Russia opted against lustration back in the 1990s for fear of sowing social division.
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Some are reminded of the lustration law PiS passed when it was in power a decade ago.
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Depending on one's place in the North's highly-stratified society, the options will be lustration or discrimination.
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Over the last few years, activists have revived talk of lustration, a post-Communist concept that means weeding out certain people from certain offices.
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While the U.S. should not take any of the previous options off the table, dissolution of either the Iranian or North Korean armed forces and subsequent lustration would be counterproductive.
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Creating a new social understanding will not only require a change of regime, lustration and possibly a new Constitution; it will also mean addressing the trauma that makes Russian society so readily snap into formation.
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Make a deal (or don't repeat mistakes from Iraq) Paul Bremer III made what was arguably the biggest mistake in the early days of the American occupation of Iraq: He dissolved the Iraqi military and enacted lustration against all former Ba'ath members.
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In fact, he took a very public role, repeatedly expressing his conviction that whether it be former Nazis in Germany after the war or former communists in Central Europe after 1990, the future of democracy depended upon "lustration," and on a truthful accounting with the past.
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Owing to its resemblance with the South African truth and reconciliation process, the Polish lustration system of the period is seen as the most innovative among all lustration models in Central and Eastern Europe.Roman David (2011), Lustration and Transitional Justice: Personnel Systems in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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Lustration in Poland refers to the policy of limiting the participation of former communists, and especially informants of the communist secret police (from the years 1944–90), in the successor governments or even in civil service positions. Lustration, "cleansing", derives from Latin lustratio, a Roman purification ceremony. The first lustration bill was passed by the Polish Parliament already in 1992, but it was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland. Several other projects were then submitted and reviewed by a dedicated commission, resulting in a new lustration law passed in 1996.
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There is a lustration of the goddess Lakshmi in the center of the lintel.
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In the years 1997–2007 lustration was dealt with by the office of Public Interest Spokesperson (Rzecznik Interesu Publicznego), who analyzed lustration declarations and could initiate further proceedings, including submitting a request to the courts to initiate a legal lustration proceeding. The declarations may be seen as forms of public confessions, through which offices are exchanged for truth in a similar way as amnesty was exchanged for truth in South Africa.Roman David (2006), In Exchange for Truth: Polish Lustration and the South African Amnesty Process, Politikon. South African Journal of Political Studies 32(1): pp. 81-99.
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Sacrifice of other three bull calves to Hondos Çerfios at the Coredian grove. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated. Rites for the lustration of the poplo (people, i. e. city militia) and execration of the enemies: The auspices are to be taken in the same way as for the lustration of the arx.
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The motives on why the activities for lustration of journalists from the private media were accelerated, before lustrating the holders of public functions, are suspicious.
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One of the most controversial aspects of IPN is a by-product of its role in collecting and publishing previously secret archives from the Polish communist security apparatus, the Służba Bezpieczeństwa: revealing secret agents and collaborators (a process called lustration).Tom Hundley, Poland looks back in anger, 1 December 2006, Chicago Tribune Following the election of a Law and Justice government in 2005, in a series of legislative amendments during 2006 and the beginning of 2007 file access and lustration powers were radically expanded. However, several articles of the 2006-7 amendments were judged unconstitutional by Poland's Constitutional Court on 11 May 2007. Following the court ruling the IPN's lustration power was still wider in relation to the original 1997 law, and include loss of position for those who submitted false lustration declarations as well as a lustration process of candidates for senior office as well as . An incident which caused controversy involved the "Wildstein list", a partial list of persons who allegedly worked for the communist-era Polish intelligence service, copied in 2004 from IPN archives (without IPN permission) by journalist Bronisław Wildstein and published on the Internet in 2005.
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Shaka at Birth and lustration basin; gilt bronze; Nara period; height of figure ; diameter of basin ; National Treasures The at Tōdai-ji in the city of Nara in Japan, along with the lustration basin in which the image stands, are of the type used in the annual celebrations of the Buddha's birth on 8 April. The statue and its basin date to the Nara period and have been designated National Treasures.
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Starovoitova was strongly against the omnipresence of security services in Russia and believed that lustration was necessary but none of the other elected representatives supported her. Starovoitova has drafted a law on lustration and presented it to the Duma at least 5 times. Her subsequent murder has been linked by some to her work towards making lustration a law in Russia and her opposition to revanche of KGB into power. She said, "I propose a decision to order a medical examination of deputies of the State Duma, especially in the light of yesterday's voting on the battle against anti-semitism, when many of our colleagues gave us reason to doubt their mental health".
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Two huge marble lustration (ritual purification) urns were brought from Pergamon during the reign of Sultan Murad III. From the Hellenistic period, they are carved from single blocks of marble.
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The priest and the one who burned the cow were both to wash their garments, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. The ashes of the cow were to be used to create the water of lustration. One who touched the corpse of any human being was to be unclean for seven days. On the third and seventh days, the person who had touched the corpse was to cleanse with the water of lustration and then be clean.
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Although Petro Poroshenko Bloc won 132 seats in this election, 63 seats were won on its national list (the other seats were won in constituencies). Following the election Bohdan worked as the adviser to the Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Ihor Kolomoyskyi, and represented him as lawyer in the legal disputes over Privatbank. On 21 May 2019 President Volodymyr Zelensky appointed Bohdan Head of the Presidential Administration Within 4 days 25,000 Ukrainians signed an electronic petition for the dismissal of Bohdan from this post claiming he could not have been appointed because he falls under Lustration laws because of his work for the Azarov Government. The head of the Public Council on lustration issues at the Justice Ministry, Tetyana Kozachenko, also claimed on 22 May 2019 that Zelenskiy's appointment of Bohdan violated the legislation on lustration.
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Lustration came to refer to government policies of limiting the participation of former communists, and especially informants of the communist secret police, in the successor political appointee positions or even in civil service positions.
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On 26 February, Ehor Sobolev was nominated to lead the Committee on Lustration in the new Yatsenyuk government. Months later, on 14 August 2014, Parliament adopted a bill that established "procedures for conducting checks of government officials and people nominated for government position with the purpose of deciding whether they meet certain criteria for occupying relevant post". The law on lustration, which excluded from government most officials who had worked in the Yanukovych administration, affected up to a million people."Ukraine could sack up to million officials with ties to Russian past".
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An articleDziennik in a conservative Polish newspaper Dziennik, claimed that Passent worked in the 1960s as a spy for the communist government under the code names "Daniel" and "John". Credence to these claims was lent by the Gen. Kiszczak files (released by Kiszczak's widow in 2016) in which Passent shows his true loyalty to the Communist cause (just after Fr. Popiełuszko's murder by the state in 1984) by denouncing the patriotic opposition and suggesting tactics to Kiszczak. Passent asked an independent court to review such claims through a procedure called lustration; this request was deniedTVP as Poland's lustration law applies only to people holding (or running for) a public office.
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Vetting is the process of eliminating corrupt or abusive officials from public service employment. For instance, in Afghanistan, election candidates in the 2009 and 2010 elections were vetted."Vetting Lessons for the 2009-10 Elections in Afghanistan", Fatima Ayub, Antonella Deledda, Patricia Gossman, International Center for Transitional Justice While similar to lustration, "vetting" is the broader category referring to processes aimed at screening and excluding human rights abusers from public institutions while "lustration" refers specifically to the vetting processes and laws that were implemented in the former communist countries in Eastern and Central Europe after the end of the Cold War."Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public Employees in Transitional Societies", eds.
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The exact significance of the lizard is uncertain. It may represent a magico-medical charm to ensure healthy wine, with the lizard either a potent lustration or the potential damage to be warded off. The lizard is also an attribute of Apollo Sauroctonos.Salzman, On Roman Time, pp.
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He is currently a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. He is one of the advocates of the lustration law that wants to eliminate former communist activists and security informants from politics. Since January 26, 2009, he has been the Secretary of State within the Ministry of National Defense.
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In the second reading (, aliyah), a person who was clean was to add fresh water to ashes of the Red Cow, dip hyssop it in the water, and sprinkle the water on the tent, the vessels, and people who had become unclean. The person who sprinkled the water was then to wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be clean at nightfall. Anyone who became unclean and failed to cleanse himself was to be cut off from the congregation. The person who sprinkled the water of lustration was to wash his clothes, and whoever touched the water of lustration, whatever he touched, and whoever touched him were to be unclean until evening.
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Mamurius in this view was associated with Februarius, the month of purifications and care of the dead that originally ended the year, and represented concepts of lustration, rites of passage, and liminality.H.S. Versnel, Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (Brill, 1993, 1994), vol.
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On July 10, 2017 the band announced their next LP The Amulet. Alongside the announcement they released a single titled "Lustration" with accompanying music video. The album was released on September 22, 2017 through Hopeless Records. On August 10, 2017, the band released its second music video single "Rites of Investiture".
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There was also a second night of initiation, the epopteia where the "usual preliminary lustration rites and sacrifices" took place though not much else can be known besides that it may have been similar to the epopteia at Eleusis and would have climaxed with the showing of a great light.
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In the 1990s he regularly voiced his demands for lustration, filed a lawsuit against the KGB, demanded to return his confiscated archive. Sergey Grigoryants is in opposition to Putin's policies, in particular, he expressed protests against the infringement of democratic freedoms in Russia and criticized the government for the war in Chechnya.
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On July 10, 2017 the band announced The Amulet through Hopeless Records. Alongside the announcement they released a single titled "Lustration" with an accompanying music video. On August 10, 2017, the band released its second music video single "Rites of Investiture". On August 30, 2017, they released their title track single "The Amulet".
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The list gained much attention in Polish media and politics, and IPN security procedures and handling of the matter came under criticism.Wojciech Czuchnowski, Bronisław Wildstein: człowiek z listą, Gazeta Wyborcza, last accessed on 12 May 2006Szczerbiak, Aleks. "Deepening democratisation? Exploring the declared motives for “late” lustration in Poland." East European Politics 32.4 (2016): 426-445.
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Janusz Tomaszewski () (born 13 September 1956 in Pabianice) is a Polish politician. A Solidarity activist, member of Solidarity Electoral Action. He was a vice-prime minister and Minister of Internal Affairs from 31 October 1997 to 3 September 1999. He was forced to resign his official position due to lustration controversy (he was cleared of all suspicions in 2001).
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While current lustration laws require the verification of those who serve in public offices, PiS wants to expand the process to include university professors, lawyers, journalists, managers of large companies, and others performing "public functions". Those found to have collaborated with the security service, according to the party, should be forbidden to practice in their professions.
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This coalition put together a coalition government headed by Arseniy Yatsenyuk. Yulia Tymoshenko began to reform the party following the revolution. In early August 2014 Batkivshchyna expelled more than 1,500 members, including more than 700 deputies, in a lustration campaign. The party has its own Batkivshchyna Battalion that has fought in the War in Donbass since May 2014.
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While Michnik's contribution in abolishing communism in Poland is widely acknowledged and valued, there has been observed a phenomenon of strong hostility or even hatred since the mid-1990s, mainly from the Polish right, for two reasons. Firstly, Michnik's views concerning lustration, a heated political issue in the 1990s in Poland, the purging from the public life of people involved in the communist system, roused controversy. Michnik opposed lustration and, as his detractors argue, used the influence exerted by Gazeta Wyborcza to persuade the public. Secondly, Michnik's newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza combated the nationalistic slant of Polish clergy and spotlighted incidents of sexual abuse perpetrated by the clergy, which was interpreted by those still strongly attached to the Catholicism as an assault on the Church and so alienated a large section of the population.
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John of England signs Magna Carta. lustration from Cassell's History of England (1902). Llywelyn would have been among the assembled Llywelyn capitalized on Welsh resentment against King John, and led a church sanctioned revolt against him. As King John was an excommunicate in the Catholic Church, Innocent III gave his blessing to Llywelyn's revolt, possibly even lifting Pura Wallia from the interdict.
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141 which they saw as representing the revolutionary legacy.Cesereanu; Neumann, p.190, 193; Rekosh, p.141 The best-known requirement formed the document's 8th Point, calling for all former Romanian Communist Party nomenklatura and Securitate cadres to be banned from holding public office for a period of 10 years (or three consecutive legislatures), with an emphasis on the office of President (see Lustration).
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Little by little his body will become purified by the internal > lustration of God; day by day his mortal frame, shedding its earthly > elements, will become in very truth the Temple of the Holy Ghost. Day by day > matter is replaced by Spirit, the human by the divine; ultimately the change > will be complete; God manifest in flesh will be his name.
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Pablo de Greiff and Alexander Mayer-Rieckh, International Center for Transitional Justice Vetting does not necessarily imply dismissals from the state apparatus. Several countries developed alternative personnel systems that provide for the inclusion of inherited personnel in exchange for their exposure or confession.Roman, David, Lustration and Transitional Justice: Personnel Systems in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
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In Rome, the census was still taken under the empire, but the old ceremonies connected with it were no longer performed, and the ceremony of the lustration was not performed after the time of Vespasian. The jurists Paulus and Ulpian each wrote works on the census in the imperial period; and several extracts from these works are given in a chapter in the Digest (50 15).
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This phenomenon would put the god into a sort of host–guest relationship with the one given in the attributive. In the case of Hondos this feature is apparent also in the fact that his cults at the Hondia festival take place in the Jovian Grove but those at the lustration of the citadel (when the god bears the epithet of Çerfios) in the Coredian Grove.
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Fati; Gheorghiu & Pătrășconiu; Ripa & Istodor The journal Evenimentul Zilei indicated the Social Democrat parliamentarian Dan Marţian, who served as president of the Commission and whose position was threatened by lustration, as one of those responsible for the alleged action. In the wake of the 2004 elections, confirming the victory of the Justice and Truth grouping comprising National Liberals and Democrats, lustration was again brought to the attention of Parliament. This involved two separate projects: that of National Initiative Party politicians Cozmin Guşă, Lavinia Șandru and Aurelian Pavelescu was rejected in Senate (November 2005); a second one, advocated by National Liberal parliamentarians Adrian Cioroianu, Mona Muscă, Viorel Oancea, and Mihăiţă Calimente and backed by the Timișoara Society, was eventually adopted by the Senate in early April 2006."Legea lustrației a trecut de Senat" It won additional backing from the Association of Former Political Prisoners and its president, Constantin Ticu Dumitrescu.
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Of the proposals, the former was more radical, calling for lustration to be applied permanently to all persons occupying public office under the Communist regime (whereas the National Liberal project restricts it to Communist Party and Union of Communist Youth active cadres, as well as to persons engaged in political policing in relation to the Securitate).Gheorghiu & Pătrășconiu; Ripa & Istodor; Simitopol At the time of its presentation to Parliament, Cioroianu stated: "The law will be a real test of morality for the political parties".Cioroianu, in Ripa & Istodor; in Simitopol In parallel, British historian Dennis Deletant has argued that lustration was intrinsically connected with the necessity for publicizing Securitate files kept by the CNSAS and the Romanian Intelligence Service.Deletant He also contrasted the manifest delays in Romanian procedures with the similar processes in three other former Eastern Bloc countries (Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary).
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The Augustan poets PropertiusPropertius 4.1.20: qualia nunc curto lustra novantur equo. and Ovid both mention horse as an ingredient in the ritual preparation suffimen or suffimentum, which the Vestals compounded for use in the lustration of shepherds and their sheep at the Parilia. Propertius may imply that this horse was not an original part of the preparation: "the purification rites (lustra) are now renewed by means of the dismembered horse".
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These important rites are discussed in detail below. Any rite or religious act whatever required the invocation of Janus first, with a corresponding invocation to Vesta at the end (Janus primus and Vesta extrema). Instances are to be found in the Carmen Saliare, the formula of the devotio,Livy VIII 9, 6 the lustration of the fields and the sacrifice of the porca praecidanea,Cato De Agri Cultura 141 and 143.
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Hendrik Wagenvoort Pietas.Selected Essays on Roman Religion Leiden 1980 p. 175. Some scholars though connect the epithet to Latin adjective fodius, he who destroys. The two gods both receive sacrifices of male calves in the rites for the lustration of the citadel at the Iovian and Coredian groves respectively; theirs are the last in the series of sacrifices after the two triads and before the execration of the enemies.
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Retrieved 2018-02-09. Although he was elected on HDZ list, he was not a member of the party. For the 2016 elections he formed independent list and won one seat in Croatian Parliament representing the diaspora.Croatian Parliamentary elections, 2016 - Results, district XI (diaspora) State Election Committee of the Republic of Croatia. 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2018-02-09. Presently, he joined Independents for Croatia. He is calling upon lustration and decommunisation of Croatia.
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Repression and Mobilization Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. It is often manifested through policies such as human rights violations, surveillance abuse, police brutality, imprisonment, involuntary settlement, stripping of citizen's rights, lustration and violent action or terror such as the murder, summary executions, torture, forced disappearance and other extrajudicial punishment of political activists, dissidents, or general population.Kittrie, Nicholas N. 1995. The War Against Authority: From the Crisis of Legitimacy to a New Social Contract.
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The population of Vordermühle longed for the chapel's lustration in order to celebrate Mass in the chapel. It failed because the question of who paid the charges was unanswered. In 1845 Peter Wilhelm Steger and his family donated the chapel to the catholic parish in Wipperfürth and announced together with Johann Peter Schnippering to care for the chapel. On May the 17th 1845 priest Dünner lustrated the chapel to the Virgin Mother.
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Shortly after being elected as a member of Parliament of Georgia Kukava left UNM alongside Conservative Party and joined opposition of Mikheil Saakashvili. Since 2007 - chairman of the largest parliamentary faction "Democratic Front". In parliament Kukava initiated several draft laws, including "about withdrawal of Georgia from CIS", "about Lustration", "Rehabilitation of supporters of the first President Zviad Gamsakhurdia". Kukava was strongly opposing President Saakashvili, Interior minister Merabishvili and Prosecutor General Zurab Adeishvili.
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Two weeks following the government's no-confidence vote, the Constitutional Tribunal ruled 11–1 the Sejm's 28 May lustration resolution singling out alleged communist collaborators as illegal due to it not being a statutory enactment, as well as violating both the dignity of citizens and democratic values.Schwartz, p. 68 The list produced by former Interior Minister Macierewicz was similarly found to be filled with inaccuracies, forcing the ministry to later apologize to several of those falsely implicated.
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Svetov calls himself an ideological anarcho-capitalist. He believes that only through lustration and ensuring the functioning of the free market can corruption and the economic decline of Russia be overcome. In addition, Mikhail is a supporter of such ideas as: federalism, freedom of association, laissez-faire, legalization of weapons, drugs and abortion, reducing the role of the state in the life of a child (eliminating juvenile justice, the ability of private foundations to directly help children), etc.
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Tohorot 7:8 This may be legally accomplished by pouring on them one-fourth of a log of water. But that process suffices only where a person wishes to eat chullin, ma'aser, or terumah. If he desires to eat the sacrificial portions, he must dip his hands into forty seahs of water; and if about to handle the water of lustration, he must first subject his whole body to immersion.Chagigah 2:5; Gemara 18b et seq.
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A draft law on lustration was first put before the Russian parliament, then the RSFSR Supreme Soviet, in December 1992 by Galina Starovoytova. Neither at that time nor later have such proposals been successfully introduced. Those arrested for their part in the August Coup were released from prison in 1992. The charges against them were lifted on 23 February 1994 under an amnesty issued by the State Duma, which also covered those involved in the October 1993 events.
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The Communist Party of the Russian Federation was re- established in February 1993. A number of smaller communist parties claimed to be successors of the CPSU as well. Unlike many other countries of the former Soviet bloc, in Russia lustration of senior Communist Party and KGB officials was staunchly resisted and has never been implemented there. Many with such a background have remained in power; most present-day Russian politicians began their careers in the Soviet period.
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Public institutions, including the police, military, and judiciary, often contribute to repression and other human rights violations. When societies undergo a transition, these institutions must be reformed in order to create accountability and prevent the recurrence of abuse. Institutional reform includes the process of restructuring these state actors to ensure that they respect human rights and abide by the rule of law."Institutional Reform", International Center for Transitional Justice Reforms can include measures such as vetting, lustration, and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR).
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Cato describes the ritual performed to purify, or "lustrate", a farm. A private rural suovetaurilia was sacrificed each May on the festival of Ambarvalia, a festival that involved "walking around the fields." Public suovetaurilias were offered at certain state ceremonies, including agricultural festivals, the conclusion of a census, and to atone for any accidental ritual errors. Traditionally, suovetaurilias were performed at five year intervals: this period was called a lustrum, and the purification sought by a suovetaurilia was called lustration.
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A royal lustration of 1660 revealed that the village had a manor, a tavern, Orthodox church, mill and 16 lans of arable land, of which 6 owned by local peasants and the rest belonging to the manor. Altogether the taxes from the village amounted to 1750 złoty. In 1667 Perehińsko was raided by Tartars, the inhabitants however managed to flee to the mountains and escape unharmed. On May 28, 1690 king Jan III Sobieski granted the village with a privilege to organise markets once a year.
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Serhiy Sternenko () is an Odesa civil activist and lawyer, head of the NGO "Nebayduzhi", former board member and head of the Odesa regional branch of the "Right Sector", an active participant in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, one of the founders of the "People's Lustration", YouTuber. Serhiy was the victim of three assassination attempts. In 2018, he became visible in the media after the third attempt to attack him. It is believed that the "manhunt" was organized by supporters of Anti-maidan and their sympathizers.
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66-67 At the time, the National Salvation Front accused the Proclamation of seeking political autonomy for the Banat.Cesereanu The Proclamation of Timișoara was unsuccessful in its goal of shaping electoral procedures: the presidential and legislative election of May 1990 were carried without lustration requirements. Results confirmed the victory of the National Salvation Front as ruling party and of Ion Iliescu, a former Communist official who had opposed Ceaușescu, as President. Despite this outcome, although reduced in amplitude, the Golaniad protests continued in Bucharest's University Square, and gave ongoing support to the Proclamation.
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A Roman child. In the Peristyle (1874), John William Waterhouse, 1849–1917 The praenomen was a true personal name, chosen by a child's parents, and bestowed on the dies lustricius, or "day of lustration", a ritual purification performed on the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. Normally all of the children in a family would have different praenomina. Although there was no law restricting the use of specific praenomina, the choice of the parents was usually governed by custom and family tradition.
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The rules of gender and family hierarchy, ownership, inheritance, etc., were governed by that cult. Over time, need has led men to regularize and make more consistent their relations with one another, and the rules that govern the family were transferred to increasingly larger units, arriving eventually at the city. Therefore, the origin of the city is also religious, as is witnessed by the practice of lustration, a periodic purification ceremony in connection with the census of all citizens, and by the public banquets in honor of local gods.
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Katardžiev was born in 1926 in Ploski, Bulgaria, in the region also known as Pirin Macedonia. In the 1950s he was head of the University Library of Skopje, the Diaspora Office and served as secretary of the Institute for National History of Macedonia. In recent years Katardžiev criticized the then Macedonian ruling party, the VMRO – DPMNE, for rehabilitating several Ottoman-era revolutionaries, who had previously been blacklisted during Yugoslav rule for being Bulgarophiles. In October 2014 the Lustration Commission of Macedonia named Katardžiev as an informer of the Communist Yugoslavia's UDBA during the 1950s.
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A lustration was performed in the Campus Martius following the census. Although lustral ceremonies are not recorded as occurring before the chariot races of the Equirria or the October Horse, it is plausible that they were, and that they were seen as a test or assurance of the lustration's efficacy.Vincent J. Rosivach, "Mars, the Lustral God," Latomus 42.3 (1983), pp. 511 and 514, citing Wissowa on the likely lustral character of the races; Katja Moede, "Reliefs, Public and Private," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 170.
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In the first reading (, aliyah), God told Moses and Aaron to instruct the Israelites regarding the ritual law of the Red Cow (, parah adumah) used to create the water of lustration. The cow was to be without blemish, have no defect, and not have borne a yoke. Eleazar the priest was to take it outside the camp, observe its slaughter, and take some of its blood with his finger and sprinkle it seven times toward the Tabernacle. The cow was to be burned in its entirety along with cedar wood, hyssop, and crimson wool.
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Cardea had also magic powers for protecting doorways (by touching thresholds and posts with wet hawthorn twigs) and newborn children by the aggression of the striges (in the myth the young Proca).Ovid Fasti VI 131–183. M. Renard sees the association of Janus with Crane as reminiscent of widespread rites of lustration and fertility performed through ritual walking under low crags or holes in the soil or natural hollows in trees, which in turn are reflected in the lustrative rite of the Tigillum Sororium. MacrobiusSaturnalia I 7, 19ff.
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On 24 June 2010 Ukraine's Foreign Minister Kostyantyn Hryshchenko signed an agreement on free trade with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).Ukraine signs agreement on free trade zone with EFTA, Kyiv Post (24 June 2010) According to specialists, a double taxation avoidance treaty with Cyprus (signed in 1982 by the Soviet Union) has cost Ukraine billions of US dollars of tax revenues.High Price Of Havens, Kyiv Post (29 July 2010)The Money Carousel, Kyiv Post (9 December 2011) The recent Lustration in Ukraine has been criticized as it might have adverse economic effects.
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The current intelligence agency of the Czech Republic is the Security Information Service. Former employees and associates (informers) of the StB are currently banned from taking certain jobs, such as legislators or police officers. The Act on Lawlessness of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It states that the StB, as an organisation based on the ideology of the Communist Party, "aimed to suppress human rights and democracy through its activities" and thus based on a criminal ideology.Petr Blažek, "Transitions to Democracy and the 'Lustration' Screening Process", p.
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He also said that new elections "are the best and the most efficient form of lustration of not only the parliament but also the political forces". Poroshenko announced on 25 August that he had called for elections to the Rada to take place on 26 October 2014."Ukraine crisis: President calls snap vote amid fighting", BBC News (25 August 2014) In his accompanying television address, he portrayed the elections as necessary to "purify the Rada of the mainstay of [former president] Viktor Yanukovych". These deputies, Poroshenko said, "clearly do not represent the people who elected them".
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Despite the 2000 ruling of a special lustration court affirming his innocence, for many years there have been allegations that Wałęsa was an informant of Służba Bezpieczeństwa, the communist security services, in his twenties. While vehemently denying being a regular SB informer, Wałęsa admitted to “signing something under interrogation in the 1970s”. In 2017, a handwriting study ordered by the government-controlled Institute of National Remembrance (INR), stated that signatures on several documents from the 1970s belonged to Wałęsa. The exact nature of Wałęsa's relationship with SB to this day remains a contentious question among historians.
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In ancient Rome the dies lustricus ("day of lustration" or "purification day") was a traditional naming ceremony in which an infant was purified and given a praenomen (given name). This occurred on the eighth day for girls and the ninth day for boys, a difference Plutarch explains by noting that "it is a fact that the female grows up, and attains maturity and perfection before the male."Plutarch, Roman Questions 102. Until the umbilical cord fell off, typically on the seventh day, the baby was regarded as "more like a plant than an animal," as Plutarch expresses it.
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Tadeusz Bohdan Isakowicz-Zaleski () is a Polish Roman Catholic and Armenian Catholic priest, author and activist. Born in 1956, in Kraków, Isakowicz- Zaleski was an activist of the anticommunist student opposition in Kraków in the late 1970s, became a Solidarity chaplain in Kraków's Nowa Huta district in the 1980s, and later an avid supporter of the lustration of the Polish Church. On 3 May 2006, he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, one of Poland's highest orders. Subsequently in 2007, he was awarded the Order of the Smile and Polish Ombudsmans Order of Paweł Włodkowic.
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Mars, however, was associated with horses at his Equirria festivals and the equestrian "Troy Game", which was one of the events Augustus staged for the dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor in 2 BC.Kathleen M. Coleman, "Euergetism in Its Place: Where Was the Amphitheatre in Augustan Rome?" in Bread and Circuses: Euergetism and Municipal Patronage in Roman Italy (Routledge, 2003), p. 76. Horse sacrifice was regularly offered by peoples the Romans classified as "barbarians," such as Scythians,Pascal, "October Horse," pp. 284. but also at times by Greeks. In Macedonia, "horses in armor" were sacrificed as a lustration for the army.
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Vlad Stoicescu, "Anticomunismul, faza pe lustraţie. De ce e posibil să fie România incurabilă" ("Anti-communism, the Lustration Phase. Why Romania Might Be Incurable"), Evenimentul Zilei, 24 June 2010; accessed August 28, 2010 In 2010, the National Integrity Agency recommended that prosecutors file charges against Nicolăescu for allegedly saving PNL funds in his personal bank accounts. Silvana Pătrăşcanu, "Eugen Nicolăescu, acuzat de ANI că a rulat banii partidului" ("Eugen Nicolăescu, Accused by ANI of Handling Party Money"), Evenimentul Zilei, 26 January 2010; accessed August 28, 2010 In 2012, he became head of the PNL's Bucharest chapter, replacing Andrei Chiliman.
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Josephus told that after having completed her fortieth year in the wilderness, Miriam died (as reported in ). The Israelites staged an expensive public funeral for her, and buried her on a mountain called Sin. After they had mourned for her 30 days, Moses purified the people by preparing the first mixture of the water of lustration prepared with the Red Cow described in Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 4:4:6 (circa 93–94), in, e.g., The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition, translated by William Whiston (Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987), pages 107–08.
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At the Split cemetery on April 10, 2006, he celebrated the establishment of NDH saying that it is a "day that every normal Croat respects and celebrates, as a day comparable to their child's birthday" Party policy would introduce lustration to the Croatian system, and would also cease cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The party opposes the EU and NATO membership. Internal policies would include banning abortion and not allowing same-sex marriages. Amnesty given to Serbs who participated in the rebellion, as well as the return of Serbs, would be cancelled.
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Marija Gimbutas traces veneration of the owl as a goddess, among other birds, to the culture of Old Europe, long pre-dating Indo-European cultures.Gimbutas, Marija (2001) The living goddesses, University of California Press, p. 158. . T. F. Thiselton-Dyer, in his 1883 Folk-lore of Shakespeare, says that "from the earliest period it has been considered a bird of ill-omen," and Pliny tells us how, on one occasion, even Rome itself underwent a lustration, because one of them strayed into the Capitol. He represents it also as a funereal bird, a monster of the night, the very abomination of human kind.
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However, another iconography associated with the prince Sidhartha is the Buddha at birth. Since this source also lists items for a lustration ceremony some scholars believe that the image was of the infant Buddha. Although Buddhism was introduced into Yamato Japan at a relatively early period, it was not until the 7th century that the pro-Buddhist Soga clan succeeded in eliminating its rivals to allow Buddhism enjoy the support of the central polity. A passage in the Nihon Shoki states that in 577 King Wideok of Baekje sent to the Yamato polity another Buddhist image, a temple architect, and a maker of images.
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Servius, note to Eclogue 3.77; Harmon, "Religion in the Latin Elegists," p. 1948. Amburbium does not appear on any of the ancient calendars, and is thus assumed if annual to be one of the feriae conceptivae, a moveable feast. Macrobius, an antiquarian writer of late antiquity, says that the semi-legendary second king of Rome Numa added Ianuarius and Februarius to the end of the ten-month calendar of Romulus, and instituted a lustration of the city in February, with the sacrifices to be offered to the Di Manes. The Amburbium is not named as such in the passage, but H.H. Scullard thought it might be meant.
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The water of lustration or water of purification was the water created with the ashes of the red heifer, according to the instructions given by God to Moses and Aaron in the Book of Numbers.Numbers 19:9 The Hebrew Bible taught that any Israelite who touched a corpse, a Tumat HaMet (literally, "impurity of the dead"), was ritually unclean. The water was to be sprinkled on a person who had touched a corpse, on the third and seventh days after doing so, in order to make the person ritually clean again.Numbers 19:11-13 A tent in which someone had died was similarly considered to be unclean.
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According to Yeremeyev not wanting a ministerial post had been one of the conditions that needed to be met to join the faction when it was established. On its first day the faction with 250 other MPs sign up to join the coalition supporting the Yatsenyuk Government with the Batkivshchyna, UDAR, Svoboda factions and the Economic Development faction and other MPs.250 MPs sign up to join coalition - Turchynov, Interfax- Ukraine (27 February 2014) The main policy aim of the faction were European integration and lustration, which is the purge of government officials associated with the past Communist system. In Rada "Sovereign European Ukraine" created, Korrespondent.
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The idea of a motorized socio-political protest force was widely accepted and reproduced in numerous regional organizations in Ukraine as well as abroad. Especially in Kyiv, the movement has become a spring board for many public initiatives, individual personalities and organizations. An AutoMaidan procession in Odessa on 25 January 2014 Several AutoMaidan members have been expelled from the organisation due to "their involvement in paid-for (rallies) activities in the past".Tires on fire at Poroshenko's office: Protesters demand real lustration, UNIAN (8 April 2016) The organisations has complained that there have been rallies that were claimed to be AutoMaidan rallies but were not supported by AutoMaidan.
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Venus being seduced by Mars, fresco from Pompeii, 1st century CE "Father Mars" or "Mars the Father" is the form in which the god is invoked in the agricultural prayer of Cato,The Indo-European character of this prayer is discussed by Calvert Watkins, "Some Indo-European Prayers: Cato's Lustration of the Fields," in How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo- European Poetics (Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 197–213. and he appears with this title in several other literary texts and inscriptions.Celia E. Schultz, "Juno Sospita and Roman Insecurity in the Social War," in Religion in Republican Italy (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 217, especially note 38.
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In 2009 Kizin became a co-founder of the Public Organization "Lustration". Since 2009 he is a member of the All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda", Deputy Head of the Legal Department. During this period on a cost-free basis he has hold dozens of high-profile trials in defense of political prisoners, opposition journalists and civic activists. Among them – Olena Bilozerska ,Bilozerska Olena Leonidivna Mykola Kokhanivskiy, Vitaliy Zaporozhets ,Sydor Kizin: "Beating journalists shows fear and weakness of the current power" Andriy Korenivskiy,Sydor Kizin insists on liberation of the fan club "Dinamo" leader Andriy Korenivskiy Olena Halahuza, Roman Orynovskiy Sydor Kizin defended the rights of the teacher from Chervonoarmiisk and many others.
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These two tablets repeat the content of tablet I while expanding it to include and expound the minutest details of the rituals. VI Side a Lustration of the arx Introductory auspices: as in I the sacrifice is to be preceded by the taking of the auspices. Formulae passed between the augur and the arfertur (legum dictio); warning against noises, interruptions, meddling; boundaries of the augural templum; formulae of announcement of the auspices (conspectio, nuntiatio); prescriptions applying to the ensuing sacrifice concerning the military rod (pirsca arsmatia), the disposition of the pots and the fire. 1\. Sacrifice of three oxen to Iove Grabovios before the Trebulan gate.
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However, several attempts to create a regional truth commission in the former Yugoslavia (REKOM) have failed due to political obstacles. Recent years have also seen proposals for truth and reconciliation commissions in conflict zones of the Middle East and it is likely that these transitional justice institutions will someday figure prominently in Israel and Palestine, Iraq, Lebanon, and the Kurdish regions. Another major institutional innovation is the appearance of the variety of lustration programs in Central and Eastern Europe since the 1990s. While most countries pursued programs based on dismissals of compromised personnel and comprehensive screening tools, other countries implemented more inclusive methods allowing discredited personnel a second chance.
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The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the toga virilis upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the tria nomina commonly used in Roman naming conventions, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends.
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The Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (; IPN) is a Polish government institution in charge of prosecution, archives, education, and, since 2007, lustration, in relation to crimes against the Polish nation. The IPN investigates Nazi and communist crimes committed between 1917 and 1990, documents its findings, and disseminates them to the public. The institute was established by the Polish Parliament on 18 December 1998 and incorporated the earlier, 1991-established Main Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (which had replaced a 1945-established body on Nazi crimes). It began its activities on 1 July 2000.
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In the early hours after midnight on 5 June, in an event known as the nocna zmiana ("the nightshift"), the Sejm convened for a vote of no confidence. Despite Olszewski's public appeals both on television and within the debating chamber, parliament's majority opinion became readily apparent of supporting his dismissal. Aside from the opposition post-communist Democratic Left Alliance, members of the Mazowiecki-oriented Democratic Union, the Liberal Democrats, and other centrist and liberal parties remained unfazed with their loss of confidence with the prime minister. The opposition was joined from the right by the Confederation for an Independent Poland, whose members derided the Olszewski government's attempt at radical lustration just before a vote of confidence as outright blackmail.
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Although Latin lustratio is usually translated as "purification", lustral ceremonies should perhaps be regarded as realignments and restorations of good order: "lustration is another word for maintaining, creating or restoring boundary lines between the centric order and the ex-centric disorder".Versnel, Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion, pp. 311–312, 321; Jörg Rüpke, Domi Militiae: Die Religiöse Konstruktion des Krieges in Rom (Franz Steiner, 1990), pp. 144–146. The Rosaliae of the standards in May were contingent on supplicationes, a broad category of propitiatory ritual that realigned the community, in this case the army, with the pax deorum, the "treaty" or peace of the gods, by means of a procession, public prayers, and offerings.
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According to the lustration from 1660, a non-castle district of Jeziorowickie, separated from the Żarnowiec eldership, along with the farm and adjacent lands in the Krakow Province, Lelów Poviat, was established here. In 1771, Jeziorowice was owned by Antoni Sikorski, a swordfish from Chęciny. In the years 1773–1775 at the Warsaw Seym of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sikorski was granted the possession of the Jeziorowice eldership for 40 years, for carrying out drainage for PLN 40,000, provided that he did not give up this property earlier than the Treasury of Poland would pay him that sum. In the nineteenth century, Jeziorowice and the farm belonging to the Małoszyce estate were incorporated into the majorate of Żarnowiec.
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The Amburbium ("City Circuit", from ambire, "to go around" + urb-, "city"; plural amburbia) was an ancient Roman festival for purifying the city; that is, a lustration (lustratio urbis). It took the form of a procession, perhaps along the old Servian Wall, though the length of 10 kilometers would seem impractical to circumambulate. If it was a distinct festival held annually, the most likely month is February, but no date is recorded and the ritual may have been performed as a "crisis rite" when needed.Jörg Rüpke, "Public and Publicity: Long-Term Changes in Religious Festivals during the Roman Republic," in Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 308–309.
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Tolmen stones, said to derive from the Cornish tol (hole) maen (stone), were thought to have been used by Druids for purification and that the wrongdoer was lowered through into the water for 'lustration', a purification rite or cleansing ritual.Druids and bullauns. Until recently the role of perforated stones may have been twofold; use in fertility or healing rites and as traditional settings for the pledging of vows between couples. The hole in the stone might also represent the female birth canal in the Druid or 'pagan' mind and by passing through it a person was symbolising the act of rebirth and therefore regaining innocence or being cleansed of post-parturition illness, etc.
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Most of the time the agency evaded public attention, although it was dragged into political fighting over appointments of its chiefs, lustration and some perceived failures with organized crime cases. In 2002 the new, post-communist left-wing government reorganized the special services by dividing them into two agencies; the Internal Security Agency (Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego) and Intelligence Agency (Agencja Wywiadu). The move was widely perceived as a way of cleansing the higher ranks of the officers appointed by previous right-wing governments. The military intelligence continued to function under a slightly altered name (Wojskowe Służby Informacyjne- Military Information Services) and without much organizational change; at least none that was visible to the general public.
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Rav Hanin said in the name of Rav that if the cedar wood and the red thread were merely caught by the flame, they were used validly. They objected to Rav Hanin based on a Baraita which taught that if the thread caught fire in midair, they brought another thread to prepare the water of lustration. Abaye reconciled the two opinions by interpreting the Baraita to speak of a flame that blazed high above the cow, and interpreting Rav Hanin to speak of a subdued flame that consumed the thread near the burning cow. Rava explained the dispute among Tannaim about the weight of the red thread in connection with the Red Cow.
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He also sought to disfranchise former communists and BZNS members trough a process of "criminal lustration", as well as those with lower education qualifications by one of his proposals to ban people that have not attained a certain level of academic education from voting in elections or referendums. The party failed to register according to Bulgarian election law and declared that it was not ready to take part in the 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria. Meanwhile, both it and its former coalition partners all failed to obtain any seats in the country's parliamentary elections. The party again failed to register for the 2019 Bulgarian local elections and as such did not appear on the ballot at all.
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However, in 1789 the Białystok local government addressed Izabela Branicka with a proposal to join the villages of Kleindorf and Nowolipie, in exchange for which he declared to participate in the market paving process. The proposal was rejected as a result of two years later, a lustration of the city of Bialystok carried out by the city judge of Brahman Władysław Markowski. He noted that Bojary, Nowe Miasto, Nowolipie and the palace are excluded from the city area, which entails changes in the level of tax (mainly leather tax). It was by no means a small area - in the light of a very detailed census prepared in 1793, there were 87 farms built in the right bank of Białystok.
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In the Soviet Union, only Russian SFSR lacked even the paltry instruments of statehood that the other republics possessed, such as its own republic-level Communist Party branch, trade union councils, Academy of Sciences, and the like. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was banned in Russia in 1991–1992, although no lustration has ever taken place, and many of its members became top Russian officials. However, as the Soviet government was still opposed to market reforms, the economic situation continued to deteriorate. By December 1991, the shortages had resulted in the introduction of food rationing in Moscow and Saint Petersburg for the first time since World War II. Russia received humanitarian food aid from abroad.
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Despite being from opposite parties (Kwaśniewski's center-left Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland and Buzek's center-right Solidarity Electoral Action), the relationship between both offices was smooth, partly due to Kwaśniewski's non-confrontational personality. Kwaśniewski sparingly used his veto powers in legislation the president did not agree with, choosing to let the government's concordat with the Holy See, a new lustration act and new electoral statutes to proceed without hindrance, though Kwaśniewski vetoed Buzek's privatization plan. Kwaśniewski's relationships with the like-minded social democratic premierships of Leszek Miller and Marek Belka were virtually free of conflict. Relations between the two executive organs, however, returned to animosity under the presidency of Lech Kaczyński and Prime Minister Donald Tusk.
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The second director was Janusz Kurtyka, elected on 9 December 2005 with a term that started 29 December 2005 until his death in the Smolensk airplane crash on 10 April 2010. The elections were controversial, as during the elections a leak against Andrzej Przewoźnik accusing him of collaboration with Służba Bezpieczeństwa caused him to withdraw his candidacy.. Przewoźnik was cleared of the accusations only after he had lost the election. Olejniczak: Kurtyka powinien zrezygnować, Polish Press Agency, 13 December 2005, last accessed on 28 April 2007 In 2006, the IPN opened a "Lustration Bureau" that increased the director's power. The bureau was assigned the task of examining the past of all candidates to public office.
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Gorska, p. 59 Two days later on 28 May, with half of parliament's members absent, Sejm member Janusz Korwin-Mikke of the small conservative- libertarian Real Politics Union successfully pressed for and passed a motion requiring the Ministry of Interior to identify all of the republic's leading politicians who collaborated previously in the communist secret services. Despite the resolution, opposition parties, including the Democratic Union, the Liberal Democratic Congress and the Polish Economic Program (a split faction of the Polish Beer-Lovers' Party), moved to file a vote of no confidence. Responding to the lustration resolution six days later on 4 June, Interior Minister Antoni Macierewicz released to all parliamentary faction heads a secret list of 64 names of communist-era collaborators drawn from his ministry's archives.
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Poroshenko Bloc, Batkivschyna, Nash Kray get largest number of seats in local councils – Ukrainian Voters Committee, Interfax- Ukraine (12 November 2015) It gained most (of all) votes South and East Ukraine (except of Kharkiv Oblast).Why a 'Star Wars' Emperor Won Office in Ukraine, Bloomberg News (26 October 2015) Exit Polls Show Ukraine Divided For, Against Poroshenko Rule, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (27 October 2015) After Ukraine’s Local Elections: Early Misinterpretations, Carnegie Europe (27 October 2015) Poroshenko hobbles on, Politico Europe (26 October 2015) Week’s milestones. Elections to be continued, blackmail in Minsk, and emotional lustration, UNIAN (27 October 2015) In May 2016 Rabinovich left the party and its parliamentary faction after a request from his party Center All- Ukrainian Union.
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The show had to deal with censorship; for example, the censors forbade to mention a church marriage in the 1970s. The show was also stopped for half a year during martial law in Poland in 1981. For the most part, however, the series is concerned with everyday life's issues: living on small worker's wages and pension, children's education, local events in Warsaw, and so on; but the big topics return every now and then, such as discussion on the lustration. The series tries do distance itself from a soap opera image by concentrating on such issues, with little 'big events' or romance; only once during the entire 50+ history of the series one of the main characters was considering an extra-marital affair.
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Mélanges d'histoire romaine, de droit, d'épigraphie et d'histoire du christianisme (Publications de l'École française de Rome, 1980), p. 273. Corybantes accompanying Cybele and Attis (detail from the Parabiago plate; embossed silver, ca. 200–400 AD, found in a tomb near Milan, now at the Archaeological Museum of Milan) The Tubilustrium was itself a purification ritual. Attested on calendars for both March 23 and May 23, it was perhaps originally monthly. The lustration (lustrum) was performed regarding the annunciatory trumpets (tubi or tubae, a long straight trumpet, and cornua, which curved around the body) that were used to punctuate sacral games and ceremonies, funerals,Jörg Rüpke, The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti, translated by David M.B. Richardson (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, originally published in German 1995), pp.
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PiS meeting on National Independence Day PiS has presented a project for constitutional reform including, among others: allowing the president the right to pass laws by decree (when prompted to do so by the Cabinet), a reduction of the number of members of the Sejm and Senat, and removal of constitutional bodies overseeing the media and monetary policy. PiS advocates increased criminal penalties. It postulates aggressive anti-corruption measures (including creation of an Anti-Corruption Bureau (CBA), open disclosure of the assets of politicians and important public servants), as well as broad and various measures to smooth the working of public institutions. PiS is a strong supporter of lustration (lustracja), a verification system created ostensibly to combat the influence of the Communist era security apparatus in Polish society.
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Religious specialists were called in, among them an Etruscan prophet (vates) named Arruns who orders up a sequence of ritual procedures, beginning with the destruction of all "freaks of nature"As translated by Susan H. Braund, Lucan: Civil War (Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 18. (monstra). The "unspeakable fetuses of a sterile womb" (sterilique nefandos / ex utero fetus) are to be burnt using the wood of "unlucky" trees (religiously infelix). Arruns then sets in motion an amburbium, described in densely religious terms: > He bids the city to be circumambulated (urbem ambiri) by the fearful > citizens, and the pontiffs to encircle the length of the sacred boundary > (pomerium) along the outer perimeter (fines) while purifying the city walls > by means of festal lustration (festo … lustro). A throng of lesser rank > follow, wearing the Gabinian cincture.
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Badly preserved coins of the era led some to believe this was a sacred cypress grove, but better specimens show that the coins displayed a single stalk of grain instead. The rectangular Great Court to its west covers around and included the main altar for burnt offering, with mosaic-floored lustration basins to its north and south, a subterranean chamber, and three underground passageways wide by high, two of which run east and west and the third connecting them north and south, all bearing inscriptions suggesting their occupation by Roman soldiers. These were surrounded by Corinthian porticoes, one of which was never completed. The columns' bases and capitals were of limestone; the shafts were monoliths of highly polished red Egyptian granite high. Six remain standing, out of an original 128.
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According to the ICTJ, the term "transitional justice" was coined by various American academics in the 1990s to "describe the different ways that countries had approached the problems of new regimes coming to power faced with massive violations by their predecessors." The ICTJ says that transitional justice "refers to the ways countries emerging from periods of conflict and repression address large-scale or systematic human rights violations so numerous and so serious that the normal justice system will not be able to provide an adequate response.""What is Transitional Justice?", International Center for Transitional Justice Measures used include criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, reparations and restitution programs, exhumation of mass graves, apologies, amnesty, memorials, film, literature, scientific research, rewriting school textbooks, lustration and vetting, and various kinds of institutional reforms to redress human rights abuses.
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During her legislative career, Muscă initiated bills on a number of subjects: setting up ROMPRES, legal holidays, prevention of cruelty to animals, protection for victims of domestic violence, national security, conflict of interest in public functions and free access to public information. It was this last proposal, made in 2001, that gave her public visibility, allowing her to cast herself as a link between politicians and civil society. She also helped initiate a lustration law, inspired by the Proclamation of Timișoara and meant to exclude from public office those "who were part of the power structures and repressive apparatus of the Communist regime". "Legea lustraţiei" , 22, 13 July 2005; accessed August 20, 2010 In 2004, she was the only politician to file a penal complaint against Prime Minister Adrian Năstase in the "Zambaccian" corruption case.
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On 20 December 2006, journalists found documents from the dictatorship's archives according to which Archbishop Wielgus collaborated—or at least conversed—with the secret police during communist rule in Poland. This development was considered to be particularly significant in the context of post-communist Polish politics, because public figures, particularly politicians, can be officially censured and barred from holding public office if found to have collaborated with the Security Services (Polish: Służba Bezpieczeństwa) of the People's Republic of Poland (Polish: PRL, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa). The process of review of the Security Service's files, known in Poland as lustration (Pol: Lustracja) has been the source of many political scandals in recent years. The Polish human rights ombudsman, Janusz Kochanowski, said on 4 January 2007 that there was evidence in the secret police archives that Archbishop Wielgus knowingly cooperated with the dictatorship.
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59 Late on the night of 4 June, on the eve of his vote of confidence, Olszewski made an unplanned televised address on public broadcasters TVP1 and 2, defending his administration's lustration list and appealing for the public to rally behind the government: > My government was the first to want to reveal old, secret relationships of > individuals who recently volunteered to enter into the state's new > administration. I believe that the Polish people should know those who > govern them, including those who helped the UB and SB to keep Poles > enslaved. I believe the collaborators of the former communist political > police constitute a threat to the security of the free Polish people. The > people should know that not coincidentally, just at the moment when we can > finally break away from communist ties, there is a sudden move for the > government's dismissal.
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In the myth of Janus and Carna (see section below) Carna had the habit when pursued by a young man of asking him out of shyness for a hidden recess and thereupon fleeing: but two headed Janus saw her hiding in a crag under some rocks. Thence the analogy with the rite of the Tigillum Sororium would be apparent: both in the myth and in the rite Janus, the god of motion, goes through a low passage to attain Carna as Horatius passes under the tigillum to obtain his purification and the restitution to the condition of citizen eligible for civil activities, including family life. The purification is then the prerequisite for fertility. The custom of attaining lustration and fertility by passing under a gap in rocks, a hole in the soil or a hollow in a tree is widespread.
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In the third reading (, aliyah), Moses became angry with the army's commanders for sparing the women, as they were the ones who, at Balaam's bidding, had induced the Israelites to trespass against God in the sin of Peor. Moses then told the Israelites to kill every boy and every woman who had had sexual relations, but to spare the virgin girls. Moses directed the troops to stay outside the camp for 7 days after that, directed every one of them who had touched a corpse to cleanse himself on the third and seventh days, and directed them to cleanse everything made of cloth, hide, or wood. Eleazar told the troops to take any article that could withstand fire — gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead — and pass them through fire to clean them, and to cleanse everything with the water of lustration.
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Cristian Pătrăşconiu, "Criza politică îi împacă pe Tismăneanu şi pe Gallagher", in Cotidianul, May 11, 2007 Among the consequences of the scandal, Urian states, is Vladimir Tismăneanu's "descent into the arena", leading some to perceive him as "a component of the never-ending political scandal and a predilect target for the president's adversaries." Urian also notes that, before the crisis, Romanian politicians from all camps, with the exception of Corneliu Vadim Tudor's supporters, viewed Tismăneanu with an equal "distant respect", before some grew worried that the Commission was first step toward lustration. The conflict was further highlighted during early 2007 by Băsescu's preliminary impeachment by Parliament, a measure supported by the National Liberal Party of Premier Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, the PSD, the Conservative Party, the Greater Romania Party, and the Democratic Union of Hungarians, and ultimately resolved in Băsescu's benefit by an impeachment referendum.
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UOP Instruction nr 0015/92 was an internal instruction of Urząd Ochrony Państwa issued on October 1992, which allowed the illegal surveillance and, allegedly, the fomenting of the dissolution of those Polish political parties that were in opposition to the Cabinet of the then Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka or to President Lech Wałęsa. After the downfall of Jan Olszewski's Government on June 1992, and following the revelation of a list of secret collaborators with the former Communist Służba Bezpieczeństwa by the Minister of Internal Affairs Antoni Macierewicz, it was alleged that UOP began the prosecution and dissolution of Polish conservative and independent rightist parties, that were demanding lustration in Poland. In 1993, Jarosław Kaczyński described UOP 0015/92 and its implications for domestic surveillance at a press conference. The UOP was formed as a special operational task force, and included former Communist SB officers.
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Russia of the Future (), originally the Progress Party (; Partiya Progressa) and formerly known as the People's Alliance (; Narodnyiy Alyans), is a political party in Russia founded on 15 December 2012 by member of the Russian opposition Leonid Volkov and later refounded on 19 May 2018 by Russian government critic and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny, who is also an opposition activist and founder of Russian non-profit organisation the Anti- Corruption Foundation. The party is yet to be formally registered by Russia's Ministry of Justice. Russia of the Future is opposed to Russian President Vladimir Putin and ruling party United Russia. The party's platform stood for the decentralization of power in Russia, cutting the number of government officials, lustration for those responsible for political repressions and reducing the president's powers, possibly switching to a parliamentary republic under the rule of law and ensuring the independence of the judiciary.
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On 12 August 2000, Wałęsa, who was running a presidential campaign at the time, was cleared by the special Lustration Court of charges that he collaborated with the Communist-era secret services and reported on the activities of his fellow shipyard workers, due to the lack of evidence. Anti-communists Piotr Naimski, one of the first members of the Workers' Defense Committee that led to the Solidarity trade union, and Antoni Macierewicz, Wałęsa's former Interior Minister, testified against him in the closed vetting trial. Naimski, who said he testified with a "heavy heart", expressed his disappointment that Wałęsa "made a mistake by not going openly to the public, and he has missed an important chance". According to Naimski, the court cleared Wałęsa on "technical grounds" because it did not find certain original documents—many of which had been destroyed since 1989—offered sufficient proof that Wałęsa was lying.
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On 20 December 2006, journalists found documents from the communist archives according to which Archbishop Wielgus collaborated—or at least conversed—with the communist Secret Police during communist rule in Poland. This development was considered to be particularly significant in the context of post-communist Polish politics because public figures, particularly politicians, can be officially censured and barred from holding public office if found to have collaborated with the Security Services (Polish: Służba Bezpieczeństwa) of the People's Republic of Poland (Polish: PRL, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa). The process of review of the Security Service's files, known in Poland as Lustration (Pol: Lustracja) has been the source of many political scandals in recent years. The Polish human rights ombudsman, Janusz Kochanowski, said on January 4, 2007, that there was evidence in the secret police archives that Archbishop Wielgus knowingly cooperated with the authorities of the Communist era.
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Writer Jerzy Urban noted that, if available, signatures of alleged collaborators on unrelated documents were xeroxed and pasted into fałszywkas before their reprinting. The presence of fałszywkas in the secret police archives makes the process of lustration extremely sensitive in Poland, leading to a number of highly publicized cases for slander or libel. Many prominent politicians, such as the Minister Władysław Bartoszewski (a former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner), and Professor Jerzy Kłoczowski (a member of the UNESCO Executive Board), have been among their targets. Kłoczowski was defended against a libelous SB fałszywka by a 2004 letter published in the newspaper Rzeczpospolita, signed by many Polish intellectuals, including Professor Jerzy Buzek, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, Professor Władysław Bartoszewski, Professor Andrzej Zoll, Józef Życiński, Andrzej Wajda, Professor Barbara Skarga, Professor Jan Miodek, Professor Jerzy Zdrada, Aleksander Hall, Władysław Frasyniuk, Professor Adam Galos, and Krystyna Zachwatowicz.
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In July 2006, following a rift with his party leader, Jarosław Kaczyński, Marcinkiewicz tendered his resignation as Prime Minister and was replaced by Jarosław Kaczyński. The following 15 months were erratic and not without controversy, as the government pursued lustration policies, established a Central Anticorruption Bureau with far-reaching powers and was embroiled in a case relating to the suicide of an MP who was under investigation for corruption. The new government also modified Polish foreign relations relating to the EU by adopting a more eurosceptical stance, where Polish governments had in the past adopted a very pro-EU position. The uneasy alliance between the three coalition partners came to a head in July 2007 when Samoobrona leader, Andrzej Lepper, was dismissed from his position as Minister for Agriculture following a secret investigation by the Central Anticorruption Bureau (CBA) which attempted to link him and his department to corruptive practices.
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Moses Striking Water from the Rock (painting circa 1633–1635 by Nicolas Poussin) Chukat, Hukath, or Chukkas ( — Hebrew for "decree," the ninth word, and the first distinctive word, in the parashah) is the 39th weekly Torah portion (, parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the sixth in the Book of Numbers. The parashah sets out the laws of corpse contamination (tumat hamet) and purification with the water of lustration prepared with the Red Cow (, parah adumah, also called the “Red Heifer”). It also reports the deaths of Miriam and Aaron, the failure of Moses at the Waters of Meribah, and the conquest of Arad, the Amorites, and Bashan. The parashah constitutes . The parashah is the shortest weekly Torah portion in the Book of Numbers (although not the shortest in the Torah), and is made up of 4,670 Hebrew letters, 1,245 Hebrew words, 87 verses, and 159 lines in a Torah Scroll (, Sefer Torah).
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At Avebury and West Kennet Avenue in Wiltshire, the tall pillar and "broad diamond shape" stones were used alternately in the stone circles, possibly symbolising males and females at this famous pagan ritual site. Stoney Littleton Long Barrow near Bath has been likened to a "womb-tomb" of the Great Goddess who awaited the return of the sun. Tolmen stones, such as the example on the North Teign river on Dartmoor, England, are said to derive their name from the Cornish tol ("hole") and maen ("stone") and were thought to have been used by Druids for purification and that the wrongdoer was lowered through into the water for lustration, a purification rite or cleansing ritual. The hole in the stone represented the female birth canal in the Druid or pagan mind, and by passing through it, a person was symbolising the act of rebirth and therefore regaining innocence or being cleansed of post-parturition illness, etc.
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The tablets record different sets of rites held on different festive occasions: the main and recorded in greatest detail one is the annual lustration of the citadel (ocre, Latin arx) of Iguvium (Tablets I, VI and VII). This rite includes sacrifices to the Grabovian (major) triad and the minor one near the gates of the town, sacrifices to Marte Hodie and Hondos Çerfios at the two sacred groves of Iove and Coredios (interpreted as Quiritius or Curiatius) respectively, the lustral review of the people of Iguvium in arms, i. e. the city militia, the execration and ritual expulsion (exterminatio) of the traditional enemies of Iguvium and final sacrifices to Çerfios Marti(os), the Praestita Çerfia and the two Tursae, Çerfia and Iovia, at various locations without and within the pomerium. Tablets VI and VII relate the ritual actions such as circumambulations, libations, kneelings and dance in minute detail recording all the prayers and the other augural formulae.
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On 5 November 2012, at the session of the HSP BiH of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, Budimir said that the HSP BiH will not leave the government until HSP BiH's goals are accomplished, namely a law on lustration and implementing inability to outvote Croat ministers in the government. On 10 December, the Federal Prime Minister Nikšić made a request to Budimir to dismiss eight federal ministers, including the deputy prime minister. Those ministers are members of the Party of Democratic Action, the People's Party Work for Betterment and the Croatian Party of Rights. Nikšić explained his move by claiming that certain ministers do not have support in the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and that their presence in the government is damaging its function. However, Budimir decided to listen arguments of the 8 ministers, and meanwhile the Deputy Prime Minister Jerko Ivanković-Lijanović that was supposed to be removed from the office, complained to the Constitutional Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina that the Prime Minister Nikšić illegally proposed voting in the Federal Parliament for the 2013 budget.
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States in times of transition to democracy, since the early 1980s, have been using a variety of transitional justice mechanisms as part of measures to account for the past and build a future democratic state. Mechanisms, such as trials, truth commissions, reparations, lustration, museums, and other memory sites have been employed either single-handedly or in a combined form to address past human rights violations. Diverse studies ranging from the decision-making process of a choice of strategy through to the implementation of the transitional justice policy and impacts on the transition and future stability of the society in question have been produced by scholars in recent years. One illuminating study in particular that has documented the dramatic new trend of transitional justice and democratization is by Kathryn Sikkink and Carrie Booth Walling (2006). In their research paper described as the "justice cascade", Sikkink and Walling conducting analysis of truth commissions and human rights trials occurring throughout the world from 1979 to 2004 revealed a significant increase in the judicialization of world politics both regionally and internationally.
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Gang rape causes riots in Mykolaiv, Kyiv Post (2 July 2013) They smashed windows, broke doors and set fire to the building.Anger over police in Ukraine gang rape, Stuff.co.nz (3 July 2013) In return the police used tear gas against protesters, some of whom were covered in blood. There were further demonstrations in Lviv, Donetsk, and near the Presidential Administration Building in Kyiv.Riots in Ukraine after policemen accused of gang rape, Euronews (2 July 2013) Активні львів’яни вимагали покарати міліціонерів- ґвалтівників Lviv activists demanded to punish the police, rapists, Z I K (2 July 2013) Львів’яни пікетують обласну міліцію через події у Врадіївці Lvivyans picket regional police because of events in Vradiivka, Zaxid.net (3 July 2013) За Врадіївку: Донецькі блогери вимагають люстрації в МВС і відставки Захарченка For Vradiivka: Donetsk bloggers require lustration in the Interior Ministry and the resignation of Zakharchenko, comments. ua (3 July 2013)The protest against violence by police officers in Donetsk, UNIAN (6 July 2013) On 2 July 2013 Dryzhak was detained. General Prosecutor of Ukraine Viktor Pshonka dismissed prosecutor Serhiy Mochalko "for the improper performance of his duties of supervision over legality of the investigation by law-enforcement agencies".
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