159 Sentences With "laminations" | Random Sentence Generator

Faramarz Pilaram's 1962 "Laminations (Les Lames)" is shown near works by Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, and Willem de Kooning.

"Our working conjecture is that the folding lines, the bending laminations, can be completely described in terms of certain dynamical properties," DeMarco said.

In particular, they'd like to develop a mathematical understanding of the "bending laminations," or lines along which a flat surface can be folded to create a 3-D object.

"Certain polynomials might have similar bending laminations, and that would tell us all these polynomials have something in common, even if on the surface they don't look like they have anything in common," Lindsey said.

DePalma poked the tip of an X-Acto into the thin laminations of sediment and loosened one dime-size flake at a time; he'd examine it closely, and, if he saw nothing, flick it away.

As the diagonal sheets slant closer to the front of the piece, their upper edges are cut at ever sharper angles until they and their laminations spread out, nearly tripling in width — offering a second measure of the planes' steepness.

The effect of the gap where the laminations are butted together can be mitigated by alternating pairs of E laminations with pairs of I laminations, providing a path for the magnetic flux around the gap.

Calcareous sinter is characterised by laminations of prismatic crystals growing perpendicular to the substrate; laminations are separated by thin layers of microcrystalline carbonate.Flügel, E. 2004. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Germany: Spring- Verlag.

Permalloy is used in transformer laminations and magnetic recording heads.

And vice versa, the hydrophilic laminations will perform better on the B1 test.

Since power dissipated is proportional to the square of the current, breaking a large core into narrow laminations reduces the power losses drastically. From this, it can be seen that the thinner the laminations, the lower the eddy current losses.

Sediment structures are characterized by the extreme abundance of roots and nodulous or irregular laminations.

As a mathematician, Klarreich proved that the boundary of the curve complex is homeomorphic to the space of ending laminations.

Audel & Co., Printed in the United States left Only five laminations or plates are shown in this example, so as to show the subdivision of the eddy currents. In practical use, the number of laminations or punchings ranges from 40 to 66 per inch (16 to 26 per centimetre), and brings the eddy current loss down to about one percent. While the plates can be separated by insulation, the voltage is so low that the natural rust/oxide coating of the plates is enough to prevent current flow across the laminations. left This is a rotor approximately 20 mm in diameter from a DC motor used in a Note the laminations of the electromagnet pole pieces, used to limit parasitic inductive losses.

The compactification of Teichmüller space by adding measured foliations is essential in the definition of the ending laminations of a hyperbolic 3-manifold.

The primary lithology consists of 1 mm thick varve laminations of claystone, with a dark part and a light dolomitic part, which probably correspond to a wet and dry season respectively, alongside rare, several cm thick sandstone interbeds. These were deposited within an ancient freshwater paleolake, that given the number of laminations has been suggested to have existed for over 150,000 years. The top of the formation shows the laminations becoming wavy, likely as a result of microbial interactions, and the top of the formation is capped by a conglomerate predominantly composed of black Carboniferous limestone pebbles.

Histologically, there are two types of stones: (1) stones with regular calcifications (2) stones with irregular calcifications. For regular calcification, the pulp stones are smooth, round or ovoid with concentric laminations. It is commonly found in the coronal pulp. As for irregular calcifications without laminations, pulp stones may have the shape of rods or leaves and the surface is rough.

The shorter the distance between adjacent laminations (i.e., the greater the number of laminations per unit area, perpendicular to the applied field), the greater the suppression of eddy currents. The conversion of input energy to heat is not always undesirable, however, as there are some practical applications. One is in the brakes of some trains known as eddy current brakes.

The Cappahayden Formation is a formation cropping out in Newfoundland. It comprises fine grey sandstones/siltstones with very fine black parallel laminations, rarely with crossbedding.

The cold moulded model from 1963, four 3 mm laminations laid up with resorcinol glue on mahogany stem and main frame with laminated mahogany floors.

Science: 306. 1740-1745. In addition, some rocks showed small laminations (layers) with shapes that are only made by gently flowing water.Herkenhoff, K., et al. 2004. "Evidence from Opportunity’s Microscopic Imager for Water on Meridian Planum". Science: 306. 1727-1730 The first such laminations were found in a rock called “The Dells.” Geologists would say that the cross-stratification showed festoon geometry from transport in subaqueous ripples.

Laminations may be cut to their finished shape by a punch and die or, in smaller quantities, may be cut by a laser, or by wire EDM.

The stator is the stationary part of the motor's electromagnetic circuit and usually consists of either windings or permanent magnets. The stator core is made up of many thin metal sheets, called laminations. Laminations are used to reduce energy losses that would result if a solid core were used. Resin-packed motors, used in washing machines and air conditioners, use the damping properties of resin (plastic) to reduce noise and vibration.

Each lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer of insulation. The transformer universal EMF equation can be used to calculate the core cross-sectional area for a preferred level of magnetic flux. The effect of laminations is to confine eddy currents to highly elliptical paths that enclose little flux, and so reduce their magnitude. Thinner laminations reduce losses, but are more laborious and expensive to construct.

The sandstones of the LEF mainly comprise laterally accreting channel deposits that are multi-story and contain trough, low angle, and planar, cross-bedding. Ripple cross laminations with good horizontal lamination are also present. In the UEF, sandstone beds are single story and mainly reflect downstream accretion channel geometries and are more tabular in appearance. Common internal sedimentary structures of UEF sandstones are planar, low angle cross-bedding, horizontal and ripple-cross laminations.

Laminated core transformer showing edge of laminations at top of photo Interleaved E-I transformer laminations showing air gap and flux paths Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high permeability silicon steel. The steel has a permeability many times that of free space and the core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current and confine the flux to a path which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that cores constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy current losses, and their designs mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained in use.

A layer of mucus often forms over mats of cyanobacterial cells. In modern microbial mats, debris from the surrounding habitat can become trapped within the mucus, which can be cemented by the calcium carbonate to grow thin laminations of limestone. These laminations can accrete over time, resulting in the banded pattern common to stromatolites. The domal morphology of biological stromatolites is the result of the vertical growth necessary for the continued infiltration of sunlight to the organisms for photosynthesis.

Construction of the models is of Kent paper, a grade of cartridge paper sold in Japan. The early models were explicitly hand drawn, but by the 1980s these had their parts drafted with the use of CAD software. Seen below is the N-424 glider from Jet Age Jamboree (1966) The glider fuselage is constructed from several laminations of paper glued together. The wings are of two laminations, and the tailplane and tailfin of a single lamination.

Eddy currents are minimized in these devices by selecting magnetic core materials that have low electrical conductivity (e.g., ferrites) or by using thin sheets of magnetic material, known as laminations. Electrons cannot cross the insulating gap between the laminations and so are unable to circulate on wide arcs. Charges gather at the lamination boundaries, in a process analogous to the Hall effect, producing electric fields that oppose any further accumulation of charge and hence suppressing the eddy currents.

The solid core of the rotor is built with stacks of electrical steel laminations. Figure 3 shows one of many laminations used. The rotor has a larger number of slots than the stator and should be a non-integer multiple of the number of stator slots so as to prevent magnetic interlocking of rotor and stator teeth at the starting instant.theory and performance of electrical machines, J.B.Gupta The rotor bars may be made of either copper or aluminium.

The outer layer formed the complete shell shape and the progressively shorter, Y-shaped inner laminations strengthened the bade towards the root. The laminations were riveted or spot-welded together and the two shells welded together at their edges. To stiffen the blade, small shouldered cylindrical struts were then inserted through the face and externally soldered at each end. The hubs allowed easy ground adjustment of pitch to any angle; if one blade was damaged, it could easily be replaced.

In modern microbial mats, debris from the surrounding habitat can become trapped within the mucus, which can be cemented together by the calcium carbonate to grow thin laminations of limestone. These laminations can accrete over time, resulting in the banded pattern common to stromatolites. The domal morphology of biological stromatolites is the result of the vertical growth necessary for the continued infiltration of sunlight to the organisms for photosynthesis. Layered spherical growth structures termed oncolites are similar to stromatolites and are also known from the fossil record.

The main application of train tracks in mathematics is to study laminations of surfaces, that is, partitions of closed subsets of surfaces into unions of smooth curves. Train tracks have also been used in graph drawing.

Saunders-Roe provided wing spars made of "Compregnated wood", a system that involved multiple laminations bonded with resin under high pressure.Gunston 1976, p. 322. Diminutive, thin-sectioned symmetrical wing airfoils were designed for high-speed flight.

Deposits are characterized by pale red fine- to medium-grained sandstones. These units are cross-bedded. Each cross-bed is composed of thin, consistently spaced laminations. These strata are interpreted as those made by migrating dunes.

Isolated sandy swale within bioturbated mudrocks of the Pebbley Beach Formation (Permian), New South Wales. In plan view (seen from above), it takes on the form of hummocks and swales that are circular to elliptical, with long wavelengths (1–5 m) but with low height (10s of centimeters). Laminations drape these hummocks; in cross-section view, these laminations have an upward curvature, and low angle, curved intersections. Hummocky cross-stratification can form in sediments up to about 3 cm in diameter, with near-bed water particle velocities between about 40–100 cm/s.

The sedimentation is characterized for the presence of calcareous mudstone interbedded with thin fine conglomerates, brownish red thick-bedded siltstone and parallel and cross laminations. This sedimentation indicates habitats composed by large and shallow meanders with braided river deltas.

Disposable products are most often made from paper, plastic, cotton, or polystyrene foam. Products made from composite materials such as laminations are difficult to recycle and are more likely to be disposed of at the end of their use.

This is reflected in the deep lake carbonates, which show very fine laminations, interpreted as varves.Trewin, N.H. & Davidson, R.G. 1999. "Lake-level changes, sedimentation and faunas in a Middle Devonian basin-margin fish bed". Journal of the Geological Society.

The Glenogle Formation was deposited in an oxygen-deficient marine environment and consists of black, fissile shale with thin beds and laminations of siltstone and sandstone in the upper part. It has a maximum thickness of about 750 m (2460 feet).

Close-up of bedding in the Cozy Dell Shale. Scale is about across. De-watering pipes above a high-density turbidite, Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains. Flame structures and convolute laminations in a sandy turbidite, Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains.

An essential lamination is a lamination where every leaf is incompressible and end incompressible, if the complementary regions of the lamination are irreducible, and if there are no spherical leaves. Essential laminations generalize the incompressible surfaces found in Haken manifolds.

M. Bestvina, M. Feighn, M. Handel, Laminations, trees, and irreducible automorphisms of free groups. Geometric and Functional Analysis, vol. 7 (1997), no. 2, 215-244Gilbert Levitt and Martin Lustig, Irreducible automorphisms of Fn have north-south dynamics on compactified outer space.

M. Bestvina, M. Feighn, M. Handel, Laminations, trees, and irreducible automorphisms of free groups. Geometric and Functional Analysis, vol. 7 (1997), no. 2, 215–244Gilbert Levitt and Martin Lustig, Irreducible automorphisms of Fn have north-south dynamics on compactified Outer space.

The electric current then arrives back at the centre, 90-degrees later and swaps sides back to the front face before reaching the corresponding brush (of the opposite electrical polarity) 135-degrees from the initial brush. In the design of the Lynch motor armature, the iron laminations are made from individual thin rectangular pieces slotted together to form a full circular ring. Because magnetic flux passes sideways through the laminations along one axis only, it is possible to use grain-oriented material normally used in large transformers. This has much better magnetic properties along the grain orientation but worse properties in other directions.

Thin laminations are generally used on high-frequency transformers, with some of very thin steel laminations able to operate up to 10 kHz. Laminating the core greatly reduces eddy-current losses One common design of laminated core is made from interleaved stacks of E-shaped steel sheets capped with I-shaped pieces, leading to its name of 'E-I transformer'. Such a design tends to exhibit more losses, but is very economical to manufacture. The cut- core or C-core type is made by winding a steel strip around a rectangular form and then bonding the layers together.

Chauvière pioneered a sophisticated construction technique using laminations of walnut. A Chauvière propeller was used by Blériot in his flight across the English Channel, and the importance of Chauvière's contribution was recognised by his being awarded a silver medal by the Aero-Club de France.

The opposite of cross-bedding is parallel lamination, where all sedimentary layering is parallel.Blatt et al. (1980), pp. 133–135 Differences in laminations are generally caused by cyclic changes in the sediment supply, caused, for example, by seasonal changes in rainfall, temperature or biochemical activity.

Glulam frame of a roof structure Glued laminated timber, also abbreviated glulam, is a type of structural engineered wood product constituted by layers of dimensional lumber bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives. In North America, the material providing the laminations is termed laminating stock or lamstock.

Well known companies such as ADP, Cavium, Vijai Electrical, Creamline Dairy Products Ltd., Pitti Laminations Ltd., Sri Chakra Cements, Geo infospace Pvt LTD, Ramky Industries, BlueDart, Reliance Jio and many others operate their businesses in Somajiguda. Babukhan Millennium Centre and Fortune Towers are two prominent commercial office space providers.

Eddy current losses can be reduced by making the core out of thin laminations which have an insulating coating, or alternatively, making the core of a magnetic material with high electrical resistance, like ferrite. Most magnetic cores intended for power converter application use ferrite cores for this reason.

Broeker noted that the first performance took place on 18 May 1966. Further performances by other university orchestras followed in 1968 and 1969 . The first and to date only recording was released by Vox Turnabout in 1971 paired with Morton Subotnick's "Laminations" and John Eaton's "Concert Piece for Synket and Orchestra".

The technique was also developed to protect metal objects such as sewing machines, hand planes, builders' hardware, and in North America, watthour meters made before the mid-1930s. Later, it was used as an insulating film on transformer laminations. It was also used as the substrate for the tintype photographic process.

The ending lamination theorem, originally conjectured by William Thurston and later proven by Jeffrey Brock, Richard Canary, and Yair Minsky, states that hyperbolic 3-manifolds with finitely generated fundamental groups are determined by their topology together with certain "end invariants", which are geodesic laminations on some surfaces in the boundary of the manifold.

In hyperbolic geometry, the ending lamination theorem, originally conjectured by , states that hyperbolic 3-manifolds with finitely generated fundamental groups are determined by their topology together with certain "end invariants", which are geodesic laminations on some surfaces in the boundary of the manifold. The ending lamination theorem is a generalization of the Mostow rigidity theorem to hyperbolic manifolds of infinite volume. When the manifold is compact or of finite volume, the Mostow rigidity theorem states that the fundamental group determines the manifold. When the volume is infinite the fundamental group is not enough to determine the manifold: one also needs to know the hyperbolic structure on the surfaces at the "ends" of the manifold, and also the ending laminations on these surfaces.

This caused extremely high circulating currents and a meltdown of the transformer frame, made of metal castings and laminations. To add nighttime broadcasts, a seventh tower was added to the array. This was used with five of the existing day towers to make a new parallelogram shaped system. KLAT began night operation at 1,000 watts.

At the base of the Upper Debolt is distal and medial ramp argillaceous limestone facies with limited laminations and thin bedding. These argillaceous facies rarely contain clean carbonate interbeds in the medial ramp setting, predominately wackestones and packstones. These facies are followed by a capping proximal ramp/shoal facies with abundant skeletal packstones and grainstones.

Lamination paper is a paper used for laminates. Normally on particle or fiberboards giving a good-looking and resistant surface for use as furniture, decoration panels and flooring. Paper laminations are also used in packaging. For example, juiceboxes are fabricated from liquid packaging board which is usually six layers of paper, polyethylene, and aluminum foil.

The fossilised calcareous beds, locally contain cherty nodules and wavy laminations. The loose to massive sediments of the uppermost part of the formation show well-developed bedding; they are black in colour. This is peat, the result of organic decomposition, that was then covered by the Alaji Basalts, the second phase of basalt eruption.

In that well, the Haynesville Shale consists of silty, argillaceous mudstones, silty, calcareous mudstones, and dolomitic mudstones and dolomites. The silty, argillaceous mudstones contain more than 30% silt- sized siliceous grains. The silt often occurs as laminations within these mudstones. In addition, the argillaceous matrix of such mudstones frequently contains numerous calcareous particles and stringers.

The Hopeman Sandstone Formation is predominantly composed of fine- to coarse-grained yellowish sand with well rounded grains, mostly deposited as wind-blown dunes, but occasionally deposited by sheet floods. Basal beds are pebbly and the unit varies, exhibiting large-scale crossbedding to fine rarely contorted laminations. Some beds are friable, while others hard and siliceous.

Both styles of the papyrus roll, "-tied" or "-open", are an ideogram for "roll of papyrus", with a phonetic value of m(dj)3t.Betrò, 1995. Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt, p. 237. Some artistic versions of the papyrus roll show the laminations, or grid-work, the cross-hatching of the papyrus fibers, for example on Thutmose III's cartouches.

Antarctic Journal of the U.S. 29(5)35-36. At Turbidite Hill, the Buckley Formation consists of cross-bedded medium- and coarse-grained sandstone, thin silty carbonaceous sandstone, muddy siltstone, and thin coal seams. The sandstone exhibits cross-bedding, convoluted bedding, and cross-laminations. Beds of sandstone with laminated bases that grade upward into ripple-drift laminated and convoluted siltstone are common.

Ret, A1, B1 and B2 test results do not correlate with each other. Two fabrics may have a B1 of 10,000gr, but one can be 10,000 A1 and the other 4,000 A1. It all depends on the type of coating or lamination and how it moves moisture. Typically hydrophobic coatings perform better than hydrophilic laminations on the Ret and A1 Test.

Figure 1. Squirrel cage rotor A squirrel-cage rotor is the rotating part of the common squirrel-cage induction motor. It consists of a cylinder of steel laminations, with aluminum or copper conductors embedded in its surface. In operation, the non-rotating stator winding is connected to an alternating current power source; the alternating current in the stator produces a rotating magnetic field.

These systems are inner and midfan subsystem and the outer fan subsystem. The inner and midfan system contains interbedded thin to medium bedded sandstones and mudstones. Structures that are found in these sandstones include load clasts, micro-faults, slump folds, convolute laminations, dewatering structures, graded bedding, and gradational tops of sandstone beds. Partial Bouma sequences can be found within the subsystem.

In transformers magnetic noise and vibrations are generated by several phenomena depending on the load case which include Lorentz force on the windingsArturi, C.M., 1992. Force calculation in transformer windings under unbalanced MMFs by a non-linear finite element code. IEEE transactions on magnetics, 28(2), pp.1363-1366., Maxwell forces in the joints of the laminations, and magnetostriction inside the laminated core.

Siltstones can be distinguished from claystone away from the laboratory by chewing a small sample; claystone feels smooth while siltstone feels gritty. Siltstones differ significantly from sandstones due to their smaller pores and a higher propensity for containing a significant clay fraction. Although often mistaken for a shale, siltstone lacks the laminations and fissility along horizontal lines which are typical of shale. Siltstones may contain concretions.

Coextrusions and laminations are available for specific mechanical and barrier properties for shrink wrapping food. For example, five layers might be configuration as EP/EVA/copolyester/EVA/EP, where EP is ethylene-propylene and EVA is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. PVC is the most used shrink wrap, due to its light weight, and inexpensive capabilities. PVC is durable, and can be used for many different purposes.

Retrieved January 15, 2014. This is what makes the "neck" a unique feature of Salvi harps, "... costing about four times that of a conventional neck to manufacture. Each neck has inner core of many laminations impregnated with resins and compressed to size by a two-story-high press ...." Balderston, Suzanne and Jane Weidensaul. "The History of the Salvi Harp," [American Harp Journal] Summer, 1980, pp. 4.

This entailed vertical columns which transitioned into curved glued laminated eaves zones, and then became sloped rafters, all in a single laminated unit. Each component, bonded under pressure, comprised three or more horizontally arranged laminations. The result was the first glulam portal. In 1909, the Swiss engineering consultants Terner & Chopard purchased permission to use Hetzer's patent and employed glulam in a number of projects.

The Gravelbourg Formation is divided in two members, Lower and Upper Gravelbourg. The lower member is composed of dolomitic limestone with green shale laminations in the upper part, chalcedonic chert and anhydrite in the lower part and a basal shale bed with fish scales and anhydrite. The upper Gravelbourg consists of dark shale with sandstone and argillaceous limestone stringers and a tan mudstone bed at the top.

The energy loss due to the domain walls moving through these defects is responsible for the hysteresis curve of ferromagnetic materials. Ferromagnetic materials with high coercivity often have more of these defects, so they produce more Barkhausen noise for a given magnetic flux change, while materials with low coercivity, such as silicon steel transformer laminations, are processed to eliminate defects, so they produce little Barkhausen noise.

Figure 2. Diagram of the squirrel-cage (showing only three laminations) The motor rotor shape is a cylinder mounted on a shaft. Internally it contains longitudinal conductive bars (usually made of aluminium or copper) set into grooves and connected at both ends by shorting rings forming a cage-like shape. The name is derived from the similarity between this rings-and-bars winding and a squirrel cage.

The deposition was in a marine proximal turbidite fan, with the turbidity current flowing to the east. There are no fossils, but there is some sedimentary structure including plane, cross or convolute laminations, load casts, slump units and flute moulds. ;Tidbinbilla Quartzite Tidbinbilla Quartzite has been modified by granite intrusions close by. It consists of medium grained sandstone, partly silicified and changed to quartzite.

Cross-bedding features in rock "Last Chance". Voids or "vugs" inside the rock Examination in 2004 of Meridiani rocks, showed the first strong in situ evidence for past water by detecting the mineral jarosite, which only forms in water. This discovery proved that water once existed in Meridiani Planum. In addition, some rocks showed small laminations (layers) with shapes that are only made by gently flowing water.

The first such laminations were found in a rock called "The Dells." Geologists would say that the cross-stratification showed festoon geometry from transport in subaqueous ripples. A picture of cross- stratification, also called cross-bedding, is shown on the left. Box-shaped holes in some rocks were caused by sulfates forming large crystals, and then when the crystals later dissolved, holes, called vugs, were left behind.

Zhu et al. experimented with the use of a 21.6 GHz probe to scan the fusion butt welds of HDPE pipe. They compared a reference scan of a good weld with scans of welds with lack of fusion and cold welds. These types of weld defects can be difficult to detect since they don't necessarily result in laminations that would strongly reflect a signal.

It includes the theorem of Reidemeister and Singer on common refinements ("stabilizations") of Heegaard splittings, the reducibility of splittings, the uniqueness of splittings of a given genus for Euclidean space, and the Rubinstein–Scharlemann graphic, a tool for studying Heegaard splittings. A final chapter surveys more advanced topics including the geometrization conjecture, Dehn surgery, foliations, laminations, and curve complexes. There are two appendices, on general position and Morse theory.

Thin gauge (under ) parts in a broad range of alloys are candidates for photo etching. Industrial applications include fine screens and meshes, apertures and masks, battery grids, fuel cell components, sensors, springs, pressure membranes, heat sinks, flexible heating elements, RF and microwave circuits and components, semiconductor leadframes, motor and transformer laminations, metal gaskets and seals, shields and retainers, electrical contacts, encoders and light choppers, EMI/RFI shields, jewelry and washers.

The Leitner-Watts propellers were amongst the earliest with a thick metal aerodynamic profile. Watts was the aerodynamicist who determined the blade profile, Leitner the engineer who translated it into metal and designed hubs for two, three and four bladed propellers. The blades were produced in the Rubery Owen factory in Darlaston, Staffordshire. Each blade side or shell was made up from three laminations of steel sheet, shaped in a press.

Lines of Zahn are a characteristic of thrombi that appear particularly when formed in the heart or aorta. They have visible and microscopic alternating layers (laminations) of platelets mixed with fibrin, which appear lighter and darker layers of red blood cells. Their presence implies thrombosis at a site of rapid blood flow that happened before death. In veins or smaller arteries, where flow is not as constant, they are less apparent.

The two informal units are further subdivided into two units each, the lower is divided into the lower TaP1 which consists of "poorly sorted, phosphatized grit with abundant phosphorite nodules and bones" and the upper TaP2 which consists of "nodular bedded sandstone and grit". The upper biosiliceous unit is divided into the lower TaS1, which is heavily bioturbated, and the upper TaS2 "characterized by parallel laminations and sinusoidal ripples".

Most commonly, slumping exists in the Sherack Formation, which sits on a less competent formation called the Huot and Brenna Formations. The Sherack Formation is composed of silt and clay laminations, while the Brenna is a clay deposit. These less competent formations become exposed when the overlying Sherack Formation is eroded by the river valley. Cracks can also form in the Sherack Formation, causing weakness in the underlying clay, and slumping.

At a later stage, this was replaced by "Aerolite", a synthetic urea- formaldehyde type, which was more durable.Thirsk 2006, p. 43. To provide for the edge joints for the fuselage halves, zones near the outer edges of the shells had their balsa sandwich cores replaced by much stronger inner laminations of birch plywood. For the bonding together of the two halves ("boxing up"), a longitudinal cut was machined into these edges.

All timber had been pressure treated with preservative and well seasoned. It was estimated that a laminated stock would be up to 20% stronger than a similar stock of solid timber. The timber used was thick and nine laminations were required at the centre, where the stock passes through the poll end of the windshaft. Careful attention was paid to where individual joints occurred between different pieces of timber.

The constructions that offer the least feedback employ prime numbers of bars. The iron core serves to carry the magnetic field through the rotor conductors. Because the magnetic field in the rotor is alternating with time, the core uses construction similar to a transformer core to reduce core energy losses. It is made of thin laminations, separated by varnish insulation, to reduce eddy currents circulating in the core.

IE3 motors are heavier and physically bigger than IE1 motors. Typically use of higher slot fill in the copper winding, use of thinner laminations of improved steel properties, reducing the air gap, better design of cooling fan, use of special and improved bearings etc. can ensure higher efficiency in the motors. The high electrical conductivity of copper versus other metallic conductors enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors.

The Monkton Quartzite consists of red ferruginous quartzite interbedded with lesser buff and white quartzites. Additionally, there are thick sections of dolomite (dolostone) containing algal laminations similar to the Winooksi Dolostone. The Monkton Quartzite preserves many primary sedimentary features, including wave-action ripples, rain-drop imprints, trilobite tracks, and burrows. The unit contains shallowing upward cycles of subtidal sand shoals overlain by intertidal beds of sand and silt.

Laminations of ice in a sheet of aufeis Aufeis, ( ), (German for "ice on top") is a sheet-like mass of layered ice that forms from successive flows of ground water during freezing temperatures. This form of ice is also called overflow, icings, or the Russian term, naled. The term was first used in 1859 by A. T. von Middendorff following his observations of the phenomenon in northern Siberia.Ashton, George D. 1986.

The Bumblebee was designed by Ivan Driggs and built by the Johnson Airplane Company. It had advanced features: cantilever monoplanes were uncommon in the 1920s, steel tube framed lightplanes novel and enclosed cockpits rare. Its parasol wing had two spars of laminated spruce, the number of laminations decreasing outboard, and a birch skin from the leading edge to the rear spar. Behind this the wing was fabric covered, as were the steel framed ailerons.

Late Triassic (220 Ma) The Elliot Formation unconformably overlies the Molteno Formation and is conformably overlain by the Clarens Formation. Due to the reddish colour of the rocks, the Elliot Formation is colloquially referred to as the “Red Beds” in older literature. The Elliot Formation is dominated by mudstones and siltstones that can be finely laminated. However, the internal structures in the mudstones are often not visible due to locally poor laminations.

Stromatolites are the dominant fossils reported from the Comanche Point Member of the Dox Formation. These stromatolites, which weather brown to greenish-brown, consist of dolomite, with minor amounts of silt and clay. They typically take the form of laterally linked hemispheroids and are associated with desiccation cracks and birdseye structures. In addition, a few thin dolomite beds having fine laminations, possibly algal, occur beneath the lower marker bed in the Comanche Point Member.

Figure 3. Stator and rotor laminations The field windings in the stator of an induction motor set up a rotating magnetic field through the rotor. The relative motion between this field and the rotor induces electric current in the conductive bars. In turn these currents lengthwise in the conductors react with the magnetic field of the motor to produce force acting at a tangent orthogonal to the rotor, resulting in torque to turn the shaft.

Laminations in ironstone and pelite formations suggest that the mafic volcanic rocks deposited on the low energy slope of a volcanic plateau, away from wave action. Because of the enormous time distance from the Archean, exact interpretations are less reliable. In the late Proterozoic, the region was affected by the Wopmay orogeny. Along the edge of the Archean Slave Craton, a 1.1 kilometre thick wedge of carbonates formed the Rocknest Formation, which thins to the east.

Formed (electrical grade ) insulating shield Vulcanized fibre or red fibre is a laminated plastic composed of only cellulose. The material is a tough, resilient, hornlike material that is lighter than aluminium, tougher than leather, and stiffer than most thermoplastics. The newer wood-laminating grade of vulcanized fibre is used to strengthen wood laminations used in skis, skateboards, support beams and as a sub-laminate under thin wood veneers. A product very similar to vulcanized fibre is leatheroid.

The wet strength of paper and paperboard is a measure of how well the web of fibers holding the paper together can resist a force of rupture when the paper is wet. Wet strength is routinely expressed as the ratio of wet to dry tensile force at break. With combined board such as corrugated fiberboard or with laminations, wet strength also includes the ability to stay intact under humid or wet conditions. Wet strength adhesives are often needed.

When an insulation breakdown allowed the input wiring to arc, the high temperatures allowed the secondary wires to short to the inputs. This caused extremely high circulating currents and a meltdown of the transformer frame (made of metal castings and laminations). The station is an affiliate of the Dallas Cowboys radio network and the West Texas Friday Night Scoreboard Show. On March 30, 2012 KPUR changed their format from sports to oldies, branded as "True Oldies".

A simple earthquake path in Teichmüller space is a path determined by varying a single shear or length Fenchel–Nielsen coordinate (for a fixed ideal triangulation of a surface). The name comes from seeing the ideal triangles or the pants as tectonic plates and the shear as plate motion. More generally one can do earthquakes along geodesic laminations. A theorem of Thurston then states that two points in Teichmüller space are joined by a unique earthquake path.

The reactor core was wrapped in a series of neutron reflectors and shielding structures, starting with a 15 cm (6 in.) thick cylindrical blanket of natural uranium immediately surrounding the core. This blanket was open at the top and bottom and could be moved up and down. Next was a 15.2 cm (6 in.) thick steel reflector and 10 cm (4 in.) of lead. Finally, most of the reactor was surrounded by multiple laminations of steel and boron plastic.

593-600 It predominantly consists of alternating reddish brown mudstone and horizontally laminated sandstone, with ripple cross laminations and rhizoliths. It was first formally defined as a unit by Hasegawa et al in 2008 as a distinct unit from the overlying Djadochta Formation. The environment of deposition is suggested to be fluvial, originating in sandy braided river, floodplain and ephemeral lake depositional environments, as opposed to the desert depositional environment of the Djadochta Formation.Hasegawa et al.

These sediments have since been metamorphosed to slate, phyllite, or fine-grained chloritoid- or garnet-porphyroblastic muscovite-chlorite-quartz schist by the Racklan orogeny at 1.6 Ga, as well as magmatism and hydrothermal activity. The Quartet group records a time of increasing sediment input beginning with shales and coarsening upward to siltstone and carbonates. The Gillespie lake group is characterised by wavy and plane bedding and preserved cross laminations, algal mats, stromatolites, pisolites, intraclasts, and mud-cracks, indicating a shallow water depositional environment.

An electronic ballast uses solid state electronic circuitry to provide the proper starting and operating electrical conditions to power discharge lamps. An electronic ballast can be smaller and lighter than a comparably-rated magnetic one. An electronic ballast is usually quieter than a magnetic one, which produces a line- frequency hum by vibration of the transformer laminations. Electronic ballasts are often based on switched-mode power supply (SMPS) topology, first rectifying the input power and then chopping it at a high frequency.

The average thickness of the skin would have been one quarter inch with additional laminations providing attaching points for the internal structure. Given the overall use of Duraloid throughout the airframe components it is reasonable to believe the bonding was accomplished using the Bakelite-based resin. When the two fuselage halves were mated and fully skinned, they were covered with a lightweight fabric covering material. In 1936 it would have been either cotton or linen doped over the Duraloid skin.

Eddy currents are the root cause of the skin effect in conductors carrying AC current. Lamination of magnetic cores in transformers greatly improves the efficiency by minimising eddy currents Similarly, in magnetic materials of finite conductivity eddy currents cause the confinement of the majority of the magnetic fields to only a couple skin depths of the surface of the material. This effect limits the flux linkage in inductors and transformers having magnetic cores. E-I transformer laminations showing flux paths.

Input power is routed to a choke coil connected between the main input and the lamp. The coil may be tapped in several places to provide for various input voltages (120 V or 240 V) and a high start-up voltage. Capacitors are also included to compensate for the inductance of the coil and improve the power factor. Because of the high amount of current through the ballast, a low humming sound is often heard due to magnetostriction of the ballast iron laminations.

Modern stromatolites are characterized by their thicker and more irregular laminations due to coarser grain size. Stromatolites trap sediment particles when the particles come to a rest from wave agitation. Trapping is separate process where filaments of bacteria traps the particle, provided the angle of the filaments are still within the limits before the grain rolls off due to overcoming the friction of the film. The length of the cyanobacterial filaments plays an important role in deciding the grain size trapped.

The Whitehill Formation has been subdivided into two major subunits according to their weathering color in outcrops. The lower and thicker part consists mainly of bluish- to greenish-grey shales and mudstones, which grade upward into more light brownish, buff weathering, slightly coarser grained siltstones. This zone is conformably overlain by white weathering shales, with intermittent chert lenses and pyritic stringers; the latter rarely exceeding in thickness. The sedimentary structure is generally massive, however laminations do occur that resemble algal lamellae.

The church is a competent late Victorian example of the gothic style arranged to meet Presbyterian liturgical requirements. Its corner site makes it significant in the streetscape. The use of thin laminations as an integral part of the circular arch roof structure makes the building unique for its date in structural terms. The organ is significant as being a rare intact example of the work of Charles Richardson, the most prominent organ- builder of New South Wales from 1883 to 1920.

In these early years, the women in this field responded to the hyper-technical work of their male counterparts by building furniture with complex joinery and technically advanced bent wood laminations. This was done to "prove themselves" and "gain acceptance" into this male-dominated field. In the mid-80's, Somerson began to define her aesthetic style and to put personal expression into her work. Her focus became functional and timeless pieces using long-standing furniture making traditions to ensure decades of use.

Although the composition of the grains may vary, even within the same grain, they are mostly composed of fairly pure nickel-ferrite. The ferrite grains are connected with cementite laminations; typically 5 to 25 micrometers thick; forming the pearlite. Type 1 is found as very large boulders, typically ranging from a few tons to tens of tons. The metal could not be cold worked by the ancient Inuit people, (the local inhabitants of Greenland), and proves extremely difficult to machine even with modern tools.

Because the rotor is much lighter in weight (mass) than a conventional rotor formed from copper windings on steel laminations, the rotor can accelerate much more rapidly, often achieving a mechanical time constant under one millisecond. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than the heavier copper. But because there is no metal mass in the rotor to act as a heat sink, even small coreless motors must often be cooled by forced air. Overheating might be an issue for coreless DC motor designs.

By looking at the hyperbolic lengths of simple closed curves for each point in Teichmüller space and taking the closure in the (infinite-dimensional) projective space, introduced a compactification whose points at infinity correspond to projective measured laminations. The compactified space is homeomorphic to a closed ball. This Thurston compactification is acted on continuously by the modular group. In particular any element of the modular group has a fixed point in Thurston's compactification, which Thurston used in his classification of elements of the modular group.

AC-powered appliances can give off a characteristic hum, often called "mains hum", at the multiples of the frequencies of AC power that they use (see Magnetostriction). It is usually produced by motor and transformer core laminations vibrating in time with the magnetic field. This hum can also appear in audio systems, where the power supply filter or signal shielding of an amplifier is not adequate. 50 Hz power hum 60 Hz power hum 400 Hz power hum Most countries chose their television vertical synchronization rate to approximate the local mains supply frequency.

Polycrystalline structure of electrical steel after coating has been removed. Electrical steel (lamination steel, silicon electrical steel, silicon steel, relay steel, transformer steel) is an iron alloy tailored to produce specific magnetic properties: small hysteresis area resulting in low power loss per cycle, low core loss, and high permeability. Electrical steel is usually manufactured in cold-rolled strips less than 2 mm thick. These strips are cut to shape to make laminations which are stacked together to form the laminated cores of transformers, and the stator and rotor of electric motors.

This material is a metallic glass prepared by pouring molten alloy onto a rotating cooled wheel, which cools the metal at a rate of about one megakelvin per second, so fast that crystals do not form. Amorphous steel is limited to foils of about 50 µm thickness. The mechanical properties of amorphous steel make stamping laminations for electric motors difficult. Since amorphous ribbon can be cast to any specific width under roughly 13 inches and can be sheared with relative ease, it is a suitable material for wound electrical transformer cores.

Previous repairs and conservation treatments are removed if it is determined that the parchment is in good condition and that the repair is not of historic importance to the parchment. Dried out patches are removed via cleaning and humidification techniques. Parchment objects that have been attached to mounts are removed with a sharpened lifting tool and a small amount of moisture. Previous laminations, like Goldbeater's skin and Mipofolie, can sometimes be removed with solvents and mechanical techniques, though this removal technique can risk additional damage to the original parchment.

The wood from Swietenia mahagoni, as well as the other two species of Swietenia, is used to make modern musical instruments because of its superior tonewood qualities. It is sometimes utilized in the top of guitars as well as the back, sides and neck, and is not uncommon in older mandolins. The wood is also used in the manufacture of electric guitars such as the Gibson Les Paul models: the Custom, the Deluxe and the Studio. Three-ply laminations of mahogany, poplar and mahogany are found in top of the line drum shells.

Hatcher also showed that irreducible, boundary-irreducible 3-manifolds with toral boundary have at most "half" of all possible boundary slopes resulting from essential surfaces. In the case of one torus boundary, one can conclude that the number of slopes given by essential surfaces is finite. Hatcher has made contributions to the so-called theory of essential laminations in 3-manifolds. He invented the notion of "end-incompressibility" and several of his students, such as Mark Brittenham, Charles Delman, and Rachel Roberts, have made important contributions to the theory.

The powerplant, specified as a single cylinder, two stroke, carburetted Zenoah G-25 aircraft engine, is mounted behind the pilot and behind the wing, above the fuselage. The main landing gear legs are built from wood laminations. The wings and tailplane can be removed in 20 minutes by two people to permit ground transportation by trailer or for storage. The controls are conventional, but limited in pitch and roll authority, bringing a recommendation by reviewer Andre Cliche not to fly the Model A in windy or turbulent conditions.

Retrieved from The primary coil assembly consists of phase windings surrounded by steel laminations, and includes a thermal sensor within a thermal epoxy. The reaction plate consists of a 3.2 mm (0.125 inch) thick aluminum or copper plate bonded to a 6.4 mm (0.25 inch) thick cold rolled steel sheet. There is an air gap between these two parts that creates the frictionless property an electromagnetic propulsion system encompasses. Functioning of a linear induction motor begins with an AC force that is supplied to the coil windings within the primary coil assembly.

Laminated core transformer This is the most common type of transformer, widely used in electric power transmission and appliances to convert mains voltage to low voltage to power electronic devices. They are available in power ratings ranging from mW to MW. The insulated laminations minimizes eddy current losses in the iron core. Small appliance and electronic transformers may use a split bobbin, giving a high level of insulation between the windings. The rectangular cores are made up of stampings, often in E-I shape pairs, but other shapes are sometimes used.

The kris or keris in Indonesian languages, is an Indonesian asymmetrical dagger with distinctive blade-patterning achieved through alternating laminations of iron and nickelous iron (pamor). The kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, although many have straight blades as well. Keris is also a symbol of power and of ethnic pride in most communities making up the Malay archipelago (currently Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand and Southern Philippines). Kris is also one of the weapons commonly used in Pencak Silat martial art, which is also native to the region.

80% efficiency could be achieved, but in order to keep the leakage flux low enough to achieve this the machine required a very narrow clearance of 0.8 mm between the stator and rotor, which could weigh 5 tons and be moving at a peripheral speed of 200 meters per second. Another challenge was that to reduce hysteresis losses in the iron rotor at radio frequencies, it had to be made of very thin foil laminations, .05 mm (.002 in) thick, separated by paper sheets, so the rotor was more than 1/3 paper.

Oil-cooled three-phase distribution transformer, similar to one in above photo, with housing off, showing construction. Distribution substations inside a small tower-like building are common in Europe. Near Jelenia Góra, Poland Distribution transformers consist of a magnetic core made from laminations of sheet silicon steel (transformer steel) stacked and either glued together with resin or banded together with steel straps, with the primary and secondary wire windings wrapped around them. This core construction is designed to reduce core losses, dissipation of magnetic energy as heat in the core, which are an economically important cause of power loss in utility grids.

Crawford Lake is a lake near the community of Campbellville, in the town of Milton, Regional Municipality of Halton, Ontario, Canada. It is located within Crawford Lake Conservation Area, a Regionally Environmentally Sensitive Area, an Ontario Area of Natural and Scientific Interest, and part of the Niagara Escarpment World Biosphere Reserve. The primary inflow to the lake is an unnamed creek. Crawford Lake is meromictic, which means it has sequentially deposited seasonal sediment laminations called varves at the bottom; these allow for accurate dating of sediment cores and make Crawford Lake a prime site for archeological and geochemical studies.

By Bers's theorem, quasi-Fuchsian groups (of some fixed genus) are parameterized by points in T×T, where T is Teichmüller space of the same genus. Suppose that there is a sequence of quasi-Fuchsian groups corresponding to points (gi, hi) in T×T. Also suppose that the sequences gi, hi converge to points μ,μ′ in the Thurston boundary of Teichmüller space of projective measured laminations. If the points μ,μ′ have the property that any nonzero measured lamination has positive intersection number with at least one of them, then the sequence of quasi-Fuchsian groups has a subsequence that converges algebraically.

Archtops usually have three-a-side pegheads and necks similar in width to a steel-string acoustic rather than an electric. High-end models traditionally have "block" or "trapezoid" position markers. The top or belly (and often the back) of the archtop guitar is either carved out of a block of solid wood or heat-pressed using either a solid top or laminations, the latter being a less expensive construction method. The belly normally has two f-holes, the lower of these partly covered by a scratch plate raised above the belly so as not to dampen its vibration.

In East Java the base of the Semilir Formation can be identified by the abrupt termination of bioturbated reworked deposits characteristic of the Kebobutak Formation. The volcanic rocks of the Semilir Formation are characterised by features typical of terrestrial air-fall, pyroclastic surge and flow deposits including dune and antidune structures, crystal layering, well-sorted granular laminations, diffuse bedding, breccias (with metre-scale pumice blocks), thick mantling ashes, and abundant fragments of charcoal. Locally there are water-laid deposits, with scoured irregular bases, flame, traction and suspension structures, and large slump folds indicating an unstable marine slope. Smyth et al.

The finished blades were just over eight feet long, made of three laminations of glued spruce. The Wrights decided on twin "pusher" propellers (counter-rotating to cancel torque), which would act on a greater quantity of air than a single relatively slow propeller and not disturb airflow over the leading edge of the wings. Wilbur made a March 1903 entry in his notebook indicating the prototype propeller was 66% efficient. Modern wind tunnel tests on reproduction 1903 propellers show they were more than 75% efficient under the conditions of the first flights, "a remarkable feat", and actually had a peak efficiency of 82%.

Tack fusing is the joining together of glass, with as little change to the shape of the pieces as possible. Tack fusing may be used either decoratively, or to assemble a large piece of glass from laminations. Where tack fusing is used to apply small decorative details to a larger piece, it is often desired to partially melt the small pieces so that they change shape (usually becoming more spherical, under the influence of surface tension), but without changing the shape of the carrier piece. This can be done by using an increased temperature, but only briefly.

Ending laminations were introduced by . Suppose that a hyperbolic 3-manifold has a geometrically tame end of the form S×[0,1) for some compact surface S without boundary, so that S can be thought of as the "points at infinity" of the end. The ending lamination of this end is (roughly) a lamination on the surface S, in other words a closed subset of S that is written as the disjoint union of geodesics of S. It is characterized by the following property. Suppose that there is a sequence of closed geodesics on S whose lifts tends to infinity in the end.

Rattigan (1967) described a variety of other deformational phenomena from these strata, including lode and flow structures, intraformational facturing, penecontemporaneous sand intrusions, and non-hydrodynamic ripple forms. He proposed earthquake-activated slumping as a possible mechanism of formation. The other feature of the strata exposed in the quarry which has attracted scientific interest is the significance of the laminations. The explanation on the signboard reflects the view of early workers in the area that the alternation of coarse and fine bands was attributable to seasonal deposition, and that the approximate time taken for accumulation could be established by counting pairs of layers.

Sussmilch estimated that all-out 3000 years would have been required to deposit the total thickness of varve shales (some 60 m) in the Seaham district, but the accuracy of this measurement was questioned by Osborne (1925) because it disregarded the effects of contemporaneous erosion, non-annual depositional rhythms, and weathering-induced variability in prominence of laminations. The exceptional preservation of the Seaham varves (considering their age) prompted the Swedish scientist Carl Caldenius to investigate their potential use in geochronology (a section was actually measured for this purpose at Paterson nearby.Caldenius, 1938 However, subsequent workers (e.g. Crowell and Frakes.

The skin effect also reduces the effective thickness of laminations in power transformers, increasing their losses. Iron rods work well for direct-current (DC) welding but it is impossible to use them at frequencies much higher than 60 Hz. At a few kilohertz, the welding rod will glow red hot as current flows through the greatly increased AC resistance resulting from the skin effect, with relatively little power remaining for the arc itself. Only non-magnetic rods can be used for high-frequency welding. At 1 megahertz the skin effect depth in wet soil is about 5.0 m, in seawater it's about 0.25 m.

The vector sum of balanced three- phase currents, however, is zero, allowing for the neutral wires to be eliminated. In electrical power distribution, a requirement of only three conductors, rather than four, represented a considerable distribution-wire cost savings due to the expense of conductors and installation. While both two-phase and three-phase circuits have a constant combined power for an ideal load, practical devices such as motors can suffer from power pulsations in two-phase systems. These power pulsations tend to cause increased mechanical noise in transformer and motor laminations due to magnetostriction and torsional vibration in generator and motor drive shafts.

Evidence for widespread ocean anoxia (severe deficiency of oxygen) and euxinia (presence of hydrogen sulfide) is found from the Late Permian to the Early Triassic. Throughout most of the Tethys and Panthalassic Oceans, evidence for anoxia, including fine laminations in sediments, small pyrite framboids, high uranium/thorium ratios, and biomarkers for green sulfur bacteria, appear at the extinction event. However, in some sites, including Meishan, China, and eastern Greenland, evidence for anoxia precedes the extinction. Biomarkers for green sulfur bacteria, such as isorenieratane, the diagenetic product of isorenieratene, are widely used as indicators of photic zone euxinia because green sulfur bacteria require both sunlight and hydrogen sulfide to survive.

The weight of the heaviest part, the inner stator, is 194 tons. The generator stator winding is water cooled at 2.155 m3/min (474 gal/min) and the stator core and rotor winding are cooled by hydrogen at 60 psig circulated by a blower on the shaft. To reduce the transport weight, each stator consists of an outer gas tight enclosure, which carries the hydrogen coolers and the end brackets which support the rotor bearings, and an inner stator comprising the magnetic core and windings. The stator core is built with laminations of cold rolled grain-oriented sheet steel 0.013 in (0.033 cm) thick, insulated from each other with insuline.

In 2004, Meridiani Planum was the landing site for the second of NASA's two Mars Exploration Rovers, named Opportunity. It had also been the target landing site for Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander, which was cancelled after the failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander missions. The Eagle crater wall showed layered sandstones, composed of basaltic detritus cemented by sulfate evaporites, and "blue berry" hematite spherules. At Endurance crater, the hematite-sulfate Burns formation showed aeolian dune field cross bedding in the sandstone lower unit, topped by an aeolian sand sheet in the middle unit, and followed by festoon laminations in the upper unit.

Before inspection the cylinder must be clean and free of loose coatings, corrosion products and other materials which may obscure the surface. The cylinder is inspected externally for dents, cracks, gouges, cuts, bulges, laminations and excessive wear, heat damage, torch or electric arc burns, corrosion damage, illegible, incorrect or unauthorised permanent stamp markings, and unauthorised additions or modifications. Unless the cylinder walls are examined by ultrasonic methods, the interior must be visually inspected using sufficient illumination to identify any damage and defects, particularly corrosion. If the inner surface is not clearly visible it should first be cleaned by an approved method which does not remove a significant amount of wall material.

For more detailed analysis, see Magnetic core and Steinmetz's equation. :; Eddy current losses :: Eddy currents are induced in the conductive metal transformer core by the changing magnetic field, and this current flowing through the resistance of the iron dissipates energy as heat in the core. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and inverse square of the material thickness. Eddy current losses can be reduced by making the core of a stack of laminations (thin plates) electrically insulated from each other, rather than a solid block; all transformers operating at low frequencies use laminated or similar cores.

Currently the most important application is due to the special magnetic properties of some ferromagnetic metallic glasses. The low magnetization loss is used in high efficiency transformers (amorphous metal transformer) at line frequency and some higher frequency transformers. Amorphous steel is a very brittle material which makes it difficult to punch into motor laminations. Also electronic article surveillance (such as theft control passive ID tags,) often uses metallic glasses because of these magnetic properties. A commercial amorphous alloy, Vitreloy 1 (41.2% Zr, 13.8% Ti, 12.5% Cu, 10% Ni, and 22.5% Be), was developed at Caltech, as a part of Department of Energy and NASA research of new aerospace materials.

Rock of this composition that does show laminations or fissility is sometimes described as mudshale rather than mudstone. The lack of fissility or layering in mudstone may be due to either original texture or the disruption of layering by burrowing organisms in the sediment prior to lithification. Mudstone looks like hardened clay and, depending upon the circumstances under which it was formed, it may show cracks or fissures, like a sun-baked clay deposit. When the mineral composition of mudstones has been determined, using such techniques as scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, or X-ray diffraction analysis, they have been found to be composed primarily of clay minerals, quartz, and feldspars, with a variety of accessory minerals.

Universal motors also formed the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways. In this application, the use of AC to power a motor originally designed to run on DC would lead to efficiency losses due to eddy current heating of their magnetic components, particularly the motor field pole-pieces that, for DC, would have used solid (un-laminated) iron. Although the heating effects are reduced by using laminated pole-pieces, as used for the cores of transformers and by the use of laminations of high permeability electrical steel, one solution available at the start of the 20th century was for the motors to be operated from very low frequency AC supplies, with operation being common.

Laminated timber arch bridges were constructed in Australia on British and American designs from 1853.playfordspast.blogspot.com However, few survived due to the poor preservation of Australian timbers The first bridges of this type in South Australia were built in 1856 using both imported softwood and local hardwood and incorporated horizontally laminated bent timbers bolted at regular intervals. However the arches only had a service life of only 12 to 16 years due to water penetrating between the laminations causing the timber to quickly rot. An improvement was made by laminating the timbers vertically and capping the tops to prevent water ingress. Tenders were called for erecting the Angle Vale Bridge on Wednesday 2 February 1876 closing on 21 February.

No terrestrial vertebrate remains have been found within the sandstone horizons of Unit A.MacFadden et al., 2017, p.7 Ichnofossils of the Alajuela Formation: Conichnus (C) and Ophiomorpha (O) One exposure of Interval 1, within the 9–14 m levels of the composite section, includes a moderately sorted, fine-medium grained tuffaceous sandstone with distinctive mm- to cm thick horizontal bedding and wavy laminations (Unit B). Scour and fill structures with dm-scale widths and occasional mud drapes are present near the erosional contact with the underlying Unit A lithologies. No body fossils are present in this unit, but rare and well-preserved ichnofossils, primarily Conichnus and vertically-oriented Ophiomorpha, are preserved that cut across and deform bedding horizons.

Although the switch consists of three curves ending in and intersecting at a single point, the curves in the lamination do not have endpoints and do not intersect each other. For this application of train tracks to laminations, it is often important to constrain the shapes that can be formed by connected components of the surface between the curves of the track. For instance, Penner and Harer require that each such component, when glued to a copy of itself along its boundary to form a smooth surface with cusps, have negative cusped Euler characteristic. A train track with weights, or weighted train track or measured train track, consists of a train track with a non-negative real number, called a weight, assigned to each branch.

Trzeciak M.Sc., with experimental wings constructed with three laminations, remained unflown despite excellent results from static strength testing. ;SZD-24-4 Foka 4:Two prototypes of the Foka 4 series were built with the fuselage and tail coming from the SZD-24C and wings, with slight modifications, from the SZD-24-2. The new wings were manufactured with graduated thickness impregnated plywood formed to shape in concrete moulds The first prototype was flown on 26 February 1962 with excellent results, proving to be easy to fly with pleasant handling characteristics and good performance, as well as effective and easy to use airbrakes. The second prototype (SP-2363) took part in the 1963 World Gliding Championships at Junin in Argentina with credible results.

With paper, significant visible change in the color saturation can typically be observed within 45 minutes to one hour of exposure to the HILS. To date, there is no absolute method to prevent this phenomenon, although certain laminations, lacquer coatings and glass or plastic protective sheets can effectively slow the fading characteristics of the dyes. Other common usage of the black light pigments is in security features of money notes, various certificates printed on paper, meal coupons, tickets and similar things that represent a value (monetary or otherwise). The black light printed figures used for this purpose are usually invisible under normal lighting, even when they are exposed to direct sunlight (which contains ultraviolet light) but they show up glowing when exposed to black light source.

The new paint job and futuristic appearance of the boat itself often evoked comparisons to Batman vehicles and stealth craft in the media. 4–8 layers of Kevlar were added to protect the hull against ice with the thickness depending on the location, with all areas under the waterline getting the extra laminations of kevlar as well as some areas above the waterline. To reduce its radar profile for the Japanese fleet, the ship was painted with a paint intended to scatter radar signals and a broadband radar which has near-zero radar emissions. Despite being referred to as a stealth craft, the Ady Gil lacks the angles and curvature of form designed to deflect radar away from the emitter rather than back to them.

An earthquake is roughly a sort of limit of simple earthquakes, where one has an infinite number of geodesics, and instead of attaching a positive real number to each geodesic one puts a measure on them. A geodesic lamination of a hyperbolic surface is a closed subset with a foliation by geodesics. A left earthquake E consists of a map between copies of the hyperbolic plane with geodesic laminations, that is an isometry from each stratum of the foliation to a stratum. Moreover, if A and B are two strata then E'E is a hyperbolic transformation whose axis separates A and B and which translates to the left, where EA is the isometry of the whole plane that restricts to E on A, and likewise for B.

Chicano Roy was the first to invent items, including, but not limited to, the "Molded Frame", which is a motorcycle frame that has the gas tank and frame molded together to look as one, to give body to the entire skeleton frame; however, the gas tank actually un-bolted just in case the gas tank was damaged in an accident. Chicano Roy molded all types of motorcycle frame from stock to after-market to complete personal fabricated frames. Chicano Roy and Lil brother David also included in their arsenal of customizing the "Frenched Spoon Seat", where the seat actually sat inside the frame, so you did not see a separation in between the frame and the seat. Laminations between the seat and the gas tank or recessed in the gas tank.

The Bristol Racer was a single-engined mid-wing monoplane with, unusual for the time, a retractable undercarriage. The 480 hp (360 kW) Bristol Jupiter IV radial engine was entirely enclosed within the circular-section fuselage, with an elaborate arrangement of ducts to channel cooling air over the cylinders. A large spinner with a central opening to admit air, constructed of laminated wood with internal wire bracing was fitted. The fuselage, which increased in diameter until the trailing edge of the wing and then tapered to a point, was built around a pair of circular steel frames to which the wing root stubs were mounted: aft of this structure it was a semi- monocoque built up from three laminations of tulipwood over hoops which were braced with radial wires.

Soken tester Testing head on the sample of electrical steel Soken tester - is a portable single yoke instrument for assessing the power loss in electrical steel laminations. It has been developed for quick assessment of power loss in electrical steel sheet without the need for cutting and annealing, as it is the case for standardised methods like Epstein frame. The power loss can be estimated at 1.0 T, 1.5 T and 1.7 T and two frequencies 50 Hz and 60 Hz. Lamination thickness can be set within a range from 0.01 mm to 0.99 mm and there is no option for selecting the material density.Jeremy P. Hall, Evaluation of residual stress in electrical steel, PhD Thesis, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, 2001 The power loss is measured as a product of magnetic field and flux density.

There were still many players playing quite happily with a stick with a head length of 7 in (175 mm), but players buying new sticks were now conscious of quite subtle differences in stick feel and performance due to length, shape, and the distribution of head weight—not just the total ounce weight and the "swing weight or balance" of the stick—and for the first time, in the years after 1986, were being offered a wide range of hockey sticks from a greatly increased number of manufacturers, from which to choose what suited them. After the arrival of the laminations, some brands were offering as many as ten different shapes or styles of stick head on the traditional shaft. The arrival of composites would complicate the picture further. In the early 1990s there were an astonishing number and variety of hockey sticks on offer compared with what had been available ten years earlier.

Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia Squirrel-cage rotor construction, showing only the center three laminations In 1824, the French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations. By manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated this in 1879, effectively the first primitive induction motor.The Electrical engineer, Volume 5. (February, 1890)The Electrician, Volume 50. 1923Official gazette of the United States Patent Office: Volume 50. (1890) The first commutator-free single-phase AC induction motor was invented by Hungarian engineer Ottó Bláthy; he used the single phase motor to propel his invention, the electricity meter. The first AC commutator-free three-phase induction motors were independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla, a working motor model having been demonstrated by the former in 1885 and by the latter in 1887. Tesla applied for US patents in October and November 1887 and was granted some of these patents in May 1888.

Sedimentological investigations of these organic-rich sediments, which have continued to this day, typically reveal the presence of fine laminations undisturbed by bottom-dwelling fauna, indicating anoxic conditions on the sea floor, believed to be coincident with a low lying poisonous layer of hydrogen sulfide. Furthermore, detailed organic geochemical studies have recently revealed the presence of molecules (so-called biomarkers) that derive from both purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria: organisms that required both light and free hydrogen sulfide (H2S), illustrating that anoxic conditions extended high into the illuminated upper water column. There are currently several places on earth that are exhibiting the features of anoxic events on a localized scale such as algal/bacterial blooms and localized "dead zones". Dead zones exist off the East Coast of the United States in the Chesapeake Bay, in the Scandinavian strait Kattegat, the Black Sea (which may have been anoxic in its deepest levels for millennia, however), in the northern Adriatic as well as a dead zone off the coast of Louisiana.

The main draw for Olmsted was the vast electrical dynamos of Niagara Falls, supplying power to the Pitts Company, which would enable him to use controllable large-horsepower electric motors to produce high-velocity wind to test propellers and plane models accurately in a wind-tunnel. In the spring of 1910 Olmsted led an attempt by the Pitts company to begin the production of airplanes in contrast to the steam tractors they were producing. He began by designing and constructing a prototype plane of solid construction, as opposed to the ultra-light construction of the day, a plane which would have inherent stability and an efficient stream-lined profile. The plane was as light and graceful as the Pitts company’s steam engines were heavy and cumbersome. Unfortunately, the Buffalo Pitts Company was too late in its attempt to diversify and fell a victim to the depression of 1912-14. Nearly completed by 1912, the Olmsted monocoque Bird would be one of the first true solidly-built “airplanes” of scientifically engineered design and structure ever to be constructed. Its wings were made of thin-gauge chrome-vanadium steel sheets, aluminum, and basswood laminations, all firmly riveted together.

Lancaster's Drayneflete may have taken its initial hints from a public lecture delivered in 1947 by Sir John Summerson outlining the issues in historic preservation that underlie Lancaster's comedy. Summerson described tongue-in cheek the typical English village's "laminations of architecture which would take a whole library of Mumfords to describe in detail:" :"The 'matrix' is medieval and a few Tudor gables jut out in the High Street; the one where Cromwell is conclusively proved not to have slept is an antique shop; another is the Nell Gwynne Cakery. These are the much- photographed 'old bits' The remainder of the High Street is 70 per cent Georgian--I should, perhaps, say 35 per cent, because the shopfronts have eaten up half the façades and sash windows peer over the enormous flashing fascias of the chain stores..."Summerson, John, 1947. "The Past in the Future" collected in Heavenly Mansions 1948 (paperback 1963) Drayneflete is a fairly high-toned joke, that any reader with some experience of English architecture and the English county way-of-life and the style of English antiquarian notes about parish churches and curious village harvest traditions and the like will recognize.