I use cannabis both recreationally (to relax) and medicinally, for chronic insomnia.
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In fact, it's not only medicinally … LG: Health harm or the … KS: Abuse harm.
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Marijuana products, medicinally, compete with legal prescription drugs that statistically kill 100,000 people a year.
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CBD derived from either hemp or marijuana is legal in 46 states when used medicinally.
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Growing and selling marijuana, which is widely used here recreationally and medicinally, would remain illegal.
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Saturday Night Live's Pete Davidson is revealing his own very personal reason for using marijuana medicinally.
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Poetry, history, philosophy, the essay, medicinally combined appearing on the other side of itself as insight.
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I am a physician practicing in a state where marijuana is legal, both medicinally and recreationally.
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Just like nearly everyone in Colorado with a chronic health condition, Barbara MacLean has used marijuana medicinally.
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While it is used medicinally elsewhere in Asia, women in Myanmar also use it as a cosmetic.
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Marijuana's legal in an increasing number of states medicinally and even recreationally, but it's still illegal federally.
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"We don't have an example of something that is used legally both recreationally and medicinally," Kamin said.
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And all the new research is serving only to buttress the case that marijuana is medicinally therapeutic.
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Snakes can be medicinally useful, Zacariotti argues, pointing to certain high blood pressure medications made from their venom.
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So, states have to decide now whether to allow it recreationally or medicinally, but I think, you know.
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Just this weekend, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell proclaimed that it still has no place in football, even medicinally.
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"This gets into the realm of social law," said Barnes, who thinks marijuana should be made available medicinally first.
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They started receiving more calls asking about the effects of smoking weed, either recreationally or medicinally, on breast milk.
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Players think it has a place in football medicinally, and owners say they're willing to discuss a new drug policy.
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Then, in 1977, Rosenfeld met Robert Randall, who had been granted government permission to use marijuana medicinally the year prior.
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A popular strategy for producing new macrocycle drugs involves grafting medicinally useful features onto otherwise safe and stable natural macrocycle backbones.
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The federal government hasn't yet budged, but marijuana (as of April 2018) has been legalized either medicinally or recreationally in 30 states.
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It was evident that if I was going to use marijuana medicinally, I would need to figure out how to on my own.
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More than 6900 million Americans — more than 2628 percent of the U.S. population — may now use marijuana medicinally or recreationally under state laws.
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In the meantime, he says many veterans will continue to suffer because of VA policies regarding cannabis -- even in states where it is medicinally legal.
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Rosenfeld dropped out of college in 1972 and petitioned the federal government for his right to use marijuana medicinally, but his pleas fell on deaf ears.
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The plant only somewhat recently arrived in the United States from its native Southeast Asia, where it has been used medicinally for more than two centuries.
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Turmeric is a spice that's been used both medicinally and topically for centuries in India; Ayurvedic texts can trace its history as far back as 5,000 years.
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Further, according to nationwide survey data compiled by The American Legion in 2017, 39 percent of respondents affirm that they "know a veteran" who is using the plant medicinally.
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The organization is petitioning the Canadian health authority to make psilocybin available medicinally, but only for people with dire need, similar to a trial planned in Melbourne, Australia this April.
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For instance, the book discusses "the entourage effect," which means that, when used medicinally, cannabis is better when all of its individual compounds—both psychoactive and non-psychoactive—work together.
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When it comes to eating medicinally, Alex Stanton, the manager of Farmacy, a plant-based restaurant in West London, is not just an enthusiast, he's a fully signed up convert.
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You know, one of the problems right now is that cannabis is still Schedule One, so that means that they're saying that it's not medicinally beneficial, although it clearly is.
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"Modern perspectives on cannabis vary tremendously cross-culturally, but it is clear that the plant has a long history of human use, medicinally, ritually, and recreationally, over countless millennia," Spengler added.
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Coolly played by Pamela J. Gray, Scarecrow may be a medicinally induced hallucination, but she seems like a familiar companion — the woman's spirit or her alter ego, a stronger self manqué.
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The face oil features turmeric, a natural ingredient that's been used medicinally and topically for centuries to reduce inflammation and soothe irritated skin, alongside vitamin C, a known skin-brightening agent.
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The CBD industry is estimated to grow to almost $2 billion by 2022, and cannabis use overall has increased 43 percent between 2007 and 2015; it's now medicinally legal in 33 states.
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Well, the actively dangerous compound in chocolate for your pet is theobromine, which is kind of like caffeine: It's used medicinally as a diuretic, heart stimulant, blood vessel dilator and a muscle relaxant.
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As someone who lives here where it is medicinally legal, it's absolutely ludicrous to think that we're still in this backward position in the UK. How would you describe the structure of the film?
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Regular marijuana users, including those who take the drug medicinally, often show no signs of impairment after using, according to Jolene Forman, a staff lawyer for the Drug Policy Alliance, a drug-reform advocacy group.
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This latest discovery of marijuana plants used as a burial shroud as well as the many previous findings of marijuana in the region's tombs suggests that marijuana was used either medicinally or ritually, the authors write.
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Marketed as a wellness product, her customers also use it medicinally; athletes take her sublingual potion (which is placed under the tongue) for relief of inflamed muscles or injuries, while other customers use it for insomnia and anxiety.
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The directors, Leonor Caraballo and Matteo Norzi, film the outpost and its wild (and increasingly despoiled) surroundings with an ecstatic stillness, and they capture the medicinally induced hallucinations with a visual imagination of rare specificity and fury. ♦
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There are plenty of children who I know that who have epilepsy and use cannabis medicinally or their parents do, and I've had some kids send me drawings of characters from the book that say, "My daddy's medicine," or something.
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Despite being recreationally legal in nine states and medicinally legal in 29, the federal ban on marijuana consumption means employers across the country have the right to refuse or terminate the employment of anyone who fails a drug test for THC.
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I think it is quite possible that some people in the past used substances other than alcohol recreationally, but the vast majority seem to have been used ritually, medicinally, or for other purposes that were not recreational until more recently in time.
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Why it matters: Chances are if you're cooking with garlic (or, less commonly, using it medicinally), it's from China, which has an iron grip on the U.S. market, controlling more than 20003% of the dried garlic trade and killing many American garlic farms.
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To back the position, Biden's campaign pointed to a 2017 study by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, which found conclusive evidence that marijuana can be used medicinally to reduce pain or chemotherapy-induced nausea, but there are risks too.
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You can be in Colorado at a legal marijuana store purchasing marijuana, paying taxes on it and being an upstanding citizen, and you cross the border into Kansas and you can have your children taken away for using this plant medicinally right now.
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If I had used marijuana, which shows promise in treating arthritis and bears minimal chance of organ damage, medicinally, the NFL would have fined me and I could have faced prosecution — a risk that an estimated 50 percent of NFL players run each season.
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But because cannabis has largely been illegal the US, there haven't been any large-scale directional breeding programs to help improve the plants for agronomic traits (resistance to pests and pathogens, increasing yield and vigor) as well as chemical components (novel terpenes and medicinally important cannabinoids).
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Small amounts of placenta have been used in traditional medicines (although not for new mothers), and cauls (amniotic membrane) were apparently also used medicinally and sold to prevent against drowning, so it's not as if people were opposed to handling or selling bits of the afterbirth.
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Kevin Hill, an addiction psychiatrist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, said that any clinician who treats patients who regularly use cannabis, either recreationally or medicinally, won't be surprised at the mixed and sparse evidence the authors had to muddle through.
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A large majority (60 percent) of respondents to a study commissioned by the United Patients Alliance—which represents the interests of medical cannabis patients in the UK—said they had substantially reduced the number of pharmaceutical drugs they were taking to manage a host of conditions after beginning to take cannabis medicinally.
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Nah. "Modern perspectives on cannabis vary tremendously cross-culturally, but it is clear that the plant has a long history of human use, medicinally, ritually and recreationally over countless millennia," said Robert Spengler, an archaeobotanist at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, who worked on the study.
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Medicinally, the Choctaw use the roots for their painkilling properties.
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Like several other skullcap species, this plant is used medicinally.
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Spices, in the era, were expensive luxuries and were used medicinally.
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It was also used medicinally to treat cattle suffering poisoning by Moraea species.
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Eng Soon Teoh It was also used medicinally in diets for children and convalescents.
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The plant is used medicinally as a diuretic mixed with yerba mate in mate.
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Anadenanthera colubrina foliage and flowers. Anadenanthera colubrina leaves and bark at Iguazu Falls. The tree's bark is the most common part used medicinally. Gum from the tree is used medicinally to treat upper respiratory tract infections, as an expectorant and otherwise for cough.
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It is also used medicinally by traditional healers to treat uterine fibroids and hot flashes.
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In former days, it was used in snuff and also medicinally as an emetic and cathartic.
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It is used for making ropes and cloth, as agricultural fodder, and medicinally to relieve fever.
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Economically, some species are cultivated ornamental plants and many species yield bitter principles used medicinally and in flavorings.
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Native Americans medicinally used about 2,500 of the approximately 20,000 plant species that are native to North America.
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The plant has been used medicinally, with the leaf extract serving as a laxative and to treat boils.
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The Iroquois used this plant medicinally to treat fevers in babies and other ailments.Symphyotrichum prenanthoides. University of Michigan Ethnobotany.
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Zinowiewia costaricensis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 24 August 2007. The plant is used medicinally.
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For the same reason, preproinsulin is rarely used medicinally, unlike insulin, the mature product, and proinsulin, a stable ER intermediate.
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The root is often a home to nematodes. In Brazil this plant is used medicinally as an antiemetic and for diabetes.
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In the indigenous medicine traditions of the Andes, the plant is made into tea and used medicinally as a carminative and aphrodisiac.
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The species Arnica montana, native to Europe, has long been used medicinally, but the effectiveness of this use has not been substantiated.
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Some Plateau Indian tribes used the Aquilegia formosa to concoct a perfume. It is also used medicinally by several Native American tribes.
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The fruit is eaten raw by Aboriginal people. The tree is also used medicinally, as firewood and as a nectar source for bees.
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The plant is popular in Penjing in China. The leaves are used medicinally in the Philippines to treat cough, colic, diarrhea and dysentery.
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Kuy fruit The roots can be used as a red dye and it may be used medicinally in parts of Asia including Cambodia.
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According to Classical and Renaissance writers common milkwort was used medicinally as an infusion to increase the flow of a nursing mother's milk.
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Eupatorium hyssopifolium can be used medicinally (applied externally for insect and reptile bites). It can also be planted near crops to attract beneficial insects.
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Ganoderma sessile is the most prevalent species in Eastern North America and is likely the species that many used medicinally in the United States.
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Medicinally and as a remedy, seal is used as a treatment for ear infections, gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, headache, fractures, lice, skin rashes, and acne.
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The plant is eaten as a vegetable and used medicinally for impotence in India.Ethnobotanical Leaflets It is known in the Philippines as túkod-langit.
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Medicinally, the fruit are eaten in as a remedy for worms (hook, tape and round). The crushed leaves have been used in remedies for hepatitis.
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Thiiranes occur very rarely in nature and are of no significance medicinally. Very few commercial applications exist, although the polymerization of episulfide has been reported.
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Members of the genus are used for fuel wood, high quality charcoal, medicinally and to a limited extent for woodworking and construction. Roupala montana, R. meisneri, R. suaveolans, R. glaberrima, R. monosperma and R. pseudocordata are used for construction, woodworking, firewood and charcoal; R. montana and R. cordifolia are also used medicinally. In addition, R. montana is used as an aphrodisiac in Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela.
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Suaeda fruticosa, Kochia indica, Heliotropium curassavicum, Prosopis juliflora. Justicia adhatoda (Bhaiker), Chlorophytum borivilianum (Musli Safed), Malva parviflora (Sonchal), Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) are used medicinally by the locals.
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Its use as a famine food in India has been recorded. In southeast Asia and Africa it is used as fodder and also medicinally as a poultice.
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Gambel's quail live in habitat where the shrub is common, and they use it for cover and nesting. Native Americans consumed the fruits and used the plant medicinally.
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For many centuries, citron's fragrant essential oil has been used in perfumery, the same oil that was used medicinally for its antibiotic properties. Its major constituent is limonene.
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Common names in India include bukkan (Hindi), ratolia, vakkan (Marathi), poduthalai (Tamil), vasir, and vasuka (Sanskrit). It is used medicinally to treat suppuration, common colds, and lithiasis.Pharmacopia indica.
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Like other Astragalus species, A. canadensis is somewhat toxic, but it has been used medicinally by Native American groups such as the Blackfoot and Lakota people, particularly the roots.
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In recent years, most commercially produced coumarin are synthetic, which has reduced the demand for tonka beans as a crop. Coumarin derivatives are also used medicinally, as anti-coagulants.
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The leaves are harvested before the plant flowers. The young leaves are used as food in Java and Puerto Rico, however, in India and China, it is used medicinally.
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Crataegus songarica is an Asian species of hawthorn with black fruit that is sometimes used medicinally. It is closely related to Crataegus ambigua, a species that has red fruit.
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The plant has been used medicinally, being used by the Romans to treat wounds, and in later times to treat internal ulcers. It has also been used for love-divination.
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Like other lobelias, this species contains medicinally useful alkaloids. Several new compounds have been discovered during chemical analyses of this plant.Rahman, E. H. A. and A. R. A. Monem. (2014).
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Native American peoples used some Heuchera species medicinally. The Tlingit used H. glabra as an herbal remedy for inflammation of the testicles caused by syphilis.Heuchera glabra. Flora of North America.
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He appears to have died before 1676. The sal polychrestum Glaseri is normal potassium sulfate which Glaser prepared and used medicinally. The mineral K3Na(SO4) 2 (Glaserite) is named after him.
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The plant had various uses among Native American peoples. The Houma people used it medicinally to treat jaundice. The Goshute used the seeds for food. The Navajo used it as incense.
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Gentiana villosa, the striped gentian, is a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the genus Gentiana. It is found mainly in the Eastern United States and is used medicinally by Native American tribes.
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In Korean traditional prescription, their fruits and roots are used medicinally. The fruits are used for treating phlegm, asthma, hemorrhoids and high blood pressure, and the roots for enteritis, boils, and abdominal inflation.
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Eucalyptus polybractea leaves are used to produce eucalyptus oil with very high levels of cineole (up to 91%), yielding 0.7-5% fresh weight overall. The oil is primarily used medicinally and for flavoring.
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Roots and leaves are used medicinally. Himalayan Mimosa is found in the Himalayas, from Afghanistan to Bhutan, at altitudes of 300–1900 m. It prefers forest edges and boundaries of fields and gardens.
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It has been used as poles, railway sleepers, mining supports, for fencing and house stumps. Indigenous Australians used the gum medicinally as an antiseptic liquid to treat cuts, sores, burns, ulcers and yaws.
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Naucleopsis glabra is a South American plant species in the family Moraceae. The plant is used medicinally by people in parts of the Peruvian Amazon. Its bark is antimicrobial, especially to gram-positive bacteria.
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In retirement, he was twice arrested on marijuana- related charges. He admitted using the drug medicinally to help with insomnia and became an advocate for its legalization. He died at home on May 25, 2002.
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It flowers from October to May. The brown seeds are 68–75 mm long. It was used medicinally by the Aboriginal people, as an infusion of the bark and leaves, drunk to relieve internal pain.
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Dosulepin exhibits (E) and (Z) stereoisomerism like doxepin but in contrast the pure E or trans isomer is used medicinally. The drug is used commercially as the hydrochloride salt; the free base is not used.
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Li Hui-Lin notes this plant "has not been noted as a hallucinogenic plant in modern works. In fact, as far as I am aware, it has not been investigated medicinally or chemically" (1977: 168).
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In China, the plant is used medicinally as a diuretic, febrifuge and anti-inflammatory. In Pakistan it is used as animal fodder and also eaten by humans as a vegetable. It is also used there medicinally, but with different purported effects, including as a laxative and to cure inflammations of the skin as well as leprosy. The people of Nepal eat the young leaves as a vegetable, use a paste derived from the plant to treat burns, and treat indigestion with a juice produced from the roots.
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In European folk medicine, black currant once had a considerable reputation for controlling diarrhea, promoting urine output (as a diuretic) and reducing arthritic and rheumatic pains. It is primarily used medicinally and as a diet supplement.
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While compounds of both groups can be used to influence the cardiac output of the heart, cardenolides are more commonly used medicinally, primarily due to the widespread availability of the plants from which they are derived.
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Sanguisorba minor, salad burnet, has similarly been used medicinally in Europe to control bleeding. The leaves have a cucumber flavour and can be eaten in salads, or used fresh or dried and made into a tea.
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Physalis coztomatl is a plant species in the genus Physalis. It produces edible orange-yellow fruits, but is rarely cultivated. The leaves are oval- shaped. It is native to South America; the Aztecs used it medicinally.
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S. obtusa is valued for its foliage of pink-edged, gray- green leaves.Bourne, V. How to grow: Sanguisorba. The Daily Telegraph September 21, 2002. Sanguisorba officinalis is used medicinally in Asia to treat gastrointestinal conditions and bleeding.
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As long as all instructions are followed exactly, the book claims all of its secrets will be known to the reader. The book showed much about unknown parts of nature and how they can be used medicinally.
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Sweet sand-verbena is grown in gardens for its attractive blossoms and fragrance, and to attract butterflies. The Indigenous peoples of the Southwest use the plant as a wash for sores and insect bites, to treat stomachache, and as an appetite booster. Among the Navajo, it is used medicinally for boilsHocking, George M. 1956 Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. El Palacio 56:146–165 (p. 158) and taken internally when a spider was swallowed.Elmore, Francis H. 1944 Ethnobotany of the Navajo.
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The roots are used medicinally by local peoples for stomach problems.Lovett, J.C., Ruffo, C.K., Gereau, R.E. & Taplin, J.R.D. (2006) Field Guide to the Moist Forest Trees of Tanzania. The Society for Environmental Exploration, London and Dar es Salaam.
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Salad burnet has in the past been used medicinally in Europe to control bleeding. Salad burnet has the same medicinal qualities as medicinal burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis). It was used as a tea to relieve diarrhea in the past.
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In dogs and cats, tiabendazole is used to treat ear infections. Tiabendazole is also a chelating agent, which means it is used medicinally to bind metals in cases of metal poisoning, such as lead, mercury, or antimony poisoning.
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Medicinally it is used as an antithrombotic (antiplatelet), to reduce blood viscosity, and as a volume expander in hypovolaemia. Dextran 70 is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a health system.
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Research is being carried out to understand and manipulate the biochemical pathways involved in natural product synthesis in plants. It is hoped this knowledge will enable medicinally useful phytochemicals such as alkaloids to be produced more efficiently and economically.
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The leaves, best when young, taste of both garlic and mustard. The seeds are sometimes used in France to season food. Garlic mustard was once used medicinally as a disinfectant or diuretic, and was sometimes used to treat wounds.
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As the resin ages, it solidifies, the form in which it was historically exported in barrels. The resin is produced by stripping, boiling, and pressing the tree's bark. The gum was used both medicinally and to make chewing gum.
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Leaves can be chewed medicinally for sore throats, and while fibrous, can be eaten raw or cooked. The young seeds can be eaten raw or cooked, and when mature can be cooked like rice or mixed with ancient grains.
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Several hundred psychoactive plants are known. Some important examples of psychoactive plants include Coffea arabica (coffee), Camellia sinensis (tea), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), and Cannabis (including hashish). Psychoactive plants have been used ritually (e.g., peyote as an entheogen), medicinally (e.g.
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This plant is used medicinally by the Maasai people to treat malaria. It is used as a snuff or smoked for respiratory complaints such as common cold and cough. The bark can be purchased at markets in Tanzania, and elsewhere..
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The crushed leaves offer a pleasant aroma and can be made into tea, which is sometimes used medicinally by several Native American tribes. This is especially widespread among southwest tribes, where it is named Navajo tea, Hopi tea, or Indian tea.
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Five Minerals Powder was used medicinally in the 2nd century BCE, became a popular recreational entheogen and stimulant, known as Cold-Food Powder, among prominent counterculture literati during the 3rd century, and was deemed immoral and condemned after the 10th century.
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In India it's used as a ingredient in various dishes. The Maasai people eat both the inner bark (phloem) and the fruit pulp boiled in water. They also use this plant medicinally to treat sore throat, cough, chest pains etc.
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A pleasant anise-flavored tea is brewed using the dried leaves and flower heads. This is primarily used medicinally in Mexico and Central America.Laferrière, Joseph E., Charles W. Weber and Edwin A. Kohlhepp. 1991b. Mineral contributions from some traditional Mexican teas.
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The fruit of several species is edible, most notably B. gasipaes, while others are used medicinally or for construction. The ancestors of the genus are believed to have entered South America during the late Cretaceous. Bactris shows high rates of speciation.
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Native Hawaiians used ilima flowers to make lei. It used to be seen as a lei for royalty, but can now be worn by anyone. The flowers are sometimes also used as a food garnish. It was also used medicinally.
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It is used medicinally by the Zuni people. The blossoms are chewed, and the saliva is applied to the skin as a depilatory. A poultice of chewed root is also applied to bruises.Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians.
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Dried fruit used medicinally as astringent in bilious affliction in India. The leaves are used to treat scabies and other skin diseases. Poison: The fruits are greedily eaten by gerbils and rats and are used as baits for poisoning these rodents.
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Throughout history mandrakes (Mandragora officinarum) have been highly sought after for their reputed aphrodisiac properties. However, the roots of the mandrake plant also contain large quantities of the alkaloid scopolamine, which, at high doses, acts as a central nervous system depressant, and makes the plant highly toxic to herbivores. Scopolamine was later found to be medicinally used for pain management prior to and during labor; in smaller doses it is used to prevent motion sickness. One of the most well-known medicinally valuable terpenes is an anticancer drug, taxol, isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, in the early 1960s.
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This plant was used medicinally and as food by Native American peoples. The Houma people used it to treat typhoid and the Iroquois used it topically for poison ivy irritation and warts. The Choctaw people used the boiled, mashed roots for food.Strophostyles helvula.
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The Seri call the shrub xomcahiift and use the leaves as a culinary herb. Medicinally Seri use an infusion of the leaves applied topically to kill head lice. Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser, 1985. People of the Desert and Sea.
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The plant is used medicinally by many African peoples, including the Maasai, who use it for malaria,Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2 22. cough, and influenza.
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The Cherokee had several uses for the plant. They used the root medicinally for toothache. They fed an infusion of the plant to cows as a tonic. The wood was useful for making fences, bows, and blowgun darts, and for building houses.
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Arnebia euchroma, Bergenia stracheyi, Ephedra gerardiana, and Hyoscymus Niger are the threatened but medicinally important plants occur in this wildlife sanctuary.Chandra Prakash Kala (2000). Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya. Biological Conservation, 93: 371-379.
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The leaves and bark have been used medicinally. A fabric dye has been made from the twigs and roots. The timber, often called lacewood, is figured and valuable for indoor furniture. The leaves are also often used by artists for leaf carving.
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The fruit and seeds of several species are used for human food, oil production and fish bait. Leaves are used as a source of fibre and stems as building material. Species are also used medicinally and as a source of palm heart.
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Sometimes known as Chinese foxglove due to its superficial resemblance to the genus Digitalis, the species of Rehmannia are perennial herbs. The plants have large flowers and are grown as ornamental garden plants in Europe and North America, and are used medicinally in Asia.
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It is also grown to produce orris-root, a scented substance used in perfumes, soaps, tooth cleanser, and clothes washing powder. Medicinally it was used as an expectorant and decongestant. It is made from the rhizomes of Iris florentina, Iris germanica and Iris pallida.
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Since it is closely related to the widespread C. asiatica (L.) Brongn., the fruit of which is used as a fish toxin, and the leaves of which are used medicinally to treat skin diseases, similar chemical or pharmacological properties may be expected in C. pedunculata.
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The leaves are rich in tannin and have antibacterial properties. They have been used medicinally since at least the time of the ancient Greeks. They are made into an astringent tea which is supposed by some to relieve sore throats, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea and thrush.
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They include the double-flowered 'Chater's Double', the raspberry- colored 'Creme de Cassis', and 'The Watchman', which has dark, nearly black, maroon flowers.Hollyhock: A. rosea. Better Homes and Gardens. The stems of hollyhocks can be used as firewood, and the roots have been used medicinally.
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The boiled roots of angelica were applied internally and externally to wounds by the Aleut people in Alaska to speed healing. The herb, also known by the Chinese name, bai zhi, and Latin name, radix angelicae dahurica, is used medicinally in traditional Chinese medicine.
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For example, high energy metabolites such as ATP and PEP are alkyl phosphates, as are nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Alkyl phosphates are also important medicinally, for example the HIV drug AZT is inactive until it becomes an alkyl phosphate in vivo.
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In the 18th century, it was also used medicinally as a topical application for dry scaly skin conditions. "Prime neatsfoot oil" or "neatsfoot oil compound" are terms used for a blend of pure neatsfoot oil and non-animal oils, generally mineral or other petroleum-based oils.
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Marah oreganus was used medicinally by Native Americans. The Chinook made a poultice from the gourd. The Squaxin mashed the upper stalk in water to dip aching hands. The Chehalis burned the root and mixed the resulting powder with bear grease to apply to scrofula sores.
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Rochelle salt is deliquescent so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp conditions. It has been used medicinally as a laxative. It has also been used in the process of silvering mirrors. It is an ingredient of Fehling's solution (reagent for reducing sugars).
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03 Dec. 2014. Since it is found in the forests along the coast insects and small animals help to pollinate and disperse the seeds of the plant. The plant is not widely known or abundant in its numbers so it is not widely cultivated or used medicinally.
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Ochre-coloured lines were also discovered on the Unfinished Obelisk at the northern region of the Aswan Stone Quarry, marking work sites. Ochre clays were also used medicinally in Ancient Egypt: such use is described in the Ebers Papyrus from Egypt, dating to about 1550 BC.
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The dried flower buds of Magnolia biondii are used medicinally in China and Japan. They are used to relieve coughing and nasal obstruction. Pharmacologically, five lignans including pinoresinol dimethyl ether, magnolin, epi-magnolin A, fargesin, and demethoxyaschantin have been attributed to the medicinal effect of Magnolia biondii.
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Dodecatheon pulchellum, pretty shooting star, was used medicinally by the Okanagan-Colville and Blackfoot Indians. An infusion of the roots was used as a wash for sore eyes. A cooled infusion of leaves was used for eye drops. An infusion of leaves was gargled, especially by children, for cankers.
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Justicia carnea, with common names including Brazilian plume flower, Brazilian-plume, flamingo flower, and jacobinia — is a flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae. Commonly called Hospital Too Far or Blood of Jesus. Local people use it medicinally for anemia. The resultant liquid after boiling is usually crimson red.
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Glycyrrhiza echinata is a species of flowering plant in the genus Glycyrrhiza, with various common names that include Chinese licorice, German liquorice, and hedgehog liquorice, Eastern European licorice, Hungarian licorice, and Roman licorice. It is used as a flavouring and medicinally, and to produce Russian and German liquorice.
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Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Aganonerion polymorphum is used medicinally and as a food, appearing for example in a traditional Vietnamese soup called canh chua. In Vietnamese, the plant is called lá giang, literally "river leaf." In Cambodia, it is called /vɔə tʰnɜŋ/ (វល្លិថ្នឹង) or /kaɔt prɷm/ (កោតព្រំ).
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This species is considered to be edible when still in the immature "egg" stage, and is thought to be a delicacy in China. When mature, its foul odor would deter most individuals from attempting consumption. The fungus has been used medicinally in China as a remedy for ulcers.
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Laricifomes officinalis was important both medicinally and spiritually to indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America, such as the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian. L. officinalis was referred to as the "bread of ghosts" in local languages, and carved fruiting bodies marked the graves of tribal shamans.
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The plant is used medicinally in both Japan and China. In Traditional Chinese Medicine it is indicated for poor appetite, nausea and vomiting due to 'dampness' obstructions or summer heat. Its modern usage includes stomach flus and acute gastritis, in conjunction with other herbs including Huo Xiang (Agastache rugosa).
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Western dock holds both nutritional and medicinal values. Medicinally, its leaves are used in herbal sweat baths to treat rheumatic pains. The leaves can also be poulticed into a root paste and used to treat open wounds, cuts, and boils. Nutritionally, the leaves, stems, and seeds are all edible.
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Fruits of C. latipes are used medicinally in Northeastern India "to treat stone problem" and are known locally as Heiribob.Bhutani, K.K.; Goyal, A.; Singh, S. 2008. Herbal wealth of Northeast India: A pictorial and herbaria guide. Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
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Provides sources for each specific use. It is sold in gel form under the name TriCalm. Acetic acid/aluminium acetate solution can be used medicinally to treat infections in the outer ear canal. This medication stops the growth of the bacteria and fungus and beneficially dries out the ear canal.
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Roupala montana - MHNT Roupala montana is a species of shrub or tree in the family Proteaceae which is native to much of the Neotropics. It is a morphologically variable species with four recognised varieties. The species is used medicinally in Venezuela, and as an aphrodisiac in Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela.
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Calendula oil is still used medicinally. The oil of C. officinalis is used as an anti-inflammatory and a remedy for healing wounds.Okoh, O. O., et al. (2008). The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of Calendula officinalis L. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(10) 1500-02.
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Yampah roots contain rapidly assimilatable carbohydrates, and were used by hunters and runners as a high energy food to enhance physical endurance. Uncooked yampah roots are a gentle laxative if consumed in excess and were used medicinally for this purpose. It resembles the highly toxic poison hemlock and water hemlock.
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Mitragyna parvifolia is a tree species found in Asia, native to India and Sri Lanka. Mitragyna species are used medicinally and for their fine timber throughout the areas where they grow. M. parvifolia reaches heights of 50 feet with a branch spread over 15 feet. The stem is erect and branching.
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Chinese wax is used chiefly in the manufacture of polishes, sizes, and candles. Candles, temple images and other articles connected with ceremonial worship, and polish for furniture. It is also used for burnishing the back of Chinese hanging scrolls with a stone. In China the wax has been employed medicinally.
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George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu (2005) Most of the cultivated species serve as ornamentals. Some provide valuable lumber. The flexible limbs of some species are used in basket weaving. Some of the aromatic species are used medicinally or to repel mosquitos.
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The inflorescence is a dense spike of many flowers. Each flower has long sepals tipped with bright purple and tubular corollas in shades of pink and purple. The fruit is a light brown, fuzzy nutlet about 2 millimeters long. The plant was used medicinally by several Native American groups, especially the leaves.
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The yellow wood is strong and has been used for many purposes, including the construction of boats, fences, housing and roofing, axles, tools, and knobkierries. It is considered a valuable carving wood. The ash was used in the production of soap. The plant was used medicinally by native Africans and European settlers.
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In Australia, Aborigines have used Phellinus fruit bodies medicinally. The smoke from burning fruit bodies was inhaled by those with sore throats. Scrapings from slightly charred fruit bodies were drunk with water to treat coughing, sore throats, "bad chests", fevers and diarrhoea. There is some uncertainty about which species of Phellinus were used.
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Biological Conservation, 93: 371-379. Aconitum rotundifolium, Arnebia euchroma, Ephedra gerardiana, Ferula jaeschkeana, Hyoscymus niger are the threatened but medicinally important plants occur in this national park.Kala, Chandra Prakash 2005; Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the India. Conservation Biology, 19 (2): 368-378.
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The petiole is shorter than the corpus of the leaf. This species is found in Western and Central Europe, including the Mediterranean region. It is associated with fissures in carbonate rocks and also grows on the mortar of stone and brick walls. This fern species has been used medicinally as a diuretic.
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Taylor, Linda Averill 1940 Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes. Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 25) Ashy hydrangea was probably used medicinally in a similar manner as smooth hydrangea by the Cherokee Indians, and later, by early settlers for treatment of kidney and bladder stones.Mrs. M. Grieve.
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Common names include mountain cabbage in Belize, açai, açaizeiro, açaí-do-amazonas or açaí-solitário in Brazil, asaí and palmiche in Colombia, wassaï in French Guiana, huasaí in Peru and manaca in Venezuela. The stems are used for construction, a beverage is made from the fruit, and the roots are used medicinally.
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This bean is often used as livestock forage, and it is cited as a gene source for disease resistance in the lima bean (P. lunatus) by Germplasm Resources Information Network. The Tarahumara peoples of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua use the roots medicinally and also make glue from the shoots.Pennington, CW. 1963.
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Cucumis dipsaceus has several usages, as fodder, medicine, and human consumption. The cucumber is normally collected in the wild, but has also been domesticated. The young shoots and leaves of the plant are traditionally cooked with groundnut paste, and with coconut milk when available. The fruit of the plant is used medicinally as an analgesic.
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The resulting material is referred to as "red amadou". The addition of gunpowder or nitre produces an even more potent tinder. The flesh has further been used to produce clothing, including caps, gloves and breeches. Amadou was used medicinally by dentists, who used it to dry teeth, and surgeons, who used it as a styptic.
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All species of Mandragora contain highly biologically active alkaloids, tropane alkaloids in particular. The different parts of the plant contain different proportions and concentrations of alkaloids, with the roots generally having the highest concentration. Tropane alkaloids are potentially highly toxic. The roots of M. caulescens contain hyoscine and anisodamine, which are used medicinally in China.
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Clinically useful examples include the anticancer agents paclitaxel and omacetaxine mepesuccinate (from Taxus brevifolia and Cephalotaxus harringtonii, respectively), the antimalarial agent artemisinin (from Artemisia annua), and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine (from Galanthus spp.), used to treat Alzheimer's disease. Other plant-derived drugs, used medicinally and/or recreationally include morphine, cocaine, quinine, tubocurarine, muscarine, and nicotine.
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Chinese rhubarb depicted by Michał Boym (1655) Rhubarb (), used medicinally for its root, was one of the first herbs to be exported from China.Rhubarb James Ford Bell Library University of Minnesota (accessed January 12, 2015) :TCM Information: :Species: Rheum palmatum, Rheum ranguticum, or Rheum officinale. :Pinyin: Da Huang. :Common Name: Rhubarb Root and Rhizome.
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Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal. It has both medical and industrial uses. Medicinally it is a topical medication applied to skin to treat psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). It may be used in combination with ultraviolet light therapy.
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Magnesium is also the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is thus a common additive to fertilizers. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives, antacids (e.g., milk of magnesia), and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required (e.g., to treat eclampsia).
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Guaiacol is also used medicinally as an expectorant, antiseptic, and local anesthetic. Guaiacol is produced in the gut of desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, by the breakdown of plant material. This process is undertaken by the gut bacterium Pantoea agglomerans (Enterobacter). It is one of the main components of the pheromones that cause locust swarming.
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The fruit is poisonous to humans, but is eaten by several species of birds, which disperse the seeds in their droppings. It is used medicinally in both the United States and southeastern Canada. The powdered bark was used by American Indians and pioneers as a purgative. "Wahoo" was the indigenous peoples' name for the plant.
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Young shoots and stems of many Leptospermum species were also used medicinally to treat urinary disorders. Although not widely drunk today, it is recorded that many Leptospermum species were used as a tea substitute by European settlers. Captain Cook's crew also brewed tea as they believed it would help prevent diseases such as scurvy.
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In 1995 he received the E. B. Hershberg Award from the American Chemical Society for his work on medicinally-active substances. Other significant awards include the Perkin Medal in 2002, the NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society in 2003 and the Priestley Medal in 2006. He was the 1997 President of the American Chemical Society.
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One distinctive character of many buckthorns is the way the veination curves upward towards the tip of the leaf. The plant bears fruits which are black or red berry-like drupes. The name is due to the woody spine on the end of each twig in many species. One species is known to have potential to be used medicinally.
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Quercus infectoria, the Aleppo oak, is a species of oak, bearing galls that have been traditionally used for centuries in Asia medicinally. Manjakani is the name used in Malaysia for the galls; these have been used for centuries in softening leather and in making black dye and ink. In India the galls are called majuphal among many other names.
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This plant was used medicinally to treat puho, puka puhi, kaupo, and na eha moku kukonukonu e ae (other cuts). Maile kaluhea was mashed with aukoi (Senna occidentalis) stalks, ahakea (Bobea spp.) and koa (Acacia koa) bark. After water is added to this mixture and heated, it is put on infected areas to clean.Chun, Malcolm, Naea 1994 [1922].
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Terminalia macroptera is a species of flowering plant in the Combretaceae known by the Hausa common name kwandari. It is native to Africa, where it can be found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Senegal, Sudan, Uganda, and Nigeria. This species is used medicinally in several African countries. It is used to treat infectious diseases, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and dysentery.
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The University of New Mexico Press (p. 49) The Hualapai also use it medicinally; in that they apply a poultice of the woolly "cotton" from the plant to open, bleeding wounds,Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 49) and the Pima use it as a styptic.
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Phthirusa pyrifolia is a subtropical flowering plant species of the family Loranthaceae. It grows in forests from Mexico through Central America, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. It flowers and fruits year-round; its small berries range in color from orange to deep red when ripe. Phthirusa pyrifolia is used medicinally by people in parts of the Peruvian Amazon.
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Lycorine is a toxic crystalline alkaloid found in various Amaryllidaceae species, such as the cultivated bush lily (Clivia miniata), surprise lilies (Lycoris), and daffodils (Narcissus). It may be highly poisonous, or even lethal, when ingested in certain quantities. Regardless, it is sometimes used medicinally, a reason why some groups may harvest the very popular Clivia miniata.
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O'Connor's work involves detailed study of many important species of medicinally-relevant plants: Rauvolfia serpentina, Catharanthus roseus, and Aspergillus japonicus. Her lab utilizes bioinformatics and enzyme characterization to uncover new pathways by which plants construct these molecules. Insertion of new enzymes, for example a halogenase or oxidase results in novel variants of the molecules not found in nature.
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The fruit body, which has an odor comparable to "fresh dog feces", "rotting flesh", or "sewage" when mature, is edible in its immature "egg" stage. The fungus is native to Asia, and is also found in Australia, Europe and North America, where it is probably an introduced species. It has been used medicinally in China as an ulcer remedy.
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There are many uses of J. podagrica in folk medicine, including as an analgesic, tonic, aphrodisiac, purgative, laxative, and to treat infections, intestinal worms, snakebite, gout, and more. Other uses include tanning, dye making, soap making, biofuel, fish poison, lamp lighting, and fertiliser. Additionally, a number of research projects have sought to identify medicinally useful compounds from J. podagrica.
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Large quantities were imported into England from Smyrna, Trieste, Livorno, etc. The cultivation, however, decreased after alizarin was made artificially. Madder was employed medicinally in ancient civilizations and in the middle ages. John Gerard, in 1597, wrote of it as having been cultivated in many gardens in his day, and describes its many supposed virtues,Herball, p.
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The plant contains several substances that can be used medicinally. It is rich in silicon (10%), potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium and phosphorus, phytosterols, dietary fiber, vitamins A, E and C, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides and caffeic acid phenolic ester. The buds are eaten as a vegetable in Japan and Korea in spring. All other Equisetum species are toxic.
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The medicinal use of food is common in China: a soup containing the species is used medicinally for dealing with colds and fevers by reducing the heat of the body.Acton and Sandler 2001, p. 134Acton and Sandler 2001, p. 124 There is evidence that the species were being cultivated in China as early as the Tang dynasty (618–907).
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The wood is used for implement and fuel. The leaves bark and roots are used medicinally and magically for pain relief to respiratory complaints and skin infections, especially for chest and stomach disorders. The leaves if crushed may be used to stop bleeding. Steam baths from the bark are used to purify and improve the complexion.
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Schultes and Raffauf (1992) 243–255, at 243–244 (curare quotes). A preferred source of curare is often the Amazon vine Chondrodendron tomentosum which yields the "medicinally valuable d-tubocurarine". Yet curare may also be sourced in other species.Davis (1996) at 209–215: review of the medical history regarding curare, and its several known plant sources, e.g.
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It flowers from spring to fall and is most common in disturbed situations, moist places and forests. In China the plant is used medicinally as a febrifuge and a diuretic. A blue dye is also extracted from the flower for paints. In the Hawaiian Islands, it is known as "honohono grass", although it is technically not a grass.
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The Dulwich waters were cried about the streets of London as far back as 1678. In 1739, Mr. Cox, master of the Green Man, a tavern situated about a mile south of the village of Dulwich, sunk a well for his family. The water was found to be possessed of purgative qualities, and was for some time used medicinally.
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Native American groups had a variety of uses for the grass. The Okanagan and Colville used the roots medicinally to treat internal bleeding and gonorrhea and as a hair tonic. The Cheyenne burned the grass and mixed the ash with blood to make a black dye. Various groups used it for bedding, floor coverings, arrows, and basketry.
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Cat's claw has been used as a traditional medicine in South American countries over centuries for its supposed health benefits, and is a common herbal supplement. The part used medicinally is the bark of the vine or root. As of 2020, there is no high- quality clinical evidence that it has any benefit in treating diseases.
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The wood is used for furniture, cabinetwork, joinery, paneling, specialty items, boat-building, railroad cross-ties (treated), decorative veneers and for musical instruments (e.g. for guitar fretboard). The leaves are used as food by Antheraea paphia (silkworms) which produce the tassar silk (Tussah), a form of commercially important wild silk. The bark is used medicinally against diarrhoea.
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The wood is used for general construction. The pulpwood produces certain resins that are used as artificial vanilla flavouring (vanillin). The resin is also used to make turpentine and related products, and is used medicinally to treat a variety respiratory and internal ailments, such as kidney and bladder upsets, wounds, and sores. The bark is a source of tannin.
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P. 297. Medicinally, it had been used as a reliable cure since the beginning of the medical field.Jay, 52 William Cullen and John Brown, two well-known physicians at the time, claimed it cured things such as typhus, cancer, cholera, rheumatism, smallpox, malaria, venereal disease, hysteria, and gout in the eighteenth century.Hayter, 29 However, some individuals recognized the dangers that opium held.
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"Cinquefoil" in the Middle English Dictionary is described as "Pentafilon – from Greek Pentaphyllon – influenced by foil, a leaf. The European cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans), often used medicinally." The word is derived from Old French cinc, Middle English cink and ultimately Latin quinque – all meaning "five" –, and feuille and foil/foille which mean "leaf". Formerly this term referred to five-leaved plants in general.
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The root has been used as a tonic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic (induces vomitting) and expectorant. It is harvested in the autumn and dried for later use. The fresh root is the most active part medicinally. A weak tea made from the dried root has been used for cardiac diseases and also as a vermifuge (an agent that expels parasitic worms).
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It was an agricultural country, depending for its prosperity on its grain, wool and the mohair obtained from the Angora goats. An important industry was carpet-weaving at Kırşehir and Kayseri. There were mines of silver, copper, lignite and salt, and many hot springs, including some of great repute medicinally. Rock salt and fuller's earth was also mined in the area.
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In 2014, medicinally induced abortion medications like Mifepristone were not available in American Samoa, and was not available at the Family Planning Clinic because US funding does not allow Title X funding other US funding to be used for abortions. The morning after pill was available because it prevented conception from occurring and was not legally considered an abortive agent.
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People in the Graeco-Roman world consumed less meat than we do today and therefore, legumes were a necessary source of protein. Of all legumes, the lentil appears most frequently in Greek and Roman literature.The lentil plant Medicinally, Hippocrates recommends lentils as a remedy for ulcers and hemorrhoids. Bitter vetch, or Vicia ervilia, was also an important legume in ancient Greek medicine.
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John Stephenson and James Morss Churchill It was also used sometimes for bronchitis, coughs and sore throat, for colic and for congestion of the liver. It is rarely used medicinally nowadays. It has been chewed as a breath freshener, carved into rosary beads, and given to babies as a teething aid. It is still used in cosmetics, perfumes, soaps and sweets.
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According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which over 99% is land. At the 2000 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of , of which, of it was land and of it (3.33%) was water. The Hayville Sulphur Spring, formerly used medicinally, is located northwest.
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Cherokee Indians used P. virginiana medicinally. They used it for many symptoms like diarrhea, stiffness of the body, colds, fevers, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis, and constipation. Cherokee Indians used P. virginiana in different ways including bathing in water that had been soaked in the bark, steams and oils, root and needle infusions, and for tar. They also used it in certain cultural rituals.
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The trunks of Amyris species exude elemi, a type of balsam (oleoresin) that contains elemic acids, liquid sesquiterpenes, and triterpenes such as α- and β-amyrin among other components. It is used medicinally and in lacquers. The wood is often used for torches and firewood. Its high resin content causes it to burn brightly, and it will burn well even when green.
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Common yarrow is used by Plains indigenous peoples such as the Pawnee, who use the stalk for pain relief. The Cherokee drink a tea of common yarrow to reduce fever and aid in restful sleep. The occidentalis variety is used medicinally by the Zuni people. The blossoms and root are chewed and the juice applied before fire- walking or fire-eating.
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Also along numerous lakes are large deposits of mud which are used medicinally in spas. Since Soviet times, Karkaraly National Park has drawn considerable tourism to the town. In addition to tourists, many researchers and students travel to Karkaraly to study the region's ecology and archeological sites. Economic development has been hindered by poor infrastructural links, particularly in regards to the area's roads.
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T. iridipennis stores its honey in pots which are within a food storage zone of the nest. The food storage zone contains a honey storage pot and a pollen storage pot, but these are often intermixed. The honey of T. iridipennis is a rich source of antioxidant flavanoids. This is because workers collect honey from medicinally important herbal plants and flowers.
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Tabernaemontana palustris is a tropical flowering plant species in the family Apocynaceae. It grows in the Amazon Basin of northern South America. The species epithet palustris is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.Archibald William Smith In parts of the Peruvian Amazon, it is used medicinally to treat rheumatism, fever, and wounds; it may also be used as a purgative.
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The plant has been used medicinally by native Americans. The Taos Pueblo of New Mexico used it to treat rheumatism, while the Menominee of Wisconsin made a bitter extract from the roots for use as a love potion and as an analgesic. The powdered root has been used to prepare a poultice to relieve headaches and the seeds have been used as beads.
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Although Tilia cordata is believed to be stronger, T. americana is also used medicinally. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Linden tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. The flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are used for medicinal purposes.
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Ammodaucus leucotrichus is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae and the sole member of the genus Ammodaucus. It is endemic to northern Africa, including the Canary Islands. In Morocco, the plant is known as kammūn ṣūfī ("wooly cumin"), and is used medicinally in teas and compresses to treat a variety of ailments, including snake bites and respiratory ailments.
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One of Monardes’ most well-known characteristics was his affinity for the tobacco plant. His fascination with the herb led him to believe that the crop had an incredible array of antidotal abilities. Monardes is known to assert that usage can cure over twenty conditions such as the common cold and, ironically, cancer. Tobacco went on to be used medicinally in Europe for some time.
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Tocosh (also known as togosh) is a traditional Quechua food prepared from fermented potato pulp (maize is less common). It is often prepared for celebration events and has a strong odor and flavor. Tocosh can be used as a natural antibiotic because penicillin is produced during the fermentation process. Medicinally it is used for the common cold, gastric ulcers, pneumonia, and altitude sickness among others.
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The plum blossom is the city's emblem, chosen partly because of the long history of local plum cultivation and use, and partly to recognize the plum's current economic significance in terms of cultivation and research. Local wild plums were used medicinally during the Qin and Han dynasties. Cultivation of the fruit began during the Song dynasty. Some traditional new year customs revolve around the planting of plums.
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The plant has many ethnobotanical uses. The roots and leaves were used medicinally, and the berries were occasionally used for food.Ethnobotany Being tolerant of deep shade, drought, and extensive watering, the plant is becoming more popular as a shade groundcover in gardening. Care should be taken when using it in gardens as it can quickly escape confines with its creeping rhizomes and may crowd out other plants.
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Dextromethorphan hydrobromide affects the signals in the brain that trigger the cough reflex. It is used as a cough suppressant, although it can sometimes be used, medicinally, as a pain reliever, and is also used as a recreational drug. Quinidine sulfate affects the way the heart beats, and is generally used in people with certain heart rhythm disorders. It is also used to treat malaria.
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Naproxen, an anti-inflammatory drug, is prepared via an asymmetric hydrocyanation of a vinylnaphthalene utilizing a phosphinite (OPR2) ligand, L . The enantioselectivity of this reaction is important because only the S enantiomer is medicinally desirable, whereas the R enantiomer produces harmful health effects. This reaction can produce the S enantiomer with >90% stereoselectivity. Upon recrystallization of the crude product, the optically pure nitrile can be obtained.
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Fruit resembles a pair of goat's horns Strophanthus divaricatus is a liana or sarmentose shrub that can grow up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . Divaricatus is from the Latin meaning "spreading at a wide angle". The plant has been used medicinally: as a heart stimulant and in the treatment of snakebites. It is native to southern China and northern Vietnam.
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Its shape somewhat resembles the tissue inside lungs and therefore it is thought to be a remedy for lung diseases based on the doctrine of signatures. The lichen's common English names are derived from this association. Gerard's book The Herball or General Historie of plants (1597) recommends L. pulmonaria as medicinally valuable. It is still used for asthma, urinary incontinence and lack of appetite.
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Silphium perfoliatum – Orto botanico di Pisa S. perfoliatum produces a resin that has an odor similar to turpentine. The plant contains a gum and resin; the root has been used medicinally. The resin has been made into chewing gum to prevent nausea and vomiting. Native Americans would cut off the top of the plant stalk and collect the resinous sap that was emitted from the plant.
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Many lichens have been used medicinally across the world. A lichen's usefulness as a medicine is often related to the lichen secondary compounds that are abundant in most lichen thalli. Different lichens produce a wide variety of these compounds, most of which are unique to lichens and many of which are antibiotic. It has been estimated that 50% of all lichen species have antibiotic properties.
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The Willis–Campbell Act of 1921, sponsored by Sen. Frank B. Willis (R) of Ohio and Rep. Philip P. Campbell (R) of Kansas, specified that only "spirituous and vinous liquors" (i.e. spirits and wine, thus excluding beer) could be prescribed medicinally, reduced the maximum amount of alcohol per prescription to half a pint, and limited doctors to 100 prescriptions for alcohol per 90-day period.
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The large European bird great bustard (Otis tarda) has been recorded feeding on the puffball. Because of their thick outer peridium, Mycenastrum corium puffballs can withstand hard blows without breaking, and children have used them as replacements for balls. The puffballs have also been used medicinally in Mexico as a hemostatic, as a throat and lung tonic, and for their purported anti-inflammatory properties.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (12): 2843-2859. Most advances in total synthesis methods starting from Wieland–Miescher ketone were fueled by the search for alternative methods for the industrial synthesis of contraceptive and other medicinally relevant steroids, an area of research that flourished in the 1960s and 1970s.Wiechert, R. The Role of Birth Control in the Survival of the Human Race. Angew. Chem. Int.
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A dudou (), known as a yếm in Vietnamese contexts, is an item of East Asian and Southeast Asian clothing resembling a silk apron or bib but traditionally used as an undershirt or bodice to flatten the figure and, medicinally, to preserve stomach qi. Beginning around the year 2000, Western and Chinese fashion has also begun incorporating them as a sleeveless and backless shirt for women.
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The etymologies of both English mummia and mummy derive from Medieval Latin mumia, which transcribes Arabic mūmiyā "a kind of bitumen used medicinally; a bitumen-embalmed body" from mūm "wax (used in embalming)", which descend from Persian mumiya and mum.Online Etymology Dictionary, mummy.The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, mummy. The Oxford English Dictionary records the complex semantic history of mummy and mummia.
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'Annabelle' is the best known cultivar of this species; it is one of the most cold hardy of the hydrangeas. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The cultivar 'Grandiflora' has flowers that resemble snowballs, similar to Viburnum plicatum. Smooth hydrangea root was used medicinally by Native Americans, and later, by early settlers for treatment of kidney and bladder stones.
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In 1978, Janzen suggested that vertebrate herbivores might benefit medicinally from the secondary metabolites in their plant food. In 1993, the term "zoopharmacognosy" was coined, derived from the Greek roots zoo ("animal"), pharma ("drug"), and gnosy ("knowing"). The term gained popularity from academic works and in a book by Cindy Engel entitled Wild Health: How Animals Keep Themselves Well and What We Can Learn from Them.
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Once the model of a molecule's structure has been finalized, it is often deposited in a crystallographic database such as the Cambridge Structural Database (for small molecules), the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) (for inorganic compounds) or the Protein Data Bank (for protein and sometimes nucleic acids). Many structures obtained in private commercial ventures to crystallize medicinally relevant proteins are not deposited in public crystallographic databases.
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This species can be used to make dyes, producing a reddish-brown color. Indigenous people in North America used the lichen medicinally. The Métis peoples rubbed it on the gums of teething babies, while the Saanich peoples used it for a variety of ailments, with the medicinal qualities depending on what type of tree it was harvested from. It often grows in lichen communities with other species.
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From Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages, people utilized snail mucus for medical purposes. It helped alleviate inflamed skin and gastrointestinal ulcers and treat coughs when used in a syrup. Moreover, decades ago, in Southern Italy, people collected the trails to treat different skin lesions, such as dermatitis, light acne, warts and calluses. Snail mucus was medicinally renowned for repairing damaged tissues and balancing tissue hydration.
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The plants are valued by the local population for their content in essential oils, mostly pulegone and menthone, but also limonene, carvone, carvacrol, thymol and similar substances. They are used as condiments, medicinally against illnesses of the respiratory and digestive systems, and traditionally for the protection of stored tubers against pests, especially in Southern Peru.Schmidt-Lebuhn, A.N. (2008). Ethnobotany, biochemistry and pharmacology of Minthostachys (Lamiaceae).
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The species is used for fuel wood, high quality charcoal, medicinally and to a limited extent for woodworking and construction, The wood is commonly used for wood turning and sold in small spindles and blocks. Specialist exotic wood suppliers typically refer to this timber as Leopardwood but it can be confused with other species such Lacewood (Panopsis -P. rubescens and P. sessilifolia). The wood shows strong figuring in quartersawn sections.
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Bottles of gifiti, showing herbs and roots. Shot of gifiti from Travellers Liquors Gifiti (also guifiti, giffidy, geffideeGifiti: The Best Roatan Souvenir) is a rum-based bitters, made by soaking roots and herbs in rum. It is traditionally made by the Garifuna people of the Caribbean coast. Gifiti is traditionally used medicinally, with different compositions for men and women, but is also consumed recreationally, most commonly as shots.
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The Anatomy of Melancholy (full title: The Anatomy of Melancholy, What it is: With all the Kinds, Causes, Symptomes, Prognostickes, and Several Cures of it. In Three Maine Partitions with their several Sections, Members, and Subsections. Philosophically, Medicinally, Historically, Opened and Cut Up) is a book by Robert Burton, first published in 1621, but republished five more times over the next seventeen years with massive alterations and expansions.
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Traditionally supplejack was used by Māori to bind and pull objects. For example, the vine was used to tie firewood together and for towing small canoes. Medicinally the supplejack root was boiled to make a drink to help a variety of conditions including rheumatism, fever, disability, bowel problems and skin diseases. The soft, fresh shoots of the vine can also be eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable.
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Salvia moorcroftiana is a herbaceous perennial native to the Himalayan mountains from Pakistan to western Nepal, and is especially common in the Kashmir Valley. It grows between 5,000 and 9,000 feet elevation on disturbed areas and open slopes. The leaves are used medicinally in Kashmir. Salvia moorcroftiana grows to 2.5 feet tall, with large long-stemmed basal leaves with a toothed margin that appear to be covered with white wool.
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In its native range the plant grows in moist areas such as riverbanks, especially in saline soils.A Guide to Medicinal Plants in North Africa It has been grown as an ornamental plant for its profuse production of showy pink flower spikes. In Algeria and surrounding areas it has been used medicinally for rheumatism, diarrhea, and other maladies. Its juice is an ingredient for Gaz, a Persian delicacy from Isfahan.
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The hydantoin group can be found in several medicinally important compounds. In pharmaceuticals, hydantoin derivatives form a class of anticonvulsants; phenytoin and fosphenytoin both contain hydantoin moieties and are both used as anticonvulsants in the treatment of seizure disorders. The hydantoin derivative dantrolene is used as a muscle relaxant to treat malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, spasticity, and ecstasy intoxication. Ropitoin is an example of an antiarrhythmic hydantoin.
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North American brown bears (Ursos arctos) make a paste of Osha roots (Ligusticum porteri) and saliva and rub it through their fur to repel insects or soothe bites. This plant, locally known as bear root, contains 105 active compounds, such as coumarins that may repel insects when topically applied. Navajo Indians are said to have learned to use this root medicinally from the bear for treating stomach aches and infections.
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Caprolactam is an irritant and is mildly toxic, with an of 1.1 g/kg (rat, oral). In 1991, it was included on the list of hazardous air pollutants by the U.S. Clean Air Act of 1990. It was subsequently removed from the list in 1996 at the request of the manufacturers.EPA - Modifications To The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants In water, caprolactam hydrolyzes to aminocaproic acid, which is used medicinally.
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As of September 16, 2020, nine amicus briefs had been filed in support of the plaintiffs' appeal to the Supreme Court in the Washington v. Barr lawsuit. The plaintiffs seek to declare the criminalization of cannabis unconstitutional, arguing that its status as a Schedule I drug—based on the premise that it has no medicinal use—contradicts the federal government's own apparent recognition of the substance as safe and medicinally effective.
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An 1889 newspaper advertisement for "arsenic complexion wafers". Arsenic was known to be poisonous during the Victorian era. Beginning in about 3000 BC arsenic was mined and added to copper in the alloying of bronze, but the adverse health effects of working with arsenic led to it being abandoned when a viable alternative, tin, was discovered. In addition to its presence as a poison, for centuries arsenic was used medicinally.
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Valeric acid is a minor constituent of the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name. The dried root of this plant has been used medicinally since antiquity. The related isovaleric acid shares its unpleasant odor and their chemical identity was investigated by oxidation of the components of fusel alcohol, which includes the five-carbon amyl alcohols. Valeric acid is one volatile component in swine manure.
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Cattle would be driven through the ashes of the bonfires. At this time of year, St John's Wort and foxgloves would be gathered, the wort was believed to ward off witchcraft and both were used medicinally. In coastal areas of Ireland, fishermen's boats and nets would be blessed by priests on St John's Eve. A communal salmon dinner was traditionally served on this day in Portballintrae, County Antrim.
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Ergotamine is an ergopeptine and part of the ergot family of alkaloids; it is structurally and biochemically closely related to ergoline. It possesses structural similarity to several neurotransmitters, and has biological activity as a vasoconstrictor. It is used medicinally for treatment of acute migraine attacks (sometimes in combination with caffeine). Medicinal usage of ergot fungus began in the 16th century to induce childbirth, yet dosage uncertainties discouraged the use.
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Lanxangia tsaoko, formerly Amomum tsao-ko, is a ginger-like plant known in English by the transliterated Chinese name cao guo (). It grows at high altitudes in Yunnan, as well as the northern highlands of Vietnam. Both wild and cultivated plants are used medicinally and also in cooking. It shows anti- quorum sensing and anti-biofilm activity on Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative).
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3-Methylbutanoic acid is a minor constituent of the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it got its trivial name isovaleric acid: an isomer of valeric acid which shares its unpleasant odor. The dried root of this plant has been used medicinally since antiquity. Their chemical identity was first investigated in the 19th century by oxidation of the components of fusel alcohol, which includes the five-carbon amyl alcohols.
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Native Americans in the Southwest held beliefs that it treated many maladies, including sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, chicken pox, dysmenorrhea, and snakebite. The Coahuilla Indians used the plant for intestinal complaints and tuberculosis. The Pima drank a decoction of the leaves as an emetic, and applied the boiled leaves as poultices to wounds or sores. Papago Indians prepared it medicinally for stiff limbs, snake bites, and menstrual cramps.
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A. calamus has been an item of trade in many cultures for centuries. It has been used medicinally for a wide variety of ailments, such as gastrointestinal diseases and treating pain, and its aroma makes calamus essential oil valued in the perfume industry. The essence from the rhizome is used as a flavor for foods, alcoholic beverages, and bitters in Europe. It was also once used to make candy.
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Bactris gasipaes, the peyibaye or peach palm, was domesticated in pre-Columbian times and is cultivated for its starchy fruit and palm heart throughout the Neotropics, especially in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Costa Rica. Other species used for food include B. brongniartii, B. campestris, B. concinna and B. major. Bactris acanthophora and B. campestris are used medicinally, while B. barronis, B. pilosa and B. setulosa are used in construction.
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Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) has been known since early in the 14th century. It was studied by Glauber, Boyle, and Tachenius. In the 17th century, it was named arcanuni or sal duplicatum, as it was a combination of an acid salt with an alkaline salt. It was also known as vitriolic tartar and Glaser's salt or sal polychrestum Glaseri after the pharmaceutical chemist Christopher Glaser who prepared it and used medicinally.
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Borago officinalis is used medicinally, in companion planting, in cooking and as an oilseed. Cooked stalks are sometimes eaten as a vegetable. The large, hairy leaves taste mildly of cucumber, and star-shaped purple-blue flower are prized for their flavour. The leaves are often added to teas and salads, and the flowers have been added to wine (Borage has had a reputation to give one courage since Roman times).
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Ashy hydrangea is more tolerant of heat and drought than silverleaf hydrangea. Several popular cultivars (Frosty, Pink Pin Cushion, and Sterilis) are available that have a greater component of showy, sterile flowers. The plant is used medicinally by the Cherokee. An infusion of the bark scrapings is taken for vomiting bile, and an infusion of the roots is taken as a cathartic and emetic by women during menses.
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C. acaulis root is known as Carlinae radix and is still used medicinally as a diuretic and a treatment for such conditions as skin lesions and rashes, catarrh, and toothache. Most commercial preparations of Carlinae radix are not C. acaulis, but are in fact adulterated with C. acanthifolia, a related species. The essential oil of both species is mostly composed of carlina oxide, an acetylene derivative. The compound has antimicrobial activity.
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Selaginella bryopteris (Devanagari:संजीवनी) is a lithophytic plant that is native to India. It is used medicinally in India and is one of the plants that is considered as a candidate to be the sanjeevani (also called "sanjeevini"or "sanjivini booti") plant. The popular name sanjeevani translates as "one that infuses life," and derives from a plant that appears in the Ramayana. Other medicinal plants are also called sanjeevani.
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In Mexico, attempts to use the timber in the veneer and plywood industry were not entirely successful. The tree is also planted for shade along streets and as a windbreak or to protect against salt spray near the ocean. Frequently it is pruned to form a dense hedge along property lines in urban areas. Palo María in San Juan, Puerto Rico The latex from the trunk has been employed medicinally.
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Bushy lippia is widely cultivated as an ornamental for its aromatic foliage and beautiful flowers. The essential oil composition is unique to each plant, but may include piperitone, geranial, neral, caryophyllene, camphor, eucalyptol, limonene, carvone, germacrene, α-guaiene, β-ocimene, linalool, or myrcene. The leaves are used for flavoring foods, such as mole sauces from Oaxaca, Mexico. The plant is used medicinally for its somatic, sedative, antidepressant, and analgesic properties.
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Members of this family produce cashew and pistachio nuts, and mango and marula fruits. Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes. The sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum is used to make lacquer for lacquerware and similar products. Medicinally the edible nuts from this family have a reputation for being good for the brain.
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The literature on the plant features somewhat conflicting accounts of use, as a species both edible and toxic/medicinal, pointing to the conclusion that it should be regarded as suspect and treated with caution. The whole plant is said to be toxic (even, according to some sources,Polunin, Oleg Wild Flowers of Europe, pub. Oxford University Press 1969, pps. 370-371. very toxic) and to be used medicinally as a diuretic, sedative and cough medicine.
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Rhubarb tart is a tart filled with rhubarb. Mrs Beeton's recipe requires half a pound of puff pastry, five large sticks of rhubarb and quarter of a pound of sugar with a little lemon juice and lemon zest to taste. This is baked for 30 to 45 minutes and serves five people at a cost of ninepence. Rhubarb was used medicinally as a purgative and this caused it to have unpleasant associations.
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Trachyspermum roxburghianum (also known as Carum roxburghianum) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae. It is grown extensively in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia. Its aromatic dried fruits, like those of its close relative ajwain, are often used in Bengali cuisine but are rarely used in the rest of India. The fresh leaves are used as an herb in Thailand and it is used medicinally in Myanmar and Sri Lanka.
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Medicinally, C. dipsaceus is believed to have topical healing properties, although not widely practiced. Poultice (a moist mass of the plant material wrapped in cloth) is created with the leaves and tendrils of the plant, and placed on surface injuries for the treatment of wounds. The poultices are also used for treatment of soreness and inflammation. When ingested, the fruit itself is thought to treat gastrointestinal diseases, diarrhea, stomach pain, constipation, and meningitis.
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The Qanat (a water management system used for irrigation) originated in pre-Achaemenid Iran. The oldest and largest known qanat is in the Iranian city of Gonabad, which, after 2,700 years, still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Iranian philosophers and inventors may have created the first batteries (sometimes known as the Baghdad Battery) in the Parthian or Sassanid eras. Some have suggested that the batteries may have been used medicinally.
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Aristotelia serrata has a multitude of uses by both European settlers and Māori. Māori used makomako medicinally by boiling its leaves as an application to burns and infected wounds. The berries serve as food and are often eaten by children, and can be squeezed to make a thick sweet drink. Wineberry can be used in a variety of way to create dyes: the plant contains tannins, and the bark can provide a blue-black dye.
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The Ch'ol Maya consider these spiders to be positive, and use them medicinally. A hierbatero kills it, then crushes it, mixes it with spirit alcohol and strains out any irritating hairs with a traditional cloth. The beverage is used for the treatment of "tarantula wind", the symptoms being chest pain, coughing and asthma. The venom peptide GsMtx-4 is being investigated for the possible treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, muscular dystrophy and glioma.
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The entire plant used medicinally as a bitter tonic, diuretic, inflammation, rheumatism, jaundice and ulcer. In the indigenous system of medicine, it is reported that the decoction of the leaves are used to relieve haemorrhoidal pain, as a lotion for nose, analgesic, antipyretic, appetizer and the ulceration of mouth. In literature, it has been reported as an antibacterial, antiviral and antimalarial. It showed analgesic activity for the ethanolic leaf extract on laboratory animals.
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It grows in evergreen forests on a wide range of soils. The fruit is harvested and used locally, eaten as a fruit, stewed or made into wine; it is also used medicinally to treat skin diseases. The bark, roots and wood are harvested for medicinal uses. The fruit is oval, colored yellowish, pinkish to bright red or purple, 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter, glabrous, with 2–4 large purple- red seed, with white aril.
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This plant has been used medicinally by the Iroquois, who would give a cold infusion or decoction of the powdered roots to children suffering from convulsions. They would also eat the raw roots, believing that they permanently prevented conception. They would also eat the roots as food, as would the Algonquin people, who cooked them like potatoes. Spring beauty corms along with the entire above ground portion of the plant are safe for human consumption.
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Liatris spicata was historically used medicinally by Native Americans for its carminative, diuretic, stimulant, sudorific, and expectorant properties. In addition to these uses, the Cherokee used the plant as an analgesic for pain in the back and limbs and the Menominee used it for a "weak heart." The root of the plant is the part most often used. Native Americans also used the plant to treat swelling, abdominal pain and spasms/colic, and snake bites.
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The Garden is also actively engaged in the preservation of endangered plant species. There is also an ethnobotany section of the Garden where plants are studied that are potentially useful, medicinally, to humans. Besides smaller structures on the premises, there are two larger ones: the 17th-century "castle," recently restored, and the 5,000 square meter Merola Greenhouse. The castle contains lecture and display rooms, and houses the Museum of Paleobotany and Ethnobotany.
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Eremophila acrida is a small, densely branched shrub which grows to a height of about . It has an odour which is described as acrid, unpleasant or medicinally-scented. Its branches, leaves and green parts of the flowers are densely covered with hairs which have a yellow gland on the tip, sometimes giving the plant a coppery sheen. The leaves are lance-shaped, mostly long, wide, pointed and with the base tapering towards the stem.
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Jayden explains that he smokes it medicinally for his epilepsy. He explains that when his mother was alive, she took him to the doctors to get cannabis oil on prescription, but they would not give it to Jayden. Rob does believe him, and confiscates all of his cannabis, asking where he got the money from. Karen admits that she gave him the money for the bus, which he used to buy the drugs.
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Viburnum opulus Snowball seed oil is a pressed seed oil, extracted from the seeds of the Viburnum opulus (common snowball), which grows in Russia. Snowball bark contains a variety of bioactive substances, including tannic substances, saponins, vitamin K1, ascorbic acid and carotene, and is used medicinally. The seeds, which contain up to 21% oil, are rich in tocopherol (Vitamin E), carotinoides (provitamin A) and micronutrients. Snowball seed oil is little known or used outside Russia.
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Coffee, taken both medicinally and recreationally, was used to treat stomach problems and indigestion by working as a laxative. The stimulant properties of coffee eventually gained recognition and coffee was used to curb fatigue and exhaustion. The use of coffee in medicinal senses was done more in practice by civilians than hospital professionals. Hospitals and related health-care institutions were referred to as a variety of names: dârüşşifâ, dârüssıhhâ, şifâhâne, bîmaristân, bîmarhâne, and timarhâne.
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Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.
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Rosa nutkana is used medicinally by a great number of indigenous peoples to treat a wide variety of ailments, and also ceremonially, in handcrafts, and as a food source.Species account from Native American Ethnobotany (University of Michigan - Dearborn) Retrieved 2010-03-2007. As with all wild rose species, the hips are edible and sometimes used to make jams and jellies. Nootka rose serves as the larval host of the mourning cloak and grey hairstreak butterflies.
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The edibility of the fruit bodies is not clearly established, but its small size, tough texture and insubstantial fruitings would dissuade most people from collecting for the table. The fungus has been used medicinally by the Oneida Native Americans, and also as a colorful component of table decorations in England. Molliardiomyces eucoccinea is the name given to the imperfect form of the fungus that lacks a sexually reproductive stage in its life cycle.
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Peron opposed California Proposition 19 in 2010, which would have legalized recreational cannabis, because he did not believe that recreational use exists, as all people who use marijuana are using it medicinally. He opposed California Proposition 64 in 2016. Later in life, Peron owned and operated a cannabis farm near Clearlake, California. San Francisco's Board of Supervisors recognized Peron, who was suffering with late-stage lung cancer, with a certificate of honor in 2017.
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One ray of hope for the future of natural resource procurement in tropical wet forests is the search for medicinally valuable plant secondary compounds. Plants that contain compounds that can treat ailments ranging from analgesics, antibiotics, heart drugs, enzymes, hormones, diuretics, anti-parasitics, dentifrices, laxatives, dysentery treatments, anti-coagulants and hundreds more exist and could prove to be a valuable economically viable as well as sustainable alternative to current resources being utilized in the area.
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Mandragora species have a long use in traditional medicine, extracts being used for their real or supposed aphrodisiac, hypnotic, emetic, purgative, sedative and pain-killing effects. Tropane alkaloids are known to be effective as analgesics and anaesthetics, and can be used to increase circulation and dilate pupils, among other effects. Hyoscine and anisodamine are used medicinally in China. Continued use of M. autumnalis in folk medicine was reported in Sicily in 2014.
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One of the first substances that was reported to produce an oxygen diffusion-enhancing effect was crocetin, a carotenoid that occurs naturally in plants such as crocus sativus, and is related to another carotenoid, saffron. Saffron has been used culturally (e.g., as a dye) and medicinally since ancient times. Trans sodium crocetinate (TSC), a synthetic drug containing the carotenoid structure of trans crocetin has been extensively investigated in animal disease models and in human clinical trials.
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Cannabis was probably introduced to Southeast Asia around the 16th century, and used medicinally and in cuisine. Cannabis has been traditionally grown in Cambodia and is a common ingredient in food. By 1961 in compliance with the Single Convention on Narcotics treaty it was technically made illegal but the law was unenforced, and marijuana was openly sold. In 1992 during a United Nations intervention the drug was specifically made illegal but still the law remained unenforced.
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Though little information is available, Z. zamiifolia is apparently used medicinally in the Mulanje District of Malawi and in the East Usambara mountains of Tanzania where juice from the leaves is used to treat earache. In Tanzania a poultice of bruised plant material from Z. zamiifolia is used as a treatment of the inflammatory condition known as "mshipa". Roots from Z. zamiifolia are used as a local application to treat ulceration by the Sukuma people in north-western Tanzania.
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Many species produce an aromatic resin from wounds in the trunk; this is sometimes used medicinally. Other minor uses include dye production. Pygeum, a herbal remedy containing extracts from the bark of Prunus africana, is used as to alleviate some of the discomfort caused by inflammation in patients suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prunus species are food plants for the larvae of many Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths); see List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus.
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Lavender was introduced into England in the 1600s. It is said that Queen Elizabeth prized a lavender conserve (jam) at her table, so lavender was produced as a jam at that time, as well as used in teas both medicinally and for its taste. Lavender was not used in traditional southern French cooking at the turn of the 20th century. It does not appear at all in the best-known compendium of Provençal cooking, J.-B.
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The leaves of wood calamint can be infused to make an aromatic herb tea. They can also be added to cooked foods, imparting a pungent, aromatic flavour that has been described as being a combination of the flavours imparted by marjoram and mint. The plant is also used as an ornamental for garden cultivation, and will attract butterflies and bees. The plant has also been used medicinally, as a diaphoretic and an expectorant, and to settle the stomach.
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Salvia aerea is a perennial plant that is native to Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces in China, typically growing on hillsides, grasslands, forests, and thickets at elevation. It grows tall, with mostly basal leaves that are typically long and wide, though they can reach up to by . The inflorescences are racemes up to long, with a corolla that comes in a wide variety of colors: orange, purple, white, and dark blue. The plant is used medicinally.
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Propylhexedrine, sold under the brand names Benzedrex and Obesin among others, is a nasal decongestant, appetite suppressant, and psychostimulant medication. It is used medicinally for relief of congestion due to colds, allergies and allergic rhinitis and recreationally for its euphoric effects. The effects are similar to those of methamphetamine, though the duration of propylhexedrine is much shorter. Propylhexedrine differs from methamphetamine only in that it has a saturated cyclohexane ring where methamphetamine has a phenyl ring.
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It may be confused with purple loosestrife when not blooming but can be easily distinguished because purple loosestrife has a square stem. Tufted loosestrife has been used medicinally in Asia to combat high blood pressure. It is a rare species in Britain, where it is found in Salix cinerea - Galium palustre wet woodland (community W1 of the British National Vegetation Classification system), Salix pentandra - Carex rostrata wet woodland (NVC community W3) and Carex rostrata - Sphagnum recurvum mire (community M4).
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The foliage was burned by the Cherokee as a natural insecticide, to smoke out gnats. It was widely used in the pre-Columbian New England region, long before the time of Samuel Thomson, who was erroneously credited as discovering it. It is still used medicinally in the present day; however, there are adverse effects that limit its use. Side effects can include sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and possibly death.
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Convallatoxin is a natural cardiac glycoside that can be found, among others, in the plant Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). Legend says that Apollo gave this plant to Asclepios, the Greek god of healing. Lily of the valley has indeed been used medicinally to treat illness, all going back to medieval times. Convallatoxin has a similar therapeutic target and effect as digitalis, so it was used by medieval herbalists as a substitute for foxglove in treatment.
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Total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of a complex molecule, often a natural product, from simple, commercially-available precursors. It usually refers to a process not involving the aid of biological processes, which distinguishes it from semisynthesis. The target molecules can be natural products, medicinally-important active ingredients, or organic compounds of theoretical interest. Often, the aim is to discover new route of synthesis for a target molecule for which there already exist known routes.
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It is similar to the Chinese star anise, but its fruit is smaller and with a weaker odour, reputed to be similar to cardamom than anise. Due to its poisonous nature, its seeds have been used as a fish poison as well as a natural agricultural pesticide to repel animals from digging the grounds of Japanese graveyards. Its seeds have also been used medicinally to treat toothache and dermatitis topically, since it is unsuitable for internal use.
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Earthstars were used medicinally by Native American Indians. The Blackfoot called them ka-ka-toos, meaning "fallen stars", and according to legend, they were an indication of supernatural events. The Cherokee put fruit bodies on the navels of babies after childbirth until the withered umbilical cord fell off, "both as a prophylactic and a therapeutic measure". In traditional Chinese medicine, G. triplex is used to reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract, and to staunch bleeding and reduce swelling.
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"Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans, China"Li, HY et al. "Human-animal interactions and bat coronavirus spillover potential among rural residents in Southern China", it has been suggested that the Yi were repeatably exposed to coronavirus over their history, passively learned to medicinally fend off coronavirus infection centuries ago, and committed the results into their inter-generational record of medicinal indications Sheridan, R. "The forgotten legacy of Traditional Medicine in the age of coronavirus" .
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Used medicinally by Native Americans, the ground leaves roots and stems were rubbed on the limbs to reduce paralysis.Kelly Kindscher, Medicinal Wild Plants of the Prairie: An Ethnobotanical Guide (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992) Among the Zuni people, a salve of the powdered root applied ceremonially to swelling of any body part. A poultice of root is used and decoction of the plant is taken for swelling and sore throat.Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians.
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A species of angophora apple tree, tapped for its tannin-rich kino, formed part of the Ngarabul pharmacopoeia. The gum of Eucalyptus robusta, yarra was also used medicinally. The leaves of the Manna Gum,, horra, were used to treat ophthalmic maladies such as narrada mil (bad eye). In terms of internal medicine, their properties were used in cases of diarrhoea, something MacPherson observed as working when he applied the remedy to a pet opossum suffering from loose bowels.
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By 1841 the township of Great Wolford, contained 311 inhabitants in 58 houses, and 583 in the whole parish, in an area of with soil, "on the whole good", of clay, sand, gravel, and bog. Within the parish were "many" mineral springs, but not used medicinally. A school, erected in 1821 by Lord Redesdale, with attached schoolmaster's house, was mainly supported by subscription. The Church of St Michael accommodated seating for 460, of which 338 were free — not designated for particular persons.
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Woodward talked about Chlorophyll in 1965 Culminating in the 1930s, the British chemists Christopher Ingold and Robert Robinson among others had investigated the mechanisms of organic reactions, and had come up with empirical rules which could predict reactivity of organic molecules. Woodward was perhaps the first synthetic organic chemist who used these ideas as a predictive framework in synthesis. Woodward's style was the inspiration for the work of hundreds of successive synthetic chemists who synthesized medicinally important and structurally complex natural products.
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Harmless to humans, the smalltail shark is caught incidentally by gillnet and longline fisheries throughout its range. The meat is sold fresh, frozen, or dried and salted. In addition, the dried fins are exported for use in shark fin soup, the liver oil and cartilage are used medicinally, and the carcass is processed into fishmeal. In 2006, the IUCN assessed this species, including Pacific populations now separated as C. cerdale, as data deficient due to a lack of fishery data.
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Additionally targets have been rationally identified by using a powerful seqecune-based design approach termed informal to identify dozens of bioactive small molecules that target disease causing non-coding RNA termed INFORNA. This study important showed for the first time that small molecules appear to have selectivities that are competitive with oligonucleotides with cell-permeable and medicinally optimizable small molecules. Additionally, compounds have been shown to be bioactive in diverse disease settings that ranged from breast cancer. and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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The violet scented rhizome has many uses including, a perfume, for mixing with hair powder, powder used for washing clothes, hair, and teeth, used as a fresh scent for linen, a base for dry shampoos, base for tooth powders, in face-packs, as a fixative in pot-pourri. It was used medicinally as an expectorant (clearance of mucus from the airways) and decongestant. It was also formerly used for treating wounds and chest infections. It was also administered for the cure of dropsy.
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Lightfoot and Parrish 216 Otherwise their staple foods were primarily acorns—particularly from black and tan oak–nuts and wild game, such as deer and cottontail rabbits and black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, a coastal subspecies of the California mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus.Lightfoot and Parrish 247, 335 When hunting deer, Miwok hunters traditionally used Brewer's angelica, Angelica breweri to eliminate their own scent.Lightfoot and Parrish 335 Miwok did not typically hunt bears.Lightfoot and Parrish 334 Yerba buena tea leaves were used medicinally.
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Honey bee products are used medicinally across Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia, and the Americas, despite the fact that the honey bee was not introduced to the Americas until the colonization by Spain and Portugal. They are by far the most common medical insect product, both historically and currently. Honey is the most frequently referenced medical bee material. It can be applied to skin to treat excessive scar tissue, rashes, and burns, and can be applied as a poultice to eyes to treat infection.
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Wintergreen from Greeley, Pennsylvania; early December Wintergreen berries, from Gaultheria procumbens, are used medicinally. Native Americans brewed a tea from the leaves to alleviate rheumatic symptoms, headache, fever, sore throat, and various aches and pains. These therapeutic effects likely arose because the primary metabolite of methyl salicylate is salicylic acid, a proven NSAID that is also the metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin. During the American Revolution, wintergreen leaves were used as a substitute for tea, which was scarce.
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Meconic acid, also known as acidum meconicum and poppy acid, is a chemical substance found in certain plants of the poppy family, Papaveraceae, such as Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) and Papaver bracteatum. Meconic acid constitutes about 5% of opium and can be used as an analytical marker for the presence of opium. Meconic acid has erroneously been described as a mild narcotic, but it has little or no physiological activity, and is not used medicinally. Meconic acid forms salts with alkaloids and metals.
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Raised calcium stores in the SR allow for greater calcium release on stimulation, so the myocyte can achieve faster and more powerful contraction by cross-bridge cycling. The refractory period of the AV node is increased, so cardiac glycosides also function to decrease heart rate. For example, the ingestion of digoxin leads to increased cardiac output and decreased heart rate without significant changes in blood pressure; this quality allows it to be widely used medicinally in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
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More commonly referred to as the Yamparikas, this division roamed in the Northern Oklahoma area in historic times.Ethnobotany The tuberous roots could be eaten like potatoes, roasted, steamed, eaten fresh or dried, made into mush or pinole, used as flour and flavoring, and were also used medicinally. Meriwether Lewis encountered the plant in 1805 and 1806, referring to it as a species of fennel. This food root is called cawíitx in Nez Perce , sawítk in Sahaptin and yap in Comanche.
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Edible when the interior gleba is still firm and white, Bovista pila puffballs have a mild taste and odor. The puffball was used by the Chippewa people of North America as a charm, and medicinally as a hemostat. In British Columbia, Canada, it is used by livestock farmers who are not allowed to use conventional drugs under certified organic programs. The spore mass of the puffball is applied to bleeding hoof trimming 'nicks', and then wrapped with breathable first-aid tape.
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The plant is tolerant to strong winds, and therefore is commonly used as hedge, windbreak, and decorative shrub. The Seri use the plant medicinally. It was also used to stimulate lactation in mothers, as a dysentery treatment, to cure digestive system disorders, skin problems and rheumatism in Africa and Asia. In New Guinea, people use it as incense for funerals. In the past D. viscosa was used instead of hops for beer brewing by Australians (as reflected in the name “hopbush”).
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Liberally sugared, it is also used to make fruit juice. In Thailand it is used as an ingredient to make Som tam, to make pickled, boil in syrup (Ma-Yom Chuam). The plant is also used medicinally. The peppered leaves are used to make a poultice to treat sciatica, lumbago and rheumatism (but have been observed to cause low blood pressure when combined with nitrates), while the seeds are used as a cathartic and the root, if prepared with care, as a purgative.
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Originally promoted as a healthy food for children, during World War II advertising emphasised its medicinal value: > Vegemite fights with the men up north! If you are one of those who don't > need Vegemite medicinally, then thousands of invalids are asking you to deny > yourself of it for the time being. At the same time, "Sister MacDonald" insisted that Vegemite was essential for "infant welfare" in magazines. Later advertisements began to promote the importance of the B complex vitamins to health.
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Apparently in mountainous areas where the ouhout occurs near streams it is an indication that they are suitable for being stocked with trout. Zulu people use a paste made from the crushed leaves of L. sericea for treating ophthalmia (an eye ailment). The tree is used by the local people as a charm to protect the inhabitants of homesteads. It has been reported that the leaves of Leucosidea sericea are used medicinally by some indigenous South African people as a vermifuge and astringent.
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It is used medicinally as a substitute to Cassia fistula for treating constipation, colic, chlorosis and urinary disorders. Its leaves are effective against herpes simplex and the bark of C. javanica is one of the ingredients in ayurvedic and other traditional medicine antidiabetic formulations.C.Javanica Phytochemical and Pharmocologocal Profile C. javanica yields a lightweight to heavy hardwood that is used for general construction, furniture and cabinet making. The bark of C. javanica is used for tanning in the leather processing industry.
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Magnesium citrate is a magnesium preparation in salt form with citric acid in a 1:1 ratio (1 magnesium atom per citrate molecule). The name "magnesium citrate" is ambiguous and sometimes may refer to other salts such as trimagnesium citrate which has a magnesium:citrate ratio of 3:2. Magnesium citrate is used medicinally as a saline laxative and to completely empty the bowel prior to a major surgery or colonoscopy. It is available without a prescription, both as a generic and under various brand names.
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Roots are also used medicinally in treating a gamut of conditions, from dizziness and indigestion to chest colds to venereal diseases. Suckering shoots provide binding fibers, and the malleable, pale brown to white wood is used to carve tool handles, or fashioned into poles. Wood ash is an admixture to chewing tobacco and snuff, and also in soap production as solvent. The essential oils in the fruits and leaves are valued for their organic chemical constituents: car-3-ene (in fruit) and linalool (from leaves).
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Plants pollinated by B. affinis (such as Aralia and Spiraea) are used medicinally by aboriginal peoples of Canada known as the First Nations. Thus, the recent decline of B. affinis could have far-reaching effects on ecosystems, economic stability, and cultural traditions. In 2008, three recent events were reported to have led to the decline of B. affinis' agricultural role: pathogen spillover, pesticide use, and habitat loss. Many bumblebees used in commercial businesses harbor harmful parasites that can impact nearby wild populations of B. affinis.
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Reptile and amphibian fossils like Captorhinus are found nearby in other counties. Such Permian remains are viable candidates for the fossils used medicinally by the Comanche, but local Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaur remains like those of Apatosaurus, Saurophaganax, Sauroposeidon and Tenontosaurus are also candidates. More recent mammal fossils were also used by the Comanche for medicine like those of bears, giant bison, camels, glyptodonts, Columbian mammoths, and mastodons. Comanches used bits of mammoth leg bone to draw out boils, infections, poisons and pain from wounds.
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Brugmansia species have also traditionally been used in many South American indigenous cultures in medical preparations and as an entheogen in religious or spiritual ceremonies. Medicinally, they have mostly been used externally as part of a poultice, tincture, ointment, or where the leaves are directly applied transdermally to the skin. Traditional external uses have included the treating of aches and pains, dermatitis, orchitis, arthritis, rheumatism, headaches, infections, and as an anti-inflammatory. They have been used internally much more rarely due to the inherent dangers of ingestion.
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Artemisia vulgaris, the common mugwort, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is one of several species in the genus Artemisia commonly known as mugwort, although Artemisia vulgaris is the species most often called mugwort. It is also occasionally known as riverside wormwood, felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, wild wormwood, old Uncle Henry, sailor's tobacco, naughty man, old man or St. John's plant (not to be confused with St John's wort). Mugworts have been used medicinally and as culinary herbs.
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Salvia scabra is a herbaceous perennial native to the southeastern strand of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, growing on sandy shores, coastal brush, and hilly slopes up to an elevation of 600 feet. It was described and named by Carl Thunberg in 1800. The leaves and an extract from the roots have been used medicinally in its native region for at least one hundred years. Salvia scabra was introduced to California gardens around 1996, and is extremely adaptable to many types of conditions.
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Salvia bowleyana (in Chinese: nan dan shen, nan-dan-shen) is a perennial plant native to China, south of the Yangtze River, growing on hillsides, beside streams, in forests, and in valleys between elevation. It is used medicinally in China in the same way as Salvia miltiorrhiza and is often confused with it. Salvia miltiorrhiza's common name is "dan shen", while S. bowleyana's is "nan dan shen", which means "southern dan shen". Salvia bowleyana grows up to tall, with flowers that are purple to purple-blue.
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Within the grounds of the factory there is a temple to Baba Shyam and a mazar, both said to predate the factory. There is also a solar clock, installed by the British opium agent Hopkins Esor from 1911 to 1913. Rudyard Kipling, who was familiar with opium both medicinally and recreationally, visited the Ghazipur factory in 1888 and published a description of its workings in The Pioneer on 16 April 1888. The text, In an Opium Factory is freely available from Adelaide University's ebook library.
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Memecylon umbellatum, commonly known as ironwood, anjani (Tamil), (Malayalam) or alli (Hindi), is a small tree found in India, the Andaman islands and the coastal region of the Deccan. It is also found in Sri Lanka, where it is called blue mist, kora-kaha (Sinhala language) and kurrikaya (Tamil language). The leaves contain a yellow dye, a glucoside, which is used for dyeing the robes of Buddhist monks and for colouring reed mats (Dumbara mats). Medicinally, the leaves are said to have anti-diarrhoeal properties.
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In the Mvskoke Creek tribes of Alabama, Oklahoma, and Northwest Florida, Angelica atropurpurea (known as "Notossv" in the Creek language) has both medicinal and ceremonial uses. Medicinally, Notossv is used by the Creeks to: cure back pain in adults; to calm panic attacks or people that are in hysterics; as a vermifuge in children; as well as treating stomach disorders. Mvskoke Creek Ceremonial uses include preventing heat stroke during the Ribbon Dance in the Green Corn Ceremony, aiding ceremonial singers, and to help those in legal trouble.
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Today, hot chocolate is consumed for pleasure rather than medicinally, but new research suggests that there may be other health benefits attributed to the drink. Several negative effects can be attributed to drinking hot chocolate, as some hot chocolate recipes contain high amounts of sugar, hydrogenated oils, or fats. Back when chocolate was first taking root in popularity it was opposed by the Catholic church. It was seen to lack the ability to break fast, seeing as it was consumed in its liquid form.
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This earthstar has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as a hemostatic agent; the spore dust is applied externally to stop wound bleeding and reduce chilblains. Two Indian forest tribes, the Baiga and the Bharia of Madhya Pradesh, have been reported to use the fruit bodies medicinally. The spore mass is blended with mustard seed oil, and used as a salve against burns. The Blackfoot of North America called the fungus "fallen stars", considering them to be stars fallen to the earth during supernatural events.
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The history of aspirin (IUPAC name acetylsalicylic acid) begins with its synthesis and manufacture in 1899. Before that, salicylic acid had been used medicinally since antiquity. Medicines made from willow and other salicylate- rich plants appear in clay tablets from ancient Sumer as well as the Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt. Hippocrates referred to the use of salicylic tea to reduce fevers around 400 BC, and willow bark preparations were part of the pharmacopoeia of Western medicine in classical antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Spruce gum has been used medicinally, primarily to heal deep cuts and sores in the Dene culture. In the 1870s, Sisters of Providence located in Montreal, Canada, developed a spruce gum syrup for treating coughs and bronchitis. In the 20th century, commercial spruce tree processing turned to paper manufacturing to meet demand from the newspaper industry, thereby reducing the availability of spruce for other purposes, including the production of spruce gum. Today, it is available in small batches made at home rather than commercially.
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In medieval Europe, traditionally, there are three methods one can use to cure a victim of lycanthropy; medicinally (usually via the use of wolfsbane), surgically, or by exorcism. However, many of the cures advocated by medieval medical practitioners proved fatal to the patients. A Sicilian belief of Arabic origin holds that a werewolf can be cured of its ailment by striking it on the forehead or scalp with a knife. Another belief from the same culture involves the piercing of the werewolf's hands with nails.
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Tososan The recipe is said to have originated as a prescription of the famous Chinese physician Hua Tuo during the Three Kingdoms period. Ingredients have changed somewhat over time; some of the original Chinese ones were deemed at one point or another to be too potent for casual consumption. Nowadays it is typically made from Japanese pepper, asiasari radix, apiaceae, cinnamon, dried ginger, atractylodes Japonica, Chinese bellflower and rhubarb, amongst others. It is held to be effective medicinally and useful at the onset of colds.
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In 2008, a study was carried out on the anatomical structure of the leaf and drought resistance of 4 different species of Iris (Iris songarica, Iris potaninii, Iris loczyi and Iris lactea) from Qinghai, China. It showed that all the species were strongly adaptable to drought conditions. In 2013, a chemical analysis study was carried on Iris loczyi and Iris unguicularis, as both plants are known as medicinally important.Q. Ashton Acton Iris loczyi contains the compounds 'Arborinone' and 'Irisoid A'.Goutam Brahmachari As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes.
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Salvia disermas is a herbaceous perennial shrub native to South Africa (the Cape Provinces, the Free State and the Northern Provinces), found in streambeds, moist forest, grassland, and disturbed ground. It was originally specified as rugosa, but was changed to disermas. It grows throughout west Africa, with its greatest concentration in South Africa, where it is used medicinally as a tea, and as a lotion for treating sores. Salvia disermas is an evergreen that reaches about in height and width, with numerous stems growing from the rootstock, each with multiple inflorescences that curve upward.
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Salvia digitaloides is a herbaceous perennial shrub native to the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan, first collected by Scot botanist George Forrest and named by Friedrich Ludwig Emil Diels in Germany in 1912, from Forrest's specimens. In its native habitat it grows between 7,000-11,000 ft elevation in dry shady pine forests, in east-facing scrub oak forests, and on grassy hillsides and valleys. Uncommon in horticulture, seeds have been collected and plants displayed at Quarryhill Botanical Garden in Glen Ellyn, California. The plant is used medicinally in Yunnan.
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Poirot claims that he can solve the mystery within twenty-four hours simply by interviewing the suspects. During these interviews he establishes a timeline that seems impossible: Sarah King places the time of death considerably before the times at which various of the family members claim last to have seen the victim alive. Attention is focused on a hypodermic syringe that has seemingly been stolen from Dr. Gerard's tent and later replaced. The poison administered to the victim is believed to be digitoxin, something that she already took medicinally.
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This trend in Greek diet continued in Roman and Ottoman times and changed only fairly recently when technological progress has made meat more available. Wine and olive oil have always been a central part of it and the spread of grapes and olive trees in the Mediterranean and further afield is correlated with Greek colonization. Byzantine cuisine was similar to ancient cuisine, with the addition of new ingredients, such as caviar, nutmeg and basil. Lemons, prominent in Greek cuisine and introduced in the second century, were used medicinally before being incorporated into the diet.
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When the Romans defeated him, his medical notes fell into their hands and Roman medici began to use them. Emperor Nero's physician Andromachus improved upon mithridatum by bringing the total number of ingredients to sixty-four, including viper's flesh, a mashed decoction of which, first roasted then well aged, proved the most constant ingredient.Norman F. Cantor, In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It made(New York: Harper) 2001: 174ff. Lise Manniche, however, links the origins of theriac to the ancient Egyptian kyphi recipe, which was also used medicinally.
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Peppertree is the subject of extensive folk medicinal lore where it is indigenous. Virtually all parts of this tropical tree, including its leaves, bark, fruit, seeds, resin and oleoresin (or balsam) have been used medicinally by indigenous peoples throughout the tropics. The plant has a very long history of use and appears in ancient religious artifacts and on idols among some of the ancient Chilean Amerindians. Throughout South and Central America, Brazilian peppertree is reported to be an astringent, antibacterial, diuretic, digestive stimulant, tonic, antiviral and wound healer.
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2-Methylbutanoic acid is a minor constituent of Angelica archangelica and the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), where it co-occurs with valeric acid and isovaleric acid. The dried root of this plant has been used medicinally since antiquity. The chemical identity of all three compounds was first investigated in the 19th century by oxidation of the components of fusel alcohol, which includes the five-carbon amyl alcohols. Among the products isolated was a compound which gave a (+) rotation in polarised light, indicating it to be the (2S) isomer.
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The medicinal uses of insects and other arthropods worldwide have been reviewed by Meyer-Rochow,Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (2017). Therapeutic arthropods and other, largely terrestrial, folk- medicinally important invertebrates: a comparative survey and review. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 13:9 (31 pages) who provides examples of all major insect groups,spiders, worms and molluscs and discusses their potential as suppliers of bioactive components. Using insects (and spiders) to treat various maladies and injuries has a long tradition and, having stood the test of time, can be effective and provide results.
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Schisandra is native to East Asia, and its dried fruit is sometimes used medicinally. The berries of S. chinensis are given the name wu wei zi in Chinese (五味子; pinyin: wǔ wèi zi), which translates as "five flavor fruit" because they possess all five basic flavors in Chinese herbal medicine: salty, sweet, sour, pungent (spicy), and bitter. In traditional Chinese medicine it is used as a remedy for many ailments: to resist infections, increase skin health, and combat insomnia, coughing, and thirst.Panossian A., Wikman G. Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.
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Balm of Gilead, an exhibition at Jerusalem Balm of Gilead was a rare perfume used medicinally, that was mentioned in the Bible, and named for the region of Gilead, where it was produced. The expression stems from William Tyndale's language in the King James Bible of 1611, and has come to signify a universal cure in figurative speech. The tree or shrub producing the balm is commonly identified as Commiphora gileadensis. Some botanical scholars have concluded that the actual source was a terebinth tree in the genus Pistacia.
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Cannabis Planet is an American television program created by Brad Lane with the intent to promote the benefits of marijuana. According to producers, the show covers "the merits of the cannabis plant (medicinally, industrially, agriculturally), and the benefits this plant brings to planet earth, mankind and the United States." The Los Angeles-based program first broadcast in July 2009 on the television station KJLA, which airs throughout most of Southern California. Most recently, the program broadcast 13 new episodes into 5 major media markets including Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Washington D.C. and Palm Beach. (Oct.
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Since medieval times, the herb has been hung over doors, windows and icons to keep witches and evil spirits away. It is also used medicinally, and was used thus by the Knights Hospitaller. In some areas, they are dipped in a vessel with water and left outside, exposed to the dew of night until the following morning, when people use the resulting flower water to wash their faces. goatsbeard and masterwort are traditionally fashioned into a cross and then are taken to one's local church, where they are blessed by a Christian priest.
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The drug ephedrine, an antidepressant and decongestant, is made from this and other Ephedra species. A tea can be made by boiling the stems, whence the common name, "green Mormon tea". The plant was used medicinally by both Native Americans and the ancient Chinese to treat various afflictions including STDs such as gonorrhea and syphilis, kidney diseases, and complications with menstruation. Native American tribes such as the Shoshone and Paiute tribes boiled tea using the stem of the plant and combined it with the bark of Purshia tridentata, a Californian shrub.
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Although some accounts indicate that the cooked greens of this plant may be edible as an emergency food, the entire plant, and especially the root, is known to induce vomiting. The fruit is considered a suspected poison. Trillium sessile has been used medicinally to treat tumors. T. sessile is sometimes cited as having been used as a poultice for boils and as a panacea-like decoction, but this is doubtful as it is attributed to Native American tribes (the Yuki and Wailaki) of California, where this plant is not known to occur.
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The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota. Ascomycota is a monophyletic group (it contains all descendants of one common ancestor). Previously placed in the Deuteromycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or anamorphic) ascomycetes are now identified and classified based on morphological or physiological similarities to ascus-bearing taxa, and by phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences. The ascomycetes are of particular use to humans as sources of medicinally important compounds, such as antibiotics, for fermenting bread, alcoholic beverages and cheese.
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Schoenocaulon is a North American genus of perennial herbaceous flowering plants, ranging from the southern United States to Peru. It is a member of the Melanthiaceae, according to the APG III classification system, and is placed in the tribe Melanthieae. Unlike other genera in the tribe, the flowers are arranged in a spike; depending on the species the flower stalks for each flower are either very short or completely absent. Feathershank is a common name, the medicinally used S. officinale is called Sabadilla (pronunciation: /sab-uh-dil-uh/, IPA: /ˌsæb əˈdɪl ə/).
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Native Americans used the juice pressed from the roots of this plant to poison arrows before combat. The dried powdered root of this plant was also used as an insecticide.Edible and Medicinal plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, Western American Indian tribes have a long history of using this plant medicinally, and combined minute amounts of the winter- harvested root of this plant with Salvia dorii to potentiate its effects and reduce the toxicity of the herb. The plants' teratogenic properties and ability to induce severe birth defects were well known to Native Americans.
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P450 monooxygenases are involved in the amygdalin biosynthetic pathway. A point mutation in a bHLH transcription factor prevents transcription of the two cytochrome P450 genes, resulting in the sweet kernel trait. Extract of bitter almond was once used medicinally but even in small doses, effects are severe or lethal, especially in children; the cyanide must be removed before consumption. The acute oral lethal dose of cyanide for adult humans is reported to be of body weight (approximately 50 bitter almonds), whereas for children, consuming 5–10 bitter almonds may be fatal.
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Like many other species of seahorse, the great seahorse is used both medicinally and for aquariums. It's one of the harder types to purchase and care for, as it is large and does not compete well with others for food, often resulting in early death. One of the major reasons the great seahorse is removed from captivity is due to its medicinal effects in China and other east Asian countries. It is said to help with problems such as impotence, and its prevalence on the market has increased in recent years.
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5–6 Elsewhere in the world, a study on the use of mushrooms by the Bini people inhabiting a remote village in southern Nigeria found that the local inhabitants collected and ate A. auricula-judae, but that it was not one of the mushrooms they used medicinally. Collection of the mushroom for culinary use has also been documented in Nepal. However, the Nepalese do not consider it a choice mushroom for eating; of the three grades given to edible mushrooms, it was given the worst. Again, unlike other mushrooms, no medicinal use was reported.
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It has pinnate, alternate leaves, 60–80 cm long, armed with two rows of spines on the upper face.India Biodiversity Portal, Calamus rotang L., common rattan The plants are dioecious, and flowers are clustered in attractive inflorescences, enclosed by spiny spathes. The edible fruits are top-shaped, covered in shiny, reddish- brown imbricate scales, and exude an astringent red resin known medicinally and commercially as "dragon's blood". The canes are sought-after and expensive, but have to a large extent been replaced by sticks made from plants, such as bamboos, rushes and osier willows.
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According to other authorities, however, it has never been used medicinally, but has been confused with two species that have a history of medicinal use: A. alpina (Alpine lady's mantle) and A. xanthochlora. Showing the beading effect of water on its leaves The plant is often grown as a ground cover, and is valued for the appearance of its leaves in wet weather. Water beads on the leaves due to their dewetting properties. These beads of water were considered by alchemists to be the purest form of water.
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Madagascar hissing cockroaches kept as pets Cockroaches were known and considered repellent but medicinally useful in Classical times. An insect named in Greek "σίλφη" (silphe) has been identified with the cockroach, though the scientific name Silpha refers to a genus of carrion beetles. It is mentioned by Aristotle, saying that it sheds its skin; it is described as foul-smelling in Aristophanes' play Peace; Euenus called it a pest of book collections, being "page-eating, destructive, black-bodied" in his Analect. Virgil named the cockroach "Lucifuga" ("one that avoids light").
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Many indole alkaloids formed from strictosidine synthase-catalyzed condensation are important precursors to medicinally important compounds such as quinine, the antineoplastic drug camptothecin, and anticancer drugs vincristine and vinblastine. Because of this, strictosidine synthase is widely known as the enzyme of choice for investigations towards chemoenzymatic alkaloid synthesis. One such investigation found (21S)-12-aza- nacycline, a 12-aza-strictosidine derivative, to exhibit potent cytotoxicity to the A549 cancer cell line. However, the enzyme possesses a high degree of substrate specificity, with the indole moiety of tryptamine required for substrate recognition.
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The heilala flower is considered the most chiefly of flowers in Tongan culture.Thaman, K.H. (2007) Partnerships for progressing cultural democracy in teacher education in Pacific Island countries. In T. Townsend & R. Bates(Eds) Handbook of teacher education (p63) The Netherlands: Springer It is prized for its fragranceHeilala Malu: Tongan Framework for Suicide Prevention (2017) Le Va Online Resource and often used to make garlands or kahoa.Burrows, Sulieti (2015) Auckland Museum, Collections Online Neck Ornament Heilala is traditionally used medicinally for morning sickness; as an eyewash; for skin rashes and stomach ache.
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Allium sikkimense is a plant species native to Sikkim, Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, India and parts of China (Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan). It grows in meadows and on the edges of forests at elevations of 2400–5000 m.Flora of China v 24 p 178, Allium sikkimense The species is cultivated as an ornamental in other regions because of its strikingly beautiful blue flowers.Plant World Seeds, Newton Abbot, Devon, United KingdomSequim Rare Plants, Sequim, Washington State, USADave's Garden Plant Files It is used medicinally in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas.
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A female capuchin monkey in captivity was observed using tools covered in a sugar-based syrup to groom her wounds and those of her infant. North American brown bears (Ursos arctos) make a paste of Osha roots (Ligusticum porteri) and saliva and rub it through their fur to repel insects or soothe bites. This plant, locally known as "bear root", contains 105 active compounds, such as coumarins that may repel insects when topically applied. Navajo Indians are said to have learned to use this root medicinally from the bear for treating stomach aches and infections.
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Puffballs and some tree fungi (polypores) were used medicinally by Interior Salish and other peoples. In addition, the Interior Salish did eat approximately six different types of mushrooms traditionally and some Chilcotin people were said to eat certain types. Considering the large variety and general abundance of different types of mushrooms and fleshy fungi available to First Nations peoples of British Columbia, it is somewhat surprising that so few were used traditionally as food. Possibly this is because it is difficult to distinguish toxic from non- toxic types.
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The whole plant is used medicinally, and the species is threatened in many regions by over-exploitation. Preferential collection of the larger plants of the species for medicinal use and souvenirs appears to be causing selection to favour shorter plants in areas that are heavily harvested. Plants in an area that is protected are about 9 cm taller than plants in the harvest areas. Another closely related plant that is not as desirable to collectors, Saussurea medusa, shows no height differences between the protected area and the harvest area.
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The plant is used medicinally in China, where it has the common name Langdu (狼毒花) lit. "wolf poison" (狼 lang "wolf" + 毒 dú "poison" + 花 huā "flower"). It shares this vernacular name with two other medicinal plants: Euphorbia fischeriana and the unrelated Stellera chamaejasme (family Thymelaceae) - which nonetheless has similar qualities, medicinal properties and uses, these being pungency, toxicity, cathartic, anthelmintic and expectorant activity, and topical use to treat ulcers and skin diseases. Perry, Lily M. assisted by Metzger, Judith Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia, pub.
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The plasmids and/ or vectors are used to incorporate multiple copies of a specific gene that would allow more enzymes to be produced that eventually cause more product yield. The manipulation of organisms in order to yield a specific product has many applications to the real world like the production of some antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, solvents, alcohol and daily products. Microorganisms play a big role in the industry, with multiple ways to be used. Medicinally, microbes can be used for creating antibiotics in order to treat antibiotics.
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Lanky moss along with other moss species have been used for medicinal, practical and artistic purposes by local indigenous communities. It has a long history of uses and is not only a key species in a prospering forest but is also serves an essential role in cultural traditions. Indigenous people living in North America used moss as a raw material to make baskets, clothes and protecting insulation for their homes. They used it medicinally as a wound dressing and as a tool to stop excessive bleeding because of its incredible ability to absorb or retain liquid.
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This species is capable of producing the same medicinally active components as H. perforatum (hyperforin etc.), though in different ratios, with adhyperforin predominating, and a low level of hyperforin present. Research has shown that the UV pigments of the Hypericum calycinum flower stave off predators such as mites and aphids. One type of DIP (dearomatized isoprenylated phloroglucinols), a category of pigments alongside flavonoids, was found to be toxic to a caterpillar as well. A large quantity of DIPs were found in the male and female reproductive organs, which furthers emphasizes the use of DIPs as a defense mechanism.
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The gallic and ellagic acid hydrolyzable tannins react with proteins to produce typical tanning effects; medicinally, this is important to topically treat inflamed or ulcerated tissues. They also contribute to most of the astringent property of manjakani and in small insignificant doses, are great for skin whitening and killing microorganisms. Although both types of tannin have been used to treat diseases in traditional medicine, the hydrolyzable tannins have long been considered official medicinal agents in Europe and North America. They have been included in many pharmacopoeias, in the older editions in particular, and are specifically referred to as tannic acid.
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His book examines the strong documentary evidence in medieval medical handbooks that dried human blood, traded by both Jewish and Christian merchants, was thought to be medicinally efficacious. Under the stress of forced conversions, expulsions and massacres, Toaff thinks it possible that in certain Ashkenazi groups dried human blood came to play a magical role in calling down God's vengeance on Christians, the historic persecutors of the Jews, and that this reaction may have affected certain forms of ritual practice among a restricted number of Ashkenazi Jews during Passover.Ariel Toaff, Ebraismo Virtuale,Rizzoli, 2008 pp.101-105.
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500-milligram calcium supplements made from calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate is widely used medicinally as an inexpensive dietary calcium supplement for gastric antacid (such as Tums). It may be used as a phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia (primarily in patients with chronic kidney failure). It is used in the pharmaceutical industry as an inert filler for tablets and other pharmaceuticals. Calcium carbonate is used in the production of calcium oxide as well as toothpaste and has seen a resurgence as a food preservative and color retainer, when used in or with products such as organic apples.
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The Shuyiji 述異記 "Records of Strange Things", compiled by Ren Fang 任昉 (460–508), has a story about finding a fangxiang 方相 "demon that eats brains of the dead", also called fushu 弗述 "not state" or ao 媪 "old woman". The Bencao gangmu quotes the story and records medicinally using the brain of the brain-eating Fangxiang. > The book Shuyi Ji: In the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC) once an animal was caught > by a hunter in Chencang [陳倉]. It looked like a cross between a pig and a > sheep.
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Taheebo has been used for years in Central America and South America to Therapy treat a number of diseases including Eczema, Candidiasis, Fungal infections and even cancer. The worth and use of Taheebo extract has been related to the importance of quinine, which is taken from the bark of the South American Cinchona tree and is a medicinally accepted treatment for malaria. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as an expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants.
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This plant is a traditional source of food for many Native American groups, and its parts are used medicinally, including as a treatment for tuberculosis. It also has been used ceremonially in association with the fishing and processing of salmon among peoples of southwestern British Columbia and Washington. For example, the W̱SÁNEĆ (Saanich), who called it qe _x_ mín, burn the seeds in a fire or on a stove when drying the salmon. Among other peoples also, including the Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu-chah-nulth, the seeds are burned as an incense at funerals and chewed by singers to ease their throats.
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In Mexico, there is a history of the use of M. tomentosa as a traditional remedy for sexual dysfunction. An extract of the leaves was also used to start uterine contractions to induce menstruation, abortion, and labor, and to slow postpartum bleeding. The related species Montanoa frutescens has similar effects in rats, but is much more likely to have contraceptive effects by causing structural changes in the endometrium. At traditionally medicinally used amounts (75 mg/kg), M. tomentosa increased expression of sexual and mounting behavior in sexually active male rats and also in genitally anesthetized rats which were previously sexually inactive (noncopulators).
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Although dewberries are often too scattered and small to be an important traditional food for aboriginal groups in North America, those groups living in southern and eastern parts of the continent used the roots medicinally, to relieve various stomach ailments or to treat women with pregnancy or menstruation-related problems. The fruits are sweet and juicy right off the plant, but can also be used in jams, jellies, and most recipes involving red raspberries. If separating the berry from the receptacle frustrates your efforts to obtain a tasty treat, just eat the berry and receptacle together - both are quite edible.
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Kola kanda (also known as Kola kandha or Kola kenda) () is a traditional herbal congee or gruel made from raw rice, coconut milk and the fresh juice of medicinally valued leafy greens. The leaves may include gotukola, karapincha, welpenela, iramusu, hatawariya, polpala, karapincha or ranawara, depending upon the type of ailment that is being sought to prevent or cure. It is usually served at breakfast, steaming hot, with a piece of jaggery (palm sugar) to counter the bitterness of the herbal leaves. According to ancient texts, including the Dīpavaṃsa and Mahāvaṃsa, the habit of consuming Kola kanda originated with the Buddhist culture.
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After the sheriff arrested the Corrals again one year later, the district attorney stated he had no intention of ever prosecuting them and requested law enforcement agencies to leave the couple alone. In 1993 the Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana, (WAMM) was formed. Valerie Corral was a key-player in the crafting, and passage of, Proposition 215 – also known as the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 – which allowed patients with a doctor's recommendation to use marijuana medicinally. WAMM became the first medical marijuana collective to be granted not-for-profit status in the United States.
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Indigenous Tharawal peoples from around the Cronulla region of southern Sydney use the Waratah medicinally. Placing the flowers into a bowl of water, so that the nectar be soaked out, the flower water is then drunk for pleasure, for its strengthening effect and for curing illnesses in children and elderly. The botanical journal Telopea is named after the genus, as is the western Sydney suburb of Telopea, New South Wales. Telopea speciosissima the floral emblem of the state of New South Wales and several organisations in the state, including the New South Wales Waratahs rugby team and Grace Bros.
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Crystal structure of calcite Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite (most notably as limestone, which is a type of sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcite) and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggs. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is created when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to create limescale. It is medicinally used as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous and cause poor digestion.
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The antibiotic penicillin is a natural product derived from the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Several anti-infective medications have been derived from fungi including penicillin and the cephalosporins (antibacterial drugs from Penicillium chrysogenum and Cephalosporium acremonium, respectively) and griseofulvin (an antifungal drug from Penicillium griseofulvum). Other medicinally useful fungal metabolites include lovastatin (from Pleurotus ostreatus), which became a lead for a series of drugs that lower cholesterol levels, cyclosporin (from Tolypocladium inflatum), which is used to suppress the immune response after organ transplant operations, and ergometrine (from Claviceps spp.), which acts as a vasoconstrictor, and is used to prevent bleeding after childbirth. Asperlicin (from Aspergillus alliaceus) is another example.
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Indian Argemone mexicana Argemone mexicana - MHNT Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy, Mexican prickly poppy, flowering thistle, cardo or cardosanto) is a species of poppy found in Mexico and now widely naturalized in many parts of the world. An extremely hardy pioneer plant, it is tolerant of drought and poor soil, often being the only cover on new road cuttings or verges. It has bright yellow latex. It is poisonous to grazing animals, and it is rarely eaten, but it has been used medicinally by many peoples, including those in its native area, as well as the Natives of the western US, parts of Mexico and many parts of India.
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The drink became popular in Europe after being introduced from Mexico in the New World and has undergone multiple changes since then. Until the 19th century, hot chocolate was even used medicinally to treat ailments such as liver and stomach diseases. Hot chocolate is consumed throughout the world and comes in multiple variations, including the spiced chocolate para mesa of Latin America, the very thick cioccolata calda served in Italy and chocolate a la taza served in Spain, and the thinner hot cocoa consumed in the United States. Prepared hot chocolate can be purchased from a range of establishments, including cafeterias, fast food restaurants, coffeehouses and teahouses.
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The magazine was founded in 2009 by Jeremy Zachary with the stated mission of informing and entertaining the estimated 500,000-plus medical-cannabis patients in the Greater Southern California area. The first issue was published in June 2009. Zachary developed his concept for CULTURE after noting a lack of cannabis publications that directly addressed the interests of the average medical-marijuana patient. Most either promoted cannabis cultivation and/or the "stoner" lifestyle. With Southern California’s medical-cannabis industry growing rapidly, Zachary believed a publication was needed that eschewed politics and the "pothead" image and, instead, focused on the general interests and lifestyles of those who used cannabis medicinally.
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Yellow birch has been used medicinally by Native Americans as a blood purifier and for other uses. The Ojibwe make a compound decoction from the inner bark and take it as a diuretic.Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199 They also make use of Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis, taking of the bark for internal blood diseases,Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 and mixing its sap and maple sap used for a pleasant beverage drink.
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The drink became popular in Europe after being introduced from Mexico in the New World and has undergone multiple changes since then. Until the 19th century, hot chocolate was even used medicinally to treat ailments such as liver and stomach diseases. Hot chocolate is consumed throughout the world and comes in multiple variations, including the spiced chocolate para mesa of Latin America, the very thick cioccolata calda served in Italy and chocolate a la taza served in Spain, and the thinner hot cocoa consumed in the United States. Prepared hot chocolate can be purchased from a range of establishments, including cafeterias, fast food restaurants, coffeehouses and teahouses.
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Lead is a naturally occurring metal of bluish-grey color that has been used for multiple purposes in the history of human civilization. Being soft and pliable, as well as resistant to corrosion compared to other metals, has resulted in lead being used for many different items across time. Some of the earliest items made from lead were beads and jewelry dating back to 7th millennium B.C. Its malleability made lead an ideal choice for the Romans to build pipes for transporting water. Furthermore, lead acetate (also referred to as "sugar of lead") has been reported to have been used medicinally in the past.
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Arsphenamine, also known as salvarsan, discovered in 1907 by Paul Ehrlich. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the first synthetic antibacterial organoarsenic compound salvarsan, now called arsphenamine.
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The total synthesis of the steroidal sex hormone equilenin, published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1940, was the first successful total synthesis of a complex natural product. In the context of the time, it was not a widely disseminated view that chemical structures of this degree of structural and stereochemical complexity could indeed be made from common starting chemicals. The Vitalism theory still distorted many people's views as to the relationship between "ordinary" chemicals and such esoterica as animal-isolated sex hormones. So the "Bachmann, Cole and Wilds" paper is widely recognized as inaugurating the modern era of chemical synthesis of complex medicinally important structures.
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The counterculture movement dominated the second half of the 1960s, its most famous moments being the Summer of Love in San Francisco in 1967, and the Woodstock Festival in upstate New York in 1969. Psychedelic drugs, especially LSD, were widely used medicinally, spiritually and recreationally throughout the late 1960s, and were popularized by Timothy Leary with his slogan "Turn on, tune in, drop out". Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters also played a part in the role of "turning heads on". Psychedelic influenced the music, artwork and films of the decade, and a number of prominent musicians died of drug overdoses (see 27 Club).
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Before influence from the British and American governments, cannabis was widely used within Central Asia medicinally, as a staple, for textile, and for psychotropic effects. It was revered, as stated within the Atharvaveda, as one of five sacred plants and it was believed that a guardian angel exists within it A 1983 report by the Pakistan Narcotics Control Board states that drug usage was largely stable in the 1950s-1970s with opium and cannabis being common, but there was an upsurge in cannabis usage by middle class youths in the late 1960s and early 1970s due to the influence of Western pop culture. However, by the 1980s the habit fell from fashion in the middle class.
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At the University of Hawaii, Ball investigated the chemical makeup and active principle of Piper methysticum (kava) for her master's thesis. Because of this work, she was contacted by Dr Harry T. Hollmann at Kalihi Hospital in Hawaii, who needed an assistant for his research into the treatment of leprosy. At the time, leprosy or Hansen's Disease was a highly stigmatized disease with virtually no chance of recovery. People diagnosed with leprosy were exiled to the Hawaiian island of Molokai with the expectation that they would die there. The best treatment available was chaulmoogra oil, from the seeds of the Hydnocarpus wightianus tree from the Indian subcontinent, which had been used medicinally from as early as the 1300s.
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The Americas were more highly influenced by the Doctrine of Signatures than China, India, or Africa, most likely because of their colonial history with Europe. The majority of insect use in medicine is associated with Central America and parts of South America, rather than North America, and most of it is based on the medical techniques of indigenous peoples. Currently, insect medicine is practiced much more rarely than in China, India, or Africa, though it is still relatively common in rural areas with large indigenous populations. Some examples to follow: Chapulines, or grasshoppers, are commonly consumed as a toasted regional dish in some parts of Mexico, but they are also used medicinally.
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It has been suggested that the extinct hominin Paranthropus boisei (the "Nutcracker Man") subsisted on tiger nuts. C. esculentus was one of the oldest cultivated plants in prehistoric and Ancient Egypt, where it was an important food. Roots of wild chufa have been found at Wadi Kubbaniya, north of Aswan, dating to around 16,000 BC. Dry tubers also appear later in tombs of the Predynastic period, around 3000 BC. During that time, C. esculentus tubers were consumed either boiled in beer, roasted, or as sweets made of ground tubers with honey. The tubers were also used medicinally, taken orally, as an ointment, or as an enema, and used in fumigants to sweeten the smell of homes or clothing.
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In the western United States, yerba buena most often refers to the species Clinopodium douglasii (synonyms: Satureja douglasii, Micromeria douglasii), but may rarely refer to Eriodictyon californicum, which is more commonly known as yerba santa. In parts of Central America yerba buena often refers to Eau de Cologne mint, a true mint sometimes called "bergamot mint" with a strong citrus-like aroma that is used medicinally and as a cooking herb and tea. In Cuba, yerba buena generally refers to Mentha nemorosa, a popular plant also known as large apple mint, foxtail mint, hairy mint, woolly mint or, simply, Cuban mint. In Puerto Rico a close relative of traditional culinary savory, Satureja viminea, is sometimes used.
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Curare is a plant poison derived from - among other species - Chondrodendron tomentosum and various species belonging to the genus Strychnos, which are native to the rainforests of South America. Certain peoples indigenous to the region - notably the Macusi - crush and cook the roots and stems of these and certain other plants and then mix the resulting decoction with various other plant poisons and animal venoms to create a syrupy liquid in which to dip their arrow heads and the tips of their blowgun darts. Curare has also been used medicinally by South Americans to treat madness, dropsy, edema, fever, kidney stones, and bruises. Curare acts as a neuromuscular blocking agent which induces flaccid paralysis.
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The bean was studied throughout the 1860s by a few different Edinburgh scientists, including Douglas Argyll Robertson who wrote a paper on the use of Calabar bean extract on the eye and was the first to use it medicinally, and Thomas Richard Fraser, who researched how to best extract the active principle, which was later determined to be physostigmine. Fraser also studied the antagonism between physostigmine and atropine extremely rigorously, at a time when the concept of antagonism had little if any experimental support. Fraser's research is still the basis of today's knowledge about the interactions between atropine and physostigmine at many different and specific doses. Physostigmine's first use as a treatment for glaucoma was by Ludwig Laqueur in 1876.
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Botulinum toxin types A and B (Botox, Dysport, Xeomin, MyoBloc), used both medicinally and cosmetically, are natural products from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The serendipitous discovery and subsequent clinical success of penicillin prompted a large-scale search for other environmental microorganisms that might produce anti-infective natural products. Soil and water samples were collected from all over the world, leading to the discovery of streptomycin (derived from Streptomyces griseus), and the realization that bacteria, not just fungi, represent an important source of pharmacologically active natural products. This, in turn, led to the development of an impressive arsenal of antibacterial and antifungal agents including amphotericin B, chloramphenicol, daptomycin and tetracycline (from Streptomyces spp.), the polymyxins (from Paenibacillus polymyxa), and the rifamycins (from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica).
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The consumption of young stinging nettle in medieval Europe was used medicinally, primarily as a diuretic and to treat joint pain and arthritis, hay fever and as a blood purifier. Various Native American tribes have used stinging nettles for centuries, including the Lakota using the root for stomach pain, the Ojibwa using the stewed leaves for skin issues and used it to fight dysentery, the Potawatomi using the roots for fever reduction, and the Winnebago used nettles for allergy symptoms. Stinging nettles are known to have a high nutritional value, including calcium, magnesium, iron, and vitamins A and B. Historically, one of the easy ways of consuming nettles is either through a soup or a tea because the boiling water deactivates the nettle from stinging.
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The seeds are said to be edible, but also to be employed as an insecticide and medicinally as an antipyretic, being boiled with water and taken for fever, indigestion and constipation, thus further implying laxative properties. The seeds are used in traditional Tibetan medicine in which system they are described as having an acrid taste and to possess 'a cooling, very poisonous potency' manifested in effects that are analgesic, anthelmintic, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic; being used also to treat toothache, impotence and unspecified 'contagious disorders' and furthermore to 'increase bodily vigour' (i.e. to function as an adaptogen) if consumed in regular doses. Nicandra physalodes is used as a folk remedy in several countries in the Himalaya, including Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Nepal and Sikkim,Polunin, Oleg and Stainton, Adam, Flowers of the Himalaya, pub.
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Related to other nut sedges (such as tigernut), priprioca roots release a light, woody, and spicy fragrance with floral notes. It is one of the traditional spices of the Amazon region, used medicinally in local tradition, and its reddish essential oil is used commercially both by the cosmetic industry, and increasingly as a flavoring for food. Like its relative papryus, priprioca fibers and rhizomes are also used in crafts, since in addition to the exuberant perfume, the products are resistant to mold, possibly indicating that the essential oil has antifungal properties. Among its main components are muskatone, alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, caryophyllene oxide, trans-pinocarveol, myrtenal, myrtenol, ledol, cyperotundone, and alpha- cyperone, though the oil is very complex and no single element plays a dominant role over the others.
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The sweet flavoured leaves are used medicinallyLassak, E.V., & McCarthy, T., Australian Medicinal Plants, Methuan Australia, pp91-92, 1983, . by Aborigines and non-indigenous colonists, including as a tea substitute White, J., Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, 1790 It was used medicinally in the earliest days of the colony of Port Jackson for treating scurvy, coughs and chest complaints. In correspondence to England in November 1788, Dennis Considen wrote: "I have sent you some of the sweet tea of this country which I recommended and is generally used by the marines and convicts as such it is a fair antiscorbutic as well as a substitute for tea which is more costly."Copy of letter received by Dr Anthony Hamiltion, from Dennis Considen, 18 November 1788, and sent onto Joseph Banks.
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Afterwards, the hydrazone is deprotonated by lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form an azaenolate, which reacts with alkyl halides or other suitable electrophiles to give alkylated hydrazone species with the simultaneous generation of a new chiral center. Finally, the alkylated ketone or aldehyde can be regenerated by ozonolysis or hydrolysis. Enders' SAMP/RAMP Hydrazone Alkylation Reaction This reaction is a useful technique for asymmetric α-alkylation of ketones and aldehydes, which are common synthetic intermediates for medicinally interesting natural products and other related organic compounds. These natural products include (-)-C10-demethyl arteannuin B, the structural analog of antimalarial artemisinin, the polypropionate metabolite (-)-denticulatin A and B isolated from Siphonaria denticulata, zaragozic acid A, a potent inhibitor of sterol synthesis, and epothilone A and B, which have been proven to be very effective anticancer drugs.
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Mummy was first recorded meaning "a medicinal preparation of the substance of mummies; hence, an unctuous liquid or gum used medicinally" (c. 1400), which Shakespeare used jocularly for "dead flesh; body in which life is extinct" (1598), and later "a pulpy substance or mass" (1601). Second, it was semantically extended to mean "a sovereign remedy" (1598), "a medicinal bituminous drug obtained from Arabia and the East" (1601), "a kind of wax used in the transplanting and grafting of trees" (1721), and "a rich brown bituminous pigment" (1854). The third mummy meaning was "the body of a human being or animal embalmed (according to the ancient Egyptian or some analogous method) as a preparation for burial" (1615), and "a human or animal body desiccated by exposure to sun or air" (1727).
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Bufotenin is a chemical constituent in the secretions and eggs of several species of toads belonging to the genus Bufo, but the Colorado River toad (Incillius alvarius) is the only toad species in which bufotenin is present in large enough quantities for a psychoactive effect. Extracts of toad secretion, containing bufotenin and other bioactive compounds, have been used in some traditional medicines such as ch’an su (probably derived from Bufo gargarizans), which has been used medicinally for centuries in China. The toad was "recurrently depicted in Mesoamerican art", which some authors have interpreted as indicating that the effects of ingesting Bufo secretions have been known in Mesoamerica for many years; however, others doubt that this art provides sufficient "ethnohistorical evidence" to support the claim. In addition to bufotenin, Bufo secretions also contain digoxin-like cardiac glycosides, and ingestion of the poison can be fatal.
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Katzenellenbogen's research is highly collaborative, and he works with other scientists locally, nationally, and internationally. He has published more than 550 articles and has trained over 130 PhD's and Postdoctoral Associates. He is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, on whose National Council he served for many years. He has received numerous awards from scientific societies, including the Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award, the E. B. Hershberg Award for Important Discoveries in Medicinally Active Substances from the American Chemical Society, the Endocrine Society's Fred Conrad Koch Lifetime Achievement Award, which he shared with Dr. Benita Katzenellenbogen, and the Award for Outstanding Achievements in Chemistry in Cancer Research from the American Association for Cancer Research In 2018, Katzenellenbogen was inducted into the Medicinal Chemistry Hall of Fame of the American Chemical Society.
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Bufotenin is a chemical constituent in the poison and eggs of several species of toads belonging to the genus Bufo, but most notably in the Colorado River toad (formerly Bufo alvarius, now Incilius alvarius) which is the only toad species in which bufotenin is present in large enough quantities for a psychoactive effect. Extracts of toad venom, containing bufotenin and other bioactive compounds, have been used in some traditional medicines such as ch’an su (probably derived from Bufo gargarizans), which has been used medicinally for centuries in China. The toad was "recurrently depicted in Mesoamerican art", which some authors have interpreted as indicating that the effects of ingesting Bufo secretions have been known in Mesoamerica for many years; however, others doubt that this art provides sufficient "ethnohistorical evidence" to support the claim. In addition to bufotenin, Bufo venoms also contain digoxin-like cardiac glycosides, and ingestion of the venom can be fatal.
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The fruit of this tree is seldom used in western Europe, but, once upon a time, it may possibly have been commonly eaten further east. According to Herodotus writing about 2500 years ago, a strange race of men and women, all bald from birth, who live in what may possibly be the foothills of the Urals, pick the bean-sized fruits of a tree called "pontic" to make a black juice from, and from the leftover lees of the fruit make a cake-like dish, this juice and cakes being the main sustenance of the bald peoples. According to A. D. Godley, a translator of the works of Herodotus published in the early 1920s, it is said that the Cossacks make a similar juice from Prunus padus and call this juice a similar name as the bald men called their juice according to Scythian traders according to Herodotus. It was used medicinally during the Middle Ages.
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In an influential – via (subscription required) 1964 essay in Apollo, art historian Roy Strong traced the origins of this fashionable melancholy to the thought of the popular Neoplatonist and humanist Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499), who replaced the medieval notion of melancholia with something new: The Anatomy of Melancholy (The Anatomy of Melancholy, What it is: With all the Kinds, Causes, Symptomes, Prognostickes, and Several Cures of it... Philosophically, Medicinally, Historically, Opened and Cut Up) by Burton, was first published in 1621 and remains a defining literary monument to the fashion. Another major English author who made extensive expression upon being of an melancholic disposition is Sir Thomas Browne in his Religio Medici (1643). Night-Thoughts (The Complaint: or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality), a long poem in blank verse by Edward Young was published in nine parts (or "nights") between 1742 and 1745, and hugely popular in several languages. It had a considerable influence on early Romantics in England, France and Germany.
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In 1995/96 he shared the Wolf Prize in Chemistry with Gilbert Stork of Columbia University for "designing and developing novel chemical reactions which have opened new avenues to the synthesis of complex molecules, particularly polysaccharides and many other biologically and medicinally important compounds".The Wolf Prize in Chemistry He is the recipient of several other awards including the American Chemical Society's Guenther Award and Aldrich Award for Creative Work in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, the F.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research of the American Chemical Society, the Tetrahedron Prize (1996), the Arthur C. Cope Award (1998), the New York City Mayor's Award for Science and Technology, and the Bristol Myers Squibb Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2006, he was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry for his achievements in synthetic organic chemistry, particularly for the development of methods for preparing complex substances found in nature, and their emerging applications in the field of cancer treatment.Samuel Danishefsky, the winner of Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry in 2006 He is a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute.
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