"There is so much traffic in those latrines, it almost seems impossible for any detainee to go inside the latrines and hang himself," Mr. Saharkhiz said.
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But most people who empty latrines, or have their latrines emptied and have droppings left in their yards, don't have access to de-worming pills, and many don't have the immunizations either.
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The latrines are shared by all genders in the camps.
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There was a run on toilet paper, lines for the latrines.
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Bangladesh's neighbour, India, has subsidised and built a great many latrines.
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Building designated waste repositories like latrines doesn't make waste disappear either.
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Rodents roam the sprawling settlement, which lacks proper latrines and shelter.
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Latrines are unfinished, forcing refugees to use nearby forests as toilets.
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Bangladeshi villages are studded with small pit latrines and tubewells for water.
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The impact upon local residents who purchase the latrines, too, is profound.
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There are also hygiene problems, such as the lack of sanitary latrines.
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Working with aid partners, UNICEF has built 3,000 new latrines since Aug.
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Schemes were hatched in the repulsive latrines, where guards disdained to enter.
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Schemes were hatched in the repulsive latrines, where guards disdained to enter.
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The more sophisticated Malagasies who do own latrines call it 'going au natural'.
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Other animals, like honey badgers and meerkats, also share bathroom sites, called latrines.
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Anaclet Karamuka, director of study, pointed out the school's row of tiled latrines.
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Volunteers are also helping dig and maintain latrines for displaced people, she added.
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Q&A Fruit on trees grown near outhouses and latrines usually is safe.
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The waste from latrines rises and floats into the yards, houses, shops and streets.
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There's an outdoor basketball court, with floodlights; indoor latrines are a short walk away.
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Latrines made out of similar etched metal, for example, could be easier to clean.
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The latrines, too, pose a safety issue: In a recent survey by Oxfam International, more than one third of Rohingya refugee women said they did not feel safe using the camps' latrines and shower cubicles, which do not have roofs or lockable doors.
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Rangers would have to fly helicopters over 50 miles (80 kilometers) to empty the latrines.
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Although the tubewells are often alarmingly close to the latrines, that seems to be fine.
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In 2016, 85% of installed latrines were still functioning, and 82% were still in use.
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The January shutdown of the federal government led directly to overflowing latrines in various parks.
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The stench was unbearable—urine from the latrines streaked the snow and frost-covered ground.
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Women sat on committees that decided on the location and type of latrines to be built.
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Often they install latrines for the poor and then prod richer folk into following their example.
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He has only ever lived in the camp, where a handful of latrines serve all residents.
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The toilets will in total serve up to 1,000 people who would otherwise defecate in latrines.
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NAIROBI (Reuters) - Most of Patrick 'Moreno' Osunda's neighbors curse when the rains make the latrines overflow.
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They said latrines were dirty and lacked privacy and that lights stayed on day and night.
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In another, latrines have been crafted out of steel, zip ties synching together a dome overhead.
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The longer we delay the building of latrines and increased efforts toward sanitation, the greater the risk.
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"I've seen people dry rice on it, in latrines, as bags, as trousers, as umbrellas," Ashmore adds.
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Only about 10% of the population has access to running water and many rely on communal latrines.
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Between 1986 and 1999 it installed 9.4m latrines, giving 7.4m more people access to sanitation every year.
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Bangladesh's government and charities have built latrines, too, but they have worked harder to stigmatise open defecation.
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He has set aside more than $40 billion to build latrines and toilets and change public behavior.
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It oozes from shallow, hand-dug latrines, pools into rivulets and finally builds into a black river.
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Some of the latrines are piled high with fly-riddled excrement, which seeps out the sides during downpours.
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You walk in and you're immediately hit with intense smells of humanity, excrement from all the open latrines.
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A year later, he said, 47 of the latrines were being used to store firewood or shelter goats.
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When the rains come, latrines are likely to overflow, bringing the risk of cholera and other waterborne diseases.
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Refugees lived in unheated barracks and used open latrines, the contents of which blew about in rough weather.
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The charity built latrines for them, then gently (and sometimes not so gently) shamed wealthier villagers into following suit.
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By testing groundwater around pit latrines, he has found that bugs can barely travel more than two metres underground.
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UNHCR is also supporting road construction and site planning, building latrines and wells and improving water and sanitation facilities.
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But latrines aren't a hygienic solution either, and not only because they smell and are hard to keep clean.
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Kurdish authorities have scrambled to erect tents and fix latrines in time for the first refugees arriving on Wednesday.
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Most places in Haiti don't have proper sanitation, so heavy rains or storms flood open-air latrines, spreading infections.
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More than 3,000 latrines have been installed but many overflow and sit above pools and creeks where refugees bathe.
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"Last year we heard about a diarrhea outbreak because there were no latrines," he said, speaking through a translator.
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Passing portable latrines, I walked up next to a cage where girls aged ten to fourteen were being held.
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"I dug an awful lot of snow, dug tunnels, dug slop pits and latrines," Sir Ranulph, now 75, recalls.
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Those organizations might dig pit latrines, install septic systems, or maintain clean and safe toilets, whatever's needed in their area.
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From research samples taken from latrines all over the world, de los Reyes has seen all of that and more.
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Increasing the number of latrines in lakeside communities is becoming an important part of Uganda's strategy, but remains a challenge.
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The group's WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) arm specifically focuses on products like latrines, water filters, and hand-washing devices.
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It claims the "Clean India Mission" has already led to the construction of 46m latrines, with another 64m to come.
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Crucial too to keeping environments clean was the provision of latrines and boreholes by organizations such as World Vision International.
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Fatima left their home, which sits near three putrid latrines, to play on a nearby hillside - and never came back.
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Dumpsters overflowing with garbage line the muddy streets, and the only toilets are overflowing porta-potties or unlit, concrete latrines.
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BRAC is now working with Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh and building latrines, clinics, wells and safe spaces for refugee children.
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People are reduced to defecating openly -- especially the children, who can't wait for long hours to get to the latrines.
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"It's very difficult to get water for the latrines," says Srey Norn, a 13-year-old girl from Tboung Khmum Province.
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Groups of us would visit the long-drop latrines and sit, three or four in a row, across the log stringers.
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And Nepalese peacekeepers, in an effort to hide evidence, removed the pipes that connected the camp's latrines to the stream below.
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Twenty years ago, Mr. Raman said, he worked for a charity that built 50 houses, all with latrines, for flood victims.
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Prisoners get seconds per day in latrines, they said; with rampant diarrhea and urinary infections, they relieve themselves in crowded cells.
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As anyone who's been reading the newspapers knows, it's not all wry jokes about overburdened latrines and rah-rah good cheer.
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When many entered the war, they were initially kept from the fighting by being assigned to clean latrines pits and unload supplies.
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While competing across the country and abroad, he took mostly menial jobs — one was cleaning latrines — despite a reported I.Q. of 132.
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More than 1 million people in India's "untouchable" caste are still tasked with cleaning sewers, drains, and latrines — with no protective gear.
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The camps were surrounded by open-pit latrines, and the smell of sewage was overpowering; children lay around with flies on them.
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In camps outside of Thessaloniki, Greece, I have treated children with stomach pains and constipation because they avoid the infrequently cleaned latrines.
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They have very few belongings, are vulnerable to attacks from elephants, and have no access to clean water, latrines, food, or health care.
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Made of tin or palm fronds, these conceal simple pit latrines—concrete rings sunk into holes in the ground, with toilets on top.
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"Millions of latrines reported built by the government are missing," write Dean Spears and Diane Coffey in a new book on the subject.
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But when space is tight, like in crowded Antananarivo, where families are forced to share latrines, someone has to take out the trash.
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"We're drilling wells, we're putting in latrines, we're working with the U.N. and other agencies preparing this site around the clock," he said.
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Crammed ten or 215 into one- or two-room tents, the roughly 22,143 refugees had no electricity, little clean water, and few latrines.
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The aid workers record the number of residents in each tent, as well as the number of latrines and kitchens in the settlement.
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Despite the putrid smell wafting from the latrines next door, the garden provides Mohammed with a moment of respite from life in the camps.
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Traditionally it is the lowest caste members whose job it is to clean latrines and sewers -- and they are considered "untouchable" by higher castes.
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"The few pit latrines we have are being emptied, and our garbage at the communal collection point is being collected for free," he said.
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Preventing cholera is reliant on having access to clean water, adequate sanitation and basic hygiene needs, from bathrooms and latrines to soap and water.
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A lack of latrines and education about proper sanitation leads to rampant disease (and often death) in these rural communities, particularly among young kids.
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With latrines instead of bushes, and lessons on how to make reusable sanitary pads, girls like Esther have no reason to skip school anymore.
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Near a bank of latrines, three women — two French and one German — dragged their toddlers down a rocky lane in plastic crates on wheels.
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Today there are biogas systems at more than 80 Rwandan boarding schools, and all of the nation's prisons use biogas from latrines for cooking.
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After this "triggering" exercise, the group designs and implements pit latrines in a way that incorporates their skills and knowledge and uses local materials.
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There are only 210 hospital beds for 1 million refugees, malnutrition is on the rise and latrines are lacking to prevent contamination, she said.
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Dr. Mitchell looked for evidence of parasites in ancient latrines, human burial sites, fossilized feces, and in combs and textiles from excavation sites across Europe.
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The country has almost eradicated open defecation through community-led sanitation programmes and by investing heavily in shared latrines, particularly in its fast-growing slums.
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Without adaptation to become more resilient to flooding, these rains can sweep away latrines, contaminate water sources and threaten a return of widespread diarrheal illness.
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These numbers, Armstrong and Foster say, are high compared to other approaches (such as implementing homemade latrines, which often last no longer than one year).
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"The pour-flush design is a more expensive design, but ultimately it's those [costlier qualities of the latrines] that keep people using them," says Foster.
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When it comes to initiatives like introducing modern latrines, success largely depends upon the community relationships that have been established via on-the-ground efforts.
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But the gains decline to 60 cents if, as often happens, the new social norms fail to take hold and the latrines fall into disuse.
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The structures were dwellings and latrines for Bedouins living in an area known as E1 - a particularly sensitive zone between Jerusalem and the Dead Sea.
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Before the hurricane, only 2372 in 4753 people in Haiti had access to proper latrines and less than 2475 in 290 had access to safe water.
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At least 90 percent of the country's estimated one million manual scavengers are women, who clean public and private dry latrines with barely any safety equipment.
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Before the hurricane, only 4503 in 3 people in Haiti had access to proper latrines and less than 3 in 5 had access to safe water.
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The pit latrines that serve well enough for yurt dwellers in sparsely populated rural areas are ill-suited to the densely packed settlements on Ulaanbaatar's edges.
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People tend to throw the dead batteries in their latrines, which is hardly ideal, but is not as immediately harmful as the smoke from kerosene lamps.
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The Singapore-headquartered group builds toilets in places like China and trains local entrepreneurs in India as well as Cambodia to develop affordable latrines in remote villages.
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To date, say OPP statistics, 96 percent of the settlement's 112,562 households have latrines with residents footing the bill of 132,026,807 Pakistani rupees ($1.26 million) - all DIY.
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Aid agencies also gave them shovels to dig latrines and encouraged them to carry their trash to a pickup point, in an effort to stave off disease.
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"Tonight, some of them may not get food," Bingi told me early that month, while standing near the noxious latrines perched on a rise above the camp.
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Near Hamida's hut, Rohingya men carry bricks, dig 4 meter-deep latrines, reinforce muddy slopes with sturdy soil, and mend fences for a new NGO-run school.
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The Bangladesh Department of Public Health Engineering said it would construct 500 temporary latrines, while the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has plans for 8,000 more.
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At least 60 percent of water wells in Rohingya refugee settlements are contaminated with fecal matter from latrines that have been dug too close to drinking sources.
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The restaurant, named Sketch, houses some of the world's oddest-shaped toilets — latrines that look like they belong in a sci-fi production, rather than an upscale restaurant.
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In addition to ship construction, the researchers think the metal could one day be used for a host of other applications like cleaning latrines or building floating cities.
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The program is building scenes that take victims to barracks, tents, private living quarters, latrines, offices or remote buildings and vehicles, where the trauma may have taken place.
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You can read the Times special section showcasing climate solutions here, including stories on tapping energy from the methane in latrines and UPS vans in London going electric.
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Featuring a hole in the ground several feet deep, latrines are pit toilets, common in rural areas in developing countries where access to water and basic sanitation are scarce.
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Even in the districts where BRAC operates, two-thirds of the latrines built between 2006 and 2015 were constructed not by charities or the government, but by ordinary people.
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Aid workers are training staff and issuing them with protective gear, equipping labs to carry out diagnostic tests, building new latrines and wash facilities, and spreading awareness on hygiene.
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Signs around the village indicated at least eight NGOs and charities - from the Norwegian Refugee Council to UNICEF - were helping the community with everything from food vouchers to latrines.
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Toilets need very little maintenance and need to be emptied only every eight to 10 years — less than conventional pit latrines, which need emptying every two to three years.
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The daily ordeals of overcrowded latrines and contaminated water, limited medical care, flaring tensions between residents and guards, and chronic security problems have left the residents embittered and vulnerable.
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More than 60 percent of the water supply in the camps is contaminated with bacteria as temporary latrines overflow into hastily-built, shallow wells, a World Health Organization survey showed.
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In homes that qualify for subsidized latrines (such as The Healthy Latrine, one of the most common solutions Water Mission utilizes), the capital cost is typically funded by a donor.
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Osunda is part of a small army, known as "froggers", emptying a growing number of long-drop toilets, or pit latrines, in Kibera, a rust-roofed informal settlement in Nairobi.
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She also photographed the people she sees as the "unsung heroes of sanitation in Haiti," the "bayakou" who often strip down and climb into pit latrines to clean them out.
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To win favor with Beijing, local officials have tried to outgun one another with newfangled latrines, many equipped with flat-screen televisions, Wi-Fi and facial-recognition toilet paper dispensers.
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Government officials say they have spent $4 billion to help install 50 million toilets so far, building community latrines and providing subsidies for people to put them in their homes.
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Studies have traced the highly contagious disease to sloppy sanitation that had leached fecal waste laced with cholera germs from latrines used by the Nepalese peacekeepers into the water supply.
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That's right — we're talking about living in the lap of luxury and everything that goes along with it: Good food, tall buildings, fast cars and even latrines made of precious metals.
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To date, according to OPP statistics, 2000 percent of the settlement's 229,240 households have latrines, with residents footing the total bill for the sewage system of 4.933,24.93,2107 Pakistani rupees ($234 million).
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In some countries, such as India, Lixil is selling (and donating) basic, cheap kit—plastic pans to use with pit latrines—betting that in several years people will get richer and upgrade.
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This system of education and accountability, she explains, has proven successful in the long-term: In a 2008-2015 initiative in Honduras, for example, Water Mission installed 15,664 latrines throughout 464 communities.
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While pit latrines have to be cleared out regularly, which is time-consuming and costly, the tiger worm toilets built in Monrovia four years ago have yet to need emptying, Oxfam said.
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" Upon arrival in Salonika in October 1915, Emslie and her female colleagues "built incinerators, dug latrines, erected tents, installed X-ray equipment and set up a dispensary in a disused silkworm factory.
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But since 2400, the kitchen is using one-third less wood, and spending less on fuel, after it started using biogas derived from a renewable energy source: methane from the school's latrines.
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The mapping team gives the newcomers a code; then, "NGOs begin to come and visit them and help with shelter and latrines and so forth, and their situation improves after a bit."
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Once used for preaching and workshops, the smaller chapels around the main cathedral and surrounding grounds have become a full-fletched city, one with its own shops, latrines, schools and a graveyard.
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The day typically began with the "Cantata of the Alley," the sound of night stools (bucket-shape latrines) as they were cleaned with bamboo sticks after being emptied by night soil men.
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At least 90 percent of India's estimated one million manual scavengers are women, a hereditary occupation involving 180,000 Dalit households cleaning the more than 700,000 public and private dry latrines across the country.
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In 1993, India outlawed what it calls "manual scavenging", a practice that includes the barehanded cleaning of dry latrines, mostly by women and Dalits, who are at the bottom of Hinduism's social hierarchy.
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The property they were leaving behind was a wasteland of food wrappers, clothes left soggy by a torrential downpour overnight and the odor of improvised latrines in the lee of trees and bushes.
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The mappers survey the camp residents to gather and enter basic data on the number of tents and residents, and on infrastructure such as water sources and number of latrines at the site.
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The decay is on full display: Homeless people literally have taken over street blocks, creating a filthy and dangerous environment where drug use flourishes and streets and sidewalks have become open-air latrines.
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Meanwhile, commentators criticized the authorities for failing to ensure the school's safety and to equip it - and 30% of schools in the oil-rich nation still use outdoor latrines - with modern, indoor toilets.
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Festival-goers expected luxurious villas and musical performances from Blink 182, Rae Sremmurd, Skepta, Desiigner, Tyga, and Pusha T, but arrived on the island to find tents — which included bare mattresses — and unusable latrines.
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"You are supposed to not only construct latrines but also educate people on how to use them, how to maintain them and what happens with the sludge that goes inside the pit," Khalid said.
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"Most of the children at my orphanage have been left in hospitals, car parks and even pit latrines," said Anne Nyeri, executive director of the Compassionate Hands for the Disabled Foundation orphanage in Nairobi.
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In the 20 years since, Hreljac and the foundation he founded, the Ryan's Well Foundation, have constructed more than 1,166 clean water projects and 1,245 latrines in countries such as Burkina Faso and Haiti.
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In Zambia, one of the 45 countries for which World Vision has a long-term business plan, nearly a third of the country's 15 million people lack access to clean water and modern latrines.
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But he and Merav Ben-David, his adviser, and other researchers, reported in the October issue of Animal Behaviour, that the interactions at the latrines are helping the males decide which groups to join.
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An unofficial fifth varna were the Dalits, or untouchables, a group so low that its members are assigned jobs like cleaning latrines, sweeping the streets, tanning hides and handling the remains of the dead.
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Egeland told Reuters he had seen 3,500 people without food in an abandoned factory, sharing 16 overflowing latrines flooded by torrential rains, during a visit to the southern town of Dilla a day earlier.
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Hezbollah officials walked reporters through a cave complex they said the group had seized from Al Qaeda, complete with a kitchen, pit latrines, sleeping quarters and cells they said had recently held Lebanese prisoners.
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A report provided by Catholic Relief Services lists the program's accomplishments: 37,853 households served, 14,854 improved latrines constructed, 6,388 farmers provided with small livestock and 3,159 villages in which community health clubs were established.
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They were either turned away — because there were too few segregated units to accommodate them — or confined to all-black regiments that were mainly designated for jobs like building roads, loading ships and digging latrines.
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Aid agencies are providing machinery to keep roads clear to allow food and medicine to get through, setting up emergency medical centers and moving latrines to higher ground to prevent floods spreading disease, she said.
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LONDON (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Aid agencies are reinforcing shelters, moving latrines and providing search and rescue training in the world's biggest refugee settlement in Bangladesh before monsoon rains strike in April, bringing deadly landslides and floods.
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All across the country, new latrines are going up, sometimes so fast they are not connected to anything, creating toilets to nowhere that are so fly-ridden and stinky that almost no one will use them.
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Swachh Bharat, a multi-billion-dollar program backed by money from the government and a World Bank loan, has indeed built millions of latrines, but critics say official statistics paint an overly optimistic picture of its success.
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Now globally renowned, the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) has helped residents design, fund and build their own sewerage systems and pipelines and, since 1980, has brought latrines to more than 19703,000 households in a project continuing today.
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Ten days after Norimitsu Onishi and Selam Gebrekidan reported from South Africa that two children had drowned in the rudimentary latrines dug into the ground at their schools, the president announced a program to tackle the issue.
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Swachh Bharat, a multi-billion-dollar programme backed by money from the government and a World Bank loan, has indeed built millions of latrines, but critics say official statistics paint an overly optimistic picture of its success.
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The earthworm-filled toilets take up less space than pit latrines, need to be emptied far less frequently, present less of a health risk, and can provide communities with rich compost for growing crops, according to sanitation specialists.
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The Winnipeg was available but since it was a cargo boat it had to be refurbished to accommodate some 2,000 passengers with berths, canteens for meals, an infirmary, a nursery for the very young and, of course, latrines.
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After two children drowned in pit toilets (rudimentary latrines dug into the ground) at a school in South Africa's Mpumalanga province, The Times's Norimitsu Onishi and Selam Gebrekidan investigated the crumbling education system that led to their deaths.
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"We are without running water, electricity and toilets — we don't even have portable latrines," said Julian Elia Arenas, 57, an unemployed miner who has been living in a tent since mid-March when a landslide took his home.
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Ahead of general elections that begin on Thursday, the workers are reminding Modi of his promise to eradicate by this year the practice of manual scavenging — the cleaning, carrying or disposing of human excreta from dry latrines and sewers.
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River otters, which are in the same family as sea otters but a different genus, not only pick up information from scat and urine and anal gland emissions, but have all sorts of social interactions around the bigger latrines.
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"People told me stories of fear and violence," U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi said after walking though the tent city, where the stench of latrines hangs in the air and children play football on pitches of baked red earth.
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A more modest policy, such as building latrines in villages (and shaming people into using them rather than defecating in the open) can bring $3.40-worth of benefits for every dollar spent, thanks to the diseases prevented and the time saved.
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To break that chain, the W.H.O. recommends a four-pronged strategy: surgery for advanced cases; annual antibiotic doses for everyone in hard-hit areas; teaching mothers to wash their children's faces frequently; and use of pit latrines, which reduce fly populations.
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So the race is on to dig more latrines, get swimming-pool quantities of clean water into the camps, and pass out more soap, more water-treatment tablets and more plastic buckets — decidedly low-tech supplies that could save many lives.
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"One would have assumed that 25 years into democracy we would have had better access to land, better access to health care, we would not have children falling into pit latrines due to failures in the provision of ablution facilities," he said.
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Displaced females in Myanmar described shared latrines in camps as unsafe, uncomfortable, dirty, without water or door locks, just bamboo walls with gaps through which intruders could peer inside, according to the report by Sommer's team in the journal Conflict and Health.
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It took weeks to get back online, but luckily or otherwise I was still under army rule, so we just got on with the business of sandbagging and digging latrines for the smart grid refugees who couldn't get back into their apartments.
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"Not only did these people lose their homes, but the basic infrastructure that was provided by humanitarian partners and donors, such as latrines, schools, community centers - has been destroyed," said Peter De Clercq, head of OCHA in Somalia, at the same event.
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Once infamous for its so-called 'flying toilets' - where residents would relieve themselves into plastic bags then hurl them out the door - Kenya has seen long-drop latrines mushroom in the past decade after international charities and local businessmen funded their construction.
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Shortages are everywhere — of tents, latrines, medical care and sanitation facilities — leaving thousands of people who have already endured years living under Islamic State rule and a miserable march to the camp to spend several nights there without any shelter or even blankets.
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In central Mozambique, where more than 90,000 victims of last year's Cyclone Idai are still living in resettlement camps, large families of more than 10 people cram into one tent, with shared water sources and latrines, often open air with only plastic sheets for privacy.
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All we can do [as philanthropists] in the middle of that, as the politics are being worked out, is you go in and make sure that people are getting financial services, getting good latrines, getting cooling, and getting those who move into different countries good jobs.
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In the schoolyard, about 30 feet away from where children enter their classrooms, was a deep trench of fetid garbage and rotting bags of feces; when residents can't use the communal latrines they use ''flying toilets'' — defecating in a plastic bag and throwing it as far as they can.
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What that means is that a generation of soldiers with more battlefield experience than any since World War II is getting back to basics: learning how to cook their own meals, cover their faces in camouflage paint, dig foxholes and latrines, lay concertina wire and live out of their rucksacks.
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Ghana's government "put an emphasis on building safe and accessible water sources and latrines," Bush said, adding that in regions such as northern Ghana, animals represent wealth and are kept close to home to ensure their safety, meaning their excretions were also close by -- and so were disease-spreading flies.
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Recently, a unit of the federal police, whose leadership is closely aligned with a major Iran-backed Shiite militia that has been accused of abuses against Sunnis, raided a camp for the displaced, threatening residents and making off with tents, latrines, water tanks and other supplies, according to United Nations officials.
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In their cafés in Erbil, lecturers from Anbar pass the days watching videos of wives and daughters in dusty deserts without latrines recounting the massacre of their kinsmen by Shia militias after the recapture of Falluja from IS. "Americans raised the Kurds, Iran raised the Shias, but we, Sunnis, are like abused children," says a Sunni politician in Baghdad.
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Nonetheless, judging by the speed with which the implementation of the agreement is going ahead—in Buenavista, the guerrilleros are still using latrines and digging pit toilets, and the rains and winds are ruining the little plastic that's left to protect them from winter—it's likely that the establishment of less urgent things, like radio stations, will take a back seat.
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The microphone is attached to a small, weatherproof aluminum box, which also contains a Raspberry Pi. Sometimes the sensors are mounted with a long strip of plastic spikes, which are meant to deter pigeons from using the devices as latrines, and which, on monitors installed near Washington Square Park, have developed the unanticipated additional function of accumulating tangled masses of the wind-borne hair of N.Y.U. students.
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