He also covered its walls with ornate Lincrusta wallpaper copied from cabins aboard the Titanic, Mr. Wilhelmsson said.
|
|
Lincrusta was originally manufactured in Sunbury-on-Thames until 1918 when the manufacturing was moved to Darwen, Lancashire. The first production of Lincrusta in the United States was in 1883 in Stamford, Connecticut. There were also factories built in 1880 at Pierrefitte, France, and by 1889 in Hannover, Germany. Lincrusta is now produced in Morecambe, Lancashire using traditional methods.
|
|
Heritage Wallcoverings Ltd acquired the Lincrusta operating assets in July 2014.
|
|
Anaglypta is a range of paintable textured wallcoverings made from paper or vinyl. It is produced on traditional paper and paste-the-wall substrates. Analglypta is often compared to Lincrusta which is made from gelled paste of linseed oil and wood flour. Lincrusta is considered to be a heavier version but more durable than Analglypta.
|
|
Lincrusta is made from a paste of gelled linseed oil and wood flour spread onto a paper base. It is then rolled between steel rollers, one of which has a pattern embossed upon it.Campbell, Gordon (editor) (2006) "Lincrusta" The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts volume 1, Oxford University Press, New York, page 41, The linseed gel continues to dry for many years, so the surface gets harder over time. Both oil-based and water-based paints can be applied to Lincrusta, therefore it can provide a base for effects from simple colour washes or marbling, scumbling, and glazing, to more elaborate gilding and ver de mer treatments.
|
|
Other products devised by Walton included Linoleum Muralis in 1877, which became better known as Lincrusta. Essentially a highly durable linoleum wallcovering, Lincrusta could be manufactured to resemble carved plaster or wood, or even leather. It was very successful, and inspired a much cheaper imitation, Anaglypta, originally devised by one of Walton's showroom managers. Walton also tried integrating designs into linoleum during the manufacturing stage, coming up with granite, marbled, and jaspé (striped) linoleum.
|
|
Frederick Walton Frederick Edward Walton (13 March 183416 May 1928),Today in Science History. Retrieved 28 February 2014 was an English manufacturer and inventor whose invention of Linoleum in Chiswick was patented in 1863. He also invented Lincrusta in 1877.
|
|
This was to become Anaglypta, from the Greek words (, 'raised') and (, 'cameo'). Seeing this as a threat to Lincrusta, Walton decided not to develop it; Palmer patented the product, parted from Walton, and moved to Lancaster. There he began production of Anaglypta in partnership with Storey Bros. in 1887.
|
|
The structure which housed the restaurant was built about 1875, originally as a private residence, and is a four-story late Italianate style brownstone building. The painted wood storefront was probably added in 1892 when the restaurant opened. It includes a portico with modified Doric order columns. The interior retains the original Victorian design including Lincrusta-Walton wall covering.
|
|
It was called Lincrusta and was applied much like wallpaper. This process made it easy to then go over the oil and make it resemble wood or different types of leather. On the ceilings that were 8–14 feet the color was tinted three shades lighter than the color that was on the walls and usually had a high quality of ornamentation because decorated ceilings were favored.
|
|
Walton obtained further patents for processes related to the production of linoleum. In 1863, he patented a method of passing sheets of coloured linoleum through rollers to emboss a pattern on them. In 1882, he patented machinery to make inlaid mosaic floor coverings. He also invented a number of related products, most notably Lincrusta, an embossed wall-covering based on linoleum, launched in 1877.
|
|
His parents owned and operated a bakery, where he worked as a teenager. An allergy to flour forced him to seek another line of work, and he became an electrician for the Lincrusta Company, a French manufacturer which produced picture frame covers using an aluminum powder. In one instance, Cassagnes was performing a routine installation of a factory light switch plate. The plate was wrapped in a translucent decal covering.
|
|
See also: The five-bay west (front) facade has an ornate Victorian porch along its entire first story. On the south elevation is a projecting bay window and the remains of a porte-cochere. A central hall with pressed-metal ceilings, lincrusta wall coverings and flat- paneled wainscoting opens up from the entrance vestibule. A finely crafted staircase goes up from the side, its landing lit by a stained glass window.
|
|
The south windows offer an unobstructed view of the mountain, flanked by box seats. A curved wooden balustrade sets off the balcony, supported by salmon- colored cast iron Corinthian columns. Two small side stages, decorated in Lincrusta–Walton paneling with a geometric design, flank the main stage at this level. Behind the stage are dressing rooms and a crossover to allow actors to change sides of the stage during a performance without being seen by the audience.
|
|
It became almost the norm in most areas of middle-class homes, but remained relatively little used in public buildings and offices, with patterns generally being avoided in such locations. In the latter half of the century Lincrusta and Anaglypta, not strictly wallpapers, became popular competitors, especially below a dado rail. They could be painted and washed, and were a good deal tougher, though also more expensive. Wallpaper manufacturing firms established in England in the 19th century included Jeffrey & Co.; Shand Kydd Ltd.
|
|
The second floor is a narrow room that served as the main reading room. As arranged, the second floor contained a children's room in the front (facing Second Avenue), a reading area in the center, and a women's reading room in the back. The window openings on each wall contain elaborate surrounds. A Lincrusta Walton wall covering was used in place of wood wainscoting, and a wide molding is at the top of the walls, with a coved ceiling above.
|
|
The development of Anaglypta can be traced back to the invention of Lincrusta in 1877 by Frederick Walton.History of Anaglypta It became an instant success because it was the first washable wallcovering and appealed to the Victorians because of its sanitary properties as well as its durability and ornate effects. Originally made on a linen backing it was, however, quite rigid. Because of this, an employee called Thomas John Palmer invented a similar product which, being made from wood pulp and cotton, was lighter and more flexible.
|
|
The exterior of the house is largely mauve Ohio brick and is trimmed with Lake Superior sandstone. with The interiors are tastefully done in lavish materials, as was the style at the time. There is Circassian walnut paneling in the French Parlor room, and embossed and polychromed Lincrusta Walton wallpaper in many rooms on the first floor. In addition to the hand-carved marble fireplaces that grace nearly every room, there are many types of fine marble used throughout the house, such as Florido Creme, Tavernelle Clair and Haueville Fleuri for the Marble Hall.
|
|
India Mill and its famous chimney have been sold in a £12 million deal. Among Darwen's other famous industries are Crown Paints, formerly Walpamur Paints, the earliest British paint manufacturer, which actually named one of its paints 'Darwen Satin Finish'. Crown Wallpaper manufactured wallpaper, Lincrusta and Anaglypta in the town. ICI Acrylics (now called Lucite International) was where acrylic glass (Perspex for windows and signage, and Sani-ware or Lucite used for the manufacture of baths and shower trays) was invented; it is still manufactured in two separate plants within the town.
|
|
The partnership was ordered to be dissolved in 1893 by the courts, following a dispute concerning profit sharing. Anaglypta and Lincrusta came together again in 1931 when they were merged to form the Relief Decorations branch of Wallpaper Manufacturers (WPM) and manufactured in Darwen, Lancashire. After a period of stability Relief Decorations was sold to Reed International in the 1960s and with considerable investment the first duplex product made entirely of wood pulp was launched; this is now marketed as Anaglypta Original. Currently, The Analglypta brand is manufactured by Retford Wallcoverings Limited.
|
|
This area is given a decorative treatment different from that for the upper part of the wall; for example panelling, wainscoting or lincrusta. The purpose of the dado treatment to a wall is both aesthetic and functional. Historically, the panelling below the dado rail was installed to cover the lower part of the wall which was subject to stains associated with rising damp; additionally it provided protection from furniture and passing traffic. The dado rail itself is sometimes referred to misleadingly as a chair rail, though its function is principally aesthetic and not to protect the wall from chair backs.
|
|
The building interior is well preserved, with lincrusta wall covering, ornate woodwork, and glass chandeliers. The house was built sometime between the 1852 purchase of land by Ebenezer Roberts, and his listing as the building's first occupant in 1856. Roberts was a directory of the Hartford National Bank, Travelers Insurance Company, and other local businesses. Construction of this house contributed to the development of Asylum Hill as a desirable and fashionable neighborhood for the city's elites, although urban renewal has resulted in demolition of nearly all of the other similar houses that once lined High Street.
|
|
The original stained glass panes that adorned the two front window archways and two oval side windows were missing from the home. Another home in Waltham, also designed by architect George Strout, retained its original stained glass. The McDougalls took photos of these and retained renowned custom stained glass maker Jim Anderson in Boston to replicate fine examples of what would have been originally installed in the home. Many fine details inside the home remain original and intact, including its ornate fireplace and Anaglypta wallpaper in the dining room as well as the Lincrusta dado in the entry and along the internal staircase.
|
|
The interior has been restored to recreate the appearance that it is believed to have had in 1899, but many of the house's original interior features remain intact. For instance, the "wainscoting downstairs, called Lincrusta, is original to the house and made of a pressed paper mixture processed to look like embossed leather." The oriental door bracket in the front parlor as well as the Eastlake-style dining table and chairs had been purchased by the Hale family. The Hale House and other old Los Angeles landmark structures are open for public tours, for a fee, at the Heritage Square Museum.
|
|
Four United States Presidents visited Bowen's summer home as his guests and speakers for these celebrations: Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, and William McKinley. Other prominent visitors included Henry Ward Beecher, Julia Ward Howe, Oliver Wendell Holmes and John C. Fremont. "A Brief History of Woodstock" Web page on the Woodstock, Connecticut official town Web site, accessed July 30, 2006 Today the house remains in excellent historic condition, with original Gothic furniture and embossed Lincrusta Walton wall decoration. The house, known locally as The Pink House, is currently painted coral pink, and located on Woodstock Hill Common.
|
|
The Berlin architect Carl Busse reshaped the house into a representative upper-class home with a new bath, stair tower, and a magnificent new interior in the new styles of the German elite. Today in the rooms of the museum, one can see furniture and objects from this time, like an original lincrusta wallpaper, which is rare in Germany and one of the few remaining Victorian crystal perpetual table fountains produced by J. Defries & Sons in London . In 1924, the entire estate was sold to the city of Berlin. After World War II, the Schloss Britz served as a refugee house and from the 1950s on as a children's home.
|
|