"Our goal is to improve the effectiveness of less-than-lethal weapons," he said.
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The Pogojet is an experimental new weapon that promises a versatile, accurate less-than-lethal solution.
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The department will continue equipping our officers with less-than-lethal tools to help them do their jobs.
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He said the use of water is "less than lethal" compared with protesters' use of slingshots and burning logs.
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Police later used an armored vehicle and fired less-than-lethal rounds to disperse demonstrators who had blocked traffic.
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"The purpose of the PAP is to, hopefully, deal with strikers, protesters with less than lethal means," Cheng said.
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The police review says Goodman found that using a less-than-lethal round or a stun gun would not have been effective.
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The autopsy report lists 21 gunshot wounds, five injuries from "less than lethal" firearm rounds and six injuries likely caused by shrapnel.
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Where there has been a push to arm robotic policing systems, it has been with what are called "less than lethal" weapons.
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One likely result of a less than lethal approach would be a major reduction in the racial tensions associated with police use of force.
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Self-driving cars need to fly in order to be more than ordinary, and flying cars need to be self-driving to be less than lethal.
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Correctional officers ordered the inmates to stop fighting and proceeded to fire "less-than-lethal" rounds to stop the brawl, the Union-Tribune reported, citing state officials.
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Before this incident, when it came to arming robotic systems in a law enforcement role, most of the discussion has been of ones using "less than lethal" weapons.
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Assad started making and deploying more chemical weapons—usually chlorine gas, which is barbaric but not illegal, and often in less than lethal concentrations, to avoid attracting attention.
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Less-than-lethal weapons like rubber bullets and bean-bag rounds are a bad compromise, using a projectile that's too slow to kill, and too big and heavy for real accuracy.
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The Pogojet can be fired from something the size of a small handgun, or mounted on the underside of a rifle to give soldiers a readily available less-than-lethal option.
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"Less than lethal" technology can also be prone to misuse and abuse; it can even affect the psychology of those who wield it, inducing them to turn to force too quickly.
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Officers repeatedly yelled for him to drop the knife and seconds later fired less-than-lethal rounds at Perez, who could be seen lifting the chair to try to deflect the rounds.
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In 2015, North Dakota became the first state to permit law enforcement agencies to use armed drones but limited them to "less than lethal" weapons such as tear gas and pepper spray.
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" Briley went on, "The growing concern I have about folks in the concealed-carry community is that we don't look at less than lethal options as a part of our tool kit.
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While the two officers -- one with training in crisis intervention -- talked to Jacobs, a third went to his vehicle to obtain a "less than lethal" device, such as a bean-bag shotgun, Flores said.
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While the two officers -- one with training in crisis intervention -- talked to Clarke, a third went to his police vehicle to obtain a "less than lethal" device, such as a bean-bag shotgun, Flores said.
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The PAP is a special internal security force that straddles the line between the national police force and the People's Liberation Army, an element typically equipped with less-than-lethal tools to handle domestic unrest.
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Precincts have started adopting or increasing their use of less-than-lethal force – including pepper spray and Tasers – in an effort to reduce injury and death while still giving police options when facing would-be assailants.
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With any luck, that will solve one of the big problems with current less-than-lethal systems: a bean-bag round fired at someone too close, or at their head (or both!) can be very much lethal.
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"The involved officers shot [Clark] even though he was not an immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officers or anyone else and there were other less than lethal options available," the lawsuit states.
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These, of course, prompt great debate that brings together elements of the robotics argument with the question over whether "less than lethal" weapons actually lead to abuse (think about the debate over Tasers; they arguably save lives, yet might be used more often).
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Bard argued that the officers adhered to appropriate procedure, noting that the Cambridge department uses a "force continuum" approach that allows officers to increase the amount of force used when necessary, moving from verbal commands to the use of less than lethal force.
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They have discretion on how to deploy less-than-lethal force: It must be both "objectively reasonable and necessary in order to carry out law enforcement duties" — and used when other "empty hand" techniques are not sufficient to control disorderly or violent subjects.
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The feds cited use-of-force experts who determined the officers' actions were reasonable under the circumstances -- including that the two used several less-than-lethal techniques before using force, and that Sterling struggled with the officers and failed to follow orders.
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The federal prosecutors cited use-of-force experts who determined the officers' actions were reasonable under the circumstances -- including that the two employed several less-than-lethal techniques before using force, and that Sterling struggled with the officers and failed to follow orders.
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Click here to view original GIFPogojet bullet before and after firingThe end result is a bullet that will deliver the same amount of kinetic energy (read: pain) to a target at up to a hundred meters, far further than existing less-than-lethal systems.
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Capabilities of the center include: chemical defense and test equipment; individual and collective chemical protection and decontamination systems; chemical material surveillance program; machining, fabrication and assembly; specialty ammunition production; less than lethal ammunition production; and quality assurance and joint logistics services.
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The RGS-50M is a smoothbore single-shot break-action Russian grenade launcher manufactured by Degtyarev Plant. It is mainly intended for less than lethal (riot gun) and door breaching law enforcement roles, but it is also capable of firing lethal projectiles.
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The RGS-50M is a smoothbore single- shot break-action Russian grenade launcher manufactured by Degtyarev Plant. It is mainly intended for less than lethal (riot gun) and door breaching law enforcement roles, but it is also capable of firing lethal projectiles.
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The TOU is responsible for the initial selection and training of TORS volunteers, followed up by monthly local training and an annual TOU re-certification camp. TORS officers also attend various training camps organised by Tactical Operations Unit to maintain consistency in their training levels. TORS teams are equipped with a range of specialist tactical gear including less than lethal munitions such as Tasers, beanbags as well as various shotguns and M4/M16 Assault rifles. The range of skills TORS operators possess include bushcraft and navigation, close quarter tactics, entry methods, ballistic shield operations, cordon and perimeter operations, advanced weapons training, and less than lethal tactics.
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Pepper spray is banned for use in war by Article I.5 of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which bans the use of all riot control agents in warfare whether lethal or less-than-lethal. Depending on the location, it may be legal to use for self-defense.
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Like other Home Team agencies, CNB officers are issued and trained in the use of 5-shot Taurus Model 85 revolvers as a standard issue sidearm. Officers are also trained and issued with expandable batons for less than lethal self-defense options, bulletproof vests and handcuffs for restrains.
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The currently issued sidearm for Alabama state troopers is the Glock 22 .40 S&W.; Additional weapons provided to troopers include the Bushmaster M4-type Carbine rifle and the Benelli M4 police magnum shotgun. Less-than- lethal weapons include OC (pepper) spray, ASP collapsible baton, and a taser.
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Less-than-lethal weapons, such as chemical sprays, are used as alternatives to deadly force. These weapons also require policies on their use, along with training on proper use. Police officers are also encouraged to consider a use of force continuum, and try to deescalate situations with verbal warnings and persuasion.
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One chemical result of burning hydrogen sulphide emissions was sulfur dioxide, another toxic gas. Since hydrogen sulphide is heavier than air, it settled to the ground, dispersed enough to be less than lethal. Hydrogen sulphide was always in the air in small concentrations. Turner Valley had a rotten egg odour on most days.
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Al Alawi was one of the captives guards shot. He described being shot with rubber coated steel bullets in April 2013. Robert Durand, a camp spokesman, asserted guards were provoked, and that they only fired "four less than lethal rounds". Al Alawi described being fired upon without warning when he and other men were preparing for communal prayers.
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While its combat or tactical usage remains undocumented, the visual effect it produces is impressive and entertaining, similar to that of a short-ranged flamethrower or fireworks. Also undocumented, it has been claimed by enthusiasts that the rounds are often used as a distress signal, similar to a very short duration emergency flare gun, though some would argue a flare would be better suited for such. It may also be used as a less-than-lethal option for self-/home-defense, although the less-than-lethal aspect and safety are disputed, as the magnesium shards burn at approximately , which is more than enough to light a person, or house, on fire. Compared to most regular types of shotgun ammunition that is mass-produced, the pyrotechnic shell is somewhat expensive, and costs US$5–7 per shell, depending on caliber and load.
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Officers must qualify with these supplemental weapons to carry or use them. Approved long guns are the Colt AR-15 rifle, Remington 870 or Benelli M1 (Super 90) shotgun. Although most Officers carry their own personal long guns while on duty, respective stations throughout the island have a small arsenal of AR-15 rifles and less than lethal shotguns in the event they are needed.
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As riot police, OMON often uses special equipment termed riot gear to help protect themselves and attack others. Riot gear typically includes personal armor, batons, riot and tactical shields, and riot helmets. OMON also deploys specialized less-than-lethal weapons, such as water cannon, pepper spray, tear gas, sponge grenades, rifles that fire rubber bullets, bean bag rounds, stun grenades, and Long Range Acoustic Devices.
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The PAW-20 is a hand-held, semi-automatic grenade launcher that fires a 20 mm point detonating round. It holds six rounds in a detachable rotary magazine, with an effective range of 300–400 meters. It was designed mainly as an anti-personnel grenade launcher for use against opposition closely grouped together or behind light cover. However, it is also compatible with less-than-lethal ammunition.
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On May 1, 2007, at MacArthur Park, a rally formed to raise awareness of prejudice against, and demands for amnesty for undocumented workers. As the rally continued, police attempted to break up the rally. Most rally participants dispersed peacefully, but some attacked the police with bottles and rocks. The police utilized less-than- lethal weapons and engaged in pushing and kicking in ways that many viewed as excessive.
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XADS (Xtreme Alternative Defense Systems) is a privately held firm in Anderson, Indiana, United States. XADS is a producer of NLDEW (Non-lethal (less than lethal) directed energy weapons) for protecting and defending in military operations, law enforcement, site security, and peacekeeping. XADS was founded in 2002 after a proposal was submitted to the United States Marine Corps. XADS is developing a short-range wireless electroshock weapon called StunStrike.
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Sting grenades, also known as stingball or sting ball grenades, are stun grenades based on the design of the fragmentation grenade. Instead of using a metal casing to produce fragmentation, they are made from hard rubber and are filled with around 100 rubber balls. On detonation, the shrapnel rubber balls, and fragments from the rubber casing explode outward in all directions as a form of less-than-lethal shrapnel. These projectiles may ricochet.
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The LAPD recently announced that they will be incorporating a new shotgun, the Benelli M4 Super 90, and officers will go through additional training for the use of the semi-automatic shotgun and will have to privately purchase the gun if they elect to switch from the standard pump-action Remington 870. The LAPD also has 37mm launchers and modified "beanbag" firing Remington 870s for crowd control when less than lethal force is needed.
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Less-than-lethal weaponry exists that uses millimeter waves to heat a thin layer of human skin to an intolerable temperature so as to make the targeted person move away. A two- second burst of the 95 GHz focused beam heats the skin to a temperature of 130 °F (54 °C) at a depth of 1/64 of an inch (0.4 mm). The United States Air Force and Marines are currently using this type of Active Denial System.
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The FN 303 is based on a project by the Monterey Bay Corporation designated the XM303. The development team consisted of designers and researchers from two paintball related design and manufacturing firms, including Airgun Designs. The prototype was named the UBTPS, Under Barrel Tactical Paintball System. The design could be attached to an M16 rifle and was conceived as a less-than-lethal weapon system coupled with a lethal weapon system, providing a wide range of response capabilities that were immediately available.
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Perhaps the most high-profile example of this was, in 1980 the Metropolitan Police handing control of the Iranian Embassy Siege to the Special Air Service. They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal" given that they can still be deadly) weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers typically carry handcuffs to restrain suspects.
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The SOG is equipped with less-than-lethal equipment that is not issued to general duties officers including the Taser. In June 2012, the SOG took delivery of a Lenco BearCat replacing their Mercedes-Benz Sprinter based Armoured Tactical Vehicle (ATV) acquired in 2006. In May 2019, the government allocated $1 million for a "secure, fit for purpose facility" in the 2019-20 State Budget and also $400,000 for new equipment with $100,000 to be allocated each year over four years.
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Under Defend University, Kardian is the founder of the Less Than Lethal program, which teaches tactics and ground control for law enforcement with the stated goal of reducing injuries to both suspects and police officers during physical encounters. The program began in New York state, where Kardian worked with the Office of Public Safety, Department of Criminal Justice, evaluating and submitting changes in the way recruits and Defensive Tactics Instructors across the State of New York are trained and taught.
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In addition to basic training, CDD also provides advanced training for the postal inspectors, the uniformed postal police personnel, and the analysts. For all U.S. special agents, training does not stop after basic and ASB. The career of a federal special agent is one of regular training in new legal issues and investigative techniques, and frequently includes quarterly, if not monthly, refresher training in hand-to-hand defensive tactics, the use of weapons of less than lethal force, and regular qualification in the use of firearms.
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At speeds below 35 MPH, it can be used on a fleeing vehicle, if the legal parameters would justify "less than lethal force" against the driver. At speeds greater than 35 MPH, the technique still works, but it is considered potentially lethal and normally would only be used if lethal force is justified against all occupants. It is best used when the driver is on surface streets and cornering. A high speed motorist may kill innocent people and it can sometimes be justified for that traffic offense.
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The standard issue sidearms for all SPBn is the Glock 17 and the Glock 19 while the short version of the Heckler & Koch MP5 is the standard SMG and could be deployed in multiple variants. SPBn started to use the highly sophisticated weapon SMT9 (made in Brazil) from March 2015. Apart from firearms, ASP expandable batons or tasers are carried for less-than- lethal options to the SPBn officers. Stun grenades and smoke grenades are also used to provide cover for escorting the VIP when under attack.
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The Foundation is funded by a number of companies whose products are used by the Border Patrol. It has also seen a surge in donations since President Trump took office, allowing it to provide college scholarships for surviving children. In November 2018, the president of the BPF, Ronald Colburn, defended the use of pepper spray, a less-than-lethal weapon, on migrants seeking to cross the Southern border, saying the pepper spray was "natural. You could actually put it on your nachos and eat it.".
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The standard issue sidearms for all VIPPU is the Glock 17 and the Glock 19 for females or officers with smaller hands while the short version of the Heckler & Koch MP5 is the standard SMG and could be deployed in multiple variants, such as the K 、K-PDW and Coffer. Apart from firearms, ASP expandable batons or a Taser are carried for less-than-lethal options to the VIPPU officers. Flashbangs and smoke grenades are also used to provide cover for escorting the VIP when being attacked by intruders.
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The 20x42 mm cartridge was specifically developed for the PAW-20 by Denel PMP, decreasing the overall weight and size of the weapon, and enabling it to hold more rounds in the magazine, compared to weapons of similar purpose and design, such as the XM25 CDTE, which typically fire 25mm or larger grenades. It has a muzzle velocity of 310 m/s (1,000 ft/s), and a much flatter trajectory than the more common 40mm grenade launcher round. A number of less-than-lethal rounds are also available for the PAW-20.
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The Tourism Police unit are issued the Glock 19 semi-auto pistol as a special forces group within the CPSP along with the special patrol group. The UTIP and GOE would use small arms unique to the Portuguese FBP m/948, such as the SIG SG 552 short assault rifle, Franchi SPAS-15 semi-automatic shotgun and the SIG-Sauer SSG 3000 sniper rifle. They also use Smith & Wesson-made 37 mm gas launchers, long batons and Flash-ball and taser for less-than-lethal to control riots.
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The cycling time of a pump- action is quite short. The manual operation gives a pump-action the ability to cycle rounds of widely varying power that a gas or recoil operated firearm would fail to cycle, such as most less-than-lethal rounds. The simplicity of the pump-action relative to a semi-automatic design also leads to improved durability and lower cost. It has also been noticed that the time taken to work the action allows the operator to identify and aim on a new target, avoiding a "spray and pray" usage.
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The black bloc separated just before the main march entered the Pentagon's north parking lot, and attempted to march closer to the Pentagon. Pentagon Police and Virginia State Police officers responding to the splinter march used concussive grenades and threatened to use less than lethal chemical crowd control agents. The black bloc had a two to three hour sit-in, and after that took a vote and decided to return to Washington. They followed the route of the original protest, except now blocking traffic, and knocking over construction barricades.
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The touch of death (or death-point striking) refers to any martial arts technique reputed to kill using seemingly less than lethal force targeted at specific areas of the body. The concept known as dim mak (), alternatively ' () traces its history to traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture. Tales of its use are often found in the Wuxia genre of Chinese martial arts fiction. Dim mak is depicted as a secret body of knowledge with techniques that attack pressure points and meridians, said to incapacitate or sometimes cause immediate or even delayed death to an opponent.
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Marines training in martial arts In 2001, the Marine Corps initiated an internally designed martial arts program, called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Due to an expectation that urban and police-type peacekeeping missions would become more common in the 21st century, placing Marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians, MCMAP was implemented to provide Marines with a larger and more versatile set of less-than-lethal options for controlling hostile, but unarmed individuals. It is a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the "Warrior Ethos" within Marines.Yi, Capt.
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As the CIRT evolved, the Force Response Unit relinquished roles to the Operational Response Unit (ORU) formed in May 2010 including the sub unit Public Order Response Team (PORT) formed in June 2011, to focus on CIRT. Over time, certain less-than-lethal equipment used by CIRT became accessible to general duties police. In 2005, CIRT commenced using Tasers which were later trialled by general duties police in 2010. From 2014 to 2017, Tasers were rolled-out to 37 24-hour police stations in regional Victoria for general duties use.
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They generally store ammunition in detachable box or drum magazines in order to decrease reloading time, whereas most pump-action and semi-automatic shotguns use under-barrel tubular magazines. Shotguns are able to handle a wide variety of ammunition, however automatics are slightly limited because the shot must provide sufficient force to reliably cycle the action. This means that they are not compatible with low powered rounds, like most less-than-lethal ammunition. The most common ammunition used in combat shotguns is 00 buckshot, which fires about 9 metal balls and is very effective against unarmored targets.
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The members of the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force are trained in the use of, and issued, the same equipment and weapons same as its regular counterpart. Officers are issued the Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolvers as sidearms with 12 rounds of ammunition along with an ASP expendable baton and a Sabre Red pepper spray for less-than-lethal options when patrolling on the street. Small quantity of members are trained for missions that involve the guard of embassy and police stations, which they are armed with an addition of the Remington 870 shotgun in 12 Gauge.
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Each TransCom officer is armed with a revolver, T-baton, set of handcuffs and portable radio. Regulars, as well as selected NSFs, are trained in the use of the Taser, as a less-than-lethal option to diffuse situations where lethal force would not be deemed necessary. Officers are dressed in dark blue tactical uniforms similar to those worn by Police Tactical Unit officers. Officers initially wore blue-coloured berets, but were given light grey- coloured berets on 30 December 2009, with the dual purpose of signifying their distinction as an independent department and increasing visibility during operations.
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All patrol- officers of the PCG are equipped with the Taurus Model 85 revolver, much like their Land Division counterparts. Instead of the Monadnock PR-21 T-baton, PCG patrol-officers are issued with the ASP Telescopic Baton, due to its suitability and greater ease of use, especially when collapsed, in confined space on board ships and vessels. The Glock 19 semi-automatic pistol is only issued to Special Task Squadron officers. PCG officers are also trained to use and are equipped with the Sabre Red pepper spray as a less-than-lethal option, although it is never widely issued.
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A Chevrolet Suburban of the Emergency Task Force in 2008 The ETF use the MP5A3 sub-machine gun, Remington 700 bolt-action sniper rifle, Remington 870 shotgun, and the Diemaco C8 carbine, while Glock 17 or 19 handguns are authorized as sidearms. Less than lethal options are also at the disposal of team members: these include X26 Tasers, pepper spray (OC Spray) and tear gas (CS Gas), and rubber bullets or bean bag rounds. ETF also operates Northrop Grumman Remotec Andros MK V1A bomb disposal remote robots to defuse suspected bombs or suspicious objects. The newest robot used by the team is the Remotec Andros F6B.
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NASA worked in the 1970s and early 1980s to research the possibilities of using solar power satellite (SPS) systems with large solar arrays that would beam power down to the Earth's surface via microwaves. Less-than-lethal weaponry exists that uses millimeter waves to heat a thin layer of human skin to an intolerable temperature so as to make the targeted person move away. A two-second burst of the 95 GHz focused beam heats the skin to a temperature of at a depth of . The United States Air Force and Marines are currently using this type of active denial system in fixed installations.
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The game gives players several options in doing so, however. Breaching charges can be used to kill enemies on the other side of the door with relative ease while simultaneously stunning others in the room, or if a more stealthy approach is desired, one can use a spycam to peer underneath the door and see into the room, allowing the player to make a plan. Flashbangs and less-than-lethal Stinger grenades are able to be thrown along with a door kick, stunning or killing any enemies inside. Lockpick Machines to open locked doors and Tazers to subdue terrorists are at the disposal of the squad as well.
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Riot gear typically includes personal armor, batons, riot shields and riot helmets. Many riot police teams also deploy specialized less-than-lethal weapons, such as pepper spray, tear gas, rifles that fire rubber bullets or plastic bullets, flashbang grenades, and Long Range Acoustic Devices (sound cannons). The police tactics used during the 2001 Quebec City protest serve as an example of the approaches used by North American riot police. During the protest, riot police fired tear gas canisters, water cannon, and rubber bullets, dispersing large groupings of protesters both violent and peaceful, including teach-ins and teams of medics providing first aid to other protesters.
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MSD's primary rifle is the Mk18 type 2 carbine with the Aimpoint T-1 Micro combat optic and AN/PEQ-15 ATPIAL. MSD also qualifies with the Colt submachine gun, different Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun variants, Remington 870 shotguns while SIG Sauer, Glock and Beretta pistols are assigned as sidearms. MSD agents are trained to use and deploy with U.S. Military weapons, including the M249, M240, and M2 machine guns, M203 and Mk 19 grenade launchers, and precision fire rifles such as the Mk11 Mod 1 and MK 12 SPR. MSD agents are also trained to use less-than-lethal weaponry include OC, or pepper spray, extendable batons and stun grenades.
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The Virginia Defense Force Military Police operated less-than-lethal security missions. The Military Police trained in such subjects as Command Post Security, First responder training, Incident Management, Traffic Control, Crowd Control, Riot Control, Vehicle Checkpoints, Vehicle and Personal Searches, Military Assistance and Civil Disorders, Baton and other skills that were necessary to ensure the safety of the personnel of the VDF and citizens of the Commonwealth. The MP Company, and subsequently MP Battalion, was a Commonwealth of Virginia Law Enforcement agency until its dissolution in a major force-wide reorganization in the fall of 2013, and some of its former personnel have been re-designated as HQ Security and Access Control Teams for their respective regiments.
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Splinter Cell strongly encourages the use of stealth over brute force. Although Sam Fisher is usually equipped with firearms, he carries limited ammunition and is not frequently provided with access to additional ammo. The player begins most missions with a limited supply of less-than-lethal weapons in addition to Fisher's firearms, a suppressed FN Five-Seven sidearm that is provided for every mission, as well as a suppressed FN F2000 assault rifle during some missions, which includes a telescopic sight and a launcher for some of the less-lethal devices such as ring airfoil projectiles, "sticky shockers", and CS gas grenades. The weapon can even fire a camera that sticks onto surfaces, allowing Fisher to covertly perform surveillance from a safe area.
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A Critical Incident Response Team member at a siege in Belmont, Geelong on 27 September 2012. In March 2004, the Force Response Unit (FRU) launched the CIRT concept consisting of two teams of officers patrolling in a Van each to provide specialist assistance to general duties police with a primary focus on tactical support and negotiation capabilities supported by a greater range of less-than-lethal options, and as a consequence to relieve the Special Operations Group (SOG), the elite Police Tactical Group of Victoria Police, from attending incidents not within their call out criteria. Prior to the creation of CIRT, the FRU had maintained the negotiator capability for Victoria Police. The CIRT concept was similar to the United Kingdom police armed response vehicle (ARV) that patrols ready to respond to provide specialist assistance.
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In 2001, the Marine Corps initiated a new program, called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Due to an expectation that urban and police-type peacekeeping missions would become more common in the 21st century, placing Marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians, MCMAP was implemented to provide Marines with a larger and more versatile set of less-than-lethal options for controlling hostile, but unarmed individuals. It is also a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the "Warrior Ethos" within Marines. The Marine Corps Martial Arts program is an eclectic mix of different styles of martial arts melded together and consists of boxing movements, joint locking techniques, opponent weight transfer (Jujitsu), ground grappling (mostly wrestling), bayonet, knife and baton fighting, non-compliance joint manipulations, and blood restriction chokes.
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The FN40GL is deemed a third-generation grenade launcher, meaning it is multifunctional: it can be used mounted to the rifle or as a standalone system; it is manufactured using a number of materials like aluminum, composites, and polymers; the breech opens to the side for use of longer 40 mm rounds including less-than-lethal; and it is mounted on the bottom accessory rail instead of requiring specialized mounting hardware. The FN40GL is attached to SCAR rifles on the bottom rail with a trigger adapter and dual locking clamp levers on the launcher, limiting the ability to integrate with other rifles. Barrel length is , and is unique in that it is the only system where the barrel can swivel to the left or right for loading, while other breech-loading launchers pivot specifically to one side.
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The harmful effects of glutamate on the central nervous system were first observed in 1954 by T. Hayashi, a Japanese scientist who stated that direct application of glutamate caused seizure activity, though this report went unnoticed for several years. D. R. Lucas and J. P. Newhouse, after noting that "single doses of 20-30gm [of sodium glutamate in humans] have ... been administered intravenously without permanent ill-effects", observed in 1957 that a subcutaneous dose described as "a little less than lethal", destroyed the neurons in the inner layers of the retina in newborn mice. In 1969, John Olney discovered that the phenomenon was not restricted to the retina, but occurred throughout the brain, and coined the term excitotoxicity. He also assessed that cell death was restricted to postsynaptic neurons, that glutamate agonists were as neurotoxic as their efficiency to activate glutamate receptors, and that glutamate antagonists could stop the neurotoxicity.
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The R.I.P. cartridge (Round Irritant Personnel) 12-gauge ammunition comprises cartridges filled with a mixture of micronized CS gas, an inert powder to add weight, and a further non-toxic powder which, on compression and friction, produces a large amount of carbon dioxide gas on exiting the barrel of the shotgun. These specialist rounds are used in situations such as hostage rescue, where a less-than-lethal approach is required in order to resolve an incident. Persons subject to the dispersed contents of an R.I.P. round will be incapacitated for a given amount of time, depending on the precise content of the round. On 9 June 2008 English firearms officer PC Ian Terry was accidentally shot at point-blank range and killed by a R.I.P. round, in this instance filled with an inert white powder rather than CS gas, fired by a colleague whilst on a training exercise.
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Abolitionists believe that calls for abolition may be co-opted and drained of their power by reformists who propose reforms which actually function to strengthen police power. Tourmaline argues that this process of expecting the state to reduce harm and violence through increasing policing is embedded within the state's attempts to maintain its own legitimacy and power: "the logic of the state is constantly demanding us to think of ways to increase policing as a way to decrease harm and violence." Megan McDowell and Luis Fernandez state that an abolitionist praxis which "adopts uncompromising positions that resist liberal attempts at co-optation, incorporation, and/or reconciliation" should be adopted and amplified as a result. The Ferguson unrest reform proposal of body cameras for police has been cited as an example of a reformist approach to policing which worked to strengthen police power and build wealth for the less than lethal weapons industry while failing to provide material relief to those impacted by police violence.
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