The drop is partly because computers and smartphones are shrinking in size and heft, but much of the fall is accounted for by the increased proximity of final assembly lines to customers, as manufacturing localises and as Asian demand for electronics has risen.
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Myocilin localises in the Golgi apparatus of corneal fibroblasts and Schlemm's canal endothelial cells.
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Patients will present with a sudden onset of cramps/abdominal pain or a 'stitch'. The pain localises in the area of the umbilicus and can radiate to the lumbar and surrounding regions.
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The precise role of most bacterial serpins remains obscure, although Clostridium thermocellum serpin localises to the cellulosome. It is suggested that the role of cellulosome-associated serpins may be to prevent unwanted protease activity against the cellulosome.
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CENPF is part of the nuclear matrix during the G2 phase of the cell cycle (the phase of rapid protein synthesis in preparation for mitosis). In late G2, the protein forms part of the kinetochore, a disc-shaped protein complex that allows the centromere of two sister chromatids to attach to microtubules (forming the spindle apparatus) in order for the microtubules to pull them apart in the process of dividing the cell. It remains part of the kinetochore through early anaphase (the chromosome-dividing phase). In late anaphase, CENPF localises to the spindle midzone, and in telophase (the cell-dividing phase) it localises to the intercellular bridge.
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SUN proteins are thought to localize to the inner nuclear membrane. The S. pombe Sad1 protein localises at the spindle pole body. In mammals, the SUN domain is present in two proteins, Sun1 and Sun2. The SUN domain of Sun2 has been demonstrated to be in the periplasm.
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M33 is a gene. It is a mammalian homologue of Drosophila Polycomb. It localises to euchromatin within interphase nuclei, but it is enriched within the centromeric heterochromatin of metaphase chromosomes. In mice, the official symbol of M33 gene styled Cbx2 and the official name chromobox 2 are maintained by the MGI.
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YTH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YTHDC1 gene. YTHDC1 is a nuclear protein involved in splice site selection that localises to YT bodies; dynamic subnuclear compartments, which first appear at the beginning of S-phase in the cell cycle and disperse during mitosis.
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Myosin IG, also known as myosin 1G and MYO1G, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYO1G gene. MYO1G is a member of class I unconventional myosins. Its expression is highly restricted to hematopoietic tissues and cells. It localises exclusively to the plasma membrane and is dependent on both the motor domain and the tail domain.
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The WL3 Wingless localisation element 3 (WLE3) is an RNA structure that localises the wingless mRNA in flies. The structure consists of a stem, a bulge region, another stem and a loop. The published structure was determined and refined through experiments. Wingless localisation element 3 (WLE3) is a 53-nt (nt 518–570) apical localization element within the 3'-untranslated region of the wingless (wg) mRNA.
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A virtual surround system must provide a means for 2-dimensional imaging of sound, using some properties of the human auditory system. The way that the auditory system localises a sound source is a topic that is studied in the field of psychoacoustics. Thus, virtual surround systems use knowledge of psychoacoustics to "trick" the listener. There are several ways in which this has been attempted.
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Rotatin is involved in the maintenance of ciliary basal bodies. Mutations in rotatin result in fewer, abnormally short cilia, with bulbous tips and multiple basal bodies. It is also involved in the radial migration of neurons in the cerebral cortex and localises in similar areas to the migration-guiding Cajal–Retzius cells. Its other roles include arrangement of the heart loops in heart development.
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Xist RNA also localises the histone variant macroH2A to the inactive X–chromosome. There are additional ncRNAs that are also present at the Xist loci, including an antisense transcript Tsix, which is expressed from the future active chromosome and able to repress Xist expression by the generation of endogenous siRNA. Together these ncRNAs ensure that only one X-chromosome is active in female mammals.
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Such resulting representations are known as linear TFRs because the representation is linear in the signal. An example of such a representation is the windowed Fourier transform (also known as the short-time Fourier transform) which localises the signal by modulating it with a window function, before performing the Fourier transform to obtain the frequency content of the signal in the region of the window.
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Mad1 localises predominantly at unattached kinetochores and triggers mitotic arrest in case of a single unattached kinetochore. Mad1 recruits the important SAC component Mad2 to unattached kinetochores and induces mitotic arrest signal amplification. There is a pool of free cytoplasmic Mad2 in its inactive open conformation called o-MAD2. When bound to Mad1, Mad2 adopts an active conformation called closed (c-Mad2) and forms a heterotetramer of two Mad1 and two c-Mad2 units.
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The relics had been associated with the cross from its creation. The relic in the lowest cavity was wrapped in a purple-coloured piece of taffeta and lacks a cedula. A nocent relic wrapped in white linen is in the middle cavity with an accompanying cedula, from Innocent I (r.401-417). The script, Carolingian minuscule dates this to the 10th or 11th century and localises it to the scriptorium of Essen Abbey.
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Kevin Scannell is the professor of mathematics and computer science at Saint Louis University. His work focuses on developing online computing resources for small, minority or under-resourced languages, with a particular interest in Irish and other Celtic languages. He has developed an Irish thesaurus, grammar checker, and spell checker, and dictionaries and translation engines for Irish, Scottish, and Manx. Scannell is a member of the team which localises platforms including Gmail, Twitter and WhatsApp into Irish.
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The FANCB gene product is FANCB protein. FANCB is a component of a "core complex" of nine Fanconi Anemia proteins: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCL, FAAP100 and FAAP20. The core complex localises to DNA damage sites during DNA replication where it catalyzes transfer of ubiquitin to FANCD2 and FANCI. In particular, this reaction is necessary for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks, such as those formed by chemotherapy drugs cisplatin, mitomycin c and melphalan.
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Thirdly, the preferred method is the fully automated billing using On-Board-Units (OBUs) deployed in the trucks, receiving GPS signals. When the truck is started, the OBU localises the vehicle by satellite navigation. Based on the position and the road data stored in the OBU, the device can determine independently the toll regulations for the particular route. The data collected in this manner are transferred to the data center by (land-based) mobile data communication, and processed for billing.
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SAP scan images showing progression of AL amyloidosis kidney and liver involvement following chemotherapy A SAP scan is a type of nuclear medicine imaging test which uses iodine-123 (123I) and serum amyloid P component (SAP) to diagnose amyloidosis. In patients with amyloidosis, large deposits of SAP coat the affected organs, in addition to the low levels normally found in the blood stream. The injected 123I-SAP localises specifically to amyloid deposits, showing up as hot spots in the image.
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All epithelial cells express the transmembrane adhesion molecule E-cadherin, a cadherin which localises most prominently to the junction between the apical and lateral membranes. The extra-cellular domains of E-cadherin molecules from neighbouring cells bind to one another via a homotypic interaction. The intra-cellular domains of E-cadherin molecules bind to the actin cytoskeleton via the adaptor proteins alpha-catenin and beta- catenin. Thus, E-cadherin forms adherens junctions that connect the actin cytoskeletons of neighbouring cells.
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Before division, CENPF localises at the end of one of the centrioles (the mother centriole) in order to orient microtubules correctly to form thin cellular projections called cilia. Most cilia are primary cilia, which are involved in cell signalling, sending and receiving signals to trigger cell migration, division or differentiation. Mutations in CENPF disrupt this ability to form cilia; cilia have been found to be fewer in number and shorter when CENPF is mutated. Strømme syndrome therefore falls under the classification of diseases known as ciliopathies.
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RHAU exhibits a unique ATP-dependent guanine-quadruplex (G4) resolvase activity and specificity for its substrate in vitro. RHAU binds G4-nucleic acid with sub-nanomolar affinity and unwinds G4 structures much more efficiently than double-stranded nucleic acid. Consistent with these biochemical observations, RHAU was also identified as the major source of tetramolecular RNA-resolving activity in HeLa cell lysates. Previous work showed that RHAU associates with mRNAs and re-localises to stress granules (SGs) upon translational arrest induced by various environmental stresses.
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Vezatin co-localises with E-cadherin at these cell-cell junctions suggesting that in fact it is involved within adherens junctions. E-cadherin is an important transmembrane molecule in creating and facilitating adherens junctions, particularly in epithelial cells. Furthermore, vezatin does not appear at focal adhesion sites and does not co-localise with desmogleins, which are molecules present in desmosomes, suggesting it is solely responsible for interactions within the adherens junction. Additionally, in cells lacking E-cadherin and thus unable to form cell-cell contacts, vezatin displayed a cytoplasmic distribution.
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They are made by the centrosome, which contains a pair of cylindrical centrioles at right-angles to each other. Before division, CENPF localises at the end of one of the centrioles (the mother centriole) in order to orient microtubules correctly to form thin cellular projections called cilia. Most cilia are primary cilia, which are involved in cell signalling to trigger migration, division or differentiation. Mutations in CENPF disrupt this ability to form cilia; cilia have been found to be fewer in number and shorter when the gene is mutated.
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DHX36 displays repetitive unwinding activity as a function of the thermal stability of the G-quadruplex substrate, characteristic of a number of other G-quadruplex resolvases such as the BLM/WRN helicases. DHX36 binds G4-nucleic acid with sub-nanomolar affinity and unwinds G4 structures much more efficiently than double-stranded nucleic acid. Consistent with these biochemical observations, DHX36 was also identified as the major source of tetramolecular RNA-resolving activity in HeLa cell lysates. Previous work showed that DHX36 associates with mRNAs and re-localises to stress granules (SGs) upon translational arrest induced by various environmental stresses.
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When someone experiences or is a witness to an incidence of sexual harassment, they can fill out an online report or send the report via SMS, e-mail, Twitter or Facebook including the details of the incident as well as address, street name and public points of interest. HARASSmap then verifies the reports and places them on a Google map of Egypt, which localises sexual harassment hotspots. The map will show red dots where incidences of sexual harassment have taken place. HARASSmap volunteers visit the areas where incidences have occurred to raise awareness about what constitutes sexual harassment and to work towards ending it.
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The 45 pathways contain information pertaining to protein-protein interactions, enzyme-protein substrate reactions which bring about post translational modifications (PTMs) and also a catalogue of genes which are differentially regulated upon activation of specific ligand mediated receptor pathways. The molecules which localises to different cellular organelles due to their PTMs or specific protein-protein interactions which occur downstream of ligand-receptor mediated pathway are available under translocation events. Recently, NetPath has also curated the molecules involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes in the context of immune signaling pathways. The reactions in NetPath are curated by PhD level scientists from experimental evidence available in published research articles.
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Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) is a 120–145kDa protein encoded on the 40kb cag pathogenicity island (PAI). H. pylori strains can be divided into CagA positive or negative strains. Approximately 60% of H. pylori strains isolated in Western countries carry cag PAI, whereas almost all of the East Asian isolates are cag PAI-positive The cag PAI also encodes for a type 4 secretion system which is used to "inject" CagA into a target cell upon H. pylori attachment. After translocation, CagA localises to the inner surface of the cell membrane and undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinases (e.g.
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GFP fused to a single-domain CRM protein from maize localises to the nucleolus, suggesting that an analogous activity may have been retained in plants. A CRM domain containing protein in plant chloroplasts has been shown to function in group I and II intron splicing. In vitro experiments with an isolated maize CRM domain have shown it to have RNA binding activity. These and other results suggest that the CRM domain evolved in the context of ribosome function prior to the divergence of Archaea and Bacteria, that this function has been maintained in extant prokaryotes, and that the domain was recruited to serve as an RNA binding module during the evolution of plant genomes.
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Small Cajal body-specific RNA 17 (also known as U12-22 scaRNA) is a type of small nuclear RNA which localises to the cajal bodies and proposed to guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12. The complete human U12-22/U4-8 scaRNA is composed of two tandem C/D box domains (termed U12-22 and U4-8). The 5' and 3' C/D domains are predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of residue U22 in U12 and residue C8 in U4 snRNAs respectively. This family includes only the 5' C/D box domain (U12-22) as the 3' C/D box is represented by Small Cajal body specific RNA 18.
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Small Cajal body specific RNA 6 (also known as SCARNA6 or U88) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation (isomerisation of uridine to pseudouridine) of U5 spliceosomal RNA. scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12 U88 is found associated with both fibrillarin and Gar1p and co-localises with coilin in Cajal bodies. It is an unusual guide RNA in that it is composed of both H/ACA box and a C/D box conserved domains. It is predicted to guide 2'-O-methylation of residue U41 of the U5 snRNA.
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Overview of GSDMD activation and pore-forming mechanism After the proteolytic cleavage, GSDMD-C remains in the cytosol while the N-terminal cleavage product localises to the plasma membrane by anchoring to membrane lipids. GSDMD-N specifically interacts with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P] on the inner leaflet of mammalian cell membrane strongly, through charge-charge interactions between the negatively-charged head groups of PI and the positively-charged surface on GSDMD-N exposed after cleavage. Hence, collateral damage to tissues during an infection is minimised as the extracellular outer leaflet lacks PI. Lipid binding allows GSDMD-N to insert into the lipid bilayer and induces high-order oligomerisation within the membrane, forming extensive pores with approximately 16 subunits and an inner diameter of 10-14 nm. The osmotic potential is disrupted by pore formation, leading to cell swelling and lysis, the morphologic hallmarks of pyroptosis.
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