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"linear accelerator" Definitions
  1. a device in which charged particles are accelerated in a straight line by successive impulses from a series of electric fields
"linear accelerator" Synonyms
particle accelerator accelerator atomic accelerator atomic cannon atom smasher cyclotron synchrotron gas gas pedal atom smatter

338 Sentences With "linear accelerator"

How to use linear accelerator in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "linear accelerator" and check conjugation/comparative form for "linear accelerator". Mastering all the usages of "linear accelerator" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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The obituary also misstated his position at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
He left in 1956 to work under Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
After quarks were confirmed indirectly in an experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, in Menlo Park, Calif.
Matthew Nowicki, a Polish émigré architect, hoped to encircle the vexing roundabout with an elevated linear accelerator-cum-shopping center.
It's called a linear accelerator, or linac for short, and it's a cousin of the Higgs boson-discovering Large Hadron Collider.
The Department of Energy's Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (known as SLAC) in California was the first site in the United States.
" Granade has questions for Hyperloop One after their big test: "They're testing the linear accelerator motors, but how are the other subsystems going?
In 1963 he also took a position at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, one of the leading particle physics laboratories in the world.
After postgraduate stints at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Harvard, Dr. Polchinski joined the faculty of the University of Texas in Austin.
They used RIKEN national research Institute's heavy ion linear accelerator -- a particle accelerator that increases the kinetic energy of charged ions to produce reactions.
For Mr. Moniz, the future of nuclear science has been a lifelong obsession; he spent his early years working at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
The outgoing secretary, Ernest Moniz, was chairman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology physics department and directed the linear accelerator at MIT's Laboratory for Nuclear Science.
But a group of scientists who routinely put grasshoppers into the linear accelerator at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois decided to take a closer look.
The Times notes:For Mr. Moniz, the future of nuclear science has been a lifelong obsession; he spent his early years working at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
There is a linear accelerator—a radiosurgery treatment in which high-energy X-rays are used to destroy tumors—but it's an old machine and it never actually worked.
He also worked worked at municipal wireless network provider Tropos Networks, Microsoft Research, and in a past life as a Physics Ph.D. Student, at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
At present, Fermilab has a 500-foot-long superconducting radio-frequency linear accelerator that can send protons to 400 mega-electronvolts (MeV), or around 70 percent the speed of light.
Milk goes into a bag (or on the commercial scale, through a pipe) and receives a uniformly distributed dose of nearly light-speed electrons from Texas A&M's Electron Beam Linear Accelerator.
But to continue the investigation into the fundamental nature of matter and particles, more powerful equipment was needed, so Stanford, with the federal government's backing, built the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, known as SLAC.
With a linear accelerator, the best you can hope for is that a particle hits something at some significant fraction of the speed of light, which for objects with mass is impossible to equal or succeed.
A group of researchers at RIKEN headed by Kosuke Morita began working to synthesize ununtrium in 1173, using a linear accelerator to bombard bismuth with zinc ions traveling at about 10 percent the speed of light.
If approved by the Senate, he will take over from a secretary, Ernest J. Moniz, who was chairman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology physics department and directed the linear accelerator at M.I.T.'s Laboratory for Nuclear Science.
For example, the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, charged with developing solar energy, is led by the California Institute of Technology in partnership with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory and the University of California.
On the walk-through today, McAneny points out the CT scanner and linear accelerator with evident pride, explaining that having these costly apparatuses on-site means a patient who comes in anxious about an unidentified growth can get immediate answers.
Dr. Drell combined groundbreaking work in particle physics — he was deputy director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, for nearly 21983 years — with a career in Washington as a technical adviser and defense intellectual.
Starting in the late 1980s she led the science education outreach effort at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), and she later chaired the National Research Council's Board on Science Education, which developed the framework that led to the Next Generation Science Standards.
They speed the electrons up to something approaching that of light using a machine called a linear accelerator, then launch them into a uranium target, splitting its 235U atoms, after which 99Mo can be extracted from the target in the normal way.
However, the paper in which Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, Jean-François Groff, and Bernd Pollermann outlined their vision for the World-Wide Web Initiative (W3) wasn't published until spring of 1992, roughly six months after the first Web server was installed in California at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
His doctoral dissertation was entitled A Linear Accelerator for Electrons.
The proton are accelerated to high energy either in a cyclotron or a linear accelerator.
SwissFEL essentially consists of four components: an electron source, a linear accelerator, an arrangement of undulators, and measuring stations. Electrons are set free from a copper disk with a pulsed laser. The cloud of released electrons is accelerated and held together with an electrical field. They are guided into the linear accelerator, which further accelerates the electrons with alternating current at high frequency.
Modern superconducting radio frequency, multicell linear accelerator component. In a linear particle accelerator (linac), particles are accelerated in a straight line with a target of interest at one end. They are often used to provide an initial low-energy kick to particles before they are injected into circular accelerators. The longest linac in the world is the Stanford Linear Accelerator, SLAC, which is long.
After the war, Johnston returned to graduate school at Berkeley. Under Alvarez's supervision, he wrote his PhD thesis at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory on the "Development of the Alvarez-type proton linear accelerator". After he graduated in 1950, he became an associate professor at the University of Minnesota. There, he built a 68 MeV proton linear accelerator, which he used to perform proton-proton scattering experiments.
Although electrostatic accelerators accelerate particles along a straight line, the term linear accelerator is more often used for accelerators that employ oscillating rather than static electric fields.
The role of the cobalt unit has partly been replaced by the linear accelerator, which can generate higher-energy radiation, and does not produce the radioactive waste that radioisotopes do with their attendant disposal problems. Cobalt treatment still has a useful role to play in certain applications and is still in widespread use worldwide, since the machinery is relatively reliable and simple to maintain compared to the modern linear accelerator.
A linear accelerator (linac) produces x-rays from the impact of accelerated electrons striking a high z target (usually tungsten). A Linac therefore can generate x-rays of any energy, though usually 6 MV photons are used. With a Linac the gantry moves in space to change the delivery angle. Linear accelerator equipment can also move the patient lying on the treatment couch to change the delivery point.
Dr. Henry Kaplan, in the 1950s, with an early model of the linear accelerator developed to treat cancer. For this picture the protective hood was removed, revealing the electronic insides of the six-million-volt machine, used for radiation treatment. Gordon Isaacs, the first patient treated with the linear accelerator (radiation therapy) for retinoblastoma in 1957. Gordon's right eye was removed January 11, 1957 because the cancer had spread.
The Detroit and Seattle centers use a cyclotron which produces a proton beam impinging upon a beryllium target; the Batavia center at Fermilab uses a proton linear accelerator.
Herman Winick (born October 2, 1932) is an American scientist and Professor Emeritus at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and the Applied Physics Department of Stanford University.
The Detroit and Seattle centers use a cyclotron which produces a proton beam impinging upon a beryllium target; the Batavia center at Fermilab uses a proton linear accelerator.
Adding to a long history of significant developments, such as superconducting radio frequency cavities and pretzel orbits, the accelerator group is now developing an entirely new type of superconducting linear accelerator called the Energy Recovery Linear accelerator (ERL). The group is also involved in the design of damping rings, tracking simulations, RF cavities, and accelerator operation for the International Linear Collider (ILC). Cornell University has the largest graduate program in accelerator physics in the US.
O'Neill became a full professor of physics in 1965. The two-mile-long Stanford Linear Accelerator tunnel In collaboration with Burton Richter, O'Neill performed the first colliding beam physics experiment in 1965. In this experiment, particle beams from the Stanford Linear Accelerator were collected in his storage rings and then directed to collide at an energy of 600 MeV. At the time, this was the highest energy involved in a particle collision.
In 1964, he joined the Physics Laboratory of The Aerospace Corporation, where he learned techniques for investigating far infrared radiation. In 1964, Johnston moved to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center as head of the Electronics Department. He worked there on the construction of a , 20 GeV electron linear accelerator. He became a professor of physics at the University of Idaho in 1967, and focused on nuclear physics, far infrared lasers, and molecular spectroscopy.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, originally named Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under the programmatic direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and located in Menlo Park, California. It is the site of the Stanford Linear Accelerator, a 3.2 kilometer (2-mile) linear accelerator constructed in 1966 and shut down in the 2000s, which could accelerate electrons to energies of 50 GeV. Today SLAC research centers on a broad program in atomic and solid-state physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine using X-rays from synchrotron radiation and a free- electron laser as well as experimental and theoretical research in elementary particle physics, astroparticle physics, and cosmology.
The Stanford University superconducting linear accelerator, housed on campus below the Hansen Labs until 2007. This facility is separate from SLAC Steel casting undergoing x-ray using the linear accelerator at Goodwin Steel Castings Ltd The linear accelerator could produce higher particle energies than the previous electrostatic particle accelerators (the Cockcroft-Walton accelerator and Van de Graaff generator) that were in use when it was invented. In these machines, the particles were only accelerated once by the applied voltage, so the particle energy in electron volts was equal to the accelerating voltage on the machine, which was limited to a few million volts by insulation breakdown. In the linac, the particles are accelerated multiple times by the applied voltage, so the particle energy is not limited by the accelerating voltage.
The SLAC bag model is a simple theoretical model for a possible structure for hadrons. The MIT bag model is another similar model. The "SLAC" in the name stands for Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
Notable scientists who have made scientific wagers include Stephen Hawking and Richard Feynman. Stanford Linear Accelerator has an open book containing about 35 bets in particle physics dating back to 1980; many are still unresolved.
She received her master's degree in Communication from Stanford University in 1968, where she produced a documentary film for the Stanford Medical Center and her Master's Thesis, "A Picture Calculus," at the Stanford Linear Accelerator.
Aerial photo of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, with detector complex at the right (east) side Stanford Linear Accelerator Center is located near Stanford University, California. Construction began on the 2 mile long linear accelerator in 1962 and was completed in 1967, and in 1968 the first experimental evidence of quarks was discovered resulting in the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared by SLAC's Richard Taylor and Jerome I. Friedman and Henry Kendall of MIT. The accelerator came with a 20GeV capacity for the electron acceleration, and while similar to Rutherford's scattering experiment, that experiment operated with alpha particles at only 7MeV. In the SLAC case the incident particle was an electron and the target a proton, and due to the short wavelength of the electron (due to its high energy and momentum) it was able to probe into the proton.
In 1972, Jaffe moved to MIT as a postdoctoral research associate in the Center for Theoretical Physics; he joined the faculty in 1974. From 1975 until 1979, he was an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow. Jaffe has spent sabbatical years at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (1976), Oxford University and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) (1978–79), Boston University (1986–87), and at Harvard University (1996–97). He has served on the program advisory committees of several national laboratories including the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Brookhaven National Laboratory.
In June 2013, as part of a joint venture between the trust and Ireland's Mater Private Hospital, a private radiotherapy clinic was opened at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre. The clinic provides chemotherapy, and radiotherapy treatments using a dedicated linear accelerator.
In March 2015, workers poured nearly 3,600 cubic yards of concrete into the linear accelerator tunnel. Photo courtesy of MSU Communications and Brand Strategy. This photo from March 4, 2017, shows the construction of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams.
External beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer is delivered by a linear accelerator, such as this one. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) uses a linear accelerator to produce high-energy x-rays that are directed in a beam towards the prostate. A technique called Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) may be used to adjust the radiation beam to conform with the shape of the tumor, allowing higher doses to be given to the prostate and seminal vesicles with less damage to the bladder and rectum. External beam radiation therapy is generally given over several weeks, with daily visits to a radiation therapy center.
The state-of-the-art plant supplies refrigeration at 4.5 Kelvin (K) and 2 K to the FRIB linear accelerator, making FRIB the first heavy-ion linear accelerator to operate at 2 K. To fill a national workforce need, the MSU Cryogenic Initiative between FRIB and the MSU College of Engineering leverages FRIB to train the next generation of cryogenic engineers. In September 2020, DOE designated FRIB as a DOE-SC User Facility. U.S. Secretary of Energy Dan Brouillette visited the laboratory for the designation ceremony. In March 2017, FRIB achieved beneficial occupancy of civil construction.
Photo of a technician adjusting a linear accelerator built into a gantry The gantry of an external beam radiotherapy machine moves a radiation source around a patient. A linear accelerator (linac) is built into the top part of the gantry in the photo at the right. The rectangular screen on the right side of the gantry is a cone beam x-ray detector, which is used to help position a patient prior to treatment. The gantry is supported by a drive stand, which rotates the gantry on a fixed horizontal axis as the linac revolves around a patient.
Historical image showing Gordon Isaacs, the first patient treated for retinoblastoma with linear accelerator radiation therapy (in this case an electron beam), in 1957, in the U.S. Other patients had been treated by linac for other diseases since 1953 in the UK. Gordon's right eye was removed on January 11, 1957 because cancer had spread there. His left eye, however, had only a localized tumor that prompted Henry Kaplan to treat it with the electron beam. Linac-based radiation therapy for cancer treatment began with the first patient treated in 1953 in London, UK, at the Hammersmith Hospital, with an 8 MV machine built by Metropolitan- Vickers and installed in 1952, as the first dedicated medical linac.Thwaites, DI and Tuohy J, Back to the future: the history and development of the clinical linear accelerator, Phys. Med. Biol. 51 (2006) R343–R36, doi:10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R20LINAC-3, Advances in Medical Linear Accelerator Technology. ampi-nc.
Electron guns are also used in medical applications to produce X-rays using a linac (linear accelerator); a high energy electron beam hits a target, stimulating emission of X-rays. Electron guns are also used in travelling wave tube amplifiers for microwave frequencies.
G Loi et al.Neutron production from a mobile linear accelerator operating in electron mode for intraoperative radiation therapy. Phys. Med. Biol.; 51(3):695-702.2006.Donald A. Goer, EBRT and IOERT: A Winning Combination, Radiology Today, Vol. 9, No. 7, P. 29. 2008.
The TRIUMF-ISAC Gamma-Ray Escape Suppressed Spectrometer (TIGRESS) is a state-of-the art new gamma-ray spectrometer designed for a broad program of nuclear physics research with the accelerated radioactive ion beams provided by the ISAC-II superconducting linear accelerator.
The long tunnel for the European XFEL housing the superconducting linear accelerator and photon beamlines runs underground from the site of the DESY research center in Hamburg to the town of Schenefeld in Schleswig-Holstein, where the experimental stations, laboratories and administrative buildings are located.
Linac 4 is a current linear accelerator as of 2019 pretty much replaced Linac 2. Unlike its predecessors, Linac 4 will accelerate negative hydrogen ions to an energy of 160 MeV. The ions are then injected to the PSB where both electrons are then stripped from each of the hydrogen ions and thus only the nucleus containing one proton remains. By using hydrogen ions instead of protons, the beam loss at the injection is reduced and simplified and this also allows more particles to accumulate in the synchrotron.CERN Homepage: Linear accelerator 4 [Retrieved 2018-07-20] CERN approved the construction of Linac 4 on June 2007.
During its long operation the PS has increased its proton density by a manifold To provide leptons to LEP, three more machines had to been added to the PS complex: LIL-V electron linear accelerator, the LIL-W electron and positron linear accelerator, and the EPA (Electron-Positron Accumulator) storage ring. A modest amount of additional hardware had to be added to modify PS from a 25 GeV proton synchrotron to a 3.5 GeV lepton synchrotron. During this period the demand for heavier ions to be delivered as a primary beam to the SPS North experimental hall (Prévessin site) also increased. Both sulphur and oxygen ions were accelerated with great success.
In 1862 the Liverpool Hospital for Cancer and Diseases of the Skin was established. This hospital moved to a new site and became The Radium Institute and by 1901 was one of the two major radiotherapy centres in the North West of England. In 1950s the organisation was renamed The Liverpool Clinic and in March 1958 moved to a new site near Clatterbridge, Wirral. The hospital had three wards and by 1959 was treating up to 80 patients per day on a Mullard 4 MeV linear accelerator. In the 1960s superficial x-ray equipment was introduced, along with a second linear accelerator in 1966 and two Cobalt-60 units.
The system was invented by John R. Adler, a Stanford University professor of neurosurgery and radiation oncology, and Peter and Russell Schonberg of Schonberg Research Corporation. It was a development of the first 3D irradiation treatment realized with a linear accelerator producing 4 MeV X rays at that time still used only on plar dimensions as a CAT, by the physicist Renzo Carlo Avanzo in the hospital of Vicenza (Italy). The Cyberknife was the first dedicated linac (linear accelerator) increasing precision and decreasing the time of the treatment. The first system was installed at Stanford University in 1991 and was cleared by the FDA for clinical investigation in 1994.
Another model, Goodwin's non-linear accelerator, is also a model of endogenous cycles in economic activity in which the cycles do not rely on outside shocks or structurally unstable parameters. "A Growth Cycle" (1967) saw Goodwin utilise Volterra's equations to formalise Karl Marx's theory of economic cycles..
MidasWWW is one of the earliest (now discontinued) web browsers, developed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). It ran under Unix and VMS. The last release was version 2.2. The 16 Nov 1992 sources were made available in June 2015 at GitHub without specified license.
Its existence (along with that of the down and strange quarks) was postulated in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig to explain the Eightfold Way classification scheme of hadrons. The up quark was first observed by experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968.
The Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) is a 60-120 MeV high-brightness electron beam linear accelerator used for experiments on advanced beam manipulation and acceleration techniques. It is located at SLAC's end station B. A list of relevant research publications can be viewed here.
The difference between them is that an electrostatic accelerator accelerates a charged particle by passing it through a single DC potential difference between two electrodes, while a linear accelerator accelerates a particle by passing it successively through multiple voltage drops created between multiple accelerating electrodes with an oscillating voltage.
She completed her graduate training at the American University in 1995. Her advisor was Ray Arnold at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. She then joined the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) to work in a joint position as a Staff Scientist and faculty member at Hampton University.
During the first years of operation, it became clear that the linear accelerator Linac 1, CERN's primary proton source at that time, was unable to keep up with the technical advances of the other machines within the accelerator complex. Therefore, it was decided in 1963 to build a new linear accelerator, which would later be called Linac 2. This new machine would provide protons with the same energy as before (50 MeV), but with higher beam currents of up to 150 mA and a longer pulse duration of 200 μs."E. Boltezer et al: The New CERN 50-MeV LINAC (1979)" Retrieved on 10 July 2018 Construction of Linac 2 started in December 1973 and was completed in 1978.
The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at Brookhaven (1960–) was the first large synchrotron with alternating gradient, "strong focusing" magnets, which greatly reduced the required aperture of the beam, and correspondingly the size and cost of the bending magnets. The Proton Synchrotron, built at CERN (1959–), was the first major European particle accelerator and generally similar to the AGS. The Stanford Linear Accelerator, SLAC, became operational in 1966, accelerating electrons to 30 GeV in a 3 km long waveguide, buried in a tunnel and powered by hundreds of large klystrons. It is still the largest linear accelerator in existence, and has been upgraded with the addition of storage rings and an electron-positron collider facility.
Inside, the facility offers radiation treatment, chemotherapy, and a linear accelerator. The cancer center also offers outpatient treatments.Schwarzen, Christopher. "Hospital seeks to enhance cancer services; Monroe". The Seattle Times, January 24, 2007. In 2006, the hospital had a net profit of $14 million on gross patient revenues of $161 million.
Vera G. Lüth (born 1943) is an experimental particle physicist and professor emerita at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Stanford University, in the United States. A senator of the Helmholtz Association, she has worked in particle physics at SLAC since 1974. She is a fellow of the American Physical Society.
Scientists inspecting the surface ionization source. The source charges the breeder by providing stable beams. The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) is a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory. ATLAS is the first superconducting linear accelerator for heavy ions at energies in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier.
Darriulat, B. Richter). The experiment covered studies on electron pair production, on e μ events as a signature for charmed particles, and on very high transverse momentum π0 production in pp reactions. During 1978 and 1979, Research Associate at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre (SLAC), Stanford, USA, in B. Richter's group.
Oncocare Cancer Treatment Centre is a cancer treatment clinic in Harare. Founded in 2016, Oncocare offers radiation treatment, chemotherapy and treatment support, and has a specialist cancer retail pharmacy. Its equipment includes the only digital linear accelerator in Zimbabwe. Oncocare is the only private medical institution in the country exclusively treating cancer.
2006: Construction begins, after a few years dedicated to the design and the training of a new team of experts coming from Spain and abroad. 2007: First electrons out of the ALBA LINAC electron gun are seen. 2008: The linear accelerator (LINAC) is installed. 2009: Installation of the Booster and Storage ring.
Using the Bates Linear Accelerator, he published numerous papers on electroexcitations. After his move to UNH, he began to study methods for theoretical prediction of such reactions. During the past ten years, he has been active in the development of computational models of large nuclei and has published several papers on these topics.
Richard Edward Taylor, (2 November 1929 – 22 February 2018), was a Canadian physicist and Stanford University professor. He shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics with Jerome Friedman and Henry Kendall "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."Nobel prize citationTaylor, R. E. "Nucleon Form Factors above 6 GeV", Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (Sept. 1967).Taylor, R. E. "The Discovery of the Point Like Structure of Matter", Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), United States Department of Energy--Office of Energy Research, (Sept. 2000).
In the time between the first successful test and bar date, Konrad demonstrated his invention to University of California computing personnel without having them execute a confidentiality agreement, and offered to adapt his invention for use at the University Research Association Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory and Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in exchange for money.
The electrons used to provide the synchrotron light are first produced at the electron gun, by thermionic emission from a heated metal cathode. The emitted electrons are then accelerated to an energy of 90 keV (kilo-electron volts) by a 90 kilovolt potential applied across the gun and make their way into the linear accelerator.
It was discovered in 1974 by a team at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), led by Burton Richter, and one at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), led by Samuel Ting. The 1974 discovery of the (and thus the charm quark) ushered in a series of breakthroughs which are collectively known as the November Revolution.
From 1999 to 2008, the main purpose of the linear accelerator was to inject electrons and positrons into the PEP-II accelerator, an electron-positron collider with a pair of storage rings in circumference. PEP-II was host to the BaBar experiment, one of the so-called B-Factory experiments studying charge-parity symmetry.
The AIS Cancer Center includes radiation and medical oncology, a Varian trueBEAM Linear Accelerator with RapidArch technology, and is affiliated with the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center. Sharlet Briggs was named President and CEO of SJCH in November, 2016. On July 5, 2017, San Joaquin Community Hospital officially changed its name to Adventist Health Bakersfield.
After the war he completed his Ph.D. thesis in 1950, and became an associate professor at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. He later worked at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center as head of the electronics department, and was a professor at the University of Idaho in Moscow, where he taught until his retirement.
SPIRES was originally developed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in 1969, from a design based on a 1967 information study of physicists at SLAC. The system was designed as a physics database management system (DBMS) to deal with high-energy-physics preprints.The UNIX-SPIRES Collaboration at SLAC. Written in PL/I, SPIRES ran on an IBM mainframe.
Contact of sodium hypochlorite solutions with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated due to release of chlorine gas.(2013): "Sodium Hypochlorite" Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory Safe Handling Guideline, chapter 53, product 202. Accessed on 2018-06-12 Hypochlorite solutions are corrosive to common container materials such as stainless steel and aluminium.
Snapshot from November 1992: Subject listing - Information by Subject. ;Stanford Linear Accelerator Center: Paul Kunz from SLAC visited Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in September 1991. He was impressed by the WWW project and brought a copy of the software back to Stanford. SLAC launched the first web server in North America on December 12, 1991.
A monitor unit (MU) is a measure of machine output from a clinical accelerator for radiation therapy such as a linear accelerator or an orthovoltage unit. Monitor units are measured by monitor chambers, which are ionization chambers that measure the dose delivered by a beam and are built into the treatment head of radiotherapy linear accelerators.
She next spent seven years at Harvard University before returning to Stanford, where she became a professor of physics at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC). She retired in 2010 and devoted her efforts to education, especially K-12 and preschool science and multilingual education. She and her husband raised two children and have three grandchildren.
During her time at Stanford, she became associated with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. After graduating with her Ph.D., she began working at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University as a faculty member. Berger has served as the deputy director of the Courant Institute and still serves as an educator at NYU.
From 1949 the ITEP maintained a heavy water reactor (there is still a Maket heavy water reactor there) and from 1961 a 7 GeV proton synchrotron, the first Russian particle accelerator with strong focus and prototype for the later 70 GeV accelerator in Protvino. Today they maintain a 10 GeV proton synchrotron and a proton linear accelerator.
In a linac, the target is simply fitted to the end of the accelerator. The particle track in a cyclotron is a spiral outwards from the centre of the circular machine, so the accelerated particles emerge from a fixed point as for a linear accelerator. For synchrotrons, the situation is more complex. Particles are accelerated to the desired energy.
Radiosurgery is also incorporating advanced robotic systems. CyberKnife is such a system that has a lightweight linear accelerator mounted on the robotic arm. It is guided towards tumor processes, using the skeletal structures as a reference system (Stereotactic Radiosurgery System). During the procedure, real time X-ray is used to accurately position the device before delivering radiation beam.
Clatterbridge Hospital in Bebington has a cyclotron (linear accelerator), and is the only hospital in the UK to offer proton therapy. Alderley Park opened in October 1957, and ICI Pharmaceuticals was formed in the same year. In 1962 Dora Richardson of ICI discovered tamoxifen. ICI Alderley Park later discovered Anastrozole, Fulvestrant, Goserelin and Bicalutamide, later made by Zeneca.
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is a free electron laser facility located at SLAC. The LCLS is partially a reconstruction of the last 1/3 of the original linear accelerator at SLAC, and can deliver extremely intense x-ray radiation for research in a number of areas. It achieved first lasing in April 2009. Interstate 280.
His efforts to get the Tetraelectronvolt Energy Superconducting Linear Accelerator (TESLA) built at DESY weren't successful. The project was, however, merged into the International Linear Collider (ILC) plans. After the German reunification in 1990, the former GDR institute for high energy physics at Zeuthen near Berlin was integrated into DESY. Paul Söding became director of this institute in 1991.
Jones earned his bachelor's degree in physics, magna cum laude, from Brigham Young University in 1973, and his Ph.D. in physics from Vanderbilt University in 1978. From 1974 to 1977, Jones conducted his PhD research at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), and post-doctoral research at Cornell University and the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility.
The above-ground SAL building, seen around 1994. The Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL) was a linear accelerator facility on the University of Saskatchewan campus in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The facility was constructed in 1962 at a cost of $1.7M under the direction of Leon Katz.Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan SAL was identified by the OECD as a National Large-Scale Facility.
Jonathan Manne Dorfan (born October 10, 1947) is a particle physicist and the President-Emeritus of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University. He is a former director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (1999–2007; SLAC). In 2010 he joined the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology as President. In 2017 he was awarded Japan's Order of the Rising Sun.
The goal of radiation therapy is to deliver energy, generally in the form of ionizing radiation, to cancerous tissue while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. Monte Carlo modeling is commonly employed in radiation therapy to determine the peripheral dose the patient will experience due to scattering, both from the patient tissue as well as scattering from collimation upstream in the linear accelerator.
"A Brief History of the Internet in Korea", Kilnam Chon, Hyunje Park, Kyungran Kang, and Youngeum Lee. Retrieved 16 April 2017. In 1991, the People's Republic of China saw its first TCP/IP college network, Tsinghua University's TUNET. The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994, between the Beijing Electro-Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University's Linear Accelerator Center.
In subsequent years she became part of the Cambridge Bubble Chamber Group associated with the Cambridge Electron Accelerator at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, the International Hybrid Spectrometer Collaboration at Fermilab, and spectroscopy experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Her final experimental work involved the detection of cosmic neutrinos at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Europe.
December 1, 1968, saw the breaking of ground for the linear accelerator (linac). The construction of the Main Accelerator Enclosure began on October 3, 1969, when the first shovel of earth was turned by Robert R. Wilson, NAL's director. This would become the 6.3 km circumference Fermilab's Main Ring. The linac first 200 MeV beam started on December 1, 1970.
The hospital also added more medical and diagnostic services, such as one stop shop wellness hub, vascular clinic and radiation oncology center which houses the most advanced cancer treatment– the Linear Accelerator (LINAC) and Brachytherapy, as well as several new restaurants on the building itself. On January 31, 2020, The hospital opened a quarantine area for patients during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
26 May 2008. Born in Gisborne, New Zealand, Parke attended St Peter's College, Auckland and the University of Auckland in New Zealand. He was a graduate student of Sidney Coleman at Harvard University, obtaining a PhD in theoretical particle physics. He held a postdoctoral fellowship at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (1980-1983) before moving to the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.
DESY is involved in the project International Linear Collider (ILC). This project consists of a 30-kilometer-long linear accelerator. An international consortium decided to build it with the technology originally developed for the TESLA project. In 2013, the Kitakami mountains of southern Iwate were chosen as a candidate site, and cost sharing and other logistics- related discussions are currently underway.
Kernan won a post-doctoral scholarship at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley. Her next role was at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Finally in 1967, she joined the Department of Physics at the University of California, Riverside. She went on to become chair of the physics department, vice chancellor for research and dean of the graduate division.
His weapon is a powerful pistol able to rapid firing and he rides a HDC-08B-3 TOA Industries Motorcycle. He is also equipped with a linear accelerator rifle and an axe for close combat. is the holographic AI personality of the large black motorcycle ridden by Zoichi. She assists Zoichi with situational analysis as well as advising him on strategies.
APBI is used to deliver radiation as part of breast conservation therapy. It treats only the area where the tumor was surgically removed, plus adjacent tissue. APBI reduces the length of treatment to just five days, compared to the typical six or seven weeks for whole breast irradiation. APBI treatments can be given as brachytherapy or external beam with a linear accelerator.
Avid Media Composer Meridien was released through November, 2003. In 2003, Avid Mojo and Avid Adrenaline formed the new DNA (Digital Non-linear Accelerator) hardware line. The launch of Avid Media Composer Adrenaline brought along a software version renumbering, as it was labeled Avid Media Composer Adrenaline 1.0. At this time, Avid began using MXF (Material Exchange Format) formatting for media files.
Alexander Hall is an environmental teaching and research centre. The Animal Cancer Centre is Canada's first institute for comparative cancer investigation. It includes a linear accelerator offering animal radiation treatment available. Originally built in the 1940s and expanded in the 1950s, the W.F. Mitchell Athletic Centre was upgraded and expanded to keep up with university and community's needs in the fall of 2016.
Beamed energy coupled with a vehicle scooping hydrogen from the interstellar medium is another variant. A laser array in the solar system beams to a collector on a vehicle which uses something like a linear accelerator to produce thrust. This solves the fusion reactor problem for the ramjet. There are limitations because of the attenuation of beamed energy with distance.
She worked with Albert Ghiorso, James Andrew Harris and her husband, . In 1969 she was part of the team that discovered Rutherfordium by bombarding californium-249 with Carbon-12. In 1970 she discovered Dubnium using the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator, bombarding a target of californium-249 with nitrogen nuclei. There was debate between Russia and America over who first discovered of Rutherfordium.
The Rutherford Laboratory came into being in 1957 with Gerry Pickavance as the first Director and Stafford as the Head of the Proton Linear Accelerator (PLA) Group. The PLA achieved its first full energy beam in 1959. By 1963 with the PLA a well established machine he became responsible for the high energy physics programme for the Nimrod (synchrotron). Stafford became Deputy Director on 1 April 1966.
Bjørn Wiik lived in his home town Bruvik until he began his physics studies at Germany's Technische Universität Darmstadt. In 1965, he got his doctorate degree there. Two years later he began working at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Menlo Park, California. In 1972, Wiik returned to Germany, to the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg where, four years later, he was appointed lead scientist.
Oxygen-18 (, Ω) is a natural, stable isotope of oxygen and one of the environmental isotopes. is an important precursor for the production of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) used in positron emission tomography (PET). Generally, in the radiopharmaceutical industry, enriched water () is bombarded with hydrogen ions in either a cyclotron or linear accelerator, creating fluorine-18. This is then synthesized into FDG and injected into a patient.
He later also joined the Federation of American Scientists. He was also a member of the American Physical Society. After the war, Oppenheimer returned to Berkeley, working with Luis Alvarez and Wolfgang Panofsky to develop the proton linear accelerator. In 1947 he took a position as Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Minnesota, where he participated in the discovery of heavy cosmic ray nuclei.
In addition to protons, PS has accelerated alpha particles, oxygen and sulphur nuclei, electrons, positrons and antiprotons. Today, the PS is part of the CERN's accelerator complex. It accelerates protons for the LHC as well as a number of other experimental facilities at CERN. Using a proton source, the protons are first accelerated to the energy of 50 MeV in the linear accelerator Linac 2.
On June 3, 1999, the Panamanian Government, on President Ernesto Perez Balladares administration, gives buildings 242 and 254 of the former Gorgas Hospital to the Institute, and on July 23 the Institute moves to this location from the building on Justo Arosemena Avenue. The Hospital has continued its growth and acquired new equipment, like a linear accelerator, a new CT and opened its ICU.
Alam began his academic career at Dacca University, in what is now Bangladesh. There he earned a BSc in Physics and an MSc in Theoretical Nuclear Physics. He went on to earn a Phd in Experimental Particle Physics from Indiana University in 1975. Alam next spent a year at Vanderbilt University as a research associate before securing a position at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
In the circular accelerator, particles move in a circle until they reach sufficient energy. The particle track is typically bent into a circle using electromagnets. The advantage of circular accelerators over linear accelerators (linacs) is that the ring topology allows continuous acceleration, as the particle can transit indefinitely. Another advantage is that a circular accelerator is smaller than a linear accelerator of comparable power (i.e.
Autodynamics is wholly rejected by the mainstream scientific community. Since Carezani's original publication, no papers on autodynamics have appeared in the scientific literature, except for additional papers by Carezani published in alternative journals such as Physics Essays. A 1999 article in the magazine Wired quotes H. Pierre Noyes, a professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, as stating, "autodynamics was disproved. Special relativity is correct".
Here the linear accelerator collimation projects a 1x1 cm2 field at isocentre i.e. 100 cm SSD Transverse dose measurements are performed in the x (crossplane) or y (inplane) directions perpendicular to the radiation beam, and at a given depth (z) in the phantom. These are known dose profiles. Dose measurements taken along the z direction create radiation dose distribution known as a depth-dose curve.
It is usually followed by beam diagnostics and higher-energy accelerators. linear accelerator works. For a photoinjector, the source S is the cathode inside the fractional cell, followed by four booster cells of RF field. The key component of a photoinjector is a photocathode, which is located inside the cavity of electron gun (usually, a 0.6-fractional cell for optimal distribution of accelerating field).
Originally from Ambérieu-en-Bugey (Ain), Michel Davier studied at the Lycée Lalande in Bourg-en-Bresse, at the École Normale d'instituteurs in the same city, and then at the École Normale d'instituteurs in Lyon. After a year of preparatory classes at the Lycée Chaptal in Paris in 1960-61, he entered the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud where he obtained a degree in physics and chemistry. Admitted to the first agrégation in physics in 1965, he chose to focus on higher education and research in elementary particle physics. Having joined the Laboratory of Linear Accelerator (LAL) founded in Orsay by the École Normale Supérieure as an assistant at the University of Paris-Sud, he did his doctoral work on the photoproduction of vector mesons at Stanford University in California at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), which he defended in 1969 in Orsay.
Electrons generate the synchrotron radiation that is used at the end stations of beamlines. The electrons are first produced by a 100 KeV triode electron gun. These electrons then proceed through a linear accelerator (linac), which gets them up to 120 MeV. Next, the electrons enter a booster ring, where their energy is increased to 750 MeV, and are then injected into either the VUV ring or the X-ray ring.
The radiation medicine department has a TrueBeam linear accelerator and stereotactic radiation capabilities. The cancer program also has three nurse navigators, research nurses, social workers and quality of life programs including art classes and support groups. Lexington Medical Center diagnoses approximately 250 breast cancer patients each year. The hospital's breast program has accreditation from the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers (NAPBC) and the American College of Radiology (ACR).
Grading rings along a linear accelerator beam tube at the University of Pennsylvania in 1940. A very similar related device, called a grading ring, is also used on high-voltage equipment. Grading rings are similar to corona rings, but they encircle insulators rather than conductors. Although they may also serve to suppress corona, their main purpose is to reduce the potential gradient along the insulator, preventing premature electrical breakdown.
Sidney David Drell (September 13, 1926 - December 21, 2016) was an American theoretical physicist and arms control expert. At the time of his death, he was professor emeritus at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Drell was a noted contributor in the fields of quantum electrodynamics and high-energy particle physics. The Drell–Yan process is partially named for him.
Bagger was a postdoc from 1983 to 1986 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. He was from 1986 to 1989 an associate professor at Harvard University. At Johns Hopkins University he became in 1989 a full professor, holding a professorial chair there until 2014. In 2014 Bagger was appointed director of TRIUMF, Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics. Bagger’s research deals with high-energy physics, supersymmetry, and string theory.
This department has several world class faculty. These faculty most often are associated with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) or the ATLAS project at CERN. There are many experiments being performed at any time within SCIPP but many center on Silicone Strip Particle Detectors and their properties before and after radioactive exposure. Also many of the faculty work on monte carlo simulations and tracking particles within particle colliders.
With the growing recognition of the utility of CT imaging in using guidance strategies to match treatment volume position and treatment field placement, several systems have been designed that place an actual conventional 2-D CT machine in the treatment room alongside the treatment linear accelerator. The advantage is that the conventional CT provides accurate measure of tissue attenuation, which is important for dose calculation (e.g. CT on rails).
Cvetič earned bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Ljubljana in 1979 and 1981, respectively. She completed her doctorate at the University of Maryland, College Park in 1984. Her dissertation, Origin of Mass Hierarchies in Gauge Theories, was supervised by Jogesh Pati. After working as a researcher at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and the University of Pennsylvania, she joined the University of Pennsylvania faculty in 1989.
Radiation therapy can be delivered by external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy (internal radiotherapy), or by intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT). In the case of external beam radiotherapy, X-rays are delivered from outside the body by a machine called a Linear Accelerator or Linac. In contrast, brachytherapy involves the precise placement of radiation source(s) directly at the treatment site. IORT includes a one-time dose of radiation administered with breast surgery.
The SAVI applicator is a multiple catheter breast brachytherapy device. Radiotherapy can be delivered in many ways but is most commonly produced by a linear accelerator. This usually involves treating the whole breast in the case of breast lumpectomy or the whole chest wall in the case of mastectomy. Lumpectomy patients with early-stage breast cancer may be eligible for a newer, shorter form of treatment called "breast brachytherapy".
Burton Richter (March 22, 1931 – July 18, 2018) was an American physicist. He led the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) team which co-discovered the J/ψ meson in 1974, alongside the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) team led by Samuel Ting for which they won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1976. This discovery was part of the November Revolution of particle physics. He was the SLAC director from 1984 to 1999.
Cornell University had built a series of synchrotrons since the 1940s. The 10 GeV synchrotron in operation during the 1970s had conducted a number of experiments, but it ran at much lower energy than the 20 GeV linear accelerator at SLAC.Berkelman (2004) p. 13 As late as October 1974, Cornell planned to upgrade the synchrotron to reach energies of 25 GeV and build a new synchrotron to reach 40 GeV.
Swedish Hospital offers radiation therapy treatment, using an advanced linear accelerator, for all types of cancers. This technology allows it to use a number of advanced techniques, including electron beam therapy for supplemental tumors and image-guided and intensity- modulated treatments for difficult-to-treat tumors. The intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) adds precision to treat highly sensitive area such as tumors of the brain, head, neck and pelvis.
Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is an extension of IMRT where in addition to MLC motion, the linear accelerator will move around the patient during treatment. This means that rather than radiation entering the patient through only a small number of fixed angles, it can enter through many angles. This can be beneficial for some treatment sites where the target volume is surrounded by a number of organs which must be spared radiation dose.
Because of these properties, it is employed in applications such as the BaBar detector at the Stanford Linear Accelerator and BOLD (Blind to the Optical Light Detectors for VUV solar observations). A diamond VUV detector recently was used in the European LYRA program. Conductive CVD diamond is a useful electrode under many circumstances. Photochemical methods have been developed for covalently linking DNA to the surface of polycrystalline diamond films produced through CVD.
In 1948, having completed his experimental work, Chamberlain returned to Berkeley as a member of its faculty. There he, Segrè, and other physicists investigated proton-proton scattering. In 1955, a series of proton scattering experiments at Berkeley's Bevatron led to the discovery of the anti-proton, a particle like a proton but negatively charged. Chamberlain's later research work included the time projection chamber (TPC), and work at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC).
Peter T. Demos (July 18, 1918 - September 18, 2012) was a professor in the Department of Physics and the Laboratory for Nuclear Science at MIT. A native of Peterborough, Ontario, Demos attended Peterborough Collegiate and Vocational School and Queen's University, and received a Ph.D. in Physics from MIT in 1951. He was a founder and former director of the Bates Linear Accelerator at MIT and served as advisor on nuclear science to John F. Kennedy.
Radiation Facilities Includes a training nuclear reactor, a dry cell gamma vault irradiator, and a 10 MEV electron linear accelerator to support research and teaching. Robotics Realization Laboratory Space for students to design, build, and test robot designs. Facility provides robots for manufacturing and medical applications as well as for mechanical and electrical rapid prototyping. Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory Dedicated to developing biomaterials that improve the quality of life for ill or injured patients.
He wrote his doctoral thesis on Maxwell's demon, a long-standing puzzle in the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics. Szilard was the first to recognize the connection between thermodynamics and information theory. In addition to the nuclear reactor, Szilard submitted the earliest patent applications for the electron microscope (1928), the linear accelerator (1928), and the cyclotron (1929) in Germany. Between 1926 and 1930, he worked with Einstein on the development of the Einstein refrigerator.
The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. Quarks were introduced as parts of an ordering scheme for hadrons, and there was little evidence for their physical existence until deep inelastic scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968. Accelerator experiments have provided evidence for all six flavors. The top quark, first observed at Fermilab in 1995, was the last to be discovered.
A 16-bed Emergency department operates 24 hours. The hospital is equipped with an Intensive Care Unit, focusing on high dependency and coronary patients. It also operates a Rehabilitation ward, a 12-bed children's ward and a 6-bed 23-hour ward for day surgeries. A major upgrade for oncology services was completed with the opening of the Shoalhaven Cancer Care Centre, equipped with a linear accelerator to administer radiation therapy and onsite carer's accommodation.
The European x-ray free electron laser (European XFEL) is the world's largest and brightestMassimo Altarelli: The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser x-ray laser. It is a European project in collaboration with DESY. First x-rays were produced in May 2017, user operation started September 2017. The 3.4 km long tunnel contains a 2.1 km long superconducting linear accelerator where electrons are accelerated to an energy of up to 17.5 GeV.
Mathematics Genealogy Project In 1968 he started his academic career as research physicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In 1972 he started at Stanford University as leader of the Computation Research Group at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, where he would participate until 2003. In the year 1976–77 he was a Visiting Scientist at CERN in Geneva. From 1981 to 1984 he was Visiting Professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
During the Second World War the hospital amassed expertise on the effects of crush syndrome and kidney failure as a result of treating air raid victims. The hospital refectory was completely destroyed during one air raid. Roger Daltrey, the singer and actor, was born at the hospital in 1944. The hospital was home to the first medical linear accelerator in the world at the MRC's Radiotherapeutic Research Unit, where the first patient was treated in 1953.
In 1960 he joined the physics faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1968-69, commuting between MIT and California, he conducted experiments with Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center which gave the first experimental evidence that protons had an internal structure, later known to be quarks. For this, Friedman, Kendall and Taylor shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics. He is an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
During 1960–1980 a HVEC EN tandem accelerator was used by nuclear physics for light ion research. 1975 saw the school's 14UD accelerator come online, which has since been augmented with a superconducting linear accelerator. On 5 July 1960 a fire during the night destroyed much of the eastern end of the Cockcroft Building. The damage included the drawing office, many student's and staff's results and files and the control room for the 600 kV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator.
Hungarian Leo Szilard was the first who invented and patented the linear accelerator (1928) and the cyclotron in Germany in 1929. The first American cyclotron was developed and patented by Ernest Lawrence in 1932 at the University of California, Berkeley. He used large electromagnets recycled from obsolete Poulsen arc radio transmitters provided by the Federal Telegraph Company.F.J. Mann, "Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation, A Historical Review: 1909-1946," Electrical Communications Vol. 23, No. 4 (December 1946): 397-398.
Shaw was born in 1955 and was raised in Palo Alto, California. Her father was a mechanical engineer and worked at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. In a 2011 interview, she said she didn't like playing with dolls as a child, but learned about model railroading from playing with her brother's set, a hobby she continued until college. Shaw first used a computer in high school and discovered she could play text-based games on the system.
There were no admission charges at the Exploratorium for a full twelve years after its opening. The first exhibits in the Exploratorium were constructed with the aid of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and the Ames Research Center (NASA). Frank Oppenheimer had a lifelong belief in the importance of art in an equal and closely connected relationship to science. He personally recruited artist Bob Miller to create Sun Painting, the first major art installation at the Exploratorium.
Part of the Maharishi University of Management In 1981 Hagelin became a postdoctoral researcher for few months at the European Center for Particle Physics (CERN) in Switzerland, and in 1982 he moved to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California. He left SLAC in 1983, reportedly because of personal problems. A year later he joined Maharishi International University (MIU), later named the Maharishi University of Management (MUM), as chair of its physics department.Stenger, Victor J. (2009).
This second Gamma Knife unit was designed to produce spherical lesions to treat brain tumors and intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Additional units were installed in the 1980s all with 201 cobalt-60 sources. In parallel to these developments, a similar approach was designed for a linear particle accelerator or Linac. Installation of the first 4 MeV clinical linear accelerator began in June 1952 in the Medical Research Council (MRC) Radiotherapeutic Research Unit at the Hammersmith Hospital, London.
The linear accelerator (or linac) uses a series of RF cavities, operating at a frequency of 3 GHz, to accelerate the electron beam to an energy of 100 MeV, over a distance of around 15 metres. Due to the nature of this acceleration, the beam must be separated into discrete packets, or 'bunches'. The bunching process is done at the start of the linac, using several 'bunching' cavities. The linac can accelerate a beam once every second.
Oncocare offers sub-specialties in cancer care that include radiation treatment (2D, 3D, IMRT), medical oncology (chemotherapy) with dedicated hospital mixing pharmacy, treatment support (immunity support, palliative care, pain management) and a specialist cancer retail pharmacy. A mosaic oncology information system is used for error reduction. The hospital has the only digital linear accelerator in Zimbabwe. Its team of medical specialists includes oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, medical physicists, dosimetrists, physicians, biomedical engineers, and experts in oncology pharmaceuticals.
After receiving his doctoral degree, Alexander was a research physicist at Imperial College, London, as well as at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University. Alexander has held faculty positions at Penn State, Haverford College, and Dartmouth College before joining the faculty at Brown University. Alexander co-authored a paper in 2012 that reinterpreted Horava- Lifshitz theory. The paper, "Hořava-Lifshitz theory as a fermionic aether in Ashtekar gravity", studied how the HL theory could be naturally occurring.
Megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) is a medical imaging technique that uses the Megavoltage range of X-rays to create an image of bony structures or surrogate structures within the body. The original rational for MVCT was spurred by the need for accurate density estimates for treatment planning. Both patient and target structure localization were secondary uses. A test unit using a single linear detector, consisting of 75 cadmium tungstate crystals, was mounted on the linear accelerator gantry.
GNUstep began when Paul Kunz and others at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center wanted to port HippoDraw from NeXTSTEP to another platform. Instead of rewriting HippoDraw from scratch and reusing only the application design, they decided to rewrite the NeXTSTEP object layer on which the application depended. This was the first version of libobjcX. It enabled them to port HippoDraw to Unix systems running the X Window System without changing a single line of their application source.
The Tevatron, a synchrotron collider type particle accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), Batavia, Illinois, USA. Shut down in 2011, until 2007 it was the most powerful particle accelerator in the world, accelerating protons to an energy of over 1 TeV (tera electron volts). Beams of circulating protons in the two circular vacuum chambers in the two rings visible collided at their intersection point. linear accelerator, widely used in both physics research and cancer treatment.
Also, only a fraction of the particles brought onto a collision course actually collide. In a linear accelerator, the remaining particles are lost; in a ring accelerator, they keep circulating and are available for future collisions. The disadvantage of circular accelerators is that charged particles moving along bent paths will necessarily emit electromagnetic radiation known as synchrotron radiation. Energy loss through synchrotron radiation is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the mass of the particles in question.
A 100 MeV linear accelerator as pre-injector completes the facility. In 2006 the SLS- FEMTO facility came into operation: By interaction of a high energy (4 mJ), short pulse (50 fs fwhm) laser pulse with the electron beam in a wiggler magnet, a thin slice of the electron beam is modulated in energy. A magnetic chicane bracketing the wiggler and creating dispersion translates this energy modulation into a horizontal separation of the slices from the core beam.
He also did research at SLAC during this period.Wilson, K. G. "Broken Scale Invariance and Anomalous Dimensions", Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC,)Stanford University, Laboratory of Nuclear Studies, Cornell University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (May 1970). In 1974, he became the James A. Weeks Professor of Physics at Cornell. In 1982 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on critical phenomena using the renormalization group.
Michel Davier (born March 6, 1942) is a French physicist. Graduate of the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud (science), he was Director of the Laboratory of Linear Accelerator in Orsay from 1985 to 1994. Winner of the Gentner-Kastler Prize in 1994, he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences (Physics section) in 1996. He was appointed senior member of the Institut universitaire de France in 1991 for a five-year term, renewed in 1996.
Carezani worked with Pierre Noyes at various linear accelerators, and conducted further lab work in MIT and the University of Barcelona. However, importantly, while some of the theories were proven true, many were proven false through the experiments conducted at the Stanford Linear Accelerator. However, after the setbacks in the 1980s, Carezani regained some prominence in the 1990s and 2000s. In 1991, he discovered a mathematical conversion theorizing that special relativity is a subset of autodynamics.
The modern, 120-bed facility was designed by HDR, Inc. and incorporates natural elements and themes. Fort Belvoir's new hospital has a seven-story main structure, flanked on each side by two outpatient clinic areas providing both primary and specialty care. In total, it consists of five total buildings, 3500 parking spaces, 44 clinics, expanded pharmacy services, 430 exam rooms, 10 operating rooms, two DaVinci surgical systems, two linear accelerator cancer/oncology systems, and one of the military's only dedicated substance abuse programs.
The muon neutrino was discovered in 1962 by Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, and Jack Steinberger, and the tau discovered between 1974 and 1977 by Martin Lewis Perl and his colleagues from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The tau neutrino remained elusive until July 2000, when the DONUT collaboration from Fermilab announced its discovery. Leptons are an important part of the Standard Model. Electrons are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons.
The Global Design Effort (GDE) was an international team tasked with designing the International Linear Collider (ILC), a particle accelerator to succeed machines such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC), with the endorsement of the International Committee for Future Accelerators. Between 2005–2013, the GDE led planning, research and development, and produced an ILC Technical Design Report. The Global Design Effort was headed by Barry Barish of Caltech, former director of the LIGO laboratory.
The bison herd still lives on the grounds of Fermilab. Architecturally, The lab's designers rejected the militaristic design of Los Alamos and Brookhaven as well as the academic architecture of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Instead Fermilab's planners sought to return to Turnerian themes. They emphasized the values of individualism, empiricism, simplicity, equality, courage, discovery, independence, and naturalism in the service of democratic access, human rights, ecological balance, and the resolution of social, economic, and political issues.
Ratra was born in Bombay (Mumbai). He graduated with a Master of Science in physics from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 1982 and completed his doctorate in physics at Stanford University in 1986 under the supervision of Leonard Susskind and Michael Peskin. Ratra was a postdoctoral fellow at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Princeton University, the California Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He joined Kansas State University in 1996 as an assistant professor of physics.
During the next years he led the collaboration to many important discoveries, amongst others that of the neutral currents in both leptonic and hadronic events, and the experimental proof of the fractional charges of the quarks. Gargamelle turned out to be one of the most significant experiments in the history of CERN. In 1964 he became professor at the University of Orsay. In 1969 he became director of Orsay Linear Accelerator Laboratory, a position he held until his untimely death in 1975.
Franklin was a student at CERN in 1978, where she met John Ellis. According to Ellis, he coined the name penguin diagrams following a bet he had made with her in a pub. Franklin earned her physics PhD from Stanford University in 1982 with a thesis titled "Selected studies of charmonium decay" under the supervision of Gary Feldman, working with the school's linear accelerator, SLAC. She did postdoctoral work at the University of California at Berkeley in the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
The Crystal Ball was a hermetic particle detector used initially with the SPEAR particle accelerator at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center beginning in 1979. It was designed to detect neutral particles and was used to discover the ηc meson. Its central section was a spark chamber surrounded by a nearly- complete sphere of scintillating crystals (NaI(Tl)), for which it was named. With the addition of endcaps of similar construction, the detector covered 98% of the solid angle around the interaction point.
In June 2020, FRIB completed assembly and testing of all 46 baseline cryomodules, which contain the superconducting radio frequency resonators that accelerate FRIB's heavy-ion beam while operating at temperatures a few degrees above absolute zero. FRIB is the nation's first large superconducting linear accelerator with the majority of resonators produced domestically. FRIB continues to operate its cryogenic plant at high efficiency. Since 2018, the FRIB cryogenic plant has operated nonstop to liquefy helium as low as 2 degrees above absolute zero.
He then spent nearly fifteen years at the IBM Almaden Research Center, where he conducted x-ray research in the areas of surface science and magnetic materials and managed various research departments. He became a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1988. In January 2000, he joined the faculty of Stanford University as Professor and was appointed Deputy Director of SSRL. In 2005 he became the fourth Director of SSRL and an Associate Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC).
They also performed machining and assembly work for Luscombe, Hewlett Packard in the 1950s, and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in the 1960s. Arrow also helped the NASA Ames Research Center develop 25 balloon-suspended capsules for high altitude research with monkeys, in preparation for the Mercury Program. Morgan, Bacon, and Schulze are credited with building the carousel originally installed at Alum Rock Park in 1947. By 1950, Arrow Development was known locally for its manufacture of carousels and other small amusement rides.
Particles in a racetrack microtron, coming from an external source. A racetrack microtron is a larger-scale microtron which uses two electromagnets instead of one. Both electromagnets supply a homogeneous magnetic field in a half-circle formed region, and the particles path between both magnets is thus straight. One advantage of this is that the accelerator cavity can be larger, enabling the use of different linear accelerator (linac) forms, and is not installed in a region with large magnetic fields.
During this period he co-authored with his wife and B. Peters a CERN report.Separation of high-energy particles by means of strong interaction processes, CERN-61-03 A particle he discovered in 1963 was given the name A meson, named after his son Amos. In 1974, Goldhaber was part of a team at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center led by Burton Richter that co-discovered the J/ψ meson, a flavor-neutral meson consisting of a charm quark and a charm antiquark.
The antiparticle of the down quark is the down antiquark (sometimes called antidown quark or simply antidown), which differs from it only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. Its existence (along with that of the up and strange quarks) was postulated in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig to explain the Eightfold Way classification scheme of hadrons. The down quark was first observed by experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968.
The device combines a compact linear accelerator mounted on a robotic manipulator, and an integrated image guidance system. The image guidance system acquires stereoscopic kV images during treatment, tracks tumor motion, and guide the robotic manipulator to precisely and accurately align the treatment beam to the moving tumor. The system is designed for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). The system is also used for select 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).
Off campus facilities include the Mildred Milliman Radiation Medicine Center, a premier affiliate site of Roswell Park Cancer Institute, in Olean. The Center includes a linear accelerator, CT simulator, and patient examination and treatment space and physician offices. A hospital facility in Franklinville, New York houses a lab collection station and physician offices. UAHS also operates a primary care center and laboratory collection station in Salamanca, New York and a primary care center and dental center in Delevan, New York.
A plasma railgun is a linear accelerator which, like a projectile railgun, uses two long parallel electrodes to accelerate a "sliding short" armature. However, in a plasma railgun, the armature and ejected projectile consists of plasma, or hot, ionized, gas-like particles, instead of a solid slug of material. Scientific plasma railguns are typically operated in vacuum and not at air pressure. They are of value because they produce muzzle velocities of up to several hundreds of kilometers per second.
In 2001, he joined the international collaboration that operates the BABAR detector at SLAC to launch an original precision measurement program. In parallel with his activities in particle physics, he strongly supports the Franco-Italian Virgo project for the research of gravitational waves and welcomed Alain Brillet's team to the LAL in 1991. He actively participates in the construction of the interferometer and data analysis by creating his own group. He directed the Linear Accelerator Laboratory from 1985 to 1993.
Thwaites DI and Tuohy J, Back to the future: the history and development of the clinical linear accelerator, Phys. Med. Biol. 51 (2006) R343–R36, doi:10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R20 The first patient treated by Kaplan was Gordon Isaacs, who suffered from retinoblastoma of his right eye, and the disease threatened his left eye. The patient survived into adulthood with normal vision in his left eye. His main focus was on Hodgkin's disease, which was fatal before radiation therapy was used.
As of October 2019, the construction is on-going to upgrade the LHC's luminosity in a project called High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). This project should see the LHC accelerator upgraded by 2026 to an order of magnitude higher luminosity. As part of the HL-LHC upgrade project, also other CERN accelerators and their subsystems are receiving upgrades. Among other work, the LINAC 2 linear accelerator injector was decommissioned, to be replaced by a new injector accelerator, the LINAC 4 in 2020.
A radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) is a linear accelerator component generally used at low beam energies, roughly 50keV to 3MeV. It is similar in concept to a quadrupole mass analyser but its purpose is to accelerate a single-species beam (rather than perform mass spectrometry on a multiple-species beam). The Radio-frequency quadrupole from the reaccelerator (ReA3) at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University. The RFQ is a combined-function component that both accelerates and focuses the beam of charged particles.
This ordered hadrons into isospin multiplets. The physical basis behind both isospin and strangeness was only explained in 1964, when Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently proposed the quark model, which at that time consisted only of the up, down, and strange quarks. Up and down quarks were the carriers of isospin, while the strange quark carried strangeness. While the quark model explained the Eightfold Way, no direct evidence of the existence of quarks was found until 1968 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
In 1999, Panacea Medical Technologies was founded in Bangalore by a senior scientist G V Subramanhyam. The company has worked with the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and Society for Applied Microwave Electronic Engineering and Research (SAMEER) to collaborate on the design of a tele- cobalt radiotherapy unit and linear accelerator. The company took six years to design, develop, manufacture and get a regulatory approval for its first product. Post the launch in 2007, Panacea has increased its installation base in India and other countries.
The Feynman Lectures on Physics including Feynman's Tips on Physics: The Definitive and Extended Edition (2005) Sands went to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he helped build and operate a 1.5 GeV electron synchrotron. He was the first to demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, the role of quantum effects in electron particle accelerators. He also studied beam instabilities, wake fields, beam- cavity interactions, and other phenomena. In 1963, Sands became deputy director for the construction and early operation of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC).
A full tank will ensure that supply will last for 5 days. Dispensaries attached to the hospital include Government Secretariat Dispensary, Government High Court Dispensary, Government Chepauk Offices Dispensary, Government Estate Dispensary, and Government Raj Bhavan Dispensary. As of 2013, there were 231 beds for various ICUs at the hospital including for poly trauma, orthopaedics, medical emergencies, poison, surgical, cardiology, neurology and geriatrics. An additional 15 beds for cancer ICU has been planned along with the commissioning of a linear accelerator for precise radiation therapy.
Blandford is a Fellow of the Royal Society, Member of the U.S. National Academy of Science, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.SLAC HEP Faculty: Roger Blandford He is currently Luke Blossom Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University, Professor of Physics at Stanford University and at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory. He was the Pehong and Adele Chen Director, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology from 2003 to 2013.
Research investigations at CRI currently focus on molecular mechanisms responsible for the causation of major human cancers relevant to India. It is envisaged that in the future, ACTREC will play a greater role in drug development and emerging therapies for treatment and prevention of cancer. The radiotherapy at ACTREC is equipped with a dual-energy linear accelerator, IMRT, stereotactic therapy and HDU-brachytherapy units. The Centre is committed to carrying out clinical trials under GCP conditions, including Phase I/II trials for investigational new drugs.
He was a Research Associate at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center 1969–74. Returning to Oxford he was a research officer (1974–78), teaching lecturer at Christ Church (1976–78), Senior Research Fellow at Merton (1977–79), and Fellow and Tutor at Balliol and University Lecturer in Physics (1979–90). He was appointed Reader in Experimental Physics in 1990 and Professor of Experimental Physics in 1991. He was also Head of Particle and Nuclear Physics 1991–96 and Chair of the Department of Physics 1997–99.
Beamlines leading from the Van de Graaff accelerator to various experiments, in the basement of the Jussieu Campus in Paris. Building covering the 2 mile (3.2 km) beam tube of the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) at Menlo Park, California, the second most powerful linac in the world. Beams of high-energy particles are useful for fundamental and applied research in the sciences, and also in many technical and industrial fields unrelated to fundamental research. It has been estimated that there are approximately 30,000 accelerators worldwide.
The ILC would collide electrons with positrons. It will be between 30 km and 50 km (19–31 mi) long, more than 10 times as long as the 50 GeV Stanford Linear Accelerator, the longest existing linear particle accelerator. The proposal is based on previous similar proposals from Europe, the U.S., and Japan. Studies for an alternative project, the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) are also underway, which would operate at higher energies (up to 3 TeV) in a machine of length similar to the ILC.
In August 2004, the International Technology Recommendation Panel (ITRP) recommended a superconducting radio frequency technology for the accelerator. After this decision the three existing linear collider projects – the Next Linear Collider (NLC), the Global Linear Collider (GLC) and Teraelectronvolt Energy Superconducting Linear Accelerator (TESLA) – joined their efforts into one single project (the ILC). In March 2005, the International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) announced Prof. Barry Barish, director of the LIGO Laboratory at Caltech from 1997 to 2005, as the Director of the Global Design Effort (GDE).
Particles in a classic microtron get emitted from a source (blue), accelerated once per turn (microwave cavity, gray), increasing their path radius until ejection. A microtron is a type of particle accelerator concept originating from the cyclotron in which the accelerating field is not applied through large D-shaped electrodes, but through a linear accelerator structure. The classic microtron was invented by Vladimir Veksler. The kinetic energy of the particles is increased by a constant amount per field change (one half or a whole revolution).
Alex Hankey (born 18 August 1947) is a theoretical physicist trained at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Cambridge University. He was a post- doctoral fellow at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Deeply interested in Vedanta, Yoga, and Ayurveda, he played a vital role in setting up Maharishi University of ManagementJames R. Lewis, Olav Hammer, Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, BRILL, 2010, p. 353. and later on became a professor at it, where he taught the first undergraduate course in philosophy of science.
Shellman began her career as a programmer at the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC), where she learned "she liked the mixture of theory and practice in experimental physics. She describes her love of physics succinctly: 'Physicists get to build things!' ". Prior to joining the OSU faculty in 2015, she held postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Chicago and Fermilab, and was on the faculty of Northwestern University, where she was chair of the physics and astronomy programs at the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.
The Cancer Institute is home to the area's only Gamma Knife and also has the Trilogy Linear Accelerator. The Hospital Center's transplantation program ranks among the top five percent in the nation for patient outcomes and consistently exceeds the national average. The program for kidney, pancreas and heart is one of the busiest in the mid-Atlantic region. Perhaps the Hospital Center's most wide-reaching presence is its MedSTAR Transport air ambulance service, which, as of 2008 had carried nearly 50,000 patients since its inception in 1983.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Kendall worked in collaboration with researchers at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) including Friedman and Taylor. These experiments involved scattering high-energy beams of electrons from protons and deuterons and heavier nuclei. At lower energies, it had already been found that the electrons would only be scattered through low angles, consistent with the idea that the nucleons had no internal structure. However, the SLAC-MIT experiments showed that higher energy electrons could be scattered through much higher angles, with the loss of some energy.
In 1976, Ting was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, which he shared with Burton Richter of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, for the discovery of the J/ψ meson nuclear particle. They were chosen for the award, in the words of the Nobel committee, "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind." The discovery was made in 1974 when Ting was heading a research team at MIT exploring new regimes of high energy particle physics. Ting gave his Nobel Prize acceptance speech in Mandarin.
In 1924, he returned to Norway for a short time period, working in a locomotive facility of Norges Statsbaner, where he fulfilled his 72-day military service. He went back to Germany in 1925. There he studied at the Technical University at Aachen, where he proposed a thesis in 1927 for an experimental betatron accelerator, incorporating the work of Swedish scientist Gustav Ising of 1924, which was not successful at first. Thus, Widerøe instead built a linear accelerator prototype based on Isings proposal and made this the topic of his dissertation under Walter Rogowski.
Charles Repenning (August 4, 1922, Oak Park, Illinois—January 5, 2005, Lakewood, Colorado) was an American paleontologist and zoologist noted for his work on shrews, fossil rodents, modern pinnipeds and their extinct relatives, the Desmostylia. He identified and researched the Paleoparadoxia found during the excavation of Stanford Linear Accelerator at Stanford University in California, which was eventually reclassified as a distinct species, which was named in his honor. Reclassification of SLAC specimen as P. repenningi Repenning was the first paleontologist to identify fossils from the North Slope of Alaska as dinosaur bones.
Born in Vienna, Austria, Capra attended the University of Vienna, where he earned his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1966. He conducted research in particle physics and systems theory at the University of Paris (1966–1968), the University of California, Santa Cruz (1968–1970), the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (1970), Imperial College, London (1971–1974) and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1975–1988). While at Berkeley, he was a member of the Fundamental Fysiks Group, founded in May 1975 by Elizabeth Rauscher and George Weissmann, which met weekly to discuss philosophy and quantum physics.Kaiser, David.
The New York Times reported in December 2010 that radiation overdoses had occurred with the linear accelerator method of radiosurgery, due in large part to inadequate safeguards in equipment retrofitted for stereotactic radiosurgery. In the U.S. the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates these devices, whereas the Gamma Knife is regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The NYT article focused on Varian equipment and associated software, but the problem is likely not to be limited to that manufacturer. This is evidence that immunotherapy may be useful for treatment of radiation necrosis following stereotactic radiotherapy.
The FAIR construction area from the far east of the GSI ground (spring 2013). On the left, the tree free circle, will give room for the future heavy ion synchrotron SIS100, middle after the container housing two rotary drilling machines (each 100 tons "light") for the approximately 1400 piles, each max 40m deep and appr. 1,2m in diameter, right of the image the place for the future other accelerators and experimental areas. Beams of protons will be prepared in the proton linear accelerator, p-LINAC, while heavy ions will be prepared in the UNILAC.
James E. Brau (born 1946) is an American physicist at the University of Oregon (UO) who conducts research on elementary particles and fields. He founded the Oregon experimental high energy physics group in 1988 and served as director of the UO Center for High Energy Physics from 1997–2016. Prior to joining the Oregon faculty, he served in the Air Force and held positions at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and the University of Tennessee. He is a fellow of both the American Physical Society and also the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
After graduating from Stanford, Moniz joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1973, serving as head of the Department of Physics from 1991 to 1995 and as director of the Bates Linear Accelerator Center. He co-chairs the MIT research council. He served in the Clinton administration as Associate Director for Science in the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the Executive Office of the President from 1995 to 1997. Moniz worked in the United States Department of Energy, serving as Under Secretary of Energy from 1997 to 2001.
The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) facility at CERN, a 30+30 GeV proton-proton system, opened in 1971 and became the first high energy hadron collider. The SPEAR collider at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, a 3+3 GeV electron- positron system, was completed in 1972 and soon contributed to discoveries of the ψ meson and τ lepton, both recognized in Nobel Prizes. The ψ had previously been found in a fixed-target experiment at the Brookhaven AGS, where it was called the J, but it was better measured with SPEAR.
On February 10, 2007, Homestead's team won the regional competition at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, eventually repeating their regional victory on February 2, 2008. At the 2007 National Science Bowl Competition in Washington D.C., Homestead's team placed twelfth out of more than sixty high-school teams, winning a $1,000 prize for the school's science department. In 2009, Homestead made it to the National competition for the third time in a row. At the National Science Bowl Competition, they placed in the top eight out of sixty-seven other high schools.
Top view of the ring The ESRF physical plant consists of two main buildings: the experiment hall, containing the 844 metre circumference ring and forty tangential beamlines; and a block of laboratories, preparation suites, and offices connected to the ring by a pedestrian bridge. The linear accelerator electron gun and smaller booster ring used to bring the beam to an operating energy of 6 GeV are constructed within the main ring. Until recently bicycles were provided for use indoors in the ring's circumferential corridor. Unfortunately they have been removed after some minor accidents.
It can also be argued that the end of the Cold War resulted in a change of scientific funding priorities that contributed to its ultimate cancellation. However, the tunnel built for its placement still remains, although empty. While there is still potential for yet more powerful proton and heavy particle cyclic accelerators, it appears that the next step up in electron beam energy must avoid losses due to synchrotron radiation. This will require a return to the linear accelerator, but with devices significantly longer than those currently in use.
Scully grew up in Pleasant Hill, which is across the Bay from San Francisco. In eighth grade, he won honorable mention in the 1958 Bay Area Science Fair for designing and building a small computer. During high school, he spent summers working at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory on physics problems. In his junior year of high school, Scully completed a small linear accelerator in the school science lab (he was trying to make gold atoms from mercury), which was pictured in a 1961 edition of the Oakland Tribune.
In 2002, Drell was hired as associate director of research at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (then known as the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) where she oversaw the BaBar experiment. In 2007, she was named the fourth director of SLAC, succeeding Jonathan M. Dorfan. In November 2011, she announced her intention to step down as the head of SLAC and return to a position as a faculty member at Stanford. In September 2014, Drell became the ninth dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering, the first woman to serve in that role.
Its distribution was accurately mapped from Chandra data. From these it was possible to tell that most of the mass in the two blue regions was dark matter. The international team of astronomers in this study was led by Marusa Bradac of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Steve Allen of the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at Stanford University and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The two clusters that formed MACS J0025 are each almost a million billion times the mass of the Sun.
The lead ions are first accelerated by the linear accelerator LINAC 3, and the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) is used as an ion storage and cooler unit. The ions are then further accelerated by the PS and SPS before being injected into LHC ring, where they reach an energy of 2.3 TeV per nucleon (or 522 TeV per ion), higher than the energies reached by the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The aim of the heavy-ion programme is to investigate quark–gluon plasma, which existed in the early universe.
Available on-line in English at Aurellen.org. Throughout his time in Berlin, Szilard worked on numerous technical inventions. In 1928 he submitted a patent application for the linear accelerator, not knowing of Gustav Ising's prior 1924 journal article and Rolf Widerøe's operational device, and in 1929 applied for one for the cyclotron.He was also the first person to conceive the idea of the electron microscope, and submitted the earliest patent for one in 1928. Between 1926 and 1930, he worked with Einstein to develop the Einstein refrigerator, notable because it had no moving parts.
Surface ionization source at the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) Cockcroft-Walton pre-accelerator at Fermilab In particle accelerators an ion source creates a particle beam at the beginning of the machine, the source. The technology to create ion sources for particle accelerators depends strongly on the type of particle that needs to be generated: electrons, protons, H− ion or a Heavy ions. Electrons are generated with an electron gun, of which there are many varieties. Protons are generated with a plasma-based device, like a duoplasmatron or a magnetron.
The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), formerly known as the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) is one of the world's most powerful linear accelerators. It is located in Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico in Technical Area 53 (TA-53). It was the most powerful linear accelerator in the world when it was opened in June 1972.30th anniversary of LAMPF/LANSCE Accelerator. Los Alamos National Lab, June 24, 2002 The technology used in the accelerator was developed in part by the nuclear physicist Louis Rosen.
Ken McMullen (born 31 August 1948, Manchester) is a film director and since 2012 Anniversary Professor of Film Studies at Kingston University, London. McMullen's films are grounded in philosophy, history, psychoanalysis and literature. McMullen's exhibition Signatures of the Invisible brought together artists and scientists working at CERN, the European particle physics facility near Geneva. His other work includes filming conversations with physicists at Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre, which he describes as "making a diary of the transition in human culture" because he believes physics is arriving at another shifting point.
Most of the developers had their background from high-speed computer buses. Representatives from companies in the computer industry and research community included Amdahl, Apple Computer, BB&N;, Hewlett-Packard, CERN, Dolphin Server Technology, Cray Research, Sequent, AT&T;, Digital Equipment Corporation, McDonnell Douglas, National Semiconductor, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Tektronix, Texas Instruments, Unisys, University of Oslo, University of Wisconsin. The original intent was a single standard for all buses in the computer. The working group soon came up with the idea of using point-to-point communication in the form of insertion rings.
The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) is a synchrotron light user facility located on the SLAC campus. Originally built for particle physics, it was used in experiments where the J/ψ meson was discovered. It is now used exclusively for materials science and biology experiments which take advantage of the high-intensity synchrotron radiation emitted by the stored electron beam to study the structure of molecules. In the early 1990s, an independent electron injector was built for this storage ring, allowing it to operate independently of the main linear accelerator.
This lifetime was about a thousand times longer than expected. Its discovery was made independently by two research groups, one at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, headed by Burton Richter, and one at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, headed by Samuel Ting of MIT. They discovered they had actually found the same particle, and both announced their discoveries on 11 November 1974. The importance of this discovery is highlighted by the fact that the subsequent, rapid changes in high-energy physics at the time have become collectively known as the "November Revolution".
His parents were Fanny (Pollack) and Abraham Richter, a textile worker. He graduated from Far Rockaway High School, a school that also produced fellow laureates Baruch Samuel Blumberg and Richard Feynman. He attended Mercersburg Academy in Pennsylvania, then continued on to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1952 and his PhD in 1956. He then joined the faculty of Stanford University, becoming a full professor in 1967. Richter was director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) from 1984 to 1999.
Electrons are accelerated to an energy of up to 17.5 GeV by a long linear accelerator with superconducting RF-cavities. The use of superconducting acceleration elements developed at DESY allows up to 27,000 repetitions per second, significantly more than other X-ray lasers in the U.S. and Japan can achieve. The electrons are then introduced into the magnetic fields of special arrays of magnets called undulators, where they follow curved trajectories resulting in the emission of X-rays whose wavelength is in the range of 0.05 to 4.7 nm.
There are three neutron sources at ORNL; the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) and the Spallation Neutron Source. HFIR provides neutrons in a stable beam resulting from a constant nuclear reaction whereas ORELA and SNS produce pulses of neutrons as they are particle accelerators. HFIR went critical in 1965 and has been used for materials research and as a major source of medical radioisotopes since. As of 2013, HFIR provides the world's highest constant neutron flux as a result of various upgrades.
Edlefsen left to take up an assistant professorship in September 1930, and Lawrence replaced him with David H. Sloan and M. Stanley Livingston, who he set to work on developing Widerøe's accelerator and Edlefsen's cyclotron, respectively. Both had their own financial support. Both designs proved practical, and by May 1931, Sloan's linear accelerator was able to accelerate ions to 1 MeV. Livingston had a greater technical challenge, but when he applied 1,800 V to his 11-inch cyclotron on January 2, 1931, he got 80,000-electron volt protons spinning around.
Lawrence was alarmed by the Soviet Union's first nuclear test in August 1949. The proper response, he concluded, was an all-out effort to build a bigger nuclear weapon: the hydrogen bomb. Lawrence proposed to use accelerators instead of nuclear reactors to produce the neutrons needed to create the tritium the bomb required, as well as plutonium, which was more difficult, as much higher energies would be required. He first proposed the construction of Mark I, a prototype $7 million, 25 MeV linear accelerator, codenamed Materials Test Accelerator (MTA).
Samar Mubarakmand (Urdu: ; b. 17 September 1942; ), is a Pakistani nuclear physicist known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and experimental development of the linear accelerator. He came to public attention as the director of the test teams responsible for the performing the Pakistan's first atomic tests (see Chagai-I and Chagai-II) at the Ras Koh Hills, located in Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Prior to that, he was the project director of the Pakistani missile research and development program and supervised development of the Shaheen-I ballistic missile, and the Babur cruise missile programs.
But he lost a battle to prevent the department of geophysics and geochemistry from becoming a new Research School of Earth Sciences. In 1973, Titterton stepped down as Director of the Research School of Physical Sciences, and became an ordinary professor. Once again he spearheaded a proposal to upgrade the department's equipment, this time by using the tandem as an injector for a superconducting linear accelerator. Unable to secure funding in Australia, he managed to persuade the British Science Research Council to donate the required equipment to the ANU from facilities in England that were being closed down.
RAON is a heavy ion particle accelerator that will include both ISOL (Isotope Separation On-Line) and IF (In-flight Fragmentation) methods, and aims to be the first to use both. The superconducting linear accelerator will have a maximum beam power of 400 kW, and projectile fragmentation will be powered by a 200 MeV/u uranium beam in the IF system. The ISOL system will have a H- cyclotron of 70 kW. Due to the complexity of the project, RAON's researchers are working in collaboration with a number of other accelerator research groups, including CERN, Fermilab, TRIUMF, and Riken.
He received his B.Sc. at the University of Cape Town in South Africa in 1969 and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Irvine in 1976. Thereafter he worked on various projects at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) including the Mark II detector and BaBar experiment before becoming director in 1999. Dorfan was named president-elect of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University in Okinawa, Japan in 2010, and he became president of the new university in November 2011. He has been credited with significantly expanding the faculty of the university, especially in the physical sciences.
His thesis was done at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and his adviser was the noted physicist Sidney Drell. After his graduation he served shortly as a research associate at SLAC before moving to the Center for Theoretical Physics at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he was a fellow from 1970-1972. In 1972 he joined the High Energy Theory Group at Brookhaven National Laboratory, becoming a Senior Physicist in 1985 and serving as Group leader from 1984 to 1987. In 2003 he became an adjunct professor at the C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics at nearby Stony Brook University.
Such experiments were performed on protons in the late 1960s using high-energy electrons at the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC). As in Rutherford scattering, deep inelastic scattering of electrons by proton targets revealed that most of the incident electrons interact very little and pass straight through, with only a small number bouncing back. This indicates that the charge in the proton is concentrated in small lumps, reminiscent of Rutherford's discovery that the positive charge in an atom is concentrated at the nucleus. However, in the case of the proton, the evidence suggested three distinct concentrations of charge (quarks) and not one.
MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper George Norcross, a prominent philanthropist in New Jersey and Chairman of the Board at Cooper, led the effort to create a new partnership between Cooper University Hospital and the world-renowned MD Anderson Cancer Center. In 2013, the two institutions opened a $100 million free-standing facility that houses comprehensive outpatient cancer services, including medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology, gynecologic oncology, and urology. Other resources include a new pathology laboratory, linear accelerator and PET-CT facility. The center offers patients in the Delaware Valley access to MD Anderson's cancer treatment protocols and clinical trials.
Brodie accepted post-doctorate offers first at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and in 2001 at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. One of the first postdoctoral researchers at Perimeter institute, Brodie's work was notable for its breadth, ranging from non-perturbative effects in supersymmetric gauge theories to string theoretic descriptions of quantum Hall fluids and of inflationary cosmology.ALUMNI WINS PI'S JOHN BRODIE MEMORIAL AWARD During his short career, he published fifteen articles in peer-review journals, many of which have proven to be influential. In 2002, Brodie had a psychotic episode and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
Edward (Eddie) Farhi attended the Bronx High School of Science and obtained his B.A. and M.A. in physics at Brandeis University before getting his Ph.D. in 1978 from Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Georgi. He was then on the staff at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland before coming to MIT, where he joined the faculty in 1982. At MIT, he taught undergraduate courses in quantum mechanics and special relativity as well as freshman physics. At the graduate level he taught quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, particle physics and general relativity.
Brau served in the Guidance Test Directorate at Holloman Air Force Base in 1970–1971, and in the Theoretical Branch of the Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland Air Force Base during 1971–1974, working with Gregory Canavan. At Kirtland Brau carried out theoretical studies of laser-target interactions, electromagnetic pulse, and charged particle beams. He served as chief of the General Physics Group in 1973–1974, and resigned his Air Force commission in 1974 as a captain. He was a research associate at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in the bubble chamber experimental research group from 1978–1982.
The Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) is a heavy ion linac based at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It can provide beams of accelerated ions of elements from hydrogen to uranium with energies of 2 to 11.4 MeV / u. The main branch consists of two ion source terminals followed by a Radio Frequency Quadrupole and by an Interdigital linac IH linac accelerator resonating at 36 MHz up to the energy of 1.4 MeV/u. The main part then is operated by a classical linac of the Alvarez type which resonates at 108 MHz.
The acceleration occurred in a number of stages. The first stage was the 750 keV Cockcroft-Walton pre-accelerator, which ionized hydrogen gas and accelerated the negative ions created using a positive voltage. The ions then passed into the 150 meter long linear accelerator (linac) which used oscillating electrical fields to accelerate the ions to 400 MeV. The ions then passed through a carbon foil, to remove the electrons, and the charged protons then moved into the Booster. The Booster was a small circular synchrotron, around which the protons passed up to 20,000 times to attain an energy of around 8 GeV.
In the early 1980s, it was suggested by Phil Meads that an FFA was suitable and advantageous as a proton accelerator for an intense spallation neutron source, starting off projects like the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator at Argonne National Laboratory and the Cooler Synchrotron at Jülich Research Centre. Conferences exploring this possibility were held at Jülich Research Centre, starting from 1984. There have also been numerous annual workshops focusing on FFA accelerators at CERN, KEK, BNL, TRIUMF, Fermilab, and the Reactor Research Institute at Kyoto University. In 1992, the European Particle Accelerator Conference at CERN was about FFA accelerators.
They have two children: Lawrence (born 1977) and Jennifer (born 1983). Guth was at Princeton 1971 to 1974, Columbia 1974 to 1977, Cornell 1977 to 1979, and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) 1979 to 1980. Like many other young physicists of the baby boom era, he had a hard time finding a permanent job, because there were far fewer assistant professorships than there were young scientists seeking such jobs, a phenomenon that has been referred to as the “generation of lost scholars.” At the start of his career, Guth studied particle physics, not physical cosmology.
The Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF) will be a multi-user and versatile particle accelerator facility. It is based on a proton/deuteron RF superconducting linear accelerator, with variable energy (5-40 MeV) and a continuous wave (CW) high ion current (0.04-5 mA), and located at the Soreq Nuclear Research Center. The SARAF high-intensity superconducting linear particle accelerator for light ions belongs to a new generation of particle accelerators. The high ion current generates an unprecedented amount of fast neutrons and radioactive nuclei, that may be used to explore rare nuclear reactions, produce new types of radiopharmaceuticals and more.
A 1.3 GHz 9-cell SRF cavity made from niobium is on display at Fermilab The superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities used in the free-electron lasers FLASH (result of the cancelled TESLA linear accelerator project) and XFEL are made from pure niobium. A cryomodule team at Fermilab used the same SRF technology from the FLASH project to develop 1.3 GHz nine-cell SRF cavities made from pure niobium. The cavities will be used in the linear particle accelerator of the International Linear Collider. The same technology will be used in LCLS-II at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and PIP-II at Fermilab.
Radiation therapeutic physics is also known as radiotherapy physics or radiation oncology physics. The majority of medical physicists currently working in the US, Canada, and some western countries are of this group. A radiation therapy physicist typically deals with linear accelerator (Linac) systems and kilovoltage x-ray treatment units on a daily basis, as well as other modalities such as TomoTherapy, gamma knife, cyberknife, proton therapy, and brachytherapy. The academic and research side of therapeutic physics may encompass fields such as boron neutron capture therapy, sealed source radiotherapy, terahertz radiation, high-intensity focused ultrasound (including lithotripsy), optical radiation lasers, ultraviolet etc.
Compact Linear Collider project The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a concept for a future linear particle accelerator that aims to explore the next energy frontier. CLIC would collide electrons with positrons and is currently the only mature option for a multi-TeV linear collider. The accelerator would be between long, more than ten times longer than the existing Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) in California, USA. CLIC is proposed to be built at CERN, across the border between France and Switzerland near Geneva, with first beams starting by the time the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has finished operations around 2035.
In 2012, Warshaw was inducted into the Hall of Fame at his high school alma mater, Mira Costa High School, in Manhattan Beach, California. A graduate of the Class of 1978, Warshaw joined surfing icon Dewey Weber (Class of 1956) and punk rock musician Jim Lindberg (Class of 1983), among other prominent MCHS alumni recognized for their achievements in national and international politics, business, science, entertainment, and sports. Warshaw was a classmate of Lance Dickson (Class of 1978), presently a distinguished Professor at Stanford University’s Linear Accelerator Center. It is rumored that more people have read Warshaw's work than Dickson's.
FLASH (Free-electron -LASer in Hamburg) is a superconducting linear accelerator with a free electron laser for radiation in the vacuum-ultraviolet and soft X-ray range of the spectrum. It originated from the TTF (TESLA Test Facility), which was built in 1997 to test the technology that was to be used in the planned linear collider TESLA, a project which was replaced by the ILC (International Linear Collider). For this purpose the TTF was enlarged from 100 m to 260 m. At FLASH technology for the European XFEL is tested as well as for the ILC.
Providing the theory for this discovery, the tau was detected in a series of experiments between 1974 and 1977 by Martin Lewis Perl with his and Tsai's colleagues at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) group. Their equipment consisted of SLAC's then-new – colliding ring, called SPEAR, and the LBL magnetic detector. They could detect and distinguish between leptons, hadrons and photons. They did not detect the tau directly, but rather discovered anomalous events: The need for at least two undetected particles was shown by the inability to conserve energy and momentum with only one.
Fusion of a deuterium and a tritium atom (D + T) results in the formation of a He-4 ion and a neutron with a kinetic energy of approximately 14.1 MeV. Neutron generators have applications in medicine, security, and materials analysis. The basic concept was first developed by Ernest Rutherford's team in the Cavendish Laboratory in the early 1930s. Using a linear accelerator driven by a Cockcroft–Walton generator, Mark Oliphant led an experiment that fired deuterium ions into a deuterium-infused metal foil and noticed that a small number of these particles gave off alpha particles.
The town is at , near the river Isar and the Bundesautobahn 9. Garching has a number of scientific research institutes and scientific experiment facilities located in the city, including a linear accelerator and a research nuclear reactor. The nuclear research reactor, nicknamed Atomei (atomic egg) appears in the city's coat of arms, and started the process leading to an accumulation of research institutes. A number of roads and places in the city are named after scientists, mathematicians and technical innovators such as Carl von Linde, Rudolf Diesel, Albert Einstein, Leonhard Euler, Werner Heisenberg, Max Planck, Wilhelm Röntgen, and Erwin Schrödinger.
The Astron device consisted of two sections, the linear accelerator and the magnetic mirror "tank". These were constructed at right angles, with the accelerator's output firing into the side of the tank at one end. The tank was a relatively simple example of the magnetic mirror concept, consisting largely of a long solenoid with additional windings at both ends to increase the magnetic field in those regions and form the mirror. In a simple mirror the ions in the fuel plasma were injected at an angle so they could not simply flow right out of the ends where the field was roughly linear.
The resulting 253Es(α,n)256Md reaction yielded 17 atoms of the new element with the atomic number of 101. The rare isotope einsteinium-254 is favored for production of ultraheavy elements because of its large mass, relatively long half-life of 270 days, and availability in significant amounts of several micrograms. Hence einsteinium-254 was used as a target in the attempted synthesis of ununennium (element 119) in 1985 by bombarding it with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC linear accelerator at Berkeley, California. No atoms were identified, setting an upper limit for the cross section of this reaction at 300 nanobarns.
Born to a secular Jewish family in Berlin, his family emigrated to Barranquilla, Colombia in 1939 to escape persecution from the Nazis in World War II. When he moved to the United States in the 1950s, Nauenberg studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and received his doctorate in 1960 from Cornell University under Hans Bethe with a thesis on particle physics. He then became a visiting fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study. From 1961 to 1965, he was Assistant Professor of Physics at Columbia University. From 1964 to 1966 he was Visiting Physicist at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Stanford University.
A plasma railgun is a linear accelerator and a plasma energy weapon which, like a projectile railgun, uses two long parallel electrodes to accelerate a "sliding short" armature. However, in a plasma railgun, the armature and ejected projectile consists of plasma, or hot, ionized, gas-like particles, instead of a solid slug of material. MARAUDER (Magnetically Accelerated Ring to Achieve Ultra-high Directed Energy and Radiation) is, or was, a United States Air Force Research Laboratory project concerning the development of a coaxial plasma railgun. It is one of several United States Government efforts to develop plasma-based projectiles.
After ICTP work, Hoodbhoy returned to Pakistan to join Quaid-e-Azam University (QAU) where he began teaching and lecturing on physics. Eventually, he became chairman of Institute of Theoretical Physics (now department of physics). After spending more than 30 years at Qau, Hoodbhoy moved to Lahore where he joined the Lahore University of Management Sciences as a visiting professor, while remains a visiting scientist at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Controversy over his contract in LUMS sparked an academic debate when it was reported in the news media that Hoodbhoy's email to Vice-Chancellor of LUMS was made public.
Some of the institute's research facilities include an AMF 5 MW pool-type light water nuclear reactor supplied in the late 1950s from the United States under the Atoms for Peace programSoreq Nuclear Research Center / Philip Johnson, Gili Merin, ArchDaily, 8 July 2013 and a 10 MeV proton cyclotron accelerator, as well as extensive laboratory and testing facilities. Currently under construction is a 5-40 MeV, 0.04-5 mA proton and deuteron superconducting linear accelerator scheduled for commissioning in 2013. The center is named after the nearby stream of Soreq. The center operates under the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Einhorn received in 1965 his B.S. with honors from Caltech and in 1968 his Ph.D. from Princeton University. After postdoctoral positions at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), he became a staff physicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). In 1976, he joined the faculty of the physics department of the University of Michigan where he was eventually promoted to full professor and retired as professor emeritus in 2004. He was a visiting professor at NORDITA, SLAC, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the ' (CPPM), and Ben Gurion University of the Negev in Beersheva.
Firstly the neutrino and antineutrino cross-sections were shown to be linear with energy, which is what one expects for the scattering of point-like constituents in the nucleon. Combining the neutrino and antineutrino structure functions allowed the net number of quarks in the nucleon to be determined, and this was in good agreement with 3. In addition comparing the neutrino results with results from Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in the US, using an electron beam, one found that quarks had fractional charges, and experimentally proved the values of these charges: + e, − e. The results were published in 1975, providing crucial evidence for the existence of quarks.
The hospital partners with leading national and international institutes, for various research and academic programs like National Institute of Health, USA, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA etc. The hospital has been early adopter of technology, being amongst the first in the country to have Gama Knife, Digital Broadband MRI, True Beam Linear Accelerator, fully integrated Robotic System da Vinci Xi, and more. NABH, CAP, NABL, ISO 27001 2005 and HACCP are some of its accreditation and certifications. The hospital received PEXA 2019 award for the Patient Experience Leader of the Year - CRM Academy of Asia, Best Green Hospital 2019 - BW Businessworld and BW Healthcareworld.
In the 1970s, the first designs for high energy neutron sources using this stripping reaction were developed in the USA. In the 1980s, the rapid advances in high-current linear accelerator technology led to the design of several accelerator-driven neutron sources for satisfying the requirements of a high-flux high-volume international fusion materials testing facility. The Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) facility based on a deuterium-lithium neutron source was proposed for fusion materials and technology testing. The deuterium-lithium reaction exploited for IFMIF is able to provide an adequate fusion neutron spectrum as shown by the comparison of IFMIF with other available neutron sources.
Platt was born in Salford, England in 1942 and received his BSc at the University of Nottingham, UK. He received his MA in 1965 from the University of Toronto, Canada for his thesis “Computer analysis of beam handling system for a linear accelerator”. Later in the same year, Platt started work at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. With the benefit of field and laboratory work conducted by his technical assistant Brian Irwin, who joined the institute in 1966, Platt embarked on studies that led to the fulfillment in 1970 of his PhD thesis (“Some effects of spatial and temporal heterogeneity on phytoplankton productivity”) at Dalhousie University.
The expected shortages of Mo-99, and the technetium-99m medical isotope obtained from it, have also shed light onto linear accelerator technology to produce Mo-99 from non-enriched Uranium through neutron bombardment. This would enable the medical isotope industry to manufacture this crucial isotope by a sub-critical process. The aging facilities, for example the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario, Canada, which still now produce most Mo-99 from highly enriched uranium could be replaced by this new process. In this way, the sub-critical loading of soluble uranium salts in heavy water with subsequent photo neutron bombardment and extraction of the target product, Mo-99, will be achieved.
Bentley received a B.S. in mathematical sciences from Stanford University in 1974, and M.S. and Ph.D in 1976 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; while a student, he also held internships at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center and Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. After receiving his Ph.D., he joined the faculty at Carnegie Mellon University as an assistant professor of computer science and mathematics. At CMU, his students included Brian Reid, John Ousterhout, Jeff Eppinger, Joshua Bloch, and James Gosling, and he was one of Charles Leiserson's advisors. Later, Bentley moved to Bell Laboratories, where he co-authored an optimized Quicksort algorithm with Doug McIlroy.
After 14 years of operation, in 1985, Mary Bird Perkins relocated to its present site on Essen Lane and installed the first linear accelerator in the state. The following year, in 1986, the name of the center was changed to Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center. In 1988, the first satellite treatment center was opened in Hammond, followed by six more Centers in southeast Louisiana and Mississippi: Covington in 1998, Houma in 2008, Gonzales in 2009 and Natchez in 2019. In 2018, Mary Bird Perkins – Our Lady of the Lake Cancer Center and Woman’s Hospital opened the Breast & GYN Cancer Pavilion and partnered with Lane Regional Medical Center in Zachary.
After 3 years at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris and a year at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California, Taylor returned to Stanford.Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy Construction of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (now the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory) was beginning. In collaboration with researchers from the California Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Taylor worked on the design and construction of the equipment, and was involved in many of the experiments. In 1971, Taylor was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship that allowed him to spend a sabbatical year at CERN.
FLASH, acronym of Free Electron LASer in Hamburg, a particle accelerator-based soft X-ray laser located at the DESY accelerator facilities in Hamburg, Germany.Beam Diagnostics in Superconducting Accelerating Cavities: The Extraction of ..., By Pei Zhang, Page 2, Free-Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH) [6, 10] is a free-electron laser (FEL) facility at DESY in Hamburg, Germany. It is driven by a superconducting linear accelerator (linac).FLASH: the king of VUV and soft X-rays, By Jochen R Schneider, Nov 30, 2010, CERN Courier It can generate very powerful, ultrashort pulses (~10−14 s) of coherent radiation in the energy range 10 eV (electronvolt) to 200 eV.
The studio elements of the series were initially recorded in a building that housed the supersonic wind tunnel fans at RAE Bedford in Bedfordshire and was also the testing facility for the first prototype Harrier Jump Jet V/STOL aircraft. They were later recorded in the old linear accelerator building on the University of Sussex campus near Brighton, where Jem Stansfield has his workshop. As of Series 6 (from March 2012) no studio was used and linking sections were filmed on location. To "inspire the audience to get hands on with science", the series was supported by a number of free events across the country organised by BBC Learning.
From 1927, she worked as a clinical assistant at the Royal Cancer Hospital in Fulham Road, specialising in the use of radium to treat cancer. She had to resign from her position there after a favourable report on her work by Sir William Bragg was broadcast by BBC News on 6 December 1938, which was thought to breach a requirement for prior approval by the hospital. She continued as head of research at the Radium Institute in London. In 1942, she became director of the Radiotherapeutic Research Unit at Hammersmith Hospital where, in 1952, she introduced an 8 MeV linear accelerator – the first to be used for medical treatment.
Different suggestions for this new PS injector were made, for example another linear accelerator or five intersecting synchrotron rings inspired by the shape of the Olympic rings."S Gilardoni, D. Mangluki: Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron Vol. II (2013)" Retrieved on 10 July 2018 Eventually, it was decided to go for a setup of four vertically stacked synchrotron rings with a radius of 25 meters, which was proposed in 1964."The Second Stage CMS Improvement Study: 800 MeV Booster Synchrotron (1967)" Retrieved on 10 July 2018 With this special design, it would become possible to reach the aspired intensities of more than 1013 protons per pulse.
By the time Guth and his collaborator Henry Tye came up with that, Guth had gone to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) for a year. Tye suggested that they check that the expansion of the universe would not be affected by the supercooling. The supercooled state is a false vacuum: It is a vacuum in the sense that it is the state of the lowest possible density of energy; it is "false" since it not being a permanent state. False vacuums decay, and Guth would find that amazingly, the decay of the false vacuum at the beginning of the universe would produce an exponential expansion of space.
David E. Kaplan received his Bachelor of Science from the University of California at Berkeley in 1991, his Master's in Physics from the University of Washington in 1996 and PhD from the same institute under supervision of Ann Nelson in 1999. After postdoctoral positions at the University of Chicago, Argonne National Lab and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, he joined the faculty at Johns Hopkins in 2002. His primary research interest is physics beyond the standard model, with a particular focus on the Higgs mechanism and potentially related physics such as supersymmetry, new forces, extra dimensions, and dark matter. He is also exploring connections between high energy physics and cosmology.
From 1945 to 1951, Panofsky held an assistant and then associate professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, before permanently establishing himself as Professor of Physics at Stanford University. Between 1961 and 1984, he was the director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and continued to serve as director emeritus. He was also on the Board of Directors of the Arms Control Association from 1996 until 1999 and remained a director emeritus until his death. Panofsky was a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic ScientistsThe Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Board of Sponsors page (last accessed August 12, 2007).
In 1964, Gell- Mann and George Zweig (independently of each other) proposed the quark model, then consisting only of up, down, and strange quarks. However, while the quark model explained the Eightfold Way, no direct evidence of the existence of quarks was found until 1968 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Deep inelastic scattering experiments indicated that protons had substructure, and that protons made of three more-fundamental particles explained the data (thus confirming the quark model). At first people were reluctant to describe the three bodies as quarks, instead preferring Richard Feynman's parton description, but over time the quark theory became accepted (see November Revolution).
In 1964, Gell- Mann and George Zweig (independently of each other) proposed the quark model, then consisting only of up, down, and strange quarks. However, while the quark model explained the Eightfold Way, no direct evidence of the existence of quarks was found until 1968 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Deep inelastic scattering experiments indicated that protons had substructure, and that protons made of three more-fundamental particles explained the data (thus confirming the quark model). At first people were reluctant to identify the three-bodies as quarks, instead preferring Richard Feynman's parton description, but over time the quark theory became accepted (see November Revolution).
In 1976 and 1977, she both lectured in physics at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and became a visiting scientist at the Aspen Center for Physics. At one time her research focused on Landau–Ginsburg theories of charge density waves in layered compounds, and has studied two-dimensional Yang-Mills gauge theories and neutrino reactions. Jackson has described her interests thus: In 1995 President Bill Clinton appointed Jackson to serve as Chairman of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), becoming the first woman and first African American to hold that position. At the NRC, she had "ultimate authority for all NRC functions pertaining to an emergency involving an NRC licensee".
Vydehi Hospital in Bangalore is one of India's largest super speciality hospitals with a capacity of 1520 beds, with advanced Hi-tech equipment and facilities like state-of-the-art MRI, spiral CT scan, cardiac echo machine, cardiac catheterization lab, ultrasound equipment, linear accelerator, etc. All diagnostic facilities are available through the central diagnostic lab and radiology departments. Other essential Front line super specialty departments such as Neuro, Ortho, Gastroenterology were available round the clock in the hospital. In April 2016, the State of art Central Diagnostic Laboratory at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre was awarded the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) accreditation.
He then worked at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and the Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. While at Harvard, he also served as Associate Director of the Program in Science, Technology, and Humanism of the Aspen Institute. In 1976-77, he was an AAAS Congressional Science Fellow working for Congressman George Brown.U.S. Department of State, "Biography: E. William Colglazier" From 1983 to 1991, he was Professor of Physics and Director of the Energy, Environment, and Resources Center at the University of Tennessee where he worked closely with scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Kaplan earned his degree from Rush Medical College in Chicago, after which he trained at the University of Minnesota, Yale University and the National Cancer Institute. He once said he became interested in oncology after his father died of lung cancer, the same disease which killed Dr. Kaplan, a non-smoker. Together with Edward Ginzton, he developed the first medical linear accelerator in the United States while he worked at the Stanford University Medical Center of Stanford University. The six million volt machine was first used for treatment in 1956, soon after the earliest linac-based radiation therapy, first used in London, England, in 1953.
While using a recirculating charged particle beam with a magnet lattice resembling that of a storage ring, each particle travels through the recirculating arc before being decelerated in a linac structure. The same linac structure also accelerates new low-energy particles that are continuously injected into the linac. Thus, instead of recycling the particle beam continuously, while its emittance increases by synchrotron radiation emission, only its kinetic energy is recycled, enabling a low beam emittance while maintaining high repetition rates comparable to synchrotrons. #Charged particles (usually electrons) are injected into a linear accelerator (linac), where the particles are accelerated by a radio frequency (RF) field.
Layout of the SAL facility in 1994 The construction of the Linear Accelerator (LINAC) was announced in September 1961, and was portrayed as the next logical step on the University's research path. The 80-foot electron accelerator tube was to create energy six times that of the betatron. The cost of the $1,750,000 facility was split between NRC and the University, with the NRC meeting the cost of the equipment and the University assuming the costs of the new building required to house the machine. Construction officially began on May 10, 1962, when Sir John Cockcroft, Nobel laureate in Physics, ceremonially turned the first sod.
In addition, he valued it for the water resources and the abundance of timber for construction of the university. Prior to the renaming it had been known as Old Reservoir Mountain and Observatory Mountain (for an observatory which Jefferson directed to be built on the summit), and is now informally known as Observatory Hill. The mountain is traversed by McCormick Road and Edgemont Road (which also runs along a neighboring ridge — Edgemont or Midmont), and is the site of several other University of Virginia buildings including a deactivated nuclear reactor, a linear accelerator and dormitories. It has been preserved in a largely wooded state for the protection of McCormick Observatory from light pollution.
The hospital has equipment for cardiac monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography The facility also features a physician office building which houses staff practitioners as well as offices for physicians with independent practices within the community. The building, opened in January 2013, also features a comprehensive cancer care center focused on outpatient cancer care treatment, as well as space for patient education and support groups. In addition to physician labs, the facility also houses a concrete enclosed vault which houses a linear accelerator, which is used for precision cancer treatments. When Miami Valley Hospital South opened, the specialists for ovarian cancer and uterine cancer were moved there from Miami Valley Hospital.
The proposed upgrade to the linear accelerator involves an international collaboration with India, whose Department of Atomic Energy will contribute hardware in exchange for experience in building high-intensity superconducting radio-frequency proton linacs. The largest of Fermilab's new projects is the recently completed NOvA Neutrino Experiment at Fermilab and in Ash River, Minnesota. NOvA will investigate neutrino oscillations, a phenomenon that could hold important clues to the evolution of the early universe. The first NOvA results, which were released in August 2015, verify the experiment's massive particle detector is detecting neutrinos fired from 800 kilometers away and making great progress towards its goal of a major leap in our understanding of neutrinos.
A type of linear accelerator therapy which uses a small accelerator mounted on a moving arm to deliver X-rays to a very small area which can be seen on fluoroscopy, is called Cyberknife therapy. Several generations of the frameless robotic Cyberknife system have been developed since its initial inception in 1990. It was invented by John R. Adler, a Stanford University professor of neurosurgery and radiation oncology, and Russell and Peter Schonberg at Schonberg Research, and is sold by the Accuray company, located in Sunnyvale, California, US. Many such CyberKnife systems are available worldwide. Cyberknife may be compared to Gamma Knife therapy (see above), but it does not use gamma rays emitted by radioisotopes.
Cominsky joined the faculty at Sonoma State University in 1986, where she is now Professor of Physics and Astronomy. She has been Chair of the Physics and Astronomy Department since 2004, and briefly chaired also the Department of Chemistry from August 2005 to January 2007. In 1992, Cominsky began a collaboration with scientists (including Elliott Bloom) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), which led directly to her involvement in the Gamma- ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) project. Cominsky founded the Education and Public Outreach group at Sonoma State University in 1999 and is the Project Director, Principal Investigator on over $17 million in grants and final technical reviewer for all products.
Matthew Linzee Sands (October 20, 1919 – September 13, 2014) was an American physicist and educator best known as a co-author of the Feynman Lectures on Physics. A graduate of Rice University, Sands served with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory and the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. After the war, Sands studied cosmic rays for his doctorate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) under the supervision of Bruno Rossi. Sands went to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1950, and helped build and operate its 1.5 GeV electron synchrotron. He became deputy director for the construction and early operation of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in 1963.
ORVYL and WYLBUR were used at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), and many other sites. Retired from most sites in the late 1990s owing to concerns about Y2K issues, they remained in use at NIH until December 2009."WYLBUR Will Be Retiring" , Titan News, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health (NIH), April 7, 2009 ORVYL and WYLBUR are still available as open source from Stanford. Available for free as Open Source from Stanford University under a license modeled after the "Mozilla 1.1 License" certified by the "Open Source Initiative (OSI)" There are also proprietary versions such as SuperWYlbur.
He was born in St Helens, Lancashire, the son of estate agent William Pickavance and his wife Ethel and was educated at the University of Liverpool. He worked on the development of the University of Liverpool cyclotron and carried out research with it on the Tube Alloys project during the Second World War. He was later responsible for the construction of the Harwell cyclotron and became leader of the Accelerator Group. During his time at Harwell he led research into new accelerators, which led to the installation in 1957 of the 50 MeV proton linear accelerator and the 8 GeV Nimrod Proton Synchrotron at the new Rutherford High Energy Laboratory, of which he was appointed the first Director.
Before the PSB became operational in 1972, the protons were directly delivered to the Proton Synchrotron (PS) by the linear accelerator Linac 1, providing the PS with protons of 50 MeV, which were then accelerated by the PS to 25 GeV at beam intensities of approx. 1012 protons per pulse."Klaus Hanke: Past and Present of the CERN PS Booster (2013)" Retrieved on 10 July 2018 However, with the development of new experiments (mainly at the Intersecting Storage Rings ISR), the demanded beam intensities in the order of 1013 protons per pulse exceeded the capabilities of this setup. Therefore, different approaches on how to increase the beam energy already before the protons enter the PS were discussed.
The construction of SARAF was initiated by Soreq NRC on 2003 and is divided into two phases: Phase I - A proof of the innovative technologies that are required for constructing the SARAF accelerator. Achievements of Phase I include the first acceleration of 1 mA CW, 4 MeV proton beams through a HWR based superconducting accelerator, routinely delivered to targets and beam dumps and low duty cycle acceleration of 5 MeV deuterons. Low energy acceleration of such beams is crucial for all present and future high intensity linear accelerator projects worldwide. Phase II – The completion of the accelerator to its specified performance, construction of a target hall, target stations and all necessary infrastructures.
The antineutrino discovered by Cowan and Reines is the antiparticle of the electron neutrino. In 1962, Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger showed that more than one type of neutrino exists by first detecting interactions of the muon neutrino (already hypothesised with the name neutretto), which earned them the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics. When the third type of lepton, the tau, was discovered in 1975 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, it was also expected to have an associated neutrino (the tau neutrino). First evidence for this third neutrino type came from the observation of missing energy and momentum in tau decays analogous to the beta decay leading to the discovery of the electron neutrino.
In 2014, Nutting was instrumental in the Royal Marsden Hospital and the Institute for Cancer Research being granted Medical Research Council funding to install one of Britain's first MR Linac machines which combines two technologies for the first time – an MRI scanner to precisely locate the tumour and a linear accelerator that will accurately deliver doses of radiation even to moving tumours. The MR Linac was installed at the Royal Marsden's site in Sutton, Surrey, and treated its first patients in 2019. In 2018 Nutting was elected to the Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences, one of the highest accolades in medicine and he is one of the youngest recipients of the award.
After completing his Ph.D. at Imperial College London, on an experiment conducted at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California, he joined CERN in 1979 as a Fellow of the Experimental Physics Division. Virdee’s early scientific career (1979-1984) involved verifying the strange notion that the “quarks” (the constituents of the protons the neutrons and all other hadrons) carry fractional electric charge. This was successfully demonstrated by the NA14 photoproduction experiment at CERN in the mid-eighties. Following NA14 he joined the UA1 experiment at CERN's proton-antiproton collider (SPS) where his interest in high-performance calorimetry was developed, leading to his invention of a novel technique of collecting light in plastic scintillator- based calorimeters.
High Level Assembler (HLASM), announced in 1992 as a licensed program "becomes the default translator for System/370 (TM) and System/390 (TM) operating environments." The assembler supports the MVS, VSE, and VM operating systems and successors. As of Release 6 it now is able to run under Linux on IBM Z and generate ELF or COFF object files. It features a long list of mostly usability enhancements, and incorporates the SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator) modifications to Assembler H. Among features added were an indication of `CSECT`/`DSECT` for location counter, a list of "using" registers currently active, an indication of whether a variable is read or written in the cross- reference, and allowing mixed-case symbol names.
The Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), founded in 2010, is a (DOE) Energy Innovation Hub whose primary mission is to find a cost-effective method to produce fuels using only sunlight, water, and carbon-dioxide (Artificial Photosynthesis. The program has a budget of $122M over five years, subject to Congressional appropriation. The Director of JCAP is Professor Harry Atwater of Caltech and its two main centers are located at the California Institute of Technology and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In addition, JCAP has partners from Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley, University of California at Santa Barbara, University of California at Irvine, the University of California at San Diego, and Stanford Linear Accelerator.
Agriculture Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research Centre on campus 1967 saw the origin of the Department of Computational Science at the U of S. Just 29 years later in 1996, the department's research was rated as Number 1 by the Institute for Scientific Information in terms of influence in this field. University of Saskatchewan-owned Canadian Light Source opened in 2004, and is an internationally renowned synchrotron science facility. The linear accelerator was the precursor to the Canadian Light source for molecular and nuclear physics research. The U of S synchrotron has produced a world leader in agriculture biotechnology and livestock genomics which also feature breakthroughs in chemistry, geochemistry, pharmacology and proteomics.
That year, Lawrence asked for $15 million for his projects, which included a new linear accelerator and a new gigaelectronvolt synchrotron which became known as the bevatron. The University of California's contract to run the Los Alamos laboratory was due to expire on July 1, 1948, and some board members wished to divest the university of the responsibility for running a site outside California. After some negotiation, the university agreed to extend the contract for what was now the Los Alamos National Laboratory for four more years and to appoint Norris Bradbury, who had replaced Oppenheimer as its director in October 1945, as a professor. Soon after, Lawrence received all the funds he had requested.
The remains of the RSPhysSE 500MJ homopolar generator 2 MeV "High Voltage" Van de Graaff linear accelerator built in 1960 Sir Mark Oliphant was the founder of the School and its first Director from 1950 to 1963. The school was originally called the "Research School of Physical Sciences" with "Engineering" being added to its title in 1990 to highlight the large amount of engineering work that is undertaken in the school. The name was again changed in 2008 to the "Research School of Physics and Engineering" to coincide with the merger with ANU's undergraduate physics teaching department. In support of a university strategic focus on the discipline of Engineering at ANU, the School name was changed to “Research School of Physics” in August 2019.
The front of the dam in 2013 A frame on the dam which at one time supported a diving platform Aerial view of Searsville Lake with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and I-280, with San Francisco Bay in the distance The and Searsville Dam consists of a series of interlocking concrete boulders that resemble a massively steep staircase. After leasing the reservoir for recreational use for 50 years, the Stanford Board of Trustees closed public access to Searsville Lake in 1975 in forming the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve. The reservoir has lost over 90% of its original water storage capacity as roughly 1.5 million cubic yards of sediment has filled it in. Searsville Dam does not provide potable water, flood control, or hydropower.
After earning her Bachelor of Science, D'Iorio spent three summers studying pulse radiolysis of biological molecules bombarded with a linear accelerator. She developed an interest in multidisciplinary research and chose to study under Robin Armstrong at the University of Toronto (UoT). D'Iorio later admitted that her interest in multidisciplinary research nearly jeopardised her chance at earning a NSERC Centennial scholarship. After obtaining a Masters and Doctorate degree in Solid State Physics from UoT, she worked under K. Alex Müller at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory. D'Iorio then joined the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) as a Research Associate in the Division of Physics, where she helped established Canada’s first very low temperature, high magnetic field laboratory to study quantum semiconductor devices.
Having started as a complete solution to meet all requirements for the oncologists, Panacea has more than 100+ installations all over the world and is committed to leave a footprint everywhere with the aim of helping as many cancer patients as are out there. Today, Panacea's 10+ Radiotherapy machines are commercialized in South & South- East Asia and East & West Africa which have helped their hospitals to treat over 200,000+ cancer patients. Panacea has developed many technologies related to radiation therapy and diagnosis. Currently, Panacea has produced four pioneer equipment into the market, namely BHABHATRON-II Telecobalt Unit, IMAGIN Simulator, SIDDHARTH-II Linear Accelerator, BHABHATRON-3i IGRT based Gamma therapy unit in radiotherapy and LILAC Digital Mammography Unit in the radiology market.
Injection and transfer lines of the Proton Synchrotron Booster The surface above the PS Booster at CERN. The ring-shaped accelerator is visible as a circular building that rises from the ground. The Proton Synchrotron Booster in its tunnel Artist's impression of the Proton Synchrotron BoosterThe Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) is the first and smallest circular proton accelerator (a synchrotron) in the accelerator chain at the CERN injection complex, which also provides beams to the Large Hadron Collider."CERN -- Division PS -- LHC-PS project" Retrieved on 09 July 2018 It contains four superimposed rings with a radius of 25 meters, which receive protons with an energy of from the linear accelerator Linac 2 and accelerate them up to , ready to be injected into the Proton Synchrotron (PS).
He was promoted to full professor in 1975 and named Charles A. Dana Professor of Physics in 1986. Holbrow also served as chairman of the Department of Physics and Astronomy, director of Institutional Research, and director of the Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. During his years at Colgate, Holbrow frequently joined other academic institutions temporarily as a visiting professor and researcher, including Stony Brook University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cornell University, Brookhaven National Laboratory, SRI International, Stanford University, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Vienna, and the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research. He spent a sabbatical year in 1969-70 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, and another at the California Institute of Technology in 1975-76, working in the Kellogg Radiation Laboratory.
SARAF is intended to be an Israeli national facility, to be used by Soreq's researchers, the Israeli academy and institutes and universities from all over the world, in order to attract, train and educate a new generation of nuclear physicists and engineers. Fruitful collaboration with Israeli research institutes and universities, as with world leading accelerator laboratories, turned SARAF to an eminent key player in the world's accelerator community. Newly developed components from other accelerator projects are being tested at SARAF and in addition, SARAF scientists are sharing their knowledge and expertise with worldwide accelerator programs. The central role of SARAF in the linear accelerator community lead to Soreq NRC being host for the 26th bi-annual LINAC conference, LINAC'12, at Tel Aviv, Israel in September 2012.
There are a total of 54 hospitals in Sanya as of March 2019, both public hospitals funded by the state and private hospitals. And numerous clinics for doing annual health-checks, which are usually brands of national chains in China, such as Ciming Healthcheck. Hainan 301 Hospital, a branch hospital of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, is located in the Haitang Bay area of Sanya.haikoutour.gov: Hainan 301 Hospital The hospital possesses a substantial number of state-of-the-art equipment for medical and research purposes which include a Da Vinci surgical system, different MIR system (including 1.5T MRI 3.0T MRI), Helical CT facilities (including 128-Slices CT), medical linear accelerator and electronic microscopes which are worth more than 450 million yuan.
4DCT is used in radiation therapy planning to reduce doses to healthy organs such as the heart or lungs. Most radiation therapy is planned using the results of a 3D CT scan. A 3D scan largely presents a snapshot of the body at a particular point in time, however due to the time of the acquisition, in which the patient is likely to have moved in some way (even if only breathing), there will be an element of blurring or averaging in the 3D scan. When it comes to treatment planning, this motion can mean there is less accuracy in the positioning of treatment beams, and reduce the likelihood of a repeatable set-up on the linear accelerator when it comes to treatment.
Bird's-eye view of the entire facility MLF Experimental Hall, J-PARC J-PARC includes three main parts: the 400 MeV proton linear accelerator, the 3 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS), and the 30 GeV Main Ring (MR) synchrotron. There are two main experimental areas: the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF), where the proton beam from the RCS is used to create beams of either neutrons or muons for further study, and the Hadron Facility (HD), where the beam from the main ring is used to create heavy hadronic particles such as pions and kaons. The main ring beam is also used to create neutrino beams for analysis at the Kamioka laboratory, located approximately 300 km to the west. A planned project also allow for research into accelerator-driven nuclear waste transmutation.
They both were interested in maintaining a regular, open forum for people to get together to work on making computers more accessible to everyone.John Markoff, What the Dormouse Said () The first meeting of the club was held on March 5, 1975 in French's garage in Menlo Park, San Mateo County, California, on the occasion of the arrival in the area of the first MITS Altair 8800 microcomputer, a unit sent for review by People's Computer Company. Steve Wozniak credits that first meeting as the inspiration to design the Apple I. The next few meetings were held at a large home in Atherton, California, which had been used as a preschool. Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), until 1978, when meetings moved to the Stanford Medical School.
The antiparticle of the strange quark is the strange antiquark (sometimes called antistrange quark or simply antistrange), which differs from it only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. The first strange particle (a particle containing a strange quark) was discovered in 1947 (kaons), but the existence of the strange quark itself (and that of the up and down quarks) was only postulated in 1964 by Murray Gell- Mann and George Zweig to explain the Eightfold Way classification scheme of hadrons. The first evidence for the existence of quarks came in 1968, in deep inelastic scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. These experiments confirmed the existence of up and down quarks, and by extension, strange quarks, as they were required to explain the Eightfold Way.
Ising earned his first academic degree (filosofie kandidat/Bachelor of Arts) at Uppsala University in 1903 and continued studying at Stockholm University receiving his Ph.D. in 1919, and receiving an honorary professor title in 1934. He is best known for the invention of the linear accelerator concept in 1924, which is the progenitor of all modern accelerators based on oscillating electromagnetic fields. His article was then taken up and turned into practice by Rolf Widerøe, also starting the development of cyclic accelerator structures like the cyclotron. He was elected to the Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1935, being a member of the Nobel Committee for Physics from 1947–1953, together with former Nobel Laureate and chairman Manne Siegbahn, Svante Arrhenius, Erik Hulthen, Axel Edvin Lindh, Ivar Waller, and Gudmund Borelius.
In 1976 the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) became a new client of the PS. When SPS started to operate as a proton- antiproton collider — the SpS — the PS had the double task of producing an intense 26 GeV/c proton beam for generating antiprotons at 3.5 GeV/c to be stored in the Antiproton Accumulator (AA), and then accelerating the antiprotons to 26 GeV/c for transfer to the SPS. The linear accelerator, now serving the PSB, was replaced in 1978 by Linac 2, leading to an further increase in intensity. During this period acceleration of light ions entered the scene. Linac 1, which was replaced by Linac 2, was equipped to accelerate deuterons that were accelerated in the PS, and transferred to the ISR where they collided with protons or deuterons.
Noticing how much fun his teenage daughter had participating in science fairs but dismayed to discover a shortage of quality science fair help online, Ken Hess thought science fair "productivity tools" and mentoring would allow many more students to participate in science fairs and develop inspirational relationships with science role models. Over time, such a program would help students improve their science skills and literacy while inspiring them to consider careers in science and engineering. So, in early 2001, Ken Hess started a charity with a mission of developing online tools and support for students doing science fair projects.Stanford University Linear Accelerator Center Interaction Point newsletter In collaboration with high tech companies, government labs and agencies (like NOAA and NASA), universities, and other science education resources, Science Buddies offers scientist-authored tools, tips, and techniques.
A schematic nuclear fission chain reaction Kapoor's work has been mainly in the fields of nuclear fission. He studied heavy-ion fusion-fission dynamics, nuclear shell models and radiation detectors as well as particle accelerators and was associated with several accelerators including cyclotron facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Universal Linear Accelerator, Darmstadt, BARC heavy-ion accelerator at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Tandem-Linac accelerator at Legnaro National Laboratories (INFN), during various periods of time. His research assisted in widening the understanding of light-charged particles and large scale nuclear motion and his contributions are reported in the development of a new faster process for nuclear splitting. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and the article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 137 of them.
The Ben F. Roach Cancer Care Facility (Pavilion CC) of the Markey Cancer Center provides over 52,000 square feet of space dedicated to the individualized care of cancer patients across the four story facility. Outpatient clinical space on the ground floor supports the Hematology Program, Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Program and the Radiation Medicine outpatient clinic; modern radiation therapy equipment is located in the basement. The second and third floors house inpatient rooms with satellite bases for all primary services and outpatient cancer services for Radiation Oncology, Hematologic/BMT disease, and Head, Neck and Respiratory disease. A linear accelerator and brachytherapy unit are located in the basement of the Ben F. Roach Building of the cancer center and a GAMMA Knife irradiation facility is located in the underground corridor connector between the Roach Building and the UK Hospital.
Construction of the Spallation Neutron Source and Center for Nanophase Materials, the Department of Energy's first nanoscience laboratory, began under his direction, and he led a laboratory-wide modernization effort. As part of the modernization Madia attracted the investment of private companies to fund buildings to host the National Center for Computational Sciences and the supercomputer Jaguar, beginning a trend of high performance computing that continued for at least a decade. Madia returned to Battelle in 2003 as Executive Vice President for Laboratory Operations where he remained until retirement in 2007, although he continued to involve himself in research and education programs out of interest. In 2008 he joined Stanford University where he was appointed vice president for the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), where he oversaw the laboratory as serves as Chairman of the Board of Overseers.
The AGN could merely be closely associated with the actual sources, for example in galaxies or other astrophysical objects that are clumped with matter on large scales within 100 megaparsecs. Some of the supermassive black holes in AGN are known to be rotating, as in the Seyfert galaxy MCG 6-30-15 with time-variability in their inner accretion disks. Black hole spin is a potentially effective agent to drive UHECR production, provided ions are suitably launched to circumvent limiting factors deep within the galactic nucleus, notably curvature radiation and inelastic scattering with radiation from the inner disk. Low-luminosity, intermittent Seyfert galaxies may meet the requirements with the formation of a linear accelerator several light years away from the nucleus, yet within their extended ion tori whose UV radiation ensures a supply of ionic contaminants.
"Vladimir Teplyakov" Retrieved on December 12, 2009 From 1959 to 1966 he worked at Chelyabinsk-70 to develop a high-current proton linear accelerator for controlled thermonuclear fusion. In mid 60's, together with G.M. Anisimov, Teplyakov conceived the idea of focusing the charged particle beams by the radio-frequency (RF) accelerating electromagnetic field rather than by solenoid magnets. This work continued at the Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) in Protvino, where his group moved in 1966 to build the I-100, a 100 MeV Alvarez drift-tube linac, which was an injector to the U-70, a 70 GeV proton synchrotron, the world's largest particle accelerator at that time. By late 60's, Teplyakov and I.M. Kapchinsky developed the concept of the radio- frequency quadrupole (RFQ) where accelerating gaps are supplemented with spacer electrodes charged under an intermediate potential.
Using XAS studies at the S, Fe and Mo edge, his group has worked to understand the electronic structure as a function of redox in this cluster. Other projects include the study of iron in dioxygen activation and oxidation and the role of copper in electron transport and in dioxygen activation. Over his career he has earned the following awards: NATO Postdoctoral Fellow, E.T.H. (Zurich) 1972-73, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow, 1976–78; Sidhu Award for Contributions to X-ray Diffraction, 1978; World Bank Lecturer, 1984, and the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 2002.The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award - Keith O. Hodgson - 2002 , US Department of Energy - Office of Science, accessed 29/10/2010 Keith Hodgson was previously the Deputy Director of the Synchrotron Division of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Professor of Chemistry and SSRL.
Kaon oscillation box diagram The two box diagrams above are the Feynman diagrams providing the leading contributions to the amplitude of - oscillation Despite many searches, no other manifestation of CP violation was discovered until the 1990s, when the NA31 experiment at CERN suggested evidence for CP violation in the decay process of the very same neutral kaons (direct CP violation). The observation was somewhat controversial, and final proof for it came in 1999 from the KTeV experiment at Fermilab and the NA48 experiment at CERN. In 2001, a new generation of experiments, including the BaBar experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and the Belle Experiment at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation (KEK) in Japan, observed direct CP violation in a different system, namely in decays of the B mesons. A large number of CP violation processes in B meson decays have now been discovered.
The phenomenon of the Bragg peak of ejected protons gives proton therapy advantages over other forms of radiation, since most of the proton's energy is deposited within a limited distance, so tissue beyond this range (and to some extent also tissue inside this range) is spared from the effects of radiation. This property of protons, which has been called the "depth charge effect" by analogy to the explosive weapons used in anti-submarine warfare, allows for conformal dose distributions to be created around even very irregularly shaped targets, and for higher doses to targets surrounded or backstopped by radiation-sensitive structures such as the optic chiasm or brainstem. The development of "intensity modulated" techniques allowed similar conformities to be attained using linear accelerator radiosurgery. there was no evidence that proton therapy is better than any other types of treatment in most cases, except for a "handful of rare pediatric cancers".
Built by the Dresser-Ideco Company for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, it was first erected in 1962 in the atomic bomb test area at Yucca Flat, where it was used for an experiment intended to improve understanding the effects of radiation in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. A bare (unshielded) nuclear reactor on a hoist car could be moved to different heights on the tower; Japanese-type houses were built near the base of the tower and were bombarded with various intensities of radiation. After the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty banned open-air nuclear testing, the tower was dismantled and despite its immense size moved from its original location to Jackass Flats in Area 25 of the Nevada Test Site, where it was used for Operation HENRE (High Energy Neutron Reactions Experiment), a series of radiation measurement experiments using a small linear accelerator to provide neutrons.
Abbott attended Oberlin College from 1968 to 1971, where he received a bachelors degree in physics. He subsequently attended graduate school at Brandeis University from 1973 to 1977, where he received his Ph.D. in physics. He subsequently worked as a in theoretical particle physics, serving as research associate at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center from 1977 to 1979, as a Scientific Associate at the Theory division at CERN from 1980 to 1981, and as a tenure track professor in the physics department at Brandeis from 1979 to 2005. Abbott began his transition to neuroscience research in 1989, joined the Department of Biology at Brandeis in 1993, and was the co-director of Brandeis Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology from 1994 to 2002, the director of the Volen National Center for Complex Systems at Brandeis from 1997–2002, and a visiting faculty at UCSF Sloan Center for Theoretical Neuroscience from 1994 to 2002.
From 1962 through 1970, negotiations took place between the Cambridge Electron Accelerator Laboratory (shared by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (founded in 1962), and the US Atomic Energy Commission over the proposed 1970 construction of the Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric Ring (SPEAR). It would be the first US electron-positron colliding beam storage ring. Paris (2001) explores the competition and cooperation between the two university laboratories and presents diagrams of the proposed facilities, charts detailing location factors, and the parameters of different project proposals between 1967 and 1970. Several rings were built in Europe during the five years that it took to obtain funding for the project, but the extensive project revisions resulted in a superior design that was quickly constructed and paved the way for Nobel Prizes in 1976 for Burton Richter and in 1995 for Martin Perl.
The recoil technique invented by Ghiorso was crucial to obtaining an identifiable signal from individual atoms of the new element. In the mid-1950s it became clear that to extend the periodic chart any further, a new accelerator would be needed, and the Berkeley Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC) was built, with Ghiorso in charge. That machine was used in the discovery of elements 102-106 (102, nobelium; 103, lawrencium; 104, rutherfordium; 105, dubnium and 106, seaborgium), each produced and identified on the basis of only a few atoms. The discovery of each successive element was made possible by the development of innovative techniques in robotic target handling, fast chemistry, efficient radiation detectors, and computer data processing. The 1972 upgrade of the HILAC to the superHILAC provided higher intensity ion beams, which was crucial to producing enough new atoms to enable detection of element 106.
Larry Gladney specializes in astro-particle physics and cosmology and in experimental particle physics. He has conducted extensive research on the weak interactions of heavy quarks and the nature of dark energy. One of his earliest breakthroughs occurred in the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF), where in the mid-1980s he studied the weak interactions of bottom hadrons. More recently, he has been involved in research with the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), under construction in Chile, which aims to measure the expansion history of the universe. Gladney has served on the National Science Foundation-Department of Energy High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP), the Director’s Review Board of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), the Experimental Physics Advisory Committee for the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), and the Program Advisory Committee for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) at Caltech.
Francium can be synthesized by a fusion reaction when a gold-197 target is bombarded with a beam of oxygen-18 atoms from a linear accelerator in a process originally developed at the physics department of the State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1995. Depending on the energy of the oxygen beam, the reaction can yield francium isotopes with masses of 209, 210, and 211. :197Au + 18O → 209Fr + 6 n :197Au + 18O → 210Fr + 5 n :197Au + 18O → 211Fr + 4 n alt=A complex experimental setup featuring a horizontal glass tube placed between two copper coils. The francium atoms leave the gold target as ions, which are neutralized by collision with yttrium and then isolated in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) in a gaseous unconsolidated state. Although the atoms only remain in the trap for about 30 seconds before escaping or undergoing nuclear decay, the process supplies a continual stream of fresh atoms.
The SPIRES High Energy Physics database (SPIRES-HEP),SPIRES High Energy Physics database installed at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in the 1970s, The Virtual library in action: Collaborative international control of high-energy physics preprints Kreitz, P.A. et al. became the first website in North AmericaThe Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Documentation of the Early Web at SLAC (1991-1994) and the first database accessible through the World Wide Web in 1991.The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Early Chronology and Documents It has since expanded into a joint project of SLAC, Fermilab, and DESY, with mirrors hosted at those institutions as well as at the Institute for High Energy Physics (Russia), the University of Durham (UK), the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University (Japan), and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences LIPI (Indonesia). This project stores bibliographic information about the literature of the field of High Energy Physics and is an example of academic databases and search engines.
The laboratory's main research facility is the CEBAF accelerator, which consists of a polarized electron source and injector and a pair of superconducting RF linear accelerators that are 7/8-mile (1400 m) in length and connected to each other by two arc sections that contain steering magnets. As the electron beam makes up to five successive orbits, its energy is increased up to a maximum of 6 GeV (the original CEBAF machine worked first in 1995 at the design energy of 4 GeV before reaching "enhanced design energy" of 6 GeV in 2000; since then the facility has been upgraded into 12 GeV energy). This leads to a design that appears similar to a racetrack when compared to the classical ring-shaped accelerators found at sites such as CERN or Fermilab. Effectively, CEBAF is a linear accelerator, similar to SLAC at Stanford, that has been folded up to a tenth of its normal length.
Brainlab was founded by CEO Stefan Vilsmeier in Munich in 1989. Vilsmeier, then 17, laid the ground for the company with the proceeds from a book he published about 3D graphics."3D-Konstruktion mit GIGA-CAD Plus auf dem C64/C128", C64 Wiki, date accessed: September 8, 2016 The first Brainlab product was a mouse-controlled, menu-driven surgical planning and navigation software introduced in 1990 at the University of Vienna."Movers and Shakers Interview with Stefan Vilsmeier, CEO – BrainLAB" Frost and Sullivan Market Insight, May 5, 2003 In 1992, Vilsmeier designed and built a tradeshow booth and booked exhibitor’s space at the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) Annual Scientific Meeting in Washington, D.C. to showcase the software for the first time."Sunday Sitdown with Stefan Vilsmeier, CEO of med-tech firm Brainlab " Sandra Guy, Chicago Sun Times, June 20, 2016 In 1993, Brainlab developed a linear accelerator-based system for stereotactic radiosurgery using micromultileaf collimators.ed.
Della Negra studied mathematics and theoretical physics for his doctorate at the Laboratory of Nuclear Physics of the College de France in Paris, defending his thesis on the experimental study of proton-antiproton annihilation in 1967. In the 1970s, following post-doctoral work at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in Palo Alto, California, he involved himself on high-energy physics projects at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, where he worked initially as a member of the Intersecting Storage Rings group. In 1977 joined the team led by Carlo Rubbia and played an important role in the 1981 discovery of the W and Z bosons. Della Nigra and his colleague from Imperial College London, Tejinder Singh Virdee, were among the first to envisage a hermetic detector for the large hadron collider (LHC) based on a strong magnetic field, the compact muon solenoid (CMS), and was spokesman for the CMS from 1992 until 2006.
In 1973, Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa predicted the existence of a third generation of quarks to explain observed CP violations in kaon decay. The names top and bottom were introduced by Haim Harari in 1975, to match the names of the first generation of quarks (up and down) reflecting the fact that the two were the "up" and "down" component of a weak isospin doublet. The proposal of Kobayashi and Maskawa heavily relied on the GIM mechanism put forward by Sheldon Lee Glashow, John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani, which predicted the existence of the then still unobserved charm quark. (The other second generation quark, the strange quark, was already detected in 1968.) When in November 1974 teams at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) simultaneously announced the discovery of the J/ψ meson, it was soon after identified as a bound state of the missing charm quark with its antiquark.
Bird's-eye view of the entire facility Superconducting magnets under construction in 2008 to veer the proton beam to the direction of Kamioka Final stage of the proton beam line before target to generate neutrino beam T2K uses a muon neutrino or muon antineutrino beam produced at the J-PARC facility using a proton beam gradually accelerated to 30 GeV by a system of three accelerators: first to 400 MeV energy by the Linac linear accelerator, then up to 3 GeV by the RCS (Rapid Cycle Synchrotron), and finally up to 30 GeV by the MR synchrotron (Main Ring). Protons collide with a graphite target, producing mesons, mainly pions and kaons, which are then focused by a set of three magnetic horns and directed into a tunnel called the decay volume. Depending on the horns polarity, either positive or negative particles are focused. Positive pions and kaons decay mainly into and , forming a muon neutrino beam, while negative pions and kaons decay mainly into and , forming a muon antineutrino beam.

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