Developmental Disabilities from 1972-1989.
Nipper began work professionally as a health advocate, working with those affected by HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, mental illness and other health issues. As senior director and then-vice president of public education for the National Mental Health Association, Nipper managed programs that worked with 340 mental health associations in the United States. From 1994 to 2000, she was the director of community living at the Lt. Joseph P. Kennedy Institute, a community residential services program for adults with mental retardation and developmental disabilities. In 2001, she became national director of the Multicultural and International Outreach Center of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). The district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In December 2011, the district administration reported that 227 pupils, or 14.4% of the district's pupils, received special education services, with 41.9% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the Dunmore School District administration reported that 199 pupils, or 11.9% of the district's pupils, received special education services.
Hanis, C. L., Ferrell, R. E., Barton, S. A., Aguilar, L., Garza Ibarra, A., Tulloch, B. R., Garcia, C. A., and Schull, W. J. (1983) Diabetes among Mexican Americans in Starr County, Texas. Am. J. Epidemiol. 118:659-672. Other studies concern the genetics of the Aymara tribe in Chile and Bolivia, radiation carcinogenesis in humans, mutations, the genetics and epidemiology of chronic diseases, acheiropodia in Brazil, the adaptation of human populations to high altitudes, the measurement of Darwinian fitness in humans, the genetic structure of human populations, the genetics of night vision, circadian heart rate rhythmicity, the genetics of mental retardation, and cancer risks.
Project STAR's goal with family preservation services is to keep the child with their birth family or to have the child returned to their birth family as soon as possible. Once preservation services receive a referral about a particular family, they examine the family and provide them with community resources to aid in the family's nutrition, discipline, and childhood development. Project STAR accepts referrals from offices of mental health and mental retardation, child welfare agencies, and families who choose to refer themselves. Project PACT (Parents and Children Together) was created by Project STAR to maintain contact open between children temporarily removed from their homes and their birth parents.
Ulegyria is a diagnosis used to describe a specific type of cortical scarring in the deep regions of the sulcus that leads to distortion of the gyri. Ulegyria is identified by its characteristic "mushroom-shaped" gyri, in which scarring causes shrinkage and atrophy in the deep sulcal regions while the surface gyri are spared. This condition is most often caused by hypoxic- ischemic brain injury in the perinatal period. The effects of ulegyria can range in severity, although it is most commonly associated with cerebral palsy, mental retardation and epilepsy. N.C. Bresler was the first to view ulegyria in 1899 and described this abnormal morphology in the brain as “mushroom-gyri.
In the first part of the reign of Emperor Hirohito, Japanese governments promoted increasing the number of healthy Japanese, while simultaneously decreasing the number of people deemed to have mental retardation, disability, genetic disease and other conditions that led to inferiority in the Japanese gene pool. The Leprosy Prevention laws of 1907, 1931, and 1953 permitted the segregation of patients in sanitariums where forced abortions and sterilization were common and authorized punishment of patients "disturbing peace"., Under the colonial Korean Leprosy prevention ordinance, Korean patients were also subjected to hard labor. The Race Eugenic Protection Law was submitted from 1934 to 1938 to the Diet.
This region appears to have regulatory functions (histone acetylation and DNase I hypersensitivity) and is in close proximity to several genes (AP1S2, MRX59, MRXSF, MRXS21, MRXS5 and PGS) involved in mental retardation. The fact that NCS has so far only be found in females may be by chance or may be due to the X linkage of some of the genes and regions potentially responsible for NCS, in which the lack of a healthy copy on a second X chromosome could render the disease lethal in males. Whether or not these mutations contribute to NCS is unclear. Not enough research has been conducted, complicated by the rarity of the syndrome.
The neurons in heterotopia appear to be normal, except for their mislocation; nuclear studies have shown glucose metabolism equal to that of normally positioned gray matter.uhrad.com - Neuroradiology Imaging Teaching Files The condition causes a variety of symptoms, but usually includes some degree of epilepsy or recurring seizures, and often affects the brain's ability to function on higher levels. Symptoms range from nonexistent to profound; the condition is occasionally discovered as an incidentaloma when brain imaging performed for an unrelated problem and has no apparent ill effect on the patient. At the other extreme, heterotopia can result in severe seizure disorder, loss of motor skills, and mental retardation.
In the field of senior services, he led initiatives to subsidize geriatric medicine programs in state-supported medical schools and establish a statewide network of multi-purpose senior centers. After his third term, Begala became deputy director and chief of staff at the Ohio Department of Mental Retardation and Disabilities and director of the Ohio Developmental Disabilities Planning Council. He developed budget initiatives increasing state funding for special education, expanding home and community services, and stabilizing finance of residential facilities. From 1986 until 1998, Begala held executive leadership positions with the Greater Cincinnati Hospital Council, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, and Greater Cleveland's MetroHealth System.
The Community Mental Health Centers Act funded three main initiatives: # Professional training for those working in community mental health centers # Improvement of research in the methodology utilized by community mental health centers # Improving the quality of care of existing programs until newer community mental health centers could be developed. That same year the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act was passed. President John F. Kennedy ran part of his campaign on a platform strongly supporting community mental health in the United States. Kennedy's ultimate goal was to reduce custodial care of mental health patients by 50% in ten to twenty years.
A diet lacking in potassium causes decreased intelligence in humans, which can be permanent if it is not remedied quickly—especially if this occurs during childhood. If one is denied it for too long, death always results (though in reality, potassium deficiency is more likely to result in death before mental retardation). The reason for this lack is thus: potassium is as lethal to Destiny life as arsenic is to Earth life, and eons earlier, a form of sea life evolved the ability to concentrate potassium as a defense against predation. However, when sea life dies, its remains are deposited on the ocean floor.
Mike Gauché (Jean-Paul Belmondo) is a professional film stuntman who works with his fiancée Jane Gardner (Raquel Welch). However minutes before their long planned marriage they are called to perform a car stunt for a movie but it goes wrong, as a brake problem causes their car to fall and they end up in a hospital with bruises and broken legs. Exasperated by the behavior of her fiancé, Jane decides to leave. After his recovery Mike is no longer able to find work in the movie business and is forced to simulate mental retardation and to invent a family to receive Social Security benefits.
ARC was founded in 1976 as the Association of Residential Communities for the Retarded. For a brief period of time it looked as if 'mental retardation' would come over from the United States as the new terminology to replace 'mental handicap' which was unpopular. However, that did not happen and the term 'learning disability' was adopted by the Department of Health (after much debate and some disagreement which continues to today because the term 'learning disability' has a different meaning in the education world). ARC quickly shortened its name to the Association for Residential Communities and then later to the Association for Residential Care.
In the 1980s, he created policies and procedures for handling allegations of clerical sexual abuse; these rules remained in force until major revisions in the early 21st century. Having a sister with mental retardation led him to establish a ministry to help people with disabilities. He also helped establish the Deposit & Loan Cooperative Investment Program, which allowed parishes to borrow money from diocesan funds at a lower interest rate, and supported the Michigan Catholic Conference's efforts to provide retirement benefits for priests and laity. He instituted regular changes and appointments of pastors and oversaw one of the renovations of the Cathedral of St. Andrew.
There has been a history of juveniles with disabilities not receiving their mandated accommodations and modifications. With the passing of IDEA in addition to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act, juvenile correctional facilities have become seen as federally funded institutions and thus there prevails the mandated right to serve all students with disabilities as such institutions regardless if it is a short term or long term stay. There is a grave presence of juveniles who are classified as youth with disabilities. The disabilities most prevalent in incarcerated juveniles include mental retardation, learning disabilities, and emotional disturbances.
She then joined the University of Wisconsin- Madison department of Neurophysiology in 1967; at the same time Bleier was also working with Weisman Center of Mental Retardation and the Wisconsin Regional Primate Center. Bleier is a known authority on the animal hypothalamus: she has published three works on the subject. Ruth Bleier looking into her electron microscope, 1980's In the 1970s, Bleier began to see how the biological sciences were affected by sexism and other cultural biases, and thus devoted herself to the application of feminist analyses and viewpoint to the practices and theories of science. She also began to focus on improving women’s access and station in higher education.
Peter is a stereotypical blue-collar worker who frequently gets drunk with his neighbors and friends Cleveland Brown, Joe Swanson and Glenn Quagmire at "The Drunken Clam," Quahog's local tavern. In the season 4 episode "Petarded", Peter discovered his low intellect falls slightly below the level for mental retardation after taking an I.Q. test, which places his I.Q. at around 70. Peter is known for his brash impulsiveness, which has led to several awkward situations, such as attempting to molest Meg in order to adopt a redneck lifestyle. He is easily influenced by anyone he finds interesting and will often try to replicate their lifestyle and behavior merely out of curiosity.
XPD (Xeroderma pigmentosum factor D, also known as protein ERCC2) is a 5'-3', Superfamily II, ATP-dependent helicase containing iron-sulphur cluster domains. Inherited point mutations in XPD helicase have been shown to be associated with accelerated aging disorders such as Cockayne syndrome (CS) and trichothiodystrophy (TTD). Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy are both developmental disorders involving sensitivity to UV light and premature aging, and Cockayne syndrome exhibits severe mental retardation from the time of birth. The XPD helicase mutation has also been implicated in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), a disorder characterized by sensitivity to UV light and resulting in a several 1000-fold increase in the development of skin cancer.
As the department grew, and the demand for local education training increased, Huey promoted the idea of a Teachers College, as it sometimes called, prompting then Chancellor Samuel McCormick to propose the establishment of a school of education. The trustees of the University adopted a plan on February 3, 1910, for the organization of the school. The first term of the School of Education began on September 26, 1910, and it shared space with the Schools of Mines and Engineering. Will Grant Chambers, who replaced Huey who had left the university to pursue research on mental retardation, served as its first dean and head professor.
Dennie–Marfan syndrome is a syndrome in which there is association of spastic paraplegia of the lower limbs and mental retardation in children with congenital syphilis. Both sexes are affected, and the onset of the disease can be acute or insidious, with slow progression from weakness to quadriplegia. Epilepsy, cataract, and nystagmus may also be found. The syndrome was described by Charles Clayton Dennie in 1929Dennie CC. Partial paralysis of the lower extremities in children, accompanied by backward mental development. Am J Syphilis 1929; 13: 157–163 , and Antoine Marfan in 1936Marfan AB. Paraplégie spasmodique avec troubles cérébraux d’origine hérédo-syphilitique chez les grands enfants.
The department was founded in 1926 as part of a restructuring of the New York state government, and was given responsibility for people diagnosed with mental retardation, mental illness or epilepsy. Dr. Frederick W. Parsons was appointed the first department Commissioner in January, 1927. He was replaced by Dr. William J. Tiffany in 1937, who then resigned in 1943 over an investigation into handling of an outbreak of amoebic dysentery at Creedmoor State Hospital. By 1950, the department had grown into the largest agency of the New York state government, with more than 24,000 employees and an operating cost exceeding a third of the state budget.
The Mansfield Training School and Hospital, situated on more than and encompassing 85 buildings, was operated by the Connecticut Department of Mental Retardation until its closure, after legal challenges, in 1993. Four years later, the former director and a once staunch advocate of the school declared, "The Mansfield Training School is closed: the swamp has finally been drained." Since then, the site has been allowed to deteriorate, though the University of Connecticut has been slowly finding uses for and fixing up many of the buildings. The school, with its eerie overturned wheelchairs and neo- classical hospital, remains a magnet for adventurous locals, the police, and amateur photographers.
For three years, Werner was funded by a grant at the University of Michigan. For a brief year, Werner accepted a position as a visiting professor at Harvard, but returned to Michigan the following year as a senior research psychologist at the Wayne County Training School. While at these two positions, Werner's work remained spread across several interests including: contour, metacontrast, binocular perception of depth, aesthetics, and developmental comparisons between normal functioning children and children with mental retardation. Following the death of his wife, he left the University for his first teaching position in the United States at Brooklyn College working on the effects of brain damage in 1942.
TMAP was initiated in the fall of 1997 and the initial research covered around 500 patients. TMAP arose from a collaboration that began in 1995 between the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation (TDMHMR), pharmaceutical companies, and the University of Texas Southwestern. The research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Meadows Foundation, the Lightner-Sams Foundation, the Nanny Hogan Boyd Charitable Trust, TDMHMR, the Center for Mental Health Services, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Health Services Research and Development Research Career Scientist Award, the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention Inc. and Mental Health Connections.
White, William, Kurtz, Ernest, & Sanders, Mark (2006). Recovery Management, Behavioral Health and Mental Retardation Services, and the Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center, Chicago IL. Many recovery coaches use different recovery approaches adapted from the Minnesota Model. Schuyler developed a professional model of life coaching for addiction recovery by blending the Minnesota Model and Harm Reduction model with the core competencies of the ICF. Through the research of White, David Loveland, Ernest Kurtz, and Mark Saunders, and the efforts funded through Faces and Voices of Recovery, the Fayette Companies, Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center, the Chestnut Health Systems and many other universities, research on recovery coaching is progressing rapidly.
The Kentucky Post After moving to Prestonsburg, Combs started a class for people with mental retardation, in part so Tommy could attend the class. On December 22, 1943, Combs enlisted as a private in the U.S. Army for service in World War II.Harmon, p. 27 He received his basic training at Fort Knox and participated in the Volunteer Officer Candidate Program, which would have allowed him to attend Officer Candidate School (OCS) immediately after basic training. Instead, he was briefly assigned to teach cartography at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Aberdeen, Maryland before completing OCS in Ann Arbor, Michigan, joining the Judge Advocate General's Corps, and attaining the rank of captain.
She serves on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Research on Adolescence and is the Editor of Child Maltreatment. She was a member of the NIMH "Psychosocial development, risk and prevention" study section, the New Jersey Governor's Council on Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities (2003–2007)and is an advisor for the National Center of Child Traumatic Stress. Dr. Feiring is the principal investigator on an NIMH supported longitudinal study of processes related to adjustment following the discovery of sexual abuse. This project spans development from childhood into young adulthood and has been instrumental in guiding theory and intervention for youth with a history of sexual abuse.
Nazi propagandists exploited this fear and prejudice to push the public to accept their euthanasia policies, including forcible sterilization, by screening films showing people with mental retardation and physical disabilities living in squalid conditions. At the same time, American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his White House staff made a great effort to disguise his handicap (Roosevelt became paraplegic after contracting polio as an adult). Roosevelt was photographed and filmed only from positions that would hide his disability from the public, for fear that he would be perceived as weak. More recently, documentary films about disability have been widely viewed on both public and cable television programming.
In 1997, the Government of Barbados under the Ministry of Education in an attempt to create more spaces for the increase in entrants into secondary schools, opened the St. Thomas Secondary School, the precursor of the Lester Vaughan Secondary School, named after a distinguished Barbadian who assisted in the transformation of the educational sector as well as wrote the National Pledge of Barbados. To date, the Lester Vaughan School is the youngest secondary school and one of the most technologically advanced in the island. The Barbados Association for Children With Intellectual Challenges operates the Challenor School for both children and adults with mental retardation.
Briscoe also presided over the first revision of the state's penal code in one hundred years. Briscoe added $4 billion in new state funds for public education and higher education, increased teacher salaries by the highest percentage in history, and raised salaries for state employees as well. He expanded services to handicapped Texans by the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, and established the first toll-free hotline for runaway children. He appointed a larger number of women and minorities to positions in Texas state government than any previous governor, appointed the first African American members to state boards, and named the first African American district judge.
Special education referrals are, in most cases in the hands of the general education teacher, this is subjective and because of differences, disabilities can be overlooked or unrecognized. Poorly trained teachers at minority schools, poor school relationships, and poor parent-to-teacher relationships play a role in this inequality. With these factors, minority students are at a disadvantage because they are not given the appropriate resources that would in turn benefit their educational needs. US Department of Education data shows that in 2000–2001 at least 13 states exhibited more than 2.75% of African American students enrolled in public schools with the label of "mental retardation".
Young–Madders syndrome, alternatively known as Pseudotrisomy 13 syndrome or holoprosencephaly–polydactyly syndrome, is a genetic disorder resulting from defective and duplicated chromosomes which result in holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, facial malformations and mental retardation, with a significant variance in the severity of symptoms being seen across known cases.. Retrieved January 25, 2014. Many cases often suffer with several other genetic disorders, and some have presented with hypoplasia, cleft lip, cardiac lesions and other heart defects. In one case in 1991 and another in 2000 the condition was found in siblings who were the product of incest. Many cases are diagnosed prenatally and often in siblings.
Sodium phenylbutyrate is taken orally or by nasogastric intubation as a tablet or powder, and tastes very salty and bitter. It treats urea cycle disorders, genetic diseases in which nitrogen waste builds up in the blood plasma as ammonia glutamine (a state called hyperammonemia) due to deficiences in the enzymes carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, ornithine transcarbamylase, or argininosuccinic acid synthetase. Uncontrolled, this causes mental retardation and early death. Sodium phenylbutyrate metabolites allows the kidneys to excrete excess nitrogen in place of urea, and coupled with dialysis, amino acid supplements and a protein-restricted diet, children born with urea cycle disorders can usually survive beyond 12 months.
As early as the late 1960s, the normalization principle was described to change the pattern of residential services, as exposes occurred in the US and reform initiatives began in Europe. These proposed changes were described in the leading text by the President's Committee on Mental Retardation (PCMR) titled: "Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded" with leaders Burton Blatt, Wolf Wolfensberger, Bengt Nirje, Bank-Mikkelson, Jack Tizard, Seymour Sarason, Gunnar Dybwad, Karl Gruenwald, Robert Kugel, and lesser known colleagues Earl Butterfield, Robert E. Cooke, David Norris, H. Michael Klaber, and Lloyd Dunn.Kugel, R.H. & Wolfensberger, W. (1969). Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded.
The law is named for Rosa Marcellino, a girl with Down Syndrome who was nine years old when it became law, and who, according to President Barack Obama, "worked with her parents and her siblings to have the words 'mentally retarded' officially removed from the health and education code in her home state of Maryland." Rosa's Law is part of a long line of changes that has been ongoing since the early 1900s. Words such as idiot and moron were common in court documents and diagnosis throughout the early 1900s. In the 1960s, changes in the law led to the use of such terms as mental retardation.
Abnormal expression, as well as mutations of the HSD17B10 gene leads to impairment of the structure, function, and dynamics of mitochondria. This may underlie the pathogenesis of the synaptic and neuronal deficiency exhibited in 17β-HSD10 related diseases, including 17β-HSD10 deficiency and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Missense and silent mutations in the gene are the cause of hydroxysteroid (17β) dehydrogenase X (HSD10) deficiency, formerly MHBD deficiency, and X-linked mental retardation, choreoathetosis, and abnormal behavior (MRXS10), respectively. Restoration of steroid homeostasis could be achieved by the supplementation of neuroactive steroids with a proper dosing and treatment regimen or by the adjustment of 17β-HSD10 activity to protect neurons.
Joubert syndrome is autosomal recessive and is characterized by the brain malformations and mental retardation that AHI1 mutations have the potential to induce. AHI1 has also been associated with schizophrenia and autism due to the role it plays in brain development. An AHI1 heterozygous knockout mouse model was studied by Bernard Lerer and his group at Hadassah Medical Center in Jerusalem to elucidate the correlation between alterations in AHI1 expression and the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. The core temperatures and corticosterone secretions of the heterozygous knockout mice after exposure to environmental and visceral stress exhibited extreme repression of autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses.
Eloísa García Etchegoyhen (1921-1996) was a pioneering Uruguayan educator and disability rights activist. She not only created the first educational facilities in Uruguay to teach those with disabilities, but she developed job placement programs and parent support groups to help children integrate into the larger society. She spearheaded training for teachers and psychologists leading to the creation of research programs into the cause of mental retardation and led a public awareness campaign to encourage acceptance of the disabled by their families and communities. She began the first school for students with multiple disabilities and began the first pre-school for early assessment and intervention for disabled children in Uruguay.
There are hotspots in the genome where DNA sequences are prone to gaps and breaks after inhibition of DNA synthesis such as in the aforementioned checkpoint arrest. These sites are called fragile sites, and can occur commonly as naturally present in most mammalian genomes or occur rarely as a result of mutations, such as DNA-repeat expansion. Rare fragile sites can lead to genetic disease such as fragile X mental retardation syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Friedrich’s ataxia, and Huntington’s disease, most of which are caused by expansion of repeats at the DNA, RNA, or protein level. Although, seemingly harmful, these common fragile sites are conserved all the way to yeast and bacteria.
Chromosomal alterations may lead to deregulation of microRNA, which could be of diagnostic and prognostic significance for cancers. Additionally, the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HPV-16 virus, the strain of human papilloma virus most likely to produce cancer, appear to integrate preferentially in or around fragile sites, and it has been proposed that this is crucial to the development of tumors. Fragile sites have also been implicated in a variety of syndromes (for a review, see ). For example, breakage at or near the FRA11b locus has been implicated in Jacobsen syndrome, which is characterized by loss of part of the long arm of chromosome 11 accompanied by mild mental retardation.
Individuals affected by AAA have adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease due to ACTH resistance, alacrima (absence of tear secretion), and achalasia (a failure of a ring of muscle fibers, such as a sphincter, to relax) of the lower esophageal sphincter at the cardia which delays food going to the stomach and causes dilation of the thoracic esophagus. There may also be signs of autonomic dysfunction with AAA, such as pupillary abnormalities, an abnormal reaction to intradermal histamine, abnormal sweating, orthostatic hypotension, and disturbances of the heart rate. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is often mentioned as an early sign. The disorder has also been associated with mild mental retardation.
In December 2013, Valley View School District administration reported that 390 pupils or 15.1% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 39.5% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 390 pupils or 15% of the district's pupils received Special Education services. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In December 2010, the Northern York County School District administration reported that 426 pupils, or 13.3% of the district's pupils, received special education services. Of those children identified, 50% had a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 427 pupils, or 13% of the district's pupils, received special education services.
Variants of CEP89 have been associated with the mitochonrdial Complex IV deficiency, a deficiency in an enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome c utilizing molecular oxygen. The deficiency is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Other Clinical Manifestations include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development and mental retardation. Pathogenic mutations of CEP89 has also been found to be associated with intellectual disability and multisystemic disorders such as cystinuria, cataract, broad based walking pattern, deafness, and others.
In 2004, the state Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse proposed building a facility to house 150 of Virginia's most dangerous sex offenders on PGH grounds. The facility would be self-contained and not occupy the same buildings as PGH. Reasons for selecting the Burkeville site included its proximity to Nottoway Correctional Center, which could provide backup security help, and the nearby temporary sex offenders unit in Dinwiddie, whose workers could easily transition to the new facility. The offenders in question fall under the control of the DMHMRS, rather than the prison system, because they have completed their prison sentences but still meet the criteria for civil commitment as sexually violent predators .
There may or may not be any evidence of history of HGF in the family nor any usage of taking long-term medicines for any particular disease when it comes to diagnosing HGF. There also may or may not be any signs of medical and/or family history of mental retardation, hypertrichosis, nor clinical symptoms that can be associated with gingival enlargement. Although, enlargement of gingiva, interdental papilla, hindered speech, and secondary inflammatory changes taking place in the mouth commonly at the marginal gingiva are all very indicative of this condition. Commonly the patient will have mandiblular and maxilliary inflammation and overgrowth as opposed to the traditional pink, firm, and fleshy consistency of healthy gingiva.
Throughout the mid half of the 20th century, special schools, termed institutions, were not only accepted, but encouraged. Students with disabilities were housed with people with mental illnesses, and they were not educated much, if at all.Inventing the feeble mind: A history of mental retardation in the United States. S McCuen – Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 1997 – Duke Univ Press Deinstitutionalization proceeded in the US beginning in the 1970s following the exposes of the institutions, and it has taken sometime before the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act of 1974, to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and then Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act (IDEIA) have come into fruition.
Inherited diseases create a condition where a specific lysosomal enzyme is not produced, leading to serious brain conditions including mental retardation, behavioral problems, and then dementia. Although the missing enzyme can be manufactured by drug companies, the enzyme drug alone does not treat the brain, because the enzyme alone does not cross the BBB. ArmaGen has re-engineered the missing lysosomal enzyme as a Trojan horse- enzyme fusion protein that crosses the BBB. The first clinical trials of the new Trojan horse fusion protein technology will treat the brain in lysosomal storage disorders, including one of the mucopolysaccharidosis type I diseases, (MPSIH), also called Hurler syndrome, and MPS Type II, also called Hunter syndrome.
In addition, especially with heterotopia that are genetically linked, there are gender differences, men suffering more severe symptoms than women with similar formations. In general, band heterotopia, also known as double cortex syndrome, are seen exclusively in women; men with a mutation of the related gene (called XLIS or DCX) usually die in utero or have a much more severe brain anomaly. Symptoms in affected women vary from normal to severe developmental delay or mental retardation; the severity of the syndrome is related to the thickness of the band of arrested neurons. Nearly all affected patients that come to medical attention have epilepsy, with partial complex and atypical absence epilepsy being the most common syndromes.
In June 1963, Eunice Kennedy Shriver started a day camp called Camp Shriver for children with intellectual and physical disabilities at her home in Potomac, Maryland. The camp sought to address the concern that children with disabilities had very little opportunity to participate in organised athletic events. With Camp Shriver as an example, Kennedy Shriver, head of the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation and a member of President John F. Kennedy's Panel on Mental Retardation, promoted the concept of involvement in physical activity and other opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities. Camp Shriver became an annual event, and the Kennedy Foundation gave grants to universities, recreation departments, and community centers to hold similar camps.
Fetal trimethadione syndrome (also known as paramethadione syndrome, German syndrome, tridione syndrome, among othersAdditional names include trimethadione embryopathy and trimethadione syndrome.) is a set of birth defects caused by the administration of the anticonvulsants trimethadione (also known as Tridione) or paramethadione to epileptic mothers during pregnancy.Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes - Retrieved January 2007 Fetal trimethadione syndrome is classified as a rare disease by the National Institute of Health's Office of Rare Diseases,Fetal trimethadione syndrome on the ORD website. Retrieved January 2007 meaning it affects less than 200,000 individuals in the United States.NIH's Office of Rare Diseases Retrieved January 2007 The fetal loss rate while using trimethadione has been reported to be as high as 87%.
Ernestine, who had been 8 years old when she was poisoned, suffered from quadriplegia, blindness, and severe mental retardation until her death at the age of 30. An autopsy conducted showed cortical atrophy, neuronal loss, and gliosis, most pronounced in the paracentral and parietooccipital regions. Massive amounts of inorganic mercury were discovered in her brain, a fact which led researchers to conclude "Since inorganic mercury crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly, biotransformation of methyl to inorganic mercury may have occurred after methylmercury crossed the blood-brain barrier, accounting for its persistence in brain and causing part of the brain damage."Methylmercury poisoning: long-term clinical, radiological, toxicological, and pathological studies of an affected family, Ann Neurol.
A trend of continuous improvement has followed the agency from those innovative years in the 1960s up through the present day. For example, in 1978, after the Willowbrook exposé, CGS cooperated with the New York State Department of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities to open a community residence for persons with profound handicaps. In similar fashion, the agency again adapted its foster care services so as to be able to carefor children afflicted with HIV/AIDS in the late 1980s in its newly created Special Medical Family Foster Care Program. In this millennium alone, CGS has also begun child abuse and neglect prevention programs and specialized residential treatment services for foster care youth with mental illness.
Over the course of its existence, Straight was in conflict with state licensing officials in Virginia, Maryland and Florida on a number of occasions. As early as January 1978, Florida state officials reported concerns with the program that led it to consider withdrawing its operating license. Virginia's Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services cited Straight's Springfield, Virginia, center for violating state regulations repeatedly from the time the facility opened in 1982 to its closing in 1991. Virginia officials argued that state laws required that adolescents in Straight's programs be in school, while Straight believed that its clients should not be attending school until they had made progress in their treatment for substance abuse.
There is also a county educational service center (previously known as the county board of education) presided over by a board of education, typically numbering five members, elected to staggered four-year terms in non-partisan elections in odd-numbered years. The center supplies services to the individual school districts in the county and exercises some limited control over the class of school districts known as "local school districts." ("City school districts" and "exempted village school districts" are free from any oversight by the county board.) Some counties have combined their educational service centers with other counties'. Counties also have a board of mental retardation and developmental disabilities to educate disabled children.
Since 1982, Jean-Louis Mandel has been working on the identification of genes and mutations responsible for rare inherited monogenic diseases affecting the nervous system and/or muscles. He has also contributed to the development of diagnostic tests and the analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms for several of these diseases, using animal or cellular models in particular. His most important contribution concerns the identification and characterization of the mutation mechanism by unstable expansion of trinucleotide repetition. In 1991, his team showed that Fragile X mental retardation syndrome, the most common cause of hereditary intellectual disability, is due to the expansion of a CGG repetition associated with localized abnormal DNA methylation (Oberlé et al. Sciences, 1991).
In December 2013, the district administration reported that 159 pupils, or 13.9% of the district's pupils, received special education services, with 47.8% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the District administration reported that 182 pupils, or 14.7% of the district's pupils, received special education services, with 57% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.
Another example, in the novel, Madre Consuelo had the ingenious idea of having the girls learn only the answers to the questions they would each be asked in the final examination given by the Madre Superiora, which turned out a complete disaster. In the series however, it was Madre Loreto who had the idea and who was embarrassed by Celia's explaining of the situation. The same with Celia's classmates; only Elguibia, whom differenced from the others due to her slight case of mental retardation, was given a consistent name. The other girl actresses played Celia's friends from the novel inconsistently and were never given real names, at least they were not mentioned.
As a consequence of this 1957 discovery, the cause of a congenital disease called galactosemia was first identified; not detected in time, it can cause mental retardation, cataracts and cirrhosis. Numerous other colleagues of his at the institute became well known in their fields, as well. These have included Enrico Cabib, Carlos Cardini, Ranwell Caputto, Alejandro Paladini, and Raúl Trucco, among others. The continued support of the Campomar Foundation allowed the institute to relocate to its current facilities in 1983. Located in the Caballito section of the city and facing Parque Centenario, the new facilities total over 6,900 m² (74,000 ft²) and include laboratories, teaching facilities, an auditorium and the National Biochemistry Reference Library.
He received his Master of Social Work from Our Lady of the Lake University. From 1975 to 1987, he served as a board member of the Harlandale Independent School District, working as an educational consultant for the Intercultural Development Research Association and serving as a caseworker with the Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation. From 1987 to 1996, he taught at Our Lady of the Lake University's Worden School of Social Service, the oldest school of Social Work in Texas. After leaving Congress in January 2005, he joined with his former chief of staff, Jeff Mendelsohn, to create Rio Strategy Group LLC, a boutique government relations firm to assist clients at the local, state and national levels.
The Metropolitan Board of Health, which was the predecessor agency to the Department of Health and consisted of sanitary and vital statistics bureaus, had its first meeting on March 5, 1866. The modern Department of Health, under a single commissioner, was formed by the New York City Charter revision pursuant to Chapter 137 of the Laws of 1870 passed by the New York State legislature. In the early years after its formation, commissioners were sometimes political appointments, with no experience in medicine or related fields. In 2002, the Department of Health was merged with the Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Alcoholism Services to form the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
At the time, compulsory sterilization was seen by many as a way to reduce the incidence of mental illness and mental retardation in the population over time. Many states had legislation requiring the sterilization of patients at state-run psychiatric facilities, though only California executed the laws in earnest, as most other state officials were wary about the legal status of compulsory sterilization legislation. The result of Gosney and Popenoe's research was a co-authored volume, Sterilization for Human Betterment: A Summary of Results of 6,000 Operations in California, 1909–1929, completed and published in 1929. The book sought to argue that eugenic sterilization was scientifically supported, caused no harm to patients, and was legally sound.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In December 2010, Southern Tioga School District reported that 17% of the students received special education services, with 59% of identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2008, the district reported that 15.3% of the students received special education services. In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten.
Curotek is an American company based in Portland, Oregon that provides technology for community-based care settings such as assisted living communities and group home settings serving those with Dementia, Alzheimer's, Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities and other disabilities that cause safety risks associated with freedom of movement and personal autonomy. Curotek provides various hardware devices providing real-time tracking of residents and care staff, an alert system tied to various sensor devices such as bed pads and thresholds and an electronic door control system that locks and unlocks doors based on the proximity of tracking badges. They are also a provider of an electronic documentation suite purposed for assisted living facilities.
In contrast to these patterns, prevalence of clinical depression is high in all age categories, including otherwise healthy adolescents and young adults. In one study of the US population, for example, the 12 month prevalence for a major depression episode was highest in the youngest age category (15- to 24-year-olds). The high prevalence of depression is also an outlier when compared to the prevalence of major mental retardation, autism, and schizophrenia, all with prevalence rates about one tenth that of depression, or less.Epidemiologic Catchment Area, National Comorbidity Study The common occurrence and persistence of a trait like clinical depression with such negative effects early in life is difficult to explain.
In response, the United States government issued a mandate requiring producers to include an emetic additive that would induce vomiting above the consumption of a certain dosage level. Throughout the mid to early 20th century, health advocates pointed to the risk of alcohol consumption and the role it played in a variety of ailments such as blood disorders, high blood pressure, cancer, infertility, liver damage, muscle atrophy, psoriasis, skin infections, strokes, and long-term brain damage. Studies showed a connection between alcohol consumption among pregnant mothers and an increased risk of mental retardation and physical abnormalities in what became known as fetal alcohol syndrome, prompting the use of alcohol packaging warning messages in several countries.
Reed performed research in labs at the University of Chicago, McGill University where he studied development in mice, and Harvard University, where he studied the relationship between fruit fly genetics and behavior. In 1942 Reed participated in WWII by using his background to assist in statistical research as well as interrogation of German scientists. In 1947, Reed began working at the University of Minnesota as the director of the Dight Institute for Human Genetics. While working at the Dight Institute, Reed coined the term “genetic counseling” as a way to describe advice he and his colleagues were giving to physicians in relation to genetic diseases such as Huntington disease, mental retardation, and cleft palate.
Nelson is a member of the Board of Directors of the American Society of Human Genetics, was its President in 2018, and served as Secretary from 2003 to 2009. Nelson has served in many advisory boards and committees, including FRAXA Research Foundation Advisory Board (1999–present), National Fragile X Foundation Advisory Board (1999–present), March of Dimes Grants Review Board (2010–2015), Hungtinton Disease Society of America Steering Committee (1999–2010), United States NIH/NICHD Mental Retardation Review Committee (1998–2002), and US DOE Joint Genome Institute Advisory Board (1997–2000). Nelson served on the editorial boards of eleven academic journals, including American Journal of Human Genetics, Mammalian Genome, Clinical Genetics (journal), and Genome Research.
As radial glia serve as the primary neural and glial progenitors in the brain, as well as being crucial for proper neuronal migration, defects in radial glial function can have profound effects in the development of the nervous system. Mutations in either Lis1 or Nde1, essential proteins for radial glial differentiation and stabilization, cause the associated neurodevelopmental diseases Lissencephaly and microlissencephaly (which literally translate to “smooth brain”). Patients with these diseases are characterized by a lack of cortical folds (sulci and gyri) and reduced brain volume. Extreme cases of Lissencephaly cause death a few months after birth, while patients with milder forms may experience mental retardation, difficulty balancing, motor and speech deficits, and epilepsy.
Pearce Bailey, the first director of NINDB, was the son of Pearce Bailey, one of the founders of the New York Neurological Institute. Bailey established the extramural grants and field investigations into retrolental fibroplasia, geographic deistribution of multiple sclerosis, and projects related to mental retardation and cerebral palsy.Rowland, 46. In 1955, then U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy announced, to the organization United Cerebral Palsy, that the institute was "planning to launch an all-out attack against the dread spectre of cerebral palsy". By 1959, a study to look at how gestation affected cerebral palsy had been started. During the 1950s, Mary Lasker, Senator Lister Hill and Representative John E. Fogarty ensured continued financial support for NINDB.
In 2001, she had great recognition by integrating the cast of El sodero de mi vida in Canal 13, where she played a girl with a slight mental retardation. Experimenting with Luis Ortega the tape Caja negra is born, where she acted and participated in the integral creation. She later acted in movies like Vidas privadas, Bottom of the Sea, The Aura, La mujer rota, Salamandra, El club de la muerte and El campo, for the latter she was nominated for the Silver Condor Awards for Best Actress. In 2003 she starred in the unitary series Disputas and in the adaptation of the play of John Ford, Lástima que sea una puta.
In rat hippocampal neurons, Pur-alpha is found in the cytoplasm together with mRNA transcripts, in a complex including non- coding RNAs, Pur-beta, fragile X mental retardation proteins and microtubule- associated proteins. This complex is transported by a kinesin motor to sites of translation at junctions of nerve cell dendrites. Recently PURA mutations have been found in multiple patients with brain disorders of a similar phenotype including hypotonia, developmental delay, movement disorders, and seizure or seizure-like movements. This spectrum of brain disorders is similar to the phenotype of a central nervous system syndrome termed the 5q31.3 microdeletion syndrome, and is the basis for a proposed PURA Syndrome based on PURA mutations rather than just deletions.
In addition to neurons, Greenough has reported sensitivity to experience in astrocytes and vasculature, studying processes within the brain including angiogenesis, myelination, the hypertrophy of astrocytic glial cells and the astrocyte ensheathment of neurons. Another researcher describes these processes as "cellular transactions that drive coordinated structural changes in neurons, glia, and blood vessels", essential to understanding the working of long-term memory. By studying Fragile X syndrome, which is the most common form of mental retardation to be genetically inherited, as well as other genetic conditions, Greenough has learned about how the brain can malfunction as well as function. Studies of mice with Fragile X syndrome link the condition to the absence of the protein FMRP.
Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten and preschool.
These RNA transcripts containing G4C2 repeats were shown to bind and separate a wide variety of proteins, including nucleolin. Nucleolin is involved in the synthesis and maturation of ribosomes within the nucleus, and separation of nucleolin by the mutated RNA transcripts impairs nucleolar function and ribosomal RNA synthesis. Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is a widely expressed protein coded by the FMR1 gene that binds to G-quadruplex secondary structures in neurons and is involved in synaptic plasticity. FMRP acts as a negative regulator of translation, and its binding stabilizes G-quadruplex structures in mRNA transcripts, inhibiting ribosome elongation of mRNA in the neuron's dendrite and controlling the timing of the transcript's expression.
Gold was an instructor in SUNY Brockport’s Department of Health Science (1970–1974) before earning his PhD at the University of Oregon and returned there as assistant professor from 1976 through 1978 after completing the degree. While working on his second doctorate at the University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health in Houston, he served as an evaluator for the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation. He next joined the faculty of Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC) in 1980 as associate professor of Health Education. Gold received a leave of absence from SIUC in 1984 to serve as director of the School Health Initiative of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
One of her first objectives was to reorganize the school to help each student develop skills, learn knowledge and develop an attitude that personal empowerment could be achieved."Renfrew (1999)", p 24 She had to train professionals as well, teaching courses in psychology at the University of the Republic School of Nursing, Social Services Department, the Psychology and Human Relations Department and organizing courses and seminars focused on the treatment of children with mental retardation for teachers at the Normal Institute of Montevideo. One of the first things she did was establish a Club for Parents, whose purpose was to provide a support network for families. They published a newsletter and held support groups twice daily.
Although Junior Blind's programs serve individuals across all stages of life, more than 98% of the people the organization serves are children and youth. Since the "face" of blindness has changed, a large number of the children Junior Blind serves have multiple disabilities, including autism, cerebral palsy, developmental delay and mental retardation, in addition to visual impairment. Junior Blind's children's services are provided in the home, on- campus and throughout the community. Meeting the varying needs of children with special needs from birth to age 21, Junior Blind offers an Infant & Early Childhood Program, a Special Education School, a Children's Residential Program, a Vision Screening Program and an After School Enrichment Program.
This test, now in a Second Edition (CAS2; 2014, Naglieri, Das & Goldstein) is designed to provide an assessment of intellectual functioning redefined as four brain-based cognitive processes (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous and Successive), providing information about cognitive strengths and weaknesses in each of the four processes. This emphasis on processes (rather than traditional abilities) is said to make it useful for differential diagnosis; diagnosing Learning disabilities and Attention Deficit Disorder, Autism, Mental Retardation, cognitive changes in aging and Down syndrome, changes due to brain impairment in Stroke and fair and equitable assessment of diverse populations. Its usefulness as a theory and measurement instrument for Planning and Decision making in management has also been demonstrated.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). The IDEA 2004 requires each school entity to publish a notice to parents, in newspapers or other media, including the student handbook and website regarding the availability of screening and intervention services and how to access them. The districts works with Midwestern Intermediate Unit IV to provide services to identified students. In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services.
Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ICF/IID - formerly known as Intermediate Care Facilities for Mental Retardation (ICF/MR) is an American Medicaid-funded institutional long-term support and service (LTSS) for people with intellectual disabilities or related conditions. Section 1905(d) of the Social Security Act enacted benefits and made funding available for "institutions" (which consisted of 4 or more beds) for individuals with intellectual or related conditions. According to federal law 42 CFR § 440.150 the purpose of ICD/IIDs is to "furnish health or rehabilitative services to persons with Intellectual Disability or persons with related conditions." The number of individuals living in ICD/IID facilities peaked in 1993 at 147,729 people.
The ICF/MR Program began in 1971 when legislation began federal funding for ICFs/MR as an optional, beneficial Medicaid service. Authorization for ICF/MR services were seen at the congressional level as an option under the state plan Medicaid services. This allowed states to receive matching federal funds for MR/DD institutional services. This program helped facilitate the act of deinstitutionalization in which many developmental center institutions (such as Broadview Developmental Center) closed doors and their funding then shifted to community-based programs for those individuals with MR/DD (or mental retardation/developmental disabilities.) It provided the first Medicaid long-term services and supports benefit specifically for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
American psychiatrists officially recognized concepts of enduring personality disturbances in the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in the 1950s, which relied heavily on psychoanalytic concepts. Somewhat more neutral language was employed in the DSM-II in 1968, though the terms and descriptions had only a slight resemblance to current definitions. The DSM-III published in 1980 made some major changes, notably putting all personality disorders onto a second separate 'axis' along with mental retardation, intended to signify more enduring patterns, distinct from what were considered axis one mental disorders. 'Inadequate' and 'asthenic' personality disorder' categories were deleted, and others were expanded into more types, or changed from being personality disorders to regular disorders.
The Act defines a child as a person under the age of 18 years. However, this definition is a purely biological one, and doesn't take into account people who live with intellectual and psycho-social disability. A recent case in SC has been filed where a women of biological age 38yrs but mental age 6yrs was raped. The victim's advocate argues that "failure to consider the mental age will be an attack on the very purpose of act." SC held that the Parliament has felt it appropriate that the definition of the term “age” by chronological age or biological age to be the safest yardstick than referring to a person having mental retardation.
Therefore, often the treating physician has never seen a patient with the disease or condition and so an immediate referral to a specialty clinic is necessary for the family. Most of the conditions identified in newborn screening are metabolic disorders that either involve i) lacking an enzyme or the ability to metabolize (or breakdown) a particular component of the diet, like phenylketonuria, ii) abnormality of some component of the blood, especially the hemoglobin protein, or iii) alteration of some component of the endocrine system, especially the thyroid gland. Many of these disorders, once identified, can be treated before more severe symptoms, such as mental retardation or stunted growth, set in. Newborn genetic screening is an area of tremendous growth.
The buildings and grounds survived into the 2000s as a center for mentally disabled adults, operated by the Massachusetts Department of Mental Retardation. In 2001, 320 adults resided at Fernald, with ages ranging from 27 to 96 years and an average age of 47 years. According to a December 13, 2004 article in the Boston Globe, Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney announced in 2003 that the facility would be closed and the land sold by 2007. In 2003, a coalition of family advocates and state employee unions began a campaign to save Fernald and asked Judge Tauro to resume his oversight of the "Ricci v. Okin" class action lawsuit that had led to improvements at Fernald and the other state facilities beginning in the 1970s.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress .
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
As a result of the expanding neurogenetics field a better understanding of specific neurological disorders and phenotypes has arisen with direct correlation to genetic mutations. With severe disorders such as epilepsy, brain malformations, or mental retardation a single gene or causative condition has been identified 60% of the time; however, the milder the intellectual handicap the lower chance a specific genetic cause has been pinpointed. Autism for example is only linked to a specific, mutated gene about 15–20% of the time while the mildest forms of mental handicaps are only being accounted for genetically less than 5% of the time. Research in neurogenetics has yielded some promising results, though, in that mutations at specific gene loci have been linked to harmful phenotypes and their resulting disorders.
Besides the landmark paper on hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmopathy he has authored or co-authored some 200 scientific papers. He published a landmark paper published in Pediatrics in 1965 with Edward O'Connell and Robert Feldt on the importance of small head circumference and its association with mental retardation and short stature. He conducted a number of treatment trials of otitis media; this body of work eventually resulted in four publications and represented the first controlled treatment trial of otitis media in the United States. He has published extensively on pediatric nephrology, his chosen sub-speciality, and as well as a range of other pediatric problems from cyclic vomiting syndromeHoyt CS, Stickler GB. A study of 44 children with the syndrome of recurrent (cyclic) vomiting.
These screening activities include: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, report cards, ability and achievement test scores); hearing, vision, motor, and speech/language screening; and review by the Instructional Support Team or Student Assistance Team. When screening results suggest that the student may be eligible, the District seeks parental consent to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation. Parents who suspect their child is eligible may verbally request a multidisciplinary evaluation from a professional employee of the district or contact the Special Education Department. Bangor Area School District provides programs for students with the following disabilities: learning disabled, autistic, deafness/hearing impairment, emotional disturbance, mental retardation, multiply disabled, orthopedic impairment, other health impaired, speech/language impaired, traumatic brain injured and visual impairment, including blindness.
Texas state supported living centers (formerly state schools) are a collection of residential facilities run by the state for people with intellectual disabilities (formerly called "mental retardation") in Texas, United States. The schools, operated by the Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services, operate under the Federal Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ICF/IID) program. The 13 state facilities provide round-the-clock care for more than 4,500 Texans with mild, moderate, severe or profound developmental delays and people with developmental delays who are also medically fragile or who have behavioral issues.Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services, The average age of residents is 46, and 72 percent of residents have profound or severe developmental delays (i.e.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
While the term "idiot" is, in the present day, not used in a medical, legal or psychiatric context, instead meaning a stupid or foolish person, the term previously held meaning as a technical term used in both legal and psychiatric contexts for some type of profound intellectual disability, wherein the disabled person's mental age was considered to be two years or less. Along with terms like "moron", "imbecile", and "cretin", "idiot" has become an archaic description in legal, medical and psychiatric contexts, becoming instead an offensive term deemed outdated and discriminatory towards those it was once used to describe. The term was gradually replaced with "profound mental retardation", which has since experienced euphemistic evolution and been gradually replaced with other terms.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress .
Sphingolipidoses Sandhoff disease is one of several forms of what was formerly known as amaurotic idiocy. This inherited disease is characterized by the accumulation of lipid-containing cells in the viscera and in the nervous system, mental retardation, and impaired vision or blindness. The chemical and enzymatic analysis of various patients with amaurotic idiocy by Konrad Sandhoff (1939- ), a German Biochemist, who led to the identification of several biochemically distinct diseases: The first biochemical description of GM1-gangliosidosis in 1963, Sandhoff disease in 1968, Tay-Sachs-Disease, the AB-variant of GM2-Gangliosidosis and the B1-variant of GM2-gangliosidosis. It came to the discovery of the molecular defect in Sandhoff disease, when Konrad Sandhoff studied the biochemistry of sphingolipids and gangliosides in the laboratory of Prof.
Signs and symptoms of GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant are identical with those of infantile Tay–Sachs disease, except that enzyme assay testing shows normal levels of hexosaminidase A. Infantile Sandhoff disease has similar symptoms and prognosis, except that there is deficiency of both hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B. Infants with this disorder typically appear normal until the age of 3 to 6 months, when development slows and muscles used for movement weaken. Affected infants lose motor skills such as turning over, sitting, and crawling. As the disease progresses, infants develop seizures, vision and hearing loss, mental retardation, and paralysis. An ophthalmological abnormality called a cherry-red spot, which can be identified with an eye examination, is characteristic of this disorder.
Mutations affecting the coding region of this gene or the splicing of the transcript have been associated with Börjeson- Forssman-Lehmann syndrome (BFLS), a disorder characterized by mental retardation, epilepsy, hypogonadism, hypometabolism, obesity, swelling of subcutaneous tissue of the face, narrow palpebral fissures, and large ears. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. The PHF6 gene in humans is also frequently mutated in human hematological malignancies, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and at least two BFLS patients have developed leukemia or lymphoma. PHF6 has been shown to be important for the regulation of blood stem and progenitor cells and loss of PHF6 protein synergizes with over-expression of the TLX3 protein to cause lymphoid neoplasms.
The contamination appears to have originated both in the original cell stock and in monkey tissue used for production. In 2004 the United States Cancer Institute announced that it had concluded that SV40 is not associated with cancer in people. Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles, and mumps all fell by >95% in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination. The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths.
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS), caused by a chromosomal abnormality, is characterized by typical craniofacial features in infancy consisting of "Greek warrior helmet appearance" of the nose (the broad bridge of the nose continuing to the forehead), microcephaly, high forehead with prominent glabella, ocular hypertelorism, epicanthus, highly arched eyebrows, short philtrum, downturned mouth, micrognathia, and poorly formed ears with pits/tags. All affected individuals have prenatal-onset growth deficiency followed by postnatal growth retardation and hypotonia with muscle underdevelopment. Developmental delay and mental retardation of variable degree is present in all. Dr. Kurt Hirschhorn is currently Professor of Pediatrics, Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and Medicine Chairman Emeritus of Pediatrics at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.
Gene Grounds of Victim Relief Ministries commended CPS workers in the Texas operation as exhibiting compassion, professionalism and caring concern.KVUE.com, Richardson group: Polygamists' children are OK April 18, 2008 by Janet St. James / WFAA-TV However, CPS performance was questioned by workers from the Hill Country Community Mental Health-Mental Retardation Center. One wrote "I have never seen women and children treated this poorly, not to mention their civil rights being disregarded in this manner" after assisting at the emergency shelter. Others who were previously forbidden to discuss conditions working with CPS later produced unsigned written reports expressed anger at the CPS traumatizing the children, and disregarding rights of mothers who appeared to be good parents of healthy, well-behaved children.
Mental retardation was observed in the children of the atomic-bomb survivors in Japan who were exposed to radiation prenatally at moderate doses (<2 Gy) at 8 to 15 weeks post-conception, but not at earlier or later prenatal times. Radiotherapy for the treatment of several tumors with protons and other charged particle beams provides ancillary data for considering radiation effects for the CNS. NCRP Report No. 153 notes charge particle usage “for treatment of pituitary tumors, hormone-responsive metastatic mammary carcinoma, brain tumors, and intracranial arteriovenous malformations and other cerebrovascular diseases.” In these studies are found associations with neurological complications such as impairments in cognitive functioning, language acquisition, visual spatial ability, and memory and executive functioning, as well as changes in social behaviors.
In December 2013, United School District administration reported that 183 pupils or 16.6% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 48% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 222 pupils or 17% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 46% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.
In the 1960s, Heber and his colleagues helped to initiate the Milwaukee Project, an early intervention program involving 20 ghetto children, with Heber later assuming the role of director of the project. A total of $14 million was eventually spent on the project, which led Ellis Batten Page to describe it as "grotesquely costly". Among the early results reported from the project were that the children's IQs had been raised by about 30 points, and that even children whose mothers had suffered from mental retardation were able to benefit from intensive mathematics education programs in the first several years of their lives. However, despite considerable popular media coverage of the project's purported results, few details of the project were reported in peer-reviewed journals.
In December 2012, Kane Area School District administration reported that 181 pupils or 14.9% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 40.9% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 167 pupils or 13.7% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 49% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010–2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.
Shalva (The Israel Association for Care and Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities) (Hebrew: שַׁלְוָה) is a non-profit organization that supports and empowers individuals with disabilities and their families in Israel. The organization works with a wide range of individuals with disabilities: mental retardation, developmental delays, learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders, the Autism spectrum, special needs with recognized handicaps (children with minor to severe retardation, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome), and more. Founded by Kalman Samuels in 1990, the organization offers a range of programs to approximately 2000 individuals with disabilities including infants, children, and youth and their families. Non-denominational and free of charge, Shalva offers a range of therapies, inclusive educational frameworks, recreational programs, vocational training, respite and family support.
Harrison was named by the Governor of Kentucky to the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels, having the park in Denmark named in his honor, and being named a Distinguished Adjunct Professor at the University of South Carolina Aiken. He has served on the boards of South Carolina National Bank and Security Federal Bank, on the board of Vorhees College and Denmark Technical College, and on the board of the Denmark Downtown Development Association. Also, being a strong advocate for the mentally ill, he served on the board of the governor's legislative council for mental health and mental retardation. In 2008, he was honored by former South Carolina governor Mark Sanford with the Order of the Palmetto Award for his service as a citizen of the state.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
He was also chair of the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors in 1974. In 1985, he joined the mental health activist, Helen J. Farabee of Wichita Falls, in convincing the legislature to create the Department of Mental Health Mental Retardation, known as MHMR. "Over his years as Lieutenant Governor, Hobby gained a reputation as an astute fiscal manager and parliamentary leader in the Texas Senate," according to a biographical sketch in the state archives. > Some of the highlights of Hobby's years as Lieutenant Governor included > reforms in the appropriations process such as zero-based budgeting, which > required agencies to justify their budgets regardless of previous budget > levels, and a requirement that the fiscal impact of bills be determined and > reported to the Legislature in advance of passage.
In December 2013, Penn Hills School District administration reported that 760 pupils, or 19.4% of the district's pupils, received special education services, with 40.4% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 876 pupils, or 18.8% of the district's pupils, received special education services, with 44% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.
By 1990, the impact of severe budget cuts became evident; facilities such as the DeJarnette Center, and the quality and relative luxuries (such as the swimming pool) of state-funded hospital operations, collapsed into a cesspool of underfunded community-based operations. Mental health care and services provided for by the Commonwealth of Virginia would never again see the funding priority which they had held during the 1970s and early 1980s. In 1996, the DeJarnette Center relocated to a new 48-bed facility, adjacent to the grounds of Western State Hospital. In 2001, the facility was renamed the Commonwealth Center for Children and Adolescents following a vote by the State Board of the Virginia Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
The jury found that the first two aggravating circumstances existed in Allen's case. Her defense presented numerous mitigating circumstances including good relationship with her family, good work habits, and her fear of the victim. In the sentencing phase the prosecution presented testimony on the circumstances of the death of Dedra Pettus, and compared this previous crime to the death of Leathers. In a 1991 affidavit, her defense lawyer David Presson stated that after the trial he learned that when Allen was 15 years old, her IQ was measured at 69, placing her "just within the upper limit of the classification of mental retardation" according to the psychologist who analyzed her and that an examining doctor had recommended a neurological assessment because she manifested symptoms of brain damage.
On April 19, 1997, Clark filed a writ of habeas corpus with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals challenging the validity of his conviction and sentence and asserting eleven grounds for relief, including his claim of ineffectual counsel. The courts denied his application on July 8, 1998, without ever holding an evidentiary hearing, choosing instead to simply review the court records. On July 27, 1998, Clark appealed this decision to the United States district court; the appeal was denied on December 13, 1999, again without allowing discovery or an evidentiary hearing. On January 12, 2000, he requested the district court review this decision, which was denied on January 28, 2000, including his petition to reexamine his claim of mental retardation being a mitigating circumstance to the crimes.
Further, they determined that in testing for retardation "scores gathered through intelligence testing are necessarily imprecise and must be interpreted flexibly." The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that Clark did not meet any of the three criteria for retardation, and affirmed the lower court ruling to uphold his conviction and sentence. An execution date was set for November 21, 2002. However, on November 18, 2002 the execution was stayed pending further examination of Clark's assertion of being mentally retarded, pursuant to the Atkins ruling. In April 2003 Clark was assessed by clinical psychologist Dr. George C. Denkowski, who had previously assessed four other post-Atkins cases and concluded only one of the four had clear mental retardation under the statutes.
This gene is one of several contiguous genes located at 7q11.23 deleted in Williams Beuren syndrome, the others including: elastin, FKBP6, FZD9 (FZD3), BAZ1B (WSTF, WBSCR9), BCL7B, TBL2 (WS-βTRP), WBSCR14 (WS- bHLH), STX1A, CLDN3 (CPETR2, RVP1), CLDN4 (CPETR1), LIMK1, EIF4H (WBSCR1), WBSCR15 (WBSCR5), RFC2, CYLN2 (CLIP-115, WBSCR4, WBSCR3), GTF2IRD1 (WBSCR11, GTF3), and GTF2I (BAP135, SPIN). Williams Beuren syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by congenital heart and vascular disease, hypertension, infantile hypercalcemia, dental abnormalities, dysmorphic facial features, mental retardation, premature aging of the skin, and unique cognitive and personality profiles. While haploinsufficiency of elastin is known to cause the cardiovascular deficiencies, the roles of the other 16 genes in the deleted region, including DNAJC30, have yet to be confirmed.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress .
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress .
In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). To comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the Monessen City School District engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
This will be the first facility in North Dakota focused on empowering disabled skiers and their families to enjoy outdoor sports during winter while also providing a year-round facility to accommodate other adaptive sports. It replaces the original lodge of 1969. Annie's House will provide an integrated, adaptive ski facility and program to accommodate the special needs of disabled children and young adults with both cognitive disabilities such as autism, mental retardation, and Down syndrome, and physical disabilities such as blindness, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries. In addition, Annie's House will be designed to provide adaptive ski equipment and programs for wounded warriors who returned from Iraq and Afghanistan challenged with physical disabilities resulting from amputation and traumatic brain injury.
Deficiency in prolidase leads to a rare, severe autosomal recessive disorder (prolidase deficiency) that causes many chronic, debilitating health conditions in humans. These phenotypical symptoms vary and may include skin ulcerations, mental retardation, splenomegaly, recurrent infections, photosensitivity, hyperkeratosis, and unusual facial appearance. Furthermore, prolidase activity was found to be abnormal compared to healthy levels in various medical conditions including but limited to: bipolar disorder, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, keloid scar formation, erectile dysfunction, liver disease, lung cancer, hypertension, melanoma, and chronic pancreatitis. In some cancers with increased levels of prolidase activity, such as melanoma, the differential expression of prolidase and its substrate specificity for dipeptides with proline at the carboxyl end suggests the potential of prolidase in becoming a viable, selective endogenous enzyme target for proline prodrugs.
WAGR syndrome (also known as WAGR complex, Wilms tumour-aniridia syndrome, aniridia-Wilms tumour syndrome) is a rare genetic syndrome in which affected children are predisposed to develop Wilms tumour (a tumour of the kidneys), Aniridia (absence of the coloured part of the eye, the iris), Genitourinary anomalies, and mental Retardation. The G is sometimes instead given as "gonadoblastoma," since the genitourinary anomalies can include tumours of the gonads (testes or ovaries). Some WAGR syndrome patients show severe childhood obesity and hyperphagia; the acronym WAGRO (O for obesity) has been used to describe this category and may be associated with the coinciding loss of BDNF a gene that is also on chromosome 11. The condition, first described by Miller et al.
In December 2012, the School's administration reported that 20 pupils or 6% of the school's pupils received Special Education services, with none of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010–11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
Eastman examining Tibetan schoolchildren for goitre in Tibet Autonomous Region May 2000In the early 1980s it was estimated that 25% (250 to 300 million people) of the Chinese population was suffering from goitre and millions more had some level of mental retardation. Once the problem and solution had been identified, the Chinese Government moved to have all salt iodized. Since then the goitre rate is down to 5% and no new cretins have been recognised in recent years. Eastman examining Tibetan women for eye disorders in Tibet Autonomous Region May 2000 During his first visit to the Tibet Autonomous Region, Eastman discovered that 13% of the population was afflicted with cretinism which he believed was a result of severe Iodine Deficiency.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
Less than four months after Robert's death in November 1907, the Grand Marshal of the Austrian court declared six of the children of his first marriage legally incompetent (they had severe mental retardation), at the behest of his widow, Maria Antonia. Nonetheless, Robert's primary heir was his son Elias, the youngest son of his first marriage and the only one of his sons by that marriage to beget children of his own. Elias also became the legal guardian of his six elder siblings. Although the eldest half-brothers, Sixte and Xavier, eventually sued their half-brother Elias for trying to obtain a greater share of the ducal fortune, they lost in the French courts, leaving the issue of Robert's second marriage with modest prospects.
In 1903, with the assistance of one of his former students, Matatarō Matsumoto, Motora set up Japan's first formal laboratory in experimental psychology at the university. They had a spare room in Motora's office building that could have been used for research, but the acoustics of the room created too much noise for psychological experiments, and soon Motora and Matsumoto converted a 12-room house from the school's pathology department into a psychology lab. While working with school-aged children who were thought to be mentally retarded, Motora found that students who had difficulties with academic achievement were much more likely to be suffering from attention span problems than mental retardation. Motora invented a device that would help children sustain their concentration.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). To comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress .
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress .
Acrocallosal syndrome (ACLS, ACS, Schinzel-Type, Hallux-duplication) is a rare, heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder first discovered by Albert Schinzel (1979) in a 3-year-old boy. To inherit ACLS, one gene copy from each parent must contain a mutation somewhere in the KIF7 gene and be passed on to the child . Characteristics of this syndrome include absence or poor development of the area connecting the left and right parts of the brain, an abnormally large head, increased distance between facial features (eyes), poor motor skills, mental retardation, extra fingers and toes, many facial deformities, and cleft palate . This is considered a rare disorder and is placed on the NIH Office of Rare Diseases (fewer than 200,000 cases) rare disease list.
In areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas and semi- arid equatorial climates where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency gives rise to hypothyroidism, symptoms of which are extreme fatigue, goiter, mental slowing, depression, weight gain, and low basal body temperatures. Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation, a result which occurs primarily when babies or small children are rendered hypothyroidic by a lack of the element. The addition of iodine to table salt has largely eliminated this problem in the wealthier nations, but as of March 2006, iodine deficiency remained a serious public health problem in the developing world. Iodine deficiency is also a problem in certain areas of Europe.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). Seeking to comply with state and federal laws, Otto-Eldred School District engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, Roberto Clemente Charter School engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
Title 34—Education § 300.8 "Child with a disability means a child . . . having mental retardation, a hearing impairment (including deafness), a speech or language impairment, a visual impairment (including blindness), a serious emotional disturbance (referred to in this part as emotional disturbance), an orthopedic impairment, autism, traumatic brain injury, an other health impairment, a specific learning disability, deaf-blindness, or multiple disabilities, and who, by reason thereof, needs special education and related services." The definition of disability under Section 504 is broader than that of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, so some children who do not meet the IDEA definition of disability are served under Section 504. Section 504 requires school districts to provide Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) to children with disabilities, who may benefit from public education, within the individual district's jurisdiction.
Within the year, one of CSI's two other existing campuses, located in the Sunnyside neighborhood, was closed, renovated, and reopened in 1995 as the home of the new K-12 Michael J. Petrides School. The rest of Willowbrook's original property is still under the administration of the Office for People with Developmental Disabilities (OPWDD)–an agency of New York State –and houses the New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, and the Staten Island Developmental Disabilities Service Office. On February 25, 1987, the Federal Court approved the Willowbrook "1987 Stipulation," which set forth guidelines that required OMRDD (Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities; renamed the Office for People With Developmental Disabilities, in July 2010) community placement for the "Willowbrook Class." The Willowbrook School was closed that year.
Linda Cornelison was a 19 year old non-verbal and intellectually disabled resident of the institute who died in 1990 of complications related to a gastric perforation. At the time of her death, Cornelison was on a contingent food program where food was withheld as a punishment for undesired behavior. In the days leading up to her death, Cornelison's expressions of pain were interpreted as misbehavior by staff, who administered 56 physical aversives over five hours before calling an ambulance. Cornelison was unconscious when the ambulance arrived. An investigation of Cornelison's death, conducted by the Massachusetts Department of Mental Retardation, reported that the treatment was “inhumane beyond all reason” and violated “universal standards of human decency”, but failed to find enough evidence to link the JRC to Cornelison's death.
In March 2013, French consumer magazine 60 Millions de Consommateurs and non-governmental organization Fondation France Libertés conducted an investigation that found traces of pesticides and prescription drugs, including a medicine for breast cancer treatment, in almost one in five French brands of bottled water, which are commonly touted as cleaner, healthier and purer alternatives to French tap water. Out of 47 brands of bottled water commonly available in French supermarkets, 10 brands contained "residues from drugs or pesticides". In March 2013, almost 200 water fountains in Jersey City public schools were found to contain lead above regulatory standards, where one of the water fountains had lead contamination at levels more than 800 times the EPA's standard. The situation warrants concern because exposure to lead in water could lead to mental retardation for children.
In December 2010, Antietam School District administration reported that 194 pupils or 18.4% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 47% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 209 pupils or 19.5% of the district's pupils received Special Education services. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
The main causes of this deficiency in children are a lack of zinc-rich easily absorbed foodstuffs (such as meat, poultry, seafood) and the over-consumption of foodstuffs that inhibit zinc absorption, such as cereals, roots and tubers, which are among Africa's staples. Inadequacies in iodine intake on the other hand impair the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which are critical for normal development and proper functioning of the brain and nervous system as well as the conservation of body heat and energy. Iodine deficiency causes endemic goitre and cretinism as well as stunting of mental and physical development. Globally, 1.6 million people are at risk of iodine deficiency disorders and 50 million children affected by them. About 100,000 children are born each year with mental retardation, most of them in Africa.
In December 2011, the Bentworth School District administration reported that 186 pupils or 15% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 36% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, Bentworth School District administration reported that 196 pupils or 16% of the district's pupils received Special education services. In the 2010–11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, Mohawk Area School District engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
In December 2013, Blue Ridge School District administration reported that 140 pupils, or 13.6% of the district's pupils, received special education services, with 35% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
In the United States, children's economic security is indicated by the income level and employment security of their families or organizations.Childstats.gov - America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being 2007 - Economic Circumstances Economic security of people over 50 years old is based on Social Security benefits, pensions and savings, earnings and employment, and health insurance coverage. In 1972, the state legislature of Arizona formed a Department of Economic Security with a mission to promote "the safety, well-being, and self sufficiency of children, adults, and families". This department combines state government activities previously managed by the Employment Security Commission, the State Department of Public Welfare, the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation, the State Office of Economic Opportunity, the Apprenticeship Council, the State Office of Manpower Planning, and the State Department of Mental Retardation.
Location of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder which occurs as a result of a mutation of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X chromosome, most commonly an increase in the number of CGG trinucleotide repeats in the 5' untranslated region of FMR1. Mutation at that site is found in 1 out of about every 2000 males and 1 out of about every 259 females. Incidence of the disorder itself is about 1 in every 3600 males and 1 in 4000–6000 females. Although this accounts for over 98% of cases, FXS can also occur as a result of point mutations affecting FMR1. In unaffected individuals, the FMR1 gene contains 5–44 repeats of the sequence CGG, most commonly 29 or 30 repeats.
He succeeded Mitchell Ginsberg as dean.Mitchell Ginsberg, Social Work Dean, NYC Welfare Chief A consultant to numerous public agencies in his more than 30-year career, Brager was from 1960 to 1965 chief planner and co-director of Mobilization for Youth, New York, a program for prevention and control of delinquency that became the prototype for the federal poverty program. His scholarly work has been used in the fields of organizational change, development and administration, and in community organization. Brager served as consultant to the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Adelphi University Drug Prevention Program, Allegheny County Office of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, the Social and Rehabilitation Service of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, the Model Cities Program of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Office of Economic Opportunity, Computer Applications Inc.
Rubella, also called German measles, is associated with a disorder called congenital rubella syndrome, which can cause miscarriages and birth defects such as deafness, blindness and mental retardation. Vaccination is an effective preventive measure. On behalf of the March of Dimes, Virginia Apgar testified to the United States Senate in 1969 about the importance of federal funding of a rubella immunization program, and the organization funded a vaccine, which was licensed in the early 1970s. In 2006, a statement published in Birth Defects Research Part A credited the "remarkable success of the immunization program to eliminate rubella is due to joint efforts by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, various state and local health departments, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the March of Dimes".
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, Ferndale Area School District engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
Although Lee was eligible for first degree murder charges, the District Attorney elected to try Lee for murder in the second degree because DeSoto had not been sexually assaulted, which meant a first-degree murder conviction would be harder to obtain. Lee was convicted by jury and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. Charlotte Murray Pace There was some argument that Derrick Lee was perhaps incompetent to stand trial. During psychiatric evaluations, he scored an average of 65 on various standardized IQ tests; a score below 69 is considered to be the threshold for what can be considered mental retardation. Lee was, however, deemed fit to stand trial despite his low IQ. Lee was convicted on October 14, 2004, for the May 31, 2002, rape and murder of LSU graduate student Charlotte Murray Pace.
Ablation of both talin isoforms, talin-2 and talin-1 prevented normal myoblast fusion and sarcomere assembly, as well as assembly of integrin adhesion complexes, which was attributed to disrupted interactions between integrins and the actin cytoskeleton. The mRNA expression of talin-2 has been shown to be regulated by the muscle-specific fragile X mental retardation, autosomal homolog 1 (FXR1) protein, which binds talin2 mRNAs directly and represses translation. Knockout of FXR1 upregulates talin-2 protein, which disrupts the architecture of desmosomes and costameres in cardiac muscle. Talin-2, like talin-1 appears to join ligand-bound integrins and the actin cytoskeleton, which enhances the affinity of integrins for the extracellular matrix and catalyzes focal adhesion-dependent signaling pathways, as well as reinforces the cytoskeletal-integrin structure in response to an applied force.
He became known for strong character development, a feature which, with the sensitive but forthright handling of themes such as divorce, mental retardation and suicide, distinguishes Boretz's critically acclaimed work. The comedian Lenny Bruce sent Boretz a telegram after his Armstrong Circle Theatre production of "The Desperate Season" about the averted suicide of a college professor, thanking him for "the thrilling genius and poetry that exuded from" the play. In this same Golden Age of Television his script "The Trial of Poznan" won a Harcourt Brace award for best television play of 1957 and was published in a book called Best Television Plays, 1957. Alvin Boretz wrote for numerous shows including The Alcoa Hour, Armstrong Circle Theater, General Electric Theater, Playhouse 90, ABC Afterschool Special, CBS Children's Hour, and ABC Movie of the Week.
Psychologist Alfred Binet, co-developer of the Stanford–Binet test French psychologist Alfred Binet, together with Victor Henri and Théodore Simon had more success in 1905, when they published the Binet-Simon test, which focused on verbal abilities. It was intended to identify mental retardation in school children, but in specific contradistinction to claims made by psychiatrists that these children were "sick" (not "slow") and should therefore be removed from school and cared for in asylums. (This is an open access article, made freely available by Elsevier.) The score on the Binet- Simon scale would reveal the child's mental age. For example, a six-year-old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by six-year-olds—but nothing beyond—would have a mental age that matched his chronological age, 6.0.
The definition of insanity is similar to the M'Naught criterion above: "the accused is insane, if during the act, due to a mental illness, profound mental retardation or a severe disruption of mental health or consciousness, he cannot understand the actual nature of his act or its illegality, or that his ability to control his behavior is critically weakened". If an accused is suspected to be insane, the court must consult the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), which is obliged to place the accused in involuntary commitment if he is found insane. The offender receives no judicial punishment; he becomes a patient under the jurisdiction of THL, and must be released immediately once the conditions of involuntary commitment are no longer fulfilled. Diminished responsibility is also available, resulting in lighter sentences.
The WHO and national surveys report that there is no single consensus on the definition of mental disorder, and that the phrasing used depends on the social, cultural, economic and legal context in different contexts and in different societies. The WHO reports that there is intense debate about which conditions should be included under the concept of mental disorder; a broad definition can cover mental illness, mental retardation, personality disorder and substance dependence, but inclusion varies by country and is reported to be a complex and debated issue. There may be a criterion that a condition should not be expected to occur as part of a person's usual culture or religion. However, despite the term "mental", there is not necessarily a clear distinction drawn between mental (dys)functioning and brain (dys)functioning, or indeed between the brain and the rest of the body.
Autism is clinomorphically seen as a condition where the autistic individual is essentially mentally retarded and a human calculator at the same time, a cultural perception exemplified by the movie Rain Man. In reality, although as many as 10% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders may display splinter skills such as memorization of trivia, autistic savant prodigies are extraordinarily rare; conversely, though autism is associated with mental retardation, many individuals with autism spectrum disorders are not mentally retarded. In fact, most individuals with autism spectrum disorders have an average or above-average IQ and may be exceptionally talented in music, mathematics, or science. Historical figures such as Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton, who are believed by some to have been on the autistic spectrum, are sometimes used as examples of highly intelligent people who had autistic traits.
Pennsylvania Department of Education Bureau of Special Education, Dover Area SD Special Education Data Report LEA Performance on State Performance Plan Report 2010, 2010 In December 2009, the district administration reported that 561 pupils, or 15.5% of the district's pupils, received special education services. Special education services in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are provided to students from ages three (3) years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
Mutations in the ATP5F1E gene cause mitochondrial complex V deficiency, nuclear 3 (MC5DN3), a mitochondrial disorder with heterogeneous clinical manifestations including dysmorphic features, psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, growth retardation, cardiomyopathy, enlarged liver, hypoplastic kidneys and elevated lactate levels in urine, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Pathogenic variations have included a homozygous Tyr12Cys mutation in the ATP5E gene, which has been linked with neonatal onset complex V deficiency with lactic acidosis, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, mild mental retardation and developed peripheral neuropathy. Reduced expression of ATP5F1E is significantly associated with the diagnosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer and may serve as an early tumor marker of the disease. Papillary Thyroid Cancer is the most common type of thyroid cancer,Hu MI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Lustig R, Lamont JP "Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancers" in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach.
In 2013, the 4th District Court of Appeal held that a developmentally disabled adult with "mild mental retardation" may be reproductively sterilized if the court determines there is clear and convincing evidence that the procedure is medically necessary for the patient. The court held that Probate Code section 2357 regulated the patients court order for medical treatment because the sterilization was incidental to acquiring medical care and not the purpose of the medical treatment; alternatively, Probate Code section 1950 et seq. applies when the objective is to prevent the patient from bearing children. In 1985, the Supreme Court of California held that a California statute that completely prohibits the sterilization of the developmentally disabled is overbroad and unconstitutional because a mentally incompetent person has a constitutional right to sterilization if a less intrusive method of birth control is not available.
The Discovery of Slowness (original German title: Die Entdeckung der Langsamkeit) is a novel by Sten Nadolny, written under a double conceit: first, as a novelization of the life of British Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin, and second as a hymn of praise to "slowness," a quality which Nadolny's fictional Franklin possesses in abundance. Published in Germany in 1983, its fame spread through the English translation by Ralph Freedman, first published in the United States by Viking Penguin in 1987; in Nadolny's native Germany it has also been the subject of television programs, experimental films, and even an opera composed by Giorgio Battistelli. "Slowness" — in German, "Langsamkeit" — had, before Nadolny's novel been primarily associated with mental retardation. In Nadolny's world, however, this seeming disability is in fact a powerful asset; the possessor of "slowness" can afford to wait, because he must wait.
Human Nature and the New Europe, Ed. by Michael T. McGuire (1993) p.4 Indeed, the impact of biological knowledge on law is already profound if one looks at how our interpretations of scientific information affect legal decisions in a variety of areas: environmental issues (altered foods, offshore drilling, species protection), reproductive lawsuits (surrogate mothering, paternity, abortion), mental illness defense (alcoholism, mental retardation, premenstrual syndrome), child abuse and neglect (fetal alcohol syndrome), military claims (Agent Orange, post- traumatic stress syndrome) and workplace claims (repetitive stress disorder). McGuire has written that biologically based insights into human behavior, the role of the environment on behavior, the role of technology (such as drugs, the technical means to prolong life) and the nature of culture and tradition could benefit our legal theory and practice."Biology and the Law" In: The Neurotransmitter Revolution p 20-21.
Lower limb spasticity, mental retardation, hydrocephalus and flexion deformity of the thumbs are some of the symptoms expressed mostly in male individuals who suffer from this condition. Although the pathological mechanisms leading to L1 syndrome are still unknown, about 200 mutations of the L1CAM gene have been identified and then associated with the syndrom. These mutations mostly affect structurally important key residues in the extracellular region of L1 causing alterations in the protein binding properties, which correlate to the impairment of neuronal physiological mechanisms such as cell adhesion or specific interacting with other molecules. Ankyrin interaction with L1CAM is an example of a protein binding that fails in CRASH patients due to a mutation that causes leucine and histidine to replace serine and tyrosine respectively, in the SFIGQY motif, where ankyrin should be bound in the L1CAM family cytoplasmic terminus.
Intellectual disability, also known as general learning disability,Special Education Support Service General Learning Disabilities and previously known as mental retardation (a term now considered offensive), is a generalized disorder characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that appears before adulthood. It has historically been defined as an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score under 70, but the definition now includes both one component relating to mental functioning and one relating to individuals' functional skills in their environment, so IQ is not the only factor. Intellectual disability must have appeared in the developmental period, not only as an adult. By contrast, people with cognitive impairment have, or previously had, normal IQ, but now show confusion, forgetfulness and difficulty concentrating; cognitive impairment is typical of brain injuries, side effects from medications, and dementia.
The United States has adopted antidiscrimination legislation for people with disabilities, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).Midgley, James, and Michelle Livermore, The Handbook of Social Policy, SAGE, 2008, , page 448 The ADA reflected a dramatic shift toward the employment of persons with disabilities to enhance the labor force participation of qualified persons with disabilities and to reduce their dependence on government entitlement programs. Blanck, Peter David and David L. Braddock, The Americans with Disabilities Act and the emerging workforce: employment of people with mental retardation, AAMR, 1998, , page 3 The ADA amends the CRA and permits plaintiffs to recover punitive damages.Capozzi, Irene Y., The Civil Rights Act: background, statutes and primer, Nova Publishers, 2006, , page 60-61 The ADA has been instrumental in the evolution of disability discrimination law in the United States.
The concept of pureblood as a criterion for the uniqueness of the Yamato people began circulating around 1880 in Japan, while eugenics in the sense of instrumental and selective procreation, clustered around two positions concerning blood, the and the . Popularity of the pure-blood eugenics theory came from a homegrown racial purity or monoculture national belief that has been part of Japanese society since ancient times. The local movement was however less focused on modern scientific ideals and more on the "outside person" vs the "native or inside person" and blood purity. Later legal measures were supported by certain politicians and movements that sought to increase the number of healthy pure Japanese, while simultaneously decreasing the number of people suffering mental retardation, disability, genetic disease and other conditions that led to them being viewed as "inferior" contributions to the Japanese gene pool.
The National Association for the Dually Diagnosed (NADD) is a non-profit membership organisation founded in 1983 by Dr Robert Fletcher.Robert L. Schalock, Pamela C. Baker, M. Doreen Croser; Embarking on a new century: mental retardation at the end of the 20th century AAMR 2002, p135 It provided services and advocation for people who have a dual diagnosis of mental health disorders and developmental disabilities.About the NADDDebora Bell, Sharon L. Foster, Eric J. Mash; Handbook of behavioral and emotional problems in girls Birkhäuser 2005, p245 Among other publications, the NADD produces the Diagnostic Manual for Intellectual Disability,Allan Tasman, Jerald Kay, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Michael B. First, Mario Maj; Psychiatry John Wiley & Sons 2011, which has become an important resource for mental health clinicians.DM-ID: Testemonials It also hosts an annual international congress on dual diagnosis.News-Medical.
Ulol, loko, and sira ulo can be used similarly, but they are not interchangeable; they also imply madness or mental retardation on top of stupidity. According to Article 27 ("On-Air Language") of the Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines's 2007 Broadcast Code of the Philippines, "Name-calling and personal insults are prohibited." While this code is strictly voluntary and only affects members of the organization, as the organization counts among its members widely syndicated channels such as ABS-CBN and TV5, penalties for breaking this rule affect a large number of broadcasters and media personalities: fines start at 15,000, and quickly escalate to 25,000 and a 90-day suspension. To avoid breaching this rule, some stations have trialed neural networks which listen to the speech of actors and guests/contestants real time during live performances, and automatically censor certain words.
He played a prominent role in the formation in 2004 of Citizens for Student Achievement and Progress, a local political committee formed to support "education reform candidates and issues" in El Paso County, In 2005, he was a spokesperson for the Colorado branch of All Children Matter, a national political group supporting school choice. In 2004, Gardner worked on the campaign for a local ballot measure to increase taxes to support The Resource Exchange, a nonprofit serving people with developmental disabilities. During the campaign, he submitted, for anonymous publication in voter guides, statements opposing the tax increase including: "The families of people with mental retardation, [should] not expect the government to help," and "By funding programs to care for these children, we are encouraging irresponsibility." Others working on the campaign justified the statements as a campaign tactic designed to stir support for the tax measure.
Hikikomori is similar to the social withdrawal exhibited by some people with autism spectrum disorders, a group of disorders that include Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS and "classic" autism. This has led some psychiatrists to suggest that hikikomori may be affected by autism spectrum disorders and other disorders that affect social integration, but that their disorders are altered from their typical Western presentation because of Japanese sociocultural pressures. Suwa & Hara (2007) discovered that 5 of 27 cases of hikikomori had a high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (HPDD), and 12 more had other disorders or mental diseases (6 cases of personality disorders, 3 cases of obsessive- compulsive disorder, 2 cases of depression, 1 case of slight mental retardation); 10 out of 27 had primary hikikomori. The researchers used a vignette to illustrate the difference between primary hikikomori (without any obvious mental disorder) and hikikomori with HPDD or other disorder.
SIM1 and SIM2 genes are homologs of Drosophila melanogaster single-minded (sim), so named because cells in the midline of the sim mutant embryo fail to properly develop and eventually die, and thus the paired longitudinal axon bundles that span the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo (analogous to the embryo's spinal cord) are collapsed into a "single" rudimentary axon bundle at the midline. Sim is a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS domain transcription factor that regulates gene expression in the midline cells. Since the sim gene plays an important role in Drosophila development and has peak levels of expression during the period of neurogenesis, it was proposed that the human SIM2 gene, which resides in a critical region of chromosome 21, is a candidate for involvement in certain dysmorphic features (particularly facial and skull characteristics), abnormalities of brain development, and/or mental retardation of Down syndrome.
Gene neighborhood around CXorf26. Black arrows to the right indicate those genes on the positive strand of the X chromosmome, gray arrows indicate those genes on the negative strand CXorf26 is found on the plus strand of the short arm of the X chromosome, specifically on the gene locus Xq13.3 spanning the genomic chromosome region from bases 75,393,420-75,397,740. The primary mRNA transcript sequence has 1214 base pairs and its protein product, UPF0368,is composed of 233 amino acids and has a predicted mass of 26,057 Da. The locus where CXorf26 is located, Xq13.3, has known associations to X-linked mental retardation.Aceview Gene Annotation The third gene located upstream of CXorf26 is ATRX, which encodes for an ATPase/helicase domain, and when mutated causes an X-linked mental retardation syndrome along with alpha thalassemia syndrome; both are known to cause changes in the DNA methylation patterns.
The Lanterman Developmental Disabilities Act (AB 846), also known as the Lanterman Act, is a California law, initially proposed by Assembly member Frank D. Lanterman in 1973 and passed in 1977, that gives people with developmental disabilities the right to services and supports that enable them to live a more independent and normal life. The legislation significantly expanded upon its landmark predecessor, the Lanterman Mental Retardation Services Act (AB 225), initially proposed in 1969. The original act extended the state's existing regional center network of services for the developmentally disabled, while mandating provision of services and supports that meet both the needs and the choices of each individual. The Lanterman Act declares that persons with developmental disabilities have the same legal rights and responsibilities guaranteed all other persons by federal and state constitutions and laws, and charges the regional center with advocacy for, and protection of, these rights.
There are many different causes of disability that often affect basic activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, transferring, and maintaining personal hygiene; or advanced activities of daily living such as shopping, food preparation, driving, or working. For the purposes of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities: deafness, blindness, an intellectual disability (formerly termed mental retardation), partially or completely missing limbs or mobility impairments requiring the use of a wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. This is not an exhaustive list and many injuries and medical problems cause disability. Some causes of disability, such as injuries, may resolve over time and are considered temporary disabilities.
Nutrition disorders and nutritional deficits may cause neurodevelopmental disorders, such as spina bifida, and the rarely occurring anencephaly, both of which are neural tube defects with malformation and dysfunction of the nervous system and its supporting structures, leading to serious physical disability and emotional sequelae. The most common nutritional cause of neural tube defects is folic acid deficiency in the mother, a B vitamin usually found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and milk products. (Neural tube defects are also caused by medications and other environmental causes, many of which interfere with folate metabolism, thus they are considered to have multifactorial causes.) Another deficiency, iodine deficiency, produces a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders ranging from mild emotional disturbance to severe mental retardation. (see also congenital iodine deficiency syndrome) Excesses in both maternal and infant diets may cause disorders as well, with foods or food supplements proving toxic in large amounts.
Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress To identify students who may be eligible for special education services, various screening activities are conducted on an ongoing basis.
Denkowski performed a six-hour examination of Clark, administering the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) and the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS). He determined that Clark had an IQ of 65 and had adaptive skills deficits in the areas of health, safety, social and work, thus clearly falling under the restrictions set by the Atkins ruling. Despite the fact that the Harris County Prosecutor cited Denkowski's expertise in upholding his findings in the other four cases, Denton County District Attorney Bruce Isaacks rejected the findings, fired Denkowski and hired Dr. Thomas Allen to assess the possibility that Clark was faking mental retardation. After interviewing Clark for two hours and 16 minutes, during which Allen did not perform any standardized tests to determine Clark's IQ, Allen determined that Clark was indeed faking his retardation by intentionally presenting himself as less intelligent to avoid execution.
HPPD can be linked to one of the oldest known inherited metabolic disorders known as alkaptonuria, which is caused by low levels of homogentisate in the blood stream. HPPD is also directly linked to Type III tyrosinemia When the active HPPD enzyme concentration is low in the human body, it results in high levels of tyrosine concentration in the blood, which can cause mild mental retardation at birth, and degradation in vision as a patient grows older. In Type I tyrosinemia, a different enzyme, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase is mutated and doesn't work, leading to very harmful products building up in the body.National Organization for Rare Disorders. Physician’s Guide to Tyrosinemia Type 1 Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase acts on tyrosine after HPPD does, so scientists working on making herbicides in the class of HPPD inhibitors hypothesized that inhibiting HPPD and controlling tyrosine in the diet could treat this disease.
Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation. Mental disability is a result which occurs primarily when babies or small children are rendered hypothyroidic by a lack of dietary iodine (new hypothyroidism in adults may cause temporary mental slowing, but not permanent damage). In areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas and semi-arid equatorial climates where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency also gives rise to hypothyroidism, the most serious symptoms of which are epidemic goitre (swelling of the thyroid gland), extreme fatigue, mental slowing, depression, weight gain, and low basal body temperatures. The addition of iodine to table salt (so-called iodized salt) has largely eliminated the most severe consequences of iodine deficiency in wealthier nations, but deficiency remains a serious public health problem in the developing world.
The works on social administration are the result of the years M. Borrelli spent at the London School of Economics to obtain a Master in Social Administration. From the socio-political analysis of the sub-proletarian reality of Naples (1973) to the basic concepts for a communitary action on the urban underclass (1974) we find the basic principles, which inspired M. Borrelli in all his activities at the Materdei Community Centre. In addition, between 1969 and 1978, his idea of a participative democracy was a guideline for all his actions of social intervention among the people of the lower classes of the Neapolitan population: the CCM (Materdei Community Centre) worked for the awareness of the underclass taking inspiration from the method of Paulo Freire. Extremely interesting are the essays focused on the relationship between school and capitalistic development in Italy (1972) e Italian compulsory schooling and mental retardation (1978).
Operating ICFs/MR certified companies and organizations must recognize the developmental, cognitive, social, physical, and behavioral needs of individuals with mental retardation who live in their setting or environment by requiring that each individual with MR/DD receives active treatment in regards to appropriate habilitation of their functions to be eligible for Medicaid funding. Current ICFs/MR certified companies must submit to protocol and auditing procedures to ensure they receive said active treatment in order to obtain Medicaid funding through the subsequent state of audit. Active treatment can be defined as the individualized implementation of a program of training, treatment, health, and related services directed toward the rehabilitation of the behaviors necessary for the MR/DD individual to function within the general scope of their being and independence as well as possible. This treatment can and should include prevention or deceleration (or regression) of current functional statuses.
In December 2013, Mid Valley School District administration reported that 275 pupils, or 15.5% of the district's pupils, received special education services, with 41.8% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 283 pupils, or 15.3% of the district's pupils, received special education services. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
On September 15, 1991 in Sydney, Australia at the Prince of Wales Children's Hospital, reported on two brothers with a distinct facial appearance, severe mental retardation, short stature, cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), asplenia in one (absent spleen), dramatic failure to thrive, early hypotonia, and later hypertonia, all suggestive of the Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome. All five of the reported cases have been males, suggesting X-linked inheritance. On September 23, 1998 at the Hospital Injury Research and Rehabilitation at the University of São Paulo in Bauru, Brazil report on two boys, monozygotic twins born to normal and non consanguineous parents, presenting with an unusual facial appearance, cortical atrophy, dolichocephaly, short stature, cleft palate, micrognathia, prominent upper central incisors, bilateral Sidney line, minor foot deformities, unstableness in walking, early hypotonia, hyperreflexia, hyperactivity, psychomotor retardation, and severe delay in language development. These symptoms resemble those previously described in the Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome.
In December 2015, Vida Charter School administration reported that 18 pupils or 7% of the school's pupils received Special Education services, with 0% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In 2012, the School's administration reported that 20 pupils or 12.4% of the school's pupils received Special Education services, with 60% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment, in Pennsylvania public schools was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
In 1976, four years before the publication of the first edition of Instrumental Enrichment, the Record, a journal of the NIH-US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, described the "exciting, highly imaginative project by Dr. Feuerstein" then being funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development for showing that "intervention –even in adolescents – is not too late." NICHD Scientists Prediction– “The program (Instrumental Enrichment) holds great promise for improving learning skills of millions of mildly retarded, culturally disadvantaged adolescents in our school systems and for the more precise identification and placement of children based upon what they can learn rather than what have learned.” (From N.I.H. Record, September 21, 1976, Vol. XXVIII, no. 19) Michael, J. Begab, Head of the Mental Retardation Research Center of The NICHD, (1980) – “Feuerstein has introduced a determinate of cognitive development that is not part of Piagetian theory and more importantly has converted a descriptive system into a instructional and operational one.
In December 2010, the District administration reported that 151 pupils or 15% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 33.8% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the District administration reported that 162 pupils or 15.6% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 37% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
In December 2010, Cameron County School District administration reported that 149 pupils or 20% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 53% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 154 pupils or 20% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 53% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
John Bennett Robbins (December 1, 1932 - November 27, 2019)Who's who in Government, Volume 3 was a senior investigator at the National Institutes of Health, best known for his development of the vaccine against bacterial meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)) with his colleague Rachel Schneerson. Bacterial meningitis is the leading cause of acquired mental retardation in children. Robbins was a recipient of the 1996 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research, the Pasteur Award from the World Health Organization and the Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal in 2001 which he received for playing a major role in the development of Hib conjugate vaccine that is now used throughout the world and has led to a dramatic decline in the number of infants and children suffering from meningitis and other systemic infections such as osteomyelitis and pneumonia. In 2017 he, and his colleagues, also received the Prince Mahidol Award (Public Health) in Thailand for this work.
In December 2010, the District administration reported that 317 pupils or 18.9% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 58.9% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the Brookville Area School District administration reported that 321 pupils or 19% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 58% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities: deafness, blindness, an intellectual disability (formerly termed mental retardation), partially or completely missing limbs or mobility impairments requiring the use of a wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Other mental or physical health conditions also may be disabilities, depending on what the individual's symptoms would be in the absence of "mitigating measures" (medication, therapy, assistive devices, or other means of restoring function), during an "active episode" of the condition (if the condition is episodic). Certain specific conditions that are widely considered anti-social, or tend to result in illegal activity, such as kleptomania, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, etc. are excluded under the definition of "disability" in order to prevent abuse of the statute's purpose.
June Jackson Christmas is a psychiatrist, a former New York City Commissioner of Mental Health and Mental Retardation Services,New York Times:Beame Names 2 Women And Lazar to High Posts; Outstanding Public Servants' Active in Community Work member of President Jimmy Carter transition team,New York Times:NEW YORK AIDE HEADS CARTER'S H.E.W. TEAM; June Jackson Christmas Planning the Transfer of Control at Huge Federal Department the beneficiary of Human-Services Award,New York Times:Future Social Events; Meet the Mets and Reds the founder of a community psychiatric program in Harlem - Harlem Rehabilitation Center.New York Times: Overtaken by a SchoolVassar College:Each One Teach One Christmas served as a member of Governor Mario Cuomo's Advisory Committee on Black Affairs. Christmas has served as vice-president of the American Psychiatric Association and the president of the Public Health Association of NYC.New York Times:Health Care in U.S. Is Called Inadequate In 1999, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award by the National Medical Fellowships.
Ellis and other legislators at the 2011 National Conference of State Legislatures Bipartisan Bike Ride in San Antonio, an event that Ellis has sponsored since 2005 In 1993, Ellis authored and passed legislation requiring private nonprofit hospitals to provide a certain amount of charity care to uninsured patients.S.B. 427, 73rd Regular Session, Texas Legislature Online In 2001, under Ellis' leadership as Chairman of the Texas Senate Committee on Finance, the legislature increased funding for health and human services by $5.1 billion.Texas Senate website The budget simplified Medicaid eligibility by eliminating face-to-face interviews and allowed families to apply through the mail or over the telephone. The budget also allocated $197 million to increase reimbursement rates for doctors, dentists, and hospitals; provided $63 million to maintain current services at Mental Health & Mental Retardation state schools, hospitals, and community centers; provided $1.025 billion for the Children's Health Insurance Program; and allocated $104 million to improve care in state schools and nursing homes.
Neurodevelopmental disorders are impairments of the growth and development of the brain and/or central nervous system. A narrower use of the term refers to a disorder of brain function that affects emotion, learning ability, self- control and memory which unfolds as an individual develops and grows. The neurodevelopmental disorders currently considered, recognised and/or acknowledged to be as such are: #Intellectual disability (ID) or intellectual and developmental disability (IDD), previously called mental retardation #Specific learning disorders, like dyslexia or dyscalculia. #Autistic spectrum disorders, such as autism or Asperger syndrome #Motor disorders including developmental coordination disorder and stereotypic movement disorder #Tic disorders including Tourette's syndrome #Traumatic brain injury (including congenital injuries such as those that cause cerebral palsy) #Communication, speech and language disorders #Genetic disorders, such as fragile-X syndrome, Down syndrome,Facts about down syndrome attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, schizotypal disorder, hypogonadotropic hypogonadal syndromesHernan Valdes-Socin, Matilde Rubio Almanza, Mariana Tomé Fernández- Ladreda, et al.
A 2010 meta-analysis by an international team of mental health experts found that the worldwide prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) or mental retardation was around one percent. But the share of individuals with such a condition in low- to middle-income countries were up to twice as high as their wealthier counterparts because they lacked the sources needed to tackle the problem, such as preventing children from being born with ID due to hereditary conditions with antenatal genetic screening, poor child and maternal care facilities, and inadequate nutrition, leading to, for instance, iodine deficiency. The researchers also found that ID was more common among children and adolescents than adults. In 2013, a team of neuroscientists from the University College London published a paper on their neurodevelopmental disorders can affect a child's educational outcome. They found that up to 10% of the human population suffer from specific learning disabilities, or about two to three children in a (Western) classroom.
In December 2010, the District administration reported that 124 pupils or 9% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with just 20% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the District administration reported that 128 pupils or 9.2% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with just 21% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
Radiation of 100 mGy to the head at infancy resulted in the beginning appearance of statistically significant cognitive-deficits in one Swedish/radiation-therapy follow-up study. Radiation of 1300-1500mGy to the head at childhood was similarly found to be roughly the threshold dose for the beginning increase in statistically significant rates of schizophrenia. From soliciting for participants in a study and then examination of the prenatally exposed at Hiroshima & Nagasaki, those who experienced the prompt burst of ionizing radiation at the 8-15 and 16–25 week periods after gestation were to, especially in the closest survivors, have a higher rate of severe mental retardation as well as variation in intelligence quotient (IQ) and school performance. It is uncertain, if there exists a threshold dose, under which one or more of these effects, of prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation, do not exist, though from analysis of the limited data, "0.1" Gy is suggested for both.
CLIP was originally undertaken to study interactions between the neuron-specific RNA-binding protein and splicing factor NOVA1 and NOVA2 in the mouse brain, identifying RNA binding sites that had Nova binding sites and were validated as Nova targets in knock- out mouse brains. In 2008 CLIP was combined with high-throughput sequencing (termed "HITS-CLIP") to generate genome-wide protein-RNA interaction maps for Nova; since then a number of other splicing factor maps have been generated, including those for PTB, RbFox2 (where it was renamed "CLIP-seq"), SFRS1, Argonaute, hnRNP C, the Fragile-X mental retardation protein FMRP, Ptbp2 (in the mouse brain), Mbnl2, the nElavl proteins (the neuron-specific Hu proteins), and even N6-Methyladenosine(m6A) RNA modification antibody. A review of the range of proteins studied by HITS-CLIP has been published. HITS- CLIP (CLIP-seq) analysis of the RNA-binding protein Argonaute has been performed for the identification of microRNA targets by decoding microRNA-mRNA and protein-RNA interaction maps in the mouse brain, and subsequently in Caenorhabditis elegans, embryonic stem cells, and tissue culture cells.
Lichtenstein and Burnes obtained thousands of pages of confidential "Abuse Reports," generated by state workers and kept by the Department of Human Services, detailing the mistreatment of children in state's custody, ranging from children being beaten by often unqualified staff, to kids being locked in isolation for weeks at a time. There were also numerous unexplained deaths at the state hospital for children with mental retardation, which the investigation showed were the result of neglect and abuse by state workers. Burnes and Lichtenstein were part of a team of reporters who collaborated on the investigation, which included ABC's Sylvia Chase, Pulitzer Prize-winners John Hanchette and Carlton Sherwood of Gannett News Service, and the investigative team from local TV station KOCO, which was an ABC affiliate and was owned by Gannett. This unprecedented investigation, involving national and local broadcast and print reporters, culminated with articles published by Gannett, a special two-part report on 20/20, "Throwaway Kids," produced by Burnes and Lichtenstein, and a series, "Oklahoma Shame," which aired locally in Oklahoma City on KOCO-TV.
In December 2012, the school administration reported that 19 pupils or 8.7% of the school's pupils received special education services. In December 2010, the school's administration reported that 13 pupils or 5.9% of its pupils received special education services. In December 2009, the school's administration reported that 11 pupils or 5% of its pupils received special education services. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010–11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten.
Penn can also boast some of the most important discoveries in the field of medicine. The dialysis machine used as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function was conceived and devised out of a pressure cooker by William Inouye while he was still a student at Penn Med; the Rubella and Hepatitis B vaccines were developed at Penn; the discovery of cancer's link with genes, cognitive therapy, Retin-A (the cream used to treat acne), Resistin, the Philadelphia gene (linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia) and the technology behind PET Scans were all discovered by Penn Med researchers. More recent gene research has led to the discovery of the genes for fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited mental retardation; spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, a disorder marked by progressive muscle wasting; and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the hands, feet and limbs. Conductive polymer was also developed at Penn by Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa, an invention that earned them the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation, in order to actively respond to the rapid development of the aging population and solve the problem of care for the elderly, upheld the concept of “respecting the old, loving the old, and protecting the old” and started caring project for the aged, for disabled people with dementia, especially poverty-stricken and low-income senior citizens, to build a comprehensive pension service system, and provide quality professional nursing care services for the aged. It established the public welfare care demonstration project for the aged—Ya'an CFPA Senior Care Service Center in 2017 in Ya’an, Sichuan, the first one of China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation. As of the end of 2017, the project has invested RMB 10,542,800 in total, completing adaptive decoration and transformation for the aged and provision of hardware facilities, i.e. decoration of 5,760 square meters and 156 beds for the nursing institutions for the aged. After assessing 73 senior people with disability and mental retardation in Ya’an, the center has already received the first batch of the elderly in December 2017.
The syndromes within CAPS overlap clinically, and patients may have features of more than one disorder. In a retrospective cohort of 136 CAPS patients with systemic involvement from 16 countries, the most prevalent clinical features were fever (84% of cases, often with concurrent constitutional symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, mood disorders or failure to thrive), skin rash (either urticarial or maculopapular rash; 97% of cases) especially after cold exposure, and musculoskeletal involvement (myalgia, arthralgia, and/or arthritis, or less commonly joint contracture, patellar overgrowth, bone deformity, bone erosion and/or osteolytic lesion; 86% of cases). Less common features included ophthalmological involvement (conjunctivitis and/or uveitis, or less commonly optic nerve atrophy, cataract, glaucoma or impaired vision; 71% of cases), neurosensory hearing loss (42% of cases), neurological involvement (morning headache, papilloedema, and/or meningitis, or less commonly seizure, hydrocephalus or mental retardation; 40% of cases), and AA amyloidosis (4% of cases). In keratoendotheliitis fugax hereditaria, systemic symptoms are not reported whereas the patients suffer from periodical transient inflammation of the corneal endothelium and stroma, leading to short term blurring of vision and, after repeated attacks, to central corneal stromal opacities in some patients.
In December 2011, Bristol Borough School District administration reported that 238 pupils or 17.6% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 49.6% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2010, the District administration reported that 239 pupils or 17% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 54% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010–11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
In December 2010, the Port Allegany School District administration reported that 151 pupils or 15.9% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 60% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the District administration reported that 148 pupils or 15.5% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 60% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
In December 2010, the Reading School District administration reported that 3,062 pupils or 16.7% of the district's pupils received special education services, with 56.6% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the District administration reported that 2,966 pupils or 16.7% of the district's pupils received special education services, with 59% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as those with specific learning disabilities with 126,026 students (46.9 percent), and speech or language impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. This is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as all other state and federal funding.
In December 2010, Union Area School District administration reported that 118 pupils or 13.7% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 43% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the District administration reported that 124 pupils or 14.2% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with % of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism.Pennsylvania Department of Education, Testimony Hearing on Special Education Senate Republican Policy Committee, January 2013 The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
García received many awards over her long career including a Kennedy Foundation Honor in 1966; the Award for Leadership in Mental Deficiency from the American Association on Mental Deficiency (Chicago, USA, 1976); Award of Merit from the Panamanian President's Committee on Mental Retardation (1975); Order of the Corbata Class A, Andrés Bello from the Government of Venezuela (Caracas, Venezuela, 1976); and an appointment by the Secretary General of the UN to participate in the "World Symposium of Experts on International Cooperation Programs for Disabled", awarded by the International Association for the Scientific Study of Mental Deficiency (India, 1985). In 1988 she was honored by the OAS with the Andrés Bello Award for her regional contributions to the education of the disabled; that same year she was awarded a medal from the Government of Ecuador for her efforts in special education; and the following year the University of Kansas created a scholarship through the Bureau of Child Research in her name, which is granted to professionals wishing to study early intervention and stimulation. She was President of the International League of Associations for Persons with Mental Handicap from 1986 to 1990.
Vitamin D toxicity is rare. It is caused by supplementing with high doses of vitamin D rather than sunlight. The threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established; however, according to some research, the tolerable upper intake level (UL) is 4,000 IU/day for ages 9–71 (100µg/day), while other research concludes that, in healthy adults, sustained intake of more than 50,000IU/day (1250μg) can produce overt toxicity after several months and can increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to 150ng/mL and greater. Those with certain medical conditions, such as primary hyperparathyroidism, are far more sensitive to vitamin D and develop hypercalcemia in response to any increase in vitamin D nutrition, while maternal hypercalcemia during pregnancy may increase fetal sensitivity to effects of vitamin D and lead to a syndrome of mental retardation and facial deformities. Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia is caused by a mutation of the CYP24A1 gene, leading to a reduction in the degradation of vitamin D. Infants suffering from such a mutation have an increased sensitivity to vitamin D and in case of additional intake a risk of hypercalcaemia.
In 1996, with Michel Koenig and Massimo Pandolfo, he showed that Friedreich's Ataxia, a neurodegenerative disease, is caused by the expansion of a GAA repetition in the gene encoding a protein of unknown function, frataxin, and participates in clinical and genetic studies on this disease (Dürr et al, NEJM, 1996). Jean-Louis Mandel has also identified the genes responsible for adrenoleukodystrophy, with Patrick Aubourg (Mosser et al, Nature, 1993), ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency with Michel Koenig (Ouahchi et al, Nature Genetics, 1995), Coffin- Lowry syndrome (mental retardation linked to chromosome X) with André Hanauer (Trivier et al, Nature, 1996). His work with Jocelyn Laporte has led to the identification of the mutated MTM1 gene in X-linked myotubular myopathy (Laporte et al Nat Genet 1996) and more recently the mutated BIN1 gene in autosomal recessive centronuclear myopathy (Nicot et al, Nature Genet, 2007). For several years, Jean-Louis Mandel has concentrated a significant part of his activity on the development of effective strategies for the molecular diagnosis of monogenic intellectual deficiencies, which affect more than 1% of the population and are characterized by extreme genetic heterogeneity, and for a better clinical knowledge of these different genetic forms (projet GenIDA [2] [archive]) (Piton et al, AJHG, 2013, and Redin et al.
As previously stated, partial deletions on the long arm of chromosome 13 can cause numerous different effects. These effects are due to the size and position of the deleted region. A recent study done in 2017 by Wang, Wang, Niu, and Cui looked at two patients with 13q terminal (13qter) deletion syndrome. The manifestation of these patients was anal atresia with rectoperineal fistula, complex type congenital heart disease, esophageal hiatus hernia with gastroesophageal reflux, facial anomalies and developmental and mental retardation. Using array comparative genomic hybridization, two regions were identified as deleted on 13q31-qter. These were 20.38 Mb in 13q31.3-qter and 12.99 Mb in 13q33.1-qter in patients 1 and 2, respectively. The authors were able to show that the gene encoding ephrin B2 (EFNB2) located in the 13q33.3-q34 region, and the gene coding for endothelin receptor type B, in the 13q22.1–31.3 region, may be suitable candidate genes for the observed urogenital/anorectal anomalies. In addition, the microRNA-17-92a-1 cluster host gene and the glypican 6 gene in the 13q31.3 region, as well as EFNB2 and the collagen type IV a1 chain (COL4A1) and COL4A2 genes in the 13q33.1-q34 region could possibly contribute to cardiovascular disease development together.

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