Why you'll love it: A true classic, the Mikasa Capella Champagne Flute is crafted in lead crystal.
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Pros: Pretty design, flute shape, lead crystal Cons: Only six ounces Buy the Mikasa Capella Champagne Flute for $20
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The flute-shaped, lead crystal bowl with a deep, oval-cut design is the Grand Old Dame of Champagne glasses.
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Pros: Scrolling design, V-shaped bowls, lead crystal Cons: Pricey Buy the Reed & Barton Shimmer Crystal Toasting Flutes for $90
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Among other provisions, the sanctions include a ban on imports of luxury goods including expensive watches, lead crystal and snowmobiles.
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"Mozart spent a lot of time in Vienna and composed works for the lead-crystal glass harmonica," Ms. Philipsz said.
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Thus was born lead crystal, and with it the fashion, in England, of drinking wine from glass vessels rather than, say, pewter ones.
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Inside the crate beside the puppy were puppy training pads with a small amount of blood on them and a lead crystal ice bowl.
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Among the works are a painting, with a concrete frame, of a serpent-wielding dancer and a greenish glass slipper cast in lead crystal.
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She first visited the site last October and quickly struck upon the lead crystal motif, in part thanks to some imposing chandeliers in the palace.
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Gift Waterford Lismore Essence Set of 2 Monogram Lead Crystal Champagne Flutes at Nordstrom, $170Monogram two crystal flutes and send some champagne to christen them with.
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The list of explicitly banned luxury goods will be expanded to include luxury watches, aquatic recreational vehicles, snowmobiles worth more than $2,000, lead crystal items and recreational sports equipment.
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The list of explicitly banned luxury goods has been expanded to include luxury watches, aquatic recreational vehicles, snowmobiles worth more than $2,000, lead crystal items and recreational sports equipment.
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Mining, smelting, manufacturing and recycling activities utilize lead, which is also used in many products, including paints, solder, stained glass, lead crystal glassware, ammunition, ceramic glazes, jewelery, toys and in some cosmetics and traditional medicines, according to the World Health Organization.
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Dyatkovo is most noted for its lead crystal factory, furniture factory, and the Lead Crystal Museum, the largest museum of artistic glass in the country.
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Up-market refined glassware, usually lead crystal, is highly decorated and is revered for its high quality of workmanship, the purity of the metal (molten glass mixture), and the decorative techniques used, most often cutting and gilding. Both techniques continue to be used in the decoration of many pieces made from lead crystal, and nowadays these pieces are regarded as art glass.
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Teams competed for the Times Clipper 2000 trophy, made of lead crystal. In 2015 the trophy was replaced with the Clipper 'Race Globe' trophy.
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Here, the superior strength and structure of fused quartz gives it a greater dynamic range and a clearer sound than the historically used lead crystal.
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Lead crystal beads are machine cut and polished. Their high lead content makes them sparkle more than other glass, but also makes them inherently fragile.
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The use of the term lead crystal remains popular for historical and commercial reasons. It is retained from the Venetian word cristallo to describe the rock crystal imitated by Murano glassmakers. This naming convention has been maintained to the present day to describe decorative hollow-ware. Lead crystal glassware was formerly used to store and serve drinks, but due to the health risks of lead, this has become rare.
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Preciosa is the luxury brand name for the range of precision-cut lead crystal glass and related products produced by Preciosa a.s. of Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic.
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Towards the end of the eighteenth century, lead-crystal glass was being produced in France, Hungary, Germany, and Norway. By 1800, Irish lead crystal had overtaken lime-potash glasses on the Continent, and traditional glassmaking centres in Bohemia began to focus on colored glasses rather than compete directly against it. The development of lead glass continued through the twentieth century, when in 1932 scientists at the Corning Glassworks, New York State, developed a new lead glass of high optical clarity.
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This became the focus of Steuben Glass Works, a division of Corning, which produced decorative vases, bowls, and glasses in Art Deco style. Lead-crystal continues to be used in industrial and decorative applications.
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Venables did lead Crystal Palace into Europe, via the InterToto Cup, but chose to field youth and ultimately the adventure ended immediately as Palace faced an uncertain future after his dealings in the transfer market.
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At this period cranberry glass was made for the first time by adding 24 carat gold to lead crystal, giving the glass its ruby red tones. Production ceased in about 1923.The History of Bristol Blue Glass .
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Mats Jonasson, (born 1945) is a Swedish glass designer. He is notable for his engraved lead crystal sculptures of flowers and wildlife that are manufactured by the glassworks in Målerås, Sweden and are marketed around the world.
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One alternative material is crystal glass, in which barium oxide, zinc oxide, or potassium oxide are employed instead of lead oxide. Lead-free crystal has a similar refractive index to lead crystal, but it is lighter and it has less dispersive power. In the European Union, labeling of "crystal" products is regulated by Council Directive 69/493/EEC, which defines four categories, depending on the chemical composition and properties of the material. Only glass products containing at least 24% of lead oxide may be referred to as "lead crystal".
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The other landmark heritage site is that of Tudor Crystal, also standing on the side of the canal, at Amblecote. Tudor Crystal is the last remaining fully functioning glassmaking factory in Stourbridge to be making lead crystal in full production.
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Milk Can Corners in Hallstead The Foundry consists of of land on Main Street in Hallstead. During the early 1900s it was a manufacturer of lead crystal but after almost three decades ownership shifted and it became a major foundry.
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He produced lead crystal glass for a period of only five years, dissolving his manufacturing business in 1679. His patent expired in 1681. In 1680 he became associated with the Vauxhall glassworks, working with the company until his death in 1683.
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A piece of "crystal" glassware Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass. Lead glass contains typically 18–40% (by weight) lead(II) oxide (PbO), while modern lead crystal, historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source, contains a minimum of 24% PbO. Lead glass is often desirable for a variety of uses due to its clarity. The term lead crystal is, technically, not an accurate term to describe lead glass, as being an amorphous solid, glass lacks a crystalline structure.
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Nebraska State Historical Society. p 211. Located at Omaha's only Sokol (est. 1911), the Czechoslovak Museum includes fine hand-cut lead crystal, costumes, photographs, showcases of memorabilia, a Czech/English reference library and a gift shop, which features only items imported from the Czech Republic.
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In this first systematic treatise on glass, he again refers to the use of lead glass in enamels, glassware, and for the imitation of precious stones. Christopher Merrett translated this into English in 1662 (The Art of Glass), paving the way for the production of English lead crystal glass by George Ravenscroft. George Ravenscroft (1618–1681) was the first to produce clear lead crystal glassware on an industrial scale. The son of a merchant with close ties to Venice, Ravenscroft had the cultural and financial resources necessary to revolutionise the glass trade, setting the basis from which England overtook Venice and Bohemia as the centre of the glass industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
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Nižbor glassworks Carving glass Rückl Crystal a.s. (also known as Nižbor glassworks) is a Bohemian glass factory situated in the village called Nižbor, about 7 km west from the city of Beroun, Czech Republic. The glass factory produces 24% lead crystal. Major part of its production is focused on export.
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Despite the name, lead crystal, crystal glass, and related products are not crystals, but rather types of glass, i.e. amorphous solids. Crystals are often used in pseudoscientific practices such as crystal therapy, and, along with gemstones, are sometimes associated with spellwork in Wiccan beliefs and related religious movements.Regal, Brian. (2009).
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Barwala was located in the honour of the king Raja Barwala. After his name the barwala city was named. In the 19th century there was the kingdom of Muslims. After firing of tank attacks from village Dhani Khan Bahadur with the lead crystal they were defeated to run away to Pakistan.
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In 2007 Avin created the dramedy Mythological Ex for the Israeli channel 2 Keshet. CBS bought the format and the American version entitled The Ex List premiered in 2008 starring Elizabeth Reaser as the lead. Crystal, Meirav (May 13, 2008). "CBS greenlights Israeli- based series ‘Mythological X’".. Ynet. Schneider, Michael (September 12, 2008).
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Only when the mixture has fully solidified will the temperature start to decrease again. Using a 10% antimony, 90% lead mixture delays lead crystal formation until approximately 260 °C. Using a 12% antimony, 88% lead mixture prevents crystal formation entirely, becoming a eutectic. This alloy has a clear melting point, at 252 °C.
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Around 1663, George Ravenscroft developed flint glass, a colourless and translucent glass with many desirable working properties. The original recipe was subject to crizzling.Moretti, C. 2005 "English Lead Crystal: A Critical Analysis of the formulation attributed to George Ravenscroft." In Annales du 16º Congrès de l'Association internationale pour l'histoire de Verre London 2003.
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John S. Bowers House is a historic home located at Decatur, Adams County, Indiana. It was built about 1900–1905, and is a three-story, Queen Anne style frame dwelling with 14 rooms. It sits on a stone foundation. It features stained glass and lead crystal windows and wraparound porch with Tuscan order columns.
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Afterward, in 1924, the Jarabe Tapatío was proclaimed Mexico's national dance. In 1980, Igor Carl Faberge licensed a collection of 8-inch full lead crystal wine glasses to commemorate the centenary of Pavlova's birth. The glasses were crafted in Japan under the supervision of The Franklin Mint. A frosted image of Pavlova appears in the stem of each glass.
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After two days, lead levels were 89 µg/L (micrograms per liter). After four months, lead levels were between 2,000 and 5,000 µg/L. White wine doubled its lead content within an hour of storage and tripled it within four hours. Some brandy stored in lead crystal for over five years had lead levels around 20,000 µg/L.
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In 1825, the tax was renewed, and gradually the industry declined until the mid-nineteenth century, when the tax was finally repealed. From the 18th century, English lead glass became popular throughout Europe, and was ideally suited to the new taste for wheel- cut glass decoration perfected on the Continent owing to its relatively soft properties. In Holland, local engraving masters such as David Wolff and Frans Greenwood stippled imported English glassware, a style that remained popular through the eighteenth century. Such was its popularity in Holland that the first Continental production of lead-crystal glass began there, probably as the result of imported English workers. Imitating lead-crystal à la façon d’Angleterre presented technical difficulties, as the best results were obtained with covered pots in a coal-fired furnace, a particularly English process requiring specialised cone-furnaces.
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Note: This includes The property is now home to the Dorflinger-Suydam Wildlife Sanctuary, which protects almost 600 acres and features about 5 miles of trails. The site also includes the Dorflinger Glass Museum that features over 900 pieces of cut lead crystal that were manufactured by the Dorflinger Glass Works. The estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
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Woven, knitted, and crocheted beads may be attached during fabric production, whereas embroidered beads are always added upon finished fabric. Bead embroidery during construction: a brooch in pearl and lead crystal on ultrasuede, attached to a scroll frame. Traditionally, bead embroidery has been used on clothing and decorative textiles. It may be used in jewelry with the addition of structural supports such as bracelet bands.
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Rummer with coat of arms of John III Sobieski and the City of Gdańsk by George Ravenscroft's glassworks, engraved by Willem Mooleyser, 1677–1678, National Museum in Warsaw George Ravenscroft (1632 – 7 June 1683) was an English businessman in the import/export and glass making trades. He is primarily known for his work in developing clear lead crystal glass (also known as flint glass) in England.
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If made of glass (e.g. lead crystal), it should be free from air bubbles but may be colored. If carved from natural crystalline stone (such as quartz, beryl, calcite, obsidian, or amethyst), it may display the natural coloring and structure of the mineral from which it was fashioned. Some authors advise students to place a sigil, seal, or talismanic emblem beneath a clear sphere, but most do not.
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After graduating the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Ries spent several years searching for the ideal glass to be used in sculpture. Ries's search ended when he discovered the lead crystal manufactured by Schott Optical (now Schott North America). For the next two years he regularly travelled to Duryea, Pennsylvania, to purchase pieces of cullet from Schott. He would then sculpt, carve, and polish these pieces in his studio in Columbus.
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He is known for his work with American artists Ashley Tisdale, Olivia Holt, and Cymphonique, South Korean artists BoA, Tohoshinki and EXO, and Japanese artists Lead, Crystal Kay and Namie Amuro, among others. Singer and songwriter Aimée Proal is also well known for her works with Kelly Clarkson, Halestorm, and Christina Aguilera. Philip Bentley had previously worked with Koda Kumi for her song "Gimme U" from her Walk of My Life (2015) album.
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Towards the end of the 17th century, Bohemia became an important region for glass production, remaining so until the start of the 20th century. By the 17th century, glass was also being produced in England in the Venetian tradition. In around 1675, George Ravenscroft invented lead crystal glass, with cut glass becoming fashionable in the 18th century. Ornamental glass objects became an important art medium during the Art Nouveau period in the late 19th century.
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Lin et al. have statistical evidence linking gout to lead poisoning. Items made of lead glass may leach lead into the food and beverages contained. In a study performed at North Carolina State University,Angela M. Fraser, Ph.D., Associate Professor/Food Safety Specialist, and Carolyn J. Lackey, Ph.D., R.D., L.D.N., Professor/Food and Nutrition Specialist, North Carolina State University (2004) the amount of lead migration was measured for port wine stored in lead crystal decanters.
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In 2012, several new features were made available on the 2013 model year; a new optional Bentley-designed luxury bottle cooler and rear cabin storage area with space for two full-size Champagne bottles in a canted position, three hand‑blown and hand-cut lead crystal champagne flutes with white LED accent lighting (designed by David Redman of London), 21-inch five-spoke Sports alloy wheels and optional tinted glass sunroof in the front cabin.
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Kiln-Cast lead crystal 'Nuclear Family' Kiln casting involves the preparation of a mould which is often made of a mixture of plaster and refractory materials such as silica.Peter Layton (1996) Glass Art. Craftsman House A model can be made from any solid material, such as wax,Knitting#Glass.2FWax wood, or metal, and after taking a cast of the model (a process called investment) the model is removed from the mould.
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Ravenscroft's glass. A very important advance in glass manufacture was the technique of adding lead oxide to the molten glass; this improved the appearance of the glass and made it easier to melt using sea-coal as a furnace fuel. This technique also increased the "working period" of the glass, making it easier to manipulate. The process was first discovered by George Ravenscroft in 1674, who was the first to produce clear lead crystal glassware on an industrial scale.
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Close-up of 'Jitterbug' - Knitted Glass by Carol Milne Knitted glass combines knitting, lost-wax casting, mold-making, and kiln-casting. The process involves #knitting with wax strands, # surrounding the knitted wax piece with a heat-tolerant refractory material, # removing the wax by melting it out, thus creating a mold; # placing the mold in a kiln where lead crystal glass melts into the mold; # after the mold cools, the mold material is removed to reveal the knitted glass piece.
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Cage An arrangement where the central stem supporting arms and decorations is replaced by a metal structure leaving the centre clear for candles and further embellishments. Corona Another term for crown-style chandelier Crown A circular chandelier reminiscent of a crown, usually of gilded metal or brass, and often with upstanding decorative elements. Crystal Glass with a chemical content that gives it special qualities of clarity, resonance and softness, making it especially suitable for cutting. For example, lead crystal.
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In 1892, he patented an electric cutting machine that facilitated the production of lead crystal glass jewelry, which until then had to be cut by hand. In 1895, he immigrated to Austria and partnered with Armand Kosman and Franz Weis to form "A. Kosmann, D. Swarovski & Co." They built a crystal-cutting factory in Wattens, Tyrol, to take advantage of local hydroelectricity for the energy-intensive grinding processes Swarovski had patented.Callan, Georgina O'Hara; Glover, Cat (2008).
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Since that time additional mini-Glencairns and Canadian Glencairns were introduced. The original Glencairn glass is approximately in height and has been available in three variations: 24% lead crystal, lead-free crystal, and soda-lime glass. The vast majority of glasses in circulation are of the lead-free crystal variety. The soda-lime variation was discontinued in 2008.. Mini Glencairns look the same as regular Glencairns but are smaller and used at distilleries for serving samples.
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Calle Junín, at the heart of the Recoleta neighborhood From the end of the nineteenth-century to the start of the 1920s, the Recoleta neighborhood has witnessed the construction of a great number of “châteaux” (often imitating those of the Loire valley in France), as well as Parisian style petits hôtels, almost always designed by architects of French origin. The major portion of the building materials (boiseries, slate roof tiles, marble for staircases, bronze and iron work, chandeliers with lead crystal prisms, glass lamp shades, ornate gilded mirrors, and beveled lead crystal window panes, mosaics, etc.) were brought from Europe. But just as it occurred in other neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, these grand buildings, in large part, have been demolished since the 1960s due to the realities of the real estate market: on the land that held an extraordinary private mansion, several ordinary modern buildings could be erected. Currently several neighborhood groups which organize marches, meetings, and other events are working to halt further destruction of existing landmarks.
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Bakewell and company was rivaled by Boston & Sandwich and the Northeast Glass Co but gained fame by being first to make pieces of entirely cut glass. Cut glass is glass designed by a skilled hand and requires high-quality ingredients. Bakewell and Company also gained fame because it began producing the first successful glassware containing lead oxide, known as lead crystal. The title for who made the first pressed glassware in America was contested among John P. Bakewell, Enoch Robinson, and Henry Whitney.
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Solargen's plan was to purchase Concord station wagon gliders from AMC and install batteries and direct current electric motors. The cars were to use more robust and resilient rechargeable lead crystal batteries that Romer bought from its inventors. The objective was for the Solargen Electric to be like a regular compact passenger automobile, instead of the unusual designs of the other electric vehicles on the market. It was to be able to travel without a charge and to reach up to .
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Storms works with three different types of glass: optical crystal, lead crystal, and dichroic glass. He cuts and stacks slivers of dichroic glass and glues them with a two part epoxy to achieve a "floating core look," he then layers optic or crystal glass around the first structure, then hand sculpts it into a specific shape. It can take more than ten weeks to produce one piece. He uses the Fibonacci theory at the core of every one of his designs.
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Ruby glass sweet bowl. By the main entrance in the old Rolfe Street Baths are displays of local artefacts encompassing some of the many products which were made by Black Country industry, cast iron hollow ware, animal traps, vehicles, chain, anchors, enamels, weighing scales, laundry irons, nails, locks and fire clay products. The exhibition includes more fragile items such as glassware, reflecting the centuries-old industry that produced lead crystal glass and the Joseph Chance glass works between Oldbury and Smethwick.
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Ries's sculptures are noted for their changing internal optical compositions and technical proficiency. Ries's primary medium is clear lead crystal, a glass with an unusually high refractive index, extreme light transmission in the visual range, and outstanding homogeneity. These qualities enable Ries to create the optical effects found within his work. alt=Ries with raw block of optical crystalRies begins with large blocks of optical glass and reduces them to the desired form by cutting, carving, grinding, and polishing them.
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Blown glass remains true to traditional forms as well as division of labor, with workshops having apprentices and workers under a master craftsman. However more modern setups have come into play since the mid 20th century, when Jose Camarasa began to manufacture glass prisms for light fixtures and lamps in Tlaquepaque. He also makes ornamental and utilitarian pieces of lead crystal, with the red pieces particularly prized. Tin items in Tonalá Metals include iron, gold, tin, copper, and silver to make fine and everyday objects.
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Wind Song Glass, Peter Newsome Notable centres of glass production in the UK have been St. Helens in Merseyside (the home of Pilkington Glass and the site on which lead crystal glass was first produced by George Ravenscroft), Stourbridge in the Midlands and Sunderland in the North East. Sunderland is now home to the National Glass Centre which houses a specialist glass art course. St. Helens boasts a similar establishment but without the educational body attached. Perthshire in Scotland was known internationally for its glass paperweights.
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From 1897 onwards, the company was dominated by the Durand family, who eventually purchased the firm entirely in 1926. To this day, the family continues to be the sole proprietors. The firm adopted a number of practices that positioned it to become one of Europe's leading mass production glassmakers. Examples include the usage of tank furnaces (1933), the construction of modern glass presses (1947), the use of automatic blowing machines (1950), the usage of industrial tempering (1963) and the automation of lead crystal production (1968).
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Limitation of this undesirable reaction is possible by controlling water hardness, detergent load and temperature. The type of glass is an important factor in determining if this effect is a problem. Some dishwashers can reduce this etching effect by automatically dispensing the correct amount of detergent throughout the wash cycle based on the level of water hardness programmed. ; Dissolution of lead: Lead in lead crystal can be converted into a soluble form by the high temperatures and strong alkali detergents of dishwashers, which could endanger the health of subsequent users.
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Pressed glass beads (matte finish with an AB coating) A box of assorted beads Most glass beads are pressed glass, mass- produced by preparing a molten batch of glass of the desired color and pouring it into molds to form the desired shape. This is also true of most plastic beads. A smaller and more expensive subset of glass and lead crystal beads are cut into precise faceted shapes on an individual basis. This was once done by hand but has largely been taken over by precision machinery.
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The Time Traveler, knowing Bobby's ways, won't state his name or his birthplace, but does mention that he was born on this day. The Time Traveler asks Jackie to dance with him; she does (the Time Traveler is obsessed with Jackie Kennedy). The Time Traveler and the three Kennedys drink a toast in the hotel suite just before 12:30 pm, which is the time that history is definitely changed (JFK is shot-JFK is not shot). At 12:30 the Time Traveler turns into nothingness, and the lead-crystal glass that he was holding drops to the floor and shatters.
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By the early 18th century, ornate cast ormolu forms with long, curved arms and many candles were in the homes of many in the growing merchant class. Neoclassical motifs became an increasingly common element, mostly in cast metals but also in carved and gilded wood. Chandeliers made in this style also drew heavily on the aesthetic of ancient Greece and Rome, incorporating clean lines, classical proportions and mythological creatures. Developments in glassmaking later allowed cheaper production of lead crystal, the light scattering properties of which quickly made it a popular addition to the form, leading to the crystal chandelier.
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Working under the patronage of the Worshipful Company of Glass Sellers, George Ravenscroft made his famous discovery of Lead Crystal. Its manufacture subsequently began in 1674 at his workshop which is on the site now occupied by the Savoy Hotel in the Strand. Since then the Glass Sellers Company has continued, in various ways to support the art of glassmaking, consolidating this in the main, in two awards for Glass Art. The Glass Sellers Prize used to be an annual award but since 2008 has been linked to the British Glass Biennale and is awarded biennially.
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Most of his glass plate, up to 1 metre in size, was used for the manufacture of mirrors and coach windows and was eventually of better quality that could be imported. Around 1680 they were joined by George Ravenscroft, inventor of the more durable lead crystal glass, who worked there until his death in 1683. In 1678 Buckingham was accused of traitorous activity, locked up in the Tower of London and deprived of his patents. He handed the glassworks over to John Dawson, who had started there as an apprentice and worked his way up to become the manager.
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Chamberlain's work includes large-scale drawings of early modernist interiors made in ink on a material known as "vintage tracing cloth" that was developed around 1910 to be used as an architectural drafting paper. She started in ballpoint pen—blue or black Bic, diluted—applying it by brush. In 2009, she started to depict 1930s domestic, office, and factory interiors in watered down lithographic ink on a large scale. The next year she began casting lead crystal panels to accompany the drawings, and in 2011 started to incorporate soundtracks to her exhibitions with musical collaborator Kenn Richards and presented her first solo exhibition in New York City at DODGEgallery.
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Lead crystal beads have a high percentage of lead oxide in the glass formula, increasing the refractive index. Most of the other named glass types have their formulations and patterns inseparable from the manufacturing process. Small, colorful, fusible plastic beads can be placed on a solid plastic-backed peg array to form designs and then melted together with a clothes iron; alternatively, they can be strung into necklaces and bracelets or woven into keychains. Fusible beads come in many colors and degrees of transparency/opacity, including varieties that glow in the dark or have internal glitter; peg boards come in various shapes and several geometric patterns.
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The California Department of Public Health lead advisory states, "children should never eat or drink out of leaded crystalware".Questions and Answers About Lead in Tableware . California Department of Public Health Leaded crystal wineglasses and decanters are generally not considered to pose a significant health risk, provided that these items are washed thoroughly before use, that beverages are not stored in these containers for more than a few hours, and provided that they are not used by children. It has been proposed that the historic association of gout with the upper classes in Europe and America was, in part, caused by their extensive use of lead crystal decanters to store fortified wines and whisky.
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Carved Cinnabar lacquer beads African trade beads or slave beads may be antique beads that were manufactured in Europe and used for trade during the colonial period, such as chevron beads; or they may have been made in West Africa by and for Africans, such as Mauritanian Kiffa beads, Ghanaian and Nigerian powder glass beads, or African- made brass beads. Austrian crystal is a generic term for cut lead-crystal beads, based on the location and prestige of the Swarovski firm. Czech glass beads are made in the Czech Republic, in particular an area called Jablonec nad Nisou. Production of glass beads in the area dates back to the 14th century, though production was depressed under communist rule.
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The museum collects all materials pertaining to cider, from modern marketing materials to 17th century books. The stores are occasionally open to visitors on Heritage Open Days, and researchers can book time in the archive. A tour of the Museum reveals the history of cider making and exhibits include a 300-year-old French Beam Press, a rare collection of English lead crystal cider glasses dating from 1730 and a collection of watercolours depicting the different types of apples and pears grown. Visitors can walk through the original cider cellars and see how champagne-cider was produced and view a cooper's workshop, vat house and bottling line before sampling cider and related products in the gift shop.
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Millennium Biltmore Hotel Lobby The architectural firm Schultze & Weaver designed the Biltmore's exterior in a synthesis of the Spanish-Italian Renaissance Revival, Mediterranean Revival, and Beaux Arts styles, meant as an homage to the Castilian heritage of Los Angeles. The "Biltmore Angel" is heavily incorporated into the design—as a symbol of the city as well as the Biltmore itself. With a thick steel and concrete frame, the structure takes up half a city block and rises over 11 stories. The interiors of the Biltmore Hotel are decorated with: frescos and murals; carved marble fountains and columns; massive wood-beamed ceilings; travertine and oak paneled walls; lead crystal chandeliers; cast bronze stairwells and doorways; fine artisan marquetry and mill work; and heavily embroidered imported tapestries and draperies.
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Ravenscroft moved to London by 1666 and continued working in the import/export business, trading goods such as currants, glass, and lace. There are differing accounts of Ravenscroft's role in the invention and subsequent development of lead crystal glass. This much is generally accepted to be true: During the years Ravenscroft lived in Venice (sometime between 1651 and 1666) he was involved in the glass trade, not as a craftsman but as a merchant, so he knew and associated with glassmakers in Italy. By the time Ravenscroft moved back to England several glassmakers there had already started manufacturing glassware that attempted to mimic Italian cristallo, and Ravenscroft decided to start his own glass-making business while still running his import/export business.
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It is likely that Ravenscroft was the director and financier of his glassworks but not actively involved in the physical process of glass-making, a role likely to have been performed by one or more craftsmen in his employ, such as Italians Signor da Costa or Vincenzo Pompeio, or his English assistant Hawley Bishopp, who set up his own glassworks, in the Savoy area of London, after Ravenscroft's death. Ravenscroft's glassworks produced mainly drinking glasses but also made some bowls and posset pots. At this point the circumstances concerning Ravenscroft's role in lead crystal manufacture becomes less clear. This is partly because records from the mid-17th century are incomplete, but is also largely because Ravenscroft was secretive about his ingredients and processes.
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Kuramata was mainly known for his use of industrial materials such as wire steel mesh and plexiglass to create architectural interiors and furniture. Revolutionary pieces such as the "How High the Moon" chair (1986)] reflect the emerging dynamism and maturing creativity of postwar Japan, or his Ikebana, lead crystal free hand blown vase, realized by the Vilca from Colle di Val d'Elsa (province of Siena, Italy), an example of fusion between oriental and occidental cultures. Kuramata's "Miss Blanche" chair from 1988 is one of his most iconic works, named after the central female character in Tennessee Williams's drama A Streetcar Named Desire and inspired by corsage worn by Vivien Leigh in the film adaptation. As reference to the dreamlike world of illusion in which Blanche lives, the roses were poured by hand into a mold with liquid acrylic resin.
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There is some debate over how, when, and why Ravenscroft was inspired to use lead in the production of glass. Some believe that he accidentally discovered that adding lead oxides to the glass mixture lent the final product special qualities, while others believe that he learned the technique in Venice. The use of lead in glass was known in Italy as proved by 12% lead being discovered in the white cameo layer of The Portland Vase, a famous Roman artefact in the British MuseumCorning Museum of glass Studies Vol 32 1990 page 107 author Ian C. Freestone Pbo 12% Others point out that the process was documented in an Italian book, L'Arte Vetraria, written by Antonio Neri in 1612 was translated into English by Christopher Merret in 1662. Whatever the origin of the idea, Ravenscroft believed that he had a unique product to offer the English market, so he applied to King Charles II for a patent in 1674 to establish his right to be sole manufacturer of lead crystal glass in England.
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