All eight were admitted—seven were diagnosed with schizophrenia, one with manic-depressive psychosis.
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The movie also makes a strong case that men are a leading cause of what was once called manic depressive psychosis in women.
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Echoing Alexander Herzen, a 19th-century émigré who declared Russia to be suffering from "patriotic syphilis", Mr Kovalev diagnoses in his country "manic-depressive psychosis…acute megalomania, persecution complex and kleptomania".
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In 1980, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, redefined manic-depressive psychosis, in which patients swing alternately between major depression and mania, as bipolar affective disorder, in part as a result of Dr. Fieve's research.
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His keen interest in Manic Depressive Psychosis and Schizophrenia probably stemmed forth while at Leuven.
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After World War II, John Cade, an Australian psychiatrist, was investigating the effects of various compounds on veteran patients with manic depressive psychosis. In 1949, Cade discovered that lithium carbonate could be used as a successful treatment of manic depressive psychosis. Because there was a fear that table salt substitutes could lead to toxicity or death, Cade's findings did not immediately lead to treatments. In the 1950s, U.S. hospitals began experimenting with lithium on their patients.
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Perry Cossart Baird Jr. (1903–1959) was an American physician, who while suffering from bipolar disorder (then known as manic depressive psychosis) was also trying to find the cause of the disease. During this time, the prevailing theory was that mental illness was psychological, not physiological. He was the first person to search for a biochemical basis for mania, by injecting adrenalectomized animals with the blood of manic patients. In April 1944, Baird's article Biochemical Component of the Manic-Depressive Psychosis was published in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.
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In 1942, Medical Director Dr. J.B. Gordon identified the major causes of admission to Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital at that time. He stated that 7% of all admissions were for paresis. He further identified that other major causes were for "Dementia praecox, manic-depressive psychosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis, senility and alcoholism.""Gordon Sees Drive on Syphilis Stalled", Asbury Park Press, April 24, 1942, p. 13.
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Prince Charming hero meets Cinderella heroine (1912) A 1921 study of patients at a New York state mental hospital, On the Prognostic Significance of the Mental Content in Manic-Depressive Psychosis, reported that of 31 manic-depressive patients studied, 22 (70%) had been diagnosed as afflicted with an Electra complex; and that 12 of the 22 patients had regressed to early stages of psychosexual development.
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Manic Depressive Psychosis (also known as MDP) was an Armenian rock group established in 1990 at the Yerevan State University. Their début album Usurper of the Sun Rays was self-released on an MC-cassette in 1993. It presented a very particular brew that incorporated elements of heavy and at the same time psychedelic music based on sound experimentation. It was hypnotic, heavy and sophisticated.
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Holding that there are similarities between the experience on mescaline, the mania in a manic-depressive psychosis and the visions of God of a mystical saint suggests, for Zaehner, that the saint's visions must be the same as those of a lunatic.Zaehner, Introduction p.xi The personality is dissipated into the world, for Huxley on mescaline and people in a manic state, which is similar to the experience of nature mystics.Zaehner p.
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At the same time, he kept writing books in many genres, moving easily from one literary field to another. He had a very busy schedule and strict work ethic. He also suffered from manic-depressive psychosis and became depressed after completion of a book, sometimes to the extent of needing hospital treatment; in his manic phases he did his writing. He participated, and often succeeded, in literary competitions to prove the quality of his work to critics.
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He also taught medical students as a member of the faculty of the St. Petersburg Medical Military Academy. During this time, Puusepp and Bekhterev performed an experimental surgical procedure—frontal leucotomy, cutting association fibers in the frontal lobes—on three patients with manic- depressive psychosis with the aim of reducing psychomotor agitation.Lichterman BL. On the history of psychosurgery in Russia. Acta Neurochir 125(1-4), 1-4 (1993) Dissatisfied with the results, they ceased further attempts at psychosurgery.
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Victor Pavlovich Protopopov (; October 22, 1880, Poltava Governorate – 1957, Kiev) was a famous Ukrainian Soviet psychiatrist and, member of the URSR Academy of Sciences. Being a pupil of Vladimir Bekhterev, Protopopov founded his own pathophysiological school of thought in the Soviet psychiatry. Victor Pavlovich Protopopov authored more than 110 articles. He is also known for the "Protopopov's syndrome", or "Protopopov's triad", which consists of the tachycardia, dilatated pupils and obstipation in bipolar disorder (then known as manic-depressive psychosis).
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Baillarger's original paper, "De la folie à double forme," appeared in the medical journal Annales médico-psychologiques (Medico-psychological annals) in 1854. These concepts were developed by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926), who, using Kahlbaum's concept of cyclothymia, categorized and studied the natural course of untreated bipolar patients. He coined the term manic depressive psychosis, after noting that periods of acute illness, manic or depressive, were generally punctuated by relatively symptom- free intervals where the patient was able to function normally.
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Note: This includes and Accompanying photographs The Central College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Medical College of Indiana taught neurology and psychiatry from 1900 to 1908 until both were merged with the Indiana University School of Medicine. The Indiana University School of Medicine would continue to lecture in the building until 1956. Lecture topics included nervous system development, 'manic-depressive psychosis,' insanity classification, and circulation of the brain and spinal cord. Students from nearby medical colleges traveled to the Old Pathology Building to view autopsies.
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Writing before Li's book was published, Byron and Pack offered other possible diagnoses based on symptoms Kang seems to have displayed, including manic-depressive psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy.Byron & Pack, P. 209-210. Kang's re-emergence on the political stage in the mid-1950s occurred at roughly at the same time as the Gao Gang-Rao Shushi Affair and the affair of Yu Bingbo.See Jacques Guillermaz (Translated from the French by Anne Destenay), The Chinese Communist Party in Power, 1949-1976 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1976) p. 98-110.
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The Benson family was exceptionally accomplished, but their history was somewhat tragic: a son and daughter died young; and another daughter, as well as Arthur himself, suffered from a mental condition that was possibly bipolar disorder or manic-depressive psychosis, which they had inherited from their father. None of the children married. Despite his illness, Arthur was a distinguished academic and a prolific author. From the ages of 10 to 21, he lived in cathedral closes, first at Lincoln where his father was Chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral, and then at Truro, where his father was the first Bishop of Truro.
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Emil Kraepelin (1907) was the first to describe involutional melancholia as a distinct clinical entity separate from the manic-depressive psychosis, arguing that 'the processes of involution in the body are suited to engender mournful or anxious moodiness'.Kraepelin, quoted in G. E. Berrios, The History of Mental Symptoms (1996) p. 311 Right up until 'the seventh edition of his textbook Kraepelin considered involutional melancholia as a separate disease', of acquired origin, but (partly in response to Dreyfus) 'he decided to include it in the eighth edition under the general heading of manic depressive insanity'.M. M. Abou-Saleh et al.
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In The Canon of Medicine, for example, Avicenna described a condition somewhat resembling the symptoms of schizophrenia which he called Junun Mufrit (severe madness), which he distinguished from other forms of madness (Junun) such as mania, rabies and manic depressive psychosis. However, no condition resembling schizophrenia was reported in Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu's Imperial Surgery, a major Ottoman medical textbook of the 15th century. Given limited historical evidence, schizophrenia (as prevalent as it is today) may be a modern phenomenon, or alternatively it may have been obscured in historical writings by related concepts such as melancholia or mania.
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German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) popularised it in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that eventually became a different disease concept and relabeled as schizophrenia. Kraepelin reduced the complex psychiatric taxonomies of the nineteenth century by dividing them into two classes: manic-depressive psychosis and dementia praecox. This division, commonly referred to as the Kraepelinian dichotomy, had a fundamental impact on twentieth-century psychiatry, though it has also been questioned. The primary disturbance in dementia praecox was seen to be a disruption in cognitive or mental functioning in attention, memory, and goal- directed behaviour.
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Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) The Kraepelinian dichotomy is the division of the major endogenous psychoses into the disease concepts of dementia praecox, which was reformulated as schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler by 1908,; and manic- depressive psychosis, which has now been reconceived as bipolar disorder. This division was formally introduced in the sixth edition of Emil Kraepelin's psychiatric textbook Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte, published in 1899. It has been highly influential on modern psychiatric classification systems, the DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10, and is reflected in the taxonomic separation of schizophrenia from affective psychosis.
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Two weeks later, on February 14, 1854, Jean-Pierre Falret presented a description to the Academy on what was essentially the same disorder, and designated folie circulaire ('circular insanity') by him. The two bitterly disputed as to who had been the first to conceptualise the condition. These concepts were developed by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926), who, using Kahlbaum's concept of cyclothymia, categorized and studied the natural course of untreated bipolar patients. He coined the term manic depressive psychosis, after noting that periods of acute illness, manic or depressive, were generally punctuated by relatively symptom- free intervals where the patient was able to function normally.
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Kraepelin contrasted this with manic-depressive psychosis, now termed bipolar disorder, and also with other forms of mood disorder, including major depressive disorder. He eventually concluded that it was not possible to distinguish his categories on the basis of cross-sectional symptoms. Writing on the back of a female patient "DEMENCE PRECOCE" (French for "dementia praecox") Kraepelin viewed dementia praecox as a progressively deteriorating disease from which no one recovered. However, by 1913, and more explicitly by 1920, Kraepelin admitted that while there may be a residual cognitive defect in most cases, the prognosis was not as uniformly dire as he had stated in the 1890s.
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The patient's decline of self-perception is revealed in his belief of his own blame, inferiority, and unworthiness. He also emphasized early life experiences as a predisposing factor. Adolf Meyer put forward a mixed social and biological framework emphasizing reactions in the context of an individual's life, and argued that the term depression should be used instead of melancholia. The first version of the DSM (DSM-I, 1952) contained depressive reaction and the DSM-II (1968) depressive neurosis, defined as an excessive reaction to internal conflict or an identifiable event, and also included a depressive type of manic-depressive psychosis within Major affective disorders.
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299-302 in the brain of mice subjected to lithium treatment similar to that used at the time for manic-depressive psychosis in humans. Then he used secondary ion emission microscopySchaumann, L., Galle, P., Thellier, M., Wissocq, J.C., « Imaging the distribution of the stable isotopes of nitrogen 14N and 15N in biological samples by ″Secondary Ion Emission Microscopy », J. Histochem. Cytochem., 36, 1988, p. 37-39 tools to do with stable isotopes almost everything that is traditionally done with radioactive isotopes,Thellier, M, Ripoll, C, Quintana, C., Sommer, F., Chevallier, P., Dainty, J., « Physical methods to locate metal atoms in biological systems », Methods Enzymol.
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Encyclopedia of murder p.471-2, By Patricia Pitman While Rowland was in prison awaiting execution, a prisoner at Walton Jail in Liverpool, David J. Ware, made unprompted three confessions to the crime - first in writing to the governor of the prison, then to police, and finally to Rowland's lawyer. The confession was quickly followed by a retraction wherein Ware admitted to confessing because he wanted to appear "swank," and said that he had obtained details of the murder from newspapers he read in prison. There were also questions as to Ware's mental state, as he had been discharged from the British Army in 1943 after a diagnosis of manic depressive psychosis.
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Though presented with identical symptoms, seven were diagnosed with schizophrenia at public hospitals, and one with manic- depressive psychosis, a more optimistic diagnosis with better clinical outcomes, at the private hospital. Their stays ranged from 7 to 52 days, and the average was 19 days. All but one were discharged with a diagnosis of schizophrenia "in remission", which Rosenhan considered as evidence that mental illness is perceived as an irreversible condition creating a lifelong stigma rather than a curable illness. Despite constantly and openly taking extensive notes on the behavior of the staff and other patients, none of the pseudopatients were identified as impostors by the hospital staff, although many of the other psychiatric patients seemed to be able to correctly identify them as impostors.
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As a graduate assistant in research at the Massachusetts General Hospital, he began experiments exploring the concept that individuals who are in a state of mania exhibit a biochemical imbalance. After experiencing another manic episode, Baird was admitted to McLean Hospital in the fall of 1934 and stepped away from his research. But in 1940, he resumed, beginning a correspondence with Massachusetts General Hospital’s Dr. Walter B. Cannon and drafting an article on the biochemical component of mania. In late 1943, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders accepted Baird’s article: “Biochemical Component of the Manic-Depressive Psychosis.” Upon its 1944 publication, Baird was being held at Westborough State Hospital as a psychiatric patient. After multiple hospitalizations, the Massachusetts Board of Registration rescinded Baird’s medical license in 1944, and Baird and his wife divorced later the same year.
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Both dementia praecox (in its three classic forms) and "manic-depressive psychosis" gained wider popularity in the larger institutions in the eastern United States after being included in the official nomenclature of diseases and conditions for record-keeping at Bellevue Hospital in New York City in 1903. The term lived on due to its promotion in the publications of the National Committee on Mental Hygiene (founded in 1909) and the Eugenics Records Office (1910). But perhaps the most important reason for the longevity of Kraepelin's term was its inclusion in 1918 as an official diagnostic category in the uniform system adopted for comparative statistical record-keeping in all American mental institutions, The Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane. Its many revisions served as the official diagnostic classification scheme in America until 1952 when the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders, or DSM-I, appeared.
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