In biology, lamellae often exist to create a lot of surface area for copious mucus production, and so too it seems for the lamellae-laden lips of the tubelip.
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The lips are extensively covered in lamellae—thin, tightly stacked ridges or plates of tissue—giving them a deeply grooved or flaked appearance.
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The BeoVision 14 offers all the assertive design of previous generations, including the real oak "lamellae" that cover powerful three-way speakers beneath the rear-array LED display.
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In fishes, gill lamellae are used to increase the surface area between the surface area in contact with the environment to maximize gas exchange (both to attain oxygen and to expel carbon dioxide) between the water and the blood. In fish gills there are two types of lamellae, primary and secondary. The primary gill lamellae (also called gill filament) extends from the gill arch, and the secondary gill lamellae extends from the primary gill lamellae. Gas exchange primarily occurs at the secondary gill lamellae, where the tissue is notably only one cell layer thick.
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Lamellae are vertical stacks of cells that provide many beneficial functions. Lamellae cells increase photosynthetic tissue and the spaces present between the lamellae aid in gas exchange processes and prevent plant desiccation. The marginal cells of the lamellae are relatively the same size as other lamellae cells, thick walled, circular in shape, yellow-green in colour, and are papillose. Each leaf has a wide base that pinches inward and tapers into a narrow lanceolate.
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Generally, central lamellae are circles, but peripheral lamellae may be circles or semicircles. Adults are hermaphroditic. The reproductive organ include a single ovary and a single testis.
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These gills were made up of many lamellae, which facilitated gas exchange. These lamellae were packed together in rows on each exopod. K. lata had a lower number of these, with an average number of 22 lamellae per exopod, compared to an average of 50 in other arthropods.
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The octopus uses gills as its respiratory surface. The gill is composed of branchial ganglia and a series of folded lamellae. Primary lamellae extend out to form demibranches and are further folded to form the secondary free folded lamellae, which are only attached at their tops and bottoms.Young, Richard E. & Vecchione, Michael. (2002).
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Evolution of the gills in the octopodiformes. Bulletin of marine science. 71(2): 1003–1017 The tertiary lamellae are formed by folding the secondary lamellae in a fan-like shape. Water moves slowly in one direction over the gills and lamellae, into the mantle cavity and out of the octopus' funnel.Wells, M.J., & Wells, J. (1995).
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Variously sized clubbed hairs are scattered along the rear borders of both the gastral tergites and sternites, while similar, but minutely sized clubbed hairs are rarely found on the rear corners of the head. The propodium has narrow lamellae along the posterior sides that project out and then taper towards the rear. The petiole and post petiole segments each have triangular semi-transparent lamellae on the sides, with the post petiole lamellae bracketed by the lamellae projecting from the front of the gaster.
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The shapes of the microcavities are between spheres and negative crystals. There is seen a probable erasure of older sets of lamellae by new sets in quartz with hypothetical cavitation lamellae, which is presented by Rajlich in few samples. A similar distribution is common in quartz with conventional PDF lamellae. Their presence is a today's recognized criterion for a verification of impact structures.
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The depressed spaces between these lamellae are crossed by axial threads, as on the spire. The aperture is irregularly ovate. The posterior angle is decidedly obtuse. The outer lip is rendered angular by the spiral lamellae.
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The liquid that separates the flat faces between two polyhedral bubbles is called the lamellae; it is a continuous liquid phase. The areas where three lamellae meet are called plateau borders. When the bubbles in the foam are the same size the lamellae in the plateau borders meet at 120 degree angles. Since the lamella is slightly curved, the plateau region is at low pressure.
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Two weeks later they revised their previous interpretation, saying those planar elements are Boehm lamellae instead. Thus the "crater" with its deformed lamellae seems to have been created during the formation of the Taunus mountain range rather than by a meteorite.
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Lamellae on a gecko's foot. In surface anatomy, a lamella is a thin plate-like structure, often one amongst many lamellae very close to one another, with open space between. Aside from respiratory organs, they appear in other biological roles including filter feeding and the traction surfaces of geckos. Scanning electron microscopy image of the gill filament and lamellae from a 18-day-old larval Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacores).
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The apertural dentition consists of two parietal lamellae; palatal, basal and columellar lamellae are usually present; upper palatal and supracolumellar lamellae may also be present. Living animals possess a yellowish to reddish reticulated skin. The brown digestive gland and the black kidney are visible through the transparent shell. The upper tentacles are longer than the lower pair with a black eye-spot on the tip of the fully extended tentacle.
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In 2013, a collection of over 4000 texts from the Dodona lamellae was published.
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The inner morphology of the beak is similar to that of the lesser flamingo, where the upper and lower jaws contain lamellae which filter the food. In both the upper and lower jaw, the proximal portion of the bill contains lamellae that are ridge-like with a curvature and distal end become more like hooks. Marginal and submarginal lamellae are found, and James's flamingo has the greatest number of both, which also means a smaller intermarginal distance is seen between them. About 21 lamellae per cm are found in this species, which is more than twice the number found in other flamingos.
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The epithelium sticks to the basement membrane, which also separates the epithelium from the stroma. The corneal stroma comprises 90 percent of the thickness of the cornea. It contains the collagen fibers organized into lamellae. The lamellae are in sheets which separate easily.
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The largest surfaces of the lamellae are terminated by molecular bends and kinks, and growth in this direction results in disordered regions. Therefore, spherulites have semicrystalline structure where highly ordered lamellae plates are interrupted by amorphous regions.Ehrenstein and Theriault pp.78,81 Figs.
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Cross section of a leaf from Pogonatum urnigerum that shows the lamellae, costa, and lamina.
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Head is not depressed. Snout short. Body robust. Lamellae under fourth toe are 6-7.
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Wooden structures known as lamellae separate the seeds from each other and the follicle walls.
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The globose-conoidal shell grows to a height of 3.5 mm. The conical spire has 3½ whorls that are a little convex. They are cancellated with radiating, subdistant lamellae, and show elevated transverse lines in the interstices. The lamellae are flexuous on the base.
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The lamellae are connected by amorphous regions which provide elasticity and impact resistance. Alignment of the polymer molecules within the lamellae results in birefringence producing a variety of colored patterns, including a Maltese cross, when spherulites are viewed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope.
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The underside of its cap bears lamellae (gill-like structures) rather than the pores common in the Boletales. The reddish, domed cap is smooth with a velvety texture, while the lamellae are bright yellow.Pegler, D. & Spooner, B. (1992) The Mushroom Identifier. Apple Press, London.
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The ribs on the periphery have open-fronted spines, the uppermost being the largest. The whole surface is covered with dense axial lamellae. The snail's aperture is circular and surrounded by a thickened varix. The umbilicus is deep and narrow, with strong axial lamellae within.
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The elastic matrix forms lamellae, consisting of elastic fibers, collagens (predominately type III), proteoglycans, and glycoaminoglycans.
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Based on time of development, they may be classified as pre- and post-eruptive enamel lamellae.
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The gills have 7 primary lamellae. The mantle length 35 mm and the total length is 121mm.
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Species are distinguished from most other waxcaps by producing basidiocarps (fruit bodies) with strongly decurrent lamellae (gills).
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Furthermore, countercurrent gas exchange at the secondary gill lamellae further maximizes oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release.
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Tactile corpuscles are encapsulated myelinated nerve endings, which consist of flattened supportive cells arranged as horizontal lamellae surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. The corpuscle is 30–140 μm in length and 40–60 μm in diameter. A single nerve fiber meanders between the lamellae and throughout the corpuscle.
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Zonal growths in amethyst. The evolution of white areas in given sample is very variable. There is a question whether the cavitation lamellae described by Rajlich could be basically just a frame of the sample in the photo or not.The white lamellae are conventionally explained by two other ways.
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The deposits consist of a multitude of pancake-like 'splats' called lamellae, formed by flattening of the liquid droplets. As the feedstock powders typically have sizes from micrometers to above 100 micrometers, the lamellae have thickness in the micrometer range and lateral dimension from several to hundreds of micrometers. Between these lamellae, there are small voids, such as pores, cracks and regions of incomplete bonding. As a result of this unique structure, the deposits can have properties significantly different from bulk materials.
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This increase is due to the lamellae fraction within the spherulites, where the molecules are more densely packed than in the amorphous phase. Stronger intermolecular interaction within the lamellae accounts for increased hardness, but also for higher brittleness. On the other hand, the amorphous regions between the lamellae within the spherulites give the material certain elasticity and impact resistance. Changes in mechanical properties of polymers upon formation of spherulites however strongly depend on the size and density of the spherulites.
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One example of how lamellar armour is laced together Lamellar armour consists of small platelets known as "lamellae" or "lames", which are punched and laced together, typically in horizontal rows. Lamellae can be made of metal, leather cuir bouilli, horn, stone, bone or more exotic substances. Metal lamellae may be lacquered to resist corrosion or for decoration. Unlike scale armour, which it resembles, lamellar armour is not attached to a cloth or leather backing (although it is typically worn over a padded undergarment).
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In the genus Lyophyllum the lamellae usually turn blue with the application of para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB or pDAB).
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These keels form continuous longitudinal rows. The toes contain lamellae. The collar may be reduced or completely absent.
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A. nelsoni may attain a total length (including tail) of . It has 15 lamellae under the fourth toe.Barbour (1914).
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A lamellar wedge is evident. The chronic phase occurs if damage to the lamellae is not controlled early in the process, so that the coffin bone displaces. Changes that may occur include separation of the dermal and epidermal lamellae, lengthening of the dermal lamellae, and compression of the coronary and solar dermis. If laminitis is allowed to continue, long-term changes such as remodeling of the apex and distal border of the coffin bone (so that a "lip" develops) and osteolysis of the coffin bone can occur.
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The continuous liquid phase is held to the bubble surfaces by the surfactant molecules that make up the solution being foamed. This fixation is important because otherwise the foam becomes very unstable as the liquid drains into the plateau region making the lamellae thin. Once the lamellae become too thin they will rupture.
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Lamellae emarginated, spaced moderately; colour cream or brown when young, later sepia as spores mature; edge fimbriated and paler than lamellae; with droplets. Lamellules frequent. Stipe central, sometimes cylindrical but usually clavate and subbulbous; white to leather-tan, usually discoloring to brown with age. Stipe surface pruinose to floccose in the apex.
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Additionally ram-ventilators such as tunas and billfishes have specialized gill structures: adjacent lamellae and filaments are fused to prevent gill filaments and lamellae from collapsing under high water flow. Here, ionocytes have also been found on these specialized interlamellar, lamellar, and filament fusion in larval and adult Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares).
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It is elevated above the periphery of the shell and is obstructed by six white teeth. There are two strong lamellae on the parietal wall; these lamellae are compressed and curve upward within the aperture. The infraparietal lamella is stouter and straight. The outer lip of the peristome is broad, expanded and reflexed.
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The lamellar klivanion was a rather different type of garment. Byzantine lamellar, from pictorial evidence, possessed some unique features. It was made up of round-topped metal lamellae riveted, edge to edge, to horizontal leather backing bands; these bands were then laced together, overlapping vertically, by laces passing through holes in the lamellae.
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SEM image of structure as found in dactyl club of the mantis shrimp. A Bouligand structure is a layered and rotated microstructure resembling plywood, which is frequently found in naturally designed materials. It consists of multiple lamellae, or layers, each one composed of aligned fibers. Adjacent lamellae are progressively rotated with respect to their neighbors.
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Collagen fibers in a particular lamella run parallel to each other, but the orientation of collagen fibers within other lamellae is oblique. The collagen fiber density is lowest at the seams between lamellae, accounting for the distinctive microscopic appearance of a transverse section of osteons. The space between osteons is occupied by interstitial lamellae, which are the remnants of osteons that were partially resorbed during the process of bone remodeling. Osteons are connected to each other and the periosteum by oblique channels called Volkmann's canals or perforating canals.
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By the late Heian period Japanese lamellar armour developed into full-fledged samurai armour called Ō-yoroi. Japanese lamellar armour was made from hundreds or even thousands of individual leather (rawhide) or iron scales or lamellae known as kozane, that were lacquered and laced together into armour strips. This was a very time-consuming process. The two most common types of scales which made up the Japanese lamellar armour were hon kozane, which were constructed from narrow or small scales/lamellae, and hon iyozane, which were constructed from wider scales/lamellae.
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Tasntsanoglou and George M. Parássoglou, "Two Gold Lamellae from Thessaly", Hellenica 38 (1987) 3–16, with photographic plates and line drawings.
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They are sculptured with distant elevated radiating lamellae. The body whorl is very large, globose, with longitudinal rather distant lamellae. The interstices are decussated by numerous very fine growth lines and spiral lirulae. The anal fasciole starts on the body whorl opposite the aperture, terminating in a long, narrow slit which does not attain the edge of the peristome.
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The iridescent lamellae are only present on the dorsal sides of their wings, leaving the ventral sides brown. The ventral side is decorated with ocelli (eyespots). In some species, such as M. godarti, the dorsal lamellae are so thin that ventral ocelli can peek through. While not all morphos have iridescent coloration, they all have ocelli.
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This species differs from other species of Indo–Chinese Cyrtodactylus by having a mean snout-vent length of ; dark spots on the head; 6–8 precloacal pores in males which are arranged in a chevron; 18–20 subdigital lamellae under its first toe; 15–17 subdigital lamellae under its fourth toe; and a middle row of bigger subcaudal scales.
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Regardless of the lack of evidence confirming the bowfin's ability to aestivate, it has been noted that bowfin can survive prolonged conditions of exposure to air because they have the ability to breathe air. Their gill filaments and lamellae are rigid in structure which helps prevent the lamellae from collapsing and aids gas exchange even during air exposure.
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Head depressed. Enlarged tubercles on para-vertebral row 38-44. Densely arranged mid-dorsal tubercles. Lamellae under fourth toe are 7-8.
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The major forms are {001} and {00-1} faces. Lahnsteinite is flexible with lamellae cleavages. The measured density is 2.98 g/cm3.
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There is some evidence that armour for horses might have existed for Qin cavalry judging by 300 lamellae too large for human use.
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They lie between the upper parts of the nasal cavities and the orbits, and are separated from these cavities by thin bony lamellae.
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Fibrils with a large Ψ are compressed, since adjacent lamellae contract in accordance with Poisson's ratio, which is a function of strain anisotropy.
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Head large with large granules, especially on snout. Mid-ventrals 36-40. Digits webbed at base. Lamellae under fourth toe counts 10-11.
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There, they are oval in shape, attached near the midline of the body and consist of six lamellae. The number of lamellae in the other anterior segments is thought to have been higher, as indicated by some fragments and a specimen of Onychopterella augusti that had 45 lamellae in each of its four pairs of book gills from the second to fifth segments. Onychopterellas book gills, however, were vertically oriented. This and a fossil of the xiphosuran Tachypleus syriacus suggest that the book gills of A. pyrrhae underwent a taphonomic deformation and that they were originally vertically-oriented as well.
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The dorsal surface of each lamellae is covered by regularly spaced pillar-shaped trabeculae located between each lamellae, leaving a space filled with hemolymph (a fluid found in arthropods, analogous to the blood of vertebrates) in each. Trabeculae are commonly found in arachnids with lungs and represent a terrestrial adaptation to breathe air. They prevent the lamellae from sticking together and eliminating the space between them, which would suffocate the organism. Therefore, the presence of trabeculae in A. pyrrhae indicates that eurypterids were able breathe in terrestrial environments with their respiratory organs unlike xiphosurans or other basal euarthropods.
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The alignment of these stress fibers locally accumulates elastic tension in the lamellae. Eventually, the tension buildup becomes too great, and the cell adhesion complex dissociates, collapses the lamellae protrusions, and releases the cells in different directions in an effort to alleviate the elastic tension. A possible alternate event that also leads to the assembly dissociation is that upon stress fiber alignment, the cells' leading edges repolarize away from the contiguous lamellae. This produces significant elastic tension across the entire cell bodies, not only at the local site of contact, and likewise causes the adhesion complex's disassembly.
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Histology of compact bone showing osteon Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal. The haversian canal contains the bone's blood supplies. The boundary of an osteon is the cement line. Each haversian canal is surrounded by varying number (5-20) of concentrically arranged lamellae of bone matrix.
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The meteorite is a coarse octahedrite (mean bandwidth 1.34mm) with narrow cloudy taenite bands separating the kamacite lamellae. Occasional areas of coarse to fine acicular plessite and net plessite are Neumann lines and rhabdites. Sparsely developed Brezina lamellae and fine-grained globular schreibersite are present. At one exterior surface, a heat-affected zone 0.1mm thick containing unequilibrated alpha(sub)2-kamacite is preserved.
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These are sculptured with longitudinal, close, radiating lamellae, angular in the middle, and little, elevated, transverse lines. The base of the shell is ornamented with concentric elevated lirae. This species is elevately turbinate, with two conspicuous carinate whorls and a deep perspective umbilicus. The fine lamellae of the upper part of the whorls are bent or angulated in the middle.
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3492-3500 The ridges possess lamellae that run on top of and parallel to the ridges and microribs on its sides. The partial overlap of lamellae structures causes thin layer interference resulting in the reflection of light with a wavelength within the ultraviolet spectrum. The other ultraviolet signal in butterflies, absorbance, was determined to be governed by pigments called pterins.
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Cross section of a leaf showing parallel photosynthetic lamellae at 400x magnification. The green cells contain chloroplasts. Another characteristic feature of the species (and the genus) is its parallel photosynthetic lamellae on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Most mosses simply have a single plate of cells on the leaf surface, but common haircap moss has more highly differentiated photosynthetic tissue.
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First, motile cells collide and touch via their respective lamellae, whose actin exhibit high retrograde flow. A cellular adhesion forms between the lamellae, reducing the actins' retrograde flow rate in the area immediately surrounding the adhesion. Consequently, the cells' velocity and motility are reduced. This then allows actin stress fibers and microtubules to form and align with each other in both colliding partners.
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The overwhelming bulk of these meteorites consists of the FeNi-alloys kamacite and taenite. Minor minerals, when occurring, often form rounded nodules of troilite or graphite, surrounded by schreibersite and cohenite. Schreibersite and troilite also occur as plate shaped inclusions, which show up on cut surfaces as cm-long and mm-thick lamellae. The troilite plates are called Reichenbach lamellae.
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The snout is short. It lacks transparent disks on the lower eyelids. Post-nasala are absent. There are 15 lamellae under the fourth toe.
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Trophon sowerbyi shares the strongly lamellose shell of T. plicatus but its lamellae are much lower and the shell has a distinctly subquadrate outline.
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Some examples are called moonstone and show Schiller iridescence due to the presence of exsolution lamellae on cooling in the peristerite miscibility gap, ~An5-An18.
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L. deignani is a rather large and robust Lanka skink. Midbody scales rows 24-28. Lamellae under fourth toe counts 16-20. Dorsum olive brown.
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Lamellae seen optically may indicate twinning. They have a conchoidal fracture. It has a white streak. Rhombic dodecahedron is the dominant crystal form for paulingite.
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The walls of cryptospores consist of many lamellae (thin sheets). Liverworts, thought to be the most primitive land plants, also have this spore wall morphology.
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Near the surface of the compact bone, the lamellae are arranged parallel to the surface; these are called circumferential lamellae. Some of the osteoblasts develop into osteocytes, each living within its own small space, or lacuna. Osteocytes make contact with the cytoplasmic processes of their counterparts via a network of small transverse canals, or canaliculi. This network facilitates the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.
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As growth proceeds, the union of the lamellae extends upward and forward, and at the same time the intervening plate of cartilage undergoes absorption. By the onset of puberty the lamellae are almost completely united to form a median plate, but evidence of the bilaminar origin of the bone is seen in the everted alae of its upper border and in the groove on its anterior margin.
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Rather than using lungs, gaseous exchange takes place across the surface of highly vascularized gills. Gills are specialised organs containing filaments, which further divide into lamellae. The lamellae contain capillaries that provide a large surface area and short diffusion distances, as their walls are extremely thin. Gill rakers are found within the exchange system in order to filter out food, and keep the gills clean.
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The semicircular aperture is turned upward, obstructed by numerous lamellae and folds. In the aperture of Anostoma, the primitive condition of the parietal armature remains, the angular, parietal and infraparietal lamellae being all present and separate. In Anostoma the parietal lamella is the longest while in other Odontostomini the infraparietal lamella is the longest. The "teeth" of the aperture are entirely homologous with those of Odontostomus.
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The minerals are not always cut by lot of lamellae, but are absolutely torn up or cut like slices. This is observable for example in the case of tourmalines from Czech pegmatites. The spacing of cavitation lamellae can be from millimeters up to meters. A consolidation into compact blocks by fluidization of more smaller grains is suggested in the case of large quartz cores from pegmatites.
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Mechanical or electromagnetic waves move without mutual influencing. The cavitation lamellae intersect each other without visible mutual influencing, for example without mutual movements, as well. It is typical for various types of fractures and deformation lamellae that are connected with quartz undulose extinction. Rock fluidization due to a meteorite hit was already theorized and experimentally tested by H. J. Melosh and E. S. Gaffney in the 1980s.
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The species are also identified by their round pupils and digits without extending lamellae. It has no eyelids. The young geckos are coloured like the females.
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Wide distribution Nothocybe The lamellae has not pleurocystidia but has cheilocystidia. Spores smooth. Known from tropical India. Pseudosperma Fruitbodies has indistinct, spermatic or green corn odor.
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It has a broad flat bill with comb-like fringes called lamellae. This is a large prion measuring long, with a wingspan of and weighing on average .
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The rhinophores are orange, with the stem and the lamellae of rugged aspect and an apical mucron very apparent, with up to 12 lamellae in the 7 mm animal. Eyes located well behind the rhinophores. Gills formed by five unipinnate leaves of a pale yellow colour; the anus is situated posterior to the gill. Genital opening on the right side, to the height of the anterior third of the body.
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Gill capillaries are quite small and abundant, which creates an increased surface area that water can come into contact with, thus resulting in enhanced diffusion of oxygen into the blood. Some evidence indicates that lamellae and vessels within the lamellae on the gills contract to aid in propelling blood through the capillaries.Wells, M.J., & Smith, P.J.S. (1987). The performance of the octopus circulatory system: A triumph of engineering over design.
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Lamellae on the upper body were 7cm x 6cm, the lower body 9cm x 6.5cm, and arms 4-7.5cm x 4cm. Lamellae on cavalrymen were 8cm x 5.7cm. A complete set of Qin armour, judging by the finds in the Terracotta Army consisted of 250 to 612 pieces in total, not including the helmet. Six groups of armour have been identified in the Terracotta Army corresponding to rank and military division.
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Most described species possess a single, peripheral, reticulated chloroplast bounded by three membranes. The volume of the cell occupied by the chloroplast varies among species. The lamellae comprise three closely appressed (stacked) thylakoids, and are attached by two stalks to the pyrenoid surrounded by a starch sheath. In three of the described species, the thylakoids are in parallel arrays, but in S. pilosum, there are also peripheral lamellae.
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The official IMA-CNMNC List of Mineral Names, International Mineralogical Association.Seifertite: A new natural very dense post-stishovite polymorph of silica, University of Bayreuth. Seifertite forms micrometre-sized crystalline lamellae embedded into a glassy SiO2 matrix. The lamellae are rather difficult to analyze, as they vitrify within seconds under laser or electron beams used for standard Raman spectroscopy or electron-beam microanalysis, even at much reduced beam intensities.
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If they are kept moist, the horseshoe crab can live on land for many hours. Horseshoe crabs' book gills are developed from the base of the abdominal or opisthosomal appendages. These five pairs of appendages are flap-like and membranous, with the under-surface of each flap formed into many leaf-like folds called lamellae. Thus each gill bears hundreds of thin membranous lamellae arranged like pages in a book.
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Lactocollybia subvariicystis is a fungus in the Lactocollybia genus. Species in this genus are little known in China. This species is reported from subtropical south China in 2016. It is characterized by its small, white, hygrophanous basidiomata, sinuate to adnexed lamellae, common presence of gloeocystidia in the context of pileus, lamellae and stipe which is sharply tapering at both ends, and found on the living trunk of Acacia confusa.
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Also with spiral cords, alone or forming a reticulate with the lamellae, or smooth. Brown to whitish, dull. Feeding Mytilidae on intertidal rocks.Forcelli, D. and Narosky, T., 2015.
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The interstices are ornamented with delicate longitudinal lamellae. The aperture is very broad and has an elongate, ovoidal shape. It is sulcate within. The inner lip is subreflexed.
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The nymphs are usually green with browner wing buds and lamellae. They develop in one year (two in the north), feeding among submerged vegetation and on small invertebrates.
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The ExSolve WTP system is an automated, high-throughput sample preparation system that can prepare site-specific, 20nm thick lamellae on whole wafers up to 300mm in diameter.
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The inter-spacings of the lamella layers is around 80 nm, but there are variations in the thickness of each lamella. A network of netted trabeculae separates neighboring lamellae.
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The shell contains 4 whorls, of which two constitute the protoconch, the last descending, and in slight contact with its predecessor. The protoconch is smooth, helicoid, and sharply defined. The sculpture of the shell shows in the body whorl twenty-four, in the penultimate whorl nineteen, elevated curled and forwardly-directed lamellae, whose broad summits nearly equal their interstices. The lamellae are smooth and glossy, but the interstices are distantly spirally striated.
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In crab exoskeletons, calcite and amorphous calcium carbonate are the minerals deposited in the chitin-protein hierarchical matrix. The sheep crab (Loxorhynchun grandis), like other crabs, has a highly anisotropic exoskeleton. The spacing between the (x-y) plane Bouligand lamellae in the crab exocuticle is ~3-5μm, whereas the interlamellar spacing in the endocuticle is much greater, about 10-15μm. The smaller spacing of the exocuticle results in a higher lamellae density in the exocuticle.
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The sutures are impressed. The 6 to 7 whorls are convex, the last with a tendency to be flattened around the middle. The entire surface is covered with sharp close uneven spiral riblets with deeply incised interstices, and very fine, close, longitudinal growth lamellae, forming compressed beads on the lirae, and generally lamellae in the interstices. The oblique aperture is rounded-quadrangular, with 10 or 11 plicae within, which attain the edge of the lip.
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Microscopically, thick- walled elements in the pileipellis and stipitipellis (cuticle of the stipe) and sphaerocytes in the trama of the lamellae are common in Lactifluus, but rare in Lactarius species.
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This species probably belongs to the subgenus Eulithocarpus, based on Camus' infrageneric classification system, because of its 'ER' fruit morphology and the few widely spaced concentric lamellae on the cupule.
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Some diplectanids, such as members of the genera Lamellodiscus or Calydiscoides, have a similar structure which is composed of lamellae, not rodlets; in this case the structure is called a lamellodisc.
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The size of an adult shell varies between 30 mm and 111 mm. Highly variable. Aperture greater than 1/2 of length, brown to violaceous (always coloured). Exterior with strong lamellae.
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This species is associated with Quercus and is endemic to the cloud forests of Central America and northern South America (habitats in which L. amethystina also occurs). L. gomezii is similar to L. vinaceobrunnea in a number of characteristics, but the fresh sporocarp is a darker purple than either L. vinaceobrunnea or L. amethystina. Its lamellae distinguish it from other members of the L. amethystina group, with L. gomezii having attached to subdecurrant, very closely spaced lamellae, in contrast to the sinuate to arctuate, narrowly attached lamellae of other species in this group. The spores of L. gomezii are similar to those of L. vinaceobrunnea and Laccaria amethysteo-occidentalis, and it lacks the distinct pileipellis hyphae of L. vinaceobrunneaMueller, 1992.
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The main features of the disease are numerous opaque flaky or feathery areas of clouding in the stroma that multiply with age and eventually preclude visibility of the endothelium. Strabismus or primary open angle glaucoma was noted in some of the patients. Thickness of the cornea stays the same, Descemet's membrane and endothelium are relatively unaffected, but the fibrils of collagen that constitute stromal lamellae are reduced in diameter and lamellae themselves are packed significantly more tightly.
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The two workers known have body lengths between , and heads that range between . The coloration seen on specimen DO-I 980 indicates black tones on the ridges and rear corners of the head along with the lamellae edges which border the pronotum. The front edges of the lamellae on the gaster are rust colored and semi-transparent. The head is almost square in outline, with broadly curved rear corners and a concave rear margin sporting two denticles.
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The name Gloeophyllum combines "gloeo-" a reference to anything sticky, and "-phyllum", a reference to the lamellae. It is probably a combined reference to the fact the lamellae in the type species, G. sepiarium, and other original species, appeared to be stuck together forming anastomosing bridges, to the point of forming a daedaleoid pattern. There is nothing sticky about the actual fungal fruitbodies. The name was originally spelled Gleophyllum but was soon changed and the current spelling is sanctioned.
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The rest of the whorls (7 to 8 in all) are traversed spirally by three strong cords, the central one narrowest, all closely beaded by the decussation of close, regular, elevated lamellae of increment, which sharply sculpture the interstices. Two lamellae arise from each bead of the superior spiral cord. The sutures are very deeply, narrowly channelled. The body whorl is angled at the periphery, and bears 7 concentric lirae on the base, the inner ones smaller.
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The rhinophores have translucent white shafts, pale brown lamellae and yellow tips. The rhinophore pockets and gills are edged with fine yellow spots.Ishikawa Miyabikyo, 2012. Cadlina japonica Seaslug World, accessed 2018-12-04.
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Within the ground scales are layers of lamella. The upper lamina is closely marked with longitudinal ridges. The ridges themselves consist of individual lamellae (6-12) which overlap like shingles on a roof.
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Perthite, image taken of part of a feldspar grain in thin section as viewed with a petrographic microscope and a first-order red plate. The K-feldspar host (orthoclase) appears orange, and albite exsolution lamellae appear yellow. Long dimension of field is 0.4 mm. Perthite is used to describe an intergrowth of two feldspars: a host grain of potassium-rich alkali feldspar (near K-feldspar, KAlSi3O8, in composition) includes exsolved lamellae or irregular intergrowths of sodic alkali feldspar (near albite, NaAlSi3O8, in composition).
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Principle of lamellae formation during the crystallization of polymers. Arrow shows the direction of temperature gradient.Georg Menges, Edmund Haberstroh, Walter Michaeli, Ernst Schmachtenberg: Plastics Materials Science Hanser Verlag, 2002, If a molten linear polymer (such as polyethylene) is cooled down rapidly, then the orientation of its molecules, which are randomly aligned, curved and entangled remain frozen and the solid has disordered structure. However, upon slow cooling, some polymer chains take on a certain orderly configuration: they align themselves in plates called crystalline lamellae.
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This is an example of a xeromorphic adaption, an adaptation for dry conditions. Moist air is trapped in between the rows of lamellae, while the larger terminal cells act to contain moisture and protect the photosynthetic cells. This minimises water loss as relatively little tissue is directly exposed to the environment, but allows for enough gas exchange for photosynthesis to take place. The microenvironment between the lamellae can host a number of microscopic organisms such as parasitic fungi and rotifers.
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T. Harvey Johnston & Oscar Werner Tiegs, who created the genus in 1922, did not formally explain the etymology of the new name. However, their definition of the new genus "disc well developed, with the accessory locomotory disc (squamodisc) peculiarly modified in such a way as to present numerous concentric rows consisting each of a pair of laterally elongated lamellae" shows that the name refers to the lamellae of the squamodisc (an attachment organ). Such an organ is now called a lamellodisc.
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Both lamellae are faintly nodulous; the posterior one slightly more so than the anterior. The deep channel between the two keels is marked by very feeble slender axial threads. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a lamella a little less strong than those between the sutures. The base of the shell shows two lamellae, the anterior of which is immediately behind the columella and much less developed than the median one, which is somewhat weaker than the peripheral lamella.
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The Qin calculated fines for more severe crimes in terms of one or two coats of armour, lower crimes in terms of shields, and the lowest in terms of coins. Qin soldiers sometimes threw off their armour in a kind of berserk rage and engaged in fanatical charges. Qin armour usually used rectangular lamellae with dimensions of 7.5cm x 8.5cm and 10.5cm x 7.8cm. Dimensions of lamellae used for charioteer armour varies between the upper body, lower body, and arms.
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This is an example of a xeromorphic adaption, an adaptation for dry conditions. Moist air is trapped in between the rows of lamellae, while the larger terminal cells act to contain moisture and protect the photosynthetic cells. This minimises water loss as relatively little tissue is directly exposed to the environment, but allows for enough gas exchange for photosynthesis to take place. The microenvironment between the lamellae can host a number of microscopic organisms such as parasitic fungi and rotifers.
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Book gills are flap-like appendages that effect gas exchange within water and seem to have their origin as modified legs. On the inside of each appendage, over 100 thin page-like membranes, lamellae, appearing as pages in a book, are where gas exchange takes place. These appendages move rhythmically to drive blood in and out of the lamellae and to circulate water over them. Respiration being their main purpose, they can also be used for swimming in young individuals.
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Head oviform, longer than broad; snout rounded, very convex, slightly shorter than, distance between eye and ear-opening, l.3 times the diameter of orbit; ear-opening very small, round. Body elongate, more so in females than in males; limbs short, fore limb measuring half the distance between axilla and groin, or rather less. Digits short, free, inner very small, rudimentary; only two large chevron-shaped divided lamellae under the distal part of the digits, followed by transverse undivided lamellae, decreasing in width.
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The diameter of the shell is 1.5 mm. The opaque white shell has a planorbiform shape. It is flattened above, rounded below, with somewhat distant longitudinal lamellae, above and below. Otherwise it is smooth.
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The interstices are beautifully clathrate with delicate oblique lamellae. The body whorl is at the peristome almost disunited from the penultimate whorl. The suture is canaliculate. The umbilicus is perspective, with concentric granulose cinguli.
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Substantial variation in the relative amounts of copper and iron is possible and solid solution extends towards chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and digenite (Cu9S5). Exsolution of blebs and lamellae of chalcopyrite, digenite, and chalcocite is common.
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The head, body, and tail of L. taylori are long and slender. The midbody scales are in 24-26 rows. The lamellae under the fourth toe number 12-18. The dorsum is chocolate brown.
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Fronto-parietal is fused, unlike in all other Lanka skinks (where it is divided on others). Midbody scales rows 24-28. Lamellae under fourth toe are 13-18. Males are distinguish with red-throat.
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Its name is derived from a visual effect, sheen or schiller (adularescence), caused by light diffraction within a micro-structure consisting of regular exsolution layers (lamellae) of different alkali feldspars (orthoclase and sodium-rich plagioclase).
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Full discussion of this amulet in Roy Kotansky, Greek Magical Amulets: The Inscribed Gold, Silver, Copper, and Bronze Lamellae: Text and Commentary (Opladen : Westdeutscher Verlag, 1994), 1.270–300 (nos. 52.93–95), esp. 279, 295–96.
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Passalus punctiger can reach a length of about . Body is flattened and completely black, with yellowish hairs on elytral shoulders and anterior sides. Elytra show deep grooves and a strong punctation. Antennae have long lamellae.
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At lower scale than the bubble is the thickness of the film for metastable foams, which can be considered a network of interconnected films called lamellae. Ideally, the lamellae connect in triads and radiate 120° outward from the connection points, known as Plateau borders. An even lower scale is the liquid–air interface at the surface of the film. Most of the time this interface is stabilized by a layer of amphiphilic structure, often made of surfactants, particles (Pickering emulsion), or more complex associations.
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It is toothed from the base of the blade up to the apex, with the teeth being unicellular and embedded in the margin. The costa, or central stalk of the leaf, is toothed on the underside near the apex, and is excurrent, meaning it extends beyond the end of the apex, ending in a short, rough awn. Cross section of a leaf showing parallel lamellae (perpendicular to leaf surface) at 125x magnification The lamellae, ridges of cells that run along the leaf surface, are crenulate (i.e.
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The American flamingo has adapted to its shallow-water environment in several ways. It has evolved long legs and large webbed feet to wade and stir up the bottom of the water bed to bring up their food source to then be retrieved. To feed, it has evolved a specialized beak which is hooked downward and features marginal lamellae on the upper mandible, and inner and outer lamellae on both the upper and lower mandibles. These are adapted for filtering out differently sized food from water.
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Thylakoid structures Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) imaging of thylakoid membranes 10-nm-thick STEM tomographic slice from a lettuce chloroplast. Grana stacks are interconnected by unstacked stromal thylakoids, called “stroma lamellae”. Scalebar = 200 nm. See .
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307-390 Biodiversity Heritage Library gave its name to the family Diplectanidae. All its species are parasites of the gill lamellae of teleosts.Oliver, G. (1987). Les Diplectanidae Bychowsky, 1957 (Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea, Dactylogyridea). Systématique. Biologie. Ontogénie. Écologie.
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The head of C. illingworthorum is wider than the body. The pupil of the eye is vertical. There are two pairs of enlarged, nearly rectangular lamellae under each finger and toe. The tail has 27 segments.
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The sculpture is usually finely reticulated, that is resulting in a matt surface. The umbilicus is deep. Apertural lip, callus and apertural fold are very well-developed (callus is very much elevated). Parietal wall has two lamellae.
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Dorsal scales strongly bicarinate, nuchals and laterals tricarinate; 34 to 36 scales round the middle of the body, subequal. The adpressed limbs overlap. Toes short; subdigital lamellae smooth. Tail about 2.6 times length of head and body.
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The oblique aperture is subquadrangular. The simple columella is arcuate. The simple lip is sinuous, with a narrow profound fissure. The slit fasciole forms the carina of the whorls, with elevated, lamellar edges, and arcuate growth lamellae.
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The ventral surface bears rhizoids and two rows of small scales. Petalophyllum is dioicous. The gametangia are individually subtended by extensions of the dorsal lamellae. Antheridia occur in rows or clusters near the apex of the thallus.
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Salvin's prion is a small petrel with grey and white plumage, and a blue bill.ZipCode Zoo (19 Jun 2009) Like the broad-billed prion it has lamellae in its bill in order to filter seawater for food.
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L. gansi has 23–28 scale rows at midbody. The lamellae under the fourth toe number 12–16. The dorsum is grayish brown, with brownish-black vertebral and flank stripes. The flanks are spotted with yellowish cream.
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The leaves of Polytrichum and Dawsonia (and related moss) differ from those of most mosses, which are only one or two cells thick. The Polytrichaceae have lamellae – upright sheets of small, photosynthetic cells on the upper surface of the leaves with a function analogous to the mesophyll cells of vascular plant leaves. They increase the surface area of cell walls available for CO2 uptake, while at the same time maintaining layers of moist air between lamellae, reducing water loss. Lamella margins have a surface wax layer which prevents water from flooding into the interlamellar spaces.
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Toluca meteorite, about 10 cm wide Widmanstätten patterns, also known as Thomson structures, are figures of long nickel–iron crystals, found in the octahedrite iron meteorites and some pallasites. They consist of a fine interleaving of kamacite and taenite bands or ribbons called lamellae. Commonly, in gaps between the lamellae, a fine-grained mixture of kamacite and taenite called plessite can be found. Widmanstätten patterns describe features in modern steels,Dominic Phelan and Rian Dippenaar: Widmanstätten Ferrite Plate Formation in Low-Carbon Steels, METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A, VOLUME 35A, DECEMBER 2004, p.
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It is these lamellae that are the actual sites of gas exchange. Each lamella is equipped with tiny arteries that carry blood in a direction opposite to that of the water flowing over them. To compensate for the relatively low concentration of dissolved oxygen in seawater, water passes over the secondary lamellae of sharks some 5% as fast as air that remains in contact with the equivalent gas exchange sites, such as the alveoli of the lungs found in humans. This delay allows sufficient time for dissolved oxygen to diffuse into a shark's blood.
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SVL to maximum 108.5 mm, dorsal pattern of five to seven white vertebral blotches between nape and sacrum and six to seven pairs of short white bars on flanks between limb insertions, 1–4 internasals, 30–32 ventral scale rows between weak ventrolateral folds, 14–18 precloacal pores in males, 10–14 longitudinal rows of smooth dorsal tubercles, 14–16 broad lamellae beneath digit I of pes, 17–19 broad lamellae beneath digit IV of pes, and a single transverse row of enlarged tubercles along the posterior portion of dorsum of each tail segment.
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There are 14–20 lamellae under the fourth toe. The dorsum is olive brown, with a light vertebral stripe which is dark-edged. A dark dorso-lateral stripe runs from the eye to the base of the tail.
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The surface is marked with widely spaced papillae: When the sponge is in a location affected by wave action, the papillae are located on distinct lamellae running in a single direction over the whole surface of the sponge.
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Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third revised edition. Sanibel Is., Florida:Ralph Curtis Books Publ. Its tail is remarkable for having the underside covered in adhesive lamellae enabling its use as a fifth limb.
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There are prominent superciliary scales. There is a backward-pointing V-shaped ridge at the back of the forehead. The dorsal scales are larger than the scales on the flanks. The lamellae under the fourth toe number 14-17.
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These are slightly concave at the top. The sculpture consists of conspicuous lirae, alternated with smaller lirae, sculptedc lengthwise by minute, oblique lamellae. The body whorl is rather short, contracted at the base and slightly rostrate. The columella is slightly twisted.
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Dorsal, nuchal, and lateral scales very strongly quinquecarinate; 26 scales round the body, of which 8 or 10 are smooth. The hind limb reaches the elbow of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellae smooth. Scales on upper surface of tibia bicarinate.
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Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma is characterized by localized changes in lung architecture determined by deposition of hyaline collagenous fibrosis accompanied by sparse lymphocytic infiltrate that compresses and distorts the remaining bronchioles. A higher magnification, the mass is composed by hypocellular collagen lamellae.
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Cronin, L. (2001). Australian Reptiles and Amphibians: Key Guide. Annandale: Envirobook All inner digits are claw-free, a trait of the genus Gehyra. The fingers and toes have divided subdigital lamellae and the third and fourth toes do not feature webbing.
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Females have a much more prevalent gelatinous body type with size being more width than length, having 1.5 to 2 time more short arms. Other differences include females having broadly U-shaped shells, larger eyes, and gills with six lamellae.
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When the upper and lower jaws close together, the lamellae mesh together to allow the bill to be closed fully.Jenkin, P.M. "The Filter-Feeding and Food of Flamingoes (Phoenicopter)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 240(674), 401-493.
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Wolfgang Weissbach: Materials science and materials testing. Vieweg + Teubner Verlag, 2007, The growth of the crystalline regions preferably occurs in the direction of the largest temperature gradient and is suppressed at the top and bottom of the lamellae by the amorphous folded parts at those surfaces. In the case of a strong gradient, the growth has a unidirectional, dendritic character.Dendrite in the IWF Knowledge and Media gGmbH (videos and articles on the dendritic crystallization of polypropylene) However, if temperature distribution is isotropic and static then lamellae grow radially and form larger quasi- spherical aggregates called spherulites.
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A lamella (plural lamellae) is a small plate or flake, from the Latin, and may also be used to refer to collections of fine sheets of material held adjacent to one another, in a gill-shaped structure, often with fluid in between though sometimes simply a set of 'welded' plates. The term is used in biological and engineering contexts, such as filters and heat exchangers. The microscopic structures in bone and nacre are lamellae in the materials science sense of the word. Moreover, the term lamella is often used as a way to describe crystal structure of some materials.
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More than 30 lamellae (individual plates for lamellar armour) were found in Birka, Sweden, in 1877, 1934 and 1998–2000.M. Olausson, "Krigarens resa och hemkomst", Olausson, M. (ed.), Birkas krigare (Stockholm, 2001) They were dated to the same approximate period as the Gjermundbu mailshirt (900‒950) and may be evidence that some Vikings wore this armour, which is a series of small iron plates laced together or sewed to a stout fabric or leather cats shirt. There is considerable debate however as to whether the lamellae in question were in the possession of a Scandinavian resident or a foreign mercenary.
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Enamel lamellae should not be confused with two similar entities, enamel tufts and enamel spindles. Enamel tufts are small branching defects that are found only at the DEJ, and so differ from lamellae which can be facing either direction and are strictly linear. Enamel spindles are also linear defects, but they too can be found only at the DEJ, because they are formed by entrapment of odontoblast processes between ameloblasts prior to and during amelogenesis. They may be classified as Type A, Type B and Type C, based on its extension, cause of formation and contents.
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When polyethylene is deformed under a uniaxiial tension, before yield, the stiff crystalline phase of the polymer undergoes small deformation while the amorphous domains deforms significantly. After the yield point but before the material undergoes strain hardening, the crystalline lamellae slips where both the crystalline phase and the amorphous domains contribute to load bearing and straining. At some point, the amorphous domains will stretch fully at which the strain hardening begin. In the strain hardening region, the elongated amorphous domains become the loading bearing phase whereas the crystalline lamellae undergoes fracture and unfold to adjust for the change in strain.
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In higher plants thylakoids are organized into a granum-stroma membrane assembly. A granum (plural grana) is a stack of thylakoid discs. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana. Grana are connected by stroma thylakoids, also called intergranal thylakoids or lamellae.
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Transmission electron microscope image of a chloroplast. Grana of thylakoids and their connecting lamellae are clearly visible. In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 3–10 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Corn seedling chloroplasts are ≈20 µm3 in volume.
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A strong transverse gular fold is present, but a gular pouch is absent. The limbs are very long, and the infradigital lamellae have a median tubercle-like keel. Femoral pores are absent. The tail is very long, and is round in cross section.
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The penultimate whorl has 4 spiral cinguli, a minute riblet interposed in each interval. The pits between the longitudinal and spiral riblets are oblong and quadrilateral. The body whorl is convex beneath, with close radiating lamellae . The ovate aperture is sulcate inside.
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Additionally, the byssal ridge, a thickening on the interior surface of the left valve, is notably prominent in Pinctada longisquamosa. Juveniles display opaque white irregular blotches, which are randomly distributed. The conspicuous lamellae that are characteristic of adult Pinctada longisquamosa are largely absent.
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Its tentacular crown is formed of several, fused, horseshoe-shaped tentacle lamellae. The second segment has two body folds, near which open the genital ducts. The trunk, which comprises 89% of its total body length, is undifferentiated. The true metasoma is without setae.
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Undulose extinction of fractured quartz affected by plastic deformation. The cavitation lamellae sometimes seem like small teeth or pillars, which is a well known effect from today's verified impact structures. The teeth become visible after acid etching. The effect is called pillaring.
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They can be zonal growths or tensile fractures that could be reactivated (healed) in many ways. The first option is less probable, because the lamellae intersect each other. The zonal growths respect the crystallographic planes. The second option is much more probable.
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Tetralobus flabellicornis can reach a length of . This large click beetle has a dark brown body covered with a brownish grey pubescence. The quite long antennae carry large lamellae in males, while they are serrate in females. Larvae live in the termite nests.
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It contains six whorls, of which three compose the protoconch. The body whorl is rounded, the earlier ones angled at the shoulder. The sculpture is delicate. The radials are close thin lamellae which do not surmount the spirals, but rise into scales along the sutures.
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On the body whorl they amount to twenty-four, of which three or four on the periphery are larger than the rest. The fasciole is sharply sculptured by crescentic lamellae. The aperture is imperfect in the holotype. The sinus is sutural and of moderate depth.
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The spiral tricarinate keels, of which there are four on the body whorl, as well as the interstices, are crossed by fine close lamellae. The suture is minutely chanelled. The base of the shell is contracted, lirate and slightly rostrate. The aperture is rather expanded.
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The nucleus is smooth. The upper whorls contain concentric ribs and traces of one or two spiral lirae, producing small tubercles on the ribs. The whorls are flattened near the suture. Above the upper row of tubercles, this depression is roughened by small lamellae.
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Fine, delicate and close, raised lines of growth, or lamellae, cover the interspaces and cross the raised cinguli. The protoconch is very small, smooth and glossy. The first whorl is minute and regularly spiral, not upturned. Three spiral cinguli appear on the second whorl.
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Retrieved 2019-02-23. as an experimental district with exemptions from parts of the existing construction legislation. The buildings are long 3–4 floor lamellae, as well as three nine-floor point buildings erected to mark the district and the location of central east hills.
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The surface shows strong, elevated, radiating wrinkles or lamellae, but no spiral markings when adult. The 6 to 11 perforations are small, subcircular, and separated by spaces greater than their own diameter. The two sides are about equally curved. The convexity varies with age.
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The color of the shell is yellowish-gray. The folds are usually stained with coral-red. The surface is dull, with fine oblique growth-wrinkles and coarse, prominent, less oblique elevated and wavy radiating lamellae. The low spire is composed of about 3 whorls.
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Head and thorax are finely granulated. Head, thorax and legs are shiny dark green or bluish. The underside of the body is also green. The antennas are very short and end in a fan-like group of three lamellae, with which the beetle perceives fragrances.
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Close-up of the underside of a gecko's foot as it walks on vertical glass Gecko on window pane About 60% of gecko species have adhesive toe pads that allow them to adhere to most surfaces without the use of liquids or surface tension. Such pads have been gained and lost repeatedly over the course of gecko evolution. Adhesive toepads evolved independently in about 11 different gecko lineages and were lost in at least 9 lineages. The spatula-shaped setae arranged in lamellae on gecko footpads enable attractive van der Waals' forces (the weakest of the weak chemical forces) between the β-keratin lamellae/setae/spatulae structures and the surface.
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Armor was not just limited to human soldiers but extended to their horses and elephants as well. The horse armor was made up of mail and plates or lamellae which covered the neck, chest, and hindquarters underneath which was some form of padding to keep it in place while a faceplate protected the animal's face. The elephants, used as a battering ram or to break and trample enemy lines, were also donned in armor for battle. The elephant's head was covered by a steel mask and covered half of the trunk while the throat and sides were protected by lamellae armor while the tusks were tipped with sharp metal.
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Enamel tufts are frequently confused with enamel lamellae, which are also enamel defects, but which differ in two ways: lamella are linear, and not branched, and they exist primarily extending from the enamel surface, through the enamel and towards the dentinoenamel junction, whereas enamel tufts project in the opposite direction. Enamel tufts should also not be confused with the similar enamel spindles. Enamel spindles are also linear defects, similar to lamellae, but they too can be found only at the dentinoenamel junction, similar to enamel tufts. This is because they are formed by entrapment of odontoblast processes between ameloblasts prior to and during amelogenesis.
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Callus is rather blunt and only slightly curved. Parietal wall has two lamellae (the anterior lamella may be dissolved into small denticles). Lower parietal plica is free or connected to the anterior lamella. Palatal plicae are oblique, or depressed Z-shaped, usually in contact with each other.
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Diagnosis of the genus Eurylepis (Griffith et al. 2000): Elongate, 35 or more presacral vertebrae (convergent with many other scincid groups). Limbs relatively slender, lamellae not expanded. Head somewhat conical, dorsal surface convex in lateral view, parietal bone with clear lateral indentations and supratemporal fontanelle open.
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In other cases, "in-plane" lamellae with chain orientation perpendicular to the layers are observed. The unique crystal orientation of confined polymers imparts anisotropic properties. In one example the large, in-plane polymer crystals reduce the gas permeability of nanolayered films by almost 2 orders of magnitude.
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These canals are called haversian canals. Haversian canals are contained within osteons, which are typically arranged along the long axis of the bone in parallel to the surface. The canals and the surrounding lamellae (8-15) form the functional unit, called a haversian system or osteon.
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The rhinophores have white shafts and red clubs with white edges to the lamellae. The length of the body can vary between 15 mm and 95 mm.Gosliner, T.M., Behrens, D.W. & Valdés, Á. (2008) Indo-Pacific Nudibranchs and seaslugs. A field guide to the world's most diverse fauna.
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The rhinophores are white, with a broad brown band just above the start of the lamellae and a narrow orange band above this. The gill leaves are brown basally, then white, with orange tips.Gosliner, T.M., Behrens, D.W. & Valdés, Á., 2018. Nudibranch and Sea Slug Identification - Indo-Pacific.
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The sutures are slightly channelled. The five, convex whorls are, encircled by strong spiral ribs, the interstices clathrate, pitted by longitudinal lamellae. The spiral ribs number 3 to 5 on the penultimate, 8 or 9 on the body whorl. The rounded aperture is thickened and crenulate inside.
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The whole is closely sharply sculptured by radiating lamellae. The very oblique aperture is subquadrate with about 9 sharp entering lirae. The outer lip is beveled. The short columella is subvertical and cylindrical, with three or four small, transverse, rather acute folds on the lower half.
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When used in corneal surgery, picosecond and nanosecond disruptors are used on the lamellae of the corneal stroma, and the method may be preferable as it leaves the epithelium and Bowman's membrane unharmed. This modifies the outer corneal curvature, which affects the refractive property of the eye.
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From a morphological point of view, electron microscopy revealed that PC3 cells show characteristics of a poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma. They have features common to neoplastic cells of epithelial origins, such as numerous microvilli, junctional complexes, abnormal nuclei and nucleoli, abnormal mitochondria, annulate lamellae, and lipoidal bodies.
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Juvenile fish have an extra small dorsal spine at first. The cornea of the eye exhibits a marked iridescence which changes from greeish-blue to orange, depending on the angle of view; electron microscopy shows that this is due to the angled lamellae on the surface.
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It has been recently shown that cold wire drawing not only strengthens pearlite by refining the lamellae structure, but also simultaneously causes partial chemical decomposition of cementite, associated with an increased carbon content of the ferrite phase, deformation induced lattice defects in ferrite lamellae, and even a structural transition from crystalline to amorphous cementite. The deformation-induced decomposition and microstructural change of cementite is closely related to several other phenomena such as a strong redistribution of carbon and other alloy elements like silicon and manganese in both the cementite and the ferrite phase; a variation of the deformation accommodation at the phase interfaces due to a change in the carbon concentration gradient at the interfaces; and mechanical alloying.. Pearlite was first identified by Henry Clifton Sorby and initially named sorbite, however the similarity of microstructure to nacre and especially the optical effect caused by the scale of the structure made the alternative name more popular. Bainite is a similar structure with lamellae much smaller than the wavelength of visible light and thus lacks this pearlescent appearance. It is prepared by more rapid cooling.
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C. tennentii is not very agile and relies more on coloration than speed to avoid predators. The head is oval, and longer than wide. The rostral appendage is fleshy, laterally compressed, leaf-like with a bluntly conical scale at the tip. The lamellae under fourth toe number 23-30.
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Strumigenys hispida is a species of yellow ant up to 3 mm in length. It is endemic to Taiwan. This ant is very similar to Strumigenys solifontis but there are several distinguishing features including much more prominent lamellae on the propodeum, and thorax with a flatter upper profile.
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The body of Anteaeolidiella oliviae is translucent white with cream coloration on the back. There is sometimes an orange blotch on the head and another over the pericardium. The rhinophores have diagonal lamellae and are bright orange with white tips. The oral tentacles are mostly bright opaque white.
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A few scattered ferruginous dots and large square ferruginous spots appear in the intercostal spaces. The ribs are low, trabecular, and projecting in an acute angle from the shoulder. There are nine ribs on the body whorl. Sometimes elevated crescentic lamellae extend from these ribs to the suture.
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Karoceras is the only member of the Karoceratidae that is actinosiphonate, a character produced by lamellae projecting radially inward toward the middle of the siphuncle from the connecting rings. This genus has been found in central Europe in the region of the Czech Republic and on Novaya Zemlya.
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The mantle is a pale lilac becoming purple in front of the rhinophores and behind the gills. The mantle margin, which is slightly undulate, has a broad white band. The rhinophores have a purple stalk and the lamellae are edged with orange. The gills are white with orange axes.
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Their spore prints are brown. Their spores are amygdaliform to sublimoniform, thick-walled, epitunica strongly developed with cavernous type of ornamentation, with a conspicuous callus and without germ-pore. The edges of their lamellae are sterile with cheilocystidia; pleurocystidia present similar to cheilocystidia. Their hymenophoral trama is regular.
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Tree of Life Web Project. In cephalopods, nidamental glands are large, paired glandular structures found in the mantle cavity. Accessory nidamental glands may also be present. Nidamental glands are composed of lamellae and are involved in the secretion of egg cases or the gelatinous substance comprising egg masses.
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There is no vertebral series of enlarged scales down the middle of the back, the dorsal scales are roughly homogenous. A collar is present. The ventral scales are smooth and arranged in six to ten longitudinal rows. The toes are strongly compressed and the subdigital lamellae are keeled.
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Rhacodactylus is a genus of medium to large geckos of the family Diplodactylidae. All species in this genus are found on the islands that make up New Caledonia. Genus characteristics include long limbs and toes with well- developed lamellae. Some webbing occurs on the hind limbs and toes.
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Askerina cymbula is a medium to large-sized brachiopod. It has a wide hinge line and strongly dorsibiconvex shape with well-developed fold and sulcus. The beak of this species is small and adpressed with delthidial plates. Ribbing of Askerina cymbula has undulose, concentric growth lamellae, microfilariae and frills.
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The oral hood is typically over 51mm wide. This species of Melibe lacks jaws or a radula. There are a single pair of rhinophores on the hood that contain four to six lamellae. Two rows containing three to six pairs of flat, paddle-shaped cerata run along the body.
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There are 9 to 17 lamellae under the fourth toe. The dorsum is gray, reddish brown, brownish yellow, or olive colored. Each scale has a median dark spot. There is a brownish black lateral stripe with yellowish cream flecks running from the eye to the base of the tail.
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The whorls convexly slope next the suture, then become tumidly rounded. They are longitudinally rudely ribbed with ribs irregularly wrinkled and tuberculated. The convex base of the shell is very closely irregularly scaled, with indistinct spiral lirae and fine radiating lamellae. The margin is more or less lobed.
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Macrodomoceras is a genus of oncocerids, family Polyelasmoceratidae, from the Middle Devonian of Australia. The shell of Macrodomoceras is a compressed, endogastric cyrtocone, i.e section higher than wide and curved with the ventral side concave, with a subtriangular cross section. The siphuncle is ventral, marginal, with continuous actinosiphonate lamellae.
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This equals to typical frequencies of molecular vibrations. Such waves could be responsible for a short liquid behavior of quartz and other minerals. The white lamellae frequently segue into shapes of wispy trails. Real experiments in liquids showed that such structures arise after a collapse of traveling bubble cavitation.
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Branchia (pl. branchiae) is the zoologists' name for gills (from Ancient Greek ). With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. The blood carries oxygen to other parts of the body.
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A schematic of a lamellar structure for a eutectic system Lamellar structures or microstructures are composed of fine, alternating layers of different materials in the form of lamellae. They are often observed in cases where a phase transformation front moves quickly, leaving behind two solid products, as in rapid cooling of eutectic (such as solder) or eutectoid (such as pearlite) systems. Such conditions force phases of different composition to form but allow little time for diffusion to produce those phases' equilibrium compositions. Fine lamellae solve this problem by shortening the diffusion distance between phases, but their high surface energy makes them unstable and prone to break up when annealing allows diffusion to progress.
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When polymers crystallize from an isotropic, bulk of melt or concentrated solution, the crystalline lamellae (10 to 20 nm in thickness) are typically organized into a spherulitic morphology as illustrated above. However, when polymer chains are confined in a space with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers, comparable to or smaller than the lamellar crystal thickness or the radius of gyration, nucleation and growth can be dramatically affected. As an example, when a polymer crystallizes in a confined ultrathin layer, the isotropic spherulitic organization of lamellar crystals is hampered and confinement can produce unique lamellar crystal orientations. Sometimes the chain alignment is parallel to the layer plane and the crystals are organized as ‘‘on-edge’’ lamellae.
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Most species employ a countercurrent exchange system to enhance the diffusion of substances in and out of the gill, with blood and water flowing in opposite directions to each other, which increases the efficiency of oxygen-uptake from the water. Fresh oxygenated water taken in through the mouth is uninterruptedly "pumped" through the gills in one direction, while the blood in the lamellae flows in the opposite direction, creating the countercurrent blood and water flow, on which the fish's survival depends. The gills are composed of comb-like filaments, the gill lamellae, which help increase their surface area for oxygen exchange. When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals.
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The preserved foot shows that Cretaceogekko already possessed the tiny lamellae or ridges on the toe pads that allow modern geckos to cling to vertical surfaces. Cretaceogekko had a striped skin pattern that probably served as camouflage.Science News, "Oldest Gecko Fossil Ever Found, Entombed In Amber" Accessed 3 September 2008.
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Feldspar (Amazonite) Perthite is either microcline or orthoclase with thin lamellae of exsolved albite. Amazon stone, or amazonite, is a green variety of microcline. It is not found anywhere in the Amazon Basin, however. The Spanish explorers who named it apparently confused it with another green mineral from that region.
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Body slightly compressed. Lamellae under fourth toe counts 11-14. Males are dark brown or brick-red dorsally and on the flanks. Females may be similar to males in coloration and can be lighter, with some individuals have four diamond-shaped marks and black spots or longitudinal lines on dorsum.
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The fool's mushroom is pure white, all the way to the gills and the stipe. This fungus, like all amanitas, has a volva. The fool's mushroom's cap is wide, and is about the same height. This mushroom's lamellae is free and white, and the volva is bag-like and large.
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This Okenia is translucent white in color, with white flecks covering the body. The rhinophores are distinctive in that the ends are void of lamellae. The gill is made up of three branches. Reaching only about 7–8 mm in length, this deeper water species feeds on brown ctenostomatous bryozoans.
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A Kouxian, played by plucking the ends in front of the oral cavity. The lamellae resonate to produce sound. A large number of lamellophones originate in Africa, where they are known under different names including mbira, sanza, kisanji, likembe, kalimba, and kongoma. They play a role in southeast African Music.
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The 5½ convex whorls are encircled by numerous spiral lirae. They are clathrate with regular, elevated lamellae of growth, especially prominent between the lirae. The spiral lirae number 9 or 10 on the penultimate whorl, every alternate one slightly larger. On the body whorl there are about 16 to 18 lirae.
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The six whorls are very convex, separated by canaliculate sutures. The body whorl has about nine rather separated lirae, the whole surface covered with crowded elevated sibfoliaceus radiating lamellae. The round aperture measures half the length of the shell or less. The peristome is usually nearly free from body whorl above.
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Case 32 contains miniature kylikes, possibly used for ritual purposes, as well as replicas of Linear B tablets. Two golden Venetian coins suggest that the hilltop of Englianos was used as a quarry for building materials in a later period. In case 33 there are fragments of jewellery and golden lamellae.
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Rhacodactylus possess prehensile tails which also have lamellae to assist in climbing. These are for the most part arboreal geckos. Rhacodactylus are nocturnal geckos. The species are egg layers with the exception of Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus and R. trachycephalus which gives live birth, a characteristic only otherwise found in New Zealand geckos.
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Crystals are generally transparent to translucent. Crystals are not luminescent or fluorescent. Jerrygibbsite forms orthorhombic crystals with an imperfect cleavage along the {001} plane, which can be seen by opaque lamellae alternating with the transparent jerrygibbsite. Optically, jerrygibbsite is negative biaxial with 2V = 72˚ and a maximum birefringence of 0.017.
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The dolomites are also found as large, almost euhedral, grains with diameter of 4–6 mm. Other common textures are myrmekite and exsolution lamellae with calcite. Euhedral grains are only found in carbonatites.Härmälä 1981 The microprobe studies of Siilinjärvi dolomite show homogeneous compositions with low FeO-, SrO- and MnO –content.
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The up to 8 millimeters wide lamellae are free, white, turns pink over time with a sawn edge. Lamellettes are available. The stem is up to 19 inches long and up to 2 inches thick, white, smooth, cylindrical, not hollow with a pronounced ring . It is extended like a root (pseudorhiza).
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Lamellae under fourth toe are 24-28 in number. The dorsum is yellow, light brown, or reddish brown in color, with 17 broad dark brown crossbands on the body and tail that are separated by light narrow interspaces. The venter is yellowish green. Juveniles are green with black transverse bands.
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Larvae, with their great number of lamellae in their gills,(Brunelli, E., E. Sperone, M. Maisano, and S. Tripepi. 2009. Morphology and ultrastructure of the gills in two Urodela species: Salamandrina terdigitata and Triturus carnifex. Italian Journal of Zoology. 76(2): 158-164) are more susceptible to pollutants than adults.
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Flamingos filter-feed on brine shrimp. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they eat, and are uniquely used upside-down. The filtering of food items is assisted by hairy structures called lamellae which line the mandibles, and the large rough-surfaced tongue.
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The aperture is rounded with parietal lamella, basal lamella, columellar lamella and with two palatal lamellae. The width of the shell of the holotype is 2 mm. The height of the shell of the holotype is 6.2 mm. The body of the animal is a pale greenish yellow in color.
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The three leaflike caudal lamellae at the end of the abdomen, which serve as gills, are broad and elaborately folded, an adaptation to intermittent low oxygen availability in its habitat.Corbet, 82. Each lamella has a conspicuous white spot, making Megaloprepus easy to distinguish from other tree-hole damselflies.Fincke, "Interspecific Competition", 83.
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Ultrasonic cleaning effects that are well known from the technical practice are also discussed. Quartz between lamellae is very clear and thus contains almost no fluid inclusions. There exists an assumption that they collapsed due to many mechanical pulses. There is found a grooving pattern on some samples of quartz.
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When a solid solution becomes unstable—due to a lower temperature, for example—exsolution occurs and the two phases separate into distinct microscopic to megascopic lamellae. This is mainly caused by difference in cation size. Cations which have a large difference in radii are not likely to readily substitute.Nesse, William D. (2000).
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Other lamellae continue as fine growth lines across the shell. The spirals are faint threads, evanescent on the shoulder and prominent on the snout. Of these there are about forty on the body whorl, twelve of which are posterior to the angle. The aperture is simple and unfinished in the only example available.
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The head of C. stoddartii is oval, and longer than wide. The rostral appendage is long, horn-like, about two thirds the length of the snout in males, but is reduced or even absent in females. The lamellae under the fourth toe number 23–27. The dorsum is brownish green or yellowish brown.
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Sui dynasty swords. In the 6th century, Qimu Huaiwen introduced to Northern Qi the process of 'co-fusion' steelmaking, which used metals of different carbon contents to create steel. Apparently, daos made using this method were capable of penetrating 30 armour lamellae. It's not clear if the armour was of iron or leather.
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Dorsal and nuchal scales with 3 or 5 keels, sometimes very feeble; 30 to 32 scales round the middle of the body, subequal. The adpressed limbs meet or slightly overlap, Subdigital lamellae unicarinate. Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly tricarinate. Tail 1.6 to 2.2 times the length of head and body.
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The shell of Cravenoceras is thickly discoidal to globose and moderately to widely umbilicate. Young stages are mostly extremely evolute. Sculpture consists of transverse lamellae, which are more or less straight on the flanks, but form a shallow ventral sinus. Longitudinal lirae mostly absent or very faint, sometimes restricted to umbilical shoulder.
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The plants are small, typically less than 15 mm long by 10 mm wide (0.6 in by 0.4 in), and thallose; that is, the plant is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaf. The thallus consists of a midrib flanked by two wings that bear erect, leaf-like lamellae on their dorsal surface.
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This explains why this structure cannot be reproduced in the laboratory. The crystalline patterns become visible when the meteorites are cut, polished, and acid etched, because taenite is more resistant to the acid. Gibeon meteorite. The dimension of kamacite lamellae ranges from coarsest to finest (upon their size) as the nickel content increases.
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Spherulites have a size between about 1 and 100 micrometers and form a large variety of colored patterns (see, e.g. front images) when observed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope, which often include the "maltese cross" pattern and other polarization phenomena caused by molecular alignment within the individual lamellae of a spherullite.
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The uppermost of the keels on the body whorl revolves up to the spire and forms the angle on the upper volutions. The lowermost carina borders the umbilicus and the next one occupies the middle of the under surface. The longitudinal lamellae are continuous on and between the keels. The aperture is round.
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66, no. 1, p. 155-198. The plants are small, reaching lengths of up to about 15 mm (0.6 in), and thallose; that is, the plant is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaf. The thallus consists of a midrib flanked by two wings that bear leaf-like lamellae on their dorsal surface.
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The white shell has a fusiform shape. It measures up to 15 mm, with a moderately high spire of shouldered whorls. The protoconch is small and consists of little more than one whorl. The teleoconch shows a sculpture of axial lamellae and spiral cords (4–5 on penultimate whorl) forming a coarse lattice.
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Petalophyllaceae is a family of liverworts in the order Fossombroniales. Most species are thallose; that is, the plant is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaf. The thallus is typically small and bears lamellae on its dorsal surface that give it a ruffled, leafy appearance.Crandall-Stotler, B.J., Stotler, R.E., and Long, D.G. 2009.
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These birds were large, flightless ducks, with robust legs but small wings, which had evolved in isolation, on islands without terrestrial mammals. Their beaks had tooth-like lamellae and their diet was plants which they digested through hindgut fermentation. These birds were likely driven to extinction when the islands were colonised by Polynesians.
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The Plectopylidae differ from the Corillidae by the presence of one or two vertical (= perpendicular to the suture) lamellae on the parietal wall, approximately a quarter to a half whorl behind the aperture. In contrast, the Corillidae have only horizontal (= parallel with the suture) parietal plicae (in Corilla all plicae may be absent).
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The crystallization process of polymers does not always obey simple chemical rate equations. Polymers can crystallize through a variety of different regimes and unlike simple molecules, the polymer crystal lamellae have two very different surfaces. The two most prominent theories in polymer crystallization kinetics are the Avrami equation and Lauritzen–Hoffman growth theory.
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The immature shell measures 21 by 18 mm in width, the height is 10.5 mm. The axis is hollow and the mouth possesses no lamellae. Distinguished from Anostoma octodentatum chiefly by the narrower and tinted lip, and fewer teeth. It is usually smaller, more angular at the periphery, and less densely mottled beneath.
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Pacinian corpuscles sense stimuli due to the deformation of their lamellae, which press on the membrane of the sensory neuron and causes it to bend or stretch. When the lamellae are deformed, due to either pressure or release of pressure, a generator potential is created as it physically deforms the plasma membrane of the receptive area of the neuron, making it "leak" Na+ ions. If this potential reaches a certain threshold, nerve impulses or action potentials are formed by pressure-sensitive sodium channels at the first node of Ranvier, the first node of the myelinated section of the neurite inside the capsule. This impulse is now transferred along the axon with the use of sodium channels and sodium/potassium pumps in the axon membrane.
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During his stint at Ruhr University Bochum, Sane worked on the modality of electron transport and transduction of energy in chloroplast membranes and discovered that the generation of pH gradient across the membranes is due to the presence of proton-translocating proteins. Basing his studies on a mutant of Gateway Barley, he did an elaborate biochemical analysis of carbon assimilation and reactions of Ch1 biosynthesis. Associating with Roderic Park, he developed a new method for the isolation of PS-I and PS-II, without the use of detergents and propounded a model for distributing the two photosystems in the chloroplast lamellae. Their findings were published in an article, Distribution of Function and Structure in Chloroplast Lamellae, which eventually became a citation classic.
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It has a snout rather acuminate, as long as the distance between the eye and the upper border of the ear-opening, 1.3 the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave; interorbital space very narrow; upper eyelid strongly fringed; ear-opening large, obliquely crescentic, the concavity being directed forwards and upwards, its diameter equalling three fourths that of the eye. Body and limbs moderate. Digits free, moderately dilated, inner well developed; infradigital lamellae obliquely curved; 10 lamellae under the thumb, 10 under the third finger, 9 under the inner toe, and 12 under the third toe. Snout covered with large convex granular scales, largest between the eye and the nostril; hinder part of head with minute granules, and scattered ones of a larger size.
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These crown the summit of each whorl and give a distinct recognition mark to the species. This crest of scales is underlined by a stout undulating cord. Though excavate out of the general contour, the fasciole is not well differentiated. It is sculptured by radial lamellae and traversed by two or three spiral threads.
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Congenital stromal dystrophy. Transmission electron microscopy of the corneal stroma showing normal collagen lamellae separated by abnormal randomly distributed collagen filaments in an electron-lucent extracellular matrix. Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy (CSCD), is an extremely rare, autosomal dominant form of corneal dystrophy. Only 4 families have been reported to have the disease by 2009.
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During the day, individuals can be found basking on thin branches relying on their camouflage colouration to protect them from predators.They eyes have an orange to red rim around the iris. The toes are long and expanded with well- developed adhesive pads. Toe tips have large adhesive lamellae that decrease in size towards the palm.
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Naiadolina is an agaric fungal genus that produces striking, yellowish fruit bodies on sedges (Scirpus and Dulichium) in wetlands in eastern Canada. The lamellae are merulioid, forked and anastomosing. The type species was previously classified as a Marasmius in the Marasmiaceae, but phylogenetically, Naiadolina flavomerulina is in the Physalacriaceae sister to the genus Cryptomarasmius.
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Last whorl (of 5) ends straight or partially descending. Whorl peripheries rounded except for a conspicuous peripheral keel on the ultimate whorl, with a similar keel encircling the umbilicus. Umbilicus rather wide and open. Aperture wide, with separated angular and parietal lamellae; collumelar, upper and lower palatal teeth large, infraparietal, basal and interpalatal teeth small.
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The umbilicus is narrow and deep. The axial sculpture consists of very numerous, equal, regularly spaced low lamellae, with (on the body whorl) about equal interspaces, extending to the verge of the umbilicus and minutely beading the shoulder cord. The circular aperture is hardly interrupted by the body. The margins are thin and sharp.
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Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites. Polymers can crystallize upon cooling from melting, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation. Crystallization affects optical, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of the polymer.
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These are narrower than the interspaces in which there are very fine, prosocline lamellae. A considerably thicker compound cord is seen above the suture on the spire and at the periphery of body whorl. The aperture is subquadrangular, with a moderate denticle at the base of the columella. The outer lip has a cutting edge.
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Their color is pinkish gray to greyish buff. Interspersed between the gills are numerous lamellae (short gills) that are not arranged in distinct tiers. The stipe measures long by thick, and is roughly the same thickness throughout its length. Its surface is smooth to silky, and whitish, although older specimens can develop yellowish tints.
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The digits are slightly compressed, with tubercular lamellae interiorly. The 10-15 femoral pores on each side form a long series and are more developed in males. The caudal scales are pointed and very strongly keeled. The tail is cylindrical and very long, 2 to 2.5 times as long as the head and body.
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Isotactic polypropylene can exist in various crystalline modifications which differ by the molecular arrangement of the polymer chains. The crystalline modifications are categorized into the α-, β- and γ-modification as well as mesomorphic (smectic) forms. The α-modification is predominant in iPP. Such crystals are built from lamellae in the form of folded chains.
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This can happen if the bonding between these lamellae is high. Ψ refers to the angle between the tensile axis and the collagen fibril. Mechanisms 1 and 2 both decrease Ψ. Mechanisms 3 and 4 can increase Ψ, as in, the fibril moves away from the tensile axis. Fibrils with a small Ψ stretch elastically.
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This nudibranch can grow as large as 33 mm. It is pale yellow in colour, with dots of opaque white on the tips of the dorsal tubercles but not between the tubercles. The rhinophores have 10-12 lamellae and a pale yellow club with a white stalk. The gills are white with five pinnae.
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The IVB meteorites are composed of meteoric iron (kamacite, taenite and tetrataenite). The chemical composition is low in volatile elements and high in nickel and refractory elements. Although most IVB meteorites are ataxites ("without structure"), they do show microscopic Widmanstätten patterns. The lamellae are smaller than 20µm wide and lie in a matrix of plessite.
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This nudibranch can grow as large as 25 mm. It can be dark yellow to orange in colour, but always with very small opaque white dots. Larger dots are found on the tubercles, with numerous small white dots scattered between the tubercles. The rhinophores are orange-yellow in colour with 9 lamellae on the club.
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Bioconcentration factors facilitate predicting contamination levels in an organism based on chemical concentration in surrounding water. BCF in this setting only applies to aquatic organisms. Air breathing organisms do not take up chemicals in the same manner as other aquatic organisms. Fish, for example uptake chemicals via ingestion and osmotic gradients in gill lamellae.
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Periostracum very thin or wanting. Protoconch depressed-conical, multispiral (in one species paucispiral). Teleoconch usually with foreign objects attached in spiral series to peripheral flange and, sometimes, remainder of dorsum, at least on early whorls. Operculum horny, yellowish to brown, nucleus lateral, with simple growth lamellae, sometimes with conspicuous radial striae or hollow radial ribs.
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The length of the shell varies between 12 mm and 17 mm. The ribs are rounded, running into the suture,like the lamellae of Scalaria, closely transversely striate. The whorls are convex, with well- impressed sutures. The color of the shell is light yellowish brown, with a narrow indistinct chestnut zone below the middle of the body whorl.
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The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp (fungal fruiting body) that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium.Moore-Landecker, E: "Fundamentals of the Fungi", page 560. Prentice Hall, 1972. The hymenium (hymenophore) may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus.
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The walls are covered by grey-beige-colored panels, the floor is paved with artificial gravels that resemble gravels from the river Isar. The pillars are covered by grey-beige-colored tiles. The ceiling has rows of neon tubes and is faced with aluminium lamellae. At the western end you can get to the surface using a ramp.
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Digits rather elongate, compressed; subdigital lamellae smooth or obtusely keeled, 17 to 20 under the fourth toe. Tail almost twice as long as head and body. Brown or olive above, uniform or with scattered darker dots; sides of head and body dark brown, light-margined above; usually with large light spots; lower surface whitish.Boulenger, G. A. 1890.
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Dorsal scales more or less distinctly tri-(rarely quinque-) carinate: nuchals and laterals usually very feebly keeled, sometimes smooth; 30 to 34 scales round the middle of the body, subequal or dorsals largest. The hind limb reaches the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellae smooth. Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly tricarinate.
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In gaps between the kamacite and taenite lamellae, a fine-grained mixture called plessite is often found. An iron nickel phosphide, schreibersite, is present in most nickel-iron meteorites, as well as an iron-nickel-cobalt carbide, cohenite. Graphite and troilite occur in rounded nodules up to several cm in size.Vagn F. Buchwald: Handbook of Iron Meteorites.
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Romagnesiella is an agaric fungal genus that colonizes mineral, calcareous or sandy soils in Europe and North Africa. The small brownish fruitbodies have narrowly attached, broad and distant lamellae and poorly differentiated cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia. Spores are thick-walled, brown, smooth, and lack germ pore. The cap surface (pileipellis) is somewhat cellular with irregular puzzle-like to pyriform hyphae.
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Photomicrograph of shocked quartz Shocked quartz is a form of quartz that has a microscopic structure that is different from normal quartz. Under intense pressure (but limited temperature), the crystalline structure of quartz is deformed along planes inside the crystal. These planes, which show up as lines under a microscope, are called planar deformation features (PDFs), or shock lamellae.
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The head of a male wunderpus is wider than its mantle and for female wunderpus octopuses, their mantle is wider than their head. For females, this is due to the large ovary in their mantle. They have gill with 6-7 lamellae per demibranch present. The wunderpus octopus has a relatively small body and a flexible hydrostatic skeleton.
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The surface towards the body is smooth and known as the inferior lamella. The upper surface, or superior lamella, has transverse and longitudinal ridges and ribs. The lamellae are held apart by struts called trabaculae and contain pigments which give colour. The scales cling somewhat loosely to the wing and come off easily without harming the butterfly.
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The fruiting body of Psilocybe liniformans from the 5.5-7.5 cm long stem, on which sits a 4.5-7.5 cm wide hat. The latter is initially pointed bell-shaped and shaped flat in old age. The red-brown, glossy hat fades to the edge of yellow-brownish. The lamellae are yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown.
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The form varies from elliptical to rounded-oval. The spiral rib of the upper surface is also variable in prominence. There are no radiating lamellae between the spire and the rib, and as usual there is a shallow channel outside of the row of holes. The color is between scarlet and brick-red, with irregular, often radiating white patches.
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They open as the mouth closes, causing the pressure inside the fish to drop. Water then flows towards the lower pressure across the fish's gill lamellae, allowing some oxygen to be absorbed from the water. In cartilaginous ratfishes, they present soft and flexible opercular flaps. Sharks, rays and relatives such as elasmobranch fishes lack the opercular series.
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Hemilytoceras is a lytoceratin ammonite genus with round inner whorls, outer whorls becoming depressed and in some developing high lamellae (ribs) that bend forward over the venter. The type species H. immanae came from the Tithonian of Europe. The genus is known from the overall Upper Jurassic of central and southern Europe, North Africa, and western India.
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In both groups osteoderms are absent. General characteristics of the soft tissue includes a tongue that is covered in lamellae except in the tip, heavily modified ears without external openings or middle ear cavity or eustachian tubes, and highly reduced eyes that lack internal structure and are covered by a scale and lack internal structure, particularly in Dibamus.
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In the fibrils, collagen molecules are embedded with hydroxyapatite mineral nanocrystals. Collagen fibrils align in the same direction to make a layer of collagen lamella, of about 50 μm in thickness. Lamellae are stacked with a misalignment in orientation, creating a Bouligand structure. When the scales bend during an attack, stress is distributed due to the corrugated morphology.
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The narrow umbilicus is deep, and is bordered with a raised ridge, or is closed up. The foramen is large, and distant from the margin, to which a furrow joins it. The fasciole is extremity short, terminating half a whorl behind the aperture. it is bordered by keels and is traversed by lamellae, which correspond to the longitudinal ribs.
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The lacunae are situated between the lamellae, and consist of a number of oblong spaces. In an ordinary microscopic section, viewed by transmitted light, they appear as fusiform opaque spots. Each lacuna is occupied during life by a branched cell, termed an osteocyte, bone-cell or bone-corpuscle. Lacunae are connected to one another by small canals called canaliculi.
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Visible light cannot pass through large thicknesses of the opal. This is the basis of the optical band gap in a photonic crystal. The notion that opals are photonic crystals for visible light was expressed in 1995 by Vasily Astratov's group. In addition, microfractures may be filled with secondary silica and form thin lamellae inside the opal during solidification.
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Goniobranchus splendidus is a chromodorid nudibranch which has an opaque white mantle with large, scattered red spots. In the northern part of its range these spots coalesce and may form a single large red patch in the middle of the back. The edge of the mantle is yellow. The rhinophore clubs are red with white edges to the lamellae.
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The higher refractive indices along with the lamellae structure of brianite help us to distinguish these two minerals apart under the microscope. The specific gravity of panethite was between 2.90 and 3.0. Both minerals were insoluble in water. Panethite and brianite are the minerals known to have the greatest amount of sodium content in meteorites (Fuchs, 1967).
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O. mucronatus, like other members of the genus Oxynopterus, are among the largest of the click beetles. The males have distinctive feather-like antennae, with long flat lamellae extending from the antenna segments. The females in contrast, have thin toothed antennae and are larger than the males. The prothorax is shield-shaped, with sharply pointed posteriolateral tips.
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It looks like surface waves. Many rose quartz samples from the whole of the world contain systems of white lamellae. A causal relationship between the shock metamorphism and the origin of rose color could define the rose quartz as a shocked mineral. A similar relationship could be true also in the case of other quartz varieties.
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The gametophyte is the first and dominant phase of two alternating phases in a bryophyte's life cycle. This part of the life cycle consists of protonema (the preliminary stage where the propagule develops green thread-like filaments), the rhizoids (filaments growing beneath the bryophyte that help anchor the bryophyte to its substratum), the stem, the leaves, its reproductive structure (archegonium in female plants, antheridium in male plants), and the calyptra (a thin tissue that forms from the venter of an archegonium and protects the sporangium as it develops). Pogonatum urnigerum has a wine-red stem. A leaf of P. urnigerium measures 2.5-6mm in length and consists of a unistratose lamina with many lamellae on the upper surface (adaxial side) of the leaf (30-46 lamellae stacked with pillars of 4-7 cells each).
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The shell, aside from its helicoid shape (not a character of great importance), differs from all Pupillidae in the arrangement of the lamellae and baso-palatal folds. In multidentate Pupillidae the five primary teeth are always recognizable while in Strobilops only the main parietal lamella and the columellar lamella can certainly be said to correspond, and these are found in so many other land shells that their occurrence is not especially significant. It is possible, however, that upper and lower palatal folds of Pupillidae are represented by teeth 5 (the most right basal tooth) and 2 (second left basal tooth), and the basal fold by tooth 1 (the most left basal tooth). By the accelerated lamellae and folds of the shell, which appear early in the neanic stage, Strobilops resembles various Tornatellininae (within Achatinellidae).
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S. Miller, Two Groups of Thessalian Gold Page 25 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979) Among other archaeological evidence of the religious significance of Pelinna are two Orphic gold tablets (lamellae) found in 1985 on the site of Petroporos,Instructions for the netherworld: the Orphic gold tablets By Alberto Bernabé, Alberto Bernabé Pajares, Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal Page 61 dating to the late fourth century BCE.For the Greek text of one of the lamellae, see PHI Greek Inscriptions 37:497A It seems to have been a place of some importance even in the time of Pindar. Alexander the Great passed through the town in his rapid march from Illyria to Boeotia. It did not revolt from the Macedonians together with the other Thessalians after the death of Alexander the Great.
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Trachylepis maculata has long been confused with the Noronha skink. In 2002, P. Mausfeld and D. Vrcibradic published a note on the nomenclature of the Noronha skink informed by a re-examination of Gray's original type specimens; despite extensive attempts to correctly name the species, they were apparently the first to do so since Boulenger in 1887.Mausfeld and Vrcibradic, 2002, p. 293 Based on differences in the number of scales, subdigital lamellae (lamellae on the lower sides of the digits), and keels (longitudinal ridges) on the dorsal scales (located on the upperparts), as well as the separation of the parietal scales (on the head behind the eyes) in maculata, they concluded that the two were not, after all, identical, and that Schmidt's name Mabuya atlantica should therefore be used.
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The length of the shell attains 16 mm, its diameter 5.5 mm. (Original description) The solid shell has a lanceolate shape and contains 10 whorls. Its colour is uniform dull white. Sculpture :—Except where interrupted by the spirals, the shell is overrun by very close microscopic radial lamellae, a series of which rise along the suture and curl into arched scales.
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The columella is somewhat concave. The margins are all thin. The base of the shell is flattened convex, with seven revolving ribs, the outermost of which is just within the periphery. They are crossed by radiating lines of growth, regular and very fine, but raised into low, very sharp lamellae which pass over the periphery onto the upper surface of the whorl.
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Colour : Pale yellowish beige with scattered irregular dashes of ochre alternate chocolate dots on the outer lip. Sculpture : The body whorl carries eleven widely spaced fine spiral cords, the peripheral strongest. Of these six appear on the penultimate and fade gradually away on the upper whorls. Both cords and interspaces are crossed by delicate oblique lamellae which rise into scales upon the cords.
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H. C. Schröder et al., Biosilica formation in spicules of the sponge Suberites domuncula: Synchronous expression of a gene cluster. Genomics 85, 666 (2005).H. C. Schröder et al., Apposition of silica lamellae during growth of spicules in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: Biological/biochemical studies and chemical/biomimetical confirmation. Journal of Structural Biology 159, 325 (2007).F. Natalio et al.
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The subdigital lamellae are feebly unicarinate, with 12 to 15 under the fourth toe. The tail is thick and a little longer than the head and body. It is pale brown or rufous above, and the sides are closely dotted with black. Each dorsal and nuchal scale has a more-or-less distinct dark brown dot, forming a longitudinal series.
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Remnants of the white, grayish to cream-colored velum remain on the cap as flakes, giving the impression of woodpecker or magpie plumage. With age, the brim of the cap rolls up and dissolves. The lamellae are very close and are initially greyish-white, then pink to gray in color. Eventually they melt, dripping and black, giving it the name inkcap.
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There are also two small flat cirri, behind and beneath the operculum. The foot is broad, ovate, with two tentacle-like processes in front. The gill is large, consisting of numerous thin lamellae, attached to the inner surface of the mantle, over the left side of the neck, and extending obliquely across and over the neck to the right side.Verrill, A. E. 1882.
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Aphroditeola is an agaric fungal genus that produces pink cantharelloid fruit bodies on coniferous forest floors. The lamellae are forked and typically the fruit bodies have a fragrant odor described as candy-like, cinnamony or pink bubble gum-like. In the last century it was classified in Hygrophoropsis, a genus in the Boletales. However, Hygrophoropsis has dextrinoid basidiospores while Aphroditeola lacks these.
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The lamellae are adnate, and light brown to dark purple brown in maturity, with lighter gill edges. There is no distinct annulus, but immature P. cyanescens specimens do have a cobwebby veil which may leave an annular zone in maturity. Both the odor and taste are farinaceous. P. cyanescens has smooth, elliptical spores which measure 9 - 12 x 5 - 8 µm.
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The holotype of Aureofungus is a fruiting body and associated basidiospores. The pileus is in diameter and has a convex shape sporting a broad raised central region. The lightly textured flesh is yellow- brown in coloration and sports a striated, incurved margin. The lamellae or gills are subdistant and lacking lamellulae, short gills which do not reach the edge of the pileus.
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Lamellae form during crystallization from the melt. The arrow shows the direction of temperature gradient. Nucleation starts with small, nanometer-sized areas where as a result of heat motion some chains or their segments occur parallel. Those seeds can either dissociate, if thermal motion destroys the molecular order, or grow further, if the grain size exceeds a certain critical value.
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The shell periphery is usually rounded and the last whorl does not descend below the preceding whorl but is parallel to the preceding suture. The outer wall of the last whorl generally possesses two short longitudinal furrows that correspond with internal apertural lamellae. The umbilicus is narrow and deep. The semi-ovate aperture has an expanded peristome with a reflexed lip.
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There exist macroscopic white lamellae inside quartz and other minerals in the Bohemian Massif and at other places around the world like wavefronts generated by a meteorite impact according to the Rajlich's Hypothesis. The hypothetical wavefronts are composed of many microcavities. Their origin is seen in a physical phenomenon of ultrasonic cavitation, which is well known from the technical practice.
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Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59, 359–365. Growth lamellae are evident; like the machaeridians, they overlap along the axis of symmetry. Overall, Tumulduria consists of a central, slightly rounded ridge, with two lateral 'flaps', giving it an appearance superficially resembling a trilobite's head-shield.; indeed, it has been in considered in the past to be a trilobite (Federov et al. 1977).
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Doris odhneri is the largest nudibranch on the California coast, measuring up to 20 cm. It is completely white in color with no markings, however anomalies with a yellowish hue have been described in the Puget Sound region. A conspicuous characteristic of this nudibranch is its gill. It is composed of seven fluffy plumes and its rhinophores have 20 to 24 lamellae.
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They grow saprotrophic on litter of leaves and needles or soil in forests, grassland and alpine habitats. Infundibulicybe shares some characteristics with Omphalina, like the cream-reddish brown tinges of pileus and stipe, the deeply decurrent lamellae and strongly encrusting pigment. Another member of the group, I. lateritia is a rare alpine-arctic species strictly associated with Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae).
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The bitter-tasting greenish-yellow flesh is thick and firm, and lacks any distinct odor. Gills have an attached to sinuate attachment to the stipe when young, which often becomes deeply emarginate (notched near the stipe) later. They are broad and closely spaced, with intervening lamellae (short gills). Initially yellowish olive, the gills become pinkish cinnamon as the spores mature.
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The four mechanisms through which adjustments occur are fibril rotation, collagen fibril stretching, tensile opening between fibrils, and sympathetic lamella rotation. Fibrils adapting to the loading environment enhance the flexibility of the lamellae. This contributes resistance to scale bending, and therefore increases fracture resistance. As a whole, the outer scale layer is hard and brittle, while the inner layer is ductile and tough.
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The periphery of body whorl is angular. The base of the shell is convex, with 5 spiral, beaded lirae, the interstices with strong, irregular lamellae. The aperture nearly round, angular at the upper part and very faintly so at the base of the columella. The outer and basal margins are thin, thickened interiorly, with 10 conspicuous lirae, that nearest the columella toothlike.
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Due to extensive captive breeding and artificial selection, captive animals display a range of colors and patterns. Those found in the wild typically have more dull colorations than those kept in captivity as pets. Unlike many other geckos, but like other Eublepharids, their toes do not have adhesive lamellae, so they cannot climb smooth vertical walls.A common leopard gecko shedding its skin.
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Enamel lamellae are a type of hypomineralized structure in teeth that extend either from the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) to the surface of the enamel, or vice versa. In essence, they are prominent linear enamel defects, but are of no clinical consequence.Histology Course Notes: "Mature Enamel", New Jersey Dental School, 2003-2004, page 2. These structures contain proteins, proteoglycans, and lipids.
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Nuummite is usually black in colour and opaque. It consists of two amphiboles, gedrite and anthophyllite, which form exsolution lamellae that give the rock its typical iridescence. Other common minerals in the rock are pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, which form shimmering yellow bands in polished specimens. In Greenland the rock was formed by two consecutive metamorphic overprints of an originally igneous rock.
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Fruit bodies of Hygrophorus species are all agaricoid, most (but not all) having smooth caps that are viscid to glutinous when damp. The lamellae beneath the cap are usually distant, thick, waxy, and broadly attached to decurrent. The stems of Hygrophorus species often have traces of a glutinous veil, sometimes forming an equally glutinous ring or ring-zone. The spore print is white.
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The shell has 5 whorls which are rather flattened; the upper ones are striatulate, the final whorl with irregular and waved rib- striae. The base of the shell is convex, spotted with chestnut, scrobiculate in front. The shell aperture follows the slope of the spire, is semicircular, and is contracted by six strong, curved lamellae. The peristome is white, broadly expanded and reflexed.
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The lamellae are thick, rounded, broad and are free from the stipe. The stipe is thick, cylindrical, powdery, has a fragile, cottony ring, and a large, white to ochraceous-cream volva at the base. The flesh is thick, white and has a strong, unpleasant smell. The spore print is white, and the elliptical spores measure 10–12 × 6.5–8 μm.
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Temperature also affects the speed at which the gills can be remodelled: for example, at 20 °C in hypoxia, the crucian carp can completely remove its ILCM in 6 hours, whereas at 8 °C, the same process takes 3–7 days. The ILCM is likely removed by apoptosis, but it is possible that when the fish is faced with the double stress of hypoxia at high temperature, the lamellae may be lost by physical degradation. Covering the gill lamellae may protect species like the crucian carp from parasites and environmental toxins during normoxia by limiting their surface area for inward diffusion while still maintaining oxygen transport due to an extremely high hemoglobin oxygen binding affinity. The naked carp, a closely related species native to the high-altitude Lake Qinghai, is also able to remodel their gills in response to hypoxic conditions.
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Gold are frequently found in graves. In a Thessalian burial of the 4th century B.C., a gold had been placed on the lips of a woman, presumed from her religious paraphernalia to be an initiate into the Orphic or Dionysiac mysteries. The coin was stamped with a Gorgon's head.K. Tasntsanoglou and George M. Parássoglou, "Two Gold Lamellae from Thessaly," Hellenica 38 (1987) 3–16.
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The ligula is of medium size with a short calamus. Their gills have 6‑8 lamellae per outer demibranch. Paroctopus lays small to medium-sized eggs which are on very short stalks and are attached singly in small clusters within the empty shells of gastropods and bivalves. They are uniformly coloured with little variation in pattern and they lack a patch and groove system.
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Each whorl spreads in a broad shelf above, and thence narrows anteriorly. Sculpture:—On the body whorl there are four, and on the earlier two, spiral cords, the topmost running along the angle of the shell. The radials which over-ride these are thin elevated lamellae, commencing at the suture and ending as imbricating scales on the snout. There are sixteen on the body whorl.
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A deeper eutectic or more rapid cooling will result in finer lamellae; as the size of an individual lamellum approaches zero, the system will instead retain its high-temperature structure. Two common cases of this include cooling a liquid to form an amorphous solid, and cooling eutectoid austenite to form martensite. In biology, normal adult bones possess a lamellar structure which may be disrupted by some diseases.
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Garay, L.A., and P. Taylor. 1976. The genus Oeceoclades Lindl. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 24(9): 249-274. Garay and Taylor noted that O. analamerensis is similar in vegetative morphology to O. alismatophylla, but it can be distinguished from similar species by its floral morphology, including the two small lamellae at the base of the labellum and the hairy disc on the labellum.
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Digits moderately long, with smooth lamellae, 13 or 14 beneath the fourth toe; the hind-limb reaches to the wrist or the elbow. Palm of the heel and sole of the feet with enlarged sub conical tubercles intermixed with much smaller one.Smith, M.A. (1935): The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese sub- region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol.
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Solvent vapour annealing (SVA) is a widely used technique for controlling the morphology and ordering of block copolymer (BCP) films. By controlling the block ratio (f = NA/N), spheres, cylinders, gyroids and lamellae structures can be readily generated by swelling of the BCP thin film using solvent vapor to facilitate the self-assembly of the polymer blocks. It is a more mild alternative to thermal annealing.
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Cooling of the hoof in the developmental stages of laminitis has been shown to have a protective effect when horses are experimentally exposed to carbohydrate overload. Feet placed in ice slurries were less likely to experience laminitis than "uniced" feet. Cryotherapy reduces inflammatory events in the lamellae. Ideally, limbs should be placed in an ice bath up to the level of the knee or hock.
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The shell is trochiform, dome-shaped or discoidal and umbilicate. The shell has from 4½ to 6 slowly enlarging whorls. The aperture is small, oblique, with armature of 2 or 3 parietal lamellae and several deeply placed basal folds, all growing continuously from an early neanic stage. The peristome is more or less thickened and expanded, the ends of the lip remote, joined by a parietal callus.
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In foraminifera with lamellar walls, the deposition of a new chamber is accompanied by the deposition of a layer over previously-formed chambers. This layer may cover all previous chambers, or it may cover only some of them. These layers are known as secondary lamellae. Foraminifera with lamellar walls can be further broken down into those with monolamellar walls and those with bilamellar walls.
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Around the flat-roofed building is a façade made of metal lamellae, which opens the building in a way that it is possible to look out of it to the surroundings anywhere on the ground floor of the building. In the basement is the seminar centre, the library with about 25,000 volumes, the memorial department and offices for 17 employees of the Topography of Terror Foundation.
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The most prominent characters of Perrottetia are the sub-oblique heliciform shell, often with whorls coiling around an oblique axis. The last whorls do not descend below the preceding whorl, and short longitudinal furrows are present behind the apertural lip. Internally, the aperture possesses two parietal lamellae. Up to 2013, Perrottetia gudei was the only Perrottetia for which were published information about its internal anatomy.
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The third lamella supports the third vane, which is located more distally and lies perpendicular to the other two vanes or lamellae. All three lamella have striations when viewed in a longitudinal section and these striations are perpendicular to the ‘9+2’ axoneme. Carpediemonas contains a single ovate nucleus, located anteriorly in the cell. The nucleolus can also be found subcentrally within the nucleus.
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It shows long, spirally arranged peripheral spines on all five whorls (about equal to width of shoulder). The whorls are flat- sided. The early whorls show, on the upper surface, five beaded spirals, between which on the later whorls are intercalated one or more much smaller beaded or simple threads. These are crossed obliquely by small, sharp, imbricated lamellae, visible only under a lens.
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First described by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838, its specific epithet delica is Latin for "weaned". Older names include Christian Hendrik Persoon's Lactarius piperatus var. exsuccus. This species has undergone many taxonomic changes over the years. Russula chloroides is now considered a distinct species because of the very dense lamellae and blue/green zone at the stem apex of some specimens.
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The size of the white shell varies between 7 mm and 15 mm. The shell has an oval-elongate contour and moderately elevated profile. The apex is close to the posterior margin, moderately coiled and not overhanging. The sculpture of the shell shows high, strong radial costae, some smaller radial costae intercalated on the sides, and comarginal lamellae forming a very coarse lattice with the costae.
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Case 9 contains the finds from the "gold-bearing" tombs of Peristeria, excavated by Marinatos in 1965. There is a golden diadem and two cups of the keftiu type that are golden with embossed spiral motives, from tholos tomb 3. These items resemble those found in the Royal pit tombs of Mycenae. There are also smaller items, such as golden bees, tassels, discs, lamellae and leaves.
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Hypselodoris perii has a white body with elongate wine red spots and lines and an orange-yellow border to the mantle. The wine-red spots at the edge of the mantle are bordered by diffuse purple pigment and this colour is suffused over the mantle. The gills are off white, with orange on the outer faces. The rhinophores are orange, with white between the lamellae.
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Logol's Iodine is one, used for staining starch because iodine reagents easily bind to starch but less easily to other materials. Features that allow identification of starch grains include: presence of hilum (core of the grain), lamellae (or growth layers), birefringence, and extinction cross (a cross shape, visible on grains under revolving polarized light) which are visible with a microscope and shape and size.
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The back is hairless and glossy. Overall colors range from black to a reddish-brown, while the hairs may range from yellow to red to black. The antennae are 11-segmented, with a club of four to eight lamellae, more than in any other group of the Scarabaeoidea. The mandibles are not functional, and the opening into the esophagus is closed off; adults do not eat.
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The antennule is the shorter pair compared to the longer antenna and is shorter than all the pleopod lamellae. The antennule is slender and weak and extends to the seventh article on the other larger pair. E. californica has maxillipeds composed of two articles while the mandible has palps made up by three articles. The thorax is that of a typical Elthusa genus organism.
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Head large, oviform; snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, l.4 the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave; ear-opening large, suboval, oblique, measuring about half the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs moderate. Digits free, moderately dilated, inner well developed; infra-digital lamellae slightly oblique, 6 or 7 under the inner digits, 8 to 10 under the median digits.
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Enamel hypocalcification is a defect of tooth enamel in which normal amounts of enamel are produced but are hypomineralized. In this defect the enamel is softer than normal. Some areas in enamel are hypocalcified: enamel spindles, enamel tufts, and enamel lamellae. Causal factors may occur locally, affecting only a single tooth, or they may act systemically, affecting all teeth in which enamel is being formed.
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If larvae were put together in high numbers it was noted that they would lose legs or caudal lamellae on occasion in intraspecific interactions. Attacks that would occur sometimes resulted in the severing of a seized appendage, however there were no signs of predation after the event. As adults A. colensonis also exhibit thermoregulation behavior. There are two mechanisms involved: physiological colour changes and behavioural responses.
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Preliminary diagnosis involves histopathological examination, observing tissues through a microscope. Most tissue changes can be observed as minor to major necrosis (cell death) in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and skeletal muscle. The hematopoietic (blood-forming) areas of the kidney and spleen are the initial area of infection, and should show necrosis. The gill may have thickened lamellae, and the liver may have pyknotic nuclei.
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Underside showing lamellae and stem Caps are 2–8 cm across, strongly convex at first, but mildly flattening over time. They are pale greyish when young, becoming whiter and covered with a semi- translucent and slimy membrane, often with an ochraceous flush at the centre. The surface layer resembles spore-bearing tissue, with erect club-shaped cells, but lacks functional basidia (i.e. cap cuticle is hymeniform).
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The slender stems are 30–100 mm tall and 3–10 mm wide, white striate above a substantial membranous ring and slightly scaly and greyish below. Flesh is thin and white and the lamellae are adnate, broad and very distant. Cystidia are thin-walled cylindric or utriform. Spore print is white, they are smooth and subglobose in shape and very thickwalled at 13–18×12–15 µm.
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Similarly, crystal texture and form within pegmatitic rock may be taken to extreme size and perfection. Feldspar within a pegmatite may display exaggerated and perfect twinning, exsolution lamellae, and when affected by hydrous crystallization, macroscale graphic texture is known, with feldspar and quartz intergrown. Perthite feldspar within a pegmatite often shows gigantic perthitic texture visible to the naked eye. The product of pegmatite decomposition is euclase.
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These were horizontally divided into numerous tubes that could represent superficial "ribs". The specimen measured in length, while the best preserved lamellate structure (in the left part of the third segment) measured in length and in width, with approximately 45 closely placed lamellae. This proves that Onychopterella and possibly all eurypterids possessed four pairs of vertically oriented lamellate book gills (possibly for aquatic respiration), instead of five pairs like the xiphosuran Limulus as previously thought. This structure is also comparable to that of the current scorpions, which have four pairs of vertically oriented book lungs with 140-150 lamellae per lung in the third to sixth segments, resulting in a synapomorphy (shared characteristic different from that of their latest common ancestor) between both clades and even increasing the possibilities of a sister group relationship (that is, that both clades are the closest relative to each other).
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The bills are made of soft keratin with a thin and sensitive layer of skin on top (which has a leathery feel when touched). For most species, the shape of the bill tends to be more flattened to a greater or lesser extent. These contain serrated lamellae which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. Their feathers are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.
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Each of these teeth is hinged at the base, with well-developed musculature and a tiny hook at the end. The illicium, or lure, is absent, along with the trough in which it rests in other deep-sea anglerfishes. There are a pair of prominent nasal papillae on the snout; nostrils and olfactory lamellae are absent. Both the males and larvae differ from other deep-sea anglerfish in having slender bodies.
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Orthoclase is a common constituent of most granites and other felsic igneous rocks and often forms huge crystals and masses in pegmatite. Typically, the pure potassium endmember of orthoclase forms a solid solution with albite, the sodium endmember (NaAlSi3O8), of plagioclase. While slowly cooling within the earth, sodium-rich albite lamellae form by exsolution, enriching the remaining orthoclase with potassium. The resulting intergrowth of the two feldspars is called perthite.
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C. australis usually has quite distinct features: 6 supraciliary scales, 24 mid-body scale rows; smooth sub digital lamellae; immaculate, acute plantar scales. They are greyish in colour and have a longitudinal aligned body pattern. Cryptoblepharus snaked-eyed skink species live on vertical surfaces of rocks, trees and buildings which are challenging habitats that demand quite different adaptions and body characteristics.Wilson, Steve. Australian Lizards: A Natural History, ‘Snake Eyed Skink’,2012.
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The height of the shell attains 10 mm. The rather thin, imperforated shell has a conical spire and rounded, inflated body whorl. The sculpture shows elevated spiral cords, slightly unequal in size and narrower than interspaces, crossed by minute and numerous prosocline lamellae which override the cords. The peristome is flaring in adult shells, with a distinct outer varix and with internal denticles elongated in the spiral direction.
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The columella has a strong denticle. The colour of the shell is whitish with the inner nacre showing through, with vague brownish flames on specimens from shallower sites. The inside of the round aperture is nacreous. This species is distinguished from Danilia tinei in having the axial lamellae minute and about three times more numerous, the whitish colour and the more inflated and more fragile shell, with more convex whorls.
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The prevailing reconstruction of the organism has it look superficially like a sea anemone sitting inside an angular, hard cone held perpendicular to the substrate. Conulariid shell is composed of francolite with carbonate ion concentration 8.1 wt%. The lattice parameters of conulariid apatite are a = 9.315(7) Å, c = 6.888(3) Å. The fine structure of their shell comprises multiple lamellae of alternately organic-rich and organic-poor layers.
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Geminigeraceae is a family of cryptophytes containing the five genera Geminigera, Guillardia, Hanusia, Proteomonas and Teleaulax. They are characterised by chloroplasts containing Cr-phycoerythrin 545, and an inner periplast component (IPC) comprising "a sheet or a sheet and multiple plates if diplomorphic". The nucleomorphs are never in the pyrenoid, and there is never a scalariform furrow. The cells do, however, have a long, keeled rhizostyle with lamellae (wings).
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In slowly cooled intrusive igneous rocks, pigeonite is rarely preserved. Slow cooling gives the calcium the necessary time to separate itself from the structure to form exsolution lamellae of calcic clinopyroxene, leaving no pigeonite present. Textural evidence of its breakdown to orthopyroxene plus augite may be present, as shown in the accompanying microscopic image. Pigeonite is named for its type locality on Lake Superior's shores at Pigeon Point, Minnesota, United States.
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Wrapped around the grana are multiple parallel right-handed helical stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids. The helices ascend at an angle of ~20°, connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction. The stroma lamellae extend as large sheets perpendicular to the grana columns. These sheets are connected to the right-handed helices either directly or through bifurcations that form left-handed helical membrane surfaces.
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The head attributed to Artemis bears a mild, sweet expression. She wears a golden tiara and rosette-decorated earrings. Her garment was decorated with two large rectangular lamellae of gold, positioned vertically and bearing depictions of existing or mythological animals: a gazelle, a lion, a bull, a deer, a pegasus, a griffin, a sphinx. As in the case of Apollo, her eyes and eyebrows were made with an inlay technique.
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Crassisporium is a burn-inhabiting agaric fungal genus that colonizes forest fire and campfire sites on ground and charred woody debris in Europe, north Africa and western North America. The small brownish fruitbodies have broadly attached lamellae bordered by cheilocystidia and there is an absence of pleurocystidia and chrysocystidia. Spores are thick-walled, brown, smooth, and have a germ pore. The cap surface (pileipellis) is neither gelatinized nor cellular.
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As for the associating microfibrillar bundle, it is a collection of microfilaments that links the kinetosomes (at the lamellae near the posterior kinetosomes) to the region of the posterior end of the ribbon. The bundle of microfilaments is located on the concave side of the right (posterior) ribbon, which resembles the string on a harp. The mastigote system is fully described in the research of the type species.
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They are crossed by numerous uneven radiating folds, those on the later part appearing as projecting lamellae across the riblets. The 5 or 6 unequal spiral cords between the row of holes and the columella are more or less beaded or scaly. The spire is small and not much elevated. Its distance from the nearest margin is one-fifth to one-seventh the total length of the shell.
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The surface has a strong rounded ridge inside of the row of elevated tubular holes, and a smaller, nodose ridge outside of it. Above it is finely striated spirally, and with coarse raised lamellae between the spire and the inner spiral rib. Its inner surface is silvery and very iridescent, with excavations corresponding to the elevations of the outer surface. The columellar plate is narrow, and obliquely truncated below.
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Hypselodoris infucata has a translucent white body pigmented on the surface with blotches of grey-blue, large yellow spots and small black spots. The gills are white with a single line of red pigment on the outer surfaces. The rhinophores are opaque white, with red edges to the lamellae and a red line at the front of the club. This species can reach a total length of at least 50 mm.
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The scales around the midbody average approximately 52 and range from 50 to 55. There are two postnasals and one to three (usually two) internasal scales. There are two to three (usually three) scales from the upper lip to the eye (upper labials). On the fourth toe of the right foot, there are eight or nine (usually eight) lamellae, or plate-like scales that provide traction for geckos.
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The sculpture consists of irregular concentric rugosities or wrinkles, generally more distant from each other towards the apex, more crowded towards the margin, with a tendency to form lamellae. On some parts the upper side of the rugosities has coarse, short, riblike radiant striae, wanting in other places, perhaps by erosion. The inside of the shell has a smooth surface. The rhachidian tooth of the radula is elongate with convex sides.
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This nudibranch has a cream to light yellow coloured dorsum with white tubercles in the center of black rings and the mantle finely edged in yellow. The clavus of each rhinophore has 21 to 24 lamellae, and the rhinophoral pocket is trimmed in white. Its white-coloured, pointed, oral tentacles have lateral grooves, and they also are trimmed in yellow. The ventral surface is a pale cream colour.
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The shells of oncocerids are primarily somewhat compressed cyrtoconic brevicones. More advanced forms include gyrocones, serpenticones, torticones, and elongate orthocones and cyrtocones, reflective of the different families and genera (Flower, 1950; Sweet, 1964). The siphuncle in the Oncocerida is commonly located at or near the ventral margin. Connecting rings are most commonly thin and structureless but in certain derived forms may become actinosiphonate with inwardly projecting radial lamellae.
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The methods used to determine the degree of crystallinity can be incorporated over time to measure the kinetics of crystallization. The most basic model for polymer crystallization kinetics comes from Hoffman nucleation theory. The crystallization process of polymers does not always obey simple chemical rate equations. Polymers can crystallize through a variety of different regimes and unlike simple molecules, the polymer crystal lamellae have two very different surfaces.
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Close up view of Japanese lamellar armour, constructed with small individual scales/lamellae known as kozane. Lamellar armor reached Japan around the 5th century, predating the rise of the samurai caste. Early Japanese lamellar armour, called keiko, took the form of a sleeveless jacket and a helmet. The middle of the Heian period was when lamellar armour started to take the shape that would be associated with samurai armour.
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The peridium may also rip in such a way that it appears as if there is a ring at the top of the stem. The torn peridium exposes the internal gleba. The gleba is divided into wavy plates or lamellae, some of which are fused together to form irregular chambers. The gleba is a drab brown to blackish-brown color, and it becomes tough and brittle as it dries out.
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Keratocytes are flattened cells found dispersed within the corneal stroma. The primary role of this sparse population of cells is thought to be in maintaining the extracellular matrix of collagen lamellae that surround them. However, keratocytes also play a defensive role during pathogenic invasion. They can be influenced by IL-1α (secreted by corneal epithelial cells) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to produce both IL-6 and defensins.
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Goniobranchus preciosus has a white mantle with three lines of colour at the edge. The mantle rim is marked by a thin white line, with a dark red band inside this and then a yellow band. The rhinophore clubs are brown with white edges to the lamellae and the gill leaves are also brown with white markings.Gosliner, T.M., Behrens, D.W. & Valdés, Á. (2008) Indo-Pacific Nudibranchs and seaslugs.
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Keratocytes movement Corneal keratocytes (corneal fibroblasts) are specialized fibroblasts residing in the stroma. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. In the unperturbed cornea keratocytes stay dormant, coming into action after any kind of injury or inflammation.
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The nucleus is indented and ovoid and can be lobulated. They also contain rough endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, and annulate lamellae, which all contain peroxidase activity. Both the centrilobular and periportal regions of the liver, house Kupffer cells, but their function and structures change depending on their location. Periportal Kupffer cells tend to be larger and have more lysosomal enzyme and phagocytic activity, whereas centrilobular Kupffer cells create more superoxide radical.
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NEC are also found in all four gill arches within several different structures, such as along the filaments, at the ends of the gill rakers and throughout the lamellae. Two separate neural pathways have been identified within the zebrafish gill arches both the motor and sensory nerve fibre pathways. Since neuroepithelial cells are distributed throughout the gills, they are often ideally situated to detect both arterial as well as environmental oxygen.
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Shells of Rangeroceras are smooth, slightly depressed, rod- bearing orthocones with moderately large submarginal siphuncles. The siphuncular rods, which lie along the lower (ventral) side of the siphuncle interiors show thin, slightly undulating, growth lamellae in vertical longitudinal section, a somewhat unusual feature. Dorsal annuli only begin to form when the rod has almost filled the entire siphncle toward to apical end. Connecting rings are thin, but layered.
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Blocks of similar length form layers (often called lamellae in the technical literature). Between the cylindrical and lamellar phase is the gyroid phase. The nanoscale structures created from block copolymers could potentially be used for creating devices for use in computer memory, nanoscale-templating and nanoscale separations. Block copolymers are sometimes used as a replacement for phospholipids in model lipid bilayers and liposomes for their superior stability and tunability.
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M. Pallottino remarked the golden lamellae look to have been written hastily. The mention of the goddess of the sanctuary as being named locally Eileitheia and Leucothea by different Greek authors narrating its destruction by the Syracusean fleet in 384 BC, made the picture even more complex.Strabon V 2, 8; Ps. Aristoteles Oekonomica II 2, 10; Polyanus II 21; Aelianus Historia Varia I 20. G. Dumézil Myth et Epopée.
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The veralgten plants are not accepted by the females as oviposition sites. In addition, the larvae no holding facilities are against the current, and the algae and dirt particles settle to the gill lamellae are important for respiration. The algae is followed by weeds and ultimately a silting of water bodies. But natural waters with low water pollution can be in a state of the animals is not available.
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The interstices between them are deeply, coarsely pitted by the prominence of strong, regular, longitudinal lamellae, continuous over the spirals. The penultimate and next earlier whorls have 3 spirals (the subsutural one sometimes subobsolete). The outer lip is inserted upon the fourth. On the body whorl near the aperture there are 7, but sometimes more, by reason of the interpolation of one or two interstitial riblets on the upper surface.
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Christian Georg Schmorl at Who Named It. For most of his career (1894-1931) he was associated with the city hospital in Dresden (Krankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt). Schmorl is remembered for his work in histology and his studies of the human skeleton. He created an histological stain especially designed to show the canaliculi and lamellae in sections of bone. He also described protrusions of the intervertebral disc into the vertebral body.
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These brilliant colors play a role in intraspecies recognition and also serve as camouflage. The total length (including tail) of the different Phelsuma species varies between about , but the extinct Rodrigues giant day gecko was even larger. Day geckos have toe pads consisting of tiny lamellae which allow them to walk on plain vertical and inverted surfaces like bamboo or glass. The inner toe on each foot is vestigial.
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"Ringwoodite lamellae in olivine: Clues to olivine–ringwoodite phase transition mechanisms in shocked meteorites and subducting slabs". PNAS. Natural ringwoodite generally contains much more Mg than Fe but can form a gapless solid solution series from the pure Mg endmember to the pure Fe endmember. The latter has been discovered in a natural sample only recently and was named ahrensite, in honor of US mineral physicist Thomas J. Ahrens (1936–2010).
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The fibrils in the lamellae are directly continuous with those of the sclera, in which they are grouped together in fibre bundles. More collagen fibres run in a temporal- nasal direction than run in the superior-inferior direction. During development of the embryo, the corneal stroma is derived from the neural crest (a source of mesenchyme in the head and neck) which has been shown to contain mesenchymal stem cells.
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Psilocybe liniformans var. americana is found scattered to gregarious in rich pastures or grasslands, fruiting from summer to early winter. It has been collected in Washington, Oregon, and Michigan, and has also been reported from Chile where it fruits in the spring. This mushroom is very close to the type variety; the main difference is the lack of a gelatinous layer on the edge of the lamellae and the terricolous habitat.
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Hygrophorus is a genus of agarics (gilled mushrooms) in the family Hygrophoraceae. Called "woodwaxes" in the UK or "waxy caps" (together with Hygrocybe species) in North America, basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically fleshy, often with slimy caps and lamellae that are broadly attached to decurrent. All species are ground-dwelling and ectomycorrhizal (forming an association with living trees) and are typically found in woodland. Around 100 species are recognized worldwide.
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They are terrestrial and crepuscular, and have moveable eyelids, vertical pupils, and no adhesive lamellae (sticky feet). The African fat-tailed gecko is found in West Africa, from Senegal to Cameroon. Their habitat is dry and arid, although they will spend most of their time in a dark, humid hiding place. In captivity, it is important to provide these geckos with a source of humidity that mimics these conditions.
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The appropriate "average" of the individual phase properties to be used in describing composite tensile behavior can be elucidated with reference to Fig. 6.2. Although this figure illustrates a plate-like composite, the results that follow are equally applicable to fiber composites having similar phase arrangements. The two phase material of Fig. 6.2 consists of lamellae of \alpha and \beta phases of thickness l_\alpha and l_\beta.
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The thalamus comprises a system of lamellae (made up of myelinated fibers) separating different thalamic subparts. Other areas are defined by distinct clusters of neurons, such as the periventricular nucleus, the intralaminar elements, the "nucleus limitans", and others.Jones Edward G. (2007) "The Thalamus" Cambridge Uni. Press These latter structures, different in structure from the major part of the thalamus, have been grouped together into the allothalamus as opposed to the isothalamus.
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Variations of tensile fractures can be found for example in ice. An example can be the Jupiter's moon Europa that has a surface, which is cut by a dense net of fractures. However the tensile fractures and various ruptures have in comparison to hypothetical cavitation lamellae usually not a straight shape, they are radially distributed, cracked or one fracture is linked to another fracture in its certain part.
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The funnel organ has a shape described as "UU" and the gills have 8 to 10 lamellae per demibranch. The radula has 9 elements, 7 teeth rows and marginal plates and the rachidian tooth has a single lateral cusp in a symmetrical series. It possesses a small ink sac. In the males the third right arm is hectocotylised being approximately 80% of the length of the opposite arm and having 35 to 40 suckers.
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The alkali feldspars are most commonly in a series between potassium-rich orthoclase and sodium-rich albite; in the case of plagioclase, the most common series ranges from albite to calcium-rich anorthite. Crystal twinning is common in feldspars, especially polysynthetic twins in plagioclase and Carlsbad twins in alkali feldspars. If the latter subgroup cools slowly from a melt, it forms exsolution lamellae because the two components – orthoclase and albite – are unstable in solid solution.
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Grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids can be distinguished by their different protein composition. Grana contribute to chloroplasts' large surface area to volume ratio. A recent electron tomography study of the thylakoid membranes has shown that the stroma lamellae are organized in wide sheets perpendicular to the grana stack axis and form multiple right-handed helical surfaces at the granal interface. Left-handed helical surfaces consolidate between the right-handed helices and sheets.
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The cones are responsible for color perception and are of three distinct types labelled red, green and blue. Rods, are responsible for the perception of objects in low light. Photoreceptors contain within them a special chemical called a photopigment, which is embedded in the membrane of the lamellae; a single human rod contains approximately 10 million of them. The photopigment molecules consist of two parts: an opsin (a protein) and retinal (a lipid).
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The wavy edge of the mantle recalls, by its appearance, species such as Chromodoris purpurea. The head has two deeply grooved palps and the foot is crossed transversely at its anterior edge and slightly protrudes from its posterior part, its end being pigmented white. The rhinophores have white apices and translucent bases, with 18–20 orange lamellae in the larger specimens. The rhinophore sheath is slightly raised and somewhat pigmented orange with a whitish edge.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87(16):6132-5. In addition, wing scales located on the dorsal wing surfaces in male C. eurytheme contain ridges with lamellae that produce iridescent ultraviolet reflectance via thin-film interference.Rutowski, R.l, J. Macedonia, N. Morehouse, and L. Taylor-Taft. (2005). Pterin Pigments Amplify Iridescent Ultraviolet Signal in Males of the Orange Sulphur Butterfly, Colias Eurytheme. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272(1578):2329-35.
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10.1007/BF02488737 Some species have reduced or no lobes, and some have developed posterior lobes. Like other green algal lineages, the thylakoids and lamellae have no set number or pattern within the chloroplast. The chloroplast contains one pyrenoid, which is encircled in a starch-shell, and one eyespot. The pyrenoid is usually central within the cell; the location of the stigma however, varies from species largely due to cell size and shape.
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In 1987, a comprehensive restoration began in the workshops of the Landesmuseum Württemberg by Ute Wolf in cooperation with Schmid. During the work, which took more than six months, it was realized that the figurine was only about two-thirds complete. The back is severely damaged and the legs are missing some ivory lamellae. The ears, eye-holes, two-thirds of the mouth and nose, and the back of the head are preserved.
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Diagram of a typical long bone showing both cortical (compact) and cancellous (spongy) bone. Haversian canals (sometimes canals of Havers, named after British physician Clopton Havers) are a series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone called cortical bone that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them. Each haversian canal generally contains one or two capillaries and nerve fibres. The channels are formed by concentric layers called lamellae.
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The haversian canals surround blood vessels and nerve cells throughout bones and communicate with bone cells (contained in spaces within the dense bone matrix called lacunae) through connections called canaliculi. This unique arrangement is conducive to mineral salt deposits and storage which gives bone tissue its strength. In mature compact bone most of the individual lamellae form concentric rings around larger longitudinal canals (approx. 50 µm in diameter) within the bone tissue.
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Some specimens are smooth, others rough and others have frilled lamellae (angular plates). Some of these features may be as a result of abrasion and wave action, and when present, the spiral sculpture takes the form of one or two ridges per whorl, the whorls being flattened near their joints making them appear to be angled. This snail can be white, grey, brown or orange, occasionally purplish, and is sometimes spirally banded.
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After a bone fracture, the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. As opposed to osseous tissue, the periosteum has nociceptive nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply to the body from the marrow. The periosteum is attached to the bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey's fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae.
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This tissue is analogous to xylem in higher plants. The other tissue is called leptome, which surrounds the hydrome, contains smaller cells and is analogous to phloem. Cross section of a leaf of alt= Another characteristic feature of the genus is its parallel photosynthetic lamellae on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Most mosses simply have a single plate of cells on the leaf surface, but those of Polytrichum have more highly differentiated photosynthetic tissue.
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Marine teleost fishes consume large quantities of seawater to reduce osmotic dehydration. The excess of ions absorbed from seawater is pumped out of the teleost fishes via the ionocytes. These cells use active transport on the basolateral (internal) surface to accumulate chloride, which then diffuses out of the apical (external) surface and into the surrounding environment. Such mitochondrion- rich cells are found in both the gill lamellae and filaments of teleost fish.
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The blunt nucleus is rather smooth, followed by a whorl which is simply costate. The other whorls have 3 spiral lirae, crossed by ribs, which form blunt spines on the upper spiral, round beads on the median one and compressed, spinelike squamae (decumbent scales) on the third spiral or peripheral keel. On the body whorl these ribs become lamellose and double, each rib consisting of about 2 lamellae. The sutures are deeply channelled.
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A notable use of a danake occurred in the burial of a woman in 4th- century BC Thessaly, a likely initiate into the Orphic or Dionysiac mysteries. Her religious paraphernalia included gold tablets inscribed with instructions for the afterlife and a terracotta figure of a Bacchic worshipper. Upon her lips was placed a gold danake stamped with the Gorgon’s head.K. Tasntsanoglou and George M. Parássoglou, "Two Gold Lamellae from Thessaly," Hellenica 38 (1987) 3–16.
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Nembrotha lineolata grows to a length of about . The body is slender with a rounded head at one end and a pointed tip to the foot at the other. The exterior of the body is covered with longitudinal wrinkles and there is no sharp demarcation between the dorsal surface and the lateral surfaces. The oral tentacles are thick and long and the large conical rhinophores bear about thirty lamellae and can be retracted.
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Modern reconstruction of a Byzantine klivanion (Κλιβάνιον). The klivanion or klibanion () was a Byzantine lamellar cuirass made of metal plates (scales or lamellae) sewn on leather or cloth, with plates protecting the shoulders and the back. It is said that the name derives from the Greek klivanos (κλίβανος), meaning "oven", because this cuirass tended to get unbearably hot when worn in the sun. It was part of the armour of the Byzantine heavy cavalry.
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The tail tapers to a point and is as long as the head and body. The limbs are short, the toes are long with 17 or 18 lamellae (or plate like scales) beneath the fourth toe. The palms and soles have flat tubercles with larger ones on the heel, especially in the male. The colouration is yellowish-olive above, with broad black bands which are as wide as the space between them.
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Schreyerite (V2Ti3O9), is a vanadium, titanium oxide mineral found in the Lasamba Hill, Kwale district in Coast Province, Kenya. It is polymorphous with kyzylkumite. The mineral occurs as exsolution lamellae and particles in rutile, coexisting with kyanite, sillimanite, and tourmaline in a highly metamorphosed gneiss. It was named after German mineralogist and petrologist Werner Schreyer, for his research on mineralogy of rock-forming minerals and petrology of metamorphic rocks both in nature and by experiment.
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A music box is an automatic musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth (or lamellae) of a steel comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books. The player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store a long piece of music.
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Van der Hoeven's organ is the infrabuccal lamellar organ in the adult male of genus Nautilus. It consists of a pair of fleshy narrow parallel lobes each containing 15-19 lamellae. It is analogous to Owen's laminated organ of the females, which is also infrabuccal and also lamellar, though females have an additional secondary sexual organ, the organ of Valenciennes. It along with the spadix and antispadix comprise the secondary sexual organs of the male.
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Eudactylina corrugata is a species of parasitic copepod found on the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) and the thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) that is only known from St. Andrews, New Brunswick and Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Eudactylina corrugata is only known from females. They are approximately long, and attach themselves to the secondary lamellae of the gills of their hosts using their chelate (clawed) maxillipeds. The species was described in 1930 by Ruby Bere.
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Rajlich's hypothesis is a physical hypothesis with a significance for geology. There exist macroscopic white lamellae inside quartz and other minerals in the Bohemian Massif and even at another places in whole of the world like wavefronts generated by a meteorite impact according to the hypothesis. The hypothetical wavefronts are composed of many microcavities. Their origin is seen in a physical phenomenon of ultrasonic cavitation, which is well known from the technical practice.
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The cavities are usually made inside liquids, not in solid state media. The meteorite hit should fluidize the minerals, and mechanical waves of high frequency should tear them. Based on the technical practice it is known that a cavity implosion inside liquid generates high temperatures of thousands of kelvins and even a shock wave. There are found many intersecting systems of white lamellae inside quartz at many localities from the Bohemian Massif.
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Pacinian corpuscles are larger and fewer in number than Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel cells and Ruffini's corpuscles. The Pacinian corpuscle is approximately oval- cylindrical-shaped and 1 mm in length. The entire corpuscle is wrapped by a layer of connective tissue. Its capsule consists of 20 to 60 concentric lamellae (hence the alternative lamellar corpuscle) including fibroblasts and fibrous connective tissue (mainly Type IV and Type II collagen network), separated by gelatinous material, more than 92% of which is water.
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The length of the shell attains 9.5 mm, its diameter 3.75 mm. (Original description) The thin, white, polished shell has a fusiform shape and contains 8 whorls; The protoconch is smooth. The succeeding whorl or two are scalariform, by reason of sharp scale-like transverse lamellae. The remaining whorls show sharp transverse ridges prominent on the spire and on the posterior half of the body whorl (where there are eighteen of them) and obsolete on the anterior half.
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The tentacles are rather long, cylindrical, stout, and not very pointed. The eyes are small, black, situated one third of the way from the base toward the tips of the tentacles. The verge is very large, recurved, flattened cylindrical, bluntly pointed; gills two, the lamellae rather short, the organs themselves rather long and of a dark greenish color. The operculum normally is as in Leucosyrinx, thin, horny, elongated, pointed at the anterior end, which is the nucleus.
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The arms have crenulated suckers along their whole length and each sucker has two cirra which are about half as long as the width of the sucker. The gills resemble a "half-orange" and have seven lamellae. They have a W-shaped shell and lateral wings which have inrolled margins and which taper to acute points. They have a radula and large teeth on the palate but they do not have an ink sac or salivary glands.
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The protoconch and its whorls are heliciform, with a sculpture of slightly raised lamellae waved backward from the middle point of the periphery both ways. Under these are also fine revolving raised lines. The shell contains 9 whorls. The remainder show a transverse sculpture of from sixteen to (on the body whorl) eighteen narrow raised riblets passing entirely over the whorls, quite faint on the band and only obsolete on the columella and the siphonal canal.
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Lithocarpus encleisacarpus grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The greyish brown bark is smooth or scaly or lenticellate. The coriaceous leaves measure up to long and have obscure tertiary web-like reticulations. Its dark brown acorns are ovoid to roundish and measure up to across.. The fruits typically have 1-1.5 cm stalks and the cupule has several smooth to slightly ridge-like lamellae circling or spiraling around the outside.
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It is probable that the natatory lamellae are what makes such implausible leaps possible. The plates also may aid jumping on land, which Tridactylidae certainly can do impressively. The posterior tibiae also bear articulated spines near their tips, plus spurs longer than the hind tarsi, which may be entirely absent or else are at best vestigial, having only a single segment. The insect uses its hind tibial spurs for digging, which is unusual for an insect's hind leg.
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Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 125mm (5 in) tall, the cap narrowly conical at first, retaining an acute umbo when expanded, up to 75mm (3 in) across, often splitting when expanded, the margins turning upwards. The cap surface is smooth to fibrillose, slightly shiny or greasy, pale rose-pink to lilac-pink (rarely white). The lamellae (gills) are widely spaced, waxy, cap-coloured or whiter. The stipe (stem) is smooth, white to pale cap- coloured, lacking a ring.
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Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 150 mm (6 in) tall, the cap convex at first, becoming flat, umbonate, or slightly depressed when expanded, up to 125 mm (5 in) across. The cap surface is smooth and dry, pale salmon to orange-buff. The lamellae (gills) are waxy, pale cap-coloured, and decurrent (widely attached to and running down the stipe). The stipe (stem) is smooth, cylindrical or tapering to the base, and cream to pale cap-coloured.
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Hypselodoris festiva has a dark blue mantle with a central longitudinal yellow line, which may be broken, yellow spots and a yellow margin. The yellow spots may join up to form two more lines and in large individuals extra yellow spots develop between them. The rhinophores have blue shafts and red lamellae on the clubs. The gill leaves are translucent white with a single red line on the outer edge and red lines on the inner edges.
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If an alkali feldspar grain with an intermediate composition cools slowly enough, K-rich and more Na-rich feldspar domains separate from one another. In the presence of water, the process occurs quickly. Megascopic antiperthite Perthite feldspar from Dan Patch pegmatite, Black Hills, South Dakota When megascopically developed, the texture may consist of distinct pink and white lamellae representing exsolved white albite (NaAlSi3O8) in pink microcline. The intergrowths in perthite have a great variety of shapes.
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One, the naginata, was a curved blade fixed to the end of a pole several feet long. This was known as a 'woman's spear' because samurai girls were taught to use it from an early age. A device called the kumade, which resembled a long-handled garden rake, was used to catch the clothing or helmet of enemy horsemen and unseat them. Common samurai archers had armor made of lamellae pieces laced together with colorful cords.
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A spherulite embedded into a mosaic mesogen viewed between crossed polarizers. Alignment of the polymer molecules within the lamellae results in birefringence producing a variety of colored patterns when spherulites are viewed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope. In particular, the so-called "Maltese cross" is often present which consists of four dark perpendicular cones diverging from the origin (see right picture), sometimes with a bright center (front picture). Its formation can be explained as follows.
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In most species, only the males are colorful, supporting the theory that the coloration is used for intrasexual communication between males. The lamellae reflect up to 70% of light falling on them, including any ultraviolet. The eyes of morpho butterflies are thought to be highly sensitive to UV light, so the males are able to see each other from great distances. Some South American species are reportedly visible to the human eye up to one kilometer away.
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Japanese lamellar cuirass Lamellar armour is a type of body armour, made from small rectangular plates (scales or lamellae) of iron or steel, leather (rawhide), or bronze laced into horizontal rows. Lamellar armor was used over a wide range of time periods in Central Asia, Eastern Asia (especially in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Tibet), Western Asia, and Eastern Europe. The earliest evidence for lamellar armor comes from sculpted artwork of the Neo- Assyrian Empire in the Near East.
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The size of the shell varies between 7 mm and 18 mm. The imperforate, rather thin, but pretty solid shell has a strictly conical shape. It is whitish or yellowish, with more or less obvious longitudinal flames, often reduced to a few spots on the ribs and a row of spots at the periphery of each whorl. The surface is densely finely sculptured by spiral lirae crossed by very regular oblique lamellae, producing a clathrate pattern.
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Pseudorhabdosynochus manifestus is a diplectanid monogenean parasite first found in host Epinephelus malabaricus near Nouméa, between its secondary gill lamellae. It can infest its host by the hundreds. It was ascribed that name because it was the most abundant species found while its descriptive study was taking place. As appreciated from studying juvenile specimens, the development of female organs precedes that of male organs in this species and is likely the case in other Pseudorhabdosynochus species.
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The Planispirillinidae are a family of living ForaminiferaOnly Six Kingdoms of Life Cavalier-Smith, 2004 and the only one of the Involutinida now living. The included genera are characterized by asymmetrical, semi-involute to partially evolute, aragonitic tests consisting of an undivided planispiral or trochospiral tubular chamber wound about the proloculus, or initial chamber. The umbilical region on one or both sides is filled with lamellae. The aperture is a simple opening and the end of the tube.
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Common leopard geckos were first described as a species by zoologist Edward Blyth in 1854 as Eublepharis macularius. The generic name Eublepharis is a combination of the Greek words eu (good) and blepharos (eyelid), as having eyelids is the primary characteristic that distinguishes members of this subfamily from other geckos, along with a lack of lamellae. The specific name macularius derives from the Latin word macula meaning "spot" or "blemish", referring to the animal's natural spotted markings.
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The base of the shell shows seven rather close-set squarish cords, those nearer the axis most adjacent to each other. The axial sculpture consists of low thin sharp lamellae with wider interspaces, over riding the peripheral keel on the spire but not on the body whorl. They are prominent in the interspaces behind the base, retractively arcuate in the posterior interspace, and protractively arcuate in the others. They do not invade the somewhat flattish base.
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Adjacent slits are separated by a cartilaginous gill arch from which projects a long sheet-like septum, partly supported by a further piece of cartilage called the gill ray. The individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of the septum. The base of the arch may also support gill rakers, small projecting elements that help to filter food from the water. A smaller opening, the spiracle, lies in the back of the first gill slit.
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The dura mater has several functions and layers. The dura mater is a membrane that envelops the arachnoid mater. It surrounds and supports the dural sinuses (also called dural venous sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) and carries blood from the brain toward the heart. Cranial dura mater has two layers called lamellae, a superficial layer (also called the periosteal layer), which serves as the skull's inner periosteum, called the endocranium and a deep layer called the meningeal layer.
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Lamellophones are instruments which have little tines, or "lamellae", which are played by plucking. Unlike stringed instruments or air-column instruments like flutes, the overtones of a plucked lamella are inharmonic, giving the mbira a characteristic sound. The inharmonic overtones are strongest in the attack and die out rather quickly, leaving an almost pure tone. When a tine is plucked, the adjacent tines also create secondary vibrations that increase the harmonic complexity of an individual note.
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The lamellae are constructed in either rubber or steel, though practically any other fire-resistant material could be used. The fire is attacked from the upwind side by lightly swatting out the flames or glows with the thick flap. When the flapper hits the ground, the oxygen supply to the fire is stopped and the fire will be extinguished. Where ground cover is short, the flapper can be dragged along the fire edge to smother the fire.
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The six whorls of the teleoconch are appressed at the summit They are ornamented by two very strong, lamelliform keels, whose edges are decidedly upturned, forming deeply channeled troughs. The posterior of the two lamellae is feebly crenulated. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a spiral keel which is about half as strong as those between the sutures. A fourth keel, a little weaker than the peripheral one, marks the middle of the base.
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Shows various thermal profiles and their effect on subsequent microstructure of freeze-casts. The structure in this final region contains long, aligned lamellae that alternate between ice crystals and ceramic walls. The faster a sample is frozen, the finer its solvent crystals (and its eventual macroporosity) will be. Within the SSZ, the normal speeds which are usable for colloidal templating are 10 – 100 mm s−1 leading to solvent crystals typically between 2 mm and 200 mm.
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Similarly, RhoA's stimulation of PKN2 kinase activity regulates cell-cell adhesion through apical junction formation and disassembly. Though RhoA is most easily recognized from its unique contributions in actin-myosin contractility and stress fiber formation, new research has also identified it as a key factor in the mediation of membrane ruffling, lamellae formation and membrane blebbing. A majority of this activity occurs in the leading edge of cells during migration in coordination with membrane protrusions of breast carcinoma.
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The gill is placed at the end of the anterior half of the body; it is formed by three simple leaves in the animals of 1–2 mm, and by five leaves in the rest with the anterior gill leaf largest and most branched; the inside of the gill around the anus and the internal face of the rachis of the leaves becomes increasingly dark to as the animals grow, being dark grey to black at 25 mm, while the ramifications are always white or hyaline with orange spots. Anal papilla wide, located in the center of the arc of gills, with the edge of the opening white and the trunk dark grey in older individuals. The anterior edge of the foot has tentacular expansions at the angles, as the oral veil and the sole colour is salmon, translucent, with a speck or orange dot. The rhinophores are cylindrical and robust, with 10 lamellae in larger animals; the peduncle is hyaline with points and patches of white, orange and grey, like that the lamellae.
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The Bowman's membrane (Bowman's layer, anterior limiting lamina, anterior elastic lamina) is a smooth, acellular, nonregenerating layer, located between the superficial epithelium and the stroma in the cornea of the eye. It is composed of strong, randomly oriented collagen fibrils in which the smooth anterior surface faces the epithelial basement membrane and the posterior surface merges with the collagen lamellae of the corneal stroma proper.Kenyon, KR. Morphology and pathologic responses of the cornea to disease. In: Smolin G, Thoft RA, eds.
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The lower part of the whorls is slightly convex. On the lower whorls, the sculpture consists of a row of rather strong tubercles at some distance from the suture, the flattened space between suture and tubercles is also lamelliferous. A second row of smaller tubercles makes its appearance, and becomes more conspicuous on the body whorl. At some distance from the lower suture, a spiral rib, with inconspicuous beads, is crossed by irregular, waved lamellae, which spread on the large keel.
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The polystyrene blocks form domains of nanometre size in the microstructure, and they stabilise the form of the moulded material. Depending on the rubber to polystyrene ratio in the material, the polystyrene domains can be spherical or form cylinders or lamellae. The hydrogenated Kraton polymers named Kraton G exhibit improved resistance to temperature (processing at 200-230°C is common), to oxidation and to UV. SEBS and SEPS due to their polyolefinic rubber nature present excellent compatibility with polyolefins and paraffinic oils.
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The lone worker of C. hispaniolicus has a body length of , a head length of and a cephalic index that is 142.8. The overall body color is black, with four lighter colored spots, two on the head and two on the mesosoma. The lamellae along the gaster, propodeum, and pronotum along with the ridges along the front of the face are all dark brown and semitransparent. The head has minute punctate, with clumped pits that grow smaller towards the front of the head.
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Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 100 mm (4 in) tall, the cap convex at first (never conical), becoming flat when expanded, up to 75 mm (3 in) across. The cap surface is smooth, distinctly viscid when damp, bright lemon-yellow to orange-yellow (rarely orange to red). The lamellae (gills) are waxy, pale cap-coloured, and adnexed (narrowly attached to the stipe). The stipe (stem) is smooth, cylindrical or compressed and grooved, cap-coloured, and moist to somewhat viscid when damp.
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They have pink mouths with a pink tongue that is tipped with grey. It has been observed that specimens from coastal dune habitats are smaller than those from forest/rocky habitats, measuring around 53–68mm between snout and vent, as opposed to 53–80mm. Their tail length is usually the same as snout-vent length when intact. Woodworthia cf. brunnea gecko toes have “9-12 lamellae” and straight distal phalanges, while the soles of their feet are usually light grey.
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Illustration by John James Audubon The Labrador duck fed on small molluscs, and some fishermen reported catching it on fishing lines baited with mussels. The structure of the bill was highly modified from that of most ducks, having a wide, flattened tip with numerous lamellae inside. In this way, it is considered an ecological counterpart of the North Pacific/North Asian Steller's eider. The beak was also particularly soft and may have been used to probe through sediment for food.
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Head longer than broad; snout longer than distance between eye and ear-opening, about 1.3 times the diameter of the orbit; forehead with a median groove; ear-opening moderately large, suboval. Body and limbs moderately elongate, depressed, a fold of the skin bordering the hind limb posteriorly. Digits short, more or less webbed at the base; the inferior lamellae angular, divided by a median groove. Upper surface and throat covered with small granular scales, largest and flat on the back.
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INTERIOR VIEW SOUTH TOWARD MOVEABLE FIELD LEVEL SEATS. - Houston Astrodome, 8400 Kirby Drive, Houston, Harris County, TX HAER TX-108-9 The Zollinger Lamella roof, named after Friedrich Zollinger, a municipal building surveyor from Merseburg in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. is a construction type where the roof is constructed in an arched network consisting of a single lamellae arranged in rhombic form. The vault system comprises short structural members interwoven across a curved surface in a diamond pattern.
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The right cerebral eye of the larval stage has 1 cup-shaped pigment cell & 3 sensory cells that have microvilli. The left eye of the larval stage is composed the same with the exception of an additional sensory cell containing multiple cilia. The epidermal ocellus of the larval stage is composed of a cup-shaped pigment cell containing flattened cilia and photoreceptors nad a cell above the cup that contains noncilliar lamellae. The eyes of the adult stage only contain microvillar receptors.
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Nothing is known about the microhabitat role of Indo-Pacific corallines. However, the most common species in the region, Hydrolithon onkodes, often forms an intimate relationship with the chiton Cryptoplax larvaeformis. The chiton lives in burrows it makes in H. onkodes plants, and comes out at night to graze on the surface of the coralline. This combination of grazing and burrowing results in a peculiar growth form (called "castles") in H. onkodes, in which the coralline produces nearly vertical, irregularly curved lamellae.
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In severe cases, there was congestion of hemal sinuses, two principal empty areas along the digestive tube and vessels. Mass amounts of yeast-like cells compressed nerve fibers and the gill lamellae were destroyed. Mollusks clinical signs vary from scattered spots of brownish discoloration on the mantle tissues to general deterioration of mussel condition. In severe cases, there were black-bodied mussels with a distinct odor and black yeast-cells infected the connective tissues around the gonads and the digestive tract.
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Liposomes are composed of vesicular bilayers, lamellae, made of biocompatible and biodegradable lipids such as sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, and glycerophospholipids. Cholesterol, a type of lipid, is also often incorporated in the lipid-nanoparticle formulation. Cholesterol can increase stability of a liposome and prevent leakage of a bilayer because its hydroxyl group can interact with the polar heads of the bilayer phospholipids. Liposomes have the potential to protect the drug from degradation, target sites for action, and reduce toxicity and adverse effects.
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The corpus calcareum and radial lamellae, the two outermost layers of a mackerel shark vertebra, which are associated with the relationship between length and weight, were thicker than those of other large predatory mackerel sharks, suggesting that Cardabiodon was significantly heavier and stockier, although no estimation of its weight has been attempted yet. The vertebral column was rigid and spindle- shaped, which would be poorly flexible but efficient for fast swimming. Cardabiodon also had a larger body relative to its teeth.
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Petalophyllum americanum lives among grasses on sandy, seasonally dry soils of disturbed sites such as pastures, cemeteries, and parks, where it is commonly associated with the liverworts Riccia, Fossombronia, and Corsinia. The plants are thallose; that is, the plant is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaf. The thallus is small, typically about 8 mm long by 6.5 mm wide (0.3 in by 0.25 in), and consists of a midrib flanked by two wings that bear leaf-like lamellae on the dorsal surface.
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Enamel spindles are "short, linear defects, found at the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) and extend into the enamel, often being more prevalent at the cusp tips."Histology Course Notes: "Mature Enamel", New Jersey Dental School, 2003-2004, page 2. The DEJ is the interface of the enamel and the underlying dentin. Because they are "formed by entrapment of odontoblast processes between ameloblasts prior to and during amelogenesis," they cannot be found at the enamel surface protruding inward, as enamel lamellae are often located.
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The lubricity of many solids is attributable to a lamellar structure. The lamellae orient parallel to the surface in the direction of motion and slide easily over each other resulting in low friction and preventing contact between sliding components even under high loads. Large particles perform best on rough surfaces at low speed, finer particles on smoother surfaces and at higher speeds. These materials may be added in the form of dry powder to liquid lubricants to modify or enhance their properties.
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A characteristic anomaly is that the lamellae are arranged in the so-called "cross-hatched" structure. The melting point of α-crystalline regions is given as 185 to 220 °C, the density as 0.936 to 0.946 g·cm−3. The β-modification is in comparison somewhat less ordered, as a result of which it forms faster and has a lower melting point of 170 to 200 °C. The formation of the β-modification can be promoted by nucleating agents, suitable temperatures and shear stress.
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The Port Jackson shark has five gills, the first supports only a single row of gill filaments, while the remaining four support double rows of filaments. Each of the second to the fifth gill arches supports a sheet of muscular and connective tissue called a septum. The shark possesses behind each eye an accessory respiratory organ called a spiracle. Along the top and bottom of each gill filament are delicate, closely packed, transverse flaps of gill tissue known as secondary lamellae.
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Lamellorthoceratidae is a family of fossil orthoceratoids in the Orthocerida, defined by Curt Teichert in 1961. The lamellorthoceratids are placed in the superfamily Orthocerataceae in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Walter Sweet, 1964). Lamellorthoceratids are distinguished by cameral deposits consisting of simple or bifurcating epispetal, or rarely hyposeptal lamellae, set radially with respect to the siphuncle; often filling the entire posterior part of the shell. Lamellorthoceratid shells are straight or slightly endogastric with a slender, cylindrical subcentral orthochoanitic siphuncle, free or organic deposits.
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Chromitite (black) and anorthosite (light grey) layered igneous rocks in Critical Zone UG1 of the Bushveld Igneous Complex at the Mononono River outcrop, near Steelpoort Gabbro-norite (polished slab), marketed as "Impala Black Granite", Bushveld Complex. It is composed principally of grayish plagioclase feldspar and black pyroxene. The quarry is north of the town of Rustenburg. Polarized light microscope image of a thin section of part of a grain of orthopyroxene containing exsolution lamellae of augite (long dimension 0.5 mm, Bushveld Intrusion).
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American flamingo and offspring: The arcuate (curved) bill is well adapted to bottom scooping. Flamingos filter-feed on brine shrimp and blue-green algae as well as insect larvae, small insects, mollusks and crustaceans making them omnivores. Their bills are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they eat, and are uniquely used upside-down. The filtering of food items is assisted by hairy structures called lamellae, which line the mandibles, and the large, rough-surfaced tongue.
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Fig. 8. Gills of tuna showing filaments and lamellae The dissolved oxygen content in fresh water is approximately 8–10 milliliters per liter compared to that of air which is 210 milliliters per liter. Water is 800 times more dense than air and 100 times more viscous. Therefore, oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water. The use of sac-like lungs to remove oxygen from water would therefore not be efficient enough to sustain life.
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The Whitehill Formation has been subdivided into two major subunits according to their weathering color in outcrops. The lower and thicker part consists mainly of bluish- to greenish-grey shales and mudstones, which grade upward into more light brownish, buff weathering, slightly coarser grained siltstones. This zone is conformably overlain by white weathering shales, with intermittent chert lenses and pyritic stringers; the latter rarely exceeding in thickness. The sedimentary structure is generally massive, however laminations do occur that resemble algal lamellae.
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Recognizable in thin section by a more polygonized texture, the increased softening of the quartz allows for more thorough reduction of internal stresses. Recrystallized grains show relatively straight grain boundaries and little to no intragranular deformation feature, such as undulose extinction or deformation lamellae. Volume proportion of recrystallized grains in this regime roughly ranges from 30-90%, forming subgrains not only in interstitial space, but also within larger crystals or ribbon grains. Subgrains and recrystallized grains are roughly equal in size and shape.
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Lentinellus is a genus of white rot, wood decay, lamellate agaric in the family Auriscalpiaceae, further characterized in part by rough-walled, amyloid spores produced on lamellae with jagged edges. Typically, thick-walled hyphae in the fruit body are in part amyloid, and frequently the taste of the mushrooms is acrid (burning, spicy). The widespread genus has been estimated to contain 15 species. Mycologists Ronald Petersen and Karen Hughes considered 24 species in their 2004 world monograph of the genus.
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Even if the temperature gradient within the slurry is perfectly vertical, it is common to see tilting or curvature of the lamellae as they grow through the suspension. To explain this, it is possible to define two distinct growth directions for each ice crystal. There is the direction determined by the temperature gradient, and the one defined by the preferred growth direction crystallographically speaking. These angles are often at odds with one another, and their balance will describe the tilt of the crystal.
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Edward Jenner (born 1946 in Dunedin), is a New Zealand born poet, translator, teacher and researcher of Ancient Greek texts. He has lived in New Zealand and overseas teaching Classics and producing poems, translations, and scholarly articles. His poetry and research have been reviewed and remarked upon. "Complete Gold Leaves", being his translations and the original Greek texts of Ancient Greek lamellae with messages on the afterlife for adherents of some unknown cult, appeared in 2016 in the magazine Percutio 2016 (number 10).
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Semi-crystalline polymers such as polyethylene show brittle fracture under stress if exposed to stress cracking agents. In such polymers, the crystallites are connected by the tie molecules through the amorphous phase. The tie molecules play an important role in the mechanical properties of the polymer through the transferring of load. Stress cracking agents, such as detergents, act to lower the cohesive forces which maintain the tie molecules in the crystallites, thus facilitating their “pull-out” and disentanglement from the lamellae.
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The Upper Paleolithic is characterized by a refined tools like blades and lamellae found on the site of Beg-ar-C'Hastel in Kerlouan, or at Plasenn-al-Lomm on the island of Bréhat. No painted cave is identified in the area, probably because of the rise of the level of the sea during the next period waters ; but the nearest cave of this type is known in Saulges. The end of the Palaeolithic period in the region is around 10,000 BC. J.-C.
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Many microscopic aquatic animals, and some larger but inactive ones, can absorb sufficient oxygen through the entire surface of their bodies, and so can respire adequately without gills. However, more complex or more active aquatic organisms usually require a gill or gills. Many invertebrates, and even amphibians, use both the body surface and gills for gaseous exchange. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, lamellae (plates), branches, or slender, tufted processes that have a highly folded surface to increase surface area.
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Heliocybe is an agaric genus closely allied to Neolentinus and the bracket fungus, Gloeophyllum, all of which cause brown rot of wood. Heliocybe sulcata, the type and sole species, is characterized by thumb-sized, tough, revivable, often dried, mushroom fruitbodies, with a tanned symmetric pileus that is radially cracked into a cartoon sun-like pattern of arranged scales and ridges, distant serrated lamellae, and a scaly central stipe. Microscopically it differs from Neolentinus by the absence of clamp connections. Like Neolentinus, it produces abundant, conspicuous pleurocystidia.
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Mosses belonging to the class of Polytrichopsida are known for several defining characteristics such as stem leaves with unistratose lamina, numerous lamellae, a costa, stereids, guide cells, and hydroids. Polytrichopsida mosses also have a strong conducting strand composed of hydroids (water conduction) and leptoids (conduction of sugar and other nutrients), leaf traces, and stereids. Due to the lack of gemmae producing structures in the majority of mosses that belong to this class, Polytrichopsida mosses reproduce sexually by spore dispersal. However, asexual reproduction by fragmentation is possible.
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An electron-rich, gully-like structure is associated with the two anterior kinetosomes to act as a support at the anterior side of the flagellar aperture. Several lamellae can also be found in association with the kinetosomes. At the posterior end of the mastigote system, the microtubule- organizing ribbon (ribbon for short) and the associating microfibrillar bundle are the most significant structure that give the name of the genus Psalteriomonas. The ribbon is connected to the two left kinetosomes by 1 or 2 rhizoplasts.
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As growth progresses and the gill becomes more developed, ionocytes can be found on the gill arch and gill filament. In larval fishes, the number, size, and density of ionocytes can be quantified as a relative ionocyte area, which has been proposed as a proxy for osmotic, ionic, and/or acid-base capacity of the organism. Ionocytes are also known to be plastic. Ionocyte's apical openings can widen during periods of high activity, and new ionocytes can develop along the gill lamellae during periods of environmental stress.
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The lizards in cities were found to have adapted to these slippery surfaces, by developing longer limbs and more lamellae under their feet that help them to run safely on these smooth surfaces.Winchell, K. M., Reynolds, R. G., Prado-Irwin, S. R., Puente-Rolón, A. R., & Revell, L. J. (2016). Phenotypic shifts in urban areas in the tropical lizardAnolis cristatellus. Evolution, 70(5), 1009-1022. doi:10.1111/evo.12925 One of the differences between urban areas and natural areas is anthropogenic noise, such as traffic noise.
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Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 100 mm (4 in) tall, the cap convex at first and remaining convex or becoming flat when expanded, up to 50 mm (2 in) across. The cap surface is very viscid when damp, striate at the margin, and pale greyish brown. The lamellae (gills) are whitish to pale cap- coloured and more or less decurrent (widely attached to and running down the stipe). The stipe (stem) is very viscid when damp, smooth, cylindrical or compressed, and grey to cap-coloured.
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The broad-oval, yellowish to brownish sheath at the leaf base is linear-lanceolate and occupies less than a third of the total leaf length. Leaf edges are serrated, fitting together when dry and bending back and protruding when wet. The leaf rib is cut in the upper part, emerging from the back as a short spike from the blade tip. The spreading part of the leaf is covered with numerous lamellae (up to 40), these are in the middle of the leaf, 5-9 cells high.
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Psilocybe cyanescens has a hygrophanous pileus (cap) that is caramel to chestnut-brown when moist, fading to pale buff or slightly yellowish when dried. Caps generally measure from 1.5–5 cm (½" to 2") across, and are normally distinctly wavy in maturity. The color of the pileus is rarely seen in mushrooms outside of the P. cyanescens species complex. Most parts of the mushroom, including the cap and Lamellae (gills, underneath the cap) can stain blue when touched or otherwise disturbed, probably due to the oxidation of psilocin.
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The cap (pileus) is hemispherical at first, soon becoming convex to flat, reaching 12–15 cm in diameter, and it is covered in large, chesnut to dark-brown scales. The gills (lamellae) are adnate to sinuate, crowded, whitish to cream. The stem (stipe) is 4–12 cm long, tapering and somewhat rooting at the base, and has a well-developed cottony ring covering the gills when young. Below the ring the stem is covered in dark bands of scales, which are the same colour as the cap.
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The original diagnosis of order Radiodonta in 1996 is as follows: In 2014, the clade Radiodonta was defined phylogenetically as a clade including any taxa closer to Anomalocaris canadensis than Paralithodes camtschaticus. In 2019, it was redefined morphologically as animal bearing head carapace complex with central (H-) and lateral (P-) elements; outgrowths (endites) from frontal appendages bearing auxiliary spines; and reduced anterior flaps or bands of lamellae (setal blades) and strong tapering of body from anterior to posterior. Reconstruction of Aegirocassis benmoulai, the largest radiodont.
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Also placed in the tomb was a terracotta figurine of a maenad, one of the ecstatic women in the retinue of Dionysus.K. Tasntsanoglou and George M. Parássoglou, "Two Gold Lamellae from Thessaly", Hellenica 38 (1987), pp.3–5. Although the meandering and fragile text poses difficulties, the inscriptions appear to speak of the unity of life and death and of rebirth, possibly in divine form. The deceased is supposed to stand before Persephone, Queen of the Dead, and assert "I have been released by Bacchios himself."K.
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In October 1999, closer examination of tiny quartz crystals in the samples turned up shock lamellae, which could only have resulted from impact. A group of Canadian specialists confirmed the finding. The impact is estimated to have occurred 375 million years ago, during the Devonian period, when much of what is now the Catskills was either river delta or a shallow sea. The crater lies 2,640 feet (800 m) below the surface, is 6 miles (10 km) wide, and lies directly under the mountain.
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In surface chemistry (especially mineralogy and materials science), lamellar structures are fine layers, alternating between different materials. They can be produced by chemical effects (as in eutectic solidification), biological means, or a deliberate process of lamination, such as pattern welding. Lamellae can also describe the layers of atoms in the crystal lattice of a material such as a metal. The term has been used to describe the construction of lamellar armour, as well as the layered structures that can be described by a lamellar vector field.
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Cornea, at the surface of the eye, is considered to be made of plywood-like structure of collagen, due to the self-organization properties of sufficiently dense collagen. Yet, the collagenous orientation in lamellae is still under debate in this tissue. Keratoconus cornea can also be imaged by SHG to reveal morphological alterations of the collagen. Third-Harmonic Generation (THG) microscopy is moreover used to image the cornea, which is complementary to SHG signal as THG and SHG maxima in this tissue are often at different places.
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There is a miscibility gap at lower temperatures, resulting in a coexistence of these two minerals in rocks but no solid solution. This coexistence may result in exsolution lamellae in cooled ilmenites with more iron in the system than can be homogeneously accommodated in the crystal lattice. Altered ilmenite forms the mineral leucoxene, an important source of titanium in heavy mineral sands ore deposits. Leucoxene is a typical component of altered gabbro and diorite and is generally indicative of ilmenite in the unaltered rock.
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The cartilage cells or chondrocytes are contained in cavities in the matrix, called cartilage lacunae; around these, the matrix is arranged in concentric lines as if it had been formed in successive portions around the cartilage cells. This constitutes the so-called capsule of the space. Each lacuna is generally occupied by a single cell, but during the division of the cells, it may contain two, four, or eight cells. Lacunae are found between narrow sheets of calcified matrix that are known as lamellae ( ).
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In old age or after cold or frost it changes the colour more or less to dirty greenish or green- spotted. The dense, bow-like lamellae are pale-orange to pale-ochre and on the stipe basifixed or slightly decurrent. They are brittle and intermixed with shorter lamellulae (short gills that do not extend fully from the cap margin to the stem) as well as partly forking near the stem. In old age or in cases of injury they receive initially dark red, later grey green spots.
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Four steel flappers in Denmark Fire-beaters on the island of Cheung Chau, Hong Kong A flapper is a wildland firefighting tool that resembles a broom or a leaf rake with wide, overlapping metal bristles in the form of a hand fan. It is also called a swatter or a beater. It is designed for extinguishing minor fires in rural areas such as heaths. A flapper is built with a long handle and a series of lamellae which allows firefighters to stand well back from the fire.
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A broader term for this class of corrosion is lamellar corrosion. Alloys of iron are susceptible to lamellar corrosion, as the volume of iron oxides is about seven times higher than the volume of original metal, leading to formation of internal tensile stresses tearing the material apart. Similar effect leads to formation of lamellae in stainless steels, due to the difference of thermal expansion of the oxides and the metal. Copper-based alloys become sensitive when depletion of copper content in the grain boundaries occurs.
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Head large, oviform; snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, 1.4 times the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave; ear-opening large, suboval, oblique, measuring about half the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs moderate. Digits free, moderately dilated, inner well developed; infra-digital lamellae slightly oblique, 6 or 7 under the inner digits, 8 to 10 under the median digits. Snout covered with convex granules, which may be keeled; hinder part of head with minute granules intermixed with roundish tubercles.
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Example of lipid polymorphism as bilayer (le), reverse spherical micelles (M) and reverse hexagonal cylinders H-II phase (H) in negatively stained transmission electron micrograph of spinach thylakoid lipid-water dispersions. Mixed lipid liposomes can undergo changes into different phase dispersion structures, called lipid polymorphisms, for example, spherical micelles, lipid bilayer lamellae and hexagonal phase cylinders, depending on physical and chemical changes in their microenvironment. Phase transition temperature of liposomes and biological membranes can be measured using calorimetry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and other techniques.
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If we estimate the wavelength from the spacing of hypothetical cavitation lamellae, we get values that are equal to fractions of meters. We then obtain the frequencies in the order of min. 106 Hz from the assumption that the waves going through rocks were of higher speed than the speed of the meteorite just before the hit (tens of thousands meters per second). The initial pressure impuls should even generate the waves of frequencies in the order of 1013 Hz according to the hypothesis.
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The length of the shell varies between 8 mm and 15 mm. (Original description) The shell is six-whorled, with a length of 5.75 mm. The protoconch is clear brown, with three whorls, on most of which there are scalar ridges which are much more closely and regularly set than in Benthomangelia bandella, and do not resemble lamellae. There is only a trace of an antesutural revolving rib in the earlier whorls which vanishes entirely in the later ones, and with it, of course, the tendency to raised points of sculpture.
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The mouth of the > pitcher in this species is certainly its most conspicuous and remarkable > part by reason of its rich orange colour and its vertical position. It is > also a perfect trap to entice insects into its interior, attracting them > from a distance by its bright colours. Sir Joseph Hooker compares the mouth > of the pitchers of N. veitchii to the gills of a fish, to which, indeed, > with their narrow lamellae converging to the centre, they bear considerable > resemblance. Nepenthes veitchii is thought to be closely related to N. robcantleyi from the Philippines.
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The outer operculum is filled with fluid to give it a cushioning effect, as the function of the outer and inner operculum is to protect the centrioles that lie directly beneath them. The centrioles are located in the rostral tube, which is an internal component of the cell, that leads to the rostrum. The rostral tube is made up of lamellae in a circular arrangement. Each cell has two centrioles, one long and one short, located beneath the inner cap, in the anterior end of the rostral tube.
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Correspondingly, in support of their powerful jumping capabilities, the hind tibiae bear movable plates towards their distal ends. These vary in number according to the genus, and they are called natatory lamellae (meaning literally "swimming plates"). Ordinarily the insect keeps the plates closely pressed against its tibiae but it can fan them out for swimming, which most species can do very well, some even being able to dive and swim under water. Apart from scrabbling over the water or swimming, some species actually can jump off the water surface.
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The bones of the hoof are suspended within the axial hooves of ungulates by layers of modified skin cells, known as laminae or lamellae, which act as shock absorbers during locomotion. In horses, there are about 550–600 pairs of primary epidermal laminae, each with 150–200 secondary laminae projection from their surface. These interdigitate with equivalent structures on the surface of the coffin bone (PIII, P3, the third phalanx, pedal bone, or distal phalanx), known as dermal laminae. The secondary laminae contain basal cells which attach via hemidesmosomes to the basement membrane.
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The solar dermis is often compressed enough to inhibit growth, leading to a soft, thin sole (<10 mm) that may develop seromas. In severe cases where collapse of the suspensory apparatus of P3 has occurred, the solar dermis or the tip of P3 may penetrate the sole. The horse will also be prone to recurrent abscessation within the hoof capsule. Venogram will show "feathering" into the vascular bed beneath the lamellae, and there will be decreased or absent contrast material in the area distal to the apex of the coffin bone.
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Nudibranchs in this grouping have a mantle which overlaps the sides of the foot, apart from the tail in some families. In the Superfamily Polyceroidea and the Family Goniodorididae this is often reduced to a ridge which may bear processes. There is usually a ring of external branched gills surrounding the anus towards the back of the body, but in some subgroups these gills can be located beneath the sides of the mantle (Family Phyllidiidae, Family Corambidae). Typically there are two rhinophores with lamellae which arise through the mantle towards the front of the animals.
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In that family both parietal and palatal folds or laminae are sometimes present in the neanic stage. Various pupillid genera also, such as Orcula (Orculidae) and Lauria (Lauriidae), have apertural armature during the neanic stage. Orcula has spiral parietal and columellar lamellae but no basal or palatal folds. Lauria has basal folds, but they are spaced, transverse barriers, wholly unlike the adult basal or palatal armature of the species, and differing equally from the folds of immature Strobilops, which from their inception appear to develop continuously into those of the adult shell.
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Sharpey's fibres (bone fibres, or perforating fibres) are a matrix of connective tissue consisting of bundles of strong predominantly type I collagen fibres connecting periosteum to bone. They are part of the outer fibrous layer of periosteum, entering into the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae of bone tissue. Sharpey's fibres are also used to attach muscle to the periosteum of bone by merging with the fibrous periosteum and underlying bone as well. A good example is the attachment of the rotator cuff muscles to the blade of the scapula.
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In polymer physics, spherulites (from Greek sphaira = ball and lithos = stone) are spherical semicrystalline regions inside non-branched linear polymers. Their formation is associated with crystallization of polymers from the melt and is controlled by several parameters such as the number of nucleation sites, structure of the polymer molecules, cooling rate, etc. Depending on those parameters, spherulite diameter may vary in a wide range from a few micrometers to millimeters. Spherulites are composed of highly ordered lamellae, which result in higher density, hardness, but also brittleness when compared to disordered regions in a polymer.
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Coprinites sports fifteen nondeccurent lamellae, or gills, which reach the outer pileus and thirteen lamellulae, short gills which do not reach the edge, of varying lengths. The pileus is centered on the stipe, which is in diameter and incomplete, with part of the stipe base preserved in the amber next to the pileus. The light brown basidiospores, present on the hymenium associated with the fruiting body, are smooth and ellipsoidal to oblong. Each basidiospore is approximately 6 to 7 μm long and appear to possess a germ pore.
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Sacred scarab in a cartouche of Thutmosis III from Karnak temple of Amun-Ra, Egypt Scarabs are stout-bodied beetles, many with bright metallic colours, measuring between 1.5 and 160 mm. They have distinctive, clubbed antennae composed of plates called lamellae that can be compressed into a ball or fanned out like leaves to sense odours. The front legs of many species are broad and adapted for digging. In some groups males (and sometimes females) have prominent horns on the head and/or pronotum to fight over mates or resources.
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Mesosomes form in bacterial cells prepared for electron microscopy by chemical fixation, but not by freeze-fracture fixation. Mesosomes or chondrioids are folded invaginations in the plasma membrane of bacteria that are produced by the chemical fixation techniques used to prepare samples for electron microscopy. Although several functions were proposed for these structures in the 1960s, they were recognized as artifacts by the late 1970s and are no longer considered to be part of the normal structure of bacterial cells. These extensions are in the form of vesicles, tubules, and lamellae.
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Both lamellae penetrate inward about one-third of a whorl, being conspicuously nodose at the edges, and there is a very weak continuation to about half a whorl inward. At a point about one-fourth of a whorl inward there is a low, short and blunt columellar lamella and two short basal folds. All or part of these are visible in an oblique view in the aperture, but owing to the opaque texture of the shell they are not visible through the base in specimens examined. The height of the shell is 2.1 mm.
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The whorls are rounded, barely touching, not constantly contiguous but normally enrolled. The spiral sculpture consists of on the upper side six, on the periphery four, and on the base six rounded threads. The peripheral threads are rather larger than the others, all with narrower interspaces. The axial sculpture comprises first, fine elevated lamellae covering the whole shell evenly and giving it a slightly spongy aspect; secondly, on the body whorl, about ten elevations, not perceptibly continuous over the top of the shell but prominent, over the periphery and reflected backward like incomplete varices.
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The milk-white shell has an elongate, ovate shape. Its length measures 2.2 mm. The whorls of the protoconch are completely immersed in the first of the succeeding turns, above which the tilted edge of the last volution only projects, which shows faint traces of spiral lirations. The whorls of the teleoconch are ornamented with two strong spiral lamellae, the first of which renders the summit of the whorls decidedly tabulated, while the second one is situated a little posterior to the posterior termination of the anterior third between the sutures.
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The Crassisporiaceae is a mushroom family of small brown, naucoroid, brown- spored agarics with thick to slightly thickened, smooth, basidiospore walls that darken to reddish brown in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, absence of chrysocystidia, presence of cheilocystidia, nongelatinized tissues in the lamellae, and a filamentous pileus cutis. The family is recognized based upon phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences and depending upon the analyses varies in relationship to either the Cortinariaceae or, as described in greater detail prior to recognition as a separate family, near the Strophariaceae. Crassisporium is pyrophilous and Romagnesiella may be bryophilous.
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The spire is short, abrupt and bluntly pointed. The suture is excessively deep. The shell aperture is semioval and subangular, owing to the outward compression of the periphery. The aperture has 4 teeth: one sharp and prominent tooth on the middle of the pillar [parietal wall], one strong and also prominent and thick tooth on the pillar lip, and two lamellae or plate- like teeth which are placed at some little distance within the outer lip, but not on any rib or callous fold as in Vertigo pygmaea.
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Echeneis neucratoides is a slender remora growing to a maximum length of about . There are bands of small sharp teeth in both jaws, and further bands of teeth on the vomer and palate, as well as granular teeth on the tongue. On the top of the head is a large oval sucker, formed from the modified front dorsal fin, by which the fish attaches to a host fish. There are between 18 and 22 lamellae in this sucker as compared to the 23 to 28 possessed by the closely related Echeneis naucrates.
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Due to the environment to which it is exposed, the posterior gills of the crab can also be cleared of parasites and sediment by increasing the movement of its fifth set of primitive legs. Each gill has a main axis with many lateral filaments or lamellae that are vascularized. The afferent channel transports blood from the gill axis into each filament through a fine afferent canal to the gill top. Blood returns by a minute efferent canal to the gill tip to the efferent channel and passes to the pericardial chamber, which contains the heart.
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Depending on exact species it can range from slightly shorter to about three times the snout-to-vent. The Caribbean twig ecomorph anoles, proboscis anole and "Phenacosaurus" anoles have a prehensile tail. Semi-aquatic anoles tend to have relatively tall, vertically flattened tails that aid in swimming. Underneath an anole's toes are pads that have several to a dozen flaps of skin (adhesive lamellae) going horizontally and covered in microscopic hairlike protrusions (setae) that allow them to cling to many different surfaces, similar to but not quite as efficient as a gecko.
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In flight, the wings look pale without a marked pattern, and no speculum on the secondaries. These birds feed mainly in shallow water by dabbling or up- ending, occasionally diving. Adults feed mostly on seeds (for example, from Scirpus and Ruppia), but also take significant quantities of invertebrates (especially aquatic insect larvae and pupae, tiny crustaceans, and—highly unusual for a duck—ants) and green plants (for example, Potamogeton). Their gizzard allows them to break down seeds and the lamellae in their beak allow them to filter feed on zooplanktonic organisms.
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During deformation, the shear component of the applied stress causes the hydrogen bonds between fibrils to break and then reform after fibril adjustment. # Collagen fibrils stretch: Collagen fibrils can elastically stretch, resulting in fibrils re-orientating to align with the tensile direction. # Tensile opening of interfibillar gaps: Fibrils highly misoriented with the tensile direction can separate, creating an opening. # "Sympathetic" lamella rotation: A lamella is able to rotate away from the tensile direction if it is sandwiched between two lamellae that are reorienting themselves towards the tensile direction.
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Underside of a female horseshoe crab showing the legs and book gills It is believed that book lungs evolved from book gills. Although they have a similar book-like structure, book gills are external, while book lungs are internal. Both are considered appendages because book lungs develop from limb buds before the buds flatten into segmented lamellae. Book gills are still present in the marine arthropod Limulus (horseshoe crabs) which have five pairs of them, the flap in front of them being the genital operculum which lacks gills.
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They are separated by a narrow channelled suture. The upper whorls are slightly worn, with 3 and 4 spiral lirae, which increase to 5 in number on the last 4 or 5 whorls. They are crossed by slightly undulating ribs, with beads where they cross each other, the lowest of the lirae forming the peripheral keel is the largest, and on this one the beads have a tendency to become squamate, (but not so much as in the preceding species). The body whorl descends in front and here the ribs form irregular lamellae.
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Pectin is an important cell wall polysaccharide that allows primary cell wall extension and plant growth. During fruit ripening, pectin is broken down by the enzymes pectinase and pectinesterase, in which process the fruit becomes softer as the middle lamellae break down and cells become separated from each other. A similar process of cell separation caused by the breakdown of pectin occurs in the abscission zone of the petioles of deciduous plants at leaf fall. Pectin is a natural part of the human diet, but does not contribute significantly to nutrition.
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Space fill model of cellulose, prior to winding into fibrils The primary cell wall derives its notable tensile strength from cellulose molecules, or long-chains of glucose residues stabilized by hydrogen bonding. Cellulose chains are observed to align in overlapping parallel arrays, with the similar polarity forming a cellulose microfibril. In plants, these cellulose microfibrils arrange themselves into layers, formally known as lamellae, and are stabilized in the cell wall by surface, long cross-linking glycan molecules. Glycan molecules increase the complexity of the potential networks plant-based cellulose can configure itself into.
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Most species employ a counter-current exchange system to enhance the diffusion of substances in and out of the gill, with blood and water flowing in opposite directions to each other. The gills are composed of comb- like filaments, the gill lamellae, which help increase their surface area for oxygen exchange. When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals. Then it draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings, so that it passes over the gills to the outside.
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It will also cause an increase in the selectivity of the ions that are able to cross the barrier and be absorbed, slowly becoming more susceptible to large osmotic changes. The apoplastic nature of the exodermis means that selectivity should decrease with age not increase, however evidence and conflicting results between studies suggest otherwise and warrants further investigation. Clarkson DT, Robards AW, Stephens JE, Stark M (1987-01-06). "Suberin lamellae in the hypodermis of maize ( Zea mays ) roots; development and factors affecting the permeability of hypodermal layers".
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Gills use a countercurrent flow system that increases the efficiency of oxygen-uptake (and waste gas loss). Oxygenated water is drawn in through the mouth and passes over the gills in one direction while blood flows through the lamellae in the opposite direction. This countercurrent maintains steep concentration gradients along the entire length of each capillary (see the diagram in the "Interaction with circulatory systems" section above). Oxygen is able to continually diffuse down its gradient into the blood, and the carbon dioxide down its gradient into the water.
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The slender suckerfish or lousefish (Phtheirichthys lineatus) is a rare species of remora found around the world in tropical and subtropical seas, in areas like the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean, from depths from 1 to 100 meters deep. The body of the slender suckerfish is elongated, with long dorsal and anal fins. The dorsal fin rays number 29-33, the anal fin rays 29-34, and the pectoral fin rays 18-21. The adhesive disk atop the head is small, length 18-28% of the standard length, with 9-11 lamellae.
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Rhabditophorans are characterized by the presence of lamellated rhabdites, rodlike granules secreted in the cells of the epidermis and consisted of concentric lamellae. They are absent in the clade Neodermata, most likely due to a secondary loss of this feature because their epidermis is turned into a syncytium in adult forms. Scheme of the duo-gland adhesive system of the rhabditophoran Macrostomum lignano: red = adhesive gland; green = releasing gland; blue = anchor cell; ep = epidermis; acmv = anchor cell microvilli. Another important synapomorphy of the group is the duo-glandular adhesive system.
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The species was first described in 1905 by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck. The type collection was made by physician and amateur botanist Noah Miller Glatfelter from St. Louis, Missouri. Peck characterized it as a "small but pretty species, easily known by the flesh of both pileus and stem changing to a reddish color where wounded and by the lamellae assuming a reddish or pink color with age or in drying." The mushroom was found again 105 years later in a survey of macrofungi in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
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SAXS is used for the determination of the microscale or nanoscale structure of particle systems in terms of such parameters as averaged particle sizes, shapes, distribution, and surface-to-volume ratio. The materials can be solid or liquid and they can contain solid, liquid or gaseous domains (so-called particles) of the same or another material in any combination. Not only particles, but also the structure of ordered systems like lamellae, and fractal-like materials can be studied. The method is accurate, non-destructive and usually requires only a minimum of sample preparation.
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Freshwater fish gills magnified 400 times The gills of vertebrates typically develop in the walls of the pharynx, along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. Most species employ a countercurrent exchange system to enhance the diffusion of substances in and out of the gill, with blood and water flowing in opposite directions to each other. The gills are composed of comb-like filaments, the gill lamellae, which help increase their surface area for oxygen exchange. When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals.
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The haptor includes sclerotized elements, namely a ventral bar, two lateral (dorsal) bars, two ventral hooks, and two dorsal hooks, and fourteen hooklets. As in most diplectanids, the haptor bears characteristic, structures called squamodiscs (one ventral and one dorsal). The squamodiscs of species of Calydiscoides are special: they are lamellodiscs, which are made up of concentric lamellae, not separate rodlets as in regular squamodiscs. The diameter of the lamellodiscs range 25–60 µm. When observed from its concentric axis (ventral or dorsal observation of the specimen, ‘polar’ view of the lamellodisc), the lamellodisc appears as concentric circles.
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These are moderately convex, with an impressed, not very oblique suture. The whorls of the spire are pretty strongly angulated or carinated a little above the middle by a revolving carina, which appears double at the summit, and slightly nodulous where it is crossed by the longitudinal lines. Above the carina there is a rather wide, sloping, flattened or slightly concave subsutural band, which is crossed by somewhat raised, moderately excurved lamellae, parallel with the lines of growth and with the sinus in the lip. There is also a rather faint revolving cingulus a little below the middle of the band.
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Nepenthes villosa is most closely related to N. edwardsiana and N. macrophylla. There has been much taxonomic confusion surrounding the status of these three taxa. Joseph Dalton Hooker, who described both N. edwardsiana and N. villosa, noted the similarity between the two species as follows: > This most remarkable plant [N. villosa] resembles that of edwardsiana in so > many respects, especially in the size, form and disposition of the distant > lamellae of the mouth, that I am inclined to suspect that it may be produced > by young plants of that species, before it arrives at a stage when the > pitchers have elongated necks.
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Pogonatum urnigerum has leaves that grow in more than three rows around its stem which makes the plant appear robust, its leaves and branches do not appear to be flat, it has a midrib, it lacks structures that produce gemmae, its sporangium has thirty-two nematodontous teeth, the bordering cells of the leaves do not differ from the rest of the leaf, white hair points and wrinkles on the ventral side of leaves are absent, numerous lamellae are present on the ventral surface, marginal teeth are present, and the plant may look bluish-green when it is not dry.
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This "grazing iridescence" is brought about through diffraction of light (after back-reflection) by the wings' extremely steeply-set, multilayered rib-like scales (rather than the ridge-lamellae of most other iridescent butterflies, such as Morpho species). Such limited-view iridescence was previously only known from one other species, the riodinid Ancyluris meliboeus. In A. meliboeus, however, the iridescence is produced by ridge-lamellar scales and features a wider range of colours. The close evolutionary relationship between Troides and Ornithoptera butterflies is well demonstrated by the fact that commercial breeders have produced numerous hybrids between the two.
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Because the earliest scripts from the region of Epirus (not the earliest Epirote scripts) hail from Ambracia, the letters resemble those of Corinth, because Ambracia was founded by Corinthians. Another early example using the Corinthian alphabet is the inquiry of a citizen of Orikos (Orikum), but Filos argues that this is of little use because Orikos is rather far from the center of Epirus. We do not know how many alphabets were in use in Epirus in the sixth to fourth centuries BCE. The diversity of alphabets among the Dodona lamellae merely reflects the diverse origins of the inquirers.
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Typically the host grain is orthoclase or microcline, and the lamellae are albite. If sodic feldspar is the dominant phase, the result is an antiperthite and where the feldspars are in roughly equal proportions the result is a mesoperthite. The intergrowth forms by exsolution due to cooling of a grain of alkali feldspar with a composition intermediate between K-feldspar and albite. There is complete solid solution between albite and K-feldspar at temperatures near 700 °C and pressures like those within the crust of the Earth, but a miscibility gap is present at lower temperatures.
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Specific immunofluorescence was observed on those protozoa which had been treated with anti-lactobacillus serum and anti-trichomonas serum, but not on those treated with serum from non-vaccinated animals. Bonilla-Musoles performed an electron microscopic study on trichomonads treated with serum from women who were previously vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac. After three days the trichomonads exposed to antibody-containing serum showed marked signs of destruction, similar to those observed under the influence of metronidazole. The electron micrographs revealed cytoplasmic swelling, dilation of the reticuloendothelial lamellae and formation of vacuoles as well as evaginations and invaginations of cellular membranes.
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Although this nudibranch changes appearance as it grows, three median clusters of (usually) pink tubercles remain the same, except that they are amalgamated in juveniles and separated in large animals. These tubercles can range in color from pink to green to white. The intensity of the pink coloration and green- grey tones may possibly be related to diet, and the length of time since last feeding. Other distinguishing features are the pale pink edge of the mantle, the broad, triangular, black tipped oral tentacles and the rhinophoral clavus possessing 22 to 26 lamellae (in specimens greater than 35 mm).
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Septal flaps are not known to be present in any foraminifera other than those with bilamellar walls. The presence of a septal flap is often, though not always, associated with the presence of an interlocular space. As the name suggests, this is a small space located between chambers; it may be open and form part of the outer surface of the test, or it may be enclosed to form a void. The layer enclosing the void is formed from different parts of the lamellae in different genera, suggesting an independent evolution of enclosed interlocular spaces in order to strengthen the test.
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The lamellae or gills are distantly spaced, with 12 gills extending fully from the cap edge to the stipe, and lack lamellulae (short gills which do not reach the stipe from the edge of the pileus). The pileus is centered on the stipe, which is long and is broken off above the base. The stipe lacks a veil and is smooth and cylindrical. The top of the pileus is exposed on a fracture plain, and to prevent oxidation, the area was coated in a fine layer of synthetic resin, which also resulted in slightly improved visibility of the mushroom.
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The Getty Museum owns an outstanding example of a 4th-century BC Orphic prayer sheet from Thessaly, a gold-leaf rectangle measuring about .As of September 17, 2008, The Getty Villa Malibu had this Orphic lamella on exhibition; information about the piece online. The burial site of a woman also in Thessaly and dating to the late 4thcentury BC yielded a pair of Totenpässe in the form of lamellae (Latin, "thin metal sheets", singular lamella). Although the term "leaf" to describe metal foil is a modern metaphorical usage,Daniel Ogden, Greek and Roman Necromancy (Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 188.
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Elastic tension has been thought to be the primary driving force of the protrusion collapse, complex disassembly, and the cells' dispersion. Though this hypothetical tension has been characterized and visualized, how tension builds in lamellae and how cell repolarization contributes to tension buildup remain open to investigation. Furthermore, as replication increases the amount of cells, the number of directions those cells can move without touching another is decreased. Cells will also attempt to move away from another cell because they stick better to the area around them, a structure called the substratum, than on other cells.
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Similarly, when brown anoles were introduced to Florida, the native Carolina (or green) anoles moved to higher perches and gained larger toe pads better suited for those perches. This adaptation occurred in just 20 generations. Anoles are also adapting to life with humans: Puerto Rican crested anoles living in cities have developed more adhesive lamellae on their toe pads than ones living in forests, reflecting the need for being able to climb very smooth surfaces like windows in the former habitat. In contrast to these fast changes, anole's adaptability to temperature changes has traditionally been considered relatively minor.
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A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus; hence the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) on the underside of the cap. "Mushroom" also describes a variety of other gilled fungi, with or without stems, therefore the term is used to describe the fleshy fruiting bodies of some Ascomycota.
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The cheek teeth (molars and premolars) became larger and more specialized, especially after elephants started to switch from C3-plants to C4-grasses, which caused their teeth to undergo a three-fold increase in teeth height as well as substantial multiplication of lamellae after about five million years ago. Only in the last million years or so did they return to a diet mainly consisting of C3 trees and shrubs. The upper second incisors grew into tusks, which varied in shape from straight, to curved (either upward or downward), to spiralled, depending on the species. Some proboscideans developed tusks from their lower incisors.
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On the other hand, pectins are an abundant group of complex carbohydrates present in the primary cell wall that play roles in cell growth and development, protection, plant structure and water holding capacity. Pectins are rich in galacturonic acids (OGs) and present in the middle lamellae in plant tissues where they provide strength, flexibility and adhesion between plant cells. Commercially and within the food industry, they are used as gels and stabilizers for desserts and juices. The role of WAKs in cell walls as pectin receptors is vital to a variety of functions involved with cell differentiation, form and host- pathogen relations.
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Although they do contain Casparian strips, the following development and maturation of suberin lamellae and thicker cellulose walls do not progress. Passage cells are partially responsible for growth and development. As the plant ages and growth slows, the number of passage cells begin to decrease, resulting in a complete lack of passage cells altogether. In response to dehydration, some passage cells, particularly those located in aquatic environments, have developed pads that are composed of lignin and cellulose and are designed to close the cells to prevent further loss of ions and water to the environment via diffusionHeilmeier H, Hartung W (2014-06-06).
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The family Hygrophoraceae was first proposed by Dutch botanist Johannes Paulus Lotsy (1907) to accommodate agarics with thick, waxy lamellae (gills) and white spores. Lotsy's concept of the family included not only the waxcap-related genera Hygrophorus, Hygrocybe, Camarophyllus (= Hygrophorus), and Godfrinia (= Hygrocybe), but also Gomphidius (despite its blackish spores) and Nyctalis (= Asterophora). Not all subsequent authors accepted the Hygrophoraceae; Carleton Rea (1922), for example, continued to place these genera within a widely defined Agaricaceae. In his major and influential revision of the Agaricales, however, Rolf Singer (1951) did accept the Hygrophoraceae, omitting Gomphidius and Nyctalis, but including Neohygrophorus.
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The parietal margin bears three lamellae: a small, triangular angle- lamella, a large, erect parietal lamella, the inner end of which curves behind the preceding tooth, and a smaller, straight infraparietal lamella near the middle of the parietal margin. The outer lip bears five folds: subequal, straight and rather large upper and lower palatal folds within the outer margin, a somewhat smaller columellar lamella below them, and two still smaller suprapalatal folds on the upper margin, the upper one of which is smaller and tuberculiform. The width of the adult shell varies from 39 to 45 mm, the height from 20–21 mm.
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260px A young Mediterranean house gecko in the process of 400px Snout rounded, about as long as the distance between the eye and the ear opening, 1.25 to 1.3 the diameter of the orbit; forehead slightly concave; ear-opening oval, oblique, nearly half the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs moderate. Digits variable in length, the inner always well developed; 6 to 8 lamellae under the inner digits, 8 to 10 under the fourth finger, and 9 to 11 under the fourth toe. Head with large granules anteriorly, posteriorly with minute granules intermixed with round tubercles.
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Modern reconstructions have shown this armour to be remarkably resistant to piercing and cutting weapons. Because of the expense of its manufacture, in particular the lamellae surrounding the arm and neck apertures had to be individually shaped, this form of armour was probably largely confined to heavy cavalry and elite units.Dawson, Timothy: Kresmasmata, Kabbadion, Klibanion: Some Aspects of Middle Byzantine Military Equipment Reconsidered , Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 22 (1998), pp. 38–50.Grotowski, pp. 137-151 (klivanion), 154-162 (scale and mail) Byzantine fresco of Joshua from the Hosios Loukas monastery, 12th to 13th century.
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Freeze casting methods and the lamellar structures they produce A review of freeze casting methods Freeze-casting can be applied to produce aligned porous structure from diverse building blocks including ceramics, polymers, biomacromolecules Polymers and Biomacromolecules as building blocks, graphene and carbon nanotubes. As long as there are particles that may be rejected by a progressing freezing front, a templated structure is possible. By controlling cooling gradients and the distribution of particles during freeze casting, using various physical means, the orientation of lamellae in obtained freeze cast structures can be controlled to provide improved performance in diverse applied materials . Munch et al.
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Volvopluteus fruit bodies vary from relatively small (cap in diameter) to large (cap in diameter), are pluteoid (i.e. with free lamellae and discontinuous context of cap and stipe) and have a membranous white volva at the base of the stipe. The cap is ovate when young and then expands to convex or flat, it is always viscid to gelatinous when fresh and has white, grey or grey-brown color. The gills are free from the stipe and they start out as white but they soon change to pink and then pinkish-brown as the spores are being produced.
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As many as 13 females may oviposit in a single large tree hole, laying up to 250 eggs each, but the numbers of naiads are reduced by cannibalism. Even when there is a high concentration of other prey, Megaloprepus naiads still kill each other until a density of one naiad per 1-2 liters of water is reached.Fincke, "Population Regulation", 118, 124. They are not territorial, but larger individuals displace smaller ones; their aggressive behavior includes raising and swinging the caudal lamellae and striking with the labium, the hinged, extensible lower "lip" that odonate naiads use to catch prey.
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Macroctopus maorum is a large octopus and it is regularly described as a ‘robust’ species, it is a member of the Octopus macropus species complex. The morphological traits characteristic of this complex are a high number of gill lamellae, a robust conical copulatory organ and arms of varying length with long unequal dorsal arms generally four to six times longer than the mantle. Although being unequal, their arms are said to be long and evenly tapering and Macroctopus maorum are even known to regrow arms when one has been lost. Being the largest member of its complex arm span is said to exceed .
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The outer membrane, plasma membrane, and thylakoid membranes each have specialized roles in the cyanobacterial cell. Understanding the organization, functionality, protein composition and dynamics of the membrane systems remains a great challenge in cyanobacterial cell biology. In contrast to the thylakoid network of higher plants, which is differentiated into grana and stroma lamellae, the thylakoids in cyanobacteria are organized into multiple concentric shells that split and fuse to parallel layers forming a highly connected network. This results in a continuous network that encloses a single lumen (as in higher‐plant chloroplasts) and allows water‐soluble and lipid‐soluble molecules to diffuse through the entire membrane network.
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Cambridge: University Press, 1970, p. 241. Based on his discovery of an Olmec artifact (a shaped and grooved magnetic bar) in North America, astronomer John Carlson suggests that lodestone may have been used by the Olmec more than a thousand years prior to the Chinese discovery. Carlson speculates that the Olmecs, for astrological or geomantic purposes, used similar artifacts as a directional device, or to orient their temples, the dwellings of the living, or the interments of the dead. Detailed analysis of the Olmec artifact revealed that the "bar" was composed of hematite with titanium lamellae of Fe2–xTixO3 that accounted for the anomalous remanent magnetism of the artifact.
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Degeneration of intervertebral disc (IVD) is the main cause of neck and low back pain. The IVD is composed of a gelatinous nucleus pulposus (NP) centre and several surrounding coaxial lamellae that form the inner and outer anulus fibrosus. This unique structural feature allows the IVD to constrain motion at high loads and provide flexibility at low loads. While factors such as abnormal mechanical stresses, biochemical imbalances and nutritional and genetic deficiencies are all reported to play a role in disc degeneration, the natural aging process is also characterised by replacement of the gelatinous nucleus pulposus region of the disc by a less-flexible cartilaginous disc.
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Species in tribe Odontostomini have the aperture obstructed by internal lamellae, folds or teeth (rarely absent by degeneration); the base is perforate or has an umbilical suture; and the genitalia are extremely lengthened. Jaw either plaited or solid. Odontostomini is clearly a natural group of genera, confined to South America east of the Andes, and with the exception of some species, south of the Amazon. That the whole series had its inception in a form in which the characteristic apertural teeth had already been developed, is demonstrated by the fact that these lamella and folds are clearly homologous throughout the species of the several genera.
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Anamika is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenogastraceae. Anamika was formerly placed in the family Cortinariaceae, but a molecular phylogenetics study found it to be closely related to Hebeloma, which is in the family Hymenogastraceae. Species of Anamika have small basidiocarps with non- hygrophanous caps that are smooth, glabrous and slightly sticky when moist; a pileus margin that is incurved and entire when young and becomes decurved and fissile with age; and a pale brown context. Their lamellae are adnate; their stipes are central, terete, equal or enlarged towards both ends, slightly furfuraceous with a cortina when young, which often leaves inconspicuous annular remnants.
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If samurai wished to cut his opponent rather than stab, the weapons were the ōdachi, an extremely long sword with a huge handle, or the naginata, a polearm with very sharp curved blade. The most famous of all the samurai weapons was the katana, a sword described by the British military historian Stephen Turnbull as "...the finest edged weapon in the history of warfare". Samurai never carried shields, with the katana being used to deflect blows. By 1592, the armor of the samurai was lamellae made from iron or leather scales tied together which had been modified to include solid plate to help protect the samurai from bullets.
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Thus, the colors appear to vary with viewing angle, but they are actually surprisingly uniform, perhaps due to the tetrahedral (diamond-like) structural arrangement of the scales or diffraction from overlying cell layers. The wide-angle blue reflection property can be explained by exploring the nanostructures in the scales of the morpho butterfly wings. These optically active structures integrate three design principles leading to the wide-angle reflection: Christmas tree-like shaped ridges, alternating lamellae layers (or "branches"), and a small height offset between neighboring ridges. The reflection spectrum is found to be broad (about 90 nm) for alternating layers and can be controlled by varying the design pattern.
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Fighting against much larger forces as China and Japan, Koreans favored mobility and ranged tactics which limited the reliance upon vastly armored units despite a strong inclusion of melee training. Korean armor during the Korean Three Kingdoms Period consisted of two major styles: a lamellar armor sharing the style of Chinese armor at the time and the armor of the steppe hordes, and plate armor, found in the Gaya Confederation and its vicinity. The lamellae were often of hard materials such as bronze, iron, bone, or stiffened leather; plates were always of iron, steel or bronze. During later periods, Korean armor also included forms of brigandine, chain mail, and scale armor.
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At the back of the skull, the exoccipital bones enclose the bottom of the foramen magnum, thereby excluding the basioccipital bone. The plate-like lamellae of the pterygoids bear deep grooves on their outer surfaces. On the atlas (the first cervical), the intercentrum is swollen and has a ridge underneath; meanwhile, the bottom of the axis (the second cervical) is covered by a tongue-like projection from the third cervical. In the shoulder girdle, the projection at the front of the coracoid that points forwards in other plesiosaurs is instead pointed downwards in Luskhan, such that it is perpendicular to the rest of the bone.
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Cross-section of a Coprinus mushroom gill, showing basidia (magnified 400×) Coprinus is a small genus of mushroom-forming fungi consisting of Coprinus comatus - the shaggy ink cap (British) or shaggy mane (American) - and several of its close relatives. Until 2001, Coprinus was a large genus consisting of all agaric species in which the lamellae autodigested to release their spores. The black ink-like liquid this creates gave these species their common name "ink cap" (British) or "inky cap" (American). Molecular phylogenetic investigation found that Coprinus comatus was only a distant relative of the other members of Coprinus, and was closer to genera in the Agaricaceae.
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Graneledone yamana is a species of octopus in the genus Graneledone. G. yamana is assigned to this genus because of the absence of an ink sac and crop, the presence of cartilaginous warts covering the body cavity, uniserial suckers on the arms, and a reduced radula. This genus has been found in the deep waters of the Atlantic Ocean near hydrothermal vents. Its identifying characteristics are papillose skin, two horns located above the eyes, small gills, and five to seven lamellae located on the outside of the demibranch. The arms of G. yamana have 35–80 suckers on the females and 26–70 on the males.
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Leucite is a rock-forming mineral of the feldspathoid group, silica- undersaturated and composed of potassium and aluminium tectosilicate KAlSi2O6. Crystals have the form of cubic icositetrahedra but, as first observed by Sir David Brewster in 1821, they are not optically isotropic, and are therefore pseudo-cubic. Goniometric measurements made by Gerhard vom Rath in 1873 led him to refer the crystals to the tetragonal system. Optical investigations have since proved the crystals to be still more complex in character, and to consist of several orthorhombic or monoclinic individuals, which are optically biaxial and repeatedly twinned, giving rise to twin-lamellae and to striations on the faces.
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When the crystals are raised to a temperature of about 500 °C they become optically isotropic and the twin-lamellae and striations disappear, although they reappear when the crystals are cooled again. This pseudo-cubic character of leucite is very similar to that of the mineral boracite. The crystals are white or ash-grey in colour, hence the name suggested by A. G. Werner in 1701, from λευκος, '(matt) white'. They are transparent and glassy when fresh, albeit with a noticeably subdued 'subvitreous' lustre due to the low refractive index, but readily alter to become waxy/greasy and then dull and opaque; they are brittle and break with a conchoidal fracture.
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Fulltext at the Internet Archive The fingers and toes are free, or more or less webbed, and dilated; underneath they bear two rows of lamellae in a pattern resembling a paripinnate compound leaf. This leads to their other and more ambiguous common name, "leaf-toed geckos", used mainly for species from South Asia and its surroundings to prevent confusion with the many "leaf-toed" Gekkota not in Hemidactylus. Underside of a leaf-toed Gecko. Some members of the genus, such as H. platyurus, are able to run quadrupedally across water by a partially surface tension-dependent mechanism distinct from the bipedal gait of basilisks.
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The family Dibamidae contains two genera, Anelytropsis and Dibamus, and the close relationship of the genera was based on two morphological characteristics that are unique to these groups, the secondary palate and the lamellae covering the tongue, and additional cranial characteristics that can be shared with other groups of lizards. The anatomical characteristics that dibamids share with other squamates contributed to the formulation of different taxonomic hypothesis. Dibamids, and particularly Dibamus was considered to be part of geckos and precisely the family of legless geckos; snakes, considering the organization of the skull and jaw muscles;Haas, Georg. 1973. Muscles of the jaws and associated structures in the Rhynchocephalia and Squamata.
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In southern bluefin tuna and other marine teleosts, specialized ion-transporting cells called ionocytes (previously known as mitochondrion-rich cells and chloride cells) is the primary sites of NaCl excretion Ionocytes are usually found on the gill arch and filament, though in some cases can be also found on the gill lamellae when exposed to various environmental stressors. Ionocytes are interspersed between pavement cells which occupy the largest proportion of the gill epithelium. Ionocytes are highly metabolically active, as indicated by the large number of mitochondria (which produce energy in the form of ATP). They are also rich in Na+/K+ ATPases, in comparison to other cells.
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These two fossil skulls had soft tissue preservation, and both had keratinous beaks with vertical grooves extending ventrally from the bony upper mandible. These structures are reminiscent of the lamellae seen in ducks, in which they function to strain small edible items like plants, forams, mollusks, and ostracods from the water. The authors further noted that ornithomimids were abundant in mesic environments, and rarer in more arid environments, suggesting that they may have depended on waterborne sources of food, possibly filter feeding. They noted that primitive ornithomimids had well developed teeth, while derived forms were edentulous and probably could not feed on large animals.
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Euhedral crystal of augite from Teide (4.4 x 3.0 x 2.3 cm) Augite is a solid solution in the pyroxene group. Diopside and hedenbergite are important endmembers in augite, but augite can also contain significant aluminium, titanium, and sodium and other elements. The calcium content of augite is limited by a miscibility gap between it and pigeonite and orthopyroxene: when occurring with either of these other pyroxenes, the calcium content of augite is a function of temperature and pressure, but mostly of temperature, and so can be useful in reconstructing temperature histories of rocks. With declining temperature, augite may exsolve lamellae of pigeonite and/or orthopyroxene.
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Labradorescence in labradorite Video of labradorescence in labdradorite, visible as the angle of view changes Labradorite can display an iridescent optical effect (or schiller) known as labradorescence. The term labradorescence was coined by Ove Balthasar Bøggild, who defined it (labradorization) as follows: Contributions to the understanding of the origin and cause of the effect were made by Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh (1923), and by Bøggild (1924). The cause of this optical phenomenon is phase exsolution lamellar structure, occurring in the Bøggild miscibility gap. The effect is visible when the lamellar separation is between ; the lamellae are not necessarily parallel; and the lamellar structure is found to lack long range order.
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Six gill slits in a bigeyed sixgill shark; most sharks have only five Sharks and rays typically have five pairs of gill slits that open directly to the outside of the body, though some more primitive sharks have six or seven pairs. Adjacent slits are separated by a cartilaginous gill arch from which projects a long sheet-like septum, partly supported by a further piece of cartilage called the gill ray. The individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of the septum. The base of the arch may also support gill rakers, small projecting elements that help to filter food from the water.
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Pinctada longisquamosa is a relatively small pearl oyster, with a mean length of 23 mm and a height of 20 mm. The largest recorded specimen, housed at the American Museum of Natural History, has a length of 39 mm and a height of 29 mm. Pinctada longisquamosa is noted for its radial rows of narrow shell lamellae and generally bright green to yellow coloration. The coloration of individual specimens has been recognized as matching that of the marine plants to which they are attached, suggesting a method of camouflage. The nacre, or mother-of- pearl, is thin, “allowing external color and ornamentation to show through the valve”.
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The agaric Amanita muscaria, late August, Norway An agaric () is a type of mushroom fungus fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. "Agaric" can also refer to a basidiomycete species characterized by an agaric-type fruiting body. Archaically agaric meant 'tree-fungus' (after Latin agaricum); however, that changed with the Linnaean interpretation in 1753 when Linnaeus used the generic name Agaricus for gilled mushrooms. Most species of agarics are within orders of and describe the members of the order Agaricales in the subphylum Agaricomycotina.
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ISSN 0028-646X. The Casparian band is involved in the exodermal cell's ability to regulate water flow movement through the membrane as it is the hydrophobic nature of this band that controls the water entry and exit from the root. Exodermal cells have also found to develop another layer of thickened, tertiary hydrophobic substance on the inside of their plasma membrane walls known as the suberin lamellae which form a protective layer on the inside of the cortex of the exodermis. This layer is composed of a protein called suberin and is also hydrophobic meaning it also contributes to the ability of the exodermis to control water input.
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Both genetic and morphological evidence demonstrate that the tanoak is a distant relative to Asian stone oaks and, therefore tanoak has been moved into a new genus, Notholithocarpus. Lithocarpus trees are evergreen trees with leathery, alternate leaves, the margins of which are almost always entire, rarely toothed. The seed is a nut similar to an oak acorn with a cupule enclosing the basal part of the fruit. Cupules of stone oaks demonstrate a much wider variety in the type and arrangement of lamellae and scales on the outside of the cupule, with some of them completely enclosing the nut, even becoming irregularly dehiscent in a few species.
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Calydiscoides euzeti is a species of monogenean of the family Diplectanidae. As all members of the family Diplectanidae, it has a single posterior testis and a single ovary that wraps the lateral caecum of the intestine. As all members of the genus Calydiscoides, it is characterized by the presence of lamellodiscs, which are specialized attachment organs made up of concentric lamellae, on the posterior part of its body. The species is distinguished from other species of the genus Calydiscoides by the shape and size of its male copulatory organ, which is elongate in shape with an anterior curved whip, and 70–83 μm in length.
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Sharks and rays typically have five pairs of gill slits that open directly to the outside of the body, though some more primitive sharks have six pairs and the Broadnose sevengill shark being the only cartilaginous fish exceeding this number. Adjacent slits are separated by a cartilaginous gill arch from which projects a cartilaginous gill ray. This gill ray is the support for the sheet- like interbranchial septum, which the individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of. The base of the arch may also support gill rakers, projections into the pharyngeal cavity that help to prevent large pieces of debris from damaging the delicate gills.
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The cap surface is smooth and moist, with a slimy margin that is initially pressed against the stipe; with age the margin becomes notched and sometimes scalloped, turning translucent. The cap color is dark gray to pale gray, somewhat hygrophanous, fading to ashy white or brown when dry. The flesh is thin, gray, cartilaginous and tough, with a strongly farinaceous (mealy, similar to raw potatoes) odor and taste if crushed or chewed. The whitish to grayish gills are moderately broad (2–3 mm) with a spacing that is close to subdistant, and 18–26 reach the stipe, interspersed with two or three tiers of lamellae (short gills that do not extend fully from the cap margin to the stipe).
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Molecular self-assembly underlies the construction of biologic macromolecular assemblies and biomolecular condensates in living organisms, and so is crucial to the function of cells. It is exhibited in the self-assembly of lipids to form the membrane, the formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen bonding of the individual strands, and the assembly of proteins to form quaternary structures. Molecular self-assembly of incorrectly folded proteins into insoluble amyloid fibers is responsible for infectious prion-related neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular self-assembly of nanoscale structures plays a role in the growth of the remarkable β-keratin lamellae/setae/spatulae structures used to give geckos the ability to climb walls and adhere to ceilings and rock overhangs.
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A full metallic armour set was composed of a helmet bearing much resemblance with regards to European kettle hats with attached neck defences of mail or lamellae, a body armour reaching down to the thighs or knees, and a set of shoulder guards which protected the upper arm as well. In the late dynasty, brigandine became the primary Korean metallic armour and often reached below the knees when worn, and the helmet assumed a conical shape. The rest did not change much as the dynasty did not experience any war after the Manchu invasions. In the mid-19th century, however, there was an attempt to develop anti-ballistic armor called Myeonje baegab.
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Vomer of infant At an early period the septum of the nose consists of a plate of cartilage, known as the ethmovomerine cartilage. The postero-superior part of this cartilage is ossified to form the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid; its antero-inferior portion persists as the septal cartilage, while the vomer is ossified in the membrane covering its postero-inferior part. Two ossification centers, one on either side of the middle line, appear about the eighth week of fetal life in this part of the membrane, and hence the vomer consists primarily of two lamellae. About the third month these unite below, and thus a deep groove is formed in which the cartilage is lodged.
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At Pyrgi, one of the ports of Caere, excavations had since 1956 revealed the existence of a sacred area, intensely active from the last quarter of the 4th century, yielding two documents of a cult of Uni. Scholars had long believed the Etruscan goddess Uni was strongly influenced by the Argive Heras and had her Punic counterpart in the Carthaginian goddess Tanit, identified by the Romans as Juno Caelestis.Cf. Martianus Capella: Saturni Caelestis Iuno, in region XIV of Heaven. Nonetheless Augustine of Hippo had already stated that Juno was named Astarte in the Punic language,Augustinus Quaestiones in Heptateuchum VII 16 a notion that the discovery of the Pyrgi lamellae has proved correct.
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The genus Saproamanita contains about 24 species of agarics and is one of six genera in the family Amanitaceae. The others are Amanita (which now includes the synonym Torrendia, a generic name previously applied to sequestrate species), Catatrama, Limacellopsis, Zhuliangomyces and Limacella. Saproamanita are the saprophytic species in the Tribe Amaniteae, separately classified from the ectomycorrhizal species in the genus Amanita. Saproamanita resemble Amanita and have a pileus, free lamellae, a central stipe, and an annulus with scales and rings below the annulus that are the remnants of the universal veil composed largely of cylindrical to slender clavate inflated hyphal cells mostly scattered in the central stipe region rather than the base.
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Some hypothesesrelating to diamond formation posit a possible role for cavitation—namely cavitation in the kimberlite pipes providing the extreme pressure needed to change pure carbon into the rare allotrope that is diamond.The loudest three sounds ever recorded, during the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, are nowunderstood as the bursts of three huge cavitation bubbles, each larger than the last, formed in the volcano's throat. Rising magma, filled with dissolved gasses and under immense pressure, encountered a different magma that compressed easily, allowing bubbles to grow and combine. There exist macroscopic white lamellae inside quartz and other minerals in the Bohemian Massif resembling wavefronts generated by a meteorite impact according to the Rajlich's Hypothesis.
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Naha was known to have made extensive studies on the structural geology of Precambrian era and was credited with compiling an integrated geological history of Precambrian rocks in Ghatsila in Singhbhum of Bihar and in Simla region. Through his studies, he estimated the time of formation and kinematic significance of deformation lamellae in quartz. Migmatites and its architecture, the geometry of reclined folds and the early precambrian terrance of the southern parts of India and central Rajasthan were some of the other foci of his studies. His studies also assisted in developing methodologies for the recognition of angular run conformity in metamorphic terraces as well as the coaxial refolding prior to non- coaxial deformation.
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The sixth, outer tepal, called the labellum, is either light yellow to light purple with a darker purple veins nerve or purplish brown. It is greatly enlarged (1.2–1.8 cm long, 1–1.6 cm wide) and cordate (heart- shaped) and obtuse, with a cordate base. The labellum initially surrounds the flower bud and, after opening, protects the other flower organs. It has a basal callus that is white, broadly shell-shaped, 2–3.5 mm long and around 2.5 mm wide, with a tip that is rounded or slightly acuminate, finely papillate at the margins with 8 or 9 lateral nerves that are variously branched and 16–18 short lamellae radiating from the basal callus that are distinctly pilose.
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Both vicarious baptism and the placement of a viaticum in the mouth of a person already dead reflect Christian responses to, rather than outright rejection of, ancient religious traditions pertaining to the cult of the dead.Richard E. DeMaris, "Corinthian Religion and Baptism for the Dead," Journal of Biblical Literature 114 (1995) 661–682; Mark J. Johnson, "Pagan- Christian Burial Practices of the Fourth Century," Journal of Early Christian Studies 5 (1997), p. 43. Scholars do not maintain that Christians "borrowed" the rite of communion for the dying from earlier religious practice; the point is more specifically that the communion wafer itself might be used (or misused) in a manner influenced by Charon's obol and the lamellae.
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As solidification slows and growth kinetics become rate-limiting, the ice crystals begin to exclude the particles, redistributing them within the suspension. A competitive growth process develops between two crystal populations, those with their basal planes aligned with the thermal gradient (z-crystals) and those that are randomly oriented (r-crystals) giving rise to the start of the TZ. There are colonies of similarly aligned ice crystals growing throughout the suspension. There are fine lamellae of aligned z-crystals growing with their basal planes aligned with the thermal gradient. The r-crystals appear in this cross-section as platelets but in actuality, they are most similar to columnar dendritic crystals cut along a bias.
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At the lower and internal surface corresponding to this part, they are divided into two, by a very distinct furrow. They are thick, long and wide, of a slightly oval form at the posterior part, and truncated obliquely at the anterior part: the lower is longer; the upper adheres at its middle part in the two anterior thirds near the union of this part with the lower; this connexion is indicated at the upper part by a slight ridge. The posterior third of the two branchiae is floating and free, and is continued as far as the entrance of the siphon. The lamellae are fine and very contiguous, undulated, and a little oblique from behind, forwards.
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The narrow leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylus angustidigitus) is a medium-sized gecko with a maximum snout-vent length of 57 mm. This species is endemic from the Ica Region in southern Peru, and its known geographical distribution is restricted to the Paracas National Reservation, including two islands (La Vieja in the Bahia Independencia and Sangayan west of the Paracas Peninsula). This gecko most closely resembles Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus (a species that also occurs in southern Peru), from which it can be distinguished by smaller and more numerous terminal lamellae on the fourth toe. Phyllodactylus angustidigitus inhabits sand dunes, rocky outcrops, and small hills throughout the desert in Paracas, though it is usually more abundant near shore.
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They noted that punctata differs from maculata in having five instead of three keels on the dorsal scales; generally fewer scales; parietal scales separated, not in contact as in punctata; and fewer subdigital lamellae below the fourth finger and toe. Consequently, they regarded the two as representing distinct species and recommended that the Fernando de Noronha species be named Mabuya atlantica and the Guyana one Mabuya maculata.Mausfeld and Vrcibradic, 2002, p. 294 In 2002, it was realized that the genus Mabuya was not a natural grouping and a mainly African group of species which also includes the Fernando de Noronha skink was transferred to a separate genus, first named Euprepis and later Trachylepis.
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Human corneal transplantation (keratoplasty) had been attempted with little or no success throughout the 1800s using both animal donor cornea and human graft tissue. The donor tissue whether animal or human could either be transplanted as a full-thickness disc of cornea or partial-thickness (layers or lamellae) cornea was attached to the host eye. By the late 1880s lamellar grafts were considered to have a better chance of success than full-thickness corneal grafting which invariably failed a few days after the operation. In 1905, Zirm encountered a patient Alois Glogar, a 45-year-old day farm labourer from a small town in the Czech Republic whose corneas in both eyes had tuned white- bray and opaque a year earlier while working with slaking lime.
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The pterygiophore of the illicium does not protrude from the snout, and there is no hyoid barbel. At maturity, the streamlined males have an enlarged posterior nostril (with 10 – 17 lamellae); slightly ovoid eye with an enlarged pupil creating a narrow anterior aphakic space; no ilicium or esca; and the head and body is covered in dermal spinules, those along the snout midline being enlarged. The jaw lacks teeth, whereas those of the denticular bone have fused into a larger mass; the upper denticular bone possesses 10 – 17 hooked denticles. In both sexes, the fins are spineless: the single dorsal fin with 5 – 6 soft rays, the pectoral fins with 14 – 18, the anal fin with four, and the caudal fin with 19.
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The acronematic posterior flagellum is used in feeding and to attach to substrate, while the anterior flagellum beats less rapidly and in a slow sweeping motion. Further studies by Simpson and Patterson (1999) go into greater detail about the flagella and describe the flagellar apparatus as having a third, barren basal body. Supporting the dorsal side of the cell is a microtubular fan with a microtubular root at the anterior end. On the ventral side, microtubules extending from different flagellar roots support the ventral groove. The anterior flagellum has a ‘9+2’ axoneme. Simpson and Patterson described that in addition to the ‘9+2’ axoneme, the posterior flagellum also has “three radiating lamellae of electron-dense material which form the central components of vanes”.
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The white suckerfish or mantasucker (Remora albescens) is a species of remora in the family Echeneidae, a group of elongated marine fish with adhesive discs for attaching to larger organisms. The distribution of this species is worldwide in warm open seas: it is found in the western Indian Ocean including Réunion and Mauritius, in the eastern Pacific Ocean from San Francisco to Chile (but is rare north of Baja California), and in the western and eastern central Atlantic Ocean from Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil and St. Paul's Rocks. The white suckerfish can reach in standard length. The adhesive disk is short and wide, the length 34-40% and the width 22-26% of the standard length, with 13-14 lamellae.
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The whalesucker (Remora australis) is a species of remora in the family Echeneidae, so named because it attaches itself exclusively to cetaceans. It is found worldwide in tropical and warm waters; in the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic Ocean, it occurs from Texas to Brazil, and in the eastern Pacific Ocean, it occurs from Vancouver Island to Chile. It is the rarest member of the remora family, though this may reflect more the uncommon collection of cetaceans in the wild rather than the whalesucker's actual abundance. The adhesive disk atop the head of the whalesucker is the largest amongst the remoras, bearing 25-28 lamellae and measuring 47-59% of the standard length. The head itself measures 26-28% of the standard length.
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Recently, fossils of plant sporangia have been found in Oman with cryptospores showing concentric lamellae in their walls, similar to liverworts. The earliest known cryptospores are from Middle Ordovician (Dapingian) strata of Argentina. Spores from the Lindegård Mudstone (late Katian–early Hirnantian) represent the earliest record of early land plant spores from Sweden and possibly also from Baltica and implies that land plants had migrated to the palaeocontinent Baltica by at least the Late Ordovician. This discovery reinforces the earlier suggestion that the migration of land plants from northern Gondwana to Baltica in the Late Ordovician was facilitated by the northward migration of Avalonia, which is evidenced by the co-occurrence of reworked, Early–Middle Ordovician acritarchs, possibly suggesting an Avalonian provenance in a foreland basin system.
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The first way to overcome this challenge is by using a seed material, which is properly oriented and that nucleates new lamellae during processing with the same orientation as the original material . It is placed in front of the main bulk of material so that when the melt is solidifying it has a precedent for the correct orientation to follow . If a seed is not used, the other method of achieving the high strength single lamellar phase is to have the lamellar structure oriented along the growth direction . However, this is only successful for a small window of the solidification, as its success from the columnar growth of the beta phase followed by the equiaxed growth of the alpha phase and alloying with boron is compromised by the high thermal gradient of the cooling .
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Ordinary soldiers are outfitted with no armour at all, cavalrymen with armour that covered the chest, armed infantry with armour covering the torso and shoulders, low-ranking officers with armour using large lamellae, middle-ranking officers with shorter armour covering the torso and waist or just the breast, but with decorations such as ribbons, and generals with a distinctive coat showing torso armour and ribbons to signify their status. None of the terracotta soldiers have been found wearing a helmet or holding a shield. The generals wear a pheasant-tail headdress while middle ranking officers wear a long flat cap. Both armed infantry and cavalrymen have soft caps, but while the infantry cap accommodates the top knot, the cap for cavalrymen is flat and tied below the chin.
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Inscriptions are found on amulets, intaglio gems, incantation bowls, curse tablets, and lamellae (metal-leaf tablets). and often suggest corrupt Coptic or Egyptian,Fritz Graf, “Prayer in Magic and Religious Ritual,” in Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion, (Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 191, and Roy Kotansky, “Incantations and Prayers for Salvation on Inscribed Greek Amulets,” also in Magika Hiera, p. 132, note 60, both on Egyptian; John G. Gager, “A New Translation of Ancient Greek and Demotic Papyri, Sometimes Called Magical,” Journal of Religion 67 (1987), p. 83 on Coptic. Hebrew,Gager, “A New Translation of Ancient Greek and Demotic Papyri,", p. 83; Paul Mirecki, “The Coptic Wizard's Hoard,” Harvard Theological Review 87 (1994), pp. 457–458. Aramaic or other Semitic languages,Kotansky, “Incantations and Prayers for Salvation," p. 117.
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Take, for example, crown–giants from each of these islands: the Cuban Anolis luteogularis, Hispaniola's Anolis ricordii, Puerto Rico's Anolis cuvieri, and Jamaica's Anolis garmani (Cuba and Hispaniola are both home to more than one species of crown–giant). These anoles are all large, canopy-dwelling species with large heads and large lamellae (scales on the undersides of the fingers and toes that are important for traction in climbing), and yet none of these species are particularly closely related and appear to have evolved these similar traits independently. The same can be said of the other five ecomorphs across the Caribbean's four largest islands. Much like in the case of the cichlids of the three largest African Great Lakes, each of these islands is home to its own convergent Anolis adaptive radiation event.
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If a freeze casting setup with a constant temperature on either side of the freezing system is used, (static freeze- casting) the front solidification velocity in the SSZ will decrease over time due to the increasing thermal buffer caused by the growing ice front. When this occurs, more time is given for the anisotropic ice crystals to grow perpendicularly to the freezing direction (c-axis) resulting in a structure with ice lamellae that increase in thickness along the length of the sample. Static and dynamic freezing profiles in the steady-state freezing regime To ensure highly anisotropic, yet predictable solidification behavior within the SSZ, dynamic freezing patterns are preferred. Using dynamic freezing, the velocity of the solidification front, and, therefore, the ice crystal size, can be controlled with a changing temperature gradient.
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Lamellar armour worn by Koryak people Modern reconstruction of a Byzantine klivanion (κλιβάνιον), suggested as a predecessor of Ottoman mirror armour The earliest evidence points to the post-Iron Age Assyrians as the people responsible for the early development and spread of this form of armour, during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In the numerous battle scenes depicted in the reliefs from Niniveh and Nimrud, commemorating the victories of Ashurnasirpal and Ashurbanipal from the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, hundreds of Assyrian soldiers, both infantry and cavalry are represented wearing cuirasses constructed of lamellae. These cuirasses reach from shoulder to waist, and in many instances they have short, close sleeves. If we accept the representations as correct and translate the method of construction literally, then we are confronted with a type of lamellar armour quite different from later specimens.
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Additional evidence for an impact origin for the deposit comes from the identification of the mineral reidite as lamellae in zircon grains, indicating pressures of at least 30 GPa. Authigenic potassium feldspar, found in vesicular pipes associated with the degassing of the unit immediately after emplacement, have been dated using the argon–argon dating method. Specimens from four localities give very similar results, indicating an age of 1177 ± 5 Ma (millions of years ago) for the formation of this deposit. The crater, preserved under sedimentary layers of sandstone, is currently presumed to either lie to the west under the Minch, the waterway that separates the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides from the north-west Highlands of Scotland, or to be the cause of the Lairg Gravity Low, beneath the Moine Thrust Belt to the east.
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Despite eurypterids clearly being primarily aquatic animals that almost certainly evolved underwater (some eurypterids, such as the pterygotids, would even have been physically unable to walk on land), it is unlikely the gill tract contained functional gills when comparing the organ to gills in other invertebrates and even fish. Previous interpretations often identified the eurypterid "gills" as homologous with those of other groups (hence the terminology), with gas exchange occurring within the spongy tract and a pattern of branchio-cardiac and dendritic veins (as in related groups) carrying oxygenated blood into the body. The primary analogy used in previous studies has been horseshoe crabs, though their gill structure and that of eurypterids are remarkably different. In horseshoe crabs, the gills are more complex and composed of many lamellae (plates) which give a larger surface area used for gas exchange.
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Below the Tg, molecular motion is stopped and the polymer chains are essentially frozen in place. In this temperature range, amorphous regions can no longer transition into crystalline regions, and the polymer as a whole has reached its maximum crystallinity. Physical properties of polymers change drastically across thermal transitions Hoffman nucleation theory addresses the amorphous to crystalline polymer transition, and this transition can only occur in the temperature range between the Tm and Tg. The transition from an amorphous to a crystalline single polymer chain is related to the random thermal energy required to align and fold sections of the chain to form ordered regions titled lamellae, which are a subset of even bigger structures called spherulites. The crystallization of polymers can be brought about by several different methods, and is a complex topic in itself.
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The shell contains 5½ whorls that increase rapidly in size, with a smooth protoconch of 1½ whorls. The rest of the shell is sculptured with very fine, closely packed axial lamellae. There are six spiral cords— one immediately below the suture, ornamented with a series of numerous sharp- pointed cogs, one on the shoulder of the whorl bearing blunt tubercles, which more or less correspond to the cogs above, two very strong ones on the periphery, one tubercled cord below the periphery, and one cogged cord at the margin of the umbilicus. The peripheral cords are connected at regular intervals of about half-a-millimetre by solid, strongly-raised cross pieces, which are more or less M-shaped if the shell be viewed edgewise and are rather suggestive of the endless chain of buckets on a steam-dredger.
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Distinguishing vertebral features; proportionally large neural spine in a dorsal of SNHM1284-R (A), square shape of caudals in same specimen (B), curved lamellae in dorsals of the holotype (C), and cross-section of a rib of NHMUK R11185 (D), showing robusticity and a small groove As is typical for ichthyosaurs, the vertebral centra are disc-shaped and deeply concave on both ends. Processes (bony projections for muscle and rib attachment) are greatly reduced as an adaptation for the fully aquatic lifestyle. In Acamptonectes, the frontmost cervical centra (of the neck) were high and short, while the following cervical and dorsal (of the trunk) centra become progressively longer. At the rear section of the dorsal vertebral column, the centra become shorter and higher, a trend that reaches its peak at the first caudal (tail vertebrae), which is 3.12 times as high as long.
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B. H. Danser treated N. edwardsiana as a lower altitude form of N. villosa with more elongated pitchers Joseph Dalton Hooker, who described both N. edwardsiana and N. villosa, noted the similarity between the two species as follows: > This most remarkable plant [N. villosa] resembles that of edwardsiana in so > many respects, especially in the size, form and disposition of the distant > lamellae of the mouth, that I am inclined to suspect that it may be produced > by young plants of that species, before it arrives at a stage when the > pitchers have elongated necks. Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau was the first to treat N. edwardsiana in synonymy with N. villosa when he published his monograph on the genus in 1895. In his 1908 monograph, John Muirhead Macfarlane treated the two taxa as distinct species, writing: "Examinatione microscopica probatur, illas species distinctas esse".
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There are characteristics that are particularly important for the terrestrial lifestyle of arachnids, such as internal respiratory surfaces in the form of tracheae, or modification of the book gill into a book lung, an internal series of vascular lamellae used for gas exchange with the air. While the tracheae are often individual systems of tubes, similar to those in insects, ricinuleids, pseudoscorpions, and some spiders possess sieve tracheae, in which several tubes arise in a bundle from a small chamber connected to the spiracle. This type of tracheal system has almost certainly evolved from the book lungs, and indicates that the tracheae of arachnids are not homologous with those of insects. Further adaptations to terrestrial life are appendages modified for more efficient locomotion on land, internal fertilisation, special sensory organs, and water conservation enhanced by efficient excretory structures as well as a waxy layer covering the cuticle.
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If the post-synaptic cell is a sensory neuron, then an increased firing rate in that neuron will transmit the signal to the central nervous system for integration. Whereas, if the post- synaptic cell is a connective pillar cell or a vascular smooth muscle cell, then the serotonin will cause vasoconstriction and previously unused lamellae will be recruited through recruitment of more capillary beds, and the total surface area for gas exchange per lamella will be increased. In fish, the hypoxic signal is carried up to the brain for processing by the glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX) and vagus (cranial nerve X) nerves. The first branchial arch is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX); however all four arches are innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). Both the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves carry sensory nerve fibres into the brain and central nervous system.
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Music box by Polyphon-Musikwerke in Leipzig, Germany A music box Music box by Diego Evans, London, now at the Museu de la Música de Barcelona in Catalonia Interior of the music box by Diego Evans A musical box (UK usage; music box in US English) is an automatic musical instrument in a box which produces musical notes by using a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc to pluck the tuned teeth (or lamellae) of a steel comb. The earliest known mechanical musical instruments date back to 9th-century Baghdad. In Flanders, in the early 13th century, a bell ringer invented a cylinder with pins which operate cams, which then hit the bells. (See below.) The popular device best known today as a "music box" developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century and were originally called carillons à musique (French for "chimes of music").
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The form of private or personalized ritual characterized as "magic"Alderik Bloom, "Linguae sacrae in Ancient and Medieval Sources: An Anthropological Approach to Ritual Language," in Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds, p. 124, prefers "ritual" to the problematic distinction between "religion" and "magic" in antiquity. might be conducted in a hodgepodge of languages. Magic, and even some therapies for illnesses, almost always involved incantation or the reciting of spells (carmina), often accompanied by the ritualized creation of inscribed tablets (lamellae) or amulets. These are known from both archaeological artifacts and written texts such as the Greek Magical Papyri, a collection of spells dating variously from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. Although Augustus attempted to suppress magic by burning some 2,000 esoteric books early in his reign,Hans Dieter Betz, "Introduction to the Greek Magical Papyri," The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells (University of Chicago Press, 1986, 1996), p. xli.
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Like the keyhole limpets, the true limpets have retained both kidneys though in Patellagastropoda the kidneys both lie on the animal's right side and the further right of the two— the "right" kidney— is much larger than the other. The right kidney also has a sponge-like texture whereas the left kidney is essentially a small sac into which hang folds from the sac's walls. They do not have ctenidia, instead obtaining oxygen through a ring of gill lamellae that encircle the mantle just inside the shell edge and from the surface of the roof of the nuchal cavity which is exposed to air when the animal is no longer under water and which is covered in a network of blood vessels all of which eventually carry oxygenated blood and connect to the auricle through a series of veinlets on the animal's left side. Vestigial ctenidia have been adapted into osphradial patches (one on each side of the mantle cavity) with which the animal can "smell".
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The cap of Amanita umbrinolutea is usually free of volval remnants, 45 – 90 mm wide, at first conico-paraboloid, then somewhat campanulate to convex and finally planar, umbonate, with a strongly striate margin (margins occupying around 25 - 35% of the whole cap's radius). The cap has a distinctive pattern of color, often dark in the center, then pale, then dark over the inner edges of the lamellae and on the ridges between the marginal striations and at other times pallid in the center, but also strongly zonate; intensity of pigmentation is variable, with the center ranging from umber to grayish umber-brown to beige or pale grayish brown even within a single collection. The gills are free, crowded, off-white to sordid pale cream in mass, and up to 6 mm (0.6 cm) broad; the short gills are truncate, of varying length, scattered and unevenly distributed. The stem is 115 - 185 × 6 – 11 mm, pale cream to pale beige or isabella color or pale grayish brown, with a faint appressed zigzag girdles of fibrils, with a fleshy membranous sack-like volva at the base.
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