Rocky Mountain Arsenal, just 28 miles east of Rocky Flats; El Malpais and White Sands National monuments in New Mexico; Hanford Reach Monument in Washington State; and the Manhattan Project National Historical Park in Tennessee are all former military test sites or nuclear production facilities that are now managed by USFWS.
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The El Malpais National Conservation Area is a federally protected conservation area in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The El Malpais National Conservation area was established in 1987 and is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the National Landscape Conservation System. The adjoining El Malpais National Monument was established at the same time and is managed by the National Park Service. The El Malpais NCA includes two wilderness areas — the West Malpais Wilderness and Cebolla Wilderness Area — covering almost .
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The cave system is located in the El Malpais lava field within the boundaries of El Malpais National Monument. The cave's location is N34° 59.556', W108° 04.926'.
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West Malpais Wilderness is a designated Wilderness Area managed by the U. S. Bureau of Land Management [BLM] located in Cibola County, New Mexico. Established in 1987, the West Malpais Wilderness is located in the El Malpais National Conservation Area, a BLM-managed area that stretches along the western border of the Acoma Indian Reservation SW of Albuquerque. One of two Wilderness Areas in the Conservation Area, the 35,940 acre West Malpais area is contiguous with El Malpais National Monument, a National Park Service unit, and contains a section of the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail.
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El Malpais National Conservation Area: La Ventana Natural Arch The U.S. National Park Service protects, manages, and interprets El Malpais National Monument. They operate two Visitor Centers with natural history displays, literature, maps, and staff with helpful information. El Malpais Visitor Center (formerly The Northwest New Mexico Visitor Center) is just south of Exit 85 off I-40 in Grants, New Mexico. The El Malpais Information Center is 28 miles down Highway 53 south of I-40 Exit 81.
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The Casa Malpais Visitor Center and Museum'is located on Main Street in Springerville, Arizona. The museum displays artifacts found at Casa Malpais and offers guided tours of the site that originate at the museum. Summer Solstice Marker.
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This cone formed aa lava flows that generated the Mesa Grande malpais.
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The forest is bordered on the south by El Malpais National Monument.
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Wildflower meadow in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, near Alpine. Kiva at Casa Malpais, near Springerville.
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New Mexico State Bike Route 53 runs from Grants to Malpais Information Center along New Mexico State Road 53.
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The second portion of the book Brave New World by Aldous Huxley takes place on the "savage reservation", which is located on land encompassing the park's area. The malpais is the setting for a western story, "Flint" (November, 1960) by Louis L'Amour. Flint is a successful business man who thinks he is dying of cancer and returns to a hidden campsite within the malpais he had learned of in his youth. A scene in Cormac McCarthy's novel Blood Meridian takes place on the malpais.
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A map of late Cenozoic volcanism around the Colorado Plateau, with the location of El Malpais National Monument highlighted. The area around El Malpais was used for resources, settlement, and travel by Oasisamerica cultures, Native Americans, and Spanish colonial and pioneer exploration. Archaeological sites remain in the park. In the 1940s the Malpais lava field was one of the eight candidate sites considered by the Manhattan Project to test detonate the first atomic bomb, the Trinity nuclear test, which did occur to the south at White Sands Proving Ground.
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Jornada del Muerto is the upper third of the image, oriented with the top to the northwest. The Tularosa Basin is the lower half of the image, with the dark streak of lava north of White Sands the Carrizozo Malpais. The Trinity atomic site is northwest of the Malpais. The forested Sacramento Mountains are to the right- east.
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The adjacent El Malpais National Conservation Area is protected and managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. They staff the El Malpais National Conservation Area Ranger Station 8 miles down State Highway 117 south of I-40 Exit 89. The Cibola National Forest conserves large natural areas, wildlife, and habitats in the surrounding region as well.
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La Palabra. January 2014. “My Father’s Hands” Muzzle Magazine. November 2013. “I Do Not Know How to Love You in English” Malpais Review.
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The National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management operate the El Malpais Visitor Center at Exit 85 off Interstate 40 in Grants. The visitor center highlights the many features of El Malpais National Monument and El Malpais National Conservation Area. There is a mining museum in town, as well as the Western New Mexico Aviation Heritage Museum at the Grants-Milan Municipal Airport. On Route 66/Santa Fe Avenue, the Cibola Arts Council runs an art gallery and museum that features the works of local artists and many Route 66 artifacts including a Ford Model T roadster.
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Cebolla Wilderness is a Wilderness area located within the El Malpais National Conservation Area in New Mexico. The area was added to the National Wilderness Preservation System on December 31, 1987 by Public Law 100-225. The area is a bordered by the Acoma Pueblo to the east and the El Malpais National Monument and New Mexico Highway 117 to the west. Elevations range from to .
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El Malpais National Monument is a National Monument located in western New Mexico, in the Southwestern United States. The name El Malpais is from the Spanish term Malpaís, meaning badlands, due to the extremely barren and dramatic volcanic field that covers much of the park's area. It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.Trail of the Ancients.
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Ventana Arch in El Malpais National Monument According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of , of which is land and (0.05%) is water.
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John is intensely moral according to a code that he has been taught by Shakespeare and life in Malpais but is also naïve: his views are as imported into his own consciousness as are the hypnopedic messages of World State citizens. The admonishments of the men of Malpais taught him to regard his mother as a whore; but he cannot grasp that these were the same men who continually sought her out despite their supposedly sacred pledges of monogamy. Because he is unwanted in Malpais, he accepts the invitation to travel back to London and is initially astonished by the comforts of the World State. However, he remains committed to values that exist only in his poetry.
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For more than 10,000 years people have interacted with the El Malpais landscape. Historic and prehistoric Cultural landscape sites provide connections to past times. More than mere artifacts, these cultural resources are kept alive by the spiritual and physical presence of contemporary Indian groups, including the Puebloan peoples of Acoma, Laguna and Zuni, and the Ramah Navajo. These tribes continue their ancestral uses of El Malpais including gathering plant materials, paying respect, and renewing ties.
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Some of the oldest Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga) trees on earth, of the Pseudotsuga subspecies Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca), can be found living in El Malpais Monument.
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Malpais (9°36'03 N, 85°08'36 W) is a town in Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica which began as a fishing and cattle-farming village, and has become popular among surfers and adventure travelers around the world. Recently, Forbes Magazine voted the beaches of Malpais and neighboring Santa Teresa as "One of the ten most beautiful in the world." The town got its name from the fact that all the rivers and streams that flow into the beach in the area dry up in the summer season, making it a "bad land" to try to live in. Malpais now is known for its incredible beauty, with white sand coves, rocky outcroppings, steep jungle-covered hills, and forests teeming with animals, birds, and insects.
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The name Maipés comes from the word malpais or mal pais, which means "bad land". This is due to the flow of volcanic lava that covered the bottom of the Maipés ravine about 3,000 years ago.
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El Malpais translates to "the badlands" in Spanish and is pronounced Mal-(rhymes with wall)-pie-ees. The El Malpais National Conservation Area was established to protect nationally significant geological, archaeological, ecological, cultural, scenic, scientific, and wilderness resources surrounding the Grants Lava Flows. In addition to the two wilderness areas, the NCA includes dramatic sandstone cliffs, canyons, La Ventana Natural Arch, the Chain of Craters Back Country Byway and the Narrows Picnic Area. There are many opportunities for photography, hiking, camping and wildlife viewing within this unique NCA.
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While Malpais is still a remote fishing village, it also is known for modern day luxuries. Many excellent hotels and luxury houses have been built in recent years, and there are many excellent restaurants, with cuisine from around the world.
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La Ventana Natural Arch, El Malpais N.C.A. The 231,230 acre El Malpais National Conservation Area is a Bureau of Land Management area established in 2001 to protect “nationally-significant geological, archaeological, ecological, cultural, scenic, scientific, and wilderness resources surrounding the Grants Lava Flows.” The Area includes one primitive campground, several small picnic areas, two Wilderness Areas, and opportunities for hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, and caving. Most of the lands within the Conservation Area, including the Joe Skeen primitive campground and La Ventana Natural Arch, a popular destination, can be reached via NM 117, SE of Grants.
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The elevation of the park varies between 1,400 to 2,500 feet, with the highest point in the park situated in the Malpais Hills at 2,539 feet. Goldmine Mountain which sits in the northern section of the park, with the Malpais Hills in the south, between them sit an unnamed central highlands. These three mountain groups rise above the general plain of the park, which sits at 1500 feet. Proterozoic and Laramide granites are the predominate geology of the park, while Mid-Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks overlay Proterozoic and Cretaceous crystalline rocks in the central and eastern portions.
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According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Grants is on the north end of the large and recent (youngest flows around 3,000 years old) lava field known as El Malpais ("the badlands"), part of which is preserved as El Malpais National Monument. To the northeast of town are the San Mateo Mountains and Mount Taylor, at the highest peak in the region. West of the city is the Continental Divide and the Zuni Mountains, an eroded anticline with 2-billion- year-old Precambrian granites and metamorphic rocks at its core.
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The Kiva at Casa Malpaís Casa Malpaís is located near Springerville. It is a nationally recognized archeological site.Arizona Travel and Tours delange.org The name Casa Malpais means "House built from Malapai", which describes the type volcanic vesicular basalt from which the ancient village was constructed.
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Little is known about the eruption ages of the Mascota field. The minettes have been dated by potassium-argon dating, with ages obtained between 1,93 million years ago and 68,000 years ago. A very low magma output of has been determined. The youngest eruption occurred at Malpais volcano.
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A 2017 assessment found that 33,203 km2, or 12%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include Arches National Park, Canyonlands National Park, Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument, Dominguez–Escalante National Conservation Area, Petrified Forest National Park, and El Malpais National Conservation Area.
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Casa Malpaís is an archaeological site of the Ancestral Puebloans located near the town of Springerville, Arizona. The site is a nationally recognized archaeological siteAncient Mogollon (Western Pueblo) Solstice And Equinox, Sun Watch Station And Ruins: "Casa Malpais" Archaeological Park at delange.org and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.
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Unique and unusual features characterize the site. The Great Kiva, painstakingly constructed of volcanic rock, is the centerpiece. A steep basalt staircase set into a crevice of the high red cliff wall leads to the top of the mesa. Both the Hopi and Zuni people still consider Casa Malpais a sacred ancestral place.
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The area has no water sources and like all Wilderness Areas, are closed to all mechanized and motorized vehicles, including mountain bicycles. Trips into the Wilderness require a backcountry permit, which can be obtained from the El Malpais Information Center in Grants, or from the BLM Ranger Station on State Road 117.
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Because West Malpais is contiguous with the El Malpais National Monument to the north, the main access to the area is along CR 42, which forms the southern and western border of the Wilderness. The trailhead for hiking into the Hole-in-the-Wall area can be reached via the eastern end of CR 42, which begins at NM 70, approximately 27 miles south of I-40. Visitors can also reach the Wilderness from the western terminus of CR 42, which begins at NM 53, 18 miles SW of I-40. A section of the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail runs through the southern half of the Wilderness Area, and can be accessed by a trailhead on CR 42, 22 miles south of N.M. 53.
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There are two visitor centers that serve the NCA, both off of I-40. El Malpais Visitor Center, operated jointly with the National Park Service, is located on the south side of exit 85. The Bureau of Land Management Ranger Station is located about 8 miles south of exit 89 on State Highway 117.
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Malpais is the long dark streak across the bottom half of the image. The red arrowhead marks the location of Trinity site. Credit: NASA Astronaut photograph ISS008-E-5604, taken at an altitude of 198 miles. Carrizozo is located at the northern end of the Tularosa Basin, which extends southward to the New Mexico–Texas border.
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Trinity Site (red arrow) near Carrizozo Malpais Safety and security required a remote, isolated and unpopulated area. The scientists also wanted a flat area to minimize secondary effects of the blast, and with little wind to spread radioactive fallout. Eight candidate sites were considered: the Tularosa Valley; the Jornada del Muerto Valley; the area southwest of Cuba, New Mexico, and north of Thoreau; and the lava flats of the El Malpais National Monument, all in New Mexico; the San Luis Valley near the Great Sand Dunes National Monument in Colorado; the Desert Training Area and San Nicolas Island in Southern California; and the sand bars of Padre Island, Texas. The sites were surveyed by car and by air by Bainbridge, R. W. Henderson, Major W. A. Stevens and Major Peer de Silva.
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The Acoma Indian Reservation of the Acoma Pueblo peoples is located in parts of Cibola, Socorro, and Catron counties, in New Mexico, the Southwestern United States. It covers 594.996 sq mi (1,541.033 km²). The reservation borders the Laguna Indian Reservation to the east and is near El Malpais National Monument due west. The total number of tribal members is about 6,000.
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Tomas tells Chee where the stolen box is and that it contains rocks and military medals. Chee meets Mary Landon and asks her out. Next day, they go to fetch the box from the malpais, and encounter Tomas Charley's dead body, killed a minute before. The killer is the same man who met Tomas at the rug auction after Chee did.
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Puntarenas has an area of km² and a mean elevation of metres. The canton includes areas on both sides of the Gulf of Nicoya. From the western coastline, the canton ranges eastward into the Cordillera de Tilarán to include the Monteverde region. The southern portion of the Nicoya Peninsula is also in the canton, including the popular tourist areas of Tambor, Montezuma and Malpais.
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The Department of Defense did use the site as a bombing range to train pilots during World War II. After the war, the Bureau of Land Management became the administrator of the area. In 1987, President Reagan signed that created El Malpais National Monument and designated it a unit of the National Park Service. It is jointly managed with the nearby El Morro National Monument.
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Coronado Trail Scenic Byway: Casa Malpais Indian Ruins and Archaeological Park, AZ , National Scenic Byways Program Unique and unusual features characterize the site. The Great Kiva, painstakingly constructed of volcanic rock, is the centerpiece. A steep basalt staircase set into a crevice of the high basalt cliff wall leads to the top of the mesa. Both the Hopi and Zuni Indian tribes still consider Casa Malpaís a sacred ancestral place.
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Additional badlands also exist in various places throughout southwest Wyoming, such as near Pinedale and in the Bridger Valley near the towns of Lyman and Mountain View, near the high Uintah Mountains. Pinnacles National Park in California also has areas of badlands, as does the Mojave Desert in eastern California. El Malpais National Monument in western New Mexico is named after the Spanish word malpaís, meaning bad lands.
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State Road 117 (NM 117) is a state road in north west New Mexico, entirely within Cibola County. The southern terminus is at NM 36 near Quemado, and the northern terminus is at NM 122 and Historic U.S. Route 66 in Grants. NM 117 runs through the El Malpais National Conservation Area. It is one of the roads on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.
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Yé. Mount Corona, viewed from La Quemada de Orzola Volcán de La Corona is a high extinct volcano on the Canary Island of Lanzarote (Spain), near the village of Yé in the municipality of Haría. Its eruption around 4000 years ago covered a large area of the northeast of the island with nev juice, creating the Malpais de la Corona and two of the island's most-visited geological attractions, the Cueva de los Verdes and the Jameos del Agua.
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La Gruta Profunda is a Cave located in the Malpais, a few kilometers from town, and is surrounded by canyons, and has within it the Tapón Sifón, a deep pool of blue- green water. El Pantano (The Swamp) is another area visited by residents and visitors. It is a swampy area located in the mountains about 8 kilometers from the town. Here, a spring of water rises up from deep underground, creating an area of mud and quicksand.
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The majority of exposed bedrock is either granite or schist, with rhyolitic volcanics existing in the northern Malpais Hills. The climate consists of hot summers and mild winters, with average monthly temperatures ranging from a high of 104 degrees Fahrenheit in July to a low of 65.1 degrees in January. The park averages about 8.95 inches of rain per year, with almost 60% of that during the warm May to October season. The vegetation varies from creosote flats to saguaro forest.
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Pipkin (also known as Malpais Crater) is a volcano in California, with activity during the Quaternary. The surface of erupted lava flows is weathered, and argon-argon dating and potassium-argon dating has yielded ages of 770,000 ± 40,000 and 600,000 years before present, respectively. The volcano lies in the Rodman Mountains. The high and wide Pipkin cinder cone probably erupted the lava flows which extend to its north and form a lava flow field which has the appearance of a mesa.
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The municipality is located within the Malpais ("Bad Country") volcanic zone, with huge rocks, canyons, and hills of dark stone, covered by abundant vegetation. The volcano Volcán Cerro Blanco, is a natural cone 7 kilometers south of Tepache, and is visited by domestic and foreign tourists, as well as by geology students. It is located at Latitude 29.6031200, and Longitude -109.5259500. Espinazo del Diablo is a natural rock formation nearby, that rises jaggedly into the sky like the backbone of the Devil.
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The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers. Curbside trash pickup is provided by the company Selikor. There is no recycling pickup, but there are drop-off centers for certain recycled materials at the Malpais landfill, and various locations operated by Green Force; private haulers recycle construction waste, paper, and cardboard.
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The town itself is located in a flat area known prior to the founding of the town as the Corrizo flats, with typical Chihuahua desert scrub. To the west of the town is the Carrizozo Malpais, a lava flow that is about 1,500 years old and accessible through the Valley of Fires Recreation Area."Valley of Fires Recreation Area, Carrizozo, New Mexico" Retrieved January 30, 2010. To the northeast is Carrizo Mountain, a peak within the Sacramento Mountains, and to the southeast are the Sierra Blanca.
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The surface expression of the geothermal system consists of a ", opaline sinter terrace produced by hot spring and natural geyser (sic fumarole) activity along the base of the Malpais Rim. Since 1959, several companies have tested the potential of the area as a source of steam for electrical power generation. The spectacular hot water and steam plume that at present (1985/1986) vents continuously along the top of the sinter terrace is not a natural geyser, but is a free-flowing, uncapped geothermal well." (Struhsacker, 1986, p. 111).
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It is geologically considered part of the Rio Grande Rift zone, which widens there due to the slight clockwise rotation of the Colorado Plateau tectonic plate. Notable features of the basin include White Sands National Park, Oliver Lee Memorial State Park, the Carrizozo Malpais lava flow, Holloman Air Force Base, and the White Sands Missile Range with the historic Trinity nuclear test Site. Tularosa Creek flows westward into the Tularosa Basin just north of the village of Tularosa. The distinct northwestern New Mexico Tularosa River is located in Catron County.
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It is thought that the name was given to the village by early Basque sheepherders. The Springerville volcanic field contains over 400 volcanoes within a radius of Springerville, making it the third largest volcanic field in the continental United States. The first visit to Casa Malpais by a professional anthropologist was in 1883, when Frank Cushing, living at Zuni, visited a site at "El Valle Redondo on the Colorado Chiquito", and was impressed by what he termed "the fissure type pueblo" he found there. In his journal he sketched dry masonry, bridging fissures, upon which the pueblo is constructed.
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The west of the municipality is largely mountainous, with much of the western coastline rising steeply a little way inland. Numerous miradors (viewpoints) on this high ground offer views of the island, with the most well known being the Mirador del Río which is a popular tourist attraction. To the southeast the land is low-lying and largely used for agriculture, with many small beach resorts along the coast. The northeast of the municipality is largely uninhabited, having been buried approximately 3000 years ago by the eruption of the Montaña Corona which formed the inhospitable Malpais de la Corona.
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Zuni Mountains in 1908 The Zuni Mountains are located at , surrounded by the Zuni Indian Reservation, the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation, and El Morro National Monument to the southwest, El Malpais National Monument to the south, Acoma Pueblo to the east, and the Navajo Nation to the north. Geologically, the Zuni Mountains form a northwest-southeast trending uplift with a core of Precambrian granite and metamorphic rocks, surrounded by red sandstone. A total of of previously overlying layers of Cretaceous and older sedimentary rocks have been eroded away from the highest part of the range, but appear in outlying areas.
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US-380 US Route 380 begins at an intersection with Interstate 25 just west of San Antonio, New Mexico, and travels through town, meeting the old route of US 85, now New Mexico State Road 1. It then travels generally east, and marks the northern edge of the White Sands Missile Range. The road then turns southeast, crossing the Carrizozo Malpais before reaching Carrizozo, meeting U.S. Route 54. The route continues southeast, climbing the Sacramento Mountains, and going through the town of Capitan and briefly travelling through the Lincoln National Forest, before reaching U.S. Route 70 at Hondo and becoming concurrent with US 70.
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El Morro National Monument is located west on Highway 53, along the old Zuni-Acoma Trail, an ancient Pueblo trade route also known as the Ancient Way. El Morro is an artist community and home of the El Morro Area Arts Council, an art gallery, a trading post / coffee shop, cafe, RV park & campgrounds, feed & seed store, consignment store and healing arts center. El Morro is the social hub for a colorful array of artists, homesteaders and individualists who reside in a 1000+ square mile area, from El Malpais National Monument to the East, Ramah, NM to the West, Zuni Mountains to the North, and Candy Kitchen, NM to the South.
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Early American exploration of the San Pedro River, like most rivers in western North America, was driven by the pursuit of beaver pelts. James Ohio Pattie and his father led a party of fur trappers down the Gila River and then down the San Pedro River in 1826 which was so successful that he called the San Pedro the Beaver River. The party was attacked by Apache Indians (probably the Aravaipa Band) at "Battle Hill" (probably Modern- day Malpais Hill) where they subsequently stashed and lost over 200 beaver pelts. The Mormon Battalion marched through the river valley in 1846, and the only battle the battalion fought in their journey to California occurred near the river.
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Mostly flat, and with elevations averaging 7,200 feet, much of the West Malpais Wilderness consists of large areas of volcanic lava flows. This area of basalt rock is surrounded in the south by open grassland and on the west by piñon and juniper forest. The most popular area of the Wilderness is a 6,700-acre kipuka (a Hawaiian term meaning island of fertile ground) in the northern half of the wilderness known as Hole-In-The-Wall, where an island of ponderosa pine stands among the spreading waves of volcanic rock. Hiking is the most common recreational use of the area, with several trails leading to the Hole-in-the-Wall area.
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She began writing poetry in her elementary years and by high school was participating in poetry readings and poetry slams. She began her career as an activist working with civil rights organizations, and continued working as a community organizer and artist performing throughout the United States. She has shared stages with Nikki Giovanni, the late Gil Scott Heron, and many more. Her poems have appeared in Union Station Magazine, Suspect Press, La Palabra, Muzzle Magazine, Malpais Review, The Pedestal, The Los Angeles Journal, Denver Syntax, Word is Bond, The Peralta Press, Yellow Chair Review, and in the anthologies The Mutiny Info Reader, Diverse-City, His Rib: Anthology of Women, and In Our Own Words.
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More recent igneous rocks are concentrated nearer the margins of the Colorado Plateau. The San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff, south of the Grand Canyon, are volcanic landforms produced by igneous activity that began in that area about 6 million years ago and continued until 1064 CE, when basalt erupted in Sunset Crater National Monument. Mount Taylor, near Grants, New Mexico, is a volcanic structure with a history similar to that of the San Francisco Peaks: a basalt flow closer to Grants was extruded only about 3000 years ago (see El Malpais National Monument). These young igneous rocks may record processes in the Earth's mantle that are eating away at deep margins of the relatively stable block of the Plateau.
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John, the illicit son of the Director and Linda, born and reared on the Savage Reservation ("Malpais") after Linda was unwittingly left behind by her errant lover. John ("the Savage" or "Mr. Savage", as he is often called) is an outsider both on the Reservation—where the natives still practice marriage, natural birth, family life and religion—and the ostensibly civilised World State, based on principles of stability and happiness. He has read nothing but the complete works of William Shakespeare, which he quotes extensively, and, for the most part, aptly, though his allusion to the "Brave New World" (Miranda's words in The Tempest) takes on a darker and bitterly ironic resonance as the novel unfolds.
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Looking out of Giant Ice Cave in the Big Tube area El Malpais has many lava tubes open to explore (unguided) with a free caving permit, available at NPS-staffed facilities. There are currently four caves accessible by permit: Junction and Xenolith caves in the El Caldron area, and Big Skylight and Giant Ice caves in the Big Tubes area. From December 2010 to June 2013, all caves were temporarily closed to recreational use to protect bats from the spread of White Nose Syndrome (WNS) until a permitting process, including visitor screening for WNS, could be implemented. A nearby scenic overlook at Sandstone Bluffs offers spectacular panoramic views over the monument's lava flows.
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The protected area mosaics of the Great Sand Dunes, El Malpais, San Pedro and Las Cienegas areas in Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona have been assembled by a variety of government and non-government organisations to protect the environment while respecting land use demands of the southwest of the United States. This broad approach to ecosystem planning and management seems more fair and effective than former single-agency approaches. The Great Sand Dunes Monument Area combined various type of protected area to satisfy the objectives of the National Park Service, The Nature Conservancy and other organizations, and to combine conservation and sustainable use of the ecosystem. The result was similar to the protected area mosaic recommended in the early 1980s for parts of the Yukon in Canada.
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After serving interchanges near Grants, the freeway, coinciding with the northern boundary of El Malpais National Monument, crosses another malpaís, turns east and enters the Acoma Indian Reservation, home of the Acoma Pueblo. The route leaves the Acoma Indian Reservation with Mt. Taylor to the north and enters the Laguna Pueblo. Near the interchange with New Mexico State Road 6 (NM 6) the railway line that accompanies much of the route from the Arizona border diverts to the south while the freeway turns east by northeast towards Albuquerque. The route departs the Laguna Pueblo, briefly transits the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation (a chapter of the Navajo Nation), crosses the Rio Puerco and begins a steep climb to the top of a mesa marked by several small cinder cones overlooking the Rio Grande rift and Albuquerque.
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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.2%) is covered by water. The county contains a number of prominent geographical features, most notably the Mesilla Valley (the flood plain of the Rio Grande) going north to south through the center and the Organ Mountains along the county's eastern edge. Other mountain ranges in the county are the Robledo Mountains, Doña Ana Mountains, Sierra de las Uvas, the southern end of the San Andres Mountains, East Potrillo Mountains, and West Potrillo Mountains, as well as two small, isolated mountains, Tortugas (or A) Mountain on the east and Picacho Peak on the west side of Las Cruces. The county also includes one of New Mexico's four large lava fields, the Aden Malpais, and one of the world's largest maare volcanoes, Kilbourne Hole.
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Lava Fields and sandstone bluff The lava flows, cinder cones, and other volcanic features of El Malpais are part of the Zuni-Bandera volcanic field, the second largest volcanic field in the Basin and Range Province. This volcanically active area on the southeast margin of the Colorado Plateau is at the intersection of the Rio Grande Rift Basin, with its deep normal faulting, and the ancient Jemez Lineament. These two features provide the crustal weaknesses that recent magmatic intrusions and Cenozoic volcanism are attributed to. The rugged pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā lava flows of the Zuni-Bandera eruptions (also called the Grants Lava Flows) filled a large basin, created by normal faulting associated with the Rio Grande Rift, between the high mesas of the Acoma Pueblo to the east, Mt. Taylor to the north, and the Zuni Mountain anticline to the northwest.
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Linda, John's mother, decanted as a Beta-Minus in the World State, originally worked in the DHC's hero Room, and subsequently lost during a storm while visiting the New Mexico Savage Reservation with the Director many years before the events of the novel. Despite following her usual precautions, Linda became pregnant with the Director's son during their time together and was therefore unable to return to the World State by the time that she found her way to Malpais. Having been conditioned to the promiscuous social norms of the World State, Linda finds herself at once popular with every man in the pueblo (because she is open to all sexual advances) and also reviled for the same reason, seen as a whore by the wives of the men who visit her and by the men themselves (who come to her nonetheless). Her only comforts there are mescal brought by Popé as well as peyotl.
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This is a fairly stable ecoregion with about 25% of original habitat still intact although vulnerable to logging and overgrazing. Pollution and reduction of rivers are threatening specific plants and animals including Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and Goodding's willow (Salix gooddingii), the threatened Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae), and the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus). Logging continues to remove habitat of the Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) and the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentalis). Large blocks of remaining habitat include: the Aldo Leopold Wilderness/Gila Wilderness/Blue Range Wilderness and the El Malpais National Monument and Conservation Area in southwestern New Mexico; the Kaibab National Forest, Blue Range Primitive Area, Grand Canyon National Park, the Mazatzal Mountains including Four Peaks, Superstition Mountains, Sycamore Canyon, Red Rock-Secret Mountain Wilderness, Hellsgate Wilderness, Pinal Mountains in the Tonto National Forest and the Galiuro Mountains in Arizona; the Chuska Mountains on Navajo lands; and the Guadalupe Mountains including the Carlsbad Caverns in southeastern New Mexico and western Texas.
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