We were not able to equilibrize the nitrogen balance in the soil even with repeated manuring and the use of mineral nitrogen.
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In response to manuring, NMC gradually increased in succeeding ratoons. The average cane weight (ACW) is relatively lesser in ratoon crops and it gradually decreased in subsequent ratoons. Manuring also increased ACW by 62-75%. Interaction to space is relatively more pronounced in a ratoon crop as compared to its corresponding plant crop and perhaps due to this ratoon crops can tolerate a gap of 10% without any appreciable reduction in cane yield.
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Contamination occurred over a lengthy period of time, as manuring practices became more intensive, and may have been a factor in the evacuation."Poison in Paradise" National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 20 June 2008.Meharga, Andrew.
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The land was cleared and intensively cultivated under the Roman Empire. 108 Roman habitations that have been discovered in the forest, most during recent decades. Roman manuring and fertilizing practices created a pocket of increased biodiversity, which has remained self-sustaining over two millennia and can be detected today.
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About 100–200 kilos of leaves are needed to prepare 1 kilo of dye. It is occasionally planted as an ornamental in the tropics. The branches are trampled into the puddle soil in rice field for green manuring. It is recommended as a good agroforestry species as it intercrops well.
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A et al. (September 2006) "Ancient manuring practices pollute arable soils at the St Kilda World Heritage Site, Scottish North Atlantic" Chemosphere 64, Issue 11, pp. 1818–1828. Retrieved 20 June 2008. The last straw came in January 1930 when a young woman, Mary Gillies, fell ill and was taken to the mainland for treatment, where she died in hospital.
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The Tamil people practiced a very systematic method of cultivation during the Sangam age. It was known that ploughing, manuring, weeding, irrigation and crop protection need to be followed in a proper way for the yield to be rich.Pillay, P.G. pp. 50–51. Tiruvalluvar, in his Tirukkural, emphasizes the need for all of these steps to be undertaken in a careful manner in order to get a good yield.
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Coprostanol and its derivative epicoprostanol are used in archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies as indicators of past human activity due to their longevity in soils and strong association with production in the human gut. Researchers have used the presence of coprostanol to identify archaeological features such as cesspits or landscape activities like manuring. Variations in the concentration of coprostanol over time can be used to create human population reconstructions within a specific depositional environment.
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Not more than two shovels full of manure are put in the hole. The following year a similar hole is dug on the south side of the vine, and the same process is followed on the west and east sides respectively during the succeeding two years. The object of this method of manuring is to distribute root growth. On making an examination of one of these manure deposits we found it filled with masses of tender rootlets.
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The canal was first proposed by the Cornish engineer, John Edyvean in 1773. His idea was to run a canal from Mawgan Porth through parishes inland and to return to Newquay. Its purpose was to import sea-sand, seaweed and stone for manuring to improve land. Edyvean obtained an Act of Parliament on 1 April 1773, which authorised a canal, although it appears that the clerk must have misheard what was said, as the plans were for a canal.
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These were divided into three types. First, the more expensive improvements (such as a new building or a new orchard) needed the landlord's permission if they were to be liable for compensation. Second, improvements that the tenant had informed the landlord he was going to undertake (such as draining land or liming). Third, improvements which the tenant could be compensated for without having to give prior notice to the landlord (temporary improvements such as cultivation and manuring).
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The functions of the Board as defined under the Act are: # To promote by such measures as it thinks fit the development of the rubber industry. # Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision the measures referred to therein may provide for: ## undertaking, assisting or encouraging scientific, technological or economic research. ## training students in improved methods of planting, cultivation, manuring and spraying. ## the supply of technical advice to rubber growers ## improving the marketing of rubber.
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As they were the producers of food grains, they lived with self-respect. Agriculture during the early stages of Sangam period was primitive, but it progressively got more efficient with improvements in irrigation, ploughing, manuring, storage and distribution. The ancient Tamils were aware of the different varieties of soil, the kinds of crops that can be grown on them and the various irrigation schemes suitable for a given region. These were also in Madras, Thanjore (now as Chennai, Thanjavur respectively).
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These were useful for manuring the 120 hectares still under wheat and the 40 hectares ready for maize.HRNSW, III 221, 341; HRA, series 1, II 527 By 1801, however, King had all stock except cattle removed from Toongabbie to Parramatta.HRNSW, IV 327, 607 In 1792, Toongabbie became the first location for the secondary punishment of convicts. Those convicted of stealing maize at Parramatta would not only be flogged but also sent to Toongabbie, where the work under the superintendent, Thomas Daveney, was severe and the location remote.
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Many of his studies included the fight to parasites, above all those of the vine and olive; until the first half of the 19th century Italian vines were unaffected by parasites, but in 1851 powdery mildew arrived, in 1878 Phylloxera and in 1879 downy mildew. Girolamo Caruso made some experiments on all systems of fight against these parasites and engaged for their application in Tuscany and in Italy; besides, he carried forward different experiences on the methods of fight against click beetles of cereals, the grapevine moth, the olive fruit fly, la tingidae of pears, the insects harmful for the seeds in the granaries, the smallpox olive and morus-mildew. Besides his studies of agronomy, he was rather interested in rural economy: on the production costs in the area of Pisa, in the usefulness of the manuring of olives with pomace, in the tests of manuring and cultural operations of wheat, the set of rules about farms, convenience and feasibility of the bill of land reform proposed by Maggiorino Ferraris and the legislation about the credit for land improvements and agrarian progress in general.
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Mann immensely contributed in the field of tea pest and disease, soils, manuring, agricultural practices. He resigned from Indian Tea Association in June 1907 and joined as principal of the Agricultural College at Poona while also being chemist to the Government of Bombay. He worked on the second edition of a work on the pests and diseases of tea in collaboration with Sir George Watt and served as editor for the second and third editions of the Handbook of Indian Agriculture. He served as a director of agriculture for Bombay Presidency from 1918.
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The locals practiced an "itinerant form of agriculture", instead of manuring the soil. Differences in local pottery indicate the coexistence of communities isolated from each other by marshes, forests or hills. For instance, contemporary Cândeşti produced a significant quantity of wheel-made pottery, Târgşor was characterized by crushed-shard tempered vessels, and a sample of the most common "Kolochin" vessels was found in the Budureasca Valley. There are few known cemeteries from the second half of the 5th century, pointing to common use of cremation without the use of urns or pits.
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Holistic planned grazing, using fencing and/or herders, seeks to restore grasslands by carefully planning movements of large herds of livestock to mimic the vast herds found in nature. The natural system being mimicked and used as a template is grazing animals concentrated by pack predators that must move on after eating, trampling, and manuring an area, and returning only after it has fully recovered. Developed by Allan Savory,Savory, Allan; Jody Butterfield (1998-12-01) [1988]. Holistic Management: A New Framework for Decision Making (2nd ed. ed.).
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Washington, D.C.: Island Press. . this practice uses fencing and/or herders to restore grasslands. Carefully planned movements of large herds of livestock mimic the processes of nature where grazing animals are kept concentrated by pack predators and forced to move on after eating, trampling, and manuring an area, returning only after it has fully recovered. This grazing method seeks to emulate what occurred during the past 40 million years as the expansion of grass-grazer ecosystems built deep, rich grassland soils, sequestering carbon, and consequently cooling the planet.
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Paddy was the main crop, with different varieties grown in the wetland of Marutam, such as Vennel, Sennel, Pudunel, Aivananel and Torai. The peasants lived in groves of trees close to the farmlands and each house had jack, coconut, palm, areca and plantain trees. Peasants grew turmeric plants in front of their houses and laid flower gardens in between the houses. Farmers believed that ploughing, manuring, weeding, irrigation and the protection of crops must be done according to a specific method in order to obtain a good yield.
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When tested in a farmer's field, Liebig's manure was found to have no appreciable effect.Matter-of-Fact (July 1847) Liebig's System of Manuring, The Cultivator series 2, volume 4, page 208 via HathiTrust Liebig's difficulties in reconciling theory and practice reflected that the real world of agriculture was more complex than was at first realized. By the publication of the seventh German edition of Agricultural Chemistry he had moderated some of his views, admitting some mistakes and returning to the position that nitrogen-based fertilizers were beneficial or even necessary. He was instrumental in the use of guano for nitrogen.
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Annals of Botany 37 pp. 629–672 and the subsequent investigations into the effects of boron is perhaps the best-known work from her laboratory. Her other chief interest was in the ecology of weeds and in Weeds of Farmland (1920) she produced the first comprehensive scientific study of weeds in the UK. Her work on the permanent Park Grass plots at Rothamsted resulted in another book Manuring of Grass Land for Hay (1924) describing how lime and fertilizers affect the botanical composition of grasslands. Brenchley was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1910.
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It is considered a very productive cultivar, well adapted to use in intensive growth olive groves, also under difficult conditions for growing and harvesting. It lends itself better to alternating use, but in intensive olive groves this can be amended with different forms of land management (manuring, irrigation and pruning). It is generally agreed that the cultivar is self-sterile, so it can take advantage of a certain presence of pollinators. Among the olive cultivars used for pollination are the Nera di Gonnos (Tonda di Cagliari), Pizz'e carroga, Nera di Oliena (Nera di Villacidro or Paschixedda) and Cariasina.
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Natural variations in soil carbon occur as a result of climate, organisms, parent material, time, and relief. The greatest contemporary influence has been that of humans; for example, carbon in Australian agricultural soils may historically have been twice the present range that is typically from 1.6 to 4.6 per cent. It has long been encouraged that farmers adjust practices to maintain or increase the organic component in the soil. On one hand, practices that hasten oxidation of carbon (such as burning crop stubbles or over- cultivation) are discouraged; on the other hand, incorporation of organic material (such as in manuring) has been encouraged.
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4-5 Exploitation occurs through reciprocated contract (though ultimately resting on the threat of forced extractions)."The very essence of feudal property was exploitation in its most naked form", R H Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (London 1937) p. 56 The ruling class is usually a nobility or aristocracy, typically legitimated by some concurrent form of theocracy. The primary forces of production include highly complex agriculture (two, three field, lucerne fallowing and manuring) with the addition of non- human and non-animal power devices (clockwork and wind-mills) and the intensification of specialisation in the crafts—craftsmen exclusively producing one specialised class of product.
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Gender roles in enset cultivation are of high importance, as a strong division of work exists: generally men are responsible for the propagation, cultivation, and transplanting of enset, while women are in charge of manuring, hand-weeding, thinning and landrace selection. Additionally, women process enset plants, which is a tedious work (transformation of the plant into useful material, principally food and fibres) for which they generally gather together. Men are banned from the field during this process. As women are responsible to provide sufficient food to their family, they are the ones who choose when and which plant to harvest and which quantity to sell.
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Cinnamomum verum, from Köhler's Medicinal Plants, (1887) On the Causes of Plants was originally eight books, of which six survive. It concerns the growth of plants; the influences on their fecundity; the proper times they should be sown and reaped; the methods of preparing the soil, manuring it, and the use of tools; and of the smells, tastes, and properties of many types of plants. The work deals mainly with the economical uses of plants rather than their medicinal uses, although the latter is sometimes mentioned. A book on wines and a book on plant smells may have once been part of the complete work.
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Amy Bogaard, an archaeobotanist at the University of Oxford, suspects that even as early as the Stone Age farmers had noticed the improved fertility of manured land. Her team investigated European digs for crops of cereals such as wheat and barley, as well as pulses such as peas and lentils. Modern-day scholars think that the Babylonian Chronicles and Egyptian hieroglyphs report manuring practices, while Pliny the Elder and Seneca the Younger describe similar Roman and barbarous Teuton practices. The Sallows photograph (dated 1906) in the Gallery shows a rear three-quarter view of a farmer driving a team of horses pulling a manure spreader in Huron County, Ontario.
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Paddy fields in present-day Tamil Nadu Among the five geographical divisions of the Tamil country in Sangam literature, the Marutam region was the most fit for cultivation, as it had the most fertile lands.Balambal. p. 60. The prosperity of a farmer depended on getting the necessary sunlight, seasonal rains and the fertility of the soil. Among these elements of nature, sunlight was considered indispensable by the ancient Tamils, because if rains fail other methods of irrigation could be put to use and if the soil wasn't naturally fertile, artificial manuring would enrich the soil. They differentiated the lands on the basis of fertility and accordingly cultivated the crops that were best suited for the kind of soil.
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The Tamil people cultivated a wide range of crops such as rice, sugarcane, millets, black pepper, various grains, coconuts, beans, cotton, plantain, tamarind and sandalwood.Venkata Subramanian, 7 Jackfruit, coconut, palm, areca and plantain trees were also known. Systematic ploughing, manuring, weeding, irrigation and crop protection was practiced for sustained agriculture.Pillay, 50-51 Water storage systems were designed during this period. Kallanai (1st-2nd century CE), a dam built on river Kaveri during this period, is considered to be one of the oldest water-regulation structures in the world still in use.Singh and Yadava, 508 Spice trade involving spices native to India—including cinnamon and black pepper—gained momentum as India started shipping spices to the Mediterranean.
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A small amount of mediaeval pottery shards were found by Kimball in 1932 which he concluded were not related to reoccupation, but rather the result of the manuring of the fields during the early stages of the establishment of the settlement outside the Camp. However, a geophysical survey carried out in the interior of the fort in 2000 found possible evidence that the interior may have been reoccupied in the mediaeval period. The results suggested a possible site of an early manor house associated with the church which dates from the around the 12th century. Subsequently, Cholesbury Manor House was constructed in the 16th century located on the southern range of the ramparts of the hill fort.
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Montaigne praises the society of the Caribbean natives: "It is a nation ... that hath no kinde of traffike, no knowledge of Letters, no intelligence of numbers, no name of magistrate, nor of politike superioritie; no use of service, of riches, or of poverty; no contracts, no successions, no dividences, no occupation but idle; no respect of kinred, but common, no apparrell but natural, no manuring of lands, no use of wine, corne, or mettle. The very words that import lying, falsehood, treason, dissimulation, covetousnes, envie, detraction, and pardon, were never heard of amongst them." A source for Prospero's speech in act five, in which he bids farewell to magic (5.1.33–57) is an invocation by the sorceress Medea found in Ovid's poem Metamorphoses.
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It can be grown in diverse conditions and is well known among farmers for its wide adaptation and production even in marginal lands, drought-prone sloping areas, and flat rainfed tars (unirrigated, ancient alluvial river fans). It is mainly grown between 700 and 1300 m asl, although in home gardens it is found from 200 up to 2000 m. Most of the crop currently grown in Nepal is used as food for humans, with a smaller proportion used for fodder and green manuring. Generally, ricebean is grown as an intercrop with maize, on rice bunds or on the terrace risers, as a sole crop on the uplands or as a mixed crop with maize in the khet (bunded parcels of lands where transplanted rice is grown) land.
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The late 18th century attack on the Mesta was undertaken followers of the Enlightenment in Spain with support from Charles III. They considered that the benefit of fine wool exports was outweighed by its damage to agriculture, but based their views more on the success of the Agricultural Revolution that was taking place in different conditions in northern Europe than on actual conditions in Spain. However, instead of proposing a balance between agriculture and pastoralism, they promoted cultivation exclusively, claiming that even the driest lands with the thinnest soils could be made profitable for agriculture with the appropriate combination of seeds, cultivation techniques and manure, underestimating the actual benefit of transhumant sheep in manuring areas along their routes.Marín Barriguete (2015), pp.
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The list also included the West of Scotland Agricultural College and the Aberdeen and North of Scotland College of Agriculture. John Kerr, M.A., LL.D. (1910) Scottish Education - Schools and University, From early times to 1908, Cambridge University Press A newspaper report from October 1907 records that a "gathering of about 60 gentlemen attended at the experimental ground" of the college at Pinkie Hill Farm, Inveresk, to witness the "final inspection for the season of the results of the potato trials". In 70 plots, 48 varieties of potatoes had been tested to find the effects of "spraying, artificial manuring, cut sets versus whole sets, and planting at different distances apart." In 1913 the college and the University of Edinburgh formed a Joint Committee on Research in Animal Breeding which led on to research in genetics.
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She established a working women's group to carry out agricultural work. In 1954, she proposed the addition of the equal pay for equal work clause in the first constitution of China to reduce gender pay gap, and her proposal was adopted. She commented in a 2018 interview: "Men got 10 work points a day, but we only got a maximum of five points no matter how much work we did." To highlight the unfairness in this approach she organised a manuring contest between the male and female workers - with the female workers winning the contest. Four female representatives from Shanxi attended the first National People's Congress in 1954 (Shen far right) In 1953 Shen joined the Communist Party of China and gained widespread media attention due to the success of the farming cooperative.
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In western and northern Awadh, for example, for much of the eighteenth century, the Muslim gentry offered the Kurmi highly discounted rental rates for clearing the jungle and cultivating it. Once the land had been brought stably under the plough, however, the land rent was usually raised to 30 to 80 per cent above the going rate. Although British revenue officials later ascribed the high rent to the prejudice among the elite rural castes against handling the plough, the main reason was the greater productivity of the Kurmi, whose success lay in superior manuring. According to historian Christopher Bayly, > Whereas the majority of cultivators manured only the lands immediately > around the village and used these lands for growing food grains, Kurmis > avoided using animal dung for fuel and manured the poorer lands farther from > the village (the manjha).
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Before the 16th and 17th centuries, most farmlands in Britain used simple alternations of tilling and fallowing during different seasons over several years, while livestock was often kept on less productive land and commons. However, in the Midlands the rising population, density of settlements, lack of new areas into which cultivation could expand, and the 15th century enclosures of sheep flocks, led to a system of agriculture with increasing numbers of livestock. A possible factor that influenced the adoption of convertible husbandry was the changing skill levels of workers. In the words of historian Eric Kerridge, the combination of "floating of water-meadows, the substitution of up-and-down husbandry for permanent tillage and permanent grass or for shifting cultivation, the introduction of new fallow crops and selected grasses, marsh drainage, manuring, and stock breeding" were essential innovations of the British Agricultural Revolution.
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The Romans had learned many things which we are now learning again, such as green manuring with legumes, soiling, seed selection, the testing of soil for sourness, intensive cultivation of a fallow as well as of a crop, conservative rotation, the importance of livestock In a system of general farming, the preservation of the chemical content of manure and the composting of the rubbish of a farm, but they brought to their farming operations some thing more which we have not altogether learned — the character which made them a people of enduring achievement. Varro quotes one of their proverbs "Romanus sedendo vincit," which illustrates my present point. The Romans achieved their results by thoroughness and patience. It was thus that they defeated Hannibal and it was thus that they built their farm houses and fences, cultivated their fields, their vineyards and their olive yards, and bred and fed their live stock.
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The Greek historian Xenophon (450–355 BCE) is credited with being the first to expound upon the merits of green-manuring crops: "But then whatever weeds are upon the ground, being turned into earth, enrich the soil as much as dung." Columella's "Husbandry," circa 60 CE, advocated the use of lime and that clover and alfalfa (green manure) should be turned under, and was used by 15 generations (450 years) under the Roman Empire until its collapse. From the fall of Rome to the French Revolution, knowledge of soil and agriculture was passed on from parent to child and as a result, crop yields were low. During the European Middle Ages, Yahya Ibn al-'Awwam's handbook, with its emphasis on irrigation, guided the people of North Africa, Spain and the Middle East; a translation of this work was finally carried to the southwest of the United States when under Spanish influence.
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The surface of the vineyard is kept clear and free from all weeds and grass, and is ploughed each year six inches deep and within six inches of the vine stock. Mr. Saalman does not regard the removal of the surface roots as detrimental to the vines, but he considers a light yearly manuring and cultivation very essential to the production of fruit. The roots of all the varieties of grapes in this vineyard were in good condition. While Saalmann produced several styles of wine, including bottles labeled ‘Flower of Jersey,’ ‘Martha,’ and ‘Belli Rosa,’ his premium offering was a claret under the label ‘Black Rose.’ This was a dry, full-bodied red wine composed primarily of pressings from the native ‘Norton’ grape. A Department of Agriculture analysis revealed that the 1877 vintage contained 12.31 percent alcohol. It characterized 'Black Rose' as a "sound agreeable ‘Claret,’ free from harmful or unwarrantable additions, moderately astringent, and well suited for medicinal use. It has evidently been carefully made and preserved." Based on the planted acreage of each cultivar, it appears likely that ‘Black Rose’ was composed of approximately two-thirds 'Norton,' one sixth 'Ives' and one sixth 'Clevner.
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