The area's most recent activity has been mainly small explosive eruptions of less than 1 cubic kilometer each, forming small cones or maars (pits).
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When Reyes commands an armored mech in Infinite Warfare, he essentially operates the system remotely, much like the Marines currently envision for MAARS or the Russians the Uran-9.
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There are many ground robots under development that are armed with weapons like machine guns and missile launchers, from the prototypes of the US MAARS to the Chinese Sharp Claw.
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Much as the police don't get surplus armed Apache helicopters, they weren't a destination for systems like the prototype Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS), a robot armed with a machine gun.
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The predecessor to the MAARS system, SWORDS (which is also operated via remote control) deployed to Iraq but never fired a shot at a hostile target, partially due to minor targeting issues discovered during testing.
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The Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory envisions the armed MAARS system—essentially a remote-controlled tank mounted with a camera array, an M240 machine gun, and a grenade launcher—or the larger RV-M as an extra squad member who can carry heavy weapons and perform limited recon.
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The three maars at Daun (from front to rear): the Gemündener, Weinfelder and Schalkenmehrener Maar Weinfelder Maar Schalkenmehrener Maar In the Volcanic Eifel there are about 75 maars. These include water-filled maar lakes, but the great majority are dry maars. Both types, lake-filled maars and dry maars, are typical of the Volcanic Eifel. The last eruptions took place at least 11,000 years ago and many maars in the Eifel are clearly older.
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The water surface of the maars lies between below their rim. Eight wide and deep crater-like depressions lie underwater in Devil Mountain Maar and similar but partly filled depressions are also found at the Killeak Maars. Layered volcanic deposits crop out in high cliffs around Devil Mountain Maar and within gullies around the other maars. The maars are emplaced in over thick lavas and sediments of Pleistocene age.
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The San Pablo Volcanic Field in the Province of Laguna on the island of Luzon in the Philippines contains maars. The Newer Volcanics Province in the States of South Australia and Victoria, Australia, is home to numerous maars, such as Mount Gambier, Mount Schank and Tower Hill, whose complex system of nested maars is enclosed by one of the largest maars in the world. Foulden Maar is found in Otago, New Zealand.
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Volcanic rocks from the field have basaltic compositions. Devil Mountain Maar Devil Mountain Maar is wide and deep, while North Killeak Maar, South Killeak Maar and Whitefish Maar are , and wide and the Killeak Maars reach depths of over ; Whitefish Maar is much shallower with a depth of . Such dimensions make the Espenberg maars the largest on Earth and the Espenberg maars comparable in size with calderas; other maars at lower latitudes are much smaller. The maars are mostly circular with the exception of Devil Mountain Maar which is partly separated by a small sand spit into the northern wide North Devil Mountain Maar and the wide South Devil Mountain Maar; formerly they were considered to be two separate maars.
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The maars and tuff rings are surrounded by deposits generated through dilute pyroclastic flows. A lake is still present in one of the maars, which also contains lacustrine deposits. Maars are unusual in the Puna. The scoria cones are mainly formed by deposits of lapilli, lava bombs and scoria and were generated by Strombolian eruptions.
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The route also goes past the volcanic maars of the Eifel mountains.
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Espenberg is a volcanic field in Alaska that contains the largest maars on Earth. It was active during the Pleistocene until 17,500 years BP, when a large eruption formed the wide Devil Mountain Maar and deposited tephra over , burying vegetation and forming the largest maar on Earth. Other maars in the field are the North and South Killeak Maars and Whitefish Maar, and Devil Mountain is a shield volcano. The large size of these maars has been attributed to the interaction between permafrost and ascending magma, which favoured intense explosive eruptions.
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Earlier activity has been subdivided in several phases. The first affecting mostly the centre of the field is K-Ar dated between 8.7 and 6.4 Ma. A second phase occurred in the Pleistocene 1.3 Ma and 0.7 Ma. The maars involve both hard-substrate maars formed in metasediments of the basement and soft-substrate maars in Pliocene unconsolidated sediments. Both types of maars are distributed in NE-SW and NW-SE directions following faults established during the Miocene. During the lower Pliocene, the system underwent uplift and erosion.
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The Espenberg maars have been used as analogues for certain craters on Mars.
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For this reason many are very heavily eroded and their shapes and volcanic features are not as obvious as those of more recent or even active maars elsewhere in the early. Nevertheless, the maars of the Eifel are well preserved.
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Today there is a fish pond again in the west-southwestern maar known as the Booser Weiher. In the vicinity of the maars are tuff pits in which the volcanic tuff, formed during the eruption of the maars, was mined.
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The field covers a surface area of with 164 individual centres. It contains lava flows, over 150 cinder cones and 8 tuff rings. 9 or 8 maars are found in the field's western half. These maars have depths ranging between .
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Many of the maars are aligned along a NE-SW trend. Three generations of maars are present, with the oldest being sediment-filled, like the ones found in Calauan. The youngest maars contain deep lakes with many concentrated in the city of San Pablo. The youngest maar, wide Sampaloc Lake was formed about 500–700 years ago according to local legend, the last major activity in the volcanic field.
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Global Volcanism Program: Ukinrek Maars, Summary Ukinrek eruption 1977 Map showing volcanoes of Alaska.
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On 5 June 2008, QinetiQ announced it had shipped the first MAARS robot to the U.S. Military under a contract from the Explosive Ordnance Disposal/Low-Intensity Conflict (EOD/LIC) Program.QinetiQ North America Ships First MAARS Robot - QinetiQ news release, 5 June 2008 On 5 August 2008, the MAARS participated in a demonstration to showcase technology for the battlefield and urban environments. Its exercise was a traffic control point encounter with a suspected suicide bomber or vehicle-emplaced explosive. In another scenario, the MAARS provided overwatch as a different robot attached an explosive charge to a door.
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Maars are after cinder cones the second-most common type of volcano. They form when magma interacts explosively with surrounding rocks, excavating broad but shallow craters on the surface. The Espenberg maars are the first known maars to have formed within permafrost; other large maars in permafrost have been found in the Pali-Aike volcanic field of Argentina. Interactions between magma and ice are different than these between lava and ice, as ice conducts heat only slowly and a large amount of energy is consumed during its sublimation; thus its melting and explosive evaporation occurs only slowly.
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Volcanic activity of phreatomagmatic nature formed the maars, probably during the Holocene. During this activity, basalt-trachyandesite rocks were ejected, including xenoliths consisting of granite. These maars belong to a group of volcanic centres in the Altiplano. These centres mostly consist of lava flows of trachyandesitic to dacitic composition.
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Active maar volcanoes are mainly known outside Europe. In the US there are numerous maar areas, such as Alaska (Ukinrek Maars, Nunivak in the Bering Sea), in Washington (Battle Ground Lake), in Oregon (Fort Rock Basin with the maars of Big Hole, Hole-in-the- Ground, Table Rock, Seven Mile Ridge), in Death Valley National Park, California (Ubehebe Crater), in Nevada (Soda Lakes) as well as the maars of the White Rock Canyon, Mount Taylor and Potrillo volcanic fields, Zuni Salt Lake Crater and Kilbourne Hole Crater in New Mexico. In Central Mexico, the Tarascan volcanic field contains several maars in the states of Michoacán and Guanajuato. In El Salvador is the maar of Laguna Aramuaca.
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Gour de Tazenat, Chaîne des Puys, France Dry maar in the Bayuda volcano field The Chaîne des Puys in France contains numerous maars; Lake Albano in the Alban Mountains is a complex maar, and there is also a maar (Kolumbo) near Santorini in Greece. The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field in Spain contains numerous maars; a typical example being the maar of Hoya del Mortero at Poblete in the Province of Ciudad Real. Active maars were commonplace in Fife and Lothian, Scotland during the Carboniferous era.
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The maars appear to form a lineament with Ch'iyar Qullu. However, in terms of isotope ratios and geochemistry the eruption products of the maars bear no resemblance to these at Chiyar Qullu. Potassium-argon dating has yielded an age of less than 128,000 years ago on a lava bomb on Ñiq'i Quta.
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In the vicinity are some maars and the high temperature geothermal area of Seltún, all part of the Krýsuvík volcanic system.
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Red Rock is a Quaternary complex volcano in the Australian state of Victoria. It is located northwest of the small city of Colac near the southeastern shore of Lake Corangamite. The volcano is structurally complicated, consisting of a series of volcanic cones and maars. Some of the maars are intermittently filled by brackish to saline crater lakes.
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The central theme of the exhibition is "the formation, history and development of the Eifel maars past and present". As a result, the maars are not just presented in isolation, but in the wider, international context. The reason for that is the specialist knowledge of many international scientists who take part in the development of the museum.
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The preserve has seen recent volcanic activity, with lava flows and lake-filled maars. Hot springs are a popular destination for tourists.
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The maars lie in thick permafrost, which was probably thicker during the Pleistocene when the maars formed. The abundant ice would have produced a limited amount of water due to thermodynamic limitations of magma-induced ice melting, creating an ideal environment for highly explosive eruptions which may have been further intensified by the release of methane during the thawing of the permafrost. Landslides at the margins of the volcanic vents expanded the forming craters and supplied additional ice to the evaporation processes, ultimately yielding the large size of the Espenberg maars. The eruptions that formed the Espenberg maars occurred during fully glacial climate, while interglacial (including Holocene) eruptions on the Seward Peninsula have yielded lava flows; this implies that the glacial climate influenced the types of eruption that took place.
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Bjørn Maars Johnsen (born 6 November 1991) is a Norwegian American professional footballer who plays as a striker for Norway and Ulsan Hyundai.
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A notable field of maars is found in the Pali-Aike Volcanic Field in Patagonia, South America.C. Michael Hogan (2008) Pali Aike, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham and in the Sudanese Bayuda Volcanic Field. The Auckland volcanic field in the urban area of Auckland, New Zealand has several maars, including the readily accessible Lake Pupuke in the North Shore suburb of Takapuna.
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Mount Lamongan or Mount Lemongan is a small stratovolcano located between the massif Tengger caldera complex and Iyang-Argapura volcano complex in East Java, Indonesia. The volcano is surrounded by maars and cinder cones. The volcano's high point is locally named as Gunung Tarub. Lake-filled maars including Ranu Pakis, Ranu Klakah and Ranu Bedali, located on the eastern and western flanks.
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Scoria cones are between and wide. Individual domes are up to high and cover a ground of , forming cake-shaped structures whose emplacement was controlled by regional tectonics and local topography. Their formation was sometimes preceded by phreatomagmatic eruptions when the ascending magma interacted with groundwater. The two maars are and wide while the width of the tuff rings, which are shallower than the maars, ranges between .
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Hydromagmatic eruptions are increasingly explosive when the ratio of water to magma is low. Since permafrost melts slowly, it provides a steady source of water to the eruption while keeping the water to magma ratio low. This produces the prolonged, explosive eruptions that created these large maars. Examples of the Seward Peninsula maars include North Killeak Maar, South Killeak Maar, Devil Mountain Maar and Whitefish Maar.
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Jaguey presently holds a permanent lake and the formation of both maars was probably influenced by groundwater. Jaguey maar likely formed first, with the Brena maar forming eruption generating surge fields. The formation of the maars has partly buried some neighbouring cinder cones. Other cones in the field may date back to Pliocene-Pleistocene times given their state of degradation; one K-Ar date is 0.8 mya.
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Maar lakes, also referred to simply as maars, occur when groundwater or precipitation fills the funnel-shaped and usually round hollow of the maar depression formed by volcanic explosions. Examples of these types of maar are the three maars at Daun in the Eifel mountains of Germany. A dry maar results when a maar lake dries out, becomes aggraded or silted up. An example of the latter is the Eckfelder Maar.
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The largest known maars are found at Espenberg on the Seward Peninsula in northwest Alaska. These maars range in size from in diameter and a depth up to . These eruptions occurred in a period of about 100,000 years, with the youngest (the Devil Mountain Maar) occurring about 17,500 years ago. Their large size is due to the explosive reaction that occurs when magma comes into contact with permafrost.
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The MAARS can move at 7 mph and travel 800–1000 meters from its controller. It has a seven cameras for driving, situational awareness, and for the weapon that can operate in daytime or thermal modes. MAARS is armed with an M240B machine gun and four M203 grenade launcher tubes on a 360 degree rotating turret. It carries 450 rounds of machine gun ammo and four grenade rounds.
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A scoria cone in Kula Geopark There are 80 scoria cones and five maars in the geopark. The height of the small-sized scoria cones does not exceed .
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The most recent activity is thought to have been phreatomagmatic explosions around 40 ka ago which produced maars and small cold surges (pyroclastic surges cooler than 100°C).
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A crater that is thought to have been formed by several volcanic explosions, and is one of two maars in the Lunar Crater volcanic field of the Pancake Range.
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The island consists of different overlapping cones and craters of which forty- seven have been identified. Twenty six of these are tuff cones, five are cinder cones and four are maars.
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Some maars contain sediments including travertine possibly related to carbon dioxide emissions. Gas emissions, sometimes increased following earthquake activity, are common in the field and include hydrogen sulfide, CO2 and water.
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These two maars may be the most recent eruption products of the field, likely of Holocene age given the unvegetated appearance of the lava flows. The field is an inhospitable terrain.
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Volcanism in the Eifel began about 600,000 years ago and led to the formation of numerous volcanic landforms. What was probably the last eruption, which led to the formation of the Ulmener Maar, was about 11,000 years ago. Within those timeframes the Boos maars belong to the youngest formations in the Volcanic Eifel. C14 dating of rocks from the maars as well as of organic material have suggested an age of 14,160 years for the eastern maar.
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The basin also has five dry maars, called xalapazcos.Caballero, Margarita; Gloria Vilcara, Alejandro Rodríguez, Diana Juarez. "Short-term climatic change in lake sediments from lake Alchchica, Oriental, Mexico". Geofísica Internacional (2003), Vol.
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Soils buried underneath the Devil Mountain Maar tephra have been used to reconstruct the regional climate during the last glacial maximum. The maars are part of the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve.
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Distant view The Pulvermaar is a water-filled maar that lies southeast of Daun in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Together with the Holzmaar it is one of the Gillenfeld maars.
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In Australia, most of the maars are in the southern part of Victoria's Western District, of which more than 30 are between Colac and Warrnambool. Lake Purrumbete and the maar Tower Hill are well-known examples. Lake Purrumbete, Lake Bullen Merri and Lake Gnotuk are small maars that are fed by groundwater. The larger lakes, such as Lake Colongulac and Lake Corangamite, Victoria's largest lake, were formed in large lowlands as streams were shut off by lava flows and filled with water.
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Afterwards, phonolite domes were created on the exterior of the caldera. A period of calm lasting between 1 and 1.5 million years ensued, succeeded by a second major eruptive period that formed the modern Puy de Sancy, the highest peak in the Massif Central, followed by the establishment of smaller domes, dikes, and maars. The region is dotted with lakes of volcanic origin. Some are maars that have been filled with water, while others are the result of streams whose courses have been blocked by volcanic activity.
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The Holzmaar The Holzmaar lies in the Volcanic Eifel in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate almost halfway between Gillenfeld (2.5 km away to the southwest) and Eckfeld. The maar has an area of about , a diameter of and a depth of and lies within a nature reserve, almost completely surrounded by woods. It is one of the two maars making up the Gillenfeld Maars, the other being the Pulvermaar. The Holzmaar is fed by a headstream of the Sammetbach which crosses the maar.
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The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) lists some of the maars and cones situated in the Laguna volcanic field. All are classified as inactive."Inactive Volcanoes – Part 1" . Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.
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Tamanrasset lies east-northeast from the field. Cinder cones, lava domes, lava flows and maars form the field, which covers a surface of elongated west to east. There are about 132 individual vents in the area measuring .
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Maars are generally formed during phreatomagmatic activity from the interaction of water with magma. In the case of Qal'eh Hasan Ali, the water may have been supplied by groundwater from the neighbouring Rud-e-Sang Zard river.
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Volcanism after the formation of the caldera created the maars and volcanic craters at the southern end of Talim Island, the largest of which is a crater surrounding Brgys. Balibago and Tuna."Port of Balibago". Google Maps.
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Some contain fine examples of scoria, an extraordinarily light-weight rock with numerous air- holes. When hiking here early in summer, some of the craters may be filled with runoff water (called maars) and are less obvious.
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The most recent eruptive activity at Muria produced three maars on the SE and NE flanks and a lava flow from a SE-flank vent that entered one of the maars. Mount Muria or Gunung Muria is a dormant volcano on the north coast of Java, Indonesia. It is located in the center of the Muria peninsula, which juts northward into the Java Sea on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia east of Semarang, the capital of the province. Mount Muria is 1602 meters high but once was maybe twice that height.
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Maars occur in western North America, Patagonia in South America, the Eifel region of Germany (where they were originally described), and in other geologically young volcanic regions of Earth. Elsewhere in Europe, La Vestide du Pal in the Ardèche department of France provides a spectacular example of a maar easily visible from the ground or air. Kilbourne Hole and Hunt's Hole, in southern New Mexico near El Paso, Texas, are maars. The Crocodile Lake in Los Baños in the Philippines was originally thought of as a volcanic crater is also a maar.
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In Germany there are also several maars outside of the Eifel. A well- known example is the Messel pit, a former maar lake near Messel in the county of Darmstadt-Dieburg and which is known for its well preserved fossils. In addition in the Swabian Jura and the Albvorland (the Swabian Volcano) there are maar-forming volcanoes. Because the over 350 eruption points were only active in the Upper Miocene 17 to 11 million years ago, all the maars, apart from the dry maar, Randecker Maar and the Molach, are only detectable geologically.
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After the door was blown open, MAARS entered the doorway, encountered hostile fire, and returned fire with its machine gun. One obstacle to the deployment of MAARS, and armed unmanned ground vehicles in general, is the reluctance of military leaders to utilize remote-controlled weapon systems at ground level. One concern is collateral damage, as machine gun bullets can travel further than sensors mounted on the robot. The Defense Department is in agreement that any lethal force applied by an unmanned system will be decided by an individual, not by the system autonomously.
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The armed ground robots were not autonomous and always had a human controller.UGV models face off over firepower, load carrying - Armytimes.com, 12 October 2013 The MAARS was displayed at a U.S. Marine Corps defense expo on 28 January 2015. The Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory hopes to have an armed UGV like MAARS to provide more firepower on foot patrols, since medium machine guns are usually not taken with them; it can also "stand post" for 12 hours or be left in sleep mode for more than a week.
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Laguna Azul lake Maars are depressions in the ground which are encircled by a ring of sediment that rises above the surrounding terrain; they typically form where frozen or liquid water interacts with rising magma. In Pali-Aike there are about 100 of them, with diameters ranging from to about . The periglacial ground is rich in ice and water, which might explain why there are so many maars in Pali-Aike. Notable among these lakes is Laguna Azul, a crater lake which is located within a pyroclastic ring at the side of a scoria cone.
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The Chaîne des Puys () is a north-south oriented chain of cinder cones, lava domes, and maars in the Massif Central of France. The chain is about 40 km (25 mi) long, and the identified volcanic features include 48 cinder cones, eight lava domes, and 15 maars and explosion craters. Its highest point is the lava dome of Puy de Dôme, located near the middle of the chain, which is high. The name of the range comes from a French term, puy, that refers to a volcanic mountain with a rounded profile.
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The Weinfelder Maar or Totenmaar, one of three maars near Daun. Tephra layers in a quarry near Weibern in the Brohl Valley The Volcanic Eifel or Vulkan Eifel () is a region in the Eifel Mountains in Germany that is defined to a large extent by its volcanic geological history. Characteristic of this volcanic field are its typical explosion crater lakes or maars, and numerous other signs of volcanic activity such as volcanic tuffs, lava streams and volcanic craters like the Laacher See. The Volcanic Eifel is still volcanically active today.
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They could have been associated with the eruption of nearby McLaughlins Mountain but this is speculation at present. The cluster is composed of three maars, encircled by tuff cones that over tens of thousands of years have been partly breached and eroded by runoff from the small freshwater lakes appearing in the craters shortly after the eruption. Due to the maars' very gentle rise over the otherwise level terrace of Pleistocene age, their volcanic origin had not been recognised earlier. Puhinui Pond Crater, located near the reserve entrance, contains a farm pond.
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Google Maps. Retrieved on 2013-12-31. The crater lake is one of the maars of the Laguna Volcanic Field. It is listed as one of the inactive volcanos in the Philippines by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
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Volcanism of Western Canada has produced lava flows, lava plateaus, lava domes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, greenstone belts, submarine volcanoes, calderas, diatremes and maars, along with examples of more less common volcanic forms such as tuyas and subglacial mounds.
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Malang Plain is a group of nine ash cones, maars and volcanic plugs. It is located around the city of Malang, from southeast to northeast, in East Java, Indonesia. Some of the cones might be parasitic cones from Tengger caldera complex.
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Suoh or Suwoh is an 8 × 16 km wide volcano-tectonic depression in the south of Sumatra, Indonesia. Historical maars and silicic lava domes are found along the Great Sumatran Fault line. Phreatic eruptions occurred during the major 1933 earthquake.
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The Salt Lake Tuff is associated with these craters and covers an area of at least ; Honolulu International Airport and Hickham Air Force Base lie south and southwest from the vents respectively. Some of these vents have been identified as maars.
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The Ukinrek Maars are two phreatomagmatic vents that formed on the north side of the Aleutian Range on a low area bordering the Bering Sea. The maars are 1.5 km south of Becharof Lake and 12 km northwest of Peulik Volcano. The western of the two is elliptical in shape and up to 170 m in diameter and 35 m deep. The east maar lies 600 m to the east and is circular and up to 300 m in diameter and 70 m deep. The east maar has a 49 m-high lava dome within the crater lake.
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Caribou used to be frequent in the area, and there are numerous fish in the maars. Native Americans used the maars as a source of fish and as hunting grounds, and remains of human activity have been identified at their shores. Devil Mountain was used as a lookout post, navigational landmark and as a source of rocks for sinkers and weights. In recent times, sediment cores were obtained from North Killeak Maar and Whitefish Maar; the former has been used to reconstruct the past climate of the region during the Holocene, including the occurrence of cold periods.
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The double maar seen from the Eifel Tower, Boos to the east (2004) The Booser Doppelmaar ("Double Maar of Boos") comprises two maars that have silted up and, today, form shallow depressions in the countryside. They lie on the territory of the village of Boos (in the collective municipality of Vordereifel), a few hundred metres west of the village itself. The two maars were formed 10,150 to 14,160 years ago and belong to the Quaternary volcano field of the Volcanic Eifel.Volcanic Eifel in the sense of a natural historical space or a region, not in the sense of a natural regional unit.
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The Maar Museum The Maar Museum () in Manderscheid in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate is a museum whose focus is natural variety and international significance for science and the region of the volcanic maars that characterise parts of the Eifel mountains.
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Eichholzmaar, 2016 aerial photo Eichholzmaar Steffelner Drees (mineral spring) The Eichholzmaar is one of the smaller maars in the Volcanic Eifel and lies on the Landstraße between Steffeln and Duppach. It has a diameter of c. 120 metres. Its greatest depth is 3 metres.
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Ultramafic tuff is extremely rare. It has a characteristic abundance of olivine or serpentine and a scarcity or absence of feldspar and quartz. Rare occurrences may include unusual surface deposits of maars of kimberlites in the diamond fields of southern Africa and other regions.
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In Nicaragua is the maar of Laguna de Xiloa, part of the Apoyeque volcano. From South America, there are known maars in Chile (Carrán-Los Venados in Central Chile, Cerro Overo and Cerro Tujle in Northern Chile). The Laguna Jayu Khota is a maar in Bolivia.
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The maar of Birket Ram lies on the Golan Heights; further south maars occur in Africa (Bilate Volcanic Field and Haro Maja in the Butajiri-Silti-Volcanic Field, Ethiopia, the Bayuda Volcanic Field in the Sudan and Lake Nyos in the Oku Volcanic Field in Cameroon).
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The basaltic Karapınar Volcanic Field consists of five cinder cones, two lava fields, and several explosion craters and maars. Meke Dağı, at in elevation, is one of the largest cinder cones in the Central Anatolia Region. Meke Dağı is surrounded by Meke Gölü, a crater lake.
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Volcanic activity started in the Miocene and led to the development of a lava plateau up to thick. Eruptions continued in the Pliocene and the Pleistocene, forming many individual vents. Maars and cones in the northern part of the field are of Pleistocene and Holocene age (Paleolithic to Neolithic).
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Semeru rises steeply above the coastal plains of eastern Java. Maars containing crater lakes have formed along a line through the summit of the volcano. It was formed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambagan calderas. Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex.
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The figure-eight shaped island is about at its longest, about at its widest and about at the narrowest section. The volcanic island is dotted with cinder cones, tuff cones, pyroclastic cones, maars and crater lakes. The highest point in the island is Mount Tumatangas"Jolo – Synonyms & Subfeatures". Global Volcanism Program.
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Due west lies the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, where some of the up to 200 vents are maars, erupted through the Bodahochi Formation; the thickest Bidahochi deposits lie due east of the Bidahochi townsite. The Bidahochi forms erosion-resistant, landslide slopes, at the base of specific individual Hopi volcanic buttes.
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If molten magma is included, volcanologists classify the event as a phreatomagmatic eruption. These eruptions occasionally create broad, low- relief craters called maars. Phreatic explosions can be accompanied by carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide gas-emissions. Carbon dioxide can asphyxiate at sufficient concentration; hydrogen sulfide acts as a broad-spectrum poison.
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Lake and vicinity from Landsat 8, 2014 Lake Nyos lies within the Oku Volcanic Field, located near the northern boundary of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, a zone of volcanoes and other tectonic activity that extends southwest to the Mt. Cameroon stratovolcano. The field consists of volcanic maars and basaltic scoria cones.
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A deeper reservoir is also presumed to exist at a depth of . Selected hot springs include TuzgleAgua Caliente (, ), Las Minas () Pompeya (), Mina Betty () and Tocomar (). The water enters the geothermal system in ridges above altitude which are not covered by impermeable layers. Two maars have been found in the Tocomar area.
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The village of Lanarce, situated along a busy road between Montélimar to Le Puy-en-Velay demonstrates the difficulty of Ardeche mountain life. Built more than 1000m above sea level, it is covered in snowdrifts and swamps, depending on the season. Lanarce has interesting volcanic geography, with bog-filled maars--low volcanic craters.
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Lava Beds National Monument is geologically significant because of its wide variety of volcanic formations, including lava tubes, fumaroles, cinder cones, spatter cones, pit craters, hornitos, maars, lava flows, and volcanic fields. Volcanic eruptions on the Medicine Lake shield volcano have created a rugged landscape punctuated by these many landforms of volcanism.
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The Pulvermaar, a lake that has formed in a volcanic crater, lies not far from Gillenfeld, and is, after Lake Constance and the lakes in the foothills of the Alps, Germany's deepest lake. In the summer, there is a great deal of bathing here. Together with the Holzmaar, it forms the Gillenfeld Maars.
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The most prominent volcanic centres of the field are the La Breña-El Jagüey maars. They form intersected craters and the larger Brena crater has cinder cones within. The diameter of the Brena maar is and Jagüey , rising above a high lava plain. Each maar is surrounded by a tuff ring high.
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Other maars are Dalongwan, Donglongwan, Longquanlongwan, Nanlongwan and Sanjialongwan. The volcanic field is constructed on a basement formed by rocks of Archaean age. The field is located at the edge of the North China Craton. At Erlongwan, this basement is formed by the Anshan Migmatites and represented by amphibolite, gneiss and quartzites.
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Volcán Irazú, Costa Rica Volcanic lakes are lakes that occupy either local depressions, e.g. craters and maars or larger basins, e.g. calderas, created by volcanism. Crater lakes are formed in volcanic craters and calderas, which fill up with precipitation more rapidly than they empty via either evaporation, groundwater discharge, or combination of both.
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Caldera activity started 1 million years ago, with the youngest eruption dated to 27,000-29,000 years ago. Deposits from the caldera form thick ignimbrite sheets in Rizal, Metro Manila, Laguna, and Bulacan. Remnants of volcanic activity include undated maars at the southern end of Talim Island and a solfatara field on nearby Mount Sembrano.
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Volcanism of the Kostakan cones belongs to a pattern of basaltic volcanism that is recognized to the west of Kamchatka's Eastern Volcanic Zone (GVP). The Kostakan cones are found south of Bakening volcano, from Kostakan Lake southward in a north-south lineament (GVP). They are associated with lava flows and maars. (Ponomareva et al. 2007).
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The Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS) is a robot that is being developed by Qinetiq. A member of the TALON family, it will be the successor to the armed SWORDS robot. It has a different, larger chassis than the SWORDS robot, so has little physically in common with the SWORDS and TALON robots.
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Longgang is a volcanic field in Jilin Province, China. It is also known as Chingyu, Longwan Group or Lung-wan Group. This volcanic field contains over 164 individual centres in the form of crater lakes, maars and volcanic cones and covers a surface area of . The field is forested and mostly undisturbed by human activities.
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A number of crater lakes surrounded by forests exist in the Longgang field. Among the volcanic centres of Longgang, the large Sihailongwan maar southeast-east of Jinlongdingzi has been used for dating volcanic activity through sediment layers in the lakes. This lake was formed by phreatomagmatic activity. Similar research has been performed on other maars.
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Gemündener Maar The Gemündener Maar is the northernmost of the three Daun Maars (Dauner Maare). It lies in the immediate vicinity of the village of Gemünden and ca. 1.5 km south of Daun in the Eifel and in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The maar lake is around long, wide and up to deep.
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In the centre of the province is the Campo de Calatrava, the geology of which is volcanic. The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field covers an area of and has more than three hundred individual structures. It is composed of pyroclastic cones, lava domes and maars, and rises to . The last known eruption was around 3,600 BC.
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Bayuda volcanic field (also spelled Bayiuda) is a volcanic field in Sudan, within the Bayuda Desert. It covers a surface of about and consists of a number of cinder cones as well as some maars and explosion craters. These vents have erupted aa lava flows. The field rises above a Precambrian- Paleozoic basement that may be a domal uplift.
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The MAARS platform was designed for home confort, and target acquisition (RSTA) to increase security at forward locations. It can be configured for non-lethal, less-lethal, and lethal effects. The system weighs fully loaded with sensors, weapons, and ammunition. Its battery can last 3–12 hours, with a sleep mode to last for up to one week.
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Tarso Toh (also known as Tarso Toon or Tarson TôhPermenter and Oppenheimer 2007, p.619) is a volcanic field located in Chad, north of Tarso Toussidé volcano. It fills valleys and plains over an area of 80 km in east-west direction and 20–30 km in north-south direction. It contains 150 scoria cones and two maars.
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Kula is a volcanic field located in western Turkey. Kula field consists of a broad area of cinder cones and maars. It is the westernmost volcano of Turkey. The volcanic character of the area was recognized in antiquity, when it was named Katakekaumene (the burned lands) from the appearance of the environment, which was mostly suited for viticulture.
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The northern flanks also feature debris avalanche deposits with hummocky surfaces. The volcanics of Mount Hasan have been subdivided into a "hot flow" unit, a "Mt. Hasan ashes" unit and into a lava unit. Cinder cones, maars and accompanying lava flows also occur around Mount Hasan, they are part of a basaltic volcano family that forms parasitic vents.
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The floor of Era Kohor is thus deep white. Three maars and several scoria cones are also nested within the combined caldera, along with lava domes and lava flows. Debris from explosive eruptions fills the calderas. The Kohor pumices and two sets of ignimbrites cover the flanks of Emi Koussi, which steepen as they approach the summit.
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The tuffs, which have been dated to 10,150 years ago, cannot be positively associated with the formation of the two maars. The tuffs contain basalt bombs with host rock and large olivine crystals. The tuffs consist partly only of magmatic crystals (crystal tuffs) and contain broken pieces of wehrlite and syenite. Seams of lava have intruded into the tuffs.
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It has an area of about . The maar is 30,000 years old which makes it younger than the Schalkenmehrener Maar (western maar lake and eastern dry maar) and is the smallest of the three maars of Daun. Its water surface lies at an elevation of ca. , the floor of the maar at 368 metres above sea level.
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A crater may be breached during an eruption, either by explosions or by lava, or through later erosion. Breached craters have a much lower rim on one side. Some volcanoes, such as maars, consist of a crater alone, with scarcely any mountain at all. These volcanic explosion craters are formed when magma rises through water-saturated rocks, which causes a phreatic eruption.
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Qal'eh Hasan Ali is a maar-producing volcanic field located southeast of Kerman Province, Iran. The field is presumed of Quaternary age, though it has produced no historic eruptions. Consisting of 14 maars each of different size, its most significant crater is Great Crater, about in width and in depth. This volcanic field was originally considered to be a field of impact craters.
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Other young volcanoes in Iran are the Bijar volcanic field, Damavand and Sar'akhor. Activity in the arc diminished starting from 22 million years ago in its Armenian segment and ceased 6 million years ago. At the same time the continent collision between Arabia and Eurasia occurred, starting from the northwest. Qal'eh Hasan Ali consists of maars, and it covers a surface area of .
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The scoria cones are typically about high and wide at their base. Many lava flows originate in a scoria cone. Southwestern corner of the Meidob volcanic field; dark spot right of centre is the lake in the Malha crater About thirty maars and craters are found in the field, including the Malha crater (). Malha is a crater about deep and wide.
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The district is located in the Eifel mountains, containing volcanic lakes called maars. The largest river in the district is the Kyll. The Vulkaneifel consists of three regions: Vulkanische Osteifel (municipalities of Brohltal, Vordereifel, Mendig, Pellenz), Vulkanische Hocheifel (municipalities of Kelberg, Ulmen, and the village of Nohn), and Vulkanische Westeifel (remainder of the municipality of Hillesheim, and municipalities Obere Kyll, Gerolstein, Manderscheid, Daun).
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The two maars lie within the "Booser Maar" Nature Reserve, which with 152§ 2 Absatz 1 of the "Booser Maar" Nature Reserve Act of the county of Mayen-Koblenz dated 14.08.2000, published on the website of the Landscape information system of the Nature Conservation Authority of Rhineland-Palatinate of the Ministry for the Environment, Agriculture, Nutrition, Wine Growing and Forestry of Rhineland-Palatinate.
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It is "one of the largest eruption points of the Pleistocene Newer Volcanics Province of Victoria". The main crater is by . Within the steep-walled tuff ring is a crater with a depth of over . Because of the complex nature of its formation and structure, and as one of the largest maars in the world, it is of great geological significance both nationally as internationally.
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The magmatic material was olivine basalt from a mantle source. Pyroclastic surge from the eruptions traveled to the northwest. The volume of lava erupted was 9×105 m3 and the volume of tephra expelled was 2.6×107 m3.GVP Ukinrek Maars, Eruptive history The Quaternary age Gas Rocks dacite domes some three km to the northeast were the site of a phreatic eruption some 2300 years ago.
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The Army stopped funding the SWORDS robots after deploying the initial three robots. Foster-Miller is working on a successor: the Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS) By August 2013, the Smithsonian Institution had acquired a SWORDS robot for its collection. One is also on display at the National Infantry Museum in Fort Benning, Georgia.Future of Armed Ground Robots in Combat Still Debated - Nationaldefensemagazine.
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The Espenberg volcanoes lie on the northern Seward Peninsula in Alaska. They are the northernmost volcanoes of North America with late Pleistocene activity, lying just south of the Arctic Circle. Other volcanoes of the Seward Peninsula are found at Imuruk Lake. There are no roads in the area but the maars can be readily reached from the sea by following streams or by chartered bush aircraft.
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The Antillanca Group is a volcanic group of scoria cones, maars and small stratovolcanoes, in Chile. Casablanca stratovolcano is the tallest volcano of the group, which shelters the Antillanca ski resort on its west flank. Aguas Calientes and Puyehue Hot springs also form part of this volcanic group. The complex encompasses 380 km² and to the west is bordered by the lakes Puyehue and Rupanco.
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Marsabit is a 6300 km² basaltic shield volcano in Kenya, located 170 km east of the center of the East African Rift, in Marsabit County near the town of Marsabit. This was primarily built during the Miocene, but some lava flows and explosive maar-forming eruptions have occurred more recently. At least two of the maars host crater lakes. The volcano is covered by dense forest.
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The St. Michael volcanic field is a volcanic field located on St. Michael and Stuart Islands in western Alaska, United States. It contains 55 cones and craters, including low broad shield volcanoes and maars. It is considered part of the Bering Sea Volcanic Province. While there are no written records of eruptions in recent history, Eskimo elders have an account of the mountains smoking in the region.
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Mount Gambier (also known as Ereng Balam, meaning eagle hawk) is a maar complex in South Australia associated with the Newer Volcanics Province. It contains four lake-filled maars called Blue Lake, Valley Lake, Leg of Mutton Lake, and Brownes Lake.Sheard, M.J. (1978) "Geological History of the Mount Gambier Volcanic Complex, Southeast South Australia". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 102(5): 125–139, Aug.
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West of the Alf valley lie three maars in a group of volcanoes side by side: the Holzmaar, the Dürres Maar and the Hitsche Maar. They arose one after the other along the geological fault: first, in the northwest, the Hitsche Maar, then the Dürres Maar and then last the Holzmaar in the southeast, meaning that volcanic activity shifted from northwest to southeast. The Hitsche Maar is therefore the oldest maar and the Holzmaar the newest in this group. These three maars came into being during the Weichselian glaciation and are believed to be more than 20,000 years old. The lakes’ age sequence was revealed in the layering of tuffs, with the Hitsche Maar's tuffs buried under the Dürres Maar's, which in turn were buried under the Holzmaar's tuffs, which were the last to be cast up in the time of greater volcanic activity.
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Pasto Ventura is an area in the Catamarca Province of Argentina. It features about 14 small Pleistocene volcanoes, mostly cinder cones with associated lava flows but also lava domes, tuff rings and two maars. The volcanoes are accompanied by pyroclastic deposits and their total volume reaches about . Argon-argon dating has yielded ages ranging from 1.3 million years to about 270,000 years for volcanic rocks in the field.
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It consists of an older plateau basalt formation and younger volcanic centres in the form of pyroclastic cones, scoria cones, maars and associated lava flows. These vents often form local alignments along lineaments or faults. The volcanic field is noteworthy for the presence of large amounts of xenoliths in its rocks and because the maar Laguna Potrok Aike is located here. The field was active starting from 3.78million years ago.
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Puy de Dôme (, ; or Puèi de Doma ) is a lava dome and one of the youngest volcanoes in the Chaîne des Puys region of Massif Central in central France. This chain of volcanoes including numerous cinder cones, lava domes and maars is far from the edge of any tectonic plate. Puy de Dôme was created by a Peléan eruption, some 10,700 years ago. Puy de Dôme is approximately from Clermont-Ferrand.
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Near Steffeln is the Eichholzmaar (also called the Gussweiher) which has dried out during the last century and is being renaturalised into a maar. In some cases the underlying rock is so porous that maar lakes are unable to form. After winters of heavy snow and rainfall many dry maars fill partially and temporarily with water; others contain small bogs or often artificial ponds that, however, only occupy part of the hollow.
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Well known are Manderscheid's two castles, the Oberburg and the Niederburg. Also interesting to tourists are the gem grinding shop, the local history museum and the Maar Museum (about the Eifel's maars). Manderscheid lies on the river Lieser, which can be followed along the Eifel Club's trail, the Lieserpfad, to Daun or Wittlich. Moreover, the 330 km-long “premium” hiking trail, the Eifelsteig, leads through Manderscheid on its way from Aachen to Trier.
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San Martin forms a broad shield volcano, it rises to a height of 1680 m and is capped by a 1 km wide summit crater which is 150 m in depth. The crater contains two pyroclastic cones that were the source of the large 1793 eruption. The flanks of the volcano are dotted with 250 pyroclastic cones and maars, some of which have been active in historical times. The volcano is currently densely forested.
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Most kimberlite and lamproite occurrences occur as volcanic and subvolcanic diatremes and maars; lavas are virtually unknown. Vents of Proterozoic lamproite (Argyle diamond mine), and Cenozoic lamproite (Gaussberg, Antarctica) are known, as are vents of Devonian lamprophyre (Scotland). Kimberlite pipes in Canada, Russia and South Africa have incompletely preserved tephra and agglomerate facies. These are generally diatreme events and as such are not lava flows although tephra and ash deposits are partially preserved.
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The lakes are maars or low-profile volcanic craters located in the San Pablo Volcanic Field. They are among the 200 small monogenetic volcanoes found along the Macolod Corridor, a rift zone between Mount Makiling and Mount Banahaw, which is part of the larger Southwestern Luzon Volcanic Field. These craters are formed by phreatomagmatic eruptions, an eruption where ground water comes in contact with hot magma pushing up near the Earth's surface.
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It was a Triassic desert whose existence is still witnessed today in deposits of bunter and Rotliegend. About 70,000,000 years ago, a subtropical to tropical climate prevailed. The mountains Höchst, Hochkelberg and others in the High Eifel arose about 35,000,000 years ago as a result of Tertiary vulcanism. The maars, however, are quite new, at least geologically speaking, the Mosbrucher Weiher being only 11,000 years old, and the Ulmener Maar only about 10,000.
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The municipality lies in the Vulkaneifel, a part of the Eifel known for its volcanic history, geographical and geological features, and even ongoing activity today, including gases that sometimes well up from the earth. The village, which lies somewhat back from the Daun Maars, is actually a typical street village (by some definitions, a “thorpe”). Over the last few decades, particularly since the 1970s, the village has been growing. New building areas have been opened.
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Among these volcanic necks are the Cuadrado, Domeyko, Gay and Philippi hills, which conspicuously stick out of the surrounding plains. The volcanic rocks are emplaced atop Tertiary sediments, which are smoothened by glacial action. A vent close to Laguna Azul Over 450 different monogenetic volcanoes are emplaced on the lava plateau at elevations of above sea level and include maars, tuff rings and scoria cones. These various centres rise between above the surrounding terrain.
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Cordón de Puntas Negras is a volcanic chain located east of the Salar de Atacama in Chile's Antofagasta Region. Cordón de Puntas Negras is constructed along the major Calama–Olacapato–El Toro fault and is long. The volcanic chain intersects with the Cordón Chalviri volcanic chain. Both chains cover a surface area of and contain cones, vents, lava domes, lava flows and maars, including a lava dome and silicic flow with a surface area of .
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The whole crater has a diameter of 1,400 metres from east to west and 1,200 metres from north to south, and is about 125 hectares in area. It is thus one of the larger maars in the Eifel. The highest part of the crater rim lies at a height of , where there is an observation tower, the Landesblick ("countryside view"). Half of the maar basin is filled today by the maar lake.
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The field lies in the Hoggar and the terrain approaches elevations of although the volcanics form an only superficial cover. The ground has a desert-like appearance. The scenery of the volcanic field is considered to be spectacular, with the lava domes and volcanic necks rising above the surrounding terrain. The field consists of lava domes, lava flows, maars, scoria cones and volcanic necks which cover an area of about with a volume of about of volcanic rock.
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The West Potrillo mountains occupy the western part of the Potrillo volcanic field, an area of olivine basalts covering approximately . In addition to the West Potrillo Mountains, the Potrillo Volcanic Field includes Aden Crater and the Santo Tomas / Black Mountain basalts near La Mesa, New Mexico. The field includes hundreds of volcanic features, including maars, spatter cones, a shield volcano, and cinder cones. The most common peaks in the West Potrillos are cinder cones with a height of between .
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Lunar Crater volcanic field is a volcanic field in Nye County, Nevada. It lies along the Reveille and Pancake Ranges and consists of over 200 vents, mostly small volcanic cones with associated lava flows but also several maars, including one maar named Lunar Crater. Some vents have been eroded so heavily that the structures underneath the volcanoes have been exposed. Lunar Crater itself has been used as a testing ground for Mars rovers and as training ground for astronauts.
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The lava flows are between several metres to several tens of metres thick and reach lengths of more than . The less eroded lava flows have surface features typical of aa lava and pahoehoe lava. Other lava flows constitute so-called "mesa" flows such as Jebel Arfinur and Jebel Sireir, which are characterized by oval or circular shapes and steep flanks. The field has about 700 vents such as lava domes, maars, mesas, tuff rings and most commonly scoria cones.
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Mount Gambier is thought to have formed by a mantle plume centre called the East Australia hotspot which may currently lie offshore.Mt Gambier Volcano, Australia – John Search The mountain was sighted by Lieutenant James Grant on 3 December 1800 from the survey brig HMS Lady Nelson and named for Lord James Gambier, Admiral of the Fleet. This area is part of the UNESCO-endorsed Kanawinka Geopark. Of the original four lakes found within the maars, only two remain.
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Devil Mountain is a small shield volcano in the U.S. state of Alaska, located south of the Devil Mountain Lakes and northwest of Deering. It has an elevation of or . The mountain is part of the Espenberg volcanic field, a group of Pleistocene maars and shield volcanoes at the northern tip of the Seward Peninsula just south of the Arctic Circle. Devil Mountain was named Teufelsberg by Lieutenant Otto von Kotzebue in 1816, which means Devils Mountain in the German language.
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In Siberia there are the Kinenin Maar and the maar of Lake Dal'ny among the volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula. In Japan there are maars in the Kirishima-Yaku Volcanic Field in the Kirishima-Yaku National Park on Kyushu (Kagamiike Pond) as well as many on the volcanic island of Miyake-jima, Izu Islands (Furumio, Mi'ike, Mizutamari, Shinmio). Koranga maar and Numundo Maar are in Papua-New Guinea. Kawah Masemo maar is a landform on Mount Sempu volcano in Indonesia.
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Volcanic activity has been dated to 1.7 - 0.9 million years ago, but it continued after the end of the latest wet period 5,000 years ago as indicated by the uneroded state of some of the volcanoes such as Hosh ed Salam. The presence of maars and volcanoes with signs of phreatomagmatic activity may indicate activity during pluvials. Volcanism at Bayuda commenced with isolated volcanoes. After a while, new edifices were constructed atop the older ones, influencing the morphology of the new volcanoes.
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The municipality lies in the Vulkaneifel, a part of the Eifel known for its volcanic history, geographical and geological features, and even ongoing activity today, including gases that sometimes well up from the earth. Üdersdorf is a state- recognized recreational resort (Erholungsort) and offers a great many hiking trails in thickly wooded surroundings. The maars (crater lakes) and the Lieser valley are right nearby. Not much farther away lie the spa towns of Daun and Manderscheid as well as the Nürburgring.
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The municipality lies in the Volcanic Eifel, a part of the Eifel known for its volcanic history, geographical and geological features, and even ongoing activity today, including gases that sometimes well up from the earth. Close to Demerath are several of the Volcanic Eifel's maars; lakes that form in volcanic craters. These are the Pulvermaar and the Holzmaar in Gillenfeld, and the Schalkenmehrener Maar and the Ulmener Maar. Cochem on the Moselle and the Nürburgring each lie 25 km away.
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Fort Rock is a tuff ring located on an ice age lake bed in north Lake County, Oregon, United States. The ring is about in diameter and stands about high above the surrounding plain. Its name is derived from the tall, straight sides that resemble the palisades of a fort. The region of Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valley Basin contains about 40 such tuff rings and maars and is located in the Brothers Fault Zone of central Oregon's Great Basin.
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The Congro system is situated in the central-eastern portion of the island of São Miguel, separated the Água de Pau Massif and crater of the Furnas volcano, and includes scoria cones and lava flows associated with ancient volcanic eruptions. In addition, there are several examples of maars and lava domes. Although it is the least eruptive of the systems forming the island of São Miguel, it has shown a higher frequency of important seismic activities associated with tectonic and volcano-related pressures.
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Pasto Ventura lies in the southern Puna region of northwestern Argentina. It lies about southwest of El Peñón, Catamarca and between El Peñón and Los Nacimientos passes northeast of the field. The landscape is characterized by ridges, valleys and small volcanoes. Approximately 26 small volcanoes have been identified at Pasto Ventura, including 14 volcanic cones, seven volcanic domes, two maars and three tuff rings; one isolated lava flow linked to an eruption fissure has been reported and additional volcanoes may exist but are buried under lava.
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In comparison to Villarrica, Quetrupillán has been less active and its eruptions were also smaller than Villarrica's, with no large pyroclastic flows found at Quetrupillán. Quetrupillán is a high composite stratovolcano with a wide caldera and a shrinking glacier cover. The volcano contains in total two nested calderas, the larger of which is wide, and a field of lava domes, maars and pyroclastic cones that occupy a surface of . These subsidiary vents include the scoria cone Huililco, the Volcanes de Llancahue and the Volcanoes de Reyehueico.
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QinetiQ North America has said that despite press reports claiming that SWORDS was only there briefly, they were deployed for six years and performed the combat role of serving the protection of a site. The Maneuver Center of Excellence at Fort Benning asked for a demonstration of MAARS in fall 2013, and the Marine Corps is continuing to investigate the possibility of employing it as well.Army and Marines: Leave the Shooting to Humans - Defensetech.org, 14 August 2013Future of Armed Ground Robots in Combat Still Debated - Nationaldefensemagazine.
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The municipality’s arms might be described thus: Per fess wavy, azure a chapel argent with roof sable and argent three fish of the first. The chapel shown in the upper part of the arms is the only building still standing from what was once the village of Weinfeld. The parish of Weinfeld was mentioned as early as the 14th century. The wavy line of partition, and the fish as well, are meant to refer to the maars that characterize the area and the municipality itself.
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The Laguna Volcanic Field, also known as the San Pablo Volcanic Field, is an active volcanic field in the Philippines, located between Laguna de Bay, Mount Banahaw volcano complex and Mount Malepunyo range. It is part of the larger Southwestern Luzon Volcanic Field (SWLVF). From Manila, it is about southeast to Mount Makiling, its most prominent volcanic feature. The field is composed of over 200 dormant and monogenetic maars, crater lakes, scoria cones, and stratovolcanoes, the tallest of which is Mount Makiling at in elevation.
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Within it on the southeast side is a smaller caldera known as Era Kohor, about wide and deep. Numerous lava domes, cinder cones, maars, and lava flows are found within the calderas and along the outer flanks of the shield. Era Kohor contains trona deposits, and Emi Koussi has been studied as an analogue of the Martian volcano Elysium Mons. Emi Koussi was active more than one million years ago, but some eruptions may be more recent, and there is ongoing fumarolic and hot spring activity.
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The middle part of Laguna de Bay between Mount Sembrano and Talim Island, is the Laguna Caldera believed to have been formed by two major volcanic eruptions, around 1 million and 27,000–29,000 years ago. Remnants of its volcanic history are shown by the presence of series of maars around the area of Tadlac Lake and Mayondon hill in Los Baños, Laguna,Santos-Borja, Adelina C. (2008). "Multi- Stakeholders’ Efforts for the Sustainable Management of Tadlac Lake, The Philippines". Research Center for Sustainability and Environment, Shiga University.
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The tuffs of the Dreiser Weiher lies above the depositions of the surrounding volcanoes, the maar is thus younger than the others. An exact date for the formation of the maars using pollen analysis could not be done for the Dreiser Weiher since there is no bog here. So-called olivinite bombs, from the time when the maar was formed, occur in the vicinity. Due to the many, mainly rare minerals and rocks that occur here, the Dreiser Weiher achieved scientific renown early on.
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According to pollen analysis studies, the crater was formed about 11,000 years ago by a volcanic eruption. In the area around the maar there are very few volcanic tuffs in comparison to other Eifel maars; only in two places are there greater accumulations of tuff; the rest of the surrounding area is covered only by a thin layer. Either most of the tuffs have already been removed, or the eruption produced very little tuff. After volcanic activity ceased, water collected in the maar basin and a very shallow maar lake was formed.
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The regional climate is extremely arid with annual precipitation reaching about . The occurrence of maars and tuff rings at Pasto Ventura - their formation requires the presence of water - may relate either to past wetter conditions, to the interaction between ascending magma and local or deep aquifers or the fact that Pasto Ventura is located at the margins of the Puna and thus in a moister region. Shorelines around Laguna Pasto Ventura indicate that during the late Pleistocene the climate was wetter than today. Vegetation in the Puna is sparse and consists of short bush.
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Occurrences of ultramafic tuff include surface deposits of kimberlite at maars in the diamond-fields of southern Africa and other regions. The principal variety of kimberlite is a dark bluish-green, serpentine-rich breccia (blue-ground) which, when thoroughly oxidized and weathered, becomes a friable brown or yellow mass (the "yellow-ground"). These breccias were emplaced as gas–solid mixtures and are typically preserved and mined in diatremes that form intrusive pipe-like structures. At depth, some kimberlite breccias grade into root zones of dikes made of unfragmented rock.
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It forms part of the divide separating the drainage basins of the Awash and Omo rivers."Local History in Ethiopia", The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 17 March 2011) The headwaters of the Omo lie in the central highlands between Gurage and the town of Nekemte. The Bilate River begins on the southern slope of the mountain, while the Gidabo River flows on the eastern slope. The Bilate River basin is volcanic, and contains several lake-filled maars and tuff rings dated to the Pleistocene and possibly Holocene periods.
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Explosion craters and sporadic maars are also found, they are surrounded by tephra deposits which form low rims of pyroclastic material and which also cover neighbouring volcanoes. Individual vents form two separate alignments. Hosh ed Salam ("dark enclosure") crater is deep and wide, other craters are Jebel Hebeish and El Muweilih which have formed shallow rises above the surrounding terrain and have cut into the basement rocks. El Muweilih contains a salt lake after which it is named and which was used as a source of salt, while Jebel El Abour contains a secondary cone.
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The terrain of the field is highly permeable to water, which later forms wetlands that attract a number of birds and springs that are used as a source of water. Maars are not the only water bodies within the field; glacial lakes and lakes formed by wind deflation also exist. Some of these water bodies dry up late in summer, allowing wind to remove sediments from their lakebeds which thus become the origin of long dune fields. Active growth of such windstreaks has been observed in Pali-Aike.
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The climate in the region is windy and cold, with mild winters owing to the oceanic influence, and dry, bordering on semi-desert with precipitation ranging between . These patterns are owing to the closeness of Antarctica, the cold Humboldt current and Falklands current ocean currents and the rain shadow of the Andes. Some maars and craters in Pali-Aike have been used for paleoclimatological research, in the form of sediment core analysis, such as Laguna Azul, Laguna Potrok Aike and Magallanes Maar. Landscape of Pali-Aike The regional vegetation is represented by grassland and shrubs.
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The San Bernardino Valley floor is covered by basaltic lava dating from 0.27 to 1.0 MaM. J. Aldrich and A. W. Laughlin, 1981, Age and Location of Volcanic Centers < 3.0 M. Y. Old in Arizona, New Mexico and the Trans-Pecos Area of West Texas, LA-881 2-MAP, Revised (million years ago). The Geronimo—San Bernardino volcanic field is part of the larger Boot Heel volcanic field. The field covers some 850 km2 and consists of olivine basalt flows, tuff rings and maars with 130 identified volcanic vent areas and cinder cones.
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A nearby tuff ring has a water-formed cave, called Fort Rock Cave, where in 1938 Luther Cressman from the University of Oregon discovered sagebrush sandals and human artifacts dated approximately 9,000 to 10,000 years ago. Hole-in-the-Ground and Big Hole are two nearby maars nearly one mile in diameter formed by steam explosion. They resemble impact craters formed by meteorites, but lack the heavy metal signature residues of space objects. Crack in the Ground and Fossil Lake are two more nearby Ice Age geological features.
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The Campo de Calatrava volcanic field is a volcanic field in Spain. The volcanic field is in the centre of the province of Ciudad Real, in a region known as Campo de Calatrava. The volcanic field has an area of more than 5000 km2 and more than 300 individual structures and contains pyroclastic cones, lava domes and maars. The field erupted basaltic to foiditic lavas from the Pliocene to the Holocene in Columba volcano with phreatomagmatic activity, and fumaroles were observed in the 16th-18th centuries in the Sierra de Valenzuela territory.
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At this stage, about 20 small craters and maars formed at the cracks located on the caldera floor, mostly along the central fault. A number of craters with a diameter of 10–100 m formed outside of the main cone, mainly in its northern part. They include Girigantepe (2433 m), Arizintepe (2445 m), Kayalitepe (2311 m), Mezarliktepe (2409 m), Atlitepe (2281 m), Amis (2166 m), Kevriağa (2087 m), Avuştepe and Sivritepe, which is the highest point of Nemrut. Basaltic lava of these craters are the youngest volcanic rocks within Nemrut.
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The Laguna Volcanic Field is composed of over 200 dormant and monogenetic maars, crater lakes, scoria cones and stratovolcanoes, the tallest of which is Mount Makiling at in elevation. San Pablo itself is known for its seven crater lakes, the largest of which is Lake Sampaloc. Apart from the Laguna de Bay and the Seven Lakes of San Pablo, there are also two reservoir lakes that can be found in Laguna, the Lake Caliraya and Lumot Lake. These two man-made lakes were formed by the creation of the Caliraya Dam and the Lumot Dam.
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The Vulkanland Eifel Geopark () is a German national geopark in the Volcanic Eifel region that was established on 19 April 2005. Covering an area of 2,200 km², the geopark extends from the Belgian border in the west over the Eifel mountains to the River Rhine in the east. The countryside here which has been shaped by the volcanism of the past contains numerous maars, cinder cones, lava flows lava domes calderas and bubbling springs. The largest caldera was formed by the Laacher See volcano that last erupted about 13,000 years ago.
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The Mosbrucher Weiher The Mosbrucher Weiher, also called the Mosbrucher Maar, is a silted up maar east of the municipal boundary of the village of Mosbruch in the county Vulkaneifel in Germany. It is located immediately at the foot of the 675-metre-high Hochkelberg, a former volcano. The floor of the maar is in the shape of an elongated oval and is about 700×500 metres in size, its upper boundary has a diameter of about 1,300 × 1,050 metres. This makes the Mosbrucher Maar the third largest of the maars in the western Eifel region.
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The notorious, carbon dioxide-saturated Lake Nyos in Africa is another example. An excellent example of a maar is Zuni Salt Lake in New Mexico, a shallow saline lake that occupies a flat-floored crater about across and deep. Its low rim is composed of loose pieces of basaltic lava and wall rocks (sandstone, shale, limestone) of the underlying diatreme, as well as random chunks of ancient crystalline rocks blasted upward from great depths. Maars in Canada are found in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field of east- central British Columbia and in kimberlite fields throughout Canada.
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The area is a former basin now filled with volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The oldest outcropping basement in the region is the Precambrian Puncoviscana Formation east of Tocomar, in the San Antonio de los Cobres ridge. Other volcanoes in the region are Cerro Tuzgle and two maars due north, Negro de Chorrillos and San Jéronimo due east and the Aguas Calientes caldera due south; the last two are located fairly close to Tocomar. These volcanoes were active roughly in reverse order, with Aguas Calientes active between 11-10 million years ago, while the other centers are of Quaternary age.
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The Auckland volcanic field is an area of monogenetic volcanoes covered by much of the metropolitan area of Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, located in the North Island. The approximately 53 volcanoes in the field have produced a diverse array of maars (explosion craters), tuff rings, scoria cones, and lava flows. No volcano has erupted twice, but eruptions lasted for various periods ranging from a few weeks to several years. The field is fuelled entirely by basaltic magma, unlike the explosive subduction-driven volcanism in the central North Island, such as at Mount Ruapehu and Lake Taupo.
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The parish lies in the East Eifel, a mountain region characterised by volcanic maars and covers an area of 10.38 km², of which 5.02 km² are forest. In 2000, a nature reserve was established, the Booser Maar, with an area of 1.52 km². Boos is the westernmost municipality of the county of Mayen-Koblenz and lies in the Volcanic Eifel, around five kilometres southeast of the Nürburgring racetrack. Northwest of the village is the Eifel Tower, erected in 2003, on the 557-metre-high hill of Schneeberg with views over the local area including the Booser Doppelmaar, a double maar.
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They include rhyolitic volcanic rocks, gabbros, carbonatites and kimberlites. The rhyolitic rocks consist of lava flows and hydrothermally altered tuffaceous rocks that are part of two distinct eruptive centers, which are interpreted to be the eroded remains of two maars. According to field mapping and aeromagnetic data, the gabbroic rocks form two concentric ring dikes. The inner ring dike is about 20 m in width and lies about 3 km from the center of the Richat Structure. The outer ring dike is about 50 m in width and lies about 7 to 8 km from the center of this structure.
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The German blazon reads: Durch Wellenschnitt geteilt; oben in Silber eine rote Krone (Kaiserkrone), unten in Blau ein silberner Krug. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per fess wavy, argent an Imperial crown gules and azure a wine jug of the first. The Emperor's crown above the line of partition refers to Gillenfeld's first documentary mention in 1016, which was in a document from Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich II, who would have worn such a crown. The wavy line of partition and the tincture azure below refer to Gillenfeld's maars – lakes that form in volcanic craters – which characterize the local geography.
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This maar formed during three stages in three separate craters and is also the source of a lava flow. Laguna Potrok Aike in comparison is much larger (crater diameter of ), its rim is barely recognizable and appears to be more akin to a maar. Additional maars in the southwestern part of the field are the so-called "West Maar" and "East Maar", which contain the lakes Laguna Salsa and Laguna del Ruido respectively, Bismarck, Carlota, Los Flamencos, Laguna Salida/Laguna Ana and Timone Lake. A number of vents form various alignments, usually along northwestsoutheast and eastnortheastwestsouthwest lines; some older centres show a northsouth pattern.
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In contrast to many maars, Blue Lake Crater has vesicular scoria with little evidence of extensive interaction with external water. Its eruption less than 3,000 years ago makes Blue Lake Crater one of the youngest volcanoes in the Cascade Range, and with the spatter cone chain nearby, it may also be the newest volcanic feature in the Santiam and McKenzie Passes region. The maar forms part of the Sisters Reach, which extends for and contains at least 466 Quaternary volcanoes. The reach is characterized by aligned vents and a high vent density, with a number of eruptive units containing rhyolite, which is rare for the Cascade arc.
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More specifically, the volcano is the youngest of the approximately 1,400 volcanic vents of the Michoacán-Guanajuato volcanic field, a basalt plateau filled with scoria cones like Parícutin, along with small shield volcanoes, maars, tuff rings and lava domes. Scoria cones are the most common type of volcano in Mexico, appearing suddenly and building a cone-shaped mountain with steep slopes before becoming extinct. Parícutin's immediate predecessor was El Jorullo, also in Michoacán, which erupted in 1759. View of the volcano from the town of Angahuan Currently the crater of the volcano is about across and it is possible to both climb the volcano and walk around the entire perimeter.
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The two maars form large, circular basins surrounded by tuff embankments that lie on a line running west-southwest to east-northeast and thus follow the Variscan strike of the terrain. The west-southwestern maar has a diameter of about 700 metres and is between 30 and 60 metres deep; its north-northeastern counterpart is between 650 and 700 metres across and from 50 to 87 metres deep. The two hollows are very wet, so that there are still places that are permanently under water. These wet areas were formerly used as fish ponds, but later silted up and became meadows and arable fields.
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Through the municipal area run the mountainbike trails "Alfbach" (Tour 8988) and "Wittlich Landesblick" (Tour 6696), as well as VulkanBike Trailpark's Tour 3 Manderscheid (Burgen-Schluchten-Maare – "Castles-Gorges-Maars"). Along the river Lambach, one can reach on foot the river Lieser, which one can then follow along the Lieserpfad, a hiking trail, maintained by the Eifel Club, to Daun or Wittlich. The Eifel Club's main hiking trail 16 (east-west trails), the Mosel-Our-Weg between Alf and Ourstausee/Bivelser Steg, leads through the middle of the village. On the Devon-Route, one of three GEO routes in the Manderscheid region, the links among natural, cultural and earth history reveal themselves.
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Location of the Volcanic Eifel Nature Park in Germany The Volcanic Eifel Nature Park () lies in the counties of Bernkastel-Wittlich, Cochem-Zell and Vulkaneifel in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The nature park, which is in the Eifel mountains, and which is also a geopark, was inaugurated on 31 May 2010 and has an area of 1,068.24 km².> Its sponsor is the Natur- und Geopark Vulkaneifel GmbH. The Volcanic Eifel Nature Park incorporates large parts of the Volcanic Eifel and parts of the Volcanic West Eifel with its volcanoes that were still active until about 10,000 years ago numerous maars and lava streams as well as mineral springs and carbonic springs.
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Volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula Peulik Volcano and cottongrass meadow Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes Chiginagak Volcano Peulik Volcano and Ukinrek Maars The Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula, ) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the Alaskan equivalent of a county, is named after the peninsula.
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The Picos fissural system is located in the central-western part of the island of São Miguel, delimited in the south-east by the caldera/massif of Sete Cidades and on the east by the Água de Pau Massif, running approximately and extending to north and southern coasts. The landscape is dominated by the presence of approximately 300 monogenic cones, composed of scoria and lava flows. Similarly, the area is punctuated by maars, pumice cones and lava domes, in particular in the transitional zones between the adjacent central volcanoes. The volcanostratigraphy of magmas/lava flows of the region include deposits between 2200 and 2800 years B.C., while radiometric deposits from the principal areas of population (Ponta Delgada) are from 12300 B.C.
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The volcanic field covers a long and wide area with a surface of about . Lunar Crater volcanic field extends in north-northeast to south-southwest direction along the Reveille Range and Pancake Range and between Railroad Valley to the southeast and Hot Creek Valley/Big Sand Springs Valley/Kawich Valley in the northwest. Over 200 vents are located within the field, mostly monogenetic volcanoes with long aa (blocky lava with a jagged surface) lava flows along with a few lava domes, dykes, four maars (craters formed by gas or steam explosions), scoria cones, tuff rings and volcano clusters; cones reach heights of and widths of and often are open on one side while fissure vents are often associated with elongated ramparts. The vents reach elevations of .
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In the Aegean, the beginning of the Subboreal was marked by a pronounced drought, centered around 5600 years BP. Of far greater importance was the coming to an end of the African Humid Period, reflected in the lakes of subtropical Africa (such as Lake Chad) experiencing a rapid fall in their water levels. During the interval 6200 to 5000 years BP, drier conditions were in southern Mesopotamia, causing great demographic changes and probably instigating the end of the ancient city of Uruk. In Germany, a drastic climatic cooling can be observed around 5000 varve years BP in the maars of the Eifel. In the preceding interval lasting from 8200 till 5000 varve years (Holocene Climatic Optimum), the July temperatures were on average still 1 °C higher.
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A system of regional faults, although partially obscured by the volcanic product, has two distinct orientations: a NNE-SSW alignment that could be an extension of Cameroon line, and a NNW-SSE alignment that could extend to the Great Rift Valley; however, the relationship between these fault systems has not been conclusively demonstrated. More recently in geologic time, the volcanic activity has deposited dacite and ignimbrite, as well as trachyte and trachyandesite. This trend towards the production of more felsic, viscous lavas could be a sign of a waning mantle plume. Animation showing the phases of volcanic activity in the Tibesti Mountains Satellite image of the volcanic field on Tarso Tôh, which includes 150 cinder cones, two maars, and several basalt lava channels Satellite image of the more recent lava rock, in black, with Toussidé volcano (center) and the Trou au Natron crater (bottom right) The volcanic activity took place in several phases.
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Rifting and hot spot activity in Iceland Craters and lavas from the 13th century, acidic lake from Suðurnes Geothermal Power Station, steam vents and hydrothermal alteration (Reykjanes Volcanic System) Öskjuhlíð Keilir and mountains of the Krýsuvík Volcanic System Keilir subglacial cone, on top of the shield volcano Þráinskjóldur, fissures and faults surround it. Other subglacial volcanoes on Reykjanes Peninsula: Litla Sandfell with tuya Geitafell (Brennisteinsfjöll) behind Eroded partially submarine volcano and boulder beaches at Reykjanestá Shield volcano Þráinskjöldur Krýsuvík volcanic system with high temperature geothermal areas and maars volcanic zones of Iceland fault near the tip of Reykjanes Peninsula The Reykjanes Peninsula (in Icelandic: Reykjanesskagi) in Southwest Iceland is the continuation of the mostly submarine Reykjanes Ridge, a part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, on land and reaching from Esja resp. Hengill down to Reykjanestá. G.B.M.Pedersen, P. Grosse: Morphometry of subaerial shield volcanoes and glaciovolcanoes from Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: Effects of eruption environment.
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The volcanism of Canada is represented by many types of landform including lava flows, volcanic plateaus, lava domes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, submarine volcanoes, calderas, diatremes, and maars, along with examples of more less common volcanic forms such as tuyas and subglacial mounds. It has a very complex volcanic history spanning from the Precambrian eon at least 3.11 billion years ago when this part of the North American continent began to form. Although the country's volcanic activity dates back to the Precambrian eon, volcanism continues to occur in Western and Northern Canada where it forms part of an encircling chain of volcanoes and frequent earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean called the Pacific Ring of Fire. But because volcanoes in Western and Northern Canada are in remote rugged areas and the level of volcanic activity is less frequent than with other volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean, Canada is commonly thought to occupy a gap in the Pacific Ring of Fire between the volcanoes of western United States to the south and the Aleutian volcanoes of Alaska to the north.
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In the ancient crater of Furnas the faults are aligned west-northwest to east-southeast. Zbysewsky (1959), among others (note references) identifies eight geomorphological structures on São Miguel that correspond to the formative features that built the island, including: The Sete Cidades Massif – an area that occupies the extreme western part of the island, and corresponds to a central volcanic crater and lake-filled caldera, with various cones, deposits of pumice, lava domes and maars. In the northeastern flank of this volcano the Mosteiros Graben, a tectonic structure created from the collapse of lands and located along a northwest to southeast orientation. Along other regional fractures and radial faults there are ancient spatter cones and lava domes; The Picos Volcanic System or Picos Region – is situated along a northwest–southeast alignment, and defines a range of spatter cones and relatively level ground between the Sete Cidades and the Água de Pau Massifs; The Água de Pau Massif – this central feature corresponds to the central volcano on the island, and includes the Lagoa do Fogo (Lake of Fire), many lava domes and pumice cones.
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Other historical churches in the provinces include the Saint Paul the First Hermit Cathedral in San Pablo, the Transfiguration of our Lord Parish Church in Cavinti, the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria Parish Church in Mabitac, the Immaculate Conception Parish Church in Los Baños, the Saint John the Baptist Church in Liliw, the St. John the Baptist Church in Calamba, where Rizal was baptized, the Saint Peter of Alcantara Parish Church in Pakil, which houses the Our Lady of Turumba painting, the Immaculate Conception Parish Church in Santa Cruz, St. Polycarp Church and the Diocesan Shrine of San Vicente Ferrer in Cabuyao, Santa Rose de Lima Parish Church in Santa Rosa, and the Diocesan Shrine of Jesus in the holy Sepulchre (Lolo Uweng) and the San Pedro Apostol Parish Church in San Pedro. Lolo Uweng Church was known as the Quiapo Church of the South. Nuvali Wakepark Laguna contains many natural tourist spots, owing to its geography and climate. Laguna is home to the Laguna Volcanic Field, a group of 200 volcanoes and maars.
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