Jeroen Willems (; 15 November 1962 – 3 December 2012) was a Dutch Golden Calf and Louis d'Or winning film, TV, and stage actor and singer.
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During the French Revolution there was a coin named the "Louis d'or constitutionnel", a coin of the First French Republic. Engraved on the coin is "24 livres".
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After his death the library collected by the three Buxtorfs (I., II., and III.), and valued at 300 louis d'or, was secured for 1,000 thalers by the public library at Basel.
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Its female counterpart is the Theo d'Or. The Louis d'Or is awarded annually, along with the other VSCD stage awards, at the Gala of Dutch Theater in the Stadsschouwburg in Amsterdam.
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Louis XIII of France stopped minting the franc in 1641, replacing it with coins based on the silver écu and gold Louis d'or. The écu and louis d'or fluctuated in value, with the écu varying between three and six livres tournois until 1726 when it was fixed at six livres. The louis was initially (1640) worth ten livres, and fluctuated too, until its value was fixed at twenty-four livres in 1726. In 1667, the livre parisis was officially abolished.
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All had the king's bust on the obverse and the royal coat of arms on the reverse. For more on the 17th-18th centuries currency system, see Louis d'or, livre tournois and Italian scudo.
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Henk van Ulsen in "Invitation to the Castle" (1957) Henk van Ulsen (8 May 1927, Kampen – 28 August 2009, Bussum) was a Dutch actor. He won the Louis d'Or for best male stage actor in 1970.
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Its male counterpart is the Louis d'Or, named after Theo's brother, Louis Bouwmeester. The Theo d'Or is awarded annually, along with the other VSCD stage awards, at the Gala of Dutch Theater in the Stadsschouwburg in Amsterdam.
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He had already been obliged to sell his own carriage to finance the trip, and Gemmingen was able to improve the quality of his journey, providing three gold "Louis d'or" coins, "to repay the expense of writing out the music" of a recently composed quartet.
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Hesse-Kassel signed a treaty of alliance with Great Britain to supply fifteen regiments, four grenadier battalions, two jäger companies, and three companies of artillery.Eelking, 16 The jägers in particular were carefully recruited and well paid, well clothed, and free from manual labor.Jägers were offered a signing bonus of one Louis d'or coin, which was increased to four Louis d'or as Hesse tried to fill its companies with expert riflemen and woodsmen. These jägers proved essential in the "Indian style" warfare in America, and Great Britain signed a new treaty in December 1777 in which Hesse-Kassel agreed to increase their number from 260 to 1,066.
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He bought in 1620 and built the famous gardens and ponds there. His holdings became known as Bullion in 1621. He also possessed the lordships of Fervaques, Gallardon of Montlouet, Atilly, and Longchesne. In 1639, he bought Château d'Esclimont, and his was known as creator of Louis d'Or.
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Contrary to what one might expect, the 20-franc gold coin under Louis XVIII was not a Louis d'or but a Napoléon gold coin. Because of the new monetary law under Napoleon I , all the 20 francs gold coins from Napoleon I to the 20-franc "coq" are Napoleon gold coins.
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Jan Hendrik (John) Kraaijkamp Sr. (19 April 1925 – 17 July 2011) was a Dutch Golden Calf and Louis d'Or winning actor, comedian and singer. For years, he formed a comedy team with Rijk de Gooyer. One of The Netherlands' most popular comedians, praised for his perfect timing,De Volkskrant. 18 July 2011.
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The title role in Shakespeare's King Lear that year is considered his big breakthrough as a serious actor. He also performed in A Midsummer Night's Dream. In 1984 he won the Louis d'Or, the most prestigious award in stage acting in The Netherlands, for his lead role in Jacques de fatalist en zijn meester.
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The stage award, the Louis d'Or, which has been awarded to the best male supporting role since 1955, was named after Bouwmeester. Louis Bouwmeester was buried at the Zorgvlied cemetery in Amsterdam. His tomb was damaged by the end of the 20th century, a new monument was erected in the image of the old.
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The French government continued to ship coinage to the colonies in the 18th century, such as the gold Louis d'or.Powell, pp. 9–10. Louis d'or of Louis XIV (1709) Although in short supply, French coinage continued to circulate in the 18th century, such as the 15- and 30-deniers.Royal Canadian Mint Currency Timeline, p. 2.
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At Doncaster in September Ossian came home third behind Louis d'Or and The Lambkin in the Doncaster Cup. On 9 October he ran for the second time in the Champion Stakes and finished fourth behind Tristan, who dead-heated for first place with Lucerne. Ossian was retired from racing at the end of the year.
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Thereafter the count always called them his variations. He never tired of them, and for a long time sleepless nights meant: 'Dear Goldberg, do play me one of my variations.' Bach was perhaps never so rewarded for one of his works as for this. The count presented him with a golden goblet filled with 100 louis-d'or.
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In 1814, she sold the building to the Duke of Wellington who paid her in instalments of Louis d'or. Borghese passed the gold onto Napoleon, who had been exiled to Elba following the Treaty of Fontainebleau. His dramatic return that climaxed the next year at Waterloo was partly financed with the sale of this house to the British.
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Michel Moine holding a can that contained 400 ancient gold coins (Louis d'or). The can was unearthed in an old lady's cellar. Michel Moine (8 March 1920 in Airvault - 15 January 2005 in Buxerolles) was a French journalist and parapsychologist. He was the director of the news division of RTL from 1958 to 1967, and then of RMC from 1967 to 1982.
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In analogy with the old Louis d'or these coins were called Gold Napoleons. Economically, this sound money was a great success and Napoleon's fall did not change that. Succeeding governments maintained Napoleon's weight standard, with changes in design which traced the political history of France. In particular, this currency system was retained during the Bourbon Restoration and perpetuated until 1914.
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At some time Friedrich II. ordered that the old and new Louis d'or had to be changed (stamped) into Friedrich d'or in Aurich. The coins could be used by the Prussian East India Company in Asia where it was worth 20% more. On 21 November 1756 Ephraim offered the king a seignorage of 20% for leasing the Leipzig mint facility.
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There, Jarvie and Andrew are already ensconced. Jarvie reviews the recovered bills and declares Osbaldistone and Tresham to be cleared of debt. Rob repays Jarvie with 1000 pounds of gold louis d'or. During the night, Rob tells Frank of how he and Rashleigh robbed Morris – a lark for Rob as an accomplished cattle-thief and blackmailer, but serious business for Rashleigh as a Jacobite agent.
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Antonius Cornelis "Ton" Lutz (17 June 1919, in Delft – 3 May 2009, in Amsterdam) was a Dutch actor and artistic leader. His two younger brothers, Luc and Pieter, were also actors, as well as his nephew Joris Lutz. He was married to actress Ann Hasekamp. Twice, in 1968 and 1983, he was awarded the Louis d'Or, the Dutch prize for the best Dutch actor of the year.
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The Louis d'Or is a Dutch acting award, given annually to the actor with the most impressive leading role of the theater season. It is awarded by the Vereniging van Schouwburg- en Concertgebouwdirecties (VSCD), the main trade organisation for theaters in The Netherlands. The award itself is a golden medal, currently designed by Eric Claus. It was named after the Dutch actor Louis Bouwmeester.
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The new commendatory abbots received about half of the monastery's income, leaving less for the monks, who now had a lower status, and fewer remained. Jean d'Estrées, in office from 1677, was the first abbot of this new kind.Historical at abbayedevilleneuve.com, accessed 27 April 2020 In 1726, the Abbot of Villeneuve had an annual income of ten thousand livres, equivalent to 417 Louis d'or.
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Modelled on the Spanish doubloon and French Louis d'or, the forerunner of the Friedrich d'or was the Wilhelm d'or. It was first minted in 1741 by Frederick II. It was continued by his successors Frederick William II, Frederick William III and Frederick William IV, until 1855. From 1747 a double Friedrich d'or was minted, and a half Friedrich d'or from 1749. Its fine weight sank in 1770 from 6.05 to 6.03 grams.
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The duke (until 1776, the comte de Guines), an aristocrat Mozart came to despise, never paid the composer for this work, and Mozart instead was offered only half the expected fee for the lessons, through de Guines' housekeeper. But he refused it. (For his tutoring, Mozart was owed six Louis d'or.) Little is known of the work's early performance history, though it seems probable that father and daughter played it first.Horsley, Paul.
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In 1752, he heard that Clementina was at Dunkirk and in some financial difficulties, so he sent 50 louis d'or to help her and then dispatched Sir Henry Goring to entreat her to come to Ghent and live with him as his mistress. Goring, who described Clementina as a "bad woman", complained of being used as "no better than a pimp", and shortly after left Charles's employ.Letter of June 1752, quoted by Kybert, p.
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Blom, p. 19 There is no record of the children giving a formal concert at Versailles. In February 1764 they were given 50 louis d'or (about 550 florins) and a gold snuff-box by the royal entertainments office, presumably for entertaining the royal family privately, but no more details are available. Further concerts were given in Paris on 10 March and on 9 April, at a private theatre in the rue et Porte St Honoré.
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Throughout his life, Kraaijkamp received several acting awards, both for the stage, TV and film. In 1984, Kraaijkamp received the Louis d'Or for his role as Jacques in the play Jacques de fatalist en zijn meester. In 1986, he received the Golden Calf for Best Actor for his roles in the films The Assault and De Wisselwachter. The next year, in 1987, he was awarded with the Johan Kaartprijs for his contribution to stage comedy and entertainment.
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Louis d'or of Louis XV Charles Norbert Roettiers (August 15, 1720 – November 19, 1772) was a noted French engraver and medallist. Roettiers was born in Paris to Joseph-Charles Roettiers (April 13, 1691 – March 14, 1779), into the celebrated Roettier family of medallists, silversmiths, and goldsmiths. He served as engraver-general of the French mint (1753–1768), and graveur particulier de l'atelier monétaire de Paris until his death (1759–1772). He became a member of the Académie in 1764.
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Adrien-Louis de Bonnières, duc de Guînes, the French ambassador to the Court of St. James's, proposed him for the mission: he had recently returned from America, and was willing to undertake a secret mission for 200 louis d'or. The foreign minister Vergennes gave him detailed instructions. He was not to represent himself as an official agent of France, with the cover as an 'Antwerp merchant'. He could not make any commitments, but rather assure the Americans of French sympathy.
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The Krugerrand is the most widely held gold bullion coin, with in circulation. Other common gold bullion coins include the Australian Gold Nugget (Kangaroo), Austrian Philharmoniker (Philharmonic), Austrian 100 Corona, Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, Chinese Gold Panda, Malaysian Kijang Emas, French Napoleon or Louis d'Or, Mexican Gold 50 Peso, British Sovereign, American Gold Eagle, and American Buffalo. Coins may be purchased from a variety of dealers both large and small. Fake gold coins are common and are usually made of gold-layered alloys.
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A 1701 gold Louis d'or, overstruck using Castaing's method. An older 1690s date is visible on the reverse. A 1765 illustration of Castaing's machine in use Though production of hammered coinage ceased in France in 1645, edge lettering wasn't immediately reintroduced to that nation's milled coinage. At some point prior to 1679, Jean Castaing, a French engineer, invented a machine to apply edge lettering to coins, and in 1685, he approached the French government with a proposal to use his machine in that nation's mints.
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In 1920, Governor John Chancellor invited T.L.M. Orde, manager of the Louis D'Or Estate in Tobago, to serve on the council, but Orde declined the invitation because it would have required lengthy absences from the island. A.H. Cipriani, a Trinidad resident who owned large coconut estates in Tobago, was appointed to the position instead. Between 1920 and 1925, Tobago's interests were represented by residents of Trinidad. Black Tobagonians were willing to serve on the council, but the prospect was not acceptable to the political establishment.
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A few days later, on 31 May 1945, the same gang, still masquerading as French Army Intelligence, abducted two brothers, Jules and Roger Peugeot, electrical appliance manufacturers in Maisons-Alfort. The brothers were forced, at gunpoint, to write a letter stating that they had been in business with the Germans and in contact with the Gestapo. The gang then demanded a million francs for destroying the letter. The Peugeot brothers refused and were tortured until they revealed where they had hidden 125 Louis d'or gold coins.
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In addition, he wanted to compete with the French Louis d'or, which was used all over Germany and the Dutch currency which was used for trading in the Baltic states. Graumann announced that he would be able to achieve high coin seignorage for the state and that Berlin would become the largest exchange center in Central and Northern Europe. Frederick reorganized the Prussian Academy of Sciences and attracted many scientists to Berlin. Around 1751 he founded the Emden Company to promote trade with China.
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Moore was accused of making personal profit from this work, in particular annexing a substantial part of the asiento, the Spanish concession of the slave trade to Britain.The History of Parliament: Members 1690–1715 – Arthur Moore Monckton accused him of failing to consult the board of trade. He also claimed to have seen a letter referring to an annual 2,000 louis d'or bribe that Moore had been promised. It seems that Monckton's attack was made in concert with a group of Whig leaders, including Lord Halifax.
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Willems was the recipient of the 1994 Mary Dresselhuys Prijs for best Dutch stage actor. In 2004 he was awarded the Louis d'Or, the most prestigious Dutch stage award, for his roles in La Musica Twee and as Jacques Brel in Brel, de zoete oorlog with theatrical company Oostpool. In 1999, he was nominated for the Golden Calf for best actor for his role in the short film Zaanse Nachten (1998). In 2001 he was nominated a second time for his role as Pieter Jelles Troelstra in Nynke.
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At some points in time, foreign coinage was allowed to circulate in Malta alongside the scudo. These included Spanish dollars, Venetian lire, Louis d'or and other currencies. During the French occupation of Malta in 1798, the French authorities melted down some of the silver from the island's churches and struck them into 15 and 30 tarì coins from the 1798 dies of Grandmaster Hompesch. After the Maltese rebellion, gold and silver ingots were stamped with a face value in grani, tarì and scudi and they briefly circulated as coinage in Valletta and the surrounding area.
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His troubles truly began when creditors came to seize his belongings and took a writing desk, said to have belonged to Margaret of Parma, that had been left in his safekeeping by a neighbor who had been expecting a similar seizure. Some of his sketches were overlooked and were collected by his friend, Eugène Isabey, who sold them at auction and was able to take in twenty Louis d'or to help him pay his debts. After this, Giroux went to stay at the artists' colony in Barbizon.A propos d'un portrait d'Achille Giroux, Le Figaro, Paris.
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Chased by the British division, Latouche attempted to escape into shallow waters without a pilot, but then discovered that Racoon had had a pilot, and offered him 500 Louis d'or to lead the frigates. However, when she entered the safe channel, Aigle found it interdicted by the British, and diverted into a secondary channel, which she found to be barred by a sandbank. The British dropped anchor, waiting for the high tide. Meanwhile, Gloires boat finally returned with a pilot, who informed Latouche that his situation was hopeless.
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Architect of the castle was Johann Christian von Mannlich, painter and architect, who held the office general building director of the duke of Zweibrücken. 400px In 1760 the Baron of Closen built a house, called Luisenhof (Louise grange) after his wife Louise von Closen (born von Esebeck), on the Buchenberg. When he died, the estate was inherited by his widow. On 27 July 1777 duke Charles II August bought the Luisenhof for the price of 23,000 gulden (a journeyman had to work two days to earn one Gulden) and 60 new Louis d'or (about twice the worth of a gulden).
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Aigle and Gloire captured off the Delaware River on 12 September 1782. The following day, a small British squadron consisting of , , and the prize Sophie, led by Captain G.K. Elphinston in , sighted the three vessels anchored in the Delaware River off Cape Henlopen Light. The British set out in chase, but the French were able to navigate the sandbanks with the help of Racoons pilot, who agreed to help the French for a payment of 500 Louis d'or. Still, Aigle ran aground, which enabled the British to capture her, and with her all of Racoons crew.
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In 1745, Prince Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) arrived in Scotland from France and claimed the thrones of Scotland, England and Ireland, in the name of his father James Stuart (the Old Pretender). Although Charles asserted that his venture was supported by Louis XV of France, and that the arrival of French forces in Scotland was imminent, in truth France had little intention to intervene on the Stuarts' behalf. However, some limited financial support was supplied by both Spain and the Pope. Spain pledged some 400,000 livres (or Louis d'Or) per month for the Jacobite cause.
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The assembly of this Estates General was delayed until Louis XIII formally came of age on his thirteenth birthday. Although his coming-of-age formally ended Marie's Regency, she remained the de facto ruler of France. The Estates General accomplished little, spending its time discussing the relationship of France to the Papacy and the venality of offices, but reaching no resolutions. Half Louis d'Or (1643) depicting Louis XIII Beginning in 1615, Marie came to rely increasingly on Concino Concini, an Italian who assumed the role of her favourite, and was widely unpopular because he was a foreigner.
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With its two-dollar coin, Newfoundland became the only British colony to issue circulating gold coinage apart from Sydney Mint which issued Australian sovereigns from 1855 onwards. Gold coinage was used in Canada and other British domains. For example, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, common gold coins included coins from Portugal, British guineas or sovereigns, French louis d'or, American eagles, Spanish doubloons, and coins related to the eagles or doubloons. Canada issued circulation five-dollar and ten-dollar gold coins between 1912 and 1914, which were discontinued because of World War I.Cross, p. 181.
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He is also credited with the invention of the spreader block, which fixes the hair of the bow in a flat ribbon, and so prevents tangling.This new design was approved of by Louis Spohr who described Tourte's bows as having "trifling weight with sufficient elasticity of stick and the beautiful and uniform bending, by which the nearest approach to the hair is exactly in the middle between the head and the frog". He praised Tourte's "extremely accurate and neat workmanship". -Louis Spohr (1784-1859) published his Violinschule in 1832 At the height of his career, a single Tourte bow fetched 15 Louis d'Or.
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Two days later at the same track, The Lambkin was stepped up in distance and matched against older horses in the two mile, five furlong Doncaster Cup. He finished second to the French six-year-old Louis d'Or with third place going to the 1883 St Leger winner Ossian. At Newmarket on 7 October The Lambkin carried a weight of 116 pounds and started at odds of 100/6 for the Cesarewitch over two and a quarter miles. He began to struggle six furlongs from the finish and was unplaced in a race won by St Gatien.
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The actual negotiations with Haydn were carried out at Ogny's request by Joseph Bologne the Chevalier de Saint-Georges, celebrated conductor of the Loge Olympique orchestra. Haydn was paid 25 louis d'or for each symphony plus 5 louis for the French publication rights; the sum was apparently very satisfactory from Haydn's point of view, since the lack of copyright laws had generally prevented him from profiting much from his popularity as a composer. Symphonies 85-87 were given a new publication soon after in Britain in 1788, from the company Longman & Broderip, re-dedicated to the Duke of York and given opus 52.See , and also Kassler, Michael (2013).
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Tichatschek was also a distinguished Lohengrin. The Dresden management presented Lohengrin in Wagner's absence during 1858–59, when Tichatschek made an urgent plea for them to send Wagner (then in exile) a honorarium of 50 Louis d'or—which they did.Newman 1931, 129–130. In 1867, when planning a production of Lohengrin for Ludwig II, Wagner recommended the almost 60-year-old Tichatschek for the role, saying that his Lohengrin had been the one really good thing the tenor had done, assuring the King that, while his singing and declamation in the role suggested a painting by Dürer, his appearance and gestures were like a Holbein.
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The Louis d'or () is any number of French coins first introduced by Louis XIII in 1640. The name derives from the depiction of the portrait of King Louis on one side of the coin; the French royal coat of arms is on the reverse. The coin was replaced by the French franc at the time of the revolution and later the similarly valued Napoléon. The actual value of the coins fluctuated according to monetary and fiscal policy (see livre tournois), but in 1726 the value was stabilized. The 1640 issue of Louis d’or contained five denominations: a half Louis and a one, two, four, and eight Louis.
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After leaving Britain, Radisson found himself unpopular in the royal court. In 1677 he decided to join the navy and to fund Marshal of France, Jean II d'Estrées' expedition in the Franco-Dutch War to conquer the island of Tobago, winning the man's favor. Following his involvement in the war, he borrowed 100 Louis d'or from the Marshall in a failed attempt to pay to bring his wife back from Britain, and subsequently failed to regain a position in the Hudson's Bay Company, as a further result of anti-French prejudice. In 1681 Radisson headed out to found a fort on the Nelson River under a French flag, albeit against the wishes of the French state.
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Coins were one of the first objects to bear the image of the reigning sovereign in what is today Canada. After 1640, French colonists employed the Louis d'or ("Gold Louis", which first bore the effigy of King Louis XIII and then all subsequent French monarchs) until the transfer of New France to the British in 1763. After, British sovereigns and coppers were used, sometimes long after the end of the reign of the monarch appearing on the coin. As a result of decimalisation, the Province of Canada replaced the Canadian pound with the dollar in 1858, minting new coins whose obverse side featured an effigy of Queen Victoria; a trend that continued with the first coins issued in Canada after confederation.
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A tradition dating back to the late fifth century and linked to a fertility rite is to flip the crepes in the air with the right hand while holding a gold coin (such as a Louis d'or) or some other coin in the left hand, in order to have prosperity throughout the year. One has to ensure that the pancake lands properly back in the pan. It is also said that the first crepe made should be kept in an armoire to ensure a plentiful harvest later in the year. It is sometimes specified that it be placed at the top of the armoire, and the pancake will supposedly not get moldy and will keep misery and deprivation far away.
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After the defeat of the Prince's rebellion at Culloden in April 1746, Charles fled Scotland for France. In the following years, he had a scandalous affair with his 22-year- old first cousin Louise de Montbazon (who was married to his close friend, and whom he deserted when she became pregnant) and then with the Princess of Talmont, who was in her 40s. In 1752, he heard that Clementina was at Dunkirk and in some financial difficulties, so he sent 50 louis d'or to help her and then dispatched Sir Henry Goring to entreat her to come to Ghent and live with him as his mistress. Goring, who described Clementina as a "bad woman", complained of being used as "no better than a pimp", and shortly after left Charles' employ.
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In 1801, although recoveries were made, conditions were unfavourable and the wreck was already silted up. By 1804 Robbé reported: that the part of the wreck in which one is accustomed to find the precious metals has now been covered by a large piece of the side of the ship (which had previously been found hanging more or less at an angle), thus impeding the salvage work, which was otherwise possible. Salvage attempts appear to have been given up at this point. In 1814, Pierre Eschauzier was allocated 300 guilders for salvage by the Dutch King and recovered "8 Louis d'or and 7 Spanish piastres fished out of the wreck of the Lutine". In 1821, Eschauzier put together a syndicate with the intention of using a diving bell manned by amphibicque Englishmen.
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The manuscript to be used once belonged to C. P. E. Bach, who sold it through Kirnberger to Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia (for twelve louis d'or). It is presumed that this manuscript contained neither the text of the chorales nor any reference to the larger works from which the harmonisations had been taken. The manuscript's harmonisations extracted only the vocal parts and ignored the instrumental parts and the continuo, even though all of Bach's chorale settings included both instrumental parts and continuo. The instrumental parts were either independent, so called obbligato instrumental parts, or mostly doubled the vocal parts sometimes separating from it for a very few beats, and the continuo had its bass mostly double the vocal bass at the lower octave, but could also separate from it for a very few beats.
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A 1701 gold Louis d'or, overstruck using Castaing's method. An older 1690s date is visible on the reverse In 1688, Castaing proposed a method of reshaping and restriking existing coins, both as a response to counterfeiting and to help the Louis XIV raise money to support the Nine Years' War. The French government approved Castaing's method, because it was considerably less costly than the alternative method of melting the coins before restriking them. A Paris tinsmith, Martin Masselin, was chosen to undertake the job of annealing, blanching, and edge-marking the recoined pieces; he was paid fourteen deniers for each coin, with an additional 17 deniers for each restruck within the first three months of his contract. In 17 months of his contract, a deficit of 150,000 livres was discovered at the Paris Mint, and Masselin was charged with stealing the pieces.
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1795 five centimes, the first year of decimal fractions for the franc An Assignat for 5 livres (1791) The decimal "franc" was established as the national currency by the French Revolutionary Convention in 1795 as a decimal unit (1 franc = 10 décimes = 100 centimes) of 4.5 g of fine silver. This was slightly less than the livre of 4.505 g, but the franc was set in 1796 at 1.0125 livres (1 livre, 3 deniers), reflecting in part the past minting of sub-standard coins. Silver coins now had their denomination clearly marked as "5 FRANCS" and it was made obligatory to quote prices in francs. This ended the ancien régime's practice of striking coins with no stated denomination, such as the Louis d'or, and periodically issuing royal edicts to manipulate their value in terms of money of account, i.e.
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At dawn, they infiltrated the palace and attempted to kill the queen, who was associated with a frivolous lifestyle that symbolized much that was despised about the Ancien Régime. After the situation had been defused by Lafayette, head of the Garde nationale, the king and his family were brought by the crowd to the Tuileries Palace in Paris, the reasoning being that the king would be more accountable to the people if he lived among them in Paris. One Louis d'or, 1788, depicting Louis XVI The Revolution's principles of popular sovereignty, though central to democratic principles of later eras, marked a decisive break from the centuries-old principle of divine right that was at the heart of the French monarchy. As a result, the Revolution was opposed by many of the rural people of France and by all the governments of France's neighbors.
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Idar-Oberstein has its connections with the notorious outlaw Johannes Bückler (1777–1803), commonly known as Schinderhannes. His parents lived in Idar around 1790, and Oberstein was the scene of one of his earliest misdeeds in 1796. He spent a whole Louis d'or on drinks at an inn. He had stolen it from an innkeeper named Koch from Veitsrodt who had meant to use it to buy brandy.Peter Bayerlein: Schinderhannes-Chronik, S. 45 Schinderhannes's sweetheart, Juliana Blasius (1781–1851), known as “Julchen”, came from Idar-Oberstein's outlying centre of Weierbach. She spent her childhood with her father and elder sister Margarethe as a “bench singer” and a fiddler at markets and church fêtes. At Easter 1800, Schinderhannes saw “Julchen” for the first time at the Wickenhof, a now vanished hamlet near Kirn, where the 19-year-old danced. Their relationship yielded a daughter and a son, Franz Wilhelm.
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This still did not give France a coin which could compete with the thalers which were popular in Germany. Moreover, French coins were still made by hand, so precious metal could be illegally shaved from the edges of the coins before passing them on. Finally, the écu d’or was made of 23 carat gold, which was not the international standard. Louis XIII fixed all this. He installed coinage making machinery in the Paris mint and replaced the écu d’or with the Louis d'or in 1640. In 1641 he introduced a thaler-sized silver coin originally called a Louis d’argent and valued at 3 livres tournois. This value was associated with the stabilization of the écu d’or at that value in 1577, and the new silver coin came to be called an écu. This is a little curious, since the just discontinued écu d’or was now valued at more than 5 livres, and the old hammered silver quarter écu was struck until 1646 and valued at 1 livre.
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By contrast, Méliès hired his actors on a film-by-film basis, drawing from talented individuals in the Parisian theatrical world, with which he had many connections. They were paid one Louis d'or per day, a considerably higher salary than that offered by competitors, and had a full free meal at noon with Méliès. Méliès's film studio, which he had built in Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis in 1897, was a greenhouse-like building with glass walls and a glass ceiling to let in as much sunlight as possible, a concept used by most still photography studios from the 1860s onward; it was built with the same dimensions as Méliès's own Théâtre Robert-Houdin (13.5 × 6.6 m).; dimensions from Throughout his film career, Méliès worked on a strict schedule of planning films in the morning, filming scenes during the brightest hours of the day, tending to the film laboratory and the Théâtre Robert-Houdin in the late afternoon, and attending performances at Parisian theatres in the evening.
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The Avertissement reads as follows: Warning All fanciers of supernatural physics will, by this poster, be made known that a few days ago, the world-famous magician Philadelphus Philadelphia, who has been mentioned by Cardanus in his book on the nature of the supernatural by calling him the envy of Heaven and Hell, has arrived here on the ordinary mail coach, although it would have been equally easy for him to have come through the air. He is the same person who, in 1482, in an open marketplace in Venice, cast a coil of twine into the air and climbed up until he was no longer seen. Beginning on the ninth of January of this year, he will present, openly and secretly, to the public's eyes, his one-Thaler tricks in the local department store. The tricks will improve every week until he finally arrives at the 500 Louis d'Or tricks, among which are those that can be said, without boasting, to surpass the wonderful itself, and be even, so to say, virtually impossible.
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