107 Sentences With "lawspeaker" | Random Sentence Generator

He treats the most famous embodiments of it — Kierkegaard, Strindberg, Bergman — with deft sympathy, but even more engagingly comes up with unexpected examples, like the poor Icelandic leader, called the "Lawspeaker," left to ruminate on whether or not to convert his people from paganism to Christianity (spoiler alert: He says yes, though with some important caveats involving the rights to abandon newborns to their deaths and to eat horse meat).

The judges were elected by a jury of twelve men appointed by King's Lensmann, and thereafter commissioned by the King. Each Folkland also had a thing, under the Lawspeaker of Uppland. A common landsting for all of Uppland did not exist. Appeals from the Hundred thing would go to the Lawspeaker; from the Lawspeaker to the King.

In 1488, King John ennobled Eggert Eggertsson, Lawspeaker () of Viken in mainland Norway. His son was Hans Eggertsson (fl. 1522), city administrator () of Bergen, and the latter's son was Eggert Hansson, Lawspeaker () of Iceland (fl. 1517-1563). This family is known as Norbagge today.

Jon Simonssøn (9 November 1512 – 29 July 1575) or Jon Simonsson, was a Norwegian city manager, lawspeaker and a humanist.

Each following summer, Icelanders would convene at Thingvellir for legislative and judicial meetings which would be supervised by the Lawspeaker.

Skapti Þóroddsson (died 1030) was an Icelandic lawspeaker and skald. He became lawspeaker in 1004, succeeding his uncle Grímr when the latter's voice failed him. He held office till his death in 1030, longer than anyone else. According to the Íslendingabók he instituted judicial reform by establishing the "fifth court", a national court of appeals.

Hallur Gissurarson (died 1230) was an Icelandic lawspeaker in the 13th century and later a monk and abbot, at both Helgafellsklaustur and Þykkvabæjarklaustur. He was a member of the Haukdælir family clan, son of Gissur Hallsson, also a lawspeaker, and his wife, Álfheiður Þorvaldsdóttir. He was the brother of Þorvaldur Gissurarson and Magnús Gissurarson, a bishop at Skálholt.

The Alþingi revolved around the Lögrétta, the legislative council of the assembly, which was responsible for reviewing and amending the nation's laws. The Lögrétta comprised the 39 goðar and their advisors. They also appointed a Lawspeaker (lögsögumaður) once every three years. The Lawspeaker recited and clarified laws at Lögberg ("Law Rock"), located at the center of Þingvellir.

Catherine's father Sune Folkason was Lord of Ymseborg, lawspeaker of Västergötland, and in some literature he is referred to as Earl of the Swedish.

Snorri quickly became known as a poet, but was also a lawyer. In 1215, he became lawspeaker of the Althing, the only public office of the Icelandic commonwealth and a position of high respect. In the summer of 1218, he left the lawspeaker position and sailed to Norway, by royal invitation. There he became well acquainted with the teen-aged King Hákon Hákonarson and his co- regent, Jarl Skúli.

Lawman is a term used in reference to an American law enforcement officer, usually a sheriff or a marshal. Lawman may also refer to the Scandinavian legal office discussed under lawspeaker.

She married Nils Blake, who probably was a Swedish magnate. They had a daughter, Kristina Nilsdotter, who married the Norwegian Earl Hakon the Mad, and later Eskil Magnusson, the lawspeaker of Västergötland.

Eskil Magnusson (c. 1175 – c. 1227) was a nobleman and lawspeaker (Lagmän) of Västergötland. He is the first attested legal official in what is now Sweden about whom we have any extensive information.

His son Peder Nilsson participated in a summons of the nobility in Turku in 1439. His son, squire Nils Pedersson of Hevonpää is mentioned 1464; he wears a hunting horn in his seal 10 March 1471. His son, squire Peder Nilsson of Hevonpää, was married to the daughter of Klas Henriksson (Horn of Kankas), member of the privy council and lawspeaker, and Kristersdotter Frille. Peder Nilsson was acting as the first lawspeaker in a land court in Kemiö of Finland Proper 1500.

The Alþingi is established on Þingvellir, which becomes public property - it was confiscated from a man who had killed a slave. After 60 years the settlement of Iceland is complete. Ulfljótr becomes the first Lawspeaker.

Nikolas Sigurdsson Paus (mentioned 1329–1347) was a Norwegian nobleman who served as the Lawspeaker of Oslo shortly before the Black Death. He is mentioned in written sources in medieval Oslo between 1329 and 1347, and as lawspeaker in 1347,Diplomatarium Norvegicum vol. 1 no. 303 two years before the Black Death reached the city. He was probably born in the late 13th century. Two seals used by Nikolas Paus are included in the Encyclopedia of Noble Families in Denmark, Norway and the Duchies (published 1782–1813).

Specifically in Scandinavia, unusually large rune-stones and inscriptions suggesting a local family's attempt to claim supremacy are common features of thing sites. It is common for assembly sites to be located close to communication routes, such as navigable water routes and clear land routes. The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected chieftains and kings, and judged according to the law, which was memorized and recited by the "lawspeaker" (the judge). The thing's negotiations were presided over by the lawspeaker and the chieftain or the king.

The oldest established ancestor is the knight, Lawspeaker of Värend, and Privy Councillor Nils Sigridsson , known since 11 May 1280. From his grandson's grandson's son, the knight, Lawspeaker of Närke and Privy Councillor Magnus Bengtsson (between 1473 and 1477) stems the currently known family. His grandson's grandson was introduced at the House of Nobility in Sweden in the year 1625. The family members first started to use the name Natt och Dag in the 18th century, why many members' names are written with the family name within parentheses, i.e.

Gilli was the first known Lawman (or Lawspeaker) of the Faroe Islands. He served in that capacity beginning around 1000, and continuing until an unknown date. Gilli is mentioned several times in Færeyinga saga but little is known about him.

All free men living in the legislature and who were able to wield a weapon had the right to participate, and the assembly was led by the lawspeaker. It had a Swedish counterpart in Gamla Uppsala named the Thing of all Swedes.

The Icelandic Althing in session, as imagined in the 1890s by British artist W. G. Collingwood.Oil version. There is a related watercolour The Icelandic Thing in the British Museum. Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker showing the power of his office to the King of Sweden at Gamla Uppsala, 1018.

Rückerschöld gave birth to three more children between 1759 and 1765, Maria, Fredrica and Christopher. A fourth child, Chierstin, died only seven hours after her birth. The other three children reached adulthood. Emerentia married a lawspeaker in Småland while her sister Maria Fredrica remained a spinster.

In 1947, Edelstam married Gloria Horstmann. They divorced and in 1954 he married Ingrid Salén (born 1927), the daughter of lawspeaker Torsten Salén and Hilda Elfström. He was the father of Ellinor (born 1948), Torsten (born 1954) and Anne (born 1957). He later married the American Mary Ann.

Magna Carta marks one of the earliest attempts to limit a sovereign's authority and it is seen as a symbol of the rule of law. One example of the emergence of a right of revolution can be traced back to Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker, who in 1018 had a dramatic confrontation with the King of Sweden. The lawspeaker claimed the King of Sweden was accountable to the people and would be overthrown by them if he continued with his unpopular war with Norway. Another example is Magna Carta, an English charter issued in 1215, which required the King to renounce certain rights and accept that his will could be bound by the law.

Johan Georg Lillienberg (1713 – 26 April 1798) was a Swedish count and politician. He was appointed as Lawspeaker of Gotland in 1746. In 1749, he became Governor of Åbo and Björneborg, and in 1757 Governor of Uppsala County. Lillienberg was made a baron in 1766 and a count in 1778.

A site in the Hestagjá ravine has been put forward as ideal. The Lögberg was the place on which the Lawspeaker (lögsögumaður) took his seat as the presiding official of the assembly of the Althing. Speeches and announcements were made from the spot. Anyone attending could make their argument from the Lögberg.

A provincial law, Gutalagen, also existed for Gotland. In Finland, the local common laws were not codified, but in parts of Finland the applied law was based on the Hälsingland law. In older times the laws were memorized by a lawspeaker (lagman). Around 1200 the laws began to be transferred to written form.

Drawing of the grave of Bridget's parents in Uppsala Cathedral Saint Bridget in the religious habit and the crown of a Bridgettine nun, in a 1476 breviary of the form of the Divine Office unique to her Order Saint Catherine of Sweden The most celebrated saint of Sweden was the daughter of the knight Birger Persson of the family of Finsta, governor and lawspeaker of Uppland, and one of the richest landowners of the country, and his wife Ingeborg Bengtsdotter, a member of the so-called Lawspeaker branch of the Folkunga family. Through her mother, Ingeborg, Birgitta was related to the Swedish kings of her era. She was born in 1303. There is no exact recording for which precise date.

The lawspeaker of Västergötland, Emund, traveled to Gamla Uppsala and spoke to Olof's councilors, and a settlement was made. Olof agreed to share his power with his son Anund Jacob who was 10 or 12 years at the time. Olof was also forced to accept a settlement with Olaf II of Norway at Kungahälla.Snorre Sturluson, Nordiska kungasagor. Vol.

Laws were not written down but were instead memorized by an elected Lawspeaker (lǫgsǫgumaðr). The Alþingi is sometimes said to be the world's oldest existing parliament. Importantly, there was no central executive power, and therefore laws were enforced only by the people. This gave rise to feuds, which provided the writers of the sagas with plenty of material.

He was father of Eirik the Victorious, and of Olaf the father of Styrbjorn. (Harald Fairhair's saga)S. Laing's English translation of Harald Fairhair's saga. In Olaf the Holy's saga, Snorri Sturluson quotes Thorgny Lawspeaker on king Björn: :My father, again, was a long time with King Bjorn, and was well acquainted with his ways and manners.

On the northernmost runestone of the world standing on the island Frösön in central Jämtland, the Frösö Runestone, it is said that a man called Austmaðr Christianized the region, probably in the period 1030–1050 when the runestone was raised. Little is known of Austmaðr, but he is believed to have been the lawspeaker of the regional thing Jamtamót.

Roald was, around the year 1450, Lawman (or Lawspeaker) of the Faroe Islands. Little is known about Roald, apart from that he had a farm in Dalur, and that he probably originated from Shetland. In G.V.C. Young's textbook, Færøerne – fra vikingetiden til reformationen,G.V.C. Young's textbook Færøerne – fra vikingetiden til reformationen, 1982 Roald is not named.

Finsta () is a locality situated in Norrtälje Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden with 244 inhabitants in 2010. Finsta is according to local tradition the birthplace of Saint Bridget, one of Sweden's best known saints and the founder of the Bridgettine Order of nuns. Her father was the lawspeaker of Uppland and a local landowner; however other birthplaces have also been suggested.

It was the seat of the Swedish kings at Uppsala and later the Swedish Archbishopric. All the Swedish lawspeakers were subordinate to the lawspeaker of Tiundaland. The name of Attunda was revived as Attunda district court (Attunda tingsrätt) in April 2007, through the fusion of Sollentuna and Södra Roslags district courts. The seat of Attunda district court is situated in Sollentuna Municipality.

King Olav is a fanatical Christian who seeks to root out paganism in Norway. He hears the voice of Jesus, or White Christ, when praying which causes jealousy in his religious adviser, bishop Thangbrandur. The pagan jarl Godbrandur is the last major resistance to him. Godbrandur's daughter Embla marries Askur, the bastard of powerful lawspeaker Thorgeir of Iceland, and Godbrandur's foster son.

Hrafn Haengsson was a tenth-century Icelandic jurist and goði. He was the son of Ketil Haeng, one of the early settlers of Iceland, and his wife Ingunn. Hrafn was one of the main parties responsible for the unification of Iceland under the Althing and was then appointed lawspeaker at the first Althing in 930 CE. He served in that capacity until 949.

Woodcut showing election of the king.Olaus Magnus (1982), De nordiska folkens historia. Stockholm The law of Uppland and Södermanland states: The three folklands, that is Tiundaland, Attundaland and Fjärdhundraland, shall first elect king. Then the election will be sanctioned by the lawspeaker of Uppland and then by all his subordinate lawspeakers in the rest of the kingdom, one by one.

In their company there was a wise man, a lawspeaker, who was to uphold the law. Finally, the Gothic king Humli set his son Dan to rule the settlers, and after Dan, Vetala was named Denmark. The first stanza: :Primus in regnis Geticis coronam :Regiam gessi, subiique Regis :Munus, & mores colui sereno :::Principe dignos. The Swedish text is found in two different versions.

Cecilia Sigurdsdatter (1155-1186) was the illegitimate daughter of king Sigurd II of Norway and the mother of King Inge II of Norway. She married the Swedish Folkvid the Lawspeaker in 1177 and abandoned him to marry the Norwegian Birkebeiner Bård Guttormsson in 1184. She is known for the lawsuits she faced to avoid having her second marriage declared void since her first spouse was still alive.

There is no special form of address; ordinary politeness is sufficient and the procedure lacks arcane rituals. Accordingly, the chairman of the panel is addressed as herra/rouva puheenjohtaja ("Mr./Ms. Chairman"). Finnish judges use gavels, but there are no robes or cloaks used in any Finnish courts. In a district court (käräjäoikeus), ordinary judges work with the title käräjätuomari and the chairman is laamanni (lawspeaker).

King Eric of Pomerania visited Finland twice, in 1403 and in 1407. With the union, the leading authorities in Finland also changed, as the king placed his own trustees to lead the castles. Abraham Broderson rose as the chief of the Turku Castle and the Danish Klaus Fleming was appointed as lawspeaker. Later, Klaus Lydekesson Djäkn and Krister Nilsson Vasa rose to significant positions.

The location of the battle has been a matter of debate (Varv in Västergötland, Göstring Hundred in Östergötland, Gästre in Uppland).Sandblom, Gestilren 1210. The banner under which King Eric's troops fought, was preserved by his kinsman the lawspeaker Eskil Magnusson of the Bjelbo family in Skara, who in 1219 gave it as honorary to his visiting Icelandic colleague Snorre Sturlasson.A.M. Strinnholm, Svenska folkets historia, Vol.

Inge’s father, Bård, was a prominent lendmann from the Trøndelag region and a descendant of Tostig Godwinson. He was an early supporter of king Sverre, who brought the Birkebeiner faction to power in the late 12th century after years of war against king Magnus Erlingsson. Inge’s mother, Cecilia, was the daughter of an earlier king, Sigurd Munn. She had been married to the lawspeaker Folkvid in Värmland Sweden.

After his father's death in 1237, he travelled to Norway, where he stayed with king Haakon IV of Norway and Jarl Skule, before he went to Denmark and its king Valdemar II of Denmark. He probably also visited king Eric XI of Sweden. In 1240, he served as king Haakon's housecarl in the Battle of Oslo. Back in Iceland, he was the island's lawspeaker from 1252 to 1256.

He spent the winter as house-guest of the jarl. They showered gifts upon him, including the ship in which he sailed, and he in return wrote poetry about them. In the summer of 1219 he met his Swedish colleague, the lawspeaker Eskil Magnusson, and his wife, Kristina Nilsdotter Blake, in Skara. They were both related to royalty and probably gave Snorri an insight into the history of Sweden.

The court has 16 full-time judges plus a number of other support staff members (as of 2015). The Court is headed by a lawspeaker (), currently by Monica Hansen Nylund. The administration of the Court is managed by the Norwegian National Courts Administration. Because of the great distances both at land and at sea in Northern Norway, the Court deals with many cases related to fishery and land rights.

Public addresses on matters of importance were delivered at the Law Rock and there the assembly was called to order and dissolved. The , the legislative section of the assembly, was its most powerful institution. It comprised the 39 district Chieftains () plus nine additional members and the Lawspeaker. As the legislative section of the Althing, the took a stand on legal conflicts, adopted new laws and granted exemptions to existing laws.

Thorkel of Namdalen was a Norwegian jarl in Namdalen who lived in the mid to late ninth century CE. Thorkel married Hrafnhilda, the daughter of Ketil Trout of Hrafnista. Their son, named Ketil Trout after his grandfather, was to become one of the major players in the early settlement of Iceland. Through Ketil Thorolf was the grandfather of Hrafn Haengsson, the first lawspeaker of Iceland.Egil's Saga ch. XXIII.

From 1622 to 1624, Banér was governor of Estonia and in 1625 he was made a member of the Privy Council. He was Lawspeaker for Öland and Östergötland from 1627. His estate included Ekenäs Castle, which he rebuilt into a Renaissance style castle between 1630 and 1644. Banér served under Axel Oxenstierna and acted as Oxenstierna's deputy when the latter assisted Gustavus Adolphus in Germany during the Thirty Years' War.

The surname Lamont has several origins, but the clan's name is derived from the medieval personal name Lagman (Lawspeaker) which is from the Old Norse Logmaðr. The Old Norse name Logmaðr is composed to two elements: log which is plural of lag meaning "law" (from leggja meaning "to lay down") + maðr meaning "man". The Red Hand of Ulster symbolises both the Irish province of Ulster and the Uí Néill dynasty.

The lawspeaker forced King Olof Skötkonung not only to accept peace with his enemy, King Olaf the Stout of Norway, but also to give his daughter to him in marriage. Illustration by C. Krogh. In the Viking Age, things were the public assemblies of the free men of a country, province, or a hundred (, ). They functioned as both parliaments and courts at different levels of society—local, regional, and supra-regional.

Thorgeir Ljosvetningagodi Thorkelsson () (born ca. 940) was a lawspeaker in Iceland's Althing from 985 to 1001. In the year 999 or 1000, Iceland's legislative assembly was debating which religion they should practice: Norse paganism or Christianity. Thorgeir, himself a pagan priest and chieftain (a gothi), decided in favour of Christianity after a day and a night of silent meditation under a fur blanket, thus averting potentially disastrous civil conflict.

Eggert Hannesson (?1515-83) was a hirðstjóri and lawspeaker and lived in Saurbæ, otherwise known as Bær á Rauðasandi, a major farm in Barðastrandarsýsla. Eggert was the son of leading Westfjorders: Hannes Eggertsson, the hirðstjóri in Núpur in Dýrafjörður, who was apparently of Norwegian descent, and his wife Guðrún, a daughter of Björn Guðnason, a sýslumaður in Ögur. Eggert had a sister, Katrín, who married Bishop Gissur Einarsson, the first Lutheran bishop in Iceland.

According to Olaus Petri, she was the daughter of Sune Sik. She was married to Magnus Minnesköld of Bjelbo, possibly as his second wife. Several of his sons, born or raised by Ingrid Ylva, would come to hold positions of power when grown: Eskil became lawspeaker in Westrogothia, Karl and Bengt both became bishops of Linköping and Birger became Jarl of Sweden, and later had his son elected king. As a widow, in c.

When living in Tromsø, she founded the local Women's Public Health Association there. After her husband became lawspeaker of Oslo, she became involved in the women's rights cause. She was president of the humanitarian association Oslo Hjemmenes Vel, President of the Ebenezer Society, President of Oslo Women's Council and Vice President of Moralvernforeningen. She was an honorary member of the Norwegian National Women's Council and received the King's Medal of Merit in Gold.

In early medieval Sweden, each Land (province), were judicially autonomous with its own legal system, laws and justice (leges terre). The law originally only existed in a spoken form, recited at the Thing by the Lawspeaker. From the end of the 13th century, the oral laws began on private initiative to be recorded in the form of unofficial law texts (Rechtsbücher). From the Law of Uppland, however, the law codes were formally enacted.

This is a list of lawmen and prime ministers of the Faroe Islands. The Faroese term løgmaður (plural: løgmenn) literally means "lawman" and originally referred to the legal function of lawspeaker. This old title was brought back into use to refer to the head of government after the islands obtained Home Rule in 1948. In recent decades the Faroese government has started using "Prime Minister" as the official English translation of løgmaður, reflecting the increased autonomy of the islands.

Laws adopted by the were subject to royal assent and, conversely, if the king initiated legislation, the Althing had to give its consent. The Lawspeaker was replaced by two legal administrators, called . Towards the end of the 14th century, royal succession brought both Norway and Iceland under the control of the Danish monarchy. With the introduction of absolute monarchy in Denmark, the Icelanders relinquished their autonomy to the Crown, including the right to initiate and consent to legislation.

In medieval Sweden, the lagman ("lawspeaker") was the judge, or person learned in law, for a province, an area with several local district courts. Since the position corresponds to the general meaning of "justiciar", "justiciar" is often used to translate "lagman" in English texts. Lagmän (plural) were generally also members of the Senate of the realm, an institution corresponding to the English Privy Council. Finally, the Swedish term "riksdrots" is often translated as "Lord High Justiciar of Sweden".

The Law Council served as both parliament and supreme court. Laws were passed and approved there, and rulings made on points of law. The Law Council appointed members of the Fifth Court (a kind of appellate court) and the Lawspeaker, and took part in the election of the bishop. Unlike the , the Law Council was a closed body in which only certain people enjoyed full rights: chieftains who held the office of , their and later also bishops.

Aspelin married in 1923 with Dagmar Scherstén, daughter of the physician Frithiof Scherstén and Ida Schröder. Prof. Aspelin was the father of Herbert Aspelin, the researcher in comparative literature Kurt Aspelin, the lawspeaker Erland Aspelin, the teacher Marianne Aspelin and the artist Gert Aspelin. Prof. Aspelin received his doctorate at Lund University in 1925 on the dissertation Hegels praktiska filosofi under åren 1800-1803 ("The practical philosophy of Hegel during the years 1800-1803"). The same year Prof.

Snorri was mainly interested in history and culture. The Norwegian regents, however, cultivated Snorri, made him a skutilsvein, a senior title roughly equivalent to knight, and received an oath of loyalty. The king hoped to extend his realm to Iceland, which he could do by a resolution of the Althing, of which Snorri had been a key member. In 1220, Snorri returned to Iceland and by 1222 was back as lawspeaker of the Althing, which he held this time until 1232.

The name imitated the Germanic trend of having actual surnames; in this case denoting a cross. Lorentz Creutz the elder, governor of the Åbo and Borgå county, later member of the Privy Council of Sweden, admiral of the Swedish navy, lawspeaker of Northern Finland, was created friherre Creutz (baron) in 1654 by Queen Christina of Sweden on the day of her abdication. His family was registered under number 48 among baronial class. His wife was baroness Elsa Duwall, heiress of Abborfors.

Oslo: Aschehoug, p. 89. He passed his examen artium in Oslo and became a candidate of law in 1908. He established his own legal office in Stavanger in 1915, became a supreme court lawyer in 1920, and was the municipal prosecutor for Stavanger for several years. He served as a stipendiary magistrate () in Drammen from 1939 to 1945, when he moved to Oslo's Bekkelaget neighborhood, where he was a high court judge on the Eidsivating Court of Appeal and a lawspeaker.

A famous incident took place when Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker told the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung (c. 980–1022) that the people, not the king, held power in Sweden; the king realized that he was powerless against the thing and gave in. Main things in Sweden were the Thing of all Swedes, the Thing of all Geats and the Lionga thing. The island of Gotland had twenty things in late medieval times, each represented at the island-thing called landsting by its elected judge.

Erik Djurström was the son of the lawspeaker Erik Vilhelm Strandberg, and given a good education. In 1807, he was engaged as an actor at the Djurgårdsteatern in Stockholm, upon which he took the name Djurström. After his debut he toured Sweden as a member of the theater company of Fredrik Wilhelm Ståhlberg, and from 1819 his Stålberg's widow Fredrika Gustafva Ståhlberg. Upon the death of his employer director Fredrika Gustafva Ståhlberg in 1824, he took over the theater company as its director.

Norway was at the time plagued by a prolonged civil war. Several pretenders to the throne were challenging King Haakon IV. Forces supporting the pretender Sigurd Ribbung used the Swedish province of Värmland as a safe haven for operations into Norway. Emissaries of the Norwegian king complained to the lawspeaker of Värmland and the Swedish king several times, but to no avail. Since the Swedes took no action against Ribbung, King Haakon led his army into Värmland during the winter of 1225.

This Jeppe Kurki (Jacob, Jaakko, Jesper) married Karin Klasdotter, daughter of Klas Lydekesson, an important heiress. The last male of their line was a grandson, Arvid Kurk (1463–1522), who was the last catholic bishop of Turku. Bishop Arvid Klasson Kurk had a sister, Elin Kurk, who was married with Knut Eriksson (Canute Ericsson), lawspeaker of Northern Finland. Elin's son Jöns Knutsson (1503-c 1577) inherited his uncle the bishop Arvid and was the next owner of Laukko and the Kurki patrimony.

Leiden: Brill, 2007, p. 143. Thus the Swedish troops scored a victory in spite of great losses where one of their commanders, Folke Jarl, was slain. With the dramatic fall of Sverker, the war that had plagued Sweden for two and a half years came to an end, and peace was quickly concluded with Denmark. The banner that King Eric used in the battle was later bequeathed to Folke Jarl's nephew Eskil Magnusson, the lawspeaker of Västergötland, and bestowed on the Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson in 1219.

When Eric the Victorious learned that the navy had entered Mälaren, he sent the fiery cross in all directions and amassed the leidang at Uppsala. Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker, a friend of Eric, advised him to put stakes in the waterway which led to Uppsala. When Styrbjörn's navy arrived and saw that they could not sail further, Styrbjörn vowed never to leave Sweden, but to win or die. In order to encourage his men to fight to the death, he set the ships on fire.

All free men could attend the assemblies, which were usually the main social event of the year and drew large crowds of farmers and their families, parties involved in legal disputes, traders, craftsmen, storytellers and travellers. Those attending the assembly lived in temporary camps () during the session. The centre of the gathering was the , or Law Rock, a rocky outcrop on which the Lawspeaker () took his seat as the presiding official of the assembly. His responsibilities included reciting aloud the laws in effect at the time.

He studied at the University of Leipzig and returned in 1438 to Sweden with a magister in artibus degree. On his return he was made Archpriest of the chapter of Uppsala Cathedral. Shortly afterwards his father was made Lawspeaker of the province of Uppland and Castellan of Ringstaholm Castle by the Privy Council. In 1440 he attended the Riksmöte in Arboga where the Danish King Christopher of Bavaria was elected King of Sweden, and took part in two Kalmar Union meetings in 1441 as a Swedish representative.

The book takes place in a village in the Swedish countryside during the 1930s. Fia and her mother Mrs Pettersson, a piano teacher, live in the big house of the village's "häradshövding" (a countryside local judge/lawspeaker), where the bad-tempered housekeeper Malin lives. People say bad things about Mrs Pettersson because she is useless and lazy as she just plays piano. Fia always gets teased by her school mates because she has a useless mother who is a piano teacher in their school.

Icelandic landowners (landnámsmenn) were organised into goðorð ("god-word(s)"), religio- political groups under the leadership of a goði ("god-man"). The goðar were part-time priests who officiated ritual sacrifices at the local temple and had some qualities of the Germanic kings; they organised local things and represented them at the Althing. Úlfljót was chosen as the first Lawspeaker (Lögsögumaðr), who presided the Althing which met annually at Thingvellir. The religio-political organisation of early Iceland has been defined as "pagan and anti-monarchic", which distinguished it from other Germanic societies.

Memorial to Saint Bridget, erected outside the church in 1930 The oldest parts of Skederid Church date from the end of the 13th century, and was built by lawspeaker Birger Persson, a man closely connected to King Birger of Sweden and the father of Saint Bridget of Sweden. The area surrounding the church is rich in cultural heritage, having been the site of continuous population since at least the Bronze Age. A runestone is immured in the church. The church was originally built as a private church belonging to Birger Persson's farmstead.

A year later, in 1651, he ended his first term in Livonia and was appointed Marshal of the Realm (riksmarskalk). In 1652, he became Lord High Treasurer (riksskattmästare), which was one of five Great Officers of the Realm and, as such, one of the most prominent and powerful members of the Privy Council as well as head of the Chambers (kammarkollegium). Also in 1652, De la Gardie was appointed lawspeaker (lagman) of Västergötland and Dalsland. When his father Jacob died that year, Magnus Gabriel inherited Läckö Castle and became Count of Läckö.

Jón Guttormsson skráveifa (died 8 July 1361) was an Icelandic man who was a governor of Iceland from 1357 to 1360 and then became a lögmaður (lawspeaker). He had a very bad reputation in Iceland; he was noted for his cruelty and harsh money-collecting and had been outlawed from Iceland in 1348. He was killed, along with the then-governor in Iceland, Smiður Andrésson, and six others in the battle of Grund in 1361. According to legends he tried to escape through a sewer but became stuck and was beheaded after the battle.

The Lögrétta reviewed the laws which the lawspeaker recited, made new laws, set fines and punishments and were informed of sentences of outlawry and banishment that were passed by the courts in local spring assemblies. Besides the Althing, there were local assembly districts in each of the four quarters of Iceland, and each year a Spring Assembly (vorþing) was brought together by three goðis who lived in each local assembly district (samþingsgoðar). The four quarters also had courts (fjórðungsdómar) that met at the Althing after a constitutional reform around 965.

After all, Norway had seen other claimants, since Harald Gille, whose paternity was equally questionable. The fact that Sigurd Munn's daughter Cecilia acknowledged Sverre as the son of Sigurd is inconclusive. Sverre's actions offered her a welcome possibility to divorce from the marriage with Folkvid the Lawspeaker, into which she claimed to have been forced by Erling Skakke. Support from Earl Birger Brosa of Sweden is more a sign of pragmatic politics on the part of the Swedes, as their ally party in Norway needed a new leader and had chosen Sverre.

Landed properties were highly family- committed. Laukko seems not to have been an immense landholding until made gradually such by the second Kurki family in the 15th century. The location of the Matthew (Matti) Kurki folklore as itself matches, because Laukko is located in Vesilahti, the historical Pirkkala area, where those folk legends are strongest. There is a gap of a century between Matti Kurki and the first documented Kurki, deputy lawspeaker Jakob Kurki (Jeppe, Jesper, Jaakko, Jacob) of the late 14th century, whose seat was the manor of Niemenpää in southern Tavastia.

He was a Privy Councillor and Castellan of Axvall Castle during the reign of separatist King Charles Canutesson, before defecting to the unionist side in 1452, spending several years in exile in Denmark. He was appointed Lord High Constable of Sweden, Castellan of Stockholm and Kalmar and Captain-General during the reign of King Christian I, and commanded the unionist forces during several major battles during the turbulent 1460s, before surrendering to Sten Sture the Elder's separatists in 1472. During his later years he was Lawspeaker of the province of Öland.

Bielke coat of arms. Ture Turesson belonged to the Bielke noble family, one of the oldest and most influential noble families in Sweden. He was born in 1425, as the son of the recently deceased Lawspeaker and Privy Councillor Ture Stensson (Bielke) by his widow from his second marriage, Margareta Eriksdotter Krummedige, daughter of the Danish Steward of the Realm, Erik Segebodsen Krummedige. He was raised in the household of his stepfather Kristiern Nilsson (Vasa), Lord High Steward of Sweden and a leader of the unionist party in the high nobility.

Ture Turesson is repeatedly mentioned as Lawspeaker of the province of Öland during the 1470s and 1480s, but had likely already held the office for a long time during that period. During his later years, he was not given any new military commands or governorships, but as a member of the Privy Council he remained active in the affairs of the realm. In August 1489 he is mentioned as part of a Swedish noble delegation to King John of Denmark, and is subsequently mentioned as deceased on 1 March 1490.

The Paus family (earlier spellings include Pauss and de Paus) () is a Norwegian family that first appeared as members of the elite of 16th-century Oslo. Two brothers from Oslo who both became priests, Hans (1587–1648) and Peder Povelsson Paus (1590–1653), have long been known as the family's earliest certain ancestors. In his book Slekten Paus ("The Paus family"), genealogist S.H. Finne-Grønn traced the family two further generations back, to Hans Olufsson (died 1570), a member of the royal clergy in Norway before and after the Reformation, who served as a canon at the royal chapel in Oslo, St Mary's Church, the seat of government of Norway at the time, and who belonged to the high nobility by virtue of his high ecclesiastical and governmental office. The name Paus is known in Oslo since the 14th century, notably as the name of the Lawspeaker of Oslo Nikolas Paus (mentioned 1329–1347) and as the name of one of medieval Oslo's "city farms" (mentioned 1324–1482) that was probably named after the lawspeaker or his family; while a relation between the older and the younger family of the name in Oslo is plausible, it has not been established.

Print edition of Snorri's Edda of 1666 Snorri Sturluson (; 1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker to the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the Prose Edda or Younger Edda, which consists of Gylfaginning ("the fooling of Gylfi"), a narrative of Norse mythology, the Skáldskaparmál, a book of poetic language, and the Háttatal, a list of verse forms. He was also the author of the Heimskringla, a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material in Ynglinga saga and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history.

In his youth, Eggert served Ögmundur Pálsson, Bishop of Skálholt, and would have gone with him to Germany and Norway on his missions in the years 1538–39. Later, he was in the service of Gissur Einarsson and went with him when we went abroad for consecration in Copenhagen in 1542. He was sýslumaður in the Westfjords in 1544 and lived at first at Núpur. He was hirðstjóri 1551-53 and Lawspeaker for the south and east until 1556, and for the north and west 1556–68, after which he was a sýslumaður and steward of the land of Helgafellsklaustur.

Handbok i Norges historie bind 2. Bergen-Oslo-Tromsø: Universitetsforlaget. Erik is mentioned in several places in the Heimskringla. In the saga of Olaf Haraldsson, Thorgny Lawspeaker relates: :My grandfather Thorgny could well remember the Uppsala king Eirik Eymundson, and used to say of him that when he was in his best years he went out every summer on expeditions to different countries, and conquered for himself Finland, Kirjalaland, Courland, Estonia, and the eastern countries all around; and at the present day the earth-bulwarks, ramparts, and other great works which he made are to be seen.

The Lawspeaker, elected for three years at a time, presided over the assembly and recited the law of the land. Before the law was written down, he was expected to recite it from memory on the over the course of three summers along with the complete assembly procedures every summer. Inauguration and dissolution of the assembly took place at the , where rulings made by the Law Council were announced, the calendar was confirmed, legal actions were brought and other announcements made which concerned the entire nation. Anyone attending the assembly was entitled to present his case on important issues from the Lögberg.

The area of Uppland, which did not exist before the enactment of the Law of Uppland, contained the three Folklands of Tiundaland, Attundaland, and Fjärdhundraland.Lundberg 1980-1982, col. 320-321. The Lawspeaker of Tiundaland, Birger Persson (the father of Saint Bridget) complained to King Birger Magnusson, that the law for the three Folklands were scattered in several different law texts, some of them obscure and sometimes very difficult to comply with. Hence the King appointed Birger chairman of a Royal commission that would draft a new law; removing some provisions, adding some, and merging the old laws of the three folklands into one.

At this point, Olaf Tryggvason suspended Iceland's trade with Norway (a concrete threat for Icelandic economy) and threatened to kill Icelanders residing in Norway (who were for the most part sons and relatives of prominent goðar) as long as Iceland remained a pagan country. Iceland sent a delegation, belonging to the Christian faction, to obtain the release of the hostages and promise the conversion of the country to Christianity. Meanwhile, in Iceland the situation was worsening, as the two religious factions had divided the country and a civil war was about to break out. However, the mediation of the Althing, presided by the lawspeaker Thorgeir Thorkelsson, thwarted the conflict.

He was born in a noble family later called Bååt (Old Swedish for boat) originally from Småland, as son of Sune Jonsson, the lawspeaker of Tiohärad, and his first wife Cathrine Henriksdatter Glysing. In 1320, Erengisle's father Sune and uncle Peter obtained the effectively hereditary position of chatelain of Viipuri castle in easternmost coast of Finland by purchasing it from the governor. It was set there by the deposed king Birger of Sweden. Peter and Sune recognized the new king, Magnus IV of Sweden, and received important privileges, which effectively turned their holding of Viipuri as an independent feudal fief, the start of a veritable margraviate (see fief of Viipuri).

The name suggests that it replaced an older division where each of the folklands Tiundaland, Attundaland and Fjärdhundraland had their own things. All free men living in the realm and who were able to wield a weapon had the right to participate, and the assembly was led by the lawspeaker. Icelandic historian Snorri Sturlusson, who was well- informed of Swedish matters and visited the country in 1219,The article Snorres Ynglingasaga at the site of the Foteviken Museum, Sweden explained in the Heimskringla (1225): When the assembly was moved to Candlemas, it was renamed Kyndelsting (Old Swedish: Kyndilþing), but the name Dísaþing remained in use as the Disting for the great fair.

He had no offspring, and contemporary sources only offer conjectures about his successor, possibly Árni óreiða Magnússon, nephew of Guðmundr gríss Ámundason and son-in-law of the skald Snorri Sturluson. In fact, the sagas narrate that Sturluson caused Magnús's fall: during his first term as lawspeaker, Sturluson convinced the Althing to outlaw (skógarmaðr) Magnús. Despite his title, Magnús was not one of Iceland's more powerful citizens. According to konungsannáll, Magnús obtained the support of the clans Haukdælir, Oddaverjar and Svínfellingar to become bishop of Skálholt in 1236, but he did not obtain the Apostolic Blessing since he did not fulfil the requirements for the position; his candidacy was approved neither by the Norwegian archdiocese nor the Pope.

His grandfather Arvid Gustavsson had the same name and coat of arms. Younger Arvid Gustavsson's father was Gustav Arvidsson, knight and member of the Privy Council of Sweden, justiciar of Södermanland, whose seat probably already was Vik. Arvid's mother probably (but not certainly, because some history gives him as son of a second wife of his father, of whose existence and name there are however no contemporary evidence) was Kristina Petersdotter of the tre rutor family, daughter of Birgitta Jonsdotter, possibly of the Aspenäs family, and certainly widow of Erengisle Näskonungsson, Lord High Constable of Sweden. The younger Arvid Gustafsson was member of the Privy Council of Sweden from 1362, and from 1366 lawspeaker of Finland, Swedish province.

Further, the author of the Tractatus was familiar with Civil Law and Canon Law, had long practical experience in the administration of justice, and was intimately aware of weaknesses in the system and how best they might be corrected. Pollock and Maitland, in their History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, describe Glanvill's contracts as "purely Germanic", and state that the "law of earnest is not from Roman influence". History of English Law: Contract The concept of the Norse Lawspeaker may play a role as well, only converting it from spoken to written form. There seems to be consensus that the English law ultimately does not rely on earlier Roman codifications.

Lundberg 1980-1982a, col. 332. According to the preamble of the Law, in addition to Birger, the commission came to consist of from Tiundaland, the Dean of Uppsala Master Andreas And (Birger's cousin), the Knights Herr Röd Keldorsson and Herr Bengt Bosson, Ulf Lagmansson, Hagbard of Söderby, Anders of Forkarby and Torsten of Sandbro; from Attundaland the Knight Herr Filip Röde of Rundby, Håkan Lawspeaker, Eskil the Cross-eyed, Sigurd Judge and Jon Gåsabog; from Fjärdhundraland Ulv of Önsta, Götrik and Ulvheden, Judges. The commission made a draft that was subsequently enacted by the Things of the three Folklands, and finally given Royal assent eight days after Saint Stephen's Day (January 2), 1296.Lagerbring 1773, pp. 657-659.

Alongside his more famous cousins, Lord Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna and Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna, he was made responsible for arming the Swedish army during the Polish–Swedish War and was part of the governing council in the King's absence. He was made Hovrättsråd and Lawspeaker of Värmland in 1627 and was part of the Swedish diplomatic delegation to the Holy Roman Emperor during the 1630 peace negotiations in Danzig. In 1631, he was appointed Governor-General of Finland, continuing the work of his predecessor Nils Turesson Bielke to improve the central administration and legal system. He returned to Stockholm after the death of King Gustavus Adolphus to become part of the regency council for Queen Christina in 1633, becoming Lord High Treasurer of Sweden in 1634.

Title page of a late manuscript of the Prose Edda, showing Odin, Heimdallr, Sleipnir and other figures from Norse mythology. The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda () or, historically, simply as Edda, is an Old Norse work of literature written in Iceland during the early 13th century. The work is often assumed to have been to some extent written, or at least compiled, by the Icelandic scholar, lawspeaker, and historian Snorri Sturluson 1220. It is considered the fullest and most detailed source for modern knowledge of Norse mythology, the body of myths of the North Germanic peoples, and draws from a wide variety of sources, including versions of poems that survive into today in a collection known as the Poetic Edda.

Faroese postage stamp First page of the letter The Sheep Letter (Faroese: Seyðabrævið, Old Norse: sauðabréfit) is the oldest surviving document of the Faroe Islands. It is a Royal Decree enacted on the 28 June 1298 by Duke Haakon who later became King Haakon IV of Norway. It deals principally with sheep husbandry, but also dealt with other matters and functioned as a kind of constitution, removing most administrative power from the local Thing to the king and his representatives. it was drafted on the advice of Erlend, Bishop of the Diocese of the Faroe Islands in Kirkjubøur and of Sigurd, Lawspeaker of Shetland, whom Duke Haakon had sent to the Faroes to consider the deficiencies in the agricultural law.

Each of these divisions of the country has its Lag-thing, and Its own laws in many parts. Over each is a lagman [lawspeaker], who rules principally in affairs of the bondes [yeomen]: for that becomes law which he, by his speech, determines them to make law: and if king, earl, or bishop goes through the country, and holds a Thing with the bondes, the lagmen [law speakers] reply on account of the bondes, and they all follow their lagmen; so that even the most powerful men scarcely dare to come to their Al-thing without regarding the bondes' and lagmen's law. And in all matters in which the laws differ from each other, Upsala-law is the directing law; and the other lagmen are under the lagman who dwells in Tiundaland.

Squire Peter Jonsson (later knighted) and his elder brother sir Sune Jonsson, Lord of Flishult, Royal Councillor, the lawspeaker of Tiohärad (in inland Småland), together with their close relative Charles, bishop of Linköping, allies of the new king Magnus IV of Sweden, in 1320 or 1321 purchased dominus Efflerus, the bailiff of the deposed king Birger of Sweden, out from Viborg castle. They committed to keep the castle and its revenues for bishop Charles until the purchase price be compensated. Their escutcheon depicted a boat, as is also depicted in arms of the so-called Bonde family and Snakenborg family and Bååt family and Puke family; and they were from an originally Smålandic family, some of them at that time using nickname Haak. Lord Peter was set up as the fief-holder, and the whole clan participated in consolidating the fief.

Brate 1922:64 Stationed in Constantinople, which the Scandinavians referred to as Miklagarðr (the "Great City"), the Guard attracted young Scandinavians of the sort that had composed it since its creation in the late 10th century. The large number of men who departed for the Byzantine Empire is indicated by the fact that the medieval Scandinavian laws still contained laws concerning voyages to Greece when they were written down after the Viking Age.Jansson 1987:43 The older version of the Westrogothic law, which was written down by Eskil Magnusson, the lawspeaker of Västergötland 1219–1225, stated that "no man may receive an inheritance (in Sweden) while he dwells in Greece". The later version, which was written down from 1250 to 1300, adds that "no one may inherit from such a person as was not a living heir when he went away".

The name Paus is known in Oslo in the 14th and 15th centuries and was used by individuals who belonged to the same small elite social class as the family that is documented from the 16th century. The farm Pausinn ("The Paus") was one of the "city farms" that were part of medieval Oslo and is mentioned between 1324 and 1482, when it was owned by individuals who belonged to the city's elite. Paus is also used as the cognomen of several individuals in 14th and 15th century Oslo or its surroundings who appear to be related and who owned substantial property in nearby Nes. The most notable individual named Paus in medieval Oslo was Nikolas Sigurdsson Paus, who is mentioned as the Lawspeaker of Oslo in 1347, shortly before the Black Death reached the city.

The Westrogothic law reminded the Geats that they had to accept this election: Sveær egho konung at taka ok sva vrækæ meaning Swedes have the right of choosing and deposing the king. The detail that the Swedes were not only entitled to elect their king, but that they also had the right to depose him was institutionalized a long time before, as attested by Snorri Sturlason's (died 1241) accounts of Swedish history (the speech of Torgny the Lawspeaker, and the deaths of Domalde, Egil, Aun, and Jorund in the Heimskringla). The location was on the border of a wetland and according to Snorri, five kings had been drowned in this wetland, when the people had been displeased. The newly elected king also had to go on a traditional journey around Sweden (Eriksgata), including the Geatish provinces.

The Swedish king was greatly angered and threatened to banish Ragnvald from his kingdom, but Ragnvald was supported by his foster-father Thorgny the Lawspeaker Thorgny delivered a powerful speech in which he reminded the king of the great Viking expeditions in the East that predecessors such as Erik Anundsson and Björn had undertaken, without having the hubris not to listen to their men's advice. Thorgny, himself, had taken part in many successful pillaging expeditions with Olof's father Eric the Victorious and even Eric had listened to his men. The present king wanted nothing but Norway, which no Swedish king before him had desired. This displeased the Swedish people, who were eager to follow the king on new ventures in the East to win back the kingdoms that paid tribute to his ancestors, but it was the wish of the people that the king make peace with the king of Norway and give him his daughter Ingegerd as queen.

The current king of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Willem-Alexander (born 1967), Prince of Orange, descends paternally, through a female line, after 500 years, from each of the three above-mentioned Finnish families of Kurck. This is because one ancestress of Willem-Alexander has been countess Eva Horn (1653–1740), wife of Reichsgraf Nicholas Bielke, lord of the Finnish barony of Korpo, and daughter of the Finnish field marshal Gustav Horn (1592–1657), Count of Pori, the Lord High Constable of Sweden. The Horn counts of Pori, Finland descend, through the Porvoo-originated owners of the manor of Sydänmaa, from a daughter of the abovementioned lady Elin Klasdotter, heiress of the Kurck of Laukko, and her husband lawspeaker Knut Eriksson. Lady Elin, as explained above, descended from the medieval Kurck of Laukko family and from the Kurck of Niemenpää family (and was their heiress), and of course all her descendants so descend too.