I knew MOM JEANS (don't judge) but learned the word MASSIFS.
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The trails had to feature all the major massifs, regions, geologies, and sightseeing highlights, while also steering hikers to lesser-known attractions.
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"There is more gold under the Monte Rosa than in Africa, but because of costs and environmental laws it isn't mined anymore," said Mr. Rocchetti of one of the principal massifs of the Pennine Alps.
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Sports of The Times ARREAU, France — In this tiny commune in the Pyrenees, granite massifs and blue-green forests rise sheer, and we stand, myself and a crowd of several hundred, munching baguettes and sipping wine.
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To pull back the morning curtains on this jagged expanse — the rocky massifs jangling in the bright sun or softened by fields of fresh falling snow — is to wake up to the grandeur of the greater world that, in our insular daily lives, we so easily forget.
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These Coastal Massifs form the eastern portion of Guanabara Bay.
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Blanchon, D. & Turton, A.R. 2005. Les Transferts Massifs d’Eau en Afrique du Sud. In Lasserre, F. (Ed.) Transferts Massifs d’Eau: Outils de Development ou Instruments de Pouvoir? (In French). Sainte-Foy, Quebéc: Presses de l’Université du Québec. (Pp 247 – 283).
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These outliers are part of the Day Forests and Mabla Massifs above 1,100 m in Djibouti.
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As with all the prealpine massifs, the Aravis chain is primarily formed of limestone and its derivatives.
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The topographic relief is rather subdued because mountain massifs were worn down to a peneplain long ago.
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Circular granite massifs (dark areas). A volcanic crater can be seen at the lower left. NASA image approximately across. The Aïr mountains themselves consist of nine almost circular massifs rising from a rocky plateau, bordered by the sand dunes and plain of the Ténéré Desert to the east.
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The one feasible exception is the existence of some isolated massifs on Mars, for example the Zephyria Tholus.
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Geologický ústav Dionýza Štúra, Bratislava, 65 pp. Oldest rock form the crystalline core which is eccentrically situated at the southern periphery of the mountain range in two messifs denoted the Suchý and the Malá Magura massifs. Massifs are composed of migmatites, gneisses, amphibolites and granitoid rocks. Crystalline core is overlapped by the Triassic to Lower Cretaceous (Albian) deposits.
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It is not limited to mountains in southwestern North America but can be applied to mountains, highlands, and massifs around the world.
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M. phoenicea is very rare and it is threatened. It grows only in northern cliffs in the massifs of Anaga and Teno, on Tenerife.
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It is surrounded by massifs elevated by 2–3 km above the crater floor, which itself is about 3 km below the average radius.
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The ecoregion covers the western range of the Andes with a wide band of elevations including isolated peaks and massifs at the upper levels.
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The Zambales Mountains include Jurassic to Miocene ophiolite massifs, overlain by more recent sedimentary formation, including the Cagaluan Formation and the Santa Cruz Formation.
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Late Carboniferous and Early Permian conglomerate, sandstone, limestone and argillite are identified by marine fossils. The Dzirula and Khrami massifs contain rhyolite and coal-bearing argillite.
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Within the Tannheim group there is a local main ridge between Aggenstein and Hahnenkamm. The mountains to the east and north of it are individual mountain massifs.
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The lakes of mountain massifs can be natural, often of glaciary origin (G), or volcanic (V), or artificial, generally built for hydraulic energy purposes (H) or flow regulation (F).
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The park enjoys a more continental climate than other parts of the country. Its most distinctive landscapes are the mainland dune massifs located in Marcinkonys, Lynežeris, Grybaulia, and Šunupis.
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During the Cambrian as multi-cellular life became commonplace, anorogenic magmatism formed ring complexes, that now comprise 30 different massifs in the Niger-Nigerian Younger Granite Province. The oldest, Cambrian massifs formed in the north. Throughout the Paleozoic ring complexes with significant variety in structure and rock type formed in the Air Massif. In fact, the Air Massif has the largest ring-dike in the world, with a diameter of 65 kilometers.
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Due to snow abundance and avalanching, alpine biotopes are common for all high mountains. Several small glaciers still persist in the Durmitor and Prokletije ranges, the Dinaric Alps' highest massifs.
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The higher elevations are characterized by large rocky massifs, while the undulating plain and forest characterizes the lower sections. Eight hunting reserves, totaling , surround the park except along the main road.
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Granitoid rocks form the Bojná and the Zlatníky massifs. The Fatric nappe is represented by the Zliechov succession. The Hronic nappe is preserved in outlayers, e.g. in the Tematín or Beckov Castle rocks.
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The geology of South Korea includes rocks dating to the Archean and two large massifs of metamorphic rock as the crystalline basement, overlain by thick sedimentary sequences, younger metamorphic rocks and volcanic deposits.
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In the west there is a widely dispersed group of oases in unconnected shallow depressions, the Kufra group, consisting of Tazerbo, Rebianae and Kufra. Aside from the scarps, the general flatness is only interrupted by a series of plateaus and massifs near the centre of the Libyan Desert, around the convergence of the Egyptian-Sudanese-Libyan borders. Slightly further to the south are the massifs of Arkenu, Uweinat, and Kissu. These granite mountains are ancient, having formed long before the sandstones surrounding them.
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The basalt lava of the Tangihua Complex is believed to represent sea floor, that has been obducted onto Northland to form high standing massifs, such as the Reinga, Ahipara, Warawara, Mangakahia, and Maungataniwha massifs. Isolated bodies of serpentine occur at North Cape, and south of Maungaturoto. The Northland and East Cape Allochthons are assumed to constitute part of a single allochthon, that have later separated, due to the clockwise rotation of the eastern part of the North Island, relative to the western part.
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The southernmost extent of the Phlegra Montes runs up the Elysium Rise and lies due east of Hecates Tholus, the northernmost of the principal volcanic edifices of the Elysium volcanic province. The mountain massifs display heights of up to , forming one of the most prominent and most extensive mountain ranges on the planet. The ranges' western foothills slope more gradually than those of its more sharply-scarped eastern slope. The massifs begin north of Lockyer Crater and near Adams Crater.
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Hercynian massifs and the zones in which the basement rocks can be divided. The Mid-German Crystalline High (or Mid-German High) is a structural high in the Paleozoic geology of Germany. The high forms a northeast-southwest oriented zone through Germany, but actual rock outcrops are sparse since Paleozoic basement rocks are in most of central Germany overlain by younger sedimentary rocks. The Mid-German Crystalline High crops out in the Odenwald, the Spessart, the northern Vosges and some small other massifs.
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The range consists of three major massifs: Central (also known as Urrieles), Eastern (Ándara) and Western (also known as the Picos de Cornión). The Central and Western massifs are separated by the deep Cares Gorge (Garganta del Cares), with the village of Caín at its head. The waters in the Cares mostly arise from cave resurgences. Some of the water in the Cares river is diverted through a hydroelectric scheme, with a canal running in the northern wall of the gorge to Camarmeña.
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The Hochstein with its eastern and western massifs The Hochstein, near the little southwest Palatine town of Dahn in southwest Germany, is a rock formation that is very popular with sports climbers and walkers.
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Location of the external massifs of the Alps An external massif is, in the geology of the Alps, a place where crystalline rocks of the European plate crop out. Such massifs are found north and west of the Penninic zone (the crystalline "core" of the Alps) as tectonic windows in the Helvetic Zone. They differ from the crystalline nappes in that they were originally part of the European plate, while the Penninic nappes were part of the crust below various domains in the Tethys Ocean.Schmid et al.
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View of the Pass. The Passo della Limina is a mountain pass in Calabria, southern Italy. It marks the natural boundary between the Aspromonte and the Serre Calabresi massifs. It has an altitude of 822 m.
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Usually the name Bulgarian Forest referred to the mountain hills overgrown with dense forests along the Great Morava and Nisava, including the massifs of mountain ranges in today's central parts of Eastern Serbia and Western Bulgaria.
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Watercourses on the southern slopes of these massifs disappear into the desert but supply the wells of numerous oases along the northern edge of the desert, of which Biskra, Laghouat, and Béchar are the most prominent.
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Instead rockfalls or even collapses occur on massifs and rock faces. These processes are encouraged in the winter months mainly by frost weathering. Especially susceptible are steep rock faces in Muschelkalk and White Jurassic.Joachim Eberle u. a.
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The uplift that brought the massifs to the surface involved thick skinned thrusting (the style of thrusting in which the basement is itself involved) and took place in a tectonic phase beginning around 19 million years ago.
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It consists of six massifs separated by deep gorges: Mount Stanley (), Mount Speke (), Mount Baker (), Mount Emin (), Mount Gessi () and Mount Luigi di Savoia (). Mount Stanley has several subsidiary summits, with Margherita Peak being the highest point.
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Mount Vesuvius erupting in 1944 Campania has an area of and a coastline of on the Tyrrhenian Sea. Campania is famous for its gulfs (Naples, Salerno and Policastro) as well as for three islands (Capri, Ischia and Procida). Four other regions border Campania; Lazio to the northwest, Molise to the north, Apulia (Puglia) to the northeast and Basilicata to the east. The mountainous interior is fragmented into several massifs, rarely reaching 2,000 metres (Miletto of 2,050 m), whereas close to the coast there are volcanic massifs: Vesuvio (1,277 m) and Campi Flegrei.
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The Caloris Montes (Latin for "Heat's Mountains") are a range of mountains on Mercury. They are a system of linear hills and valleys that extend more than 1000 km to the northeast from the mountainous rim of Caloris Basin in the Shakespeare quadrangle (H-3).topo The range consists of numerous rectilinear massifs 1 to 2 km high and about 10 to 50 km long, mostly elongated radially from the center of the basin and separated by hackly-floored, radial troughs and gouge-like structures. The surfaces of the massifs are hackly.
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The Northern Highlands are a mountainous biogeographical region of northern Madagascar. The region includes the Tsaratanana Massif (with the highest mountain of Madagascar, Maromokotro) and smaller nearby massifs such as Marojejy, Anjanaharibe-Sud, and Manongarivo.Goodman et al., 2006, p.
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The mountains, actually nunataks within Vatnajökull, are located to the north of Öræfajökull volcano and of Jökulsárlón glacial lake.Ísland Vegaatlas. Reykajvík (Ferðakort) 2006, p.7 The mountain range consists of 4 mountain massifs with three valleys in between them.
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The DOP is divided into two subzones: the northern Alt Empordà subzone on the slopes of the Alberes Rodes mountains near the French border, and the southern Baix Empordà subzone on the slopes of the Montgrí and Gabarres Massifs.
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The Pic Schrader or Grand Batchimale is a central Pyrenean summit, culminating at , located for the most part in Spain. It buckles the Louron valley with its impressive silhouette It is located between the massifs of Monte Perdido and Posets.
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The geology of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines formed due to overlapping basalt volcanic massifs within the last five million years since the Pliocene, although there may be deeper and older rocks that are poorly understood. Rocks grow younger further north.
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Only two small areas with blind beetles occur north of this line the Jura and the Northeastern Alps). Also South of this line there are many endemic animals and these areas are the “Massifs de Refugium” of Chodat & Pampanini (1902).
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The Western Meseta has relatively little sedimentary cover and well-developed massifs, while the Eastern Meseta spanning the border with Algeria has numerous, small Paleozoic massifs. Continuing from the Neoproterozoic until the Middle Devonian, western Morocco and the Anti-Atlas had the same depositional environment—molasse redbed deposition and post-orogeny volcanism. Southern Morocco was flooded by a massive shallow marine shelf, building up significant carbonates, mixed with continental sediments pouring in from inland areas now in the Sahara. In the Late Devonian, western Morocco and the Anti-Atlas split up into fault-bounded basins, which deformed during the Hercynian orogeny.
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The Meseta Domain, taking its name from Spain's Meseta Central inner plateau is an area of stable Paleozoic rock that was never affected by the Hercynian orogeny and was later covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. Forming Morocco's Central Massif, the Meseta Domain completely conceals Precambrian rocks, although boreholes have found Neoproterozoic rocks in a Meseta anticline. The domain is split in two by the Middle Atlas fold belt. The Western Meseta has relatively little sedimentary cover and well-developed massifs, while the Eastern Meseta spanning the border with Algeria has numerous, small Paleozoic massifs.
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The core of the Phlegra Montes is a series of sinuous massifs that are interpreted to be of Hesperian–Noachian age, a greatly degraded remnant of a northern section of the southern Martian highlands terrain. These terrains are pockmarked by steep alcoves and are cross-cut by putatively tectonically- formed valleys, which are populated by what have been termed lineated valley fills. In addition to the central massifs, a lobate debris apron (LDA) bounds the margins of the massif. Such debris aprons are better-known for their prevalence around the mesas of fretted terrains across the northern mid- latitudes of the planet.
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The basin is the driest region of Eurasia. The predominant part of it is occupied by the Taklamakan Desert, whose sand area exceeds . In addition, there are several comparatively small sand massifs with areas of from . Sand dunes are the predominant relief.
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The average elevations of the plateau surface are between and . Individual mountain massifs with elevations up to rise above the plateau; the highest point is the highest summit of the Arga-Billyakh Massif, located at between the Adycha and its tributary Borulakh.
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Most rocks in the range are crystalline, with few areas with sedimentary rocks. As such, the mountains are massifs, cut by narrow valleys. Limestone is found only in a few places. Erosion has formed several very prominent platforms, such as the Borăscu platform.
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Geographically, it lies in both Innlandet and Vestland counties. Geologically the Jotunheimen is a Precambrian province. Glaciers have carved the hard gabbro rock massifs of the Jotunheimen, leaving numerous valleys and the many peaks. Wildlife include the reindeer, elk, deer, wolverines and lynx.
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Heliamphora exappendiculata (Latin: ex = without, appendicula = small appendage) is a species of marsh pitcher plant native to the Chimantá and Aprada Massifs of Bolívar state, Venezuela.McPherson, S., A. Wistuba, A. Fleischmann & J. Nerz (2011). Sarraceniaceae of South America. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Isolated mountain blocks further to the south include Mount Bururi in southern Burundi, the Kungwe-Mahale Mountains in western Tanzania, and Mount Kabobo and the Marungu Mountains in the DRC on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. Most of the massifs rise to between and .
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Bioko is rugged, made up of two volcanic massifs. The Caldera de Luba is the highest point of the southern massif at . The shield volcano, formerly known as San Carlos, has been active in the last 2,000 years. Its geology is not well known.
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This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somalia, in the Somaliland region of the country. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian Montane Forest ecoregion. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level.
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Kuhle, M. (2007):The Pleistocene Glaciation (LGP and pre-LGP, pre-LGM) of SE-Iranian Mountains exemplified by the Kuh-i-Jupar, Kuh-i-Lalezar and Kuh- i-Hezar Massifs in the Zagros. Polarforschung, 77, (2-3), pp. 71-88. (Erratum/ Clarification concerning Figure 15, Vol.
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Complex craters are classified into two groups: central-peak and peak- ring craters. Peak-ring craters have diameters that are larger in than central-peak craters and have a ring of raised massifs which are roughly half the rim-to-rim diameter, instead of a central peak.
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Argyre Planitia and the Mars Global Hydrologic Cycle'. Parker et al. The original basin floor is buried with friable, partially deflated layered material that may be lake sediment. No inner rings are visible; however, isolated massifs within the basin may be remnants of an inner ring.
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Black Rock Mountain () is in the Blackstairs Mountains which are located on the Carlow-Wexford border. The Blackstairs are divided into two massifs, to the north Mount Leinster and to the south Blackstairs Mountain. Black Rock is the terminal peak of the eastern shoulder of Mount Leinster.
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Sviyaga River Ulyanovsk Oblast is located in the zones of wooded plain and broad-leaved scaffolding. Soils are predominantly chernozem. Forests occupy 1/4 territories. In the northwest — large massifs of oak forest with the participation of linden, maple; in the Transvolga region — meadow steppes, separate pine borons.
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Instituto Lucas Mallada, CSIC, Madrid, 218 pp and are preserved in three isolated and deeply eroded massifs: Anaga (to the northeast), Teno (to the northwest) and Roque del Conde (to the south).Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Day, Simon (2002). Canary Islands (Classic Geology in Europe 4). Terra Publishing, 208 pp.
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In July 2020 the wider area of the national park was designated as the UNESCO global geopark, as the first protected area from Serbia labeled that way. Apart from the Iron Gates Gorge, the geopark includes parts of the Miroč and Kučaj mountain massifs, with total area of .
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Perast and Bay of Kotor from Saint Nicholas' Church Bay of Kotor. View over Bay of Kotor. The bay is about long with a shoreline extending . It is surrounded by two massifs of the Dinaric Alps: the Orjen mountains to the west, and the Lovćen mountains to the east.
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Morros de Macaira Natural Monument is a natural monument located in the State of Guárico[1] in Venezuela. It was created in 1978. It covers an area of 99 hectares. Throughout the region, it is common to find limestone massifs, caves furrowed by small watercourses, and deep vertical peaks.
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Isolated massifs occur, especially in the southwest. Metamorphic rocks make up the plain's basement. The soils are ferrallitic and lateritic, with colouration ranging from red or brown in the interior to yellow on the coast. The soils are subjected to silica leeching, so they are not productive without fertiliser.
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For 2011, Finnmarksløpet in Norway and La Grande Odyssée Savoie Mont Blanc in France decided to create a new championship called the Arctic Alps Cup. It follows the trails of the Espace Diamant that join the Franco-Swiss massifs called Portes du Soleil, the Haute Maurienne Vanoise and Megève.
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The former have been slipping under the latter compressing and lifting the edge and creating zones of metamorphic rock from previous layers of sedimentary rock. These zones in the Aegean are represented by a number of massifs that were originally buried by crustal subduction: the Rhodope, Kazdag, Menderes, Cycladic Massif and Crete. For various geologic reasons, modelled differently by different geologists, the zone of compression in the Aegean became one of extension: the region widened and dome-like or ovoid massifs were uncovered, or exhumed, from the subduction zones and rose by isostasy. In the case of the Menderes Massif, which is , the reasons are better known due to geologic research in central Turkey.
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The Monti della Meta are a massif of central Italy located around the junction point of the boundaries between the regions of Lazio, Abruzzo and Molise. The major of three massifs of the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise, they take their name from one of the peaks, Monte Meta.
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External massifs include the Belledonne massif, Mont Blanc massif, Pelvoux-Écrins massif and the Argentera massif. Sediments from the Piemont-Liguria Ocean crop out in Embrunais and Ubaye. The Jura mountains are part of the Helvetic nappes, that represent deposits from the European margin that were involved in the Alpine orogeny.
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Rokytnice nad Jizerou is a mountain resort in the west part of the Giant Mountains. The town is located in elongated valleys of Huťský stream between mountains massifs Stráž (782 m), Čertova hora (1022 m) and Lysá hora (1344 m) and along the left (east) bank of the river Jizera.
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The Retezat Mountains (, ) are one of the highest massifs in Romania, being part of the Southern Carpathians. The highest peak is Peleaga (Vârful Peleaga), at an altitude of . Other important peaks are Păpușa (Vârful Păpușa, "the Doll Peak") and Retezat Peak (Vârful Retezat). The name means "cut off" in Romanian.
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This is possibly from the Rheic Ocean. Finally, above this are other schists called the schistose domain of Galicia-Trás-os-Montes or Para-autochthenon. There are five oval shaped masses of mafic to ultramafic rocks making up the ophiolite. These are the Cabo Ortegal, Ordes, Lalín, Bragança and Morais Massifs.
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The origin of the Vulcanism is related with the Geography of the zone. On the Hettangian-Sinemurian there was a post-rift carbonate platform developed in the Atlas area that emerged older marine strata. On the Middle Toarcian, subsiding basins appeared which isolated the Mesetas and Precambrian and Paleozoic massifs.
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The Gol-Gol River is the main tributary of Puyehue Lake in southern Chile. Gol-Gol River runs in an east-west direction between the volcanoes Puyehue- Cordón Caulle and Casablanca. Its catchment areas covers the whole area between these massifs from the Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass to Puyehue Lake.
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The Egyptian wolf inhabits a number of different habitats; in Algeria it lives in Mediterranean, coastal and hilly areas (including hedged farmlands, scrublands, pinewoods and oak forests), while populations in Senegal inhabit tropical, semi-arid climate zones including Sahelian savannahs. Lupaster populations in Mali have been documented in arid Sahelian massifs.
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Pine forest at the foot of the massif of Maladeta. The uniqueness of the massif and its appeal has led to the virtual abandonment of farming activities, replaced by tourism. The flora of the environment, therefore, has been impeccably conserved, especially on hillsides and massifs, where the forests remain in their primary state.
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The closest significant towns to the park are Librazhd and Prrenjas. The park has a diverse and complex geologic history. The national park encompasses most of the connected mountain massifs of Shebenik and Jabllanicë. The area shows a record of deposition that spans from the middle part of the triassic and jurassic period.
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Mejorando Nuestra Herencia. In line with and to the west of the Los Testigos chain lies the Los Hermanos massif, which consists of two upland peaks: Amaruay-tepui and Padapué-tepui. Both massifs are located northeast of the Catholic mission at Kamarata. Panoramic view from Kavanayén in the Gran Sabana, looking northwards.
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Climbing is only permitted on designated free-standing rock towers with at least 10 m prominence. An historic exception are three massifs which may be climbed. Almost all summits are furnished with summit registers and abseiling rings. These, like other safety rings, are looked after and maintained by the Saxon Climbers' Federation (SBB).
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In: GeoJournal 21 (3); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 195–222.Kuhle, M. (2004): The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America). In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciation— Extent and Chronology. Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica.
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Assumptions and deductions can be made, but there are no scientifically proven conclusions. For now these can only be admiring and imagining. The Trincheras culture site is located between two mountain massifs west of Caborca. It is the most spectacular sites with pre-Hispanic, as engravings practically cover the slopes of two hills.
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One of the most fascinating massifs is on the southwestern slope. It is six kilometers long and up to 1700 meters high, providing an interesting landscape for the travelers on the roads in the valley below to view. The massif does not attract many climbers, but its Ošljak peak (1706 m) does.
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In the Gran Sabana, there are randomly distributed ancient massifs eroded in tabular form, known as tepuis. These are examples of inverted relief, which form a kind of typical plateau of the Guiana highlands. These plateaus, in the Gran Sabana, reach their maximum altitude in the Tepui Roraima, with nearly above sea level.
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20, 1–35, Berlin. The massifs of Cerro Aconcagua , Cerro Tupungato and Nevado Juncal are situated deca-kilometres away from each other and were connected by a joint ice stream network. Its dendritic glacier arms, i.e. components of valley glaciers, were up to long, over thick and spanned a vertical distance of .
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The Caloris Montes Formation, which was informally called the Caloris mountains terrain by Trask and Guest, consists of a jumbled array of smooth-appearing but highly segmented mountain massifs that rise 1-2 km above the surrounding terrain. These massifs mark the crestline of the most prominent scarp or ring of the Caloris Basin and grade outward into smaller blocks and lineated terrain. The Caloris Montes Formation is very similar in morphology to and is considered the equivalent of the massif facies of the Montes Rook Formation around the Orientale Basin. The Caloris Montes is interpreted as basin rim deposits consisting of ejecta from deep within Caloris that is mixed with but generally overlies uplifted and highly fractured prebasin bedrock.
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This gneiss grades toward migmatite, at higher elevations such as Masang Kang mountain. Geologists have dated the rock to 500 to 400 million years ago. The Paro marbles are widespread in southwest, forming massifs, while leuocogranites are common in dikes, sills and plutons in the northeast. Tethys Ocean, Tethyan sediments outcrop along the Tibetan border.
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To the west presents basic volcanic rocks from the end of the Cretaceous period and diorite intrusive rocks from the Tertiary. To the west there are metamorphic Paleozoic rocks and two major massifs in Ibagué and the Serranía de San Lucas. Another important formation is the Baudó Mountains to the west of the country.
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Rodingites are common in ophiolites, serpentinite mélanges, ocean floor peridotites and eclogite massifs. Rodingite was first named from outcrops of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt in the Roding River, Nelson, New Zealand. An obsolete name for rodingite is granatite. A rodingite dyke (white) in serpentinite (green) in the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt, New Zealand.
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The variety of peridotite is lherzolite. These were intruded at a pressure of 1 gigapascal (GPa). Beneath the Ronda Peridotites is an eclogite formed at a pressure of 1.5 GPa. Two massifs, Sierra Bermeja and Sierra Alpujata have been rotated by 40° to the west since their solidification, as has the western External Betics.
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Steep pitons were succeeded by wooded massifs. At the beginning of 1958, three combats against the ALN, obliged the latter to refuse to get in contact, and accordingly reacted by taking up violence on the civilian population. Nearly 800 families came, in the middle of the winter, and massed around the post of Bou Hamama.
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The South Apennine mixed montane forests is an ecoregion in the southern Apennine Mountains of southern Italy and Sicily. It has a Mediterranean climate, and is in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. This ecoregion is restricted to the high mountain massifs of the regions of Basilicata, Calabria and the island of Sicily.
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The range of this species is restricted to southern Madagascar. It occurs primarily near the coast, but is also found farther inland. It has a very low population in southern Madagascar, suggesting that the species has two disjunct populations in southwestern and southeastern Madagascar. It typically occurs below , but can appear as high up a on rocky massifs.
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Relief map of Jastrebac Jastrebac (Serbian Cyrillic: Јастребац) is a mountain in central Serbia, between cities of Niš, Kruševac and Prokuplje. It consists of two massifs, Great (Veliki) and Small (Mali) Jastrebac. Its highest peak Velika Đulica has an elevation of 1,491 meters above sea level.solair.eunet.rs It is well-forested and presents a popular hiking and mountaineering destination.
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The nearest substantial town is Kiffa, on the plain about to the west of the mountains. The Affolle mountains are steep- sided massifs of dense Devonian sandstone, with relatively flat plateaus at their summits. The Affolle also has steppe and desert canyon bottoms, and several large wetland areas. The mountains have more rain than the surrounding plain.
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In their upper section (Ludlow), the shales incorporate calcareous horizons and calcareous nodules (with conodonts, nautiloids, bivalves, crinoids, and ostracods). Close to the Basque massifs, the calcareous facies changes into a detritic facies of interlayered sand– and silt–stones. The graptolite-bearing shales were later metamorphosed into lower amphibolite facies slates. They form prominent décollement surfaces.
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The Stavelot Massif is one the larger, other Caledonian massifs are the Rocroi Massif, the Serpont Massif and the Givonne Massif. The higher competence of the Caledonian basement rocks made them more resistant to erosion. The massif therefore forms a plateau in the topography. This plateau is called the High Fens and encompasses the highest summits of Belgium.
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Alotza meadows and Aizkorri in the background The range is mountainous with large limestone massifs (formations resulting from movement of the earth's crust into faults and flexures). This is typical of the Basque region. The range has a karstic lithological appearance, i.e. parts of the calcareous (calcium carbonate, limestone) rock outcrops have been dissolved away in water.
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Located at the heart of western Macedonia, it is girdled by the massifs of Mt Mouriki which serves as a home not only to the brown bear (Ursus arctos), but also to a large number of rare birds, including the short-toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus), the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus).
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No hot springs are known to exist at Mount Garibaldi like those found at the Mount Meager and Mount Cayley massifs, although there is evidence of abnormal high heat flow at the adjacent Table Meadows and other locations. Abnormal warm water adjacent to Britannia Beach could be geothermal activity linked to the Watts Point volcanic zone.
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Location of the Armorican Massif on a structural map of the north of France. Hercynian massifs are olive coloured. Geologic map of the Armorican Massif and surrounding areas. The Armorican Massif (, ) is a geologic massif that covers a large area in the northwest of France, including Brittany, the western part of Normandy and the Pays de la Loire.
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Rembrandt is the second largest impact basin (crater) on Mercury after Caloris. Its outer boundary, which is called crater rim, is defined by a ring of inward facing scarps and massifs. The diameter of this ring is — half the diameter of Caloris. The basin is surrounded by blocky impact deposits made from material excavated at depth.
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Mount Tongariro is part of the Tongariro volcanic centre, which consists of four massifs made of andesite: Tongariro, Kakaramea, Pihanga, and Ruapehu. The andesitic eruptions formed Tongariro, a steep stratovolcano, reaching a height of . Tongariro is composed of layers of both lava and tephra and first erupted 275,000 years ago. Tongariro consists of at least 12 cones.
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Unlike other Variscan massifs in Central Europe the Bohemian Massif is not very rich in ores. The Harz Mountains further north in Germany, which are geologically part of the Rhenohercynian Zone, have more ore deposits. On the other hand, the Bohemian massif has many quarries where granite, granodiorite and diorite are won for use as decorative building stone.
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The Sirente-Velino Regional Park (Italian: Parco regionale naturale del Sirente Velino) is a regional park in the province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, central Italy. It is centered on the Monte Velino and Monte Sirente massifs, including also the Rocche plateau and the Piani di Pezza and Campo Felice plains. The seat of the park is in Rocca di Mezzo.
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Devonian age terrigenous deposits up to 2 km thick occur in the south of the zone. There is a large amount of volcanic rock in the Almaden Syncline. The lower Carboniferous has a flysch facies along the southern boundary of the zone, and also in the San Vitero area and around the Morais and Bragança Massifs.
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The main river flowing through the park is the Bénoué River, which stretches for over , forming the eastern boundary. The park's altitude ranges from above sea level. The higher elevations are characterized by large rocky massifs, while the undulating plain and forest characterizes the lower sections. Eight hunting reserves, totaling , surround the park except along the main road.
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Kuhle, M. (2011): The High-Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence. Development in Quaternary Science, Vol. 15 (Quaternary Glaciation - Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look, Eds: Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D.), 735-738. (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam).
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For Anatolia this assumption is confirmed by concentrations of endemism on highly isolated and relatively old massifs such as Uludağ and Ilgaz Dağ, whereas very young volcanic cones such as Ercyes Dağ and Hassan Dağ are surprisingly poor in endemics.Gypsum hills south of Sivas: gypsum and serpentine areas are exceptionally rich in endemic species As local endemics take a long time to evolve, we also have to compare the history of the central and north European mountains with the Anatolian ones. During each of the glacial periods the former were covered by thick shields of permanent ice, which destroyed most pre-glacial endemism and hindered neo- endemics from forming. Only less glaciated, peripheral areas, the so-called “massifs de refuge”, offered suitable conditions for the survival of local endemics during glacial periods.
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The birds of Kazakhstan. A. Wassink. Associated habitats are frequented when breeding such as flat plains, arid grassland, semi-desert and even desert edge. Most members of the species breed at lower levels but largely in eastern part of the range also will nest in poorly vegetated dry rocky hillsides such as granite massifs and upland valleys, though generally avoid truly mountainous areas.
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395 The Mandritsara Window separates the Northern from the Central Highlands and apparently acts as a barrier to dispersal between the two highlands, leading to species pairs such as Voalavo gymnocaudus (Northern Highlands) and Voalavo antsahabensis (Central Highlands).Goodman et al., 2005, p. 872 None of the montane endemics of Tsaratanana are shared with the major massifs of the Central Highlands.
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The Bazman area is covered by volcanic rocks of Tertiary age. The foreland of the mountain massifs such as the Bazman massif are affected by tectonic subsidence. A major Tertiary volcanic belt, analogous to the Indonesian volcanic arc, crosses Iran behind the Zagros. Bazman crater is 500 m in diameter South of Bazman volcano lies the broad Jaz Murian depression.
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It travelled down Rubble Creek to the Cheakamus valley, depositing of rock. The southwest lava flow forms a mountain ridge called Clinker Ridge. In contrast to the Mount Cayley and Mount Meager massifs, no hot springs are known in the Garibaldi area. However, there is evidence of anomalously high heat flow in Table Meadows near the southern flank of Mount Price.
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The East-Pamir, in the centre of which the massifs of Mustagh Ata (7620 m) and Kongur Tagh (Qungur Shan, 7578, 7628 or 7830 m) are situated, shows from the western margin of the Tarim Basin an east–west extension of c. 200 km. Its north–south extension from King Ata Tagh up to the northwest Kunlun foothills amounts to c.170 km.
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Pitted surfaces abound and—in addition to the disrupted surfaces—are typically associated with the degradation of a glacial surface near the glacier's terminus. A lineated valley fill within a graben in the southern Phlegra Montes, descending down the massifs' western piedmont. HRSC digital terrain model. This particular landform was examined in detail by Colman Gallagher and Matthew Balme in a 2015 study.
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Extensive exploration in the range of the genus in the Western Ghats of India suggests an under- estimation of the number of species in the genus. A study of the diverse specie of the genus show that the separate isolated massifs of the Western Ghats played a major role in the speciation and habitat specificity seen in the genus of bush frogs.
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Morros de Macaira Natural Monument is located in the municipality of José Tadeo Monagas. The western boundary of the monument is determined by the road that connects Altagracia de Orituco with San Francisco de Macaira. Its main attraction is the limestone formation of great paleontological and environmental value. It is made up of three massifs, which house numerous caves crossed by river torrents.
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The town of El Kseur enjoys a temperate and humid climate with a mild winter characteristic of the Mediterranean zones and an important rainfall, like all the towns of the eastern half of the Algerian coast. Due to the mountainous massifs surrounding the city, it snow every year in winter between December and February for high altitudes of over 600 m.
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The Ruj plain and the northern Idlib plain run along the eastern boundary. The Dana plain (part of the northern Idlib plain) separates the Harim mountains from Mount Simeon to the northwest. The valley of River Afrin and Lake Amiq surround Harim mountains from north. The mountains include three massifs Mount Halqa () and Mount Barisha () form the first massif from the east.
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The Morros de Macaira Natural Monument is located in the municipality of José Tadeo Monagas. The western boundary of the monument is determined by the road that connects Altagracia de Orituco with San Francisco de Macaira. Its main attraction is the calcareous formation of great paleontological and environmental value. It is constituted by three massifs, which lodge numerous caves crossed by fluvial torrents.
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Pollino National Park (Italian: Parco Nazionale del Pollino) is a national park in southern Italy that straddles the regions of Basilicata and Calabria. It is Italy's largest national park, covering 1,925.65 square kilometers. The park includes the Pollino and Orsomarso massifs, which are part of the southern Apennine Mountains. The park's highest point is Serra Dolcedorme, which is 2,267 meters high.
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The Massif Central is one of the two large basement massifs in France, the other being the Armorican Massif. The Massif Central's geological evolution started in the late Neoproterozoic and continues to this day. It has been shaped mainly by the Caledonian orogeny and the Variscan orogeny. The Alpine orogeny has also left its imprints, probably causing the important Cenozoic volcanism.
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Kuhle, M. (1990): The Probability of Proof in Geomorphology - an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type, the Ice-marginal Ramp (Bortensander). In: GeoJournal 21 (3); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 195-222.Kuhle, M. (2004): The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America).
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The Prokletije itself are made up of many large sections or mountain massifs/groups, all of which are connected to one another. These massifs include the Popluks group with a height of , the Shkurt group at , the Radohimës group at , the Zaborës e Krasniçës at , the Bjelic group at , the Karanfili-Brada group at , the Rabës group at , the Ershellit group at , the Kakinjes group at , the Shkëlzen group at , the Bogićevica group at , the Horolac group at , the Kershi Kocaj group at , the Maja e Zezë group at , the Lumbardhit group at , the Kopranik group at , the Strellc group at , the Đeravica group at , the Junik group at , the Starac-Qokorr group , the Hajla group at , the Stedim-Ahmica group at , the Zleb-Rusulija group at , the Mokna group at and the Suva Planina group at .
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Guadeloupe was formed from multiple volcanoes, of which only la Soufriere is not extinct. Its last eruption was in 1976, and led to the evacuation of the southern part of Basse-Terre. 73,600 people were displaced over a course of three and a half months following the eruption. K–Ar dating indicates that the three northern massifs on Basse-Terre Island are 2.79 million years old.
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Rhombophryne botabota is found in montane rainforest at high altitude (~860–1330 m above sea level) on several northern massifs in Madagascar. Like most Rhombophryne species, R. botabota is semi-fossorial. The stomach of one specimen contained a small snail of the family Subulinidae. The advertisement call is a series of honking notes, each around 505 ms in duration, with roughly two-second delays between calls.
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Wildhaus Pass is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the canton of St. Gallen in Eastern Switzerland. The main road culminates at 1,090 metres, while the pass itself lies at an elevation of 1,027 metres above sea level. It connects Gams in the Rhine valley and Unterwasser and Wattwil in the Toggenburg. The pass lies between the Säntis and the Churfirsten massifs.
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These older rocks form smaller massifs of their own (Stavelot, Rocroi, Givonne and Serpont). In the eastern Rhenish Massif some very limited outcrops in the Sauerland show rocks of Ordovician and lower Siliurian age. Further Ordovician rock exposures are part of the southern Taunus. The second rock type are Tertiary and Quaternary igneous rocks, which most prominently occur in the Vulkaneifel, the Westerwald and the Vogelsberg.
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Viladrau is a municipality in the comarca of Osona in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the south-east of the comarca, beneath the massifs of the Guilleries and the Montseny, and is served by the GE-520 road, which links the municipality with the comarca of the Selva and with the N-152 road at Tona. The local mineral water is well known.
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Mandala is one of the three high massifs of Western New Guinea, together with the Carstensz and Trikora complexes. This peak used to have an ice cap, but it was last seen in 1989 and by 2003 it was totally gone. Based on the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data, this peak is likely higher than Puncak Trikora, which lost its icecap in about 1960.
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Mountains consisting of massifs, ridges, or isolated peaks use the descriptive term, mons or the plural montes, the Latin term for mountain. These features are named after prominent locations from the Greek mythological travels of Io or places mentioned in Dante's Inferno. Plateaus are normally given the descriptive term mensa (pl. mensae), the Latin term for mesa, though some mountains with plateau morphology use mons.
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In addition to height and climate, other factors are the layering of the rock, its gradient and aspect, the types of waterbody and the lines of dislocation. For hard rock massifs, rugged rock faces (e.g. in the Dolomites) and mighty scree slopes are typical. By contrast, flysch or slate forms gentler mountain shapes and kuppen or domed mountaintops, because the rock is not porous, but easily shaped.
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They are best developed along the inner edge of the basin where steep inward-facing scarps are common, grading outward into smaller massifs and blocks. The range marks the crest of most prominent ring structure around Caloris. The type area is the region near 18°, 184.5° (FDS 229). It is thought to be composed of uplifted prebasin bedrock covered by deep-seated late ejecta from Caloris.
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Triassic rocks are mostly found in western North Macedonia, although less in the Vardar Zone, covering only a small area in the Delchevo border zone near Bulgaria. They are mainly volcanic rocks in the lower units overlain by carbonaceous dolomite. Jurassic rocks are particularly common in the Vardar Zone, particularly in the west. In this area, rocks are extremely varied due to ophiolite formations and massifs.
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Scenr from Corniche Jijelienne Barbary macaques at Corniche Jijelienne. Corniche Jjilienne () is a natural region of northern Algeria characterised by rocky forested massifs rising above the coastal plain.Berardo Cori and Enrica Lemmi. 2002 The forested areas provide some of the last extant habitat for the endangered Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus; this primate prehistorically had a much wider distribution in North Africa than at present.
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The erosion has left remaining massifs of Caledonian rocks and windows of Precambrian rock. While there are some disagreements, geologists generally recognize four units among the nappes: an uppermost, an upper, a middle and a lower unit. The lower unit is made up Ediacaran (Vendian), Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian-aged sedimentary rocks. Pieces of Precambrian shield rocks are in some places also incorporated into the lower nappes.
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It covers an area of about . It merges into the Iullemmeden Basin to the west at the Damergou gap between the Aïr and Zinder massifs. The floor of the basin is made of Precambrian bedrock covered by more than of sedimentary deposits. The basin may have resulted from the intersection of an "Aïr-Chad Trough" running NW-SE and a "Tibesti-Cameroon Trough" running NE-SW.
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Amphibolites interlayed with peridotite have been dated to 170 to 160 million years ago. Ultramafic massifs in the Ophiolite Zone are unconformably overlain by Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous sandstones, marl, shale and limestone up to one kilometer thick. These sequences interfinger with Tithonian-Berriasian, Albian and Senonian limestones. Coarse-grained clastic rocks contain fragments of ophiolite, amphibolite, greywacke, shale, chert, limestone and pebbles of red granite.
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Apart from the county town, Rongshui comprises many small villages and large rural areas. The county is mountainous, featuring both karst landscapes and larger mountain massifs such as the Yuan Bao Shan mountains. The river Rong (Rongjiang) flows through the county and passes by Rongshui town. The longest river within the county is the Bei River (Beijiang, not to be confused with the Beijiang tributary to the Zhujiang).
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The massifs in the east and south are part of the Fanes-Sennes-Prags Nature Park, with the notable summit of Sas dla Crusc rising up to 2,907 m (9,537 ft); the chains in the west belong to the Puez-Geisler Nature Park. Badia is also near the mountains of Lagazuoi (2,778 m), Conturines (3,064 m), La Varela (3,055 m), L'Ciaval (Kreuzkofel) (2,907 m) and Gardenaccia (2,500 m).
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The springs at Meager might be evidence of a shallow magma chamber beneath the surface. No hot springs are known to exist at Mount Garibaldi like those found at the Mount Meager and Mount Cayley massifs, although there is evidence of abnormal high heat flow at the adjacent Table Meadows and other locations. Abnormal warm water adjacent to Britannia Beach could be geothermal activity linked to the Watts Point volcanic centre.
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Franquelin is a municipality in Quebec, Canada, in the administrative region of Côte-Nord in RCM Manicouagan. Its population is 350 people over 530 square kilometres. Franquelin was founded at the foot of Massifs rocks of the Laurentians where impressive cliffs plunge to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The name of the municipality was given in honour of Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin, the first official cartographer of New France.
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Retrieved August 14, 2013. is the official headstream of the Yangtze, and flows from the glaciers of the Gar Kangri and the Geladandong Massifs in the Tanggula Mountains of southwestern Qinghai to the confluence with the Dangqu River to form the Tongtian River. In Mongolian, this section of the river known as the Ulaan Mörön or the "Red River." The Tuotuo is one of three main headstreams of the Yangtze.
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Altitudes range from . Hilly and mountainous with large alluvial plains and some low tabular plateaus. Separating the two basins of Rio Ucayali (Peru) and Juruá (Brazil), the Park shelters main sources of Jurua 's left margin affluent. It is structured in four main hill massifs (Serras da Jaquirana, do Moa, do Jurua-Mirim & do Rio Branco), separated by flat plains and valleys of the corresponding affluent of the Juruá basin.
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209-220 Internal zones in western and eastern segments contain older Variscan igneous massifs reworked in Mesozoic thick and thin- skinned nappes. During the Middle Miocene this zone was affected by intensive calc-alkalinePácskay, Z., Lexa, J., Szákacs, A., 2006, Geochronology of Neogene magmatism in the Carpathian arc and intra-Carpathian area. Geologica Carpathica, 57, 6, pp. 511 - 530 arc volcanism that developed over the subduction zone of the flysch basins.
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Păpușa Peak The Retezat Mountains are some of the highest massifs in Romania, being part of the Southern Carpathians. One of the important peaks is Păpuşa (Varful Păpuşa), with a height of . The Retezat Mountains have many glacial lakes, including the largest one in Romania, Bucura Lake (lacul Bucura), which covers and is situated at an altitude of . The area also contains the Retezat National Park, Romania's first national park.
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The charnockite massifs have a steep slope facing the circular feature and a gentler slope in the opposite direction.Fractures/faults/shear zones are noticed in many parts. The Bouguer anomaly in the gneissic terrain is elliptical in shape and positive, relative to the surrounding elevated region. The magnetic contours are also elliptical and the magnetic basement is deeper by about one km compared to regions in the periphery.
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The Ulriken - Vidden - Rundemanen massif also offer easy access through gondola and funicular railway. The leveled plateau between Rundemanen and Ulriken is excellent for skiing in winter, providing the snow stays. Those who seek behind the public trails will also find interesting routes on the massifs mentioned above. You will even find good scrambling opportunities very near Bergen through the ridges on Søre Midtfjell and on the north side of Ulriken.
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The west coast, with its large savannahs and plains suitable for farming, is a drier area. Many ore-rich massifs are found along this coast. The Diahot River is the longest river of New Caledonia, flowing for some . It has a catchment area of and opens north- westward into the Baie d'Harcourt, flowing towards the northern point of the island along the western escarpment of the Mount Panié.
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North of the piedmont the Laurentian plateau region covers more than half the watershed. It contains massifs with undulating reliefs and altitudes of . Mount Manitou, which also contains part of the Tortue River watershed, has an elevation of . Waterfall on the river The bedrock includes eight types of magmatic or metamorphosed rock complexes: mixed paragneiss, granite and pegmatite, anorthosite, granitoid rocks, granodiorite and charnockite gneisses, gabbro and migmatite.
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It lies in the Gojal region of Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan. It is just north of the massifs of Batura, at , and Passu, at . The glacier flows west to east. The lower portions can be described as a grey sea of rocks and gravelly moraine, bordered by a few summer villages and pastures with herds of sheep, goats, cows and yaks and where roses and juniper trees are common.
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During glacial times however, c. 20,000 years ago, the glaciers were over ten times longer. On the east-side of this section of the Mendoza Andes they flowed down to and on the west-side to c. .Kuhle, M. (2011): The High-Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence.
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Outcrops of granite tend to form tors, domes or bornhardts, and rounded massifs. Granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as relatively small, less than 100 km2 stock masses (stocks) and in batholiths that are often associated with orogenic mountain ranges. Small dikes of granitic composition called aplites are often associated with the margins of granitic intrusions.
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Cafetite is a rare titanium oxide mineral with formula ·. It is named for its composition, Ca-Fe-Ti. It was first described in 1959 for an occurrence in the Afrikanda Massif, Afrikanda, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast, Northern Region, Russia.Mindat.orgHandbook of Mineralogy It is also reported from the Khibiny and Kovdor massifs of the Kola Peninsula and from Meagher County, Montana, US. It occurs in pegmatites in a pyroxenite intrusion as crystals in miarolitic cavities.
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The Asselstein: view from northwest of its broader side The Wasgau Felsenland ("rock country") is rich in bizarre sandstone rock formations, which have been formed over the millennia by the weathering and erosion of strata of differing hardness belonging to the Lower and Middle Bunter (see Geology section). In the Palatine part of the Wasgau alone there are over 200 rock massifs and free- standing rock pinnacles.Die Felsen des Pfälzerwaldes. Website des Wanderportals Pfalz.
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The region of Nišići within areal of Bijambare is a karst enclave with all its commonly observed characteristics and features: caves, lost rivers, intriguing funnel-shaped depressions and rocky massifs. The five caves are located in three horizons, and a 50 meters high waterfall nearby. Well known for its karstic features, part of the Nišići plateau around Bijambare is designated nature park, Bijambare Nature Park, and is important tourist and speleological destination.
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Encyclopædia Historically, the Armenian Highlands have been the scene of great volcanic activity.Volcanoes, their structure and significance Thomas George Bonney - 1912 - Page 243 Geologically recent volcanism on the area has resulted in large volcanic formations and a series of massifs and tectonic movement has formed the three largest lakes in the Highlands; Lake Sevan, Lake Van and Lake Urmia.Emerald Network Pilot Project in Armenia , Council of Europe. The Armenian Highlands are rich in water resources.
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More recently, researchers have analyzed the Phlegra Montes as the product of activity on a major Martian thrust fault network. Its asymmetrical profile is characteristic of these putative compressively tectonic structures. Researchers favoring the thrust fault-based interpretation have identified nine major thrust faults bounding the Phlegra Montes massifs, generally to the east. The knobby massif terrains of the Phlegra Montes are typically on the hanging wall of the thrust faults in this region.
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McCauley J.F. et al. (1981) Icarus 47, 184 Individual massifs are typically to long; the inner edge of the unit is marked by basin-facing scarps. Lineated terrain extends for about out from the foot of a weak discontinuous scarp on the outer edge of the Caloris mountains; this terrain is similar to the sculpture surrounding the Imbrium basin on the Moon. Hummocky material forms a broad annulus about from the Caloris mountains.
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This side is called the "Tyrrhenian Extensional Zone." The mountains of Italy are of paradoxical provenience, having to derive from both compression and extension: > "The paradox of how contraction and extension can occur simultaneously in > convergent mountain belts remains a fundamental and largely unresolved > problem in continental dynamics." Both the folded and the fault-block systems include parallel mountain chains. In the folded system anticlines erode into the highest and longest massifs of the Apennines.
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While the steep south wall of the Shala Valley which is part of the mountain is actually based on a broad saddle between the two great massifs, the height of steeply to a rocky point jutting which it juts from. The tip and the surrounding saddle is made of rugged rock, of sinkholes and caves penetrating karst formations. Albania's longest horizontal cave is located beneath the south wall. Bulgarian researchers have explored its length at .
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The seismic activity correlates both with some of Canada's most youthful volcanoes, and with long-lived volcanic centres with a history of significant explosive behavior, such as Mount Garibaldi. No hot springs are known in the Garibaldi area like those found at the Mount Meager and Mount Cayley massifs, the other major volcanic complexes in the Garibaldi belt, although there are hints of anomalously high local heat flow in Table Meadows and elsewhere.
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Terrigenous volcanic rocks which may have originated from rifting are located in the South Urals, metamorphosed to greenschist grade, with amphibolites in linear folds. Dolomite limestones with stromatalite fossils and quartzites are found in the Kazakh Uplands. Low-grade metamorphism and granitization took place from 1.2 billion to one billion years ago. All the Precambrian massifs hold Upper Riphean quartzite and quartz sandstone, dated with detritral zircon to 850 million years ago.
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Following this last orogeny rapakivi granites intruded various locations of Finland during the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic, especially in the Åland Islands and in the southeast. Jotnian sediments occur usually together with rapakivi granites. Mountains that existed in Precambrian time were eroded into a level terrain already during the Late Mesoproterozoic. With Proterozoic erosion amounting to tens of kilometers, many of the Precambrian rocks seen today in Finland are the "roots" of ancient massifs.
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Chromium ore was extracted from the massif for decades and it also hosts dunite, harzburgite, veins and lenses of gabbro and rodingite. Gabbro-diorites of the ophiolite suite include the Demir Kapija-Gevgelija, Klepa and Skopska Crna Gora massifs in the central part of the Vardar Zone. The Demir Kapija-Gevgelija Massif extends over an area of 400 square kilometers. Basal conglomerate in the Demir Kapija area are overlain by massive limestones from the Tithonian.
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Flowers of the Moon, Afroalpine vegetation of the Rwenzori Mountains, Schutyser S., 2007, 5 Continents Editions, . The first traverse of the six massifs of the Ruwenzori was done in 1975, starting on 27 January and ending on 13 February. The traverse was done by Polish climbers Janusz Chalecki, Stanisław Cholewa and Leszek Czarnecki, with Mirosław Kuraś accompanying them on the last half of the traverse.Wielka Grań Ruwenzori 1975, Wojtera T., Taternik iss 3. 1976.
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Although Vinnichevsky prudently took the child with him, Borya was rescued, and later told the investigators about the murderer. The seventh victim was 3-year-old Kate Lobanovа in Kushva. The girl was killed, and her body later thrown into a swamp to hide the smell of degradation. In Sverdlovsk, Vinnichevsky began to practice the kidnapping of children and killing them in the forest massifs to the outskirts, where the bodies were covered with branches.
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When, and if, the saddle is navigable, even if only on foot, the saddle of a (optimal) pass between the two massifs, is the area generally found around the lowest route on which one could pass between the two summits, which includes that point which is a mathematically when graphed a relative high along one axis, and a relative low in the perpendicular axis, simultaneously; that point being by definition the col of the saddle.
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The reserve's geology is rugged and has a typical mountain range, encompassing a dense network of main and branch ridges, high plateaus and deep canyons towered by volcanic shield massifs and peaks. There are traces of past tectonic activity of various faults and fractures. The rocks, volcanic deposits and igneous intrusions dates back to the Cretaceous and pre-Oligocene periods.Khosrov Forest State Reserve: Geology The dominating rocks are Quaternary fragmental debris and effusive.
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The Yeru Tsanpo confluences with Bum-chu in Tingkye County, which accommodates the lower Bum-chu valley. Another river that meets Bum-chu is Trakar-chu. The river flows past the town of Kharda, gateway to the Khangzhung east face of Everest. The force of its accumulated waters carves its way, south of Drengtrang, through the main chain of the Himalayas directly between the mountain massifs of Makalu and Kangchenjunga into Nepal.
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The central granite massifs consist of granite plutons, granodiorites and quartz diorites dating from 2.05 to 2.15 billion years ago. The north of French Guiana corresponds to a synclinorium composed of the Paramaca series on which sandstone and fluviatile conglomerates lie unconformably. Shield rocks in Guyana are all dated between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years ago. The Quaternary lands are located in the northern part of Guyana, near the coast, unconformably on the Paleozoic lands.
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Pico Duarte is the highest peak in the Dominican Republic, and in all the Caribbean. It is northeast of the region's lowest point, Lake Enriquillo, in the Cordillera Central range, the largest in the country. The Cordillera Central extends from the plains between San Cristóbal and Baní to the northwestern peninsula of Haiti, where it is known as Massif du Nord. The highest elevations of the Cordillera Central are found in the Pico Duarte and Valle Nuevo massifs.
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The Helvetic nappes are thrusted over the Infrahelvetic complex and the external massifs of the Alps (like the Aarmassif or Mont Blanc Massif). In Switzerland, Germany and Austria they are also thrusted over the Molasse basin of the Alpine foreland. In turn, the Helvetic nappes were overthrusted by the Penninic nappes from the south. In Switzerland these have been eroded away at most places but in Germany and Austria they are still covering the Helvetic nappes.
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The climate is typical of the Mediterranean. The weather is clear. During the year approximately 300 days are sunny and the few others are rainy, with a major concentration of rainfall in the winter and autumn, some heavy showers in the spring, and snowfalls on the highest massifs and highlands. The mistral is the dominant wind, fresh, strong, and usually dry and cold, blowing from the northwest throughout the year, but most frequently in winter and spring.
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Els Ports under snow in the winter Ports de Tortosa-Beseit (), also known as Ports de Beseit, or simply as Els Ports or Lo Port by locals, is a limestone mountain massif located at the north-eastern end of the Sistema Ibérico, a complex system of mountain ranges and massifs in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. Its highest point is Mont Caro, 1,441 m.. Rivers such as the Matarranya and the Sénia have their source in these mountains.
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Gros Mont is an alp and mountain pass of the Swiss Alps, located south of Charmey in the canton of Fribourg. The alp lies at the upper end of the Vallée du Gros Mont, just north of a 1,404 metre high pass connecting Charmey with Rougemont (in the canton of Vaud). This mountain pass, on the watershed between the Jogne and the upper Sarine, is the lowest point between the massifs of the Vanil Noir and the Gastlosen.
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The Tsar Bomba was detonated in the vicinity of Matochkin Strait in 1961, just north of neighboring Mityushikha Bay. It is also the site where, from 1963 to 1990, about 39 underground nuclear tests took place in a vast array of tunnels and shafts under Mount Lazarev and other massifs. After 2000, Russia started to reactivate the test site by enlarging old tunnels and starting construction work. Each summer since then various subcritical hydronuclear experiments have taken place.
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The Centre Province is entirely situated on the South Cameroon Plateau. The land varies from 500 to 1000 metres above sea level except for the valleys of the Sanaga and its tributaries, which dip as low as 200 metres. The land rises gently in escarpments from the southwestern coastal plain before joining the Adamawa Plateau via depressions and granite massifs. The terrain is characterised by rolling, forested hills, the tallest of which have bare, rocky tops.
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Born in Bergamo, Italy to middle-class parents, he grew up in the borough of Valtesse and was strongly supported by his father in his passion for the mountains. His father was a climber and biker at a high level and also created a lively and international environment around him. He started climbing the Presolana and other massifs of the Alpi Bergamasche at the age of 13, however he continued his studies until graduating cum laude at the university.
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There are two climbing peaks on the Großer Zschirnstein - the Großer and Kleiner Zschirnsteinturm ("Great" and "Little Zschirnstein Tower"). There is also the Südwand (IV) climbing route that ends directly at the highest point on the hill. This climbing route is one of the three exceptions to Saxon climbing regulations which state that climbing of massifs is generally forbidden. On the south summit, near the viewing point, a Nagel Column (Nagelsche Säule) has stood since 1865.
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One portion of the mountain system is isolated in the area north of Adams Crater, with Tyndall crater situated near the center of the range. The chain of massifs ends around south-southwest of Stokes. The Phlegra Montes take the name of the Phlegra classical albedo feature, which was identified and named by Greek astronomer Eugène Michel Antoniadi in his 1930 publication La Planéte Mars. The International Astronomical Union approved the specific name "Phlegra Montes" in 1973.
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Other examples of such craters are Doh and Bran. The hummocky terrain (rim) surrounding the floor consists of randomly distributed massifs as large as 50 km and has mottled appearance at some places. The width of the rim unit varies from about 18 km on the north-west side to more than 130 km on the south-east side. The crater rim is encircled by a discontinuous ring of bright ejecta, which is asymmetric much like the rim itself.
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On the east side of this section of the Mendozina Andes, they flowed down to and on the west side to about above sea level.Kuhle, M. (2011): The High-Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence. Development in Quaternary Science, Vol. 15 (Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look, Eds: Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D.), 735–738.
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Spanning the northern and southern aspects of the Himalayan crest, the park experiences a wide climatic range and lies in the transition zone from a monsoon dominated to an arid climate. Annual precipitation reaches in the south, whereas on northern slopes less than of rain falls. Most of the precipitation occurs during monsoon from July to September. The Dhaulagiri and Kanjiroba massifs form a massive barrier preventing most of the rain from reaching the Trans-Himalayan area.
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The Karakoram Range in Ladakh is not as mighty as in Baltistan. The massifs to the north and east of the Nubra–Siachen line include the Apsarasas Group (highest point at ) the Rimo Muztagh (highest point at ) and the Teram Kangri Group (highest point at ) together with Mamostong Kangri () and Singhi Kangri (). North of the Karakoram lies the Kunlun. Thus, between Leh and eastern Central Asia there is a triple barrier – the Ladakh Range, Karakoram Range, and Kunlun.
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The crater Galle, located on the east rim of Argyre at , strongly resembles a smiley face. The basin was possibly formed by a giant impact during the Late Heavy Bombardment of the early Solar System, approximately 3.9 billion years ago, and may be one of the best preserved ancient impact basins from that period. Argyre is surrounded by rugged massifs which form concentric and radial patterns around the basin. Several mountain ranges are present, including Charitum and Nereidum Montes.
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The roughly rectilinear outlines of massifs within the Caloris Montes suggest structural control by a prebasin fracture pattern. The much lower, discontinuous outer scarp is considered to be the feeble equivalent of the Montes Cordillera scarp around Orientale. Like the Cordillera, it probably lies outside the limit of the crater of excavation. Its poor development and spacing much closer to the edge of the basin may be due to the greater mercurian gravity, as described by Gault and others.
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Each of these are in a syncline and are surrounded by Silurian metamorphic rocks with an inward-dipping thrust zone forming the boundary. The kinds of rock in the mafic massifs are schists, gneiss, amphibolite, metagabbro, granulite, eclogite, and serpentine. The Ordes Massif dates from 380 to 390 Ma, and represents part of the Rheno-Hercynian Ocean as part of an accretionary wedge. It became joined to the European Hunic Terrane between the Channel Block and the allochthenous nappe.
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These troughs range from approximately 150 to 250 m across, are generally linear, and merge in dendritic or anastomosing patterns. The troughs exhibit two orthogonal preferred orientations, trending north-south and east-west. A bright, rough-textured, lobate deposit occupies the central 15 to 20 km of this region and locally surrounds troughs up to 25 km from the palimpsest center. This bright region consists of massifs 200 to 300 m across separated by 200 to 300 m.
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The mountainous interior is fragmented into several massifs often reaching 2,000 metres above the Adriatic. This unique mountainous structure reaches its highest point at Maja e Çikës, and is full of wide and steep terraces that slope down towards the sea. The extreme southern region has a flat and shallow character with the presence of Lake Butrint that was formed during the quaternary period. Maja e Çikës inside the Ceraunian Mountains as seen from the beach of Dhërmi.
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These mountainous slopes, destroyed by wind erosion, are called "skeletal mountains". They are the habitat of dry Mediterranean type of vegetation, which is a gem of the reserve. The southern mountainous slopes covered by rocky massifs at the altitudes of 1400–1700 m are covered by Armenian Iranian phrygana (which means "dry" in Greek) with its many varieties. This Mediterranean, more specifically typical Balkan type of vegetation is characterized as dry, short, deselly branched and often thorny bush association.
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Sentinel Range map. Hammer Col is a broad ice-covered col at elevation between the south part of the Vinson Massif and the Craddock Massif in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. The wide saddle is relatively level and visually separates the two massifs whether viewed from the east or the west. It is part of the glacial divide between the heads of Dater Glacier on the northeast and Gildea Glacier on the southwest.
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Sadarak Rayon borders Turkey in the south-west (the only bordering zone with Turkey and Azerbaijan is here - 11 km), with Armenia in the north-west – 24 km and Sharur Rayon in the south-east – 27 km. Climate of Sadarak is continental with hot summer and cold winter. Mineral water springs similar to Istisu and Jeleznovodsk were discovered in Sadarak in 1980. The territory of the rayon consists of plains, surrounded by the Ujubiz, Aghdakan, Validag and Tekgar massifs.
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Nepheline syenite (M-Type granitoids) deposits are 90% feldspar and feldspathoid minerals, and are deposited in small, circular massifs. They contain high concentrations of rare-earth-bearing accessory minerals. For the most part these deposits are small but important examples include Illimaussaq- Kvanefeld in Greenland, and Lovozera in Russia. Rare-earth elements can also be enriched in deposits by secondary alteration either by interactions with hydrothermal fluids or meteoric water or by erosion and transport of resistate REE-bearing minerals.
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The Infrahelvetic complex consists of Mesozoic cover rocks, most notably massive limestones from the European continental shelf. These limestones have a shallower marine facies than contemporary sediments from the Helvetic nappes since they were originally deposited north of those units. The Triassic and Permian consist of dolomites, marls and conglomerates. In contrast to the completely detached Helvetic nappes, the Infrahelvetic complex is still lying conformably on top of a Hercynian basement which forms the external massifs of the Aar and Gotthard nappes.
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They offer simultaneously the highest mountain of the country, the Mount Korab. The mountains extends over 40 kilometres and covers an area of 560 square kilometres. Between the valleys of Shkumbin and Devoll rise the mountains that constitute to the Valamara Mountains, while farther north stretches the connected mountain massifs of Shebenik and Jabllanicë. The vast majority of the region's natural lakes are located in the southern half of the region and most of them are the product of a long contiguous history.
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Lago Ercina, one of the Lakes of Covadonga. The total area of the park is 646.60 km² and is shared by Castilla y León, Asturias, and Cantabria. The highest point of the park is in Torre de Cerredo peak, 2,648 m AMSL and the lowest point is 75 m AMSL in the Deva River, that is, a vertical drop of 2,573 m. The geological features of the park show the effects of glacial erosion on the limestone massifs that form the Cantabrian Mountains.
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In addition to its highest peak Peleaga, the Retezat Mountains, part of the Southern Carpathians, are home to some of the highest massifs in Romania. Other important peaks in the range are Păpuşa (Varful Păpuşa) and Retezat Peak (Vârful Retezat). The Retezat Mountains have many glacial lakes, including the largest one in Romania, Bucura Lake (lacul Bucura), which covers 8.9 ha and is situated at an elevation of 2,030 metres. The area also contains the Retezat National Park, Romania's first national park.
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Examples of orogenic lherzolite massifs with harzburgite include the Lherz Massif in France (Pyrenees Mountains), the Lanzo Massif in northern Italy, and the Horoman Massif in Japan. Garnet-bearing harzburgite is found as xenoliths in some kimberlite pipes, which are found almost exclusively in ancient continental cratons of Archean or Paleoproterozoic age. The mantle lithosphere under these cratons is particularly thick (up to 200 km or more) and cool. Garnet harzburgites are less depleted in the basalt component than most ophiolite harzburgites.
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Comprising a vast area of 1,887,251 ha, the park is located in the centre of the Putorana Plateau in the northern part of Central Siberia. The part of the plateau listed on the World Heritage Site contains complete subarctic and arctic ecosystems in an isolated mountain range. The combination of remoteness, naturalness and strict protection ensures that ecological and biological processes continue with minimal human interference. It is a complex of high flat-topped mountain massifs divided by deep and wide canyons.
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Of these mountains, is more heavily eroded compared to the steep cones of Hasan and like is of early Pliocene age. It and to some degree Mount Hasan are also surrounded by a large depression. Additionally, Mount Hasan forms a volcanic lineament with and the Karapınar Field. The basement in Central Anatolia is formed by magmatic, metamorphic and ophiolitic rocks, the former of which are of Paleozoic to Mesozoic age; it crops out at scattered sites and in the Kirshehir and Nigde massifs.
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The range is composed of three mountain massifs that are interconnected; the highest being Cerro Paluou (), Cerro de Jibome () covering a total area of . The area is home to numerous species of fauna and flora and due to its relatively high humidity caused by the trade winds and its proximity to the Caribbean sea it presents a forest of dwarf trees and cloud forests.National Natural Parks of Colombia The frog Allobates wayuu is only known from the Serranía de Macuira.
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U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations Series I-2694. Anseris Mons is the type area for a large set of rugged mountain blocks (>25 km across) that occur in a relatively continuous band 200 to 500 km wide around the western, northeastern, eastern, and southeastern rim of the Hellas basin. Many of the blocks, particularly along the western rim, are concentric with the basin and bounded by faults. Rocks making up Anseris Mons and other massifs around Hellas are mapped as Noachian in age.
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Queen Fabiola Mountains is a group of mountains in Antarctica, long, consisting mainly of seven small massifs which trend north-south, forming a partial barrier to the flow of inland ice. The mountains stand in isolation about southwest of the head of Lutzow-Holm Bay. The mountains were discovered and photographed from aircraft by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Guido Derom on 8 October 1960. With permission from King Baudouin of Belgium, the mountains were named after his newly wedded wife Fabiola.
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The erosion has left remaining massifs of Caledonian rocks and windows of Precambrian rock. The Caledonian orogeny resulted from the collision of the Laurentia and Baltica plates, 450 to 250 million years ago, with the disappearance of the Iapetus Ocean by subduction. This happened just before the formation of the chain and was caused by the appearance of a rift, which finally led to the creation of the Atlantic Ocean. The chain, once split open, continued to erode until it formed a peneplain.
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The village covers an area of 451 hectares (1114 acres), and is located 6 km (3¾ miles) north of Strasbourg at an altitude of 140 metres (460 ft). Located in the plain of Alsace, between the massifs of the Vosges and the Black Forest, the plain is bisected by the Souffel river from which the village takes its name. This river rises in Kuttolsheim and joins the Ill river, a tributary of the Rhine, a little south of Wantzenau after flowing .
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The geology of the Iberian System is complex, for it can hardly be defined as a homogeneous system. It is composed of a haphazard and motley series of mountain ranges, massifs, plateaus and depressions without a definite common petrologic composition and overall structure. Nummulite limestone, marble and sandstone are common throughout the area. Some of the parts of the system stand geologically isolated, interrupting the continuity of the whole, linked to the other parts through high plateaus of varying altitudes.
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Instead, they form aggregations called patches, banks, bioherms, massifs, thickets or groves. These aggregations are often referred to as "reefs," but differ structurally and functionally. Deep sea reefs are sometimes referred to as "mounds," which more accurately describes the large calcium carbonate skeleton that is left behind as a reef grows and corals below die off, rather than the living habitat and refuge that deep sea corals provide for fish and invertebrates. Mounds may or may not contain living deep sea reefs.
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General Petala showed great initiative, hauling guns up the mountains with wire-rail used by local foresters. If it weren't for a heavy snowstorm as well as considerable German reinforcements, the brigade which covered Krafft's eastern flank would have been entirely destroyed. The Romanians skillfully conducted a converging movement which almost cut off the Austro-Hungarian brigade. Krafft's western flank was also intercepted at the Pietroasa and Veverita Massifs on 16 October, and flung back with heavy losses towards Mounts Robu and Murgasu.
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There are four cru vineyards within the Roussette de Savoie AOC that may attach their names to the appellation: Frangy, Marestel, Monterminod and Monthoux. The best vineyards within the AOC are situated on Quaternary alluvial fans along the edges of the Massifs of Bauges and Borne.Fanet, Jacques Great Wine Terroirs University of California Press, Berkeley (2004) p. 197 The cru vineyards are characterized by steep slopes, which offer excellent drainage and maximize exposure to sunlight in the cool, alpine climate.
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Or a prominence of 100m according to other authorities. Based on this definition only the main summits of entire mountain massifs are counted. All elevations with a prominence below 30 metres are considered as subpeaks. By these definitions, the highest mountains in Germany are the Zugspitze (2,962 m), Hochwanner (2,746 m) and Watzmann (Middle Peak, 2,713 m). If all independent summits are counted, the Zugspitze is followed by the Schneefernerkopf (2,875 m) and the Middle Wetterspitze (2,747 m) in places two and three.
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On 14 July 2014, the Tour de France cycle race crossed the col for the first time en route from Mulhouse to La Planche des Belles Filles. When announcing the route, Christian Prudhomme explained his reasons for deciding to send the 2014 Tour over passes not used previously: "I like to use the other massifs than the usual Alps and Pyrenees. I believe the race can be won and lost anytime." The first rider over the summit was the Spaniard, Joaquim Rodriguez.
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Map of the Guinea Highlands The Guinea Highlands is a densely forested mountainous plateau extending from central Guinea through northern Sierra Leone and Liberia to western Côte d'Ivoire. The highlands include a number of mountains, ranges and plateaus, including the Fouta Djallon highlands in central Guinea, the Loma Mountains in Sierra Leone, the Simandou and Kourandou massifs in southeastern Guinea, the Nimba Range at the border of Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire, and the Monts du Toura in western Côte d'Ivoire.
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Southern Africa showing location of Limpopo belt The Limpopo Belt is located in South Africa and Zimbabwe, runs E-NE, and joins the Kaapvaal Craton to the south with the Zimbabwe Craton to the north. The belt is of high-grade metamorphic rocks that have undergone a long cycle of metamorphism and deformation that ended 2.0 billion years ago, after the stabilisation of the adjacent massifs. The belt comprises 3 components: the Central Zone, the North Marginal Zone and the South Marginal Zone.
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The basin was deepening towards the Atlantic and shallowing towards the east, where it terminates before the Aude river. It is split by the basement massifs of the North Pyrenean Zone into two strands—a southerly strand called sillon aturien, which received up to 2500 m of flysch ardoisier and a northerly strand with the flysch noir. The flysch basin is rimmed to the north by the relatively stable Aquitanian Shelf. It was formed probably by extensive crustal thinning that penetrated from the Atlantic side.
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Cima Palon - Entrance to World War 1 galleries cut into limestone Cima Palon, also called Monte Pasubio is the highest peak of the Pasubio group of Little Dolomites in Veneto, Italy. It has an elevation of 2,239 metres. The Pasubio plateau is one of the most relevant Little Dolomites massifs, and it held a high strategic role during the Great War (1914-1918), since it represented the last defensive position of the Venetian Plain. It was the site of fierce mine warfare on the Italian Front.
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Cuyo has some of the most popular tourist attractions in Argentina and the highest mountain massifs in the Andes, including Aconcagua itself, the highest peak outside Asia, and the Ischigualasto Provincial Park. The soil is arid and reddish, crossed by few rivers. Most of the rivers are fed by the thawing of snow on the peaks, and their volume of water increases considerably in spring. The Desaguadero River is the main collector, receiving waters from the Bermejo, Vinchina and Salado before reaching the Colorado River.
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Musala Peak, Rila The Central Balkan National Park, Balkan Mountains Mountains constitute a significant part of Bulgaria and are dominant in the southwest and central parts. Bulgaria's highest mountains are Rila (highest peak Musala, 2925 m; the highest in the Balkans) and Pirin (highest peak Vihren, 2914 m). The large mountain chain of Stara planina (Balkan Mountains) runs west-east across the entire country, bisecting it and giving the name to the entire Balkan peninsula. Other extensive mountains are the massifs Rhodopes and Strandzha in the south.
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The crater is now quite flat – more precisely, its floor conforms to Tethys's spherical shape. This is most likely due to the viscous relaxation of the Tethyan icy crust over geologic time. Nevertheless, the rim crest of Odysseus is elevated by approximately 5 km above the mean satellite radius. The central complex of Odysseus features a central pit 2–4 km deep surrounded by massifs elevated by 6–9 km above the crater floor, which itself is about 3 km below the average radius.
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L'Oisans is a region in the French Alps, located in the départements of l'Isère and Hautes-Alpes, and corresponding to the drainage basin of the River Romanche and its tributaries (Eau d'Olle, Lignarre, Sarenne, Vénéon and Ferrand). Between Livet-et-Gavet and Le Bourg-d'Oisans, the Romanche forms a deep gorge. Its geographical definition coincides almost exactly with the former cantons of Le Bourg-d'Oisans (Isère) and La Grave (Hautes Alpes). The Oisans covers parts of the massifs of Belledonne, Taillefer, Grandes Rousses, Arves and Écrins.
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The Lombard Alps are all named after the ancient peoples who dwelled in them in the time of the Roman Empire. The Lepontine Alps are named for the Lepontii, the Rhaetian Alps for the Rhaetians, and the Orobie Alps for the Orobii. There are four prominent massifs in the Lombard Alps: the Bregaglia Range, Piz Bernina, , and the . The first three of these rise between the Rhine and Inn in the north and the Adda and Oglioto in the south and therefore are only partly in Italy.
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The ecoregion is between the Pacific Ocean and the Western Ranges of the Andes, with elevations from sea level to about . It includes the western slopes of the Andes and the Cerro Torrá, Serranía del Darién, Sierra Llorona de San Blas and Serranía del Baudó massifs. Terrain includes recently formed alluvial plains, hills formed in the Tertiary and Pleistocene from dissection of sediments, and older Mesozoic era rocks in the mountains. The soils are typically red clay laterite, leached of most nutrients by the heavy rain.
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Another multi-ring structure--Heimdall is found to the south-west of Lofn. Geologically Lofn is divided into a number of zones including the flat central floor zone, ring of massifs around it and the outer rings of bright and dark impact ejecta. Lofn was probably formed by an oblique impactor coming from the north-west. The relative shallowness of it is explained by either fragmentation of the impactor prior to the contact with the surface or by the post impact relaxation of Callisto's ductile crust.
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Young Alpine ibex on a cliff The Alpine ibex historically ranged through France, Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Bavaria, Austria and Slovenia. Starting in the early 16th century and with firearms becoming common, the overall population declined due to overexploitation and poaching. The ibex became extinct in Switzerland and Germany by the 18th century, and was extinct in Austria and northeastern Italy by the 19th century. They remained only in and around the adjacent Gran Paradiso and Vanoise Massifs, then both part of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
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These two plain types are separated from each other by a ring of massifs, which is about 450 km in diameter. This boundary may correspond to the outer edge of the transient cavity created by the impact, which later collapsed. The smooth plains filling the inner part of Rembrandt are interpreted to be of the volcanic origin. They are probably similar to the lunar maria, although they are lighter than the surrounding plains, which is the opposite of what is observed on the Moon.
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The central parts of the steppe are dominated by shrubby and herbaceous plant species albeit to the west, where precipitation is higher, bushes are replaced by grasses.The Physical Geography of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Andrea M. J. Coronato, Fernando Coronato, Elizabeth Mazzoni and Mirian Vazquez Topographically the deserts consist of alternating tablelands and massifs dissected by river valleys and canyons. The more western parts of the steppe host lakes of glacial origin and grades into barren mountains or cold temperate forests along valleys.
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The state has many plateaus and savannas located in the southwest. In the northeast and the southeast there are deltaic savannas in which rivers such as San Juan, Guanipa, Caño Mánamo, Río Tigre flow into. In the northwest there is a group of mountains belonged to the eastern mountain range. This mountain range is divided in two massifs: the massif of el Turimiquire (in which the town of San Antonio is located) and the massif of Caripe (in which the town of Caripe is located).
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The first one is a tectonic depression in the Coast Range connected to Valdivia by Cruces River and the second is the continuation of the Intermediate Depression that re-opens south of Máfil. The flatlands and mayor river valleys form large, open, cultural landscapes used as grassing meadows or for growing crops. The Precordillera is a narrow band characterized by hosting a large number of deep glacial piedmont lakes that are dammed by moraines. These lakes intersect forested granitic mountain massifs of up to 1500 m.
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To the west it borders the Dinaric and Šar-Pindus massifs (Albanian mountains) - the border is marked by the valleys of Vardar, Ibar, West Morava and Kolubara. To the north, the Rhodope mountain range reach the middle Danube in the Belgrade area. From the northeast, the Rhodope mountain range, through the valley of the South Morava and the Sofia Valley, borders the Balkan Mountain subsystem (Balkanian mountains) - the Balkan Mountains. To the south, the physical- geographical unit is bounded by the northern coast of the Aegean Sea.
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The Llanberis Pass lies between the mountain massifs of Snowdon and the Glyderau in the county of Gwynedd, in northwestern Wales. The summit of the pass is above sea level, and is the site of the Pen-y-Pass Hotel, now a Youth Hostel. The A4086 road traverses the pass. The Nant Peris valley lies to the northwest descending to the town of Llanberis, the Llyn Peris and Llyn Padarn lakes and continues on as the Afon Rhythallt to Caernarfon and the Menai Strait.
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Effect of landscape structure on Common Vole (Microtus arvalis) distribution and abundance at several space scales. Landscape Ecology, 11(5), 279-288. the European hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor), which occupies wooded edges across western Europe alongside the eagle-owls; the European water vole (Arvicola amphibius), a unique, large vole occupying the wetland edges often hunted by eagle-owls; and the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), which has a very close relationship with the eagle- owls found throughout the Iberian Peninsula and the massifs of France.Donázar, J. A., Hiraldo, F., Delibes, M., & Estrella, R. R. (1989).
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In the neogene (Upper Tertiary beginning 26 million years ago) period, tectonic activity increased again – just as the Alpine orogeny (Alps, Carpathians etc.) slowly came to an end. In that time, parts of this and other older massifs (such as the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands or Bohemian Massif in the Alpine foothills) sometimes ended up underneath younger rock. In the Upper Miocene (10 million years ago), molten basalt broke through in northern Upper Palatinate as the Eger Graben was being formed. Through erosion, the remains of former diatremes have been uncovered and may be seen e.g.
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The geology of Morocco formed beginning up to two billion years ago, in the Paleoproterozoic and potentially even earlier. It was affected by the Pan- African orogeny, although the later Hercynian orogeny produced fewer changes and left the Maseta Domain, a large area of remnant Paleozoic massifs. During the Paleozoic, extensive sedimentary deposits preserved marine fossils. Throughout the Mesozoic, the rifting apart of Pangaea to form the Atlantic Ocean created basins and fault blocks, which were blanketed in terrestrial and marine sediments—particularly as a major marine transgression flooded much of the region.
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Geographical boundaries to the west of the Northeast are not clear, mainly due to the lack of consensus about the geography of Vietnam on the boundary between the Northwest and Northeast to be the Red River or the Hoàng Liên Sơn. The Northeast is limited to the north and east by the Vietnam-China border, while the Southeast overlooks the Gulf of Tonkin. The southern limit is composed of the Tam Đảo mountain range and the Red River Delta. It is also mountainous in the midlands, the mountainous include massifs, and limestone mountains.
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Finally, the country lacked the necessary technical base. Considering Stalin's attention to the project, the necessary technologies and mechanisms were developed for high-rise construction from scratch or improved. Especially for Stalin's skyscrapers, an original “box foundation” was developed, which allowed the building to be erected without gigantic reinforced concrete massifs and vertical sedimentary joints. The workers received a concrete pump capable of pumping fresh mortar to a height of 40 meters, UBK tower cranes with a lifting capacity of 15 tons, capable of lifting themselves from floor to floor as the building grows.
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Monte Terminillo is a massif in the Monti Reatini, part of the Abruzzi Apennine range in central Italy. It is located some 20 km from Rieti and 100 km from Rome and has a highest altitude of . It is a typical Apennine massif, both for its morphology, articulated but not exceedingly sharp, and for the fauna and vegetation. Its slopes are separated by the neighbouring smaller massifs by deep valleys, including the Valle Leonina, leading to Leonessa, and the Ravara and Capo Scura valleys leading to that of the Velino River.
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Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg lies between 108 and 320 m above sea level at the foot of Castle Ebernburg in a region of low mountains with forests and vineyards framed by craggy massifs of the Rheingrafenstein and the Rotenfels and also by the river Nahe. The two rock formations in question, which lie across the river, are the highest north of the Alps, rising more than 200 m from the river bank. The town lies 6 km south of Bad Kreuznach and 50 km southwest of Mainz. The municipal area measures 9.53 km2.
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The middle part of Bijambare is a karst enclave with all its commonly observed characteristics: caves, lost rivers, intriguing funnel-shaped depressions and rocky massifs. There are five caves located in three horizons, in a pretty small area. One of these caves is especially popular- the Bijambare cave, which has been a popular tourist spot and a speleological site for a long time. The cave is 420 m long (basic direction without individual branches), with four halls with rich ornaments of all known creation forms: lateral blocks, stalactites, casts, stalagmites and curtains.
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Djebel Ouenza and Djebel Bou Khadra are isolated massifs near the border between Algeria and Tunisia, Their peaks are from high. Since ancient times it has been known that the limestone formations contain large seams of iron ore. The iron ore was rediscovered in recent times by a prospector named Wetterlé who had migrated to Algeria after his home province of Alsace-Lorraine became part of Germany in 1871. He was looking for copper, a much more precious metal, and had little interest in the mountain of iron ore he stumbled upon.
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On the other hand, the early Paleozoic rocks were deformed and metamorphosed to a higher degree during the Caledonian orogeny (about 450 million years ago). Both the Caledonian basement and the low grade cover rocks were deformed again during the Hercynian orogeny (about 350-280 million years ago). This phase of deformation created a large northeast-southwest oriented anticline that runs across the Belgian part of the Rhenish Massif (the Ardennes anticline). In the core of this anticline a number of massifs of early Paleozoic rocks crop out.
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Boulders litter the streambed of Porters Creek in Greenbrier The ridges surrounding Greenbrier are among the highest in the Appalachian range. To the east is the Guyot massif, which rises to over 6,000 feet (1,829 m) for long stretches. To the west is the Le Conte massif, which culminates in a 6,593-foot (2,009 m) summit. The ridge immediately to the south connecting the two massifs, known as "the Sawteeth," consists of a series of jagged, steep cliffs, the most well-known of which spans the northern face of Charlies Bunion.
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The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes.
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Velmej is located at Dolna Debarca region, 13 km. east from the Ohrid-Kicevo high road. On the western slopes of mountain Ilinska Bigla, from the north and the east side, the village is surrounded with the mountain massifs of Ilinska Bigla, (to the east is Kilaec peakat 1068 m, to the north is Čuki at 1303 m) and in the west and south sides is the Velmej field. The village's altitude is 860 m. The area of the village Velmej takes 39.3 km2 or 10% of the territory of Debarca.
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Satellite image of Tenerife with different volcanic massifs labeled Summary diagram for formation of Tenerife through to current Teide volcano The stratovolcanoes Teide and Pico Viejo (Old Peak, although it is in fact younger than Teide) are the most recent centres of activity on the volcanic island of Tenerife, which is the largest () and highest () island in the Canaries. It has a complex volcanic history. The formation of the island and the development of the current Teide volcano took place in the five stages shown in the diagram on the right.
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Aerial view of the Itillersuaq valley in the interior of the island There are two significant valleys on the island. Saqqarsuup Itillia (old spelling: Sarqarssûp itivdlia) dissects the eastern part of the island into two separate massifs, the southern topping at a peak, and the northern topping at peak, to the east of the Umiasussuk mountain. The valley holds a small lake of the same name. The southwestern coast is home to several small lakes, most of which are in the north-south oriented Itillersuaq (old spelling: Itivdlerssuaq) valley, through which leads a walking trail.
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During the Napoleonic Wars and under the grand strategy Napoleon drafted, which included the invasion of Portugal using the corps of French Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, the fortress of Póvoa de Varzim and that of Vila do Conde, in close proximity, were taken by French troops in late March 1809, as there were few troops in the region. The French control of the towns of Póvoa de Varzim and Vila do Conde lasted for almost two months. In May, Soult retreated throw the Marão and Gerês massifs, escaping the Anglo-Portuguese forces.
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Layers of zebra limestone under the cave The Tennengebirge mountains were formed during the late Tertiary period, during the Würm glaciation period of the Pleistocene. The mountain range, one of the massifs in the Austrian Alps, is the largest karst plateau in the Salzburger Alps, and the Eisriesenwelt is located at the rim of this plateau. Although the cave has a length of 42 km, only the first kilometer, the area that tourists are allowed to visit, is covered in ice. The rest of the cave is formed of limestone.
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Dominant mountain massifs create a natural isolation for this municipality towards north and south, meanwhile, by Brod canyon the municipality is open towards Kosovo Valley, and through Prevalac toward Prizren Valley. The bordering municipalities are Ferizaj, Kaçanik, Suva Reka and Prizren, while the municipality is bordered by North Macedonia to the south. Ski resort Brezovica and the town of Štrpce. Štrpce has a relatively favorable location in comparison to other cities and administrative, economic centers of Kosovo, as well as the north and northwest part of North Macedonia.
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Krompachy is situated in the central Spiš area in the valley of the Hornád river, above sea level. The town lies on the meeting point of three mountain ranges; the Levoča Hills (Levočské vrchy) and Branisko Massif (the highest point is Slubica above sea level) are to the north and the Volovec Mountains (Volovské vrchy) (part of the Slovenské rudohorie Mountains) are to the south. The town is surrounded on every side by mountain massifs, with summits above sea level. The annual rainfall in the Hornád Basin (Hornádska kotlina) is between .
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Mountain ranges are known to take many millions of years to erode to the degree they effectively cease to exist. Scholars Pitman and Golovchenko estimate that it takes probably more than 450 million years to erode a mountain mass similar to the Himalaya into an almost-flat peneplain if there are no major sea-level changes. Erosion of mountains massifs can create a pattern of equally high summits called summit accordance. It has been argued that extension during post-orogenic collapse is a more effective mechanism of lowering the height of orogenic mountains than erosion.
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The machine-building industry is developed in Smolyan, Kardzhali, Devin, Bratsigovo, Ivailovgrad and others; there is a pharmaceutical plant in Pestera. Some of the centers of textile industry include Zlatograd, Smolyan, Madan, Laki. The timber industry is developed mainly in the western parts where there are some of the most important forest massifs in the Balkan Peninsula. The Rhodopes are one of the main hydro-power generation regions of Bulgaria with a number of major HPPs such as Batak, Peshtera, Aleko, Studen Kladenets, Kardzhali, Vacha and Thisavros and Platanovrysi in Greece.
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Some ophiolites have a green color. The origin of these rocks, present in many mountainous massifs, remained uncertain until the advent of plate tectonic theory. Their great significance relates to their occurrence within mountain belts such as the Alps and the Himalayas, where they document the existence of former ocean basins that have now been consumed by subduction. This insight was one of the founding pillars of plate tectonics, and ophiolites have always played a central role in plate tectonic theory and the interpretation of ancient mountain belts.
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The region features diverse surface relief -- fertile valleys and canyons, separated by hillocks and mountains. The northern and western parts of the territory form the so- called "Kyustendilsko kraishte" (Kyustendil Cornerland) and include parts of the cross-border Milevska, Chudinska, Zemenska and -- to the east -- Konyavska mountains. To the south, the Kyustendilsko kraishte reaches as far as the valleys of the Dragovishtitsa and Bistritsa rivers, as well as the Lisets mountain. The southern part of the region includes massifs of the Osogovo, Vlahina and northwestern Rila mountains, embracing the Kamenitsa, Kyustendil and Dupnitsa lowerlands.
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Consequently, the eastern belt harbours most of the humid forests, while precipitation decreases to the west. The rain shadow region in the southwest has a sub-arid climate. Temperatures are highest on the west coast, with annual means of up to , while the high massifs have a cool climate, with a annual mean locally. Geology features mainly igneous and metamorphic basement rocks, with some lava and quartzite in the central and eastern plateaus, while the western part has belts of sandstone, limestone (including the tsingy formations), and unconsolidated sand.
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The brown leaf chameleon occurs in eastern Madagascar (including the island of Nosy Boraha),Carpenter, A.I. and Robson, O. (2005) A review of the endemic chameleon genus Brookesia from Madagascar, and the rationale for its listing on CITES Appendix II. Oryx, 39(4): 345-380. from sea level up to altitudes of over .Andreone, F., Randrianirina, J.E., Jenkins, P.D. and Aprea, G. (2000) Species diversity of Amphibia, Reptilia and Lipotyphla (Mammalia) at Ambolokopatrika, a rainforest between the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy Massifs, NE Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation, 9: 1587-1622.
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Modern Laconia is a political subdivision of Greece covering the Eurotas Valley, the massifs on either side, the two headlands, and the enclosed Laconian Gulf with its coastal islands. Its seat is the city of Sparta, as in ancient times, at a site which dominated and still dominates the valley from its central position. However, the rich-soil plain is entirely divided into villages that practice agriculture, viticulture, and arboriculture intensely. The main roads from Sparta form a branching network leading out radially from the city to connect other cities and towns in the valley.
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The intrusive rocks of the area are composed of three types: subvolcanic massifs, ring intrusions and central plutons.Sims, P. K., Eva B. Kisvarsanyi and G. B. Morey, 1987, Geology and Metallogeny of Archean and Proterozoic Basement Terranes in the Northern Midcontinent, U.S.A., USGS Bulletin 1819 The subvolcanic intrusives are similar in geochemistry to the associated rhyolite volcanics, which they intrude into. They are granite with granophyric quartz, perthitic potassium feldspar, biotite and magnetite. They are intrusive into the rhyolites with development of fine grained granophyre at the contact.
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This article describes the geology of the Brecon Beacons National Park in mid/south Wales. The area gained national park status in 1957 with the designated area of including mountain massifs to both the east and west of the Brecon Beacons proper. The geology of the national park consists of a thick succession of sedimentary rocks laid down from the late Ordovician through the Silurian and Devonian to the late Carboniferous period. The rock sequence most closely associated with the park is the Old Red Sandstone from which most of its mountains are formed.
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The Oymyakon Plateau is located in the eastern Sakha Republic, in the upper course of the Indigirka River.Google Earth Together with the Yana Plateau to the north, and the Elgin Plateau to the northwest, it is part of the Yana—Oymyakon Highlands. It The plateau is limited by the Chersky Range to the east and by the Suntar-Khayata and the Tas-Kystabyt range of the Verkhoyansk Range to the west, connecting both mountain regions. The highest elevations are found in the mountain massifs rising above the plateau; the highest point is high Dzhakai-Tasa.
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Tagansko–Krasnopresnenskaya line is a classic example of Soviet urban planning, sometimes referred to as the seventh stage of the Metro. Construction began in the early 1960s, and in 1966 the first complete segment was opened. In the practice of Moscow radial line openings, it began at the ring and left through to the new housing massifs on the southeast of Moscow, originally called the Zhdanovskaya line (Ждановская линия). The construction of the new radius was designed to maximize the efficiency of it with the land-based transportation.
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Late Jurassic terrestrial localities in Europe. '7' indicates the Langenberg Quarry The Langenberg locality in Germany, from the early Oxfordian to late Kimmeridgian, displays the variety of plant and animal life from an island ecosystem from the late Jurassic. During the Kimmeridgian the locality would have been marine, being located between the Rhenisch, Bohemian, and London-Brabant Massifs. This does not indicate that the taxa present were marine, as the animals and plants may have been deposited allochthonously (albeit only by a short distance) from the surrounding islands.
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Lourmarin is located in the French region of Provence, at the foot of the Luberon Massif where a southern pass debouches over the Luberon from Apt on the northern side of the Luberon. The pass divides the Grand Luberon from the Petit Luberon range, an area rich in Neolithic remains and noted for its dramatic massifs and rockscapes. The Aigues Brun brook comes out of the pass and runs just to the west of the village (Aigue is a Provençal language word for "water", coming from Latin aqua).
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The initial fortress was constructed during the time when the region was part of the Roman Empire. The rock formations in the area served as a natural protection, as fortified walls were practically only built from the northwest and southeast, with the yard being surrounded by rocks up to high from the other sides. Initially, the Belogradchik Fortress served for surveillance and not strictly defense. Bulgarian tsar of Vidin Ivan Stratsimir extended the old fortress in the 14th century, building fortified garrisons in front of the existing rock massifs.
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The plateau area is covered by alluvial debris formed when the mountains eroded. An occasional ridge projects through the alluvial cover to interrupt the monotony of the landscape.Les Hautes Plaines algéro- marocaines et le Maroc central Higher and more continuous than the Tell Atlas, the Sahara Atlas range is formed of three massifs: the Ksour Range near the Moroccan border, the Amour Range, and the Ouled-Naïl Range south of Algiers. The mountains, which receive more rainfall than those of the High Plateaus, include some good grazing land.
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The northern voalavo, or naked-tailed voalavo, or just voalavo, (Voalavo gymnocaudus), is a rodent in the family Nesomyidae found in the highlands of northern Madagascar. Discovered in 1994 and formally described in 1998, it is the type species of genus Voalavo; its closest relative is the eastern voalavo of the Central Highlands. DNA sequence data suggests it may be more closely related to Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat than to other species of the closely related genus Eliurus. The northern voalavo is found at above sea level in montane wet and dry forest in the Marojejy and Anjanaharibe-Sud massifs.
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The northern voalavo has been found only in two massifs of the Northern Highlands, Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy, but may range more widely. At Anjanaharibe-Sud, the species has been found in wet mountain forest at , where it occurred with the indigenous rodents Major's tufted-tailed rat and island mouse as well as the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus), and in drier forest at about , where it may live alongside other species of Eliurus and Voalavoanala. The Marojejy records come from similar habitats at above sea level. The northern voalavo probably largely lives on the ground, but is able to climb in vegetation.
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Petroglyphs of Bactrian camel These camels are migratory, and their habitat ranges from rocky mountain massifs to flat arid desert, stony plains, and sand dunes. Conditions are extremely harsh – vegetation is sparse, water sources are limited and temperatures are extreme, ranging from as low as −40 °C in winter to 40 °C in summer. The camels’ distribution is linked to the availability of water, with large groups congregating near rivers after rain or at the foot of the mountains, where water can be obtained from springs in the summer months, and in the form of snow during the winter.
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The Styrian-Lower Austrian Limestone Alps () are the easternmost part of the Northern Limestone Alps, running from the River Enns to the Vienna Basin. The high Alpine, limestone massifs of the Hochschwab, Veitsch, Schneealpe, Rax and Schneeberg belong to it as do the limestone prealps to the north as far as the Flysch zone. The geological conditions in the limestone mountains make this part of the Limestone Alps a valuable drinking water reservoir, from which the Vienna Water Supply (Wiener Wasserversorgung) draws. The geologist, Eduard Suess, pressed the Vienna city council for a water supply from this region as early as 1864.
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The Ouadi Rimé–Ouadi Achim, covering three habitats of Sahelian wooded grassland, sub- desert grassland (covers about 66% of the area), and desert, and is one of the largest reserves in Chad. Its terrain with an elevation range of has no prominent features except for an isolated patch of a remnant of volcanic eruption. It has a long dune cordon called the Goz Kerky that runs through the reserve in a north-south direction. The eastern part of the reserve has massifs which rise to a height of which drain a number of streams that flow through the reserve.
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Shortly before reaching Brig, it receives the waters of the Massa from the Aletsch Glacier. It flows onward through the valley which bears its name and runs initially in a westerly direction about thirty kilometers to Leuk, then southwest about fifty kilometers to Martigny. Down as far as Brig, the Rhône is a torrent; it then becomes a great mountain river running southwest through a glacier valley. Between Brig and Martigny, it collects waters mostly from the valleys of the Pennine Alps to the south, whose rivers originate from the large glaciers of the massifs of Monte Rosa, Dom, and Grand Combin.
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On 24 January it was transferred back to V Corps and came under the command of 6th Armoured Division, but did not remain there for long; two days later it came under the command of XIX French Corps, located in area around Bou Araba.Otway, pp.83–84 There it was given command of several French units and stationed between 36th Infantry Brigade and 1st Guards Brigade. On 2 February 1 Parachute Battalion was ordered to mount an attack on the massifs of Djebel Mansour and Djebel Alliliga, supported by a company belonging to the French Foreign Legion.
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All these fractures account for an overall compression of the Axial Zone by 20% which translates as roughly 10 to 20 km of crustal shortening. As a result, the Axial Zone was squeezed into a south-directed antiformal stack. The Axial Zone disappears in the Haut Béarn as a pericline underneath the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary cover only to reappear in the basement uplifts of Aldudés-Quinto Réal, the southernmost of the Basque basement massifs. In the east the Axial Zone becomes downfaulted into Neogene and Quaternary grabens of Northern Catalonia and finally disappears underneath the Mediterranean.
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The central and eastern section of the Axial Zone is bounded in the north by the North Pyrenean Fault, a system of N 110-striking, steeply dipping reverse- faults. The trace of the North Pyrenean Fault becomes more and more diffuse west of Lourdes; near the Basque basement massifs, it seems to be displaced to the south by a wrench fault and then possibly continues into Spain south of the Basque Marble Nappe and south of the Basque Fold Belt. In Cantabria, it finally reaches the Atlantic coast. The southern limit of the Axial Zone runs completely on Spanish territory.
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Chernihivska () is a Kyiv Metro station on the Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line. The station was built as a single extension to the newer housing massifs built on the eastern edge of Kyiv. Located next to the intersection of Brovary Avenue and Bratislava Street, it is a surface station built to the identical design that was popular throughout the Soviet Union at the time, matching five stations on the Moscow Metro (such as Bagrationovskaya) and one on Tbilisi Metro (Dibube). Chernihivska's design (architects I. Maslenikov, V. Bogdanovskaya, T. Tselikovskaya) consists of two levels, a lower platform level and an upper street level.
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These mountains have a smooth outline with rather steep western and gentle eastern slopes. The Siberian fir overwhelmingly predominates in the forest belt except for its upper part where, at the tree line (1300–1900 m), the siberian pine becomes dominant. The highlands are occupied mostly by vast large-stoned screes, and also by patches of subalpine meadows and, on some southern mountain massifs, of bushy, lichen and moss tundras. The basin of the Kondoma River in Gornaya Shoriya is remarkable for the Siberian lime-tree woods which are thought to be the relics of a pre-Pleistocene nemoral vegetation of Siberia.
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Whilst the up to 21 km long current valley glaciers are restricted to mountain massifs exceeding 5600 m in height, during the last glacial period the glacier ice covered the high plateau with its set-up highland relief, continuing west of Mustagh Ata and Kongur. From this glacier area an outlet glacier has flowed down to the north-east through the Gez valley up to c.1850 m asl (meters above sea level) and thus as far as to the margin of the Tarim basin. This outlet glacier received inflow from the Kaiayayilak glacier from the Kongur north flank.
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Harzburgite is the most commonly found variety of peridotite in ophiolites, which are fragments of oceanic crust and the underlying oceanic mantle obducted and exposed during collision with continental crust. Examples of ophiolites with extensive harzburgite include the Troodos Ophiolite in Cyprus, the Semail Ophiolite in Oman, the Coast Range ophiolites of California, and the Bay of Islands Ophiolite in Newfoundland. Harzburgite may also be found in some Alpine peridotite massifs that consist mostly of lherzolite. Alpine or orogenic lherzolites represent subcontinental mantle lithosphere (the upper mantle below continental crust) exposed during the plate tectonic collision of continental plates.
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Sorocaba is located exactly on the limit between the sedimentary rocks of Parana Sedimentary Basin (Itararé Group, in glacial and deltaic palaeoenvironments of Permian-Carboniferous age) and crystalline basement (Neoproterozoic). Important granite massifs are Sorocaba Massif (calc-alkaline I-Type) and São Francisco Massif (Subalkaline, A-Type). Metamorphic low grade rocks as phyllites, metacalcareous, metarenites, are marine metassediments are included in Sao Roque Group (Neoproterozoic) with structural trend northeast-southwest. The Ipanema Hill or Araçoiaba Ridge is a prominent and isolated topographic elevation, it comprises ultrabasic-alkaline intrusion age (Mesozoic, Early Cretaceous), remnant of ancient volcano.
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The lake was preserved in its natural state until 1934, when corrections were made to some of the rivers and dikes were built in its western part to prevent spring floods. The second major change in the lake occurred in 1963, with the construction of a dam in its eastern part. In this way, part of the shallows overgrown with swamp vegetation were destroyed, the connection of the lake with the sea was cut off and it became completely freshwater. The large reed massifs disappear, and with them the convenient nesting places for herons, pelicans, ducks, etc.
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The central highlands, above , feature some high mountains, though the Tsaratanana Massif in the north has the highest elevation, namely . Temperatures are highest on the west coast, with annual means of up to , while the high massifs have a cool climate with a annual mean. The geology of Madagascar features mainly igneous and metamorphic basement rocks, with some lava and quartzite in the central and eastern plateaus, while the western part has belts of sandstone, limestone (including the tsingy formations), and unconsolidated sand. The marked east–central–west distinction among Madagascan flora was already described by the English naturalist Richard Baron in 1889.
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Landsend Peak is a prominent wedge-shaped mountain located in the West Elk Mountains range northeast of Crawford, Colorado. The summit of Landsend Peak has an elevation of rising dramatically about above the valley below. Together with nearby Mount Lamborn to the northeast (the highest point in Delta County), it delineates the western edge of the West Elk Mountains (and West Elk Wilderness), and the two massifs top out about higher than the adjacent North Fork Gunnison River. Both peaks lie within the Gunnison National Forest near the physiographic boundary of the Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau provinces.
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The parallel nature of the wrinkle ridges of Phlegra Dorsa was regarded as a critical aspect of this hypothesis. The massifs of the Phlegra Montes were also compared to Amenthes Rupes and Eridania Scopulus. Norman Sleep, who first proposed a model for plate tectonics on Mars in the 1990s to explain the origin of the northern lowlands, indicated that the Phlegra Montes range might constitute physiographic evidence of a transform-fault plate boundary. Later researchers found that his claim was inconsistent in orientation and fault type with the structural features that were actually present in the range.
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The southern areas of the country (South of the Yangtze River) consist of hilly and mountainous terrain. The west and north of the country are dominated by sunken basins (such as the Gobi and the Taklamakan), rolling plateaus, and towering massifs. It contains part of the highest tableland on earth, the Tibetan Plateau, and has much lower agricultural potential and population. Traditionally, the Chinese population centered on the Chinese central plain and oriented itself toward its own enormous inland market, developing as an imperial power whose center lay in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River on the northern plains.
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The boundary between the two is characterised by resurgent springs—typical of the Padan Plain—which supply fresh water to the rivers and a dense network of irrigation canals. The countryside is very diverse: from the rugged peaks of the massifs of Monte Rosa and Gran Paradiso to the damp rice paddies of Vercelli and Novara, from the gentle hillsides of the Langhe, Roero and Montferrat to the plains. 7.6% of the entire territory is considered protected area. There are 56 different national or regional parks; one of the most famous is the Gran Paradiso National Park, between Piedmont and the Aosta Valley.
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Karl Holdhaus (21 January 1883 in Baden bei Wien - 30 June 1975) was an Austrian entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera. He was Director of the Vienna Natural History Museum. Holdhaus worked on the Coleoptera of glacial refugia, postglacial range expansions and “Massifs de Refugium”. He recognised that the distribution of blind euedaphic and troglobitic beetles was restricted to a well defined area in Europe, south of a line connecting Bordeaux, Lyon, the southern Alps, the Carpathians and the Black Sea. This is the “Holdhaus line” - the northern distribution limit of beetles with very poor powers of dispersal, especially blind cave beetles.
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The Hawaiian islands are carpeted by a large number of landslides sourced from volcanic collapse. Bathymetric mapping has revealed at least 70 large landslides on the island flanks over in length, and the longest are long and over in volume. These debris flows can be sorted into two broad categories: slumps, mass movement over slopes which slowly flatten their originators, and more catastrophic debris avalanches, which fragment volcanic slopes and scatter volcanic debris past their slopes. These slides have caused massive tsunamis and earthquakes, fractured volcanic massifs, and scattered debris hundreds of miles away from their source.
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Mead is classified as a multi-ring crater with its innermost, concentric scarp being interpreted as the rim of the original crater cavity. No inner peak-ring of mountain massifs is observed on Mead. The presence of hummocky, radar- bright crater ejecta crossing the radar-dark floor terrace and adjacent outer rim scarp suggests that the floor terrace is probably a giant rotated block that is concentric to, but lies outside, the original crater cavity. The flat, somewhat brighter inner floor of Mead is interpreted to result from considerable infilling of the original crater cavity by impact melt and/or by volcanic lavas.
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Although rectilinear mountain massifs and the radially lineated facies of basin ejecta of the Caloris Group surround the Caloris Basin, similar units cannot be unambiguously recognized around the Goethe Basin (FDS 164). However, hilly and hummocky remnants resembling basin deposits and ejecta protrude above the gently sloping basin wall. They extend southwest and north of the basin beyond a much subdued, low, barely perceptible rim crest for a distance of one-half to one-third of the basin radius. Goethe is older than the smooth plains material by which its wall, rim crest, and most of its ejecta were partly buried.
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Located between the valleys carved by the rivers Cares and Duje is the Central Massif, without doubt one of the most rugged and vertical of the Picos de Europa. Possessing the greatest height of the three massifs, as 38 of its summits rise above 2,500 meters, 14 of them being over 2,600 meters. Only Peña Santa, on the Western massif, would be in that group of 38 mountains above 2,500 meters. Although less extensive than the Cornión massif, the Urrieles massif has more high-mountain area than the previous, crowned by the Torrecerredo with its altitude of 2,650 meters.
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The circumbasin scarps around Caloris, Tolstoj, and Mozart are the most prominent structural features in the quadrangle. The main Caloris Montes scarp is thought to approximate the edge of the basin of excavation of Caloris and is probably a structural and stratigraphic counterpart of the Montes Rook scarp around the Orientale Basin on the Moon. A subdued outer scarp is present around most of the visible part of Caloris, better seen in the Shakespeare quadrangle to the north. This scarp is generally coincident with the transition between the massifs of the Caloris Montes Formation and the lineated facies of the Van Eyck Formation.
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The southern coastline, exposed to the weather and open sea, is particularly spectacular, whereas the eastern coast, which faces towards the land, is characterized by a sequence of smooth hills, gently sloping towards the numerous crescent-shaped beaches, inlets and bays. Several small islets and many reefs provide an abundance of natural environments for a great variety of marine life. The center of the island is a flat "belt" of sediments that joins the two hilly massifs of the south-east and north-west. Here is a small savanna—the result of human activities and cultivation.
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Vallès Occidental borders the comarques of Bages (to the north), Vallès Oriental (to the north and east), Baix Llobregat (to the west), and Barcelonès (to the south). It centers on the Catalan prelittoral depression, limited to the west by the River Llobregat and to the east by the River Caldes. The northern part of the comarca is mountainous. From west to east, it contains part of the Obac range (924m altitude at Castellsapera); the massifs of Sant Llorenç de Munt (1095m at La Mola and 1053m at Montcau) and Puig de la Creu (664m); and the Sant Sadurní (954m) and Farell cliffs (789m).
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The hamlet is located about 15 km (9 mi) south of the Tarvis town centre, in the valley of the Rio del Lago (Seebachtal) between the Montasio and Mangart massifs of the Julian Alps. The parallel road runs further up to the picturesque Lago del Predil and the Sella Nevea mountain pass. An eastern branch-off leads to Predil Pass at the border with Slovenia. A long tunnel under the pass, built in 1905 and originally used for water drainage and later for transport of miners and political refugees escaping from Communist Yugoslavia, connects it with Log pod Mangartom.
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It was the time of initial fragmentation of the forest by cultivated fields which still divide the current forest of Eu into three massifs. Land clearing slowed in the 14th century with the start of the Hundred Years' War, the invasions of the troops of the King of England put an end to the prosperity of Normandy. This reduction of clearance continued despite the return to peace due to the development of regular logging. The Counts of Eu, landowners, found it more advantageous to sell the trees to charcoal burners, woodworkers and glassmakers than to cultivate low-paying lands.
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Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve (or Motlatse Canyon Provincial Nature Reserve) is situated in the Drakensberg escarpment region of eastern Mpumalanga, South Africa. The reserve protects the Blyde River Canyon, including sections of the Ohrigstad and Blyde Rivers and the geological formations around Bourke's Luck Potholes, where the Treur River tumbles into the Blyde below. Southwards of the canyon, the reserve follows the escarpment, to include the Devil's and God's Window, the latter a popular viewpoint to the lowveld at the reserve's southern extremity. The Mogologolo (1,794 m), Mariepskop (1,944 m) and Hebronberg (1,767 m) massifs are partially included in the reserve.
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The seismic activity corresponds with some of Canada's recently formed volcanoes and with persistent volcanoes that have had major explosive activity throughout their history such as Mount Garibaldi and the Mount Cayley and Mount Meager massifs. Fumarolic activity and sulfur smells were detected at the massif in 2016, with a fumarole field discovered on the Job Glacier. This was followed by monitoring of the mountain by Natural Resources Canada volcanologists, the results of which did not detect much seismicity. The fumarole field was considered unsafe to approach or enter due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide and potentially unstable ice crevasses.
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During his studies, he showed interest towards scientific activities and actively participated in the work of the scientific circle at the agronomic faculty. Starting from 1954, he began his scientific activities in the Pamir Botanical Garden, where he worked under the supervision of Anatoly Gursky and did research on consolidation and developing of sand and pebble massifs in Ishkashim District, as well as work over developing the collections and production nurseries in the Pamir Botanical Garden. In 1956, Khudoyor Yusufbekov performed his first experiments on the meadow formation of the desert pastures on the West Pamir.
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The principal ranges of the traditional Snowdonia are the Snowdon massif itself, the Glyderau, the Carneddau, the Moelwynion and the Moel Hebog range. All of Wales' 3000ft mountains are to be found within the first three of these massifs and are most popular with visitors. To their south within the wider national park are the Rhinogydd and the Cadair Idris and Aran Fawddwy ranges. Besides these well- defined areas are a host of mountains which are less readily grouped though various guidebook writers have assigned them into groups such as the 'Arenigs', the 'Tarrens' and the 'Dovey Hills'.
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The Langenberg Quarry, where K. langenbergensis is known from, is part of the Lower Saxony Basin, which would have been part of the landmass associated with the Rhenisch, Bohemian, and London-Brabant Massifs. During the Kimmeridgian, it would have been a shallow marine environment; however, this does not imply that K. langenbergensis was marine, since the animals and plants of the Langenberg Quarry were probably transported allochthonously (albeit only by a short distance) from the surrounding islands. Brackish and freshwater sediments are also present in the quarry, which implies that there was occasional freshwater influx. Twigs and conifer cones indicate that the araucarian Brachyphyllum was present at the site.
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The Arabian plate at 15 converges into the Anatolian Plate at 21 against the purple line (East Anatolian Fault). The Anatolian Plate moves west slipping along the North Anatolian Fault (green) but there is some north-south extension along the red border, which continues into the Aegean Plate at 37. It is opening the old subduction zone and uncovering the massifs, which have arisen as the Cyclades and the Menderes Massif. The morphotectonic configuration of Anatolia and the Aegean is a result of continental drift movements associated with the Alpine orogeny, a zone of mountain-building caused by the collision of the African and Arabian Plates with the Eurasian Plate.
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They are located between the Lofer valley, Saalfelden and Leogang and, together with the Lofer Mountains to the northwest form two mountain massifs that are separated by the saddle of the Römersattel (1,202 m), but which the Alpine categorisation of the Eastern Alps defines as a single sub-group (the Lofer and Leogang Mountains). The Leogang Mountains are separated from the Kitzbühel Alps to the south and the Steinernes Meer to the east by deeply incised valleys. Typical of the Steinberge are high plateaux with steep sides and sharply undulating high cirques. As typical karst mountains the Leogang Mountains are also pierced by numerous caves.
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Most of the lavas appear to originate in fissure vents, under the influence of dykes and tectonic faults. In addition, there are about 150 individual volcanic massifs and more smaller volcanic cones, many of which form rows of cones and sometimes have large craters and which occur mainly in the Al Haruj al Abyad part of Haruj. Craters range from deep pits with steep inward walls to wide and shallow depressions, and the craters are often filled with material eroded from their flanks. Phreatomagmatic processes triggered by groundwater interacting with rising magma have generated some of these large craters, while others formed when lava lakes drained through gaps in their rims.
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Like the fissure vents, the position of individual cones and massifs is controlled by ground fractures and often reflect the activity of dykes, and some cones appear to have been active more than once. There are about 30 shield volcanoes with heights of , such as Um el Garanigh and Um el Glaa, and smaller stratovolcanoes with heights of such as Garet el Graabia in the field; some stratovolcanoes are located on shield volcanoes. Scoria cones consist of lapilli, lava bombs and tuffs, with pyroclastic material exposed in the crater rims. The formation of scoria cones was at times accompanied by subplinian eruptions that deposited tephra over large areas.
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The western margins of Madagascar include Mesozoic and Tertiary limestones. These outcrop in the Ankarana and Bemaraha Massifs, Namoroka, Analamerana, and Ankara Plateau (172-162 million years in age), and the Mahafaly Plateau (54-38 million years in age) respectively. Flood basalts that ring Madagascar include the Mahajanga lavas (87.6 to 88.5 million years in age), the Toliara lavas and Ejeda-Bekily dike swarm (84.5-84.8 million years old), and the Androy lava flow (84.4 million years in age). These igneous rocks were emplaced during the interval when India and Madagascar were together (91 million years ago), and when apart (84 million years ago).
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Geological sketch of the Rhenish Massif Geologically the Rhenish Massif consists of metamorphic rocks, mostly slates (hence its German name), deformed and metamorphosed during the Hercynian orogeny (around 300 million years ago). Most of the massif is part of the Rhenohercynian zone of this orogeny, that also encompasses the Harz further east and Devonian rocks of Cornwall (southwestern England). Most rocks in the Rhenish Massif were originally sediments, mostly deposited during the Devonian and Carboniferous in a back-arc basin called the Rhenohercynian basin. In some places in the Ardennes, even older rocks of Cambrian to Silurian age crop out as massifs overlain by Devonian slates.
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The Germanic Basin () is a large region of sedimentation in Western and Central Europe that, during the Permian and Triassic periods, extended from England in the west to the eastern border of Poland in the east. To the south it is bounded by the Vindelician Ridge (Vindelizische Schwelle) and, to the west and northwest, by the Armorican and London-Brabant Massifs. To the north the basin is bordered by the highlands of Ireland and Scotland, which were then still connected to the North American continent. To the east the basin was defined by the East European Platform, to the northeast by the Fennoscandinavian Shield (Scandinavia and Finland).
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Fatutaka is one of numerous volcanic highs, islands and banks, in the north-western North Fiji Basin south of the fossil Vitiaz Trench (10°30'–19°S, 169°–174°E). These highs are, however, located up to from the Vitiaz Trench and do not form a continuous chain derived from the trench, but are a series of massifs aligned on north-south trending faults. Anuta and Fatutaka consist of basaltic lavas and andesitic breccias. In the 1970s the formation of Anuta and Fatutaka 2.2 was attributed to volcanism in the Vitiaz island arc during the initial back-arc opening of the North Fiji Basin.
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The region of Marmoul, a highland in the west of the Hindu Kush mountain system, is located on a pedestal raised above 1000 meters, combining mountain ranges and massifs alternating with wide flat hollows, intermontane depressions, plateaus and valleys. The height of the crest above the foot of the mountain range varies from 1400 to 2200 meters in different places. The Marmoul gorge is located in a mountain range 17 kilometers south of the city of Mazar-i-Sharif. Stretching for 400 kilometers from west to east (200 kilometers), and further to the south (200 kilometers), it forms a deep canyon, orange-brown in colour, with sheer rockfaces on either side.
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Annotated image of the area from the air The Prokletije mountains, the southernmost part of the Dinaric Alps, stretch more than from Skadar Lake along the Montenegrin–Albanian border in the southwest to Kosovo in the northeast. These points are at 42°45' and 42°15' N in the Mediterranean zone of the western Balkan Peninsula.Website des Montenegrinischen Tourismusministeriums Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH: Fjalor enciklopedik shqiptar, Tirana 1985 und Gjeografia fizike e Shqipërisë, Tirana 1990 The southern boundary of the Prokletije is found at the river Drin and its tributary Valbona. In a broader sense the Prokletije also include the mountain ranges to Mitrovica with the Hajla and Mokna massifs.
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At least four volcanoes have had seismic activity since 1985, including Mount Garibaldi (three events), Mount Cayley massif (four events), Mount Meager massif (seventeen events) and the Silverthrone Caldera (two events). Seismic data suggest that these volcanoes still contain active magma chambers, indicating that some Garibaldi Belt volcanoes are likely active, with significant potential hazards. The seismic activity corresponds with some of Canada's recently formed volcanoes and with persistent volcanoes that have had major explosive activity throughout their history, such as Mount Garibaldi and the Mount Cayley and Mount Meager massifs. A volcanic hot spring near Meager Creek related to volcanism at the Mount Meager massif.
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The combination of these forces produced the Isthmus of Panama and resulted in different sea surface salinity between the Pacific and Atlantic since 4.2 million years ago. It also resulted in massive interchange of species between North and South America and brought global changes in climate and ocean circulation. The Bocas del Toro Archipelago on the western Caribbean coast records local stratigraphy through this period, with Pliocene to Pleistocene coral reef carbonates overlying Miocene basalt and siliclastic shale. In the remote southeastern Darién Province, crystalline basement rock of the San Blas Complex forms massifs in the northeast and southwest, dating to the Cretaceous, Paleocene and Eocene.
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Roussillon, Vaucluse Metropolitan France has a wide variety of topographical sets and natural landscapes. Large parts of the current territory of France were raised during several tectonic episodes like the Hercynian uplift in the Paleozoic Era, during which the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Morvan, the Vosges and Ardennes ranges and the island of Corsica were formed. These massifs delineate several sedimentary basins such as the Aquitaine basin in the southwest and the Paris basin in the north, the latter including several areas of particularly fertile ground such as the silt beds of Beauce and Brie. Various routes of natural passage, such as the Rhône valley, allow easy communications.
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After the Leine trough has been blocked and flows around the Hube, it runs through the Alfeld Uplands (Alfelder Bergland), also called the Ith-Hils Upland (Ith- Hils-Bergland), which is characterised by a succession of closely spaced ridges and finger valleys running in a northwest-southeast direction. East of the massifs that give the region its alternative name, the Ith and the Hils, which are up to 480 m high, the ridges fall steeply on both sides of the Leine into the valley and are dissected by various tributaries. Beech woods dominate the heights whilst the valleys are used for arable farming. Large areas of the countryside are protected.
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DMA, 1975) The county comprises seven town-level divisions: the administrative center at Cuozheluomazhen (Cozhêlhoma, Soggarluma) 措折罗玛镇 (), and the six townships Xibdê 协德乡, Yagqu 雅曲乡, Garco 嘎措乡 Cozhêdangma 措折强玛乡, Domar 多玛乡, Parling 巴岭乡. Purog Kangri Glacier (普若岗日), near Purog Kangri Peak (, reported at 6,482 m or 6,435 m) Not to be confused with the Zangser Kangri Group, 6,460 m. Janusz Majer, Kangri and Jomo Ri Massifs, Reconaissance(sic), Mayer Kangri I East (6,053m) Alpina Americana (2010). has been reported as the world's largest "third largest glacier" (i.e.
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They had a number of objects that corresponded to the present-day tourism in the Gadabay and Galakand forest massifs such as pedestrian and horse riding, fishing and river swimming, historical and natural monuments, etc. The year 1900 was marked by the most favorable production indicators, which is associated with the general economic growth in Russia in the early years of the 20th century. Gadabay and Gadabay copper smelters worked until the beginning of the World War I. However, by this time the Siemens had cooled off towards business. Initially, domestic political instability and conflicts in Russia, and then the war dealt a crushing blow to the mining industry.
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In 1984 a third extension commenced in two stages to the southeast past the Tsaritsyno park and into the Orekhovo-Borisovo housing massifs. A flooded tunnel, however forced the new branch to close a day after and for the next two and a half months. In late 1985 the second stage was completed, reaching a length of 36.9 kilometres with 20 stations and a daily passenger traffic of 1.8 million people. The line's complex and inspiring history is mirrored in its architectural ensemble, particularly as it is one of the few places that it is possible to see the best of Soviet pre-war Art Deco architecture.
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The Nervo Formation consists of rolling to locally hummocky plains that lie in intermassif depressions between the mountains formed by the Caloris Montes Formation. The plains generally lie within the annulus of rugged terrain marked by the Caloris Montes Formation and locally appear to drape and overlie some of the more low-lying massifs. The Nervo bears some resemblance to the Apennine Bench Formation around the Imbrium Basin;Hackman, R. J., 1966, Geologic map of the Montes Apenninus region of the Moon: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-463, scale 1:1,000,000. its closest counterpart in Orientale is the knobby facies of the Montes Rook Formation.
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The Col de Crête Sèche (French: "dry ridge pass") or Colle di Crête Sèche (Italian) is a mountain pass in the Alps, located between Switzerland and Italy. It lies at a height of above sea level, between the massifs of Mont Gelé and Bec d'Epicoune, in the Pennine Alps. It connects Fionnay in the Swiss canton of Valais on its northern side to Bionaz in the Italian region of the Aosta Valley on its southern side. The Col de Crête Sèche is the second-lowest pass between the valleys of Bagnes and Valpelline, after the Fenêtre de Durand which lies about one hundred metres lower west of Mont Gelé.
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Bình Định Province, on the central coast of South Vietnam, was a long-time communist stronghold with the VC, and increasingly the PAVN, controlling most of the rural areas. Bình Định, with a population of about 875,000, was characterized by a heavily-populated narrow coastal plain out of which rose several mountain massifs. Inland, the many rivers ran through narrow valleys separated by heavily-forested mountains. The area of the province was . The ARVN controlled little more than the larger towns and Highway 1, the main north–south thoroughfare of South Vietnam, and Highway 19 which led from the coast to the highland city of Pleiku.
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The Waddington Range is a subrange of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is only about 4,000 km² (1,545 sq mi) in area, relatively small in area within the expanse of the range, but it is the highest area of the Pacific Ranges and of the Coast Mountains, being crowned by its namesake Mount Waddington 4,019 m (13,186 ft). The Waddington Range is also extremely rugged and more a complex of peaks than a single icefield, in contrast to the other huge icefield-massifs of the southern Coast Mountains, which are not so peak-studded and tend to have more contiguous icemasses.
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There are two separate areas within the ecoregion: the western side of Madagascar from the Ampasindava peninsula in the north to Belo-sur-Tsiribihina and Maromandia in the south (this is most of Mahajanga Province); and the northern tip of the island (apart from the high areas of Amber Mountain). Geological substrate is varied and includes the tsingy limestone massifs. These dry deciduous forests span the coastal plain with its limestone plateaus emanating virtually at sea level to higher altitudes to roughly . The area includes wetlands and grasslands (mostly created by forest clearance for agriculture) as well as dry forests characterized by a deciduous canopy extending to a height of .
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The flat-slab has caused an uplift of Sierras Pampeanas which begun first in the north and then moved southwards over millions of years. The oldest noted uplift episode associated with Pampean flat-slab is that of Sierra de Aconquija (27 °S) from 7.6 to 6 million years ago (Ma) in the Late Miocene epoch. This was followed by the uplift of massifs further south such as Sierra de Famatina (29 °S) that rose 4.5 to 4.19 Ma ago. Next to rise was Sierra de Pocho (31 °S) 5.5 to 4.7 Ma ago followed by Sierra de San Luis (33 °S) 2.6 Ma Ago.
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According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of which is land. It is surrounded on all sides by high ridges, with the Le Conte and Sugarland Mountain massifs rising to the south, Cove Mountain to the west, Big Ridge to the northeast, and Grapeyard Ridge to the east. The main watershed is the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River, which flows from its source on the slopes of Mount Collins to its junction with the Little Pigeon at Sevierville. U.S. Route 441 is the main traffic artery in Gatlinburg, running through the center of town from north to south.
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Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe is a transnational composite nature UNESCO World Heritage site, encompassing forests in 12 European countries. The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians include ten separate massifs located along the long axis from the Rakhiv mountains and Chornohora ridge in Ukraine over the Poloniny Ridge (Slovakia) to the Vihorlat Mountains in Slovakia. The Ancient Beech Forests of Germany include five locations, cover 4,391 hectares and were added in 2011. The Carpathian site covers a total area of , out of which only are part of the actual preserved area, while the rest is considered a "buffer zone".
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The region comprising the valley of Shyok and Nubra Rivers is known as Nubra. The Karakoram Range in Ladakh is not as mighty as in Baltistan. The massifs to the north and east of the Nubra-Siachen valley include the Apsarasas group (highest point 7245 m), the Rimo group (highest point 7385 m) and the Teram Kangri group (highest point 7464 m), together with Mamostong Kangri (7526 m) and Singhi Kangri (7202 m.) North of the Karakoram lie the Kun Lun Mountains. Thus, between Leh and eastern Central Asia, there is a triple barrier: the Ladakh Range, the Karakoram range, and the Kun Lun.
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Taurus–Littrow is located in the Taurus mountain range and south of Littrow crater, features after which the valley received its name. The valley's name, coined by the Apollo 17 crew, was eventually approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1973. Data collected on Apollo 17 show that the valley is composed primarily of feldspar-rich breccia in the large massifs surrounding the valley and basalt underlying the valley floor, covered by an unconsolidated layer of regolith, or mixed materials, formed by various geologic events. Taurus–Littrow was selected as the Apollo 17 landing site after the other candidates were eliminated for various reasons.
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He intensively explored certain natural reservations in Romania, publishing books about flora and vegetation in the Bucegi Mountains (1869, 1876); the surroundings of Agapia, Văratec and Neamț monasteries (1879); the Gorj and Argeș Mountains (1895); the Suceava Massifs (1895); and the Ceahlău Massif (1906). He was also interested in the vegetation of Macedonia, in 1899 becoming the second Romanian to study the Balkans from a phytogeographical perspective. He authored studies on the history of botany and on medical botany. As a thinker on biological phenomena, Grecescu was an adherent of the Pasteurian theory on the genesis of organisms, rejecting the notion of spontaneous generation.
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A logging ban has long been in place in the reserved forests around Landour, and the ban is reasonably well enforced. Swargarohini and Bandarpunch in the Himalaya, from Landour Landour offers striking views of the Garhwal Himalaya, with a wide vista of up to visible on a clear day. The visible massifs and peaks include (West to East) Swargarohini, Bandarpunch, Yamunotri, Jaonli, Gangotri, Srikanta, Kedarnath, Satopanth, Chaukhamba (Badrinath) and even Nanda Devi. At its closest point, Tibet is about away as the crow flies; it is through Landour that Heinrich Harrer escaped to Tibet during World War II after breaking out of a British internment camp in Dehradun.
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The range, which is aligned in a NW - SE direction, is not as high as neighboring ranges. It is, however, very significant from the hydrographic point of view, for important rivers of the Iberian Peninsula have their source in these mountains, which divide the Atlantic from the Mediterranean watershed. Among the Iberian rivers that originate in the Montes Universales, the most important are the Tagus on the western slopes, and the Túria, Cabriel and Xúquer on the eastern. The Montes Universales are bordered by the paleozoic massifs of Caimodorro and Loma Alta in the northeast, by the Serranía de Cuenca in the southeast, and by the Sierra de Jabalón and the Túria Valley in the east.
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Geological makeup of the Alps: The Central Alps are formed from the crystalline East Alpine and several windows, regional nappes and islands The Central Alps consist mainly of the gneiss and slate rocks of the various Austroalpine nappes (Lower and Upper Austroalpine), with the exception of the Hohe Tauern and Engadine windows, where they are composed mostly of Jurassic rock and limestones and, locally, (Bergell and Rieserferner) also of granite. The Austroalpine nappes are thrusted over the Penninic nappe stack. Massifs of autochthonous, crystalline rock, which hardly moved at all during Alpine folding, do not occur in the Central Alps – unlike the case in the Western Alps. The aforementioned granite intruded near the fracture zone of the Periadriatic Seam.
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Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand (more images) The region has a diverse landscape including massifs, plateaus, and limestone karsts, lowlands, floodplains and deltas, forests (evergreen and semi-evergreen, deciduous, dipterocarp, mangroves, and swamp), and grasslands. Water environments include fast-flowing mountain streams and wetlands such as Tonlé Sap in Cambodia. The region's geographic variety and consequent variety of climatic zones supports significant biodiversity, with more than a thousand new species discovered in the first decade of the 2000s. The geographic region encapsulates 16 of the World Wide Fund for Nature's (WWF) Global 200 ecoregions, and habitats for an estimated 20,000 plant species, 1,300 fish species, 1,200 bird species, 800 reptile and amphibian species, and 430 mammalian species.
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It is still found today in a number of mountainous massifs of western Provence, including the Alps valleys of Bléone and Haut Verdon, in the mountain of Lure where it is common in Banon, Cruis, Saint-Étienne-les-Orgues and Sigonce. Most of these houses date from the 16th century, when the religious wars forced the populace to hide behind the village fortifications. When the wars were over, there was a drift to the periphery of the agglomeration and "houses on land", more able to accommodate annexed buildings. Indeed, this type of dwelling, gathering people and animals in a village, could only remain frozen in time, any extension being impossible except vertically.
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Carpathian Biosphere Reserve () is a biosphere reserve that was established as a nature reserve in 1968 and became part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves of UNESCO in 1992.UNESCO: Carpathian, July 2011 Since 2007 bigger portion of the reserve along with some territories of the Uzh River National Park was listed with the UNESCO World Heritage Sites as part of the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe. Located in the eastern parts of the Zakarpattia Oblast, it consists of six separate preservation massifs and two botanic zakazniks (Chorna Hora and Yulivska Hora) with a total area of . The greatest part of the reserve is covered by virgin forests.
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Map of the Arabika Massif, showing the location of Krubera Cave and its projected resurgences The Arabika Massif, the home of Krubera (Voronya) Cave, is one of the largest high-mountain limestone karst massifs in the Western Caucasus. It is composed of Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic limestones that dip continuously southwest to the Black Sea and plunge below the modern sea level. To the northwest, north, northeast, and east, Arabika is bordered by the deeply incised canyons of Sandripsh, Kutushara, Gega and Bzyb rivers. The Bzyb River separates Arabika from the adjacent Bzybsky Massif, another outstanding karst area with many deep caves, including the Snezhnaja- Mezhonogo-Iljuzia System () and Pantjukhina Cave ().
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Villiaumite, (field of view 7.1 x 4.7 mm), Poudrette quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada It occurs in nepheline syenite intrusives and in nepheline syenite pegmatites. It occurs associated with aegirine, sodalite, nepheline, neptunite, lamprophyllite, pectolite, serandite, eudialyte, ussingite, chkalovite and zeolites. It has been reported from Minas Gerais, Brazil; Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada; the Ilimaussaq complex of Greenland; Lake Magadi, Kenya; Windhoek District, Namibia; the Fen Complex, Telemark, Norway; the Khibiny and Lovozero Massifs, Kola Peninsula, Russia; Porphyry Mountain, Boulder County, Colorado and Point of Rocks Mesa, Colfax County, New Mexico, US. It was first described in 1908 for an occurrence in Los Islands, Guinea and named after the French explorer, Maxime Villiaume.
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From 1922–34, the Soviet Academy of Sciences organized over 250 scientific expeditions related to the study of geology, geochemistry and mineralogy. Of particular importance were studies of Khibiny and Lovozero, the great alkaline massifs of the Kola Peninsula, with which Fersman was particularly associated. The Kola Peninsula was notorious for its inaccessibility, but by the mid-1930s – due largely to the efforts of Fersman and his associate N.V. Belov – Khibiny and Lovozero were among the world's largest producers of a wide range of valuable industrial minerals. Under Fersman’s leadership, the activities of the Mineralogical Museum were directed towards solving practical economic problems, researching the country's mineral deposits, and developing state-of-the-art research and laboratory techniques.
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The Orinoco river basin synthesizes the three great forms of relief that exist in nature: ancient massifs and shields on the one hand, recently raised (that is the Tertiary) ridges on the other and tectonic depressions and basins or accumulation plains, in third place. Each of these forms of relief has its own characteristics, but also its similarities with similar natural regions of other parts of the world. For any country, especially in the inter-tropical zone, it represents a great ecological and economic advantage to have represented in its territory these three forms of relief. The only other countries in the Americas with a similar geological disposition are Canada and the United States.
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It has been proposed that the tectonic environment of these valleys was directly controlled by volcanism from the Elysium Rise. The Phlegra Dorsa, a fleet of north-south-trending wrinkle ridges, run largely parallel to the massifs of the Phlegra Montes. These ridges have been morphologically likened by some researchers to sinuous ridges found on lunar maria; they are typically distributed where volcanic flows from the Elysium Rise meet with the older terrains comprising the Phlegra Montes region. Some researchers have found that the formation of these wrinkle ridges has best fit a modeled global stress field involving contributions from the Tharsis Rise, Elysium, and Hecates Tholus (thought to precede Elysium Mons).
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Garnet lherzolite is a major constituent of the Earth's upper mantle (extending to ~300 km depth). Lherzolite is known from the lower ultramafic part of ophiolite complexes (although harzburgite is more common in this setting), from alpine-type peridotite massifs, from fracture zones adjacent to mid-oceanic ridges, and as xenoliths in kimberlite pipes and alkali basalts. Partial melting of spinel lherzolite is one of the primary sources of basaltic magma. The name is derived from its type locality, the Lherz Massif (an alpine peridotite complex, also known as orogenic lherzolite complex), at Étang de Lers, near Massat in the French Pyrenees; Étang de Lherz is the archaic spelling of this location.
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Alpide mountain belt The Alpine orogeny or Alpide orogeny is an orogenic phase in the Late MesozoicMoores, E.M., Fairbridge, R.W. (Editors), 1998: Encyclopedia of European and Asian Regional Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, London, 825 pp. (Eoalpine) and the current Cenozoic that has formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt. These mountains include (from west to east) the Atlas, the Rif, the Baetic Cordillera, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Dinaric Alps, the Pindus (Hellenides), the Carpathians, the Balkanides - Balkan Mountains and Rila-Rhodope massifs, the Pontic Mountains, the Taurus, the Armenian Highlands, the Caucasus, the Alborz, the Zagros, the Hindu Kush, the Pamir, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas.
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Soria Cerro del Padrastro hill close to Atienza, in the transition zone between the Sistema Ibérico and the Sistema Central A griffon vulture The Iberian wolf is a subspecies of grey wolf that is still found in some ranges of the system. The marbled newt is common in humid areas of the system, especially in the northwestern region. The Iberian System (, ), is one of the major systems of mountain ranges in Spain. It consists of a vast and complex area of mostly relatively high and rugged mountain chains and massifs located in the central region of the Iberian Peninsula, but reaching almost the Mediterranean coast in the Valencian Community in the east.
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Also draining the plateau on its eastern edge is Churn Creek, which forms the east flank of the Camelsfoot Range and enters the Fraser directly. On the west side of the plateau, the basins of the Dean, Homathko and Atnarko Rivers penetrate the massifs of the Coast Mountains and have their beginnings, or the early part of their courses, on the Chilcotin Plateau. The Chilcotin Plateau consists of basaltic lava of the Chilcotin Group, a group of related volcanic rocks that is nearly parallel with the Fraser Plateau.Chasm and Dog Creek lithofacies, Chilcotin Group basalt, Bonaparte Lake map area, British Columbia It extends along the adjacent Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in the Coast Mountains.
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The Guinean montane forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa The ecoregion occupies the portions of the Guinea Highlands lying above 600 meters elevation, extending across portions of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. It includes the Fouta Djallon plateau and the massifs of Ziama, Simandou, Tétini, Béro, Kourandou in Guinea, the Loma Mountains and Tingi Hills in Sierra Leone, the Nimba Range in Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire, and the Monts du Toura in Côte d'Ivoire. Mount Bintumani in the Loma Mountains is the highest peak in West Africa west of Mount Cameroon. The next highest peaks in the region are in the Sankan Biriwa massif (1850 meters) in the Tingi Hills.
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In the vicinity of Aumale, the Lower Eu Forest () occupies the southern end of the plateau, which is more tabular in appearance. These three massifs are separated by relatively large cultivated spaces, formerly wooded. Nearby isolated woodlands may also be included (adding a further total surface of ): the woods of Tôt, Gomard, Cuverville, Saint-Martin-le-Gaillard along the Yères, and the wood of Guimerville from the Grand-Marché to the south-east of Blangy-sur-Bresle. It is a naturally deciduous forest, but conifers were planted in the "voids" of the forest from 1900 to 1912, before this policy was extended to other Normandy forests (generally maintaining at least 90% hardwood).
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There are extensions of massifs and tepuis (unique rock formations in the world) that have continuity with the orography of the Venezuelan Guiana. The oldest geological formations on the planet are found there, as well as one of the most important biodiversity reserves in the world. Among the extraordinary geological formations, the Roraima, with its 2,810 meters above sea level, and the Auyantepui, where the world's highest waterfall, Angel Falls, with its almost one thousand meters of vertical drop, stand out for their height. The Guiana Shield occupies the southern region of the Orinoco River and the northern region of the Amazon River, between the plains of Colombia and Venezuela and the Atlantic Ocean.
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Lamač Gate is located in the north- western part of Bratislava to the east of the Devín Gate. Both gates are predisposed tectonic erosion subsidences where parts of the city of Bratislava are located. Lamač Gate forms the continuation of the Záhorie Lowland but it does not connect all the way to the Danubian Lowland. It consists of the mouth of the gate close to the Záhorie Lowland, central part (called the Lamač- Dúbravka part) is the largest and highest part of the gate, it then significantly narrows down between the massifs of Kamzík and Staré Grunty until it finally widens again in the area of the Red Bridge valley at Patrónka.
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Guyana belongs to the Guiana Shield, a massif extending north of the Amazon, between the Andes Mountains and the Atlantic, made up of Precambrian rocks dated to between 2.7 and 3.5 billion years ago. The shield consists of several geological units: the southern peneplain, the Inini synclinorium, the central granite massifs and the northern synclinorium. The southern peneplain consists of a set of granito-gneiss consisting of metagabbros, metagranodiorites and metagranites dating from 2075 ± 7 Ma from a magma of metamorphosed mantle origin. To the north, the southern peneplain straddles the Inini synclinorium, mainly composed of the Paramaca series, which corresponds to a series of micaschists, aluminous paragneisses and black quartzites whose total thickness is about 1 km.
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Heliamphora collina is a species of marsh pitcher plant known from the Los Testigos and Ptari-tepui massifs in Venezuela It grows at elevations of 1700–1825 m. The first specimens of the species were first collected by Otto Huber, Julian Steyermark and others in 1986 and originall classified as Heliamphora heterodoxa. After additional in-situ studies it was described as a new species in 2011 by Andreas Wistuba, Joachim Nerz, Stewart McPherson and Andreas Fleischmann. First believed to be endemic to the common foothills of the four tepuis of the Los Testigos chain, observations of plants possibly matching the description of Heliamphora collina had been made from a distance during helicopter expeditions to the summit of Ptari-tepui in 2009 and 2017.
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In late 905, for the first time after coming to Yemen 25 years earlier, the two men met at Shibam. Madelung writes that the meeting "was evidently uneasy", as Ibn Hawshab warned Ibn al-Fadl against overextending his forces, which the latter disregarded. Ibn al-Fadl was the most active of the two in the following years, campaigning across the country against those who still opposed the : in spring 906 he subdued the mountain massifs of Hadur and Haraz and conquered the cities of al-Mahjam, al-Kadra, and, briefly, even Zabid. Both Sana'a and Shibam were briefly lost to the Zaydi imam al-Hadi in 906, but Shibam was recovered before the end of the year, and Ibn al-Fadl reoccupied Sana'a on 17 April 907.
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Saint Barbara, patron saint of artillery, and an image of baby Jesus with the heart in hand, patron of the ancient Jesuit congregation, are venerated in there. During the Peninsular war and under the grand strategy Napoleon drafted, which included the invasion of Portugal using the corps of French Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, the fortress of Póvoa de Varzim and that of Vila do Conde, in close proximity, were taken by French troops in late March 1809, as there were few troops in the region. The French control of the towns of Póvoa de Varzim and Vila do Conde lasted for almost two months. In May, Soult retreated throw the Marão and Gerês massifs, escaping the Anglo-Portuguese forces.
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The Phlegra Montes are a system of eroded Hesperian–Noachian-aged massifs and knobby terrain in the mid-latitudes of the northern lowlands of Mars, extending northwards from the Elysium Rise towards Vastitas Borealis for nearly . The mountain ranges separate the large plains provinces of Utopia Planitia (west) and Amazonis Planitia (east), and were named in the 1970s after a classical albedo feature. The massif terrains are flanked by numerous parallel wrinkle ridges known as the Phlegra Dorsa. The mountain ranges were first mapped against imagery taken during NASA's Viking program in the 1970s, and the area is thought to have been uplifted due to regional-scale compressive stresses caused by the contemporary formations of the Elysium and Tharsis volcanic provinces.
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In the perspective of regional geology, the Korean Peninsula is on the eastern margins of the North China-Korea platform underlaid by three blocks of Archean age; the Nangrim-Pyeongnam Block, the Gyeonggi and Yeongnam Massifs which are separated by the northeast-southwest direction Imjingang and the Okcheon belts of Phanerozoic age. The Sangdong mine is situated in the northeast part of the Okcheon Belt. The lithology of Sangdong can be divided into three main zones such as the Pungcheon Formation of The Great Limestone, the Myobong Formation and the Jangsan Quartize from the upper and the lower in the cross-sectional diagram. The Sangdong Mine contains a skarn-type deposit with altered horizons of the Cambrian-age Myobong Formation.
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According to the sediment composition retrieved from deep-sea cores there must even have been times of seasonally open waters. Outside the main ice sheets, widespread glaciation occurred on the highest mountains of the Alps−Himalaya mountain chain. In contrast to the earlier glacial stages, the Würm glaciation was composed of smaller ice caps and mostly confined to valley glaciers, sending glacial lobes into the Alpine foreland. The Pyrenees, the highest massifs of the Carpathian Mountains and the Balkanic peninsula mountains and to the east the Caucasus and the mountains of Turkey and Iran were capped by local ice fields or small ice sheets. In the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau, glaciers advanced considerably, particularly between 47,000–27,000 BP, but these datings are controversial.
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However, pieces can be emplaced into or overthrust on continental crust by a process called obduction, rather than carried down into the mantle; the emplacement may occur during orogenies, as during collisions of one continent with another or with an island arc. The pieces of oceanic plates emplaced within continental crust are referred to as ophiolites; typical ophiolites consist mostly of peridotite plus associated rocks such as gabbro, pillow basalt, diabase sill-and-dike complexes, and red chert. Other masses of peridotite have been emplaced into mountain belts as solid masses but do not appear to be related to ophiolites, and they have been called "orogenic peridotite massifs" and "alpine peridotites." Peridotites also occur as fragments (xenoliths) carried up by magmas from the mantle.
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Solutrean tools from Crot du Charnier Solutre Pouilly, Saône et Loire, France. The Solutrean culture spans between around 18,000 to 15,000 BCE and only exists in the European south west, being coincident with the Last glacial maximum, a specially dry and cold period. Studies suggest that the higher regions of the western Pyrenees and massifs of the eastern Cantabrian Cordillera were only sparsely populated as glaciers descended to very low elevations and maximum sea level regression exposed another of the surrounding continental shelf. In fact Human population seems to have increased in these areas of Cantabria/Asturias, the result of a gradual influx of people, forced to abandon territories in north-western Europe that have become off limits due to maximum glacial conditions.
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According to some authors, the Caledonian continental collisions involved another microcontinent, Armorica (southern Portugal, most of the north of France and parts of southern Germany and the Czech Republic), even smaller than Avalonia.Ziegler (1990) suggests the collision of Armorica with Laurussia formed the southern (Mid-European) branch of the Caledonian mountains This microcontinent probably did not form one consistent unit, but was instead a series of fragments, of which the current Armorican and Bohemian Massifs are the most important. The ocean between the combined continental mass of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia (called Euramerica, Laurussia or Old Red Continent) and Armorica is called the Rheic Ocean. The paleogeographic position of the Armorica crustal fragments between the Ordovician and Carboniferous is highly disputed though.
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Lachen valley has almost everything a traveler could wish for: a land of fairs and festivals, snow-clad mountains, lakes, valley of flora, fauna and a vibrant local culture. Visits to the Lachen monastery and the women's handicraft centre to view weaving of traditional blankets and carpets will provide insights into the local way of life or perhaps a stunning mountain drive can be taken along the Tibetan plateau to Gurudongmar and Cho Lhamu as a day tour from Lachen. The sacred Gurudongmar lake at a height of 17,100 ft encircled by snowy massifs is something one would not dare to miss on a visit to Sikkim. One can also stay over night at Thangu which is 30 km away from Lachen.
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The station was first mentioned in 1984, as a finale of the Petrogradsky radius extension that was built throughout the 1980s from the city centre into the northern housing massifs. The northernmost end would include a second depot for the line and a surface terminus station next to a new housing massif that would be located near the industrial zones of Parnas and Shuvalovo. After the completion of the extension to Prospekt Prosvescheniya in 1988, work immediately began on the construction of the Vyborgsoye depot and 1991 the initial station was approved by the Committee on City Construction and Architecture. Then the collapse of the Soviet Union and in the financial crises that followed most of the projects were frozen, including Parnas.
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The Leonhardstein west of Kreuth The Tegernsee Mountains () form a mountain region between the River Isar in the west and the lake of Tegernsee as well as the Rottach, Weißen Valepp and Grundache south of the Tegernsee, in the east, and so form a part of the Bavarian Prealps. The Tegernsee Mountains are also the westernmost part of the Mangfall Mountains (Mangfallgebirge). Well-known walking destinations are the peaks of a range of medium-high mountains with heights of under 2000 m, for example the Halserspitz (1,862 m), Risserkogel (1,826 m), Schinder (1,808 m), Hirschberg (1,670 m), der Leonhardstein (1,452 m) and the Fockenstein (1,564 m). Climbing areas are the massifs of Roßstein (1,698 m) and Buchstein (1,701 m) and Plankenstein (1,768 m).
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To the west of this ridge lies a plateau in the center of the island ranging in altitude from above sea level. These central highlands, traditionally the homeland of the Merina people and the location of their historic capital at Antananarivo, are the most densely populated part of the island and are characterized by terraced, rice-growing valleys lying between grassy hills and patches of the subhumid forests that formerly covered the highland region. To the west of the highlands, the increasingly arid terrain gradually slopes down to the Mozambique Channel and mangrove swamps along the coast. Madagascar's highest peaks rise from three prominent highland massifs: Maromokotro in the Tsaratanana Massif is the island's highest point, followed by Boby Peak in the Andringitra Massif, and Tsiafajavona in the Ankaratra Massif.
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Map of Aneto and the valleys and massifs that surround it. Aneto rises to above sea level in the centre of the Pyrenees mountain range. It lies entirely in Spain, just south of the main ridge of the Pyrenees and the border between France and Spain.. The peak lies in the north-east of the province of Huesca above the town of Benasque, Aneto occupies the eastern end of the Malditos Massif which primarily consists of a 6km long ridge, running from north-west to south east at over 3000m. The ridge connects Aneto towards the east with the more visible Maladeta peak, further to the west, and includes the Coronas peaks and Pico Maldito, which, together with the crest of the portillons, gives the massif its characteristic image.
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In 1943 the steering committee of Combat learned that refugees from the Service du travail obligatoire forced labour had fled to Haute-Savoie and the Maquis had been created in the mountainous massifs. The service Maquis was established in Combat's Military affairs branch with the aim of helping all those who had "taken the maquis" to survive and to fight, and of providing them lives and armaments, and of integrating them into Combat's network. While the objective for Combat was to develop, oversee and organise these armed groups, there were some divisions relating to this at the heart of the MUR; some, like Charles Delestraint, saw the Maquis as actual pockets of resistance within French territory, whereas others like Frenay saw them as armed bands operating by ambush and disappearing once their mission was accomplished.
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The Dent de Morcles is a 2,969 metres high mountain located at western end of the Bernese Alps, overlooking the Rhone between Martigny and St. Maurice. It is the westernmost summit of the Muverans massif, which in turn is the westernmost of the four distinct mountain massifs of the Bernese Alps that lie west of the Gemmi Pass. Its position at the end of this chain of mountains and the abrupt drop to the wide valley of the Rhone river below make the Dent de Morcles prominently visible from many points in Lausanne and other populated areas on the north and northeastern shores of Lake Geneva. The summit is sometimes distinguished by the name Grande Dent de Morcles, the Petite Dent de Morcles being a lower summit (2,929 m) on the north-west side.
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In 1995, Michael J. Pruis and Kenneth L. Tanaka of the United States Geological Survey published an abstract for the 26th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, identifying tectonic features in the Martian northern plains that were inconsistent with a plate tectonics- based model introduced in 1994 by Norman J. Sleep of Stanford University. The orientation of the Phlegra Montes was reported as consistent with Sleep's model, assuming that they were superposed by transform faults. However, Tanaka and Pruis did not identify any transform offset in this region. Due to the parallel nature of the Phlegra Dorsa ridges to the massifs, and the presence of perpendicular graben (extensional stresses), there is a strong implication of a localized east-west compressive stress in contradiction to the predictions made by Sleep's model.
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The excavations, which were resumed in 2000 in the neighborhoods known as the Côme Cauldron and the Champlain, near the Rebout Gate, revealed a neighborhood dedicated to metalwork and to artisans' lodging. This metalworking seems to have been very specialized, incorporating blacksmiths, bronzeworkers, and enamellers, whose workshops had already been restored by Bulliot, and probably also involved goldsmiths and minters.Anne-Marie Romero, Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gauloise, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006, pp 67–69 Excavations on the site of Beuvray, in the region of the Champlain, and on the surrounding massifs revealed the existence of mines for the extraction of metals, including gold, iron, and tin ore. This research will continue and will attempt to restore the workshops for the smelting of the metals extracted outside the oppidum.
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It is the deepest railway tunnel in the world, with a maximum depth of , comparable to that of the deepest mines on Earth. Without ventilation, the temperature inside the mountain reaches . Like the two other tunnels passing below the Gotthard, the Gotthard Base Tunnel connects two Alpine valleys across the Saint-Gotthard Massif: the Urner Reusstal in the canton of Uri, in which flows the river Reuss, and the Valle Leventina, the largest valley in the canton of Ticino, in which the river Ticino flows. Unlike most other tunnels, the Gotthard Base Tunnel passes under several distinct mountain massifs, two of them being major subranges of the Alps, the Glarus Alps and the Saint-Gotthard Massif, with the valley of the Anterior Rhine, the Surselva in the canton of Graubünden, between them.
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Peridotites have two primary modes of origin, as mantle rocks formed during the accretion and differentiation of the Earth, or as cumulate rocks formed by precipitation of olivine ± pyroxenes from basaltic or ultramafic magmas; these magmas are ultimately derived from the upper mantle by partial melting of mantle peridotites. Mantle peridotites are sampled as alpine-type massifs in collisional mountain ranges or as xenoliths in basalt or kimberlite or as abyssal peridotites (sampled from ocean floor). In all cases these rocks are pyrometamorphic (that is, metamorphosed in the presence of molten rock) and represent either fertile mantle (lherzolite) or partially depleted mantle (harzburgite, dunite). Alpine peridotites may be either of the ophiolite association and representing the uppermost mantle below ocean basins, or masses of subcontinental mantle emplaced along thrust faults in mountain belts.
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Balkhausen lies in the Vorderer Odenwald in South Hesse in the valley between the Melibokus - massif in the west and the Felsberg (Odenwald) - massif in the east. The district includes the source area of the Quaddelbach (Landbach) (partly also called Quattelbach), which leads in northern direction down the valley to Seeheim- Jugenheim, where it unites with the Stettbach to the Landbach. The southern boundary follows the ridge that connects the two mountain massifs with a saddle height of about 285 meters. The southern boundary is a few hundred meters away from this transition to the Mühltal, through which one can reach Auerbach (Bensheim) along the Mühlbach to the south via Hochstädten to Auerbach, which as a district of Bensheim lies on the Bergstraße and on the eastern edge of the Upper Rhine Plain.
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The rich coral reef, volcanic tunnels, caves, massifs and deeper waters surrounding Cocos Island are home to more than 30 species of coral, 60 species of crustaceans, 600 species of molluscs and over 300 species of fish. These include large populations of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), giant mantas (Manta birostris), sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) and sharks, such as whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) and scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini). The largest of all species of fish is also present, the whale shark (Rhincodon typus). In December 2017, a female tiger shark (a species that returned to the waters of Isla del Coco in 2012, after 30 years of not being seen in the area) killed New Yorker Rohina Bhandari while she was scuba diving in Manuelita in the Isla del Coco National Park.
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The subhumid forests are bounded by the humid Madagascar lowland forests along the coastal strip to the east, by the Madagascar dry deciduous forests to the north, northwest and west, and by the sub-arid Madagascar succulent forests and Madagascar spiny thickets to the southwest and south. In four areas above elevation, the subhumid forests yield to the montane Madagascar ericoid thickets. Montagne d'Ambre near the northern tip of the island, contains a significant pocket of subhumid forest, surrounded at lower elevations by dry deciduous forest, as do Ankaratra, upland near Tsaratanana, Andringitra Massif, Ambohitantely Reserve, and the Ambohijanahary area. The subhumid forests ecoregion also includes the disjunct Analavelona and Isalo massifs to the southwest, surrounded by succulent forests at lower elevations, and wetlands such as Lake Alaotra.
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Kruotvite was named in honor of Georgi Alekseyevich Krutov (24 April 1902 - 11 December 1989) who was a professor of mineralogy of Moscow University in Russia. Krutov graduated at the Geology Prospecting Faculty of the Moscow Mining Academy in 1931. He studied the Co-Ni deposits in the Urals and Kazakhstan; cobalt in Dashkesan deposit, nickel in silicate ores in ultramafic massifs of the Southern Ural, the Cu-Ni (Co) deposits of Norilsk in the Kranoyarsk region and Monchegorsk in Karelia. Krutov determined the significance of chlorine in the development of contact-metasomatic deposits, which are found in the distribution of amphiboles, scapolite, and chlorapatite. One of Krutov’s great achievements is a monograph: Ore Deposits of Cobalt which included cobalt and nickel ores in the Krusnehory Mountains and was published in 1959.
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Cantabrian brown bears (Ursus arctos pyrenaicus) and wolves (Canis lupus signatus) live in the more remote regions. Rebeccos (Cantabrian chamois - Rupicapra pyrenaica parva) are fairly frequently seen (according to a 2006 Ministry of the Environment report, there were around 8,000 sightings that year); choughs and buzzards are common, various eagles and vultures are frequently seen, and there is a diverse butterfly population in the park. Most of the region is now protected as a single Picos de Europa National Park in Cantabria, Asturias and León provinces of Spain; the Asturian part was Spain's first National Park. Access is via minor roads to each of the three massifs from the north and from the south to the aerial tramway at Fuente Dé and to Caín at the head of the Cares Canyon.
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A number of highly dissected features with summit depressions are present as isolated mountains across the Coprates Rise, the Thaumasia highlands, Daedalia Planum, and Terra Sirenum and are thought to be the ancient edifices of highland volcanic activity. Despite their location and morphology, they have been stratigraphically found to cross-cut younger terrains (ranging from Noachian to early Hesperian age) and thus are probably not the remnant massifs of a putative Tharsis impact basin. These putative ancient volcanoes are morphologically distinct from the Hesperian period Tharsis shield volcanoes; they have been hypothesized to be composed of interbedded layers of lava and pyroclastic rock comparable to terrestrial stratovolcanoes. If this analogy holds, it is possible that these explosions were explosive, and possibly even phreatomagmatic (water ice/magma interaction-driven).
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Access routes to La Pique d'Endron summit via the créneau d'Endron Le Pas de l'Échelle, route de Gavarnie (Hautes Pyrénées) Pyreneism, in this meaning, is distinct from alpinism only by the mountain range in which it is practised. Difficulty pyreneism was not born in the 20th century. Its father is certainly Henri Brulle who, as early as 1878, generalises the use of lifeline and short ice pick during his ascents. With Bazillac, de Monts, d'Astorg, led by guides Célestin Passet and François Bernat-Salles, he achieves many firsts, the north face of Monte Perdido, le corridor of Gaube at the Vignemale, ... Undeniably the pyreneist enterprise, the adventure, the attraction of the unknown and of the conquest of first order summits, the exploration of new massifs, shrunk as time passed.
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The city is located in the Hydrographic Region 5 of the State of Rio de Janeiro, covering the basins of the rivers that are born on the slopes of Serra do Mar, in the hills and in coastal massifs, flowing into the bay. The basin of the Iguaçu River has two major tributaries to the city: the rivers Boots and Sarapuí. Draining an area of 726 square kilometers and covering the municipalities of Belford Roxo, Duque de Caxias, Nilópolis, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro and São João de Meriti, the watershed of the Iguaçu River has its headwaters located in Sierra Tinguá; its course develops in the southwest direction, with a total length of 43 km and flowing into the bay. The Capivari, Pati and Tinguá on the left bank and right bank Botasà are the main tributaries of the Iguaçu River.
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Hot springs near the Mount Cayley and Mount Meager massifs suggest that magmatic heat is still present. The long history of volcanism in the region, coupled with continued subduction off the coast, suggests that volcanism has not yet ended in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. A few isolated volcanic centers northwest of the Mount Meager massif such as the Franklin Glacier Complex and the Silverthrone Caldera, which lie in the Pemberton Volcanic Belt, may also be the product of Cascadia subduction, but geologic investigations have been very limited in this remote region. About 5–7 million years ago, the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Plate broke off along the Nootka Fault to form the Explorer Plate, and there is no definitive consensus among geologists on the relation of the volcanoes north of that fault to the rest of the Cascade Arc.
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The burial of these rocks to great depths (where they also encountered correspondingly high temperatures) metamorphosed the rocks to eclogite facies: >2GPa and >700˚C. Specifically, these islands play host to the youngest known coesite-eclogite sample; CA-TIMS dating of zircons within this sample dates its formation to ~5Ma, meaning it has been exhumed from a depth of ~100 km at the remarkable rate of ~20mm/yr. The rock at the centre of the tall domes in these islands was thus recently very deep in the Earth. Over a very short time, geologically speaking, these packets of rocks have ascended through the Earth's shallow mantle and pushed through the crust to form the gneiss domes we find today – the vestiges of the crust these massifs have thrust through are still draped as carapaces over the edges of the domes.
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North Africa enjoyed a fertile climate during the subpluvial era; what is now the Sahara supported a savanna type of ecosystem, with elephant, giraffe, and other grassland and woodland animals now typical of the Sahel region south of the desert. Historian and Africanist Roland Oliver has described the scene as follows: > [In] the highlands of the central Sahara beyond the Libyan desert,... in the > great massifs of the Tibesti and the Hoggar, the mountaintops, today bare > rock, were covered at this period with forests of oak and walnut, lime, > alder and elm. The lower slopes, together with those of the supporting > bastions — the Tassili and the Acacus to the north, Ennedi and Air to the > south — carried olive, juniper and Aleppo pine. In the valleys, perennially > flowing rivers teemed with fish and were bordered by seed-bearing > grasslands.
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If the Hin Namno, bordering Phong Nha on the west (in Laotian territory) was to be combined with the national park in a continuous reserve, the combined reserve would be the largest surviving karst forest in southeastern Asia (317,754 ha). In general, there are two groups of landforms in the Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng area, namely non-karstic and karstic landforms. Non- karstic landforms includes three types: The middle and low dome-block mountains developed in intrusive magmatic massifs; The middle denudation- structural mountain belts developed in terrigenous rocks of Cretaceous age; and The low block-denudational mountain belts developed in other terrigenous rocks. Karstic landforms in this area are of typical tropical karst which are divided into two groups of forms: The karstic forms on the surface including cone and tower karst, karrens, valleys and dolines, border polje, etc.
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The researchers interpret that this situation could only have been possible if a period of thick kilometer- scale glaciation persisted in the Phlegra Montes, and they associate the formation of the flow with the recession of this glacier. However, the authors indicate that a regional glaciation, although possible, is not required to explain the morphologies observed in this region. An abstract was submitted in 2010 to the 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference by Ailish Kress and James W. Head (Brown University), Roberto Seu (Sapienza University of Rome), Jeffrey Plaut and Ali Safaeinili (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Jack Holt (University of Texas, Austin), Liliya Posiolova (Malin Space Science Systems), and Roger Phillips (Southwest Research Institute). SHARAD radar data was used to identify the dielectric constant and the subsurface structure of the lobate debris aprons to the west of the Phlegra massifs.
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A climbing peak () may refer to a mountain or hill peak or a rock formation that has to be ascended by climbing. The term is common in Germany where it is specifically used of free-standing rock formations in the climbing regions of Saxon Switzerland, Zittau Mountains and other nearby ranges in the German Central Uplands that can only be summitted via climbing routes of at least grade I on the UIAA scale or by jumping from nearby rocks or massifs. As a general rule, they must have a topographic prominence of at least 10 metres to qualify. In Saxon Switzerland the Saxon Climbing Regulations do not require any minimum height, but define climbing peaks as Another requirement is its recognition by the responsible sub-committee of the Saxon Climbers' Federation (SBB) and the responsible conservation authorities.
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North Africa enjoyed a fertile climate during the subpluvial era; what is now the Sahara supported a savanna type of ecosystem, with elephant, giraffe, and other grassland and woodland animals now typical of the Sahel region south of the desert. Historian and Africanist Roland Oliver has described the scene as follows: > [In] the highlands of the central Sahara beyond the Libyan desert,... in the > great massifs of the Tibesti and the Hoggar, the mountaintops, today bare > rock, were covered at this period with forests of oak and walnut, lime, > alder and elm. The lower slopes, together with those of the supporting > bastions – the Tassili and the Acacus to the north, Ennedi and Air to the > south – carried olive, juniper and Aleppo pine. In the valleys, perennially > flowing rivers teemed with fish and were bordered by seed-bearing > grasslands.
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Through some findings it can be argued that the area of Montalto was already populated in prehistoric times, from the Paleolithic period up to the Bronze Age and Iron Age. The most certain origins of the neighboring villages can date back to the twenty years from 580 to 560 BC, in Roman times, when the inhabitants of the Apuan Alps were known as Liguri Apuani. The Ligurian Apuani, or more simply Apuani, were a population divided into various tribes, called Nomen ("name") by Roman historians; one of these tribes settled among the mountain massifs of the Montalto complex, very extensive, bordered by natural borders and full of resources, including streams, medicinal plants and fauna. Here the Apuans led a life sowing and exploiting the area of Retignano as a residential area from the spring months until the first winter.
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The third such street, Katavskaya street, does not exist any longer. Katavskaya street was named for the ironworks of Ust-Katav and Katav-Ivanovsk, which were major producers of metals and metallurgy for the Belosselskys' enterprises. This street used to run parallel to the Belosselsky Prospect, immediately east of it and on the southern side of Morskoy prospect and has since the 1950s building of apartment "massifs" (blocks) been overtaken by these and "Dinamo" club's sporting venues and fields. The current Dinamo Prospect has replaced the former Alexandrovskii Prospect as the avenue leading from the Krestovsky Most (Bridge) in the eastern bridge-led entry to the island toward the Belosselsky-Belozersky summer palace/manor house, formerly the main conduit to the manor house but now blocked by the Dinamo sports fields and other adjacent constructed buildings.
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The Diablerets massif from the north including the Oldehore (left), the Scex Rouge (centre) and the main summit (right) The main summit from the southeast side Along with the Muverans, the Wildhorn and the Wildstrubel, the Diablerets are one of the four distinct and glaciated massifs of the Bernese Alps that lie between the Rhone elbow and the Gemmi Pass. The main section of the mountain, between the cantons of Vaud and Valais, is part of the Rhone basin, through the rivers Grande Eau (north) and Lizerne (south). The easternmost part of the massif, that lies in the canton of Bern, is part of the Rhine basin, through the river Sarine (French, Saane in German). The Oldehore (Swiss German, Germanized: Oldenhorn) is the tripoint of the three cantons of Vaud, Valais and Bern, and several of the peaks have a German as well as a French name.
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He noted that the western piedmont of the range system appeared to slope gradually, while the eastern piedmont was bounded by an escarpment. Moore interpreted the massifs of the Phlegra Montes as block-faulted, in contradiction to the contemporary understanding that the mountains had formed in association with impact-related processes; Moore found no evidence of characteristic impact-related features in the vicinity of the ranges. He argued for an endogenic origin (rather than an exogenic, impact- based one) due to the alignment of the feature with Elysium, similar to the alignment of Claritas Fossae with the Tharsis Rise, analogizing the formation mechanism terrestrially to the African superswell or the Hawaiian hotspot. In 1986, J. Lynn Hall, Sean C. Solomon (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and James W. Head (Brown University) modeled stresses in the Elysium Rise based on the distribution of extensional and compressional tectonic features seen on Viking imagery.
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Versions of Flinders' 1798 map, adapted in 1825, clearly show the Mt Barrow region depicted as Row Tor; however, maps of 1843 onwards clearly shows Mount Barrow marked in its present location and adds 'Row Tor' as the foothills slightly west towards Launceston. Later maps of the north-east show Row Tor as occupying the present day location of Mt Arthur, it's possible that originally Row Tor was the colloquial name for the broader north-east highlands region and the separate massifs of present-day Mount Arthur and Mount Barrow were delineated cartographically in the 1840s. Geology of Mount Barrow Mount Barrow is mostly dolomite from the Jurassic period, which has been predicted to have come to the surface around the late Cretaceous, with more recent granite developed in the Ice age. When the Ice age ended, rain would have washed away the stagnant dirt and uncovered the variety of rocks that can now be seen at the summit.
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To the east this range connects with the Dângrêk Mountains, a longer system running in an east-west direction that stretches into Laos. The southern mountainsides of the range drain into the Prachinburi River. The range is divided in two compact massifs where the highest elevations are in the west. The highest point in the Sankamphaeng Range is the 1,351 m high Khao Rom, also known as Khao Khiao. Other peaks are 1,326 m high Khao Laem, 1,313 m high Khao Chan, 1,112 m high Khao Falami, 1,142 m high Khao Sam Yot, 1,052 m high Khao Inthani, 1,071 m high Khao Fa Pha, 1,017 m high Khao Kaeo, 821 m high Khao Salat Dai, 805 m high Khao Samo Pun, 787 m high Khao Laem Noi, and 824 m high Khao Phaeng Ma. Finally, 875 m high Kao Kamphaeng and 558 m high Kao Dan Fai Mai are at the eastern end of the western massif, where there is a valley through which passes Hwy 304 (AH 19), between Kabin Buri town and Nakhon Ratchasima.
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In the ancient crater of Furnas the faults are aligned west-northwest to east-southeast. Zbysewsky (1959), among others (note references) identifies eight geomorphological structures on São Miguel that correspond to the formative features that built the island, including: The Sete Cidades Massif – an area that occupies the extreme western part of the island, and corresponds to a central volcanic crater and lake-filled caldera, with various cones, deposits of pumice, lava domes and maars. In the northeastern flank of this volcano the Mosteiros Graben, a tectonic structure created from the collapse of lands and located along a northwest to southeast orientation. Along other regional fractures and radial faults there are ancient spatter cones and lava domes; The Picos Volcanic System or Picos Region – is situated along a northwest–southeast alignment, and defines a range of spatter cones and relatively level ground between the Sete Cidades and the Água de Pau Massifs; The Água de Pau Massif – this central feature corresponds to the central volcano on the island, and includes the Lagoa do Fogo (Lake of Fire), many lava domes and pumice cones.
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The Shakhtau massif consists of limestones crumpled into a fold of a submeridional strike, the axis of which rises in a southerly direction; the eastern slope of the massif is vigorously blurred in pre-Darth times and accordingly on the eastern wing there is a sharp inconsistent overlap of the Upper-Atian sediments to the Asselian and Sakmarian. The formation of the tectono-sedimentation structure of the reef deposits of the Shakhtau massif was also influenced by the regional dislocations of the Southern Ural and, in particular, the formation of the Shikhan upraised horst, which has punctured and elevated single mountains by , in comparison with the same-aged massifs of the western side of the marginal trough. The combination of the primary capricious accumulation of precipitation of reef facies and superposed tectonic processes led to the formation of a body that is very complex in its internal structure. The limestones of Shakhtau are characterized by the usual qualities of limestones of organogenic structures: chemical purity, light coloration, massiveness, lack of stratification, textural heterogeneity of various scales (spotting), a wide variety of rock types, and their frequent change.
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