All of these needles are then shielded by a flexible sheath called the labium.
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As I was working on the vagina in clay I noticed within the image a familiar scene of the cloaked Madonna and Child within the labium, and so developed that idea and thus the concept for the triptych of The Sacred And The Profane came about.
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Labium (plural labia) is a Latin-derived term meaning "lip". Labium and its derivatives (including labial, labrum) are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers to parts of the vulva.
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The labium length is 52% of its width. The sternum width is 75% of its length. The labium possesses six large cuspules. A serrula is apparently absent.
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The labium typically is a roughly quadrilateral structure, formed by paired, fused secondary maxillae. It is the major component of the floor of the mouth. Typically, together with the maxillae, the labium assists manipulation of food during mastication. Dragonfly nymph feeding on fish that it has caught with its labium and snatched back to the other mouthparts for eating.
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The male has a total length of ; and a cephalothorax length of and width of . The labium length is 82% of its width. The sternum width is 82% of its length. The labium possesses six small cuspules.
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The word "labello" comes from the Latin words "labium" ("lip") and "bellus" ("beautiful").
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In the male the labium is emarginate, in the female it is intire.
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The female mosquito does not insert its labium into the skin; it bends back into a bow when the mosquito begins to bite. The tip of the labium remains in contact with the skin of the victim, acting as a guide for the other mouthparts. In total, there are six mouthparts besides the labium: two mandibles, two maxillae, the hypopharynx, and the labrum. The mandibles and the maxillae are used for piercing the skin.
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One main aspect of larval anatomy of the October Caddisfly consists of various sizes of setae along the body. On the anterior and ventral surfaces of the labrum is covered in long setae, shorter setae on the middle inner labium and dense setae on the lower labium.
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The glossy jet-black labium will serve to distinguish it at once from all of these species.
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The female of the species has a total length of ; a cephalothorax length of , and a width of . Its labium length is 45% of its width; its sternum width is 66% of the length. Its labium possesses two cuspules, while the maxillae has six cuspules. A serrula is absent.
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Insect head parts. Legend: a, antennae; c, compound eye; lb, labium; lr, labrum; md, mandibles; mx, maxillae. Insect anatomy A typical insect head possesses a pair of antennae; eyes; mandibles, labrum, maxillae and labium (the latter four forming the cluster of "mouth parts", no. 32. in the diagram).
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The maxillae and labium are spinulose. It lacks a rastellum on the chelicerae. All tarsal scopulae are bisected longitudinally.
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The labium is just visible from the side, between the front pairs of legs The role of the labium in some insects however, is adapted to special functions; perhaps the most dramatic example is in the jaws of the nymphs of the Odonata, the dragonflies and damselflies. In these insects, the labium folds neatly beneath the head and thorax, but the insect can flick it out to snatch prey and bear it back to the head, where the chewing mouthparts can demolish it and swallow the particles.Head, Mandibles, and unusual Labium of Dragonfly Nymph (viewed from below) The labium is attached at the rear end of the structure called cibarium, and its broad basal portion is divided into regions called the submentum, which is the proximal part, the mentum in the middle, and the prementum, which is the distal section, and furthest anterior. The prementum bears a structure called the ligula; this consists of an inner pair of lobes called glossae and a lateral pair called paraglossae.
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In Odonata nymphs, the labium forms a mask-like extensible structure, which is used for reaching out and grasping prey.
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Fingering holes and fingers that are too close to the labium disrupt the oscillation of the airstream and hurt the tone.
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In many hexapods, the mouthparts have been modified for different functions and the maxillae and labium can change in structure greatly. In bees, the maxillae and labium have been modified and fused to form a nectar-sucking proboscis. In the order Hemiptera, the true bugs, plant hoppers, etc., the mouthparts have been modified to form a beak for piercing.
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The labium is longer than it is wide, and the sternum is twice as long as wide. The first coxae are separated by nearly the width of the labium. There are two spines on the tibia of the first leg, one just below and one on the end. The tibiae of the second legs are unarmed.
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The commissure is the corner of the mouth, where the vermillion border of the superior labium (upper lip) meets that of the inferior labium (lower lip). The commissure is important in facial appearance, particularly during some functions, including smiling. As such it is of interest to dental surgeons. Diseases that involve the commissure include angular chelitis.
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Philoliche is a genus of long-tongued horseflies found in the Old World. The species Philoliche longirostris is noted for having the longest extension of the labium, used by males and females to obtain nectar. Females obtain blood from vertebrates using the shorter feeding tube (or syntrophium) that is hidden at the base of the labium.
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Sternum orangish-brown, labium darker. Abdomen yellowish-brown with faint purple pigment, cardiac mark weakly indicated as pale longitudinal band along midline.
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They have a 5-sided areolet, a dorso-ventrally flattened abdomen, a short of absent sternaulus and the clypeus is truncate, exposing the labium.
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Rove beetles of the genus Stenus are very interesting insects. They are specialist predators of small invertebrates such as collembola. Their labium can shoot out from the head using blood pressure. The thin rod of the labium ends in a pad of bristly hairs and hooks and between these hairs are small pores that exude an adhesive glue-like substance, which sticks to prey.
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The maxillae form needle-like structures, called stylets, which are enclosed by the labium. When mosquito bites, maxillae penetrate the skin and anchor the mouthparts, thus allowing other parts to be inserted. The sheath-like labium slides back, and the remaining mouthparts pass through its tip and into the tissue. Then, through the hypopharynx, the mosquito injects saliva, which contains anticoagulants to stop the blood from clotting.
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The male has a total length of ; a cephalothorax length of and width of ; a cephalic region length of and width of ; a medial ocular quadrangle (OQ) length of and width of ; a labium length of and width of ; and a sternum length of and width of . The labium possesses one cuspule. A serrula is present. The sternal sigilla is medium-sized, oval, and submarginal.
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The Kienle resonators can be manufactured both as simple tubes, with a circular cross-section (without labium), and traditional organ pipes as “pipe resonators” (with labium, but without core). Mostly, the resonators for the key tones of the lower frequencies (below 64 Hz) and the resonators for the higher frequencies (above 500 Hz) are built without a labium. In this case, not every resonator must be stimulated by its own loudspeaker. The resonators with a tube diameter of approximately 120 mm working at very low frequencies are often activated by a so-called collective stimulation which stimulates simultaneously five to ten resonators by means of one or two bass loudspeakers.
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S. arguta mouth parts are covered by a beak-like triangular labium. S. arguta use their forelegs to scoop up algae and detritus which they then eat.
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Air pressure oscillating in the body of a vessel flute with no fipple. These are sounded by blowing across a hole, just like blowing across the opening of an empty bottle. In this case, the labium is the edge of the far side of the hole. Just as in a fipple flute, the airstream alternates quickly between the inner and outer side of the labium; another diagram, with fipple.
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When the vacuum under the window is large enough, the airstream is pulled under the Labium lip. Then the process works in reverse, with a low pressure region forming over the Labium which pulls the airstream to the other side again. This 'fluttering' airflow creates high and low pressure waves within the pipe's air column. A high and a low pressure wave form a single "cycle" of the pipe's tone.
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These structures are homologous to the lacinia and galea of maxillae. The labial palps borne on the sides of labium are the counterparts of maxillary palps. Like the maxillary palps, the labial palps aid sensory function in eating. In many species the musculature of the labium is much more complex than that of the other jaws, because in most, the ligula, palps and prementum all can be moved independently.
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The labium is innervated by the sub-esophageal ganglia.Insect MouthpartsInsect mouthparts - Amateur Entomologists' Society (AES)Structure and function of insect mouthparts In the honey bee, the labium is elongated to form a tube and tongue, and these insects are classified as having both chewing and lapping mouthparts. The wild silk moth (Bombyx mandarina) is an example of an insect that has small labial palpi and no maxillary palpi.
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The hypopharynx is a somewhat globular structure, arising from the base of the labium. It assists swallowing. It performs the role of the tongue found in large vertebrates.
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Their eight eyes are in two rows, the anterior row straight and the other slightly curved. Their jaws are vertical and the labium is notched near the base.
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This species can be distinguished from other Macromia by its very broad abdominal yellow annules, entirely yellow labium, and by the black T-shaped mark on the frons.
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Embryologically, each ovary (which forms from the gonadal ridge) is connected to a band of mesoderm, the gubernaculum. This strip of mesoderm remains in connection with the ovary throughout its development, and eventually spans this distance by attachment within the labium majus. During the latter parts of urogenital development, the gubernaculum forms a long fibrous band of connective tissue stretching from the ovary to the uterus, and then continuing into the labium majus. This connective tissue span, the remnant of the gubernaculum is separated into two parts anatomically in the adult; the length between the ovary and the uterus termed the ovarian ligament, and the longer stretch between the uterus and the labium majus, the round ligament of uterus.
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Termite antennae have a number of functions such as the sensing of touch, taste, odours (including pheromones), heat and vibration. The three basic segments of a termite antenna include a scape, a pedicel (typically shorter than the scape), and the flagellum (all segments beyond the scape and pedicel). The mouth parts contain a maxillae, a labium, and a set of mandibles. The maxillae and labium have palps that help termites sense food and handling.
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Another unique thing to the H. haemorrhoidalis is that they have asymmetrical mouthcones that contain an anteclypeus, labrum, labium, paired maxillary stylets and an unpaired left mandible that is well developed.
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The chelicerae are brown and the legs and palps pale brown. The labium is pale orange, and the sternum orange. The opisthosoma is yellowish cream. The six spinnerets are yellowish cream.
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The female has a total length of ; a cephalothorax length of and width of ; a cephalic region length of and width of ; a fovea width of ; an OQ length of and width of ; a labium length of and width of ; and a sternum length of and width of . Its cephalic region is convex; the fovea is slightly procurved. The labium possesses no cuspules. A serrula is absent; the sternal sigilla is small and shallow; the sternum is rebordered.
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During piercing, the labium remains outside the food item's skin, folding away from the stylet. Saliva containing anticoagulants, is injected into the food item and blood sucked out, each through different tubes.
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The term derives from Latin nasus for "nose" and labium for "lip". Nasolabial fold is a misnomer, however. The proper anatomical term is melolabial fold, meaning the fold between the cheek and lip.
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Head broad, strongly projecting anteriorly, with semiglobose projecting eyes. Mandibular plates elongate, conspicuous, strongly recurved anterolaterally. Labium extending to level of fore coxa. Thorax: pronotum with tubercle on anterolateral angle of anterior lobe.
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Accordingly, their mouthparts do not require the same degree of specialization as those of females. Externally, the most obvious feeding structure of the mosquito is the proboscis. More specifically, the visible part of the proboscis is the labium, which forms the sheath enclosing the rest of the mouthparts. When the mosquito first lands on a potential host, its mouthparts are enclosed entirely in this sheath, and it will touch the tip of the labium to the skin in various places.
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The labium has a very strong projecting superior callus. The outer lip is winged, with a second small sinus indicated towards the base. The siphonal canal is short.George Washington Tryon, Manual of Conchology vol.
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Femur I light greyish-tan, patella I greyish-brown, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I orangish-red. Chelicerae darker than the dorsal shield of the prosoma. Sternum pale greyish-yellow, labium darker. Opisthosoma purplish- grey.
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The labium carries a well-developed spinneret. The thoracal and abdominal segments are weakly chitinised. The somewhat stronger chitinised pronotum is about twice as long as the meso- and metathorax. Thoracal legs are well-developed.
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The labium is immediately posterior to the first maxillae and is formed from the fusion of the second maxillae, although in lower orders including the Archaeognatha (bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) the two maxillae are not completely fused. It consists of a basal submentum, which connects with the prementum through a narrow sclerite, the mentum. The labium forms the lower portion of the buccal cavity in insects. The prementum has a pair of labial palps laterally, and two broad soft lobes called the paraglossae medially.
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The labium forms a sheath around a set of stylets that consist of an outer pair of mandibles and an inner pair of maxillae. In lapping flies, a proboscis is formed from mostly the labium specialized for lapping up liquids. The labial palps form a labella which have sclerotized bands for directing liquid to a hypopharangeal stylet, through which the fly can imbibe liquids. In Lepidopterans, the fluid-sucking proboscis is formed entirely from the galea of the maxillae although labial palps are also present.
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The first instar is known as a prolarva, a relatively inactive stage from which it quickly moults into the more active nymphal form. The general body plan is similar to that of an adult, but the nymph lacks wings and reproductive organs. The lower jaw has a huge, extensible labium, armed with hooks and spines, which is used for catching prey. This labium is folded under the body at rest and struck out at great speed by hydraulic pressure created by the abdominal muscles.
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Female Selenogyrus africanus have procurved foveae, and many spines on the labium. The cephalothorax is 12mm long and 9.4mm wide. It has some long, thick greyish-yellow hairs. The abdomen is 15mm long and 10mm wide.
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Its cephalic region is convex, while the fovea is slightly procurved, almost straight. The labium has two cuspules. A serrula is absent. The sternal sigilla is small, submarginal, and of medium depth; the sternum is rebordered.
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In rare cases, the gubernaculum may fail to contract adhesions to the uterus, and then the ovary descends through the inguinal canal into the labium majus; under these circumstances, its position resembles that of the testis.
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The first is a square shaped sternum rather than the oval one found in E. mexicanus. The second is that the labium only contacts the sternum, rather than inserting into it as it does in E. mexicanus.
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In mandibulate mouthparts, the labium is a quadrupedal structure, although it is formed from two fused secondary maxillae. It can be described as the floor of the mouth. With the maxillae, it assists with manipulation of food during mastication or chewing or, in the unusual case of the dragonfly nymph, extends out to snatch prey back to the head, where the mandibles can eat it. The labium is similar in structure to the maxilla, but with the appendages of the two sides fused by the midline, so they come to form a median plate.
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A dragonfly has two mandibles, which are used for chewing, and two maxillae, which are used to hold the food in place as it is chewed. The labium forms the floor of the dragonfly's mouth, the labrum forms the top, while the hypopharynx is inside the mouth and is used in swallowing. Conceptually, then, the mosquito's proboscis is an adaptation of the mouthparts that occur in other insects. The labium still lies beneath the other mouthparts, but also enfolds them, and it has been extended into a proboscis.
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Eclabium means the turning outwards of a lip. Eclabium comes from the Greek word "ek" meaning "out," and the Latin word "labium" meaning "lip." This deformation occurs in most babies born with Harlequin type ichthyosis, caused by genetic defects.
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They possess serrated edges (serrulae) used to cut up prey. The lower lip (labium) which covers the mouth opening has an indentation at the tip. It is long and wide in females. In males, it is long and wide.
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Sason robustum is characterized by absence of teeth on the claws; cuspules present on maxillae and labium; rastellum absent; the apex of the first tibia with a single stout prolateral spine; and the palpal bulb spherical with a tapering embolus.
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Cupid's bow feature of a human lip The upper and lower lips are referred to as the "Labium superius oris" and "Labium inferius oris", respectively. The juncture where the lips meet the surrounding skin of the mouth area is the vermilion border, and the typically reddish area within the borders is called the vermilion zone. The vermilion border of the upper lip is known as the cupid's bow. The fleshy protuberance located in the center of the upper lip is a tubercle known by various terms including the procheilon (also spelled prochilon), the "tuberculum labii superioris", and the "labial tubercle".
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F. The same, lateral view. G. Metathorax of Orthetrum (dragonfly), ventral view. An analis (anal vein); A' secondary analis (anal vein); ac anteclypeus; alr ante-alar ridge; ant antenna; ap costal process; As urosternite; At urotergite; ax axillary; C costa (vein); Cu cubitus (vein); cx coxa; dr dorsal carina; e eye; epic epicranium; epm epimerum; eps episternum; fr frons; fr1 its superior, fr2 its anterior portion; Fw fore-wing; g gena: hs humeral suture; Hw hind-wing; ips infra- episternum; ll lateral lobe of labium; lm labium; lr labrum; ls1 first, ls2 second lateral suture; M media (vein); mb membranule; md mandible; me median eye-line; ml median lobe of labium; mt mentum; N notum; occ occiput; ocl lateral ocellus, ocm median ocellus; orb orbit; ot occipital triangle; P prothorax; pc postclypeus; Pl pleurum; PN postnotum; pol postocular lobe; PS post-sternum ; R radius (vein); S sternum; Sc subcosta (vein); Sp spiracle; t temple; v vertex; vt vertical tubercle.
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The basal segment of the labium is very short and annular with the distal segment transverse and longer than the first segment. The palpifer is sclerotised and fused with the opposite palpifer to form a complete ring. The submentum is entirely membranous.
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Total length of the male paratype was . The length of its cephalothorax was , and width ; cephalic region measured in length, width . Its labium length was , width and they have no cuspules. Its sternum measures in length, width and has a thin reborder.
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1105 pp. . (rostral scale). The term labial originates from Labium (Latin for "lip"), which refers to any lip- like structure. The numbers of these scales present, and sometimes the shapes and sizes, are some of many characteristics used to differentiate species from one another.
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1105 pp. . (mental scale). The term labial originates from labium (Latin for "lip"), which refers to any lip-like structure. The numbers of these scales present, and sometimes the shapes and sizes, are some of many characteristics used to differentiate species from one another.
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The labium is a single structure, although it is formed from two fused secondary maxillae. It can be described as the floor of the mouth and functioning in close the mouth of the insect. With the maxillae, it assists manipulation of food during mastication.
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These larvae are able to live in a dense population in shallow areas of water without showing signs of competition between the larvae. The damselfly larvae require a plant structure that can withstand the backward movement that occurs when the labium protracts to catch food.
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Labia majora is the Latin plural for big ("major") lips; the singular is labium majus. The Latin term labium/labia is used in anatomy for a number of usually paired parallel structures, but in English it is mostly applied to two pairs of parts of female external genitals (vulva)—labia majora and labia minora. Labia majora are commonly known as the outer lips, while labia minora (Latin for small lips), which run alongside between them, are referred to as the inner lips. Traditionally, to avoid confusion with other lip-like structures of the body, the labia of female genitals were termed by anatomists in Latin as labia majora (or minora) pudendi.
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The last segment of the labium is elongate. A median ocellus is usually present. The wings are always present in adults and the venation consists of a small number of veins and very few cross veins. There are two subfamilies currently considered valid Meenoplinae and Kermesiinae.
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The eye group is compact, with the front row slightly procurved. The sternum lacks spinules, and the labium has nine cuspules, eight of which are in an irregular row, with one anterior to them. There is one large tarsal claw sometimes with one small one beneath it.
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Vulva structures with labels The labia majora (singular: labium majus) are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds that extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum. Together with the labia minora they form the labia of the vulva. The labia majora are homologous to the male scrotum.
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Species of Cubanops can be distinguished from species of Nops by the lack of a dorsally extended inferior claw found in Nops species. They can be distinguished from members of Orthonops and Tarsonops by the distinct chevron patterns on their carapace, their widened labium, and a bisegmented fourth metatarsi.
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Lane, R.P. & Crosskey, R.W. (1993) Medical Insects and Arachnids. Chapman & Hall, London. Mosquitoes have veined and scaled wings, long legs, and long hypodermic mouthparts sheathed in a protective labium (see photograph of Aedes female engorged with blood). Adult females lay eggs in batches on surfaces of stagnant water.
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These, in turn, have inserted into them antagonistic pairs of muscles arising on the tentorium and labium. The various muscles serve to swing the hypopharynx forwards and back, and in the cockroach, two more muscles run across the hypopharynx and dilate the salivary orifice and expand the salivarium.
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The labium, when present, is a flattened plate derived from the somite of the first walking leg. While large in many Eupnoi and Dyspnoi, it is small in most Laniatores and absent in Cyphophthalmi. The term stomotheca is derived from Ancient Greek stoma "mouth" and theca "case, box".
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The labium is as long or longer than it is wide. The anterior (first) pair of legs are the largest, with three pairs of spines on the ventral surface of the tibia. Males have obliquely oriented chelicerae with long fangs. Many species exhibit wide variation in color, size, and markings.
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Its unique stridulating organ consists of a long scopula surrounded by plumose setae on the retrolateral side of the chelicerae. It can be further distinguished by the a transverse fovea, multiple lobes on the maxillae and labium, a long distal segment of spinnerets, and the lack of a prolateral cheliceral scopula.
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Stomotheca is the term applied to the feeding apparatus in front of the mouth of harvestmen, and sometimes the related scorpions. Usually it consists of the epistome (labrum), two pairs of coxapophyses (endites, maxillary lobes) and often a labium. (2007): Morphology and Functional Anatomy. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al.
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Small branches are given to the ureter and the uterine tube, and one passes on to the side of the uterus, and unites with the uterine artery. Other offsets are continued on the round ligament of the uterus, through the inguinal canal, to the integument of the labium majus and groin.
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Grenville, a mid-16th century carving which clearly shows the labium openings in the pipes. Bench end in Sutcombe Church, Devon Clarion is a common name for a trumpet in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It also is used as a name for a 4' organ reed stop.Randel, Don.
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A mosquito biting a human finger In female mosquitoes, all mouthparts are elongated. The labium encloses all other mouthparts like a sheath. The labrum forms the main feeding tube, through which blood is sucked. Paired mandibles and maxillae are present, together forming the stylet, which is used to pierce an animal's skin.
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The mandibles are well developed and strongly sclerotized. Palps of maxilla and labium lack. The surface of the body is subdivided into distinct segments, each bearing a transverse row of 8−10 backward pointing spines.Rohwer, S.A. & Cushman, R.A. 1917: Idiogastra, a new suborder of Hymenoptera with notes on the immature stages of Oryssus.
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The tips of the right and left maxillary stylets are not the same; the right is hook-like and curved, and the left is straight. The right and left mandibular stylets extend along the outer sides of their respective maxillary stylets and do not reach anywhere near the tip of the fused maxillary stylets. The stylets are retained in a groove in the labium, and during feeding, they are freed from the groove as the jointed labium is bent or folded out of the way; its tip never enters the wound. The mandibular stylet tips have small teeth, and through alternately moving these stylets back and forth, the insect cuts a path through tissue for the maxillary bundle to reach an appropriately sized blood vessel.
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How an ocarina works: # Air enters through the windway # Air strikes the labium, producing sound # Air pulses in and out of the ocarina, as the vessel resonates a specific pitch (see Helmholtz resonator) # Covering holes lowers the pitch; uncovering holes raises the pitch # Blowing more softly lowers the pitch; blowing harder raises it. Breath force can change the pitch by three semitones. This is why ocarinas generally have no tuning mechanism or dynamic range, and why it is hard to learn to play one in tune. The airstream is directed on the labium by a fipple or internal duct, which is a narrowing rectangular slot in the mouthpiece, rather than relying on the player's lips as in a transverse flute.
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Members of Catumiri have a labium that is much wider than long, and also houses few cuspules along with the maxillae. The anterior scopula is divided by setae, and the spermathecae of females only have one lobe/terminus. There is a row of spines on the prolateral region of the tarsal claw of males.
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Paired maxillae cut food and manipulate it during mastication. Maxillae can have hairs and "teeth" along their inner margins. At the outer margin, the galea is a cupped or scoop-like structure, which sits over the outer edge of the labium. They also have palps, which are used to sense the characteristics of potential foods.
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Their emergence matches the flowering of several species of Roscoea and it has been suggested that they may have coevolved with Philoliche. Males and females feed on nectar using the long mouthparts formed by the prementum of the labium. Females, in addition, feed on blood using the mandibular and maxillary structures which are much shorter.
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The first tarsal segment is tiny (shorter than the second one) and hardly visible. In the larvae, the antennae are reduced to a single segment, which bears the sensorium on a little knob. The apical segment of the maxillary palpus carries no setae, and the labium has no strut. The spiracles have soft walls without sclerotized rings.
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Situated beneath the mandibles, paired maxillae manipulate food during mastication. Maxillae can have hairs and "teeth" along their inner margins. At the outer margin, the galea is a cupped or scoop-like structure, which sits over the outer edge of the labium. They also have palps, which are used to sense the characteristics of potential foods.
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Labium concolorous, arched, short, broad, about as long as width of base; apex rounded. Sternum cordate, broad, yellow, arched, terminating obtusely between fourth pair of coxae. Abdomen ovate, arched, slightly overhanging base of cephalothorax, yellow; superior surface ornamented with smoky-brown markings. Epigynum a moderately large plaque, the margin of which is dark brown and raised.
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Trithemis annulata is a robust medium-sized species with a wingspan of . The mature male has a dark red head and a yellow labium with brown central spot. The eyes are red with white spots on the rear edge, and the frons is dark metallic purplish-red. The prothorax is violet with slightly darker longitudinal stripes.
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Typically, the labium is expanded distally into a pair of fleshy labella. In the early twentieth century it was argued that the labella are the modified labial palps, and that point of view still is seen as having merit.Crampton, G. C.; The sclerites of the head and the mouthparts of certain immature and adult insects. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 14, pp. 65-103.
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The most conspicuous exceptions are the Pycnogonida, which probably are chelicerate-relatives. In entomology, the labrum amounts to the "upper lip" of an insect mouth, the corresponding "lower lip" being the labium. The evolutionary origin, embryogenesis and morphological development of the labrum have proved to be by far the most controversial and challenging topic in the study of arthropod head structures.
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Sound is generated by oscillations in an airstream passing an edge, just as in other flutes. The airstream alternates quickly between the inner and outer side of the edge. Some vessel flutes have a fipple to direct the air onto the labium edge, like a recorder. Others rely on the player's lips to direct the air against the edge, like a concert flute.
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The basal part of the labium, equivalent to the maxillary cardines and possibly including a part of the sternum of the labial segment, is called the postmentum. This may be subdivided into a proximal submentum and a distal mentum. Distal to the postmentum, and equivalent to the fused maxillary stipites, is the prementum. The prementum closes the preoral cavity from behind.
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Caterpillars lack the proboscis and have separate chewing mouthparts. These mouthparts, called mandibles, are used to chew up the plant matter that the larvae eat. The lower jaw, or labium, is weak, but may carry a spinneret, an organ used to create silk. The head is made of large lateral lobes, each having an ellipse of up to six simple eyes.
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The trophi, or mouthparts of a locust, a typical chewing insect: 1 Labrum 2 Mandibles; 3 Maxillae 4 Labium 5 Hypopharynx Examples of chewing insects include dragonflies, grasshoppers and beetles. Some insects do not have chewing mouthparts as adults but do chew solid food when they feed while they still are larvae. The moths and butterflies are major examples of such adaptations.
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Sason hirsutum was first described by Peter J. Schwendinger in 2003. The species name, hirsutum, meaning "hairy", refers to the long dense hair on the legs. The male is similar to S. andamanicum, but can be distinguished by a number of features, including the short, stout cuspules on the labium and maxillae, and the thinner, straight embolus of the palpal bulb.
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It is a crepuscular dragonfly, active in the dusk. This species can be easily distinguished by the multicolored upper surface of frons and by the shape and relative lengths of the anal appendages. Its labium and labrum are golden- yellow and face and frons are greenish yellow and eyes are green, bluish when aged. Its thorax is pale olivaceous brown with dark brown sutures.
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S. austini has a characteristic crescent shaped layout of the granules on the labium, and also has unique layout of the labio-sternal "mounds": the anterior pair being larger than in other species. It also has relatively stout stridulatory clavate ("club-shaped" ) setae on the chelicerae. The spermathecae are quite narrow at their base, and the clypeus is small but not absent. It is 41mm in length.
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Generally, ground spiders are characterized by having barrel-shaped anterior spinnerets that are one spinneret diameter apart. The main exception to this rule is found in the ant- mimicking genus Micaria. Another characteristic is an indentation in the endites (paired mouthparts anterior and lateral to the labium, or lip). All ground spiders lack a prey-capture web and generally run prey down on the surface.
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Their American name "darner" stems from the female abdomens looking like a sewing needle, as they cut into plant stem when they lay their eggs through the ovipositor. The dragonflies mate in flight. The eggs are deposited in water or close by. The larvae (nymphs or naiads) are generally slender compared to those of other families, with a long and flat extensible lower lip (labium).
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The labium also has a small sclerotised band. The tubes of the labial glands are known to produce or secrete a proteinaceous substance that has a rich level of digestive enzymes, which includes proteases and amylases that function as an extraintestinal digestion of solid food. The midgut also contains amylases, roteases and upases. The narrow cells in its reservoir have little to no function in secretion.
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The inflorescence is long, sparsely flowered, sometimes almost verticillate. Flowers color can be white, blue, purple, or pink, but are most often blue or bluish purple. The calyx is silky, without bractlets; its upper labium with a protuberant basis, is integral or weakly emarginate, the lower one is integral, almost twice longer than upper. Floral bracts are styliform, shorter than the calyx, early falling.
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Members of the genus Sympetrum are called darters (or meadowhawks in North America) and are found throughout most of the world, except Australia. Several Southern Hemisphere species in the genera Trithemis and Zenithoptera are especially beautiful. Other common genera include Tramea and Pantala. The libellulids have stout- bodied larvae with the lower lip or labium developed into a mask over the lower part of the face.
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Contrary to other "Symphyta", the antennae insert near the lower edge of the compound eyes and close to the mandible. The mandibles are orthognathous and lack evident teeth. The number of palpomeres of the maxilla and the labium varies and is used as a taxonomic character. On the wings, some cross-veins are reduced in comparison with the more complete venation of other basal Hymenoptera.
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Members of this genus are usually larger than those in Psiloderces and Merizocera, but can also be distinguished by teeth on the retromargin of the chelicerae (behind the fang), a round maxillae, and a longer labium. They can be distinguished from Althepus by the rounded posterior margin of the carapace and a shallow fovea that doesn't quite reach the posterior thoracic margin, among other factors.
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Cross-section of the head of a recorder, indicating the wooden fipple plug (A), a "ducted flue" windway (B), and the "labium lip" (C) which forms the far edge of the "voicing mouth" In the accompanying illustration of the head of a recorder, the wooden fipple plug (A), with a "ducted flue" windway above it in the mouthpiece of the instrument, compresses the player's breath, so that it travels along the duct (B), called the "windway". Exiting from the windway, the breath is directed against a hard, bladed edge (C), called the "labium lip" or windcutter, producing a Bernoulli effect or siphon. The air flowing over the voicing mouth creates a flow-controlled valve, or "air reed." Interaction between the air reed and the air column in the body of the instrument excites standing waves in the air column, which determines the pitch of the sound.
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Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but over a lifetime of several years, they add an additional pair at each moult so an adult instar has twelve pairs of legs. Symphylans lack eyes. Their long antennae serve as sense organs. They have several features linking them to early insects, such as a labium (fused second maxillae), an identical number of head segments and certain features of their legs.
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Like other flutes, the airstream alternates quickly between the inner and outer face of the labium as the pressure in the ocarina chamber oscillates. At first, the sound is a broad-spectrum "noise" (i.e. "chiff"), but those frequencies that are identical with the fundamental frequency of the resonating chamber (which depends on the fingering), are selectively amplified. A Helmholtz resonating chamber is unusually selective in amplifying a single frequency.
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Numerous white or pale blue scales cover the clypeus ("face") and chelicerae. This covering extends around the sides of the carapace, ending beyond the posterior median eyes. In males, the labium is two-fifths as long as the maxillae, and as wide as it is long. The chelicerae of males are greatly enlarged and obliquely oriented, with each chelicera having a prominent inner tooth and a long, curved fang.
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Mecoptera are small to medium-sized insects with long beaklike rostra, membranous wings and slender, elongated bodies. They have relatively simple mouthparts, with a long labium, long mandibles and fleshy palps, which resemble those of the more primitive true flies. Like many other insects, they possess compound eyes on the sides of their heads, and three ocelli on the top. The antennae are filiform (thread- shaped) and contain multiple segments.
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The aquatic nymph (larva) has a stockier, shorter, body than the adult. It lacks wings, the eyes are smaller, the antennae longer, and the head is less mobile than in the adult. The mouthparts are modified, with the labium being adapted into a unique prehensile organ for grasping prey. Damselfly nymphs breathe through external gills on the abdomen, while dragonfly nymphs respire through an organ in their rectum.
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Sternarchogiton labiatus is a species of weakly electric knifefish in the family Apteronotidae. Its species name labiatus comes from the Latin labium, meaning "lip", referring to a distinctive three-lobed structure on its lower lips. S. labiatus is only known from the Tefé River, at a depth of , and from the lower Rio Negro, in the Amazon River basin. They have been captured from both whitewater and blackwater habitats.
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Members of the tribe Orthognatheliini (sometimes, incorrectly, called Groteini) parasitize solitary bees; Labium wasps are known to parasitise ground-nesting, solitary bees, while Grotea are known parasitoids of cavity- nesting, solitary bees. Species of Poecilocryptus are thought to be phytophagous, due to adaptations of the larval head capsule. However, as with much of the Ichneumonidae, knowledge of many labenine species' ecology, biology, and evolution is extremely limited or completely lacking.
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A pair of four segmented antennae are found in front of both the compound eyes. The mouthparts of C. hemipterus are made for piercing skin and sucking blood from their host. In accordance to this, the three segmented labium is long and "straw like" and the maxilla and mandible are both observed to be "blade like". The thorax of C. hemipterus is three segmented, containing the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax.
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The sound hole can also be called the whistle hole, the window, or the true sound hole ("TSH"). The splitting edge can also be called the cutting edge, the fipple edge, the labium, or the sound edge. The sound chamber also has finger holes that allows the player to change the frequency of the vibrating air. Changing the frequency of the vibration changes the pitch of the sound produced.
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On either side of these are two maxillary palps. When the insect lands on an animal, it grips the surface with its clawed feet, the labium is retracted, the head is thrust downwards and the stylets slice into the flesh. Some of these have sawing edges and muscles can move them from side-to-side to enlarge the wound. Saliva containing anticoagulant is injected into the wound to prevent clotting.
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Trilacuna is a genus of goblin spiders native to Southeast Asia, first described by Tong & Li in 2007. They look similar to members of Silhouettella, but males can be distinguished by their large palpal femur, among several other more complicated defining features. The name is a combination of the Latin terms "tri" and "lacuna", referring to the three-branched endites in males and the three-notched labium in females.
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It is one of the smallest members of the subfamily Sparianthinae known to date, with a body length of 4.2–4.4 mm in the male. The male's prosoma (cephalothorax) is orange with pale brown margins. There are thin dark brown lines along the lateral margins of the cephalic region. The chelicerae, legs and palps are orange, the labium and sternum are pale yellow and the opisthosoma (abdomen) is creamy.
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Symphyla are small, cryptic myriapods without eyes and without pigment. The body is soft and generally long, divided into two body regions: head and trunk. An exceptional size is reached in Hanseniella magna, which attains lengths of . The head has long, segmented antennae, a postantennal organ, three pairs of mouthparts: mandibles, the long first maxillae, and the second pair of maxillae which are fused to form the lower lip or labium of the mouth.
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They enclose and protect the vulvar vestibule, urethra and vagina. The upper portion of each labium minora splits to join with both the clitoral glans, and the clitoral hood. The labia minora meet posterially at the frenulum of the labia minora (also known as the fourchette), which is a fold of skin below the vaginal orifice. The fourchette is more prominent in younger women, and often recedes after sexual activity and childbirth.
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The femurs are dark brown, while the other segments and middle legs are a solid shade of lighter brown. They have many of the same characters as members of Castianeira, but can be distinguished by a posterior eye row that is procurved, a labium that is almost two times longer than it is wide, fourth legs that are the same length as the front legs, and trochanters that do not have any notches.
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At the tip of the scape are both the flagellum, and the pedicel with ringed tube-like lower section and enlarged apex. On the pedicel apex are seven spine-like setae, four small ones and three elongated ones. The flagellum is placed below the pedicel and forms a plumose arista. The labium has two small setae on the underside of the fleshy, small labella along with five more setae on the terminal edge.
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Insects have a range of mouthparts suited to their mode of feeding. These include mandibles, maxillae and labium and can be modified into suitable appendages for chewing, cutting, piercing, sponging and sucking. Decapods have six pairs of mouth appendages, one pair of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae and three of maxillipeds. Sea urchins have a set of five sharp calcareous plates which are used as jaws and are known as Aristotle's lantern.
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The part of the head which projects in front of the first antennae is known as the rostrum or "beak". The mouthparts are small, and consist of an unpaired labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and an unpaired labium. They are used to eat "organic detritus of all kinds" and bacteria. The thorax bears five or six pairs of lobed, leaf-like appendages, each with numerous hairs or setae.
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Cattle are a typical host for Musca and similar species of house-flies that are attracted to protein containing liquids at the eyes and nostrils of their hosts. Species within the genera Stomoxys stable-flies, and Haematobia horn- flies are highly adapted for blood feeding, having mouthparts consisting of a strong projecting labium with cutting elements at its point.Zumpt, F. (1973) The Stomoxyine Biting Flies of the World. Stuttgart, Gustav Fischer Verlag.
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This can be seen by looking through the labium (window) at the place where the windway opens out on the mouth/window. These rounded edges affect the responsiveness (tonguings) produced by the player. This enables the rhythmic and dynamic language of the instrument to be "spoken". Articulations such as "Ta", "Da", "Ra", "Ta-ka" and "Da-ga" and "Diddle" will be very clearly differentiated in a good instrument played by a good player.
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If the hosts sleep by day and are awake at night, their periodicity is reversed. In the South Pacific, where W. bancrofti shows diurnal periodicity, it is known as periodic. The microfilariae are transferred into a vector, which are most commonly mosquito species of the genera Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia, and Aedes. Inside the mosquito, the microfilariae mature into motile larvae called juveniles; these migrate to the labium after a period around 10 days.
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The development of insect mouthparts from the primitive chewing mouthparts of a grasshopper in the centre (A), to the lapping type (B) of a bee, the siphoning type (C) of a butterfly and the sucking type (D) of a female mosquito. Legend: a, antennae; c, compound eye; lb, labium; lr, labrum; md, mandibles; mx, maxillae hp hypopharynx. Insects have a range of mouthparts, adapted to particular modes of feeding. The earliest insects had chewing mouthparts.
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Situated beneath (caudal to) the mandibles, paired maxillae manipulate and, in chewing insects, partly masticate, food. Each maxilla consists of two parts, the proximal cardo (plural cardines), and distal stipes (plural stipites). At the apex of each stipes are two lobes, the inner lacinia and outer galea (plurals laciniae and galeae). At the outer margin, the typical galea is a cupped or scoop-like structure, located over the outer edge of the labium.
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The defining feature of the order Hemiptera is the possession of mouthparts where the mandibles and maxillae are modified into a proboscis, sheathed within a modified labium, which is capable of piercing tissues and sucking out the liquids. For example, true bugs, such as shield bugs, feed on the fluids of plants. Predatory bugs such as assassin bugs have the same mouthparts, but they are used to pierce the cuticles of captured prey.
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Mobilabium hamatum was first formally described in 1946 by Herman Rupp and the description was published in The North Queensland Naturalist. The type specimen was sent to Rupp by Thomas Edgar Hunt who called it "hookey leaf" and whose brother "R.Hunt" had collected it. The name Mobilabium is derived from the Latin words mobilis meaning "mobile" and labium meaning "lip".. The specific epithet (hamatum) is a Latin word meaning "with hooks" or "hooked".
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The genus Calochilus was first formally described by Robert Brown in 1810 and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. Brown described two species, C. campestris and C. paludosus, but did not nominate a type species. The name Calochilus is said to be derived from the Latin words calos meaning 'beautiful' and chilus meaning 'lip' referring to the bearded labellum. In classical Latin, pulcher and labium are the words for 'beautiful' and 'lip'.
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Head morphology of Muscid fly. In entomology, the term labellum has been applied variously and in partly contradictory ways. One usage is in referring to a prolongation of the labrum that covers the base of the rostrum in certain Coleoptera and Hemiptera. In contrast, the commonest current use of the term is in the anatomy of the mouthparts of Diptera, particularly those in which the labium forms the bulk of the proboscis, such as in the housefly family.
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Hypochilus thorelli was first described by George Marx in 1888, the genus Hypochilus being erected for this purpose. The genus name is derived from the Greek hypo, below, and cheilos, lip, referring to the position of the labium. The species name honours Tamerlan Thorell. The unique combination of features – four book lungs like mygalomorph spiders but a cribellum like araneomorph spiders – led to Marx placing it in not only a new genus but also a new family, Hypochilidae.
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A set of flue pipes of a diapason rank in the Schuke organ in Sofia, Bulgaria. The sound of a flue pipe is produced with no moving parts, solely from the vibration of air, in the same manner as a recorder or a whistle. Wind from the "flue", or windway is driven over an open window and against a sharp lip called a Labium. By Bernoulli's principle this produces a lower pressure region just below the window.
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Anthocoridae are 1.5–5 mm long and have soft, elongated oval, flat bodies, often patterned in black and white. The head is extended forward and the antennae are longer than the head and visible from above. They possess a piercing and sucking three-segmented beak or labium used to inject prey with digestive enzymes and consume food. In general appearance, they resemble soft bugs Miridae, but Anthocoridae differ by their possession of two ocelli as adults.
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There are three ocelli. The antennae are relatively short. The scape is elongated, the pedicel very short, and the first flagellomere is conical and elongated, the apex bearing a compound stylus with one to three segments. The scape and pedicel are pubescent; In contrast to the related and confusingly similar family Asilidae, the labium in the Therevidae is not a piercing, predatory organ, but ends in two fleshy labella adapted to the sucking of liquid foods.
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The genus was erected in 1872 by Ludwig Koch. He placed four species in the genus, including the species then known as Epeira malabarensis, first described by Walckenaer in 1842. Koch described Nephilengys as very similar in the form of the cephalothorax, maxillae and labium to Nephila, but differing in the position of the eyes, and in leg lengths. The name Nephilengys refers to the close relationship with Nephila: Nephilengys = Nephila + Ancient Greek -engy-, "near to" or "close to".
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A single silvery-white line of tight scales begins between the eyes and continues down the dorsal side of the thorax. This characteristic marking is the easiest and surest way to identify the Asian tiger mosquito. The proboscis is dark colored, the upper surface of the end segment of the palps is covered in silvery scales, and the labium does not feature a light line on its underside. The compound eyes are distinctly separated from one another.
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Their tails are about three times as long as their bodies. The species shows an unusual tadpole mouthpart morphology unknown in other anurans, namely presence of a specific serrated horny arch on the upper jaw, and a pair of fang-like horny teeth on the lower jaw. The two keratinised hooks project forward, and are supported laterally by two similar sized fleshy papillae on the margin of the reduced lower labium. The species is named after these unusual "fangs".
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Sometimes, it will begin to bite almost straight away, while other times, it will prod around, apparently looking for a suitable place. Occasionally, it will wander for a considerable time, and eventually fly away without biting. Presumably, this probing is a search for a place with easily accessible blood vessels, but the exact mechanism is not known. It is known that there are two taste receptors at the tip of the labium which may well play a role.
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Their mouthparts are modified, with the labium being adapted into a unique prehensile organ for grasping prey. Damselfly nymphs breathe through external gills on the abdomen, while dragonfly nymphs respire through an organ in their rectum. Damselflies in copulatory "wheel" Although generally fairly similar, dragonflies differ from damselflies in several, easily recognizable traits. Dragonflies are strong fliers with fairly robust bodies and at rest hold their wings either out to the side or out and downward (or even somewhat forward).
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Stellilabium is a small genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). The name is derived from the Latin words stella (star) and labium (lip), referring to the star-like bristles on the lip. This seldom-seen, neotropical genus occurs from Costa Rica to Venezuela and Western South America as epiphytes on twigs of guava trees in extremely wet tropical forest habitats at elevation between 1400–2500 m. They are characterized by a short stem with extensive roots, and leaves that are folded lengthwise.
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Barbed hypostome (center) of Ixodes holocyclus flanked by paired palps. The hypostome (also called the maxilla, radula, or labium) is a calcified harpoon- like structure near the mouth area of certain parasitic arthropods including ticks, that allows them to anchor themselves firmly in place on a host mammal while sucking blood. This mechanism is normally so strong that removal of a lodged tick requires two actions: One to remove the tick, and one to remove the remaining head section of the tick.
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The perineal branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve are distributed to the skin at the upper and medial side of the thigh. One long perineal branch, inferior pudendal (long scrotal nerve), curves forward below and in front of the ischial tuberosity, pierces the fascia lata, and runs forward beneath the superficial fascia of the perineum to the skin of the scrotum in the male, and of the labium majus in the female. It communicates with the inferior anal nerves and the posterior scrotal nerves.
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The head was strongly armored and provided with horn- or shovel-like projections. Of the mouthparts only the crossed, sabre-like mandibles and the spoon-shaped labium are known. All legs have a strongly prolonged and free coxal segment as in the adult. Likewise, the forelegs are developed as slender subchelate raptorial legs with nearly identical segment proportions as in the adult stage, but with a shorter tibia that may have been fused with the single-segmented tarsus, which ended in an unpaired claw.
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Labrum is the "upper lip" which is in the front area of the head and is the most exterior part. A pair of mandible is found on backside of the labrum flanking the side of the mouth, succeeded by a pair of maxillae each of which is known as maxilliary palp. At the back side of the mouth is the labium or lower lip. There is also an extra mouth part in some insects which is termed as hypopharynx which is usually located between the maxillac.
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Figure 2: Ventral view of forcipules of a centipede, arising from the first body segment Myriapods comprise four classes of arthropod, each with a similar morphology: Class Chilopoda (centipedes); class Diplopoda (millipedes); class Pauropoda; and class Symphyla. Myriapod mouthparts are similar to those of chewing insects, although there is some variation between the myriapod classes. A labrum is present but sometimes is not obvious and forms an upper lip, often in association with an epistome. The labium is formed by first maxillae in diplopoda forming the gnathochilarium.
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Many different species of insects have mouthparts derived from the same embryonic structures, indicating that the mouthparts are modifications of a common ancestor's original features. These include a labrum (upper lip), a pair of mandibles, a hypopharynx (floor of mouth), a pair of maxillae, and a labium. (Fig. 2c) Evolution has caused enlargement and modification of these structures in some species, while it has caused the reduction and loss of them in other species. The modifications enable the insects to exploit a variety of food materials.
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The chelicerae are described as paleognathic: the fangs are held parallel to one another, like those of mesothele and mygalomorph spiders, but the chelicerae hang downwards like those of araneomorph spiders. There is no evidence in well-preserved fossils for the opening of a venom gland, thus trigonotarbids were probably not venomous. The chelicerae may have been slightly retractable into the prosoma. Well-preserved palaeocharinids show evidence for a small, slit-like mouth with an upper lip (a labrum or rostrum) and a lower lip (or labium).
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The mouthparts are adapted for chewing with powerful mandibles and a pair of maxillae, each with a segmented palp. Adjoining these is the labium-hypopharynx which houses a tubular spinneret which is able to extrude silk. Caterpillars such as those in the genus Calpodes (family Hesperiidae) have a specialized tracheal system on the 8th segment that function as a primitive lung. Butterfly caterpillars have three pairs of true legs on the thoracic segments and up to six pairs of prolegs arising from the abdominal segments.
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The imp orchid was first formally described in 1873 by George Bentham from an unpublished description by Ferdinand von Mueller. Bentham gave it the name Cleisostoma beckleri and published the description in Flora Australiensis from a specimen collected by Hermann Beckler near the Clarence River. In 1967, Alick Dockrill changed the name to Papillilabium beckleri. The name Papillilabium is derived from the Latin words papilla meaning "nipple", "teat"or "bud" and labium meaning "lip".. The specific epithet honours the collector of the type specimen.
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The shvi (, "whistle", pronounced sh-vee) is an Armenian fipple flute with a labium mouth piece. Commonly made of wood (apricot, boxwood, or ebony) or bamboo and up to in length, it typically has a range of an octave and a-half. The tav shvi is made from apricot wood, it is up to long, and is tuned 1/4 lower producing a more lyrical and intimate sound. The shvi is up to 12 inches in length and is made of reed, the bark of willows, or walnut wood.
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Prof. Dr. Stefan Gress studied plastic surgery with Ivo Pitanguy in Rio de Janeiro, where he also practiced plastic surgery. He also attended Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Technical University of Munich, Universidade Federal da Bahia, and New York University School of Medicine where he specialized in aesthetic surgery particularly concerning breast, face, and female genital area. Dr Gress has published various works concerning composite reduction labiaplasty where he helped develop methodologies for treating areas concerning internal and external labium minus, dissection of the cranial pedicle flap, and the labia minora area.
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The holotype male measured 8.20 millimeters in length, and the paratype female measured 12.90 millimeters. When cleansed of soil (see Behavior, below) the body is reddish, with orange coloration on its chelicerae, sternum, endites, and labium. Legs are olive colored, and spinnerets are yellow. P. tuxtlensis is distinguished from Paratropis papilligera, the only other species of Paratropis where the male is known, by its conical as opposed to cylindrical tibia and by the number of teeth in the cheliceral furrows: P. tuxtlensis has a total of 20 while P. papilligera has 24.
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Four flue pipes of a diapason rank. Wooden flue pipes A flue pipe (also referred to as a labial pipe) is an organ pipe that produces sound through the vibration of air molecules, in the same manner as a recorder or a whistle. Air under pressure (called wind) is driven through a flue and against a sharp lip called a labium, causing the column of air in the pipe to resonate at a frequency determined by the pipe length (see wind instrument). Thus, there are no moving parts in a flue pipe.
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In non-chewing insects, such as adult Lepidoptera, the maxillae may be drastically adapted to other functions. Unlike the mandibles, but like the labium, the maxillae bear lateral palps on their stipites. These palps serve as organs of touch and taste in feeding and in the inspection of potential foods and/or prey. In chewing insects, adductor and abductor muscles extend from inside the cranium to within the bases of the stipites and cardines much as happens with the mandibles in feeding, and also in using the maxillae as tools.
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Lying above the oesophagus is the brain or supraesophageal ganglion, divided into three pairs of ganglia: the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum from front to back (collectively no. 5 in the diagram). Nerves from the protocerebrum lead to the large compound eyes; from the deutocerebrum to the antennae; and from the tritocerebrum to the labrum and stomatogastric nervous system. Circum- oesophageal connectives lead from the tritocerebrum around the gut to connect the brain to the ventral ganglionated nerve cord: nerves from the first three pairs of ganglia lead to the mandibles, maxillae and labium, respectively.
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Chelicerae: the rastellum is as in the female; the inner margin has seven teeth. The cheliceral tumescence is flat, covered with thin setae on its inferior half. The cephalothorax, legs, and palpi are blackish-brown; the abdomen is brown with light-brown spots. The female has a total length of ; a cephalothorax length of and width of ; a cephalic region length of and width of ; fovea width ; an OQ length and width of ; a labium length of and width of ; and a sternum length of and width of .
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The labia majora constitute the lateral boundaries of the pudendal cleft, which contains the labia minora, interlabial sulci, clitoral hood, clitoral glans, frenulum clitoridis, the Hart's Line, and the vulval vestibule, which contains the external openings of the urethra and the vagina. Each labium majus has two surfaces, an outer, pigmented and covered with strong, pubic hair; and an inner, smooth and beset with large sebaceous follicles. The labia majora are covered with squamous epithelium. Between the two there is a considerable quantity of areolar tissue, fat, and a tissue resembling the dartos tunic of the scrotum, besides vessels, nerves, and glands.
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The ocelli are concerned in the detection of changes in light intensity, enabling the fly to react swiftly to the approach of an object. Like other insects, flies have chemoreceptors that detect smell and taste, and mechanoreceptors that respond to touch. The third segments of the antennae and the maxillary palps bear the main olfactory receptors, while the gustatory receptors are in the labium, pharynx, feet, wing margins and female genitalia, enabling flies to taste their food by walking on it. The taste receptors in females at the tip of the abdomen receive information on the suitability of a site for ovipositing.
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The adults will often disperse between breeding areas by walking across the open snow, thus the common name. The males use their bristle-like wings to help grasp the female over his back while mating, while the wings of females are vestigial small oval pads with no ability to allow her to fly. The adults have a long rostrum formed from the clypeus and labrum, genae, and maxillo-labium. The body temperature, and therefore activity level, of this scorpionfly depends on its absorption of short-wave and long-wave radiation rather than surrounding air temperatures (by which it is completely unaffected).
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Most male specimens collected have two tibial spurs (spines located on the distal end of the tibia); the first spur is a long calcar and the second spur is short and thick. Adults have a stridulatory organ on the ventral side of the abdomen – unlike all other hymenopterans in which such organs are located dorsally. In all castes, these ants have six maxillary palps (palps that serve as organs of touch and taste in feeding) and four labial palps (sensory structures on the labium), a highly primitive feature. The females have a 12-segmented antenna, whereas males have 13 segments.
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Such a flat and rectangular voicing however, produces a less-than-sweet tone and offers far less dynamic flexibility (pitch bending) than a flute embouchure. The recorder voicing was designed to limit pitch bending for a more stable tone with variations in breath pressure. Typically, a shallow ramp instrument, such as a tabor pipe, will allow faster register changes, pitch bending and "flutey" tone, while an instrument with a deeper ramp will limit fast register changes, pitch bending and produce a more "reedy" tone. Some modern recorder makers now produce curved labium lip voicings to add harmonic tone color.
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There is little direct evidence of pre-contemporary practice of labia piercings, outside of anecdotal reports of the use of these piercings as chastity devices. Like many genital piercings, the contemporary origin of labia piercing resides in the BDSM culture that gave rise to the resurgence of body piercing in contemporary society. In contemporary practice, these piercings often simply fill a decorative role, rather than a purely sexual one. This piercing plays a prominent role in the French erotic novel, Story of O. The heroine, O, has a hole pierced through a labium, through which a stainless- steel ring is inserted.
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This behaviour means that they may carry disease-causing organisms from one host to another. The large animals and livestock mostly bitten by horse- flies are generally powerless to dislodge the fly, so there is no selective advantage for the flies to evolve a less immediately painful bite. Quoting Natalie Bungay, British Pest Control Association Tabanus mouthparts: The sharp cutting stylets are on the right, the spongelike lapping part in the centre. The mouthparts of females are of the usual dipteran form and consist of a bundle of six chitinous stylets that, together with a fold of the fleshy labium, form the proboscis.
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When ready to emerge from the water, nymphs vary in length, depending on species, from . The head has a tough outer covering of sclerotin, often with various hard ridges and projections; it points either forwards or downwards, with the mouth at the front. There are two large compound eyes, three ocelli (simple eyes) and a pair of antennae of variable lengths, set between or in front of the eyes. The mouthparts are designed for chewing and consist of a flap-like labrum, a pair of strong mandibles, a pair of maxillae, a membranous hypopharynx and a labium.
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As many as 13 females may oviposit in a single large tree hole, laying up to 250 eggs each, but the numbers of naiads are reduced by cannibalism. Even when there is a high concentration of other prey, Megaloprepus naiads still kill each other until a density of one naiad per 1-2 liters of water is reached.Fincke, "Population Regulation", 118, 124. They are not territorial, but larger individuals displace smaller ones; their aggressive behavior includes raising and swinging the caudal lamellae and striking with the labium, the hinged, extensible lower "lip" that odonate naiads use to catch prey.
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The technique of overblowing to get a range of higher-pitched notes is possible with the ocarina but not widely used because the resulting note is not "clean" enough, so the range of pitches available is limited to a 12th. Some ocarina makers bypass these physical limitations by creating ocarinas that have two or three resonating chambers, each with their own windway and labium. There are two main systems that dictate how these additional chambers are tuned: the Asian system and the Pacchioni system. The Asian system maximizes range by beginning each chamber one semitone higher than the highest note of the previous chamber.
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The maxillae and labium are adapted to manipulating the algae the larvae feed on, while the mandibles contain a channel through which fluids are sucked out of the food. The larval legs are short and carry a single claw each, but the forelegs have various adaptations for climbing among water plants. Respiration is via gills which are either long and filamentous, or (in Peltodytes) short microtracheal extensions; they are carried on the tergites of all sternal and all but the tenth (last) abdominal segments. The latter may be absent, but in the larvae of some Haliplidae it is tapering and ends in two prongs (which are not urogomphi though).
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The windway consists of the "wind canal" or "flue", the upper portion of the voicing/mouth as carved into the headjoint itself, and the ducted flue windway, as carved onto the top surface of the fipple block. The space created between the ducted flue windway and the labium ramp edge is referred to as the "mouth" or "voicing". The size of the mouth (length, width and depth) is usually in proportion to the instrument's bore, depending on the model of instrument and specifically which original instrument is being copied (in the cases of recorders). Many mass-produced factory instruments feature a voicing of a rectangular or flat lozenge cross section.
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The flageolet is composed of several parts: the ivory beak serves as the instrument's mouthpiece; the windway is a gradually expanding part that leads to the barrel. The barrel contains the fipple and together they form the wind channel which focusses the stream of air across the window and onto the labium (lip) where the stream is split, giving rise to a musical sound. Finally, there is the body (or bodies, in a double or triple flageolet) which contains the finger holes and keys. The beak, windway and barrel do not contribute to sound production and the instrument can be played if these parts are missing.
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The specimen preserves the carapace, the first two tergites, three partial appendages and what is possibly a coxa (the proximalmost limb segment). Hünicken wrongly identified the specimen as a mygalomorph spider (the group that includes tarantulae) based on the shape of the carapace, the wide circular eye tubercle (round outgrowth) located in the center of the head between the two eyes and a circular structure behind the first body segment which he identified as the "moderately hairy" abdomen. Hünicken's identification relied heavily on X-ray microtomography of the holotype. Additional hidden structures – such as a sternum and labium, coxae and cheliceral fangs – were also extrapolated from the X-radiographs.
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Two subgenera, Leptobrachium and Vibrissaphora, are recognized; the latter was originally described as a genus, with Vibrissaphora boringii as the type species. These subgenera (or genera) were originally separated by presence (in Vibrissaphora, hence the common name moustache or spiny toad) and absence of nuptial spines on the upper labium in males during the breeding season (in Leptobrachium). Later genetic analyses have not supported this original separation, but still indicate the presence of two distinct clades. These clades can be referred to as subgenera Leptobrachium and Vibrissaphora, but their contents differ from the earlier, purely morphological definition (Vibrissaphora contains all spiny species, but also non-spiny ones).
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The spider was described from single female specimen, that is unkonow if was an Adult. The Carapace is unknown, and besides that has preserved bowed converging sides with a curved posterior margin with straight posterior border of the labium , with row of at least 12 peg teeth along Cheliceral Furrow, no true teeth, scattered setae on anterior surface, slender Pedipalps. Legs are preserved, being the I, II much longer than III, IV, and all well covered in setae and bristles, especially on the tibiae and metatarsi of leg I. It most likely belongs to the Palpimanoidea, on account specially of the presence of cheliceral peg teeth.
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The position of the mouth and the circum-oesophageal connectives allows a distinction to be made between pre- and post-oral structures; although it should be borne in mind that because structures can move around during development, a pre-oral position of a structure in the adult does not necessarily prove that its developmental origin is from there. The myriapod head is very similar to that of the insects. The crustacean head is broadly similar to that of the insects, but possesses, in addition, a second pair of antennae that are innervated from the tritocerebrum. In place of the labium, crustaceans possess a second pair of maxillae.
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It is widely agreed that the insect, myriapod and crustacean heads are very similar. The apparent lack of a second antenna in insects and myriapods is explained by the idea that this appendage has been lost, leaving an appendage-less segment known as the intercalary segment. Modern phylogenies do not in general support an insect-myriapod relationship, suggesting that the second antenna has been lost independently in each group, perhaps as a result of a convergent adaptation to life on land. Furthermore, there is general agreement that the mandibles, first maxillae and labium/second maxillae each represent a post-oral segment; and that the first antenna represents a preoral segment.
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Flies are adapted for aerial movement and typically have short and streamlined bodies. The first tagma of the fly, the head, bears the eyes, the antennae, and the mouthparts (the labrum, labium, mandible, and maxilla make up the mouthparts). The second tagma, the thorax, bears the wings and contains the flight muscles on the second segment, which is greatly enlarged; the first and third segments have been reduced to collar-like structures, and the third segment bears the halteres, which help to balance the insect during flight. The third tagma is the abdomen consisting of 11 segments, some of which may be fused, and with the 3 hindmost segments modified for reproduction.
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In 2005 additional bat hairs were reported in the amber specimen entombing the extinct kissing-bug Triatoma dominicana, itself a host to the extinct Trypanosoma antiquus. Based on the flattened and rather flea like body plus inflated front femurs, simplified wing structure and location of origin, the genus was placed into the bat fly subfamily Nycterophiliinae. The flattened body and front legs were likely used to burrow into the bat's fur to reach skin for feeding, as is done by modern Nycterophilia coxata. Unlike the modern nycterophiliines, which lower their entire head to the skin to feed, E. stegosoma had an elongated 'labium which was most likely lowered to the skin instead.
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The larvae develop for three years buried in the fine soil of the riverbed. As imagos, they are predators too, their diet consisting of small invertebrates which they capture with they specialized labium called the mask. The emergence of the larvae starts mostly at end of May or June, but it depends highly on location and other environmental circumstances (e.g. a rainy period could delay the start of emergence). The emergence in G. flavipes is often highly synchronised and it is therefore referred as a ’summer species’, in Odonatology EM50 values are used to describe the emergence pattern (extent of synchronization). The patterns often have two peaks in G. flavipes due to the phenomenon called ’cohort splitting’.
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Story of O is a tale of female submission involving a beautiful Parisian fashion photographer named O, who is taught to be constantly available for oral, vaginal, and anal intercourse, offering herself to any male who belongs to the same secret society as her lover. She is regularly stripped, blindfolded, chained, and whipped; her anus is widened by increasingly large plugs; her labium is pierced and her buttocks are branded. The story begins when O's lover, René, brings her to the château in Roissy, where she is trained to serve the members of an elite club. After this initial training, as a demonstration of their bond and his generosity, René hands O to his elder stepbrother Sir Stephen, a more severe master.
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Hexapods have bodies ranging in length from 0.5 mm to over 300 mm which are divided into an anterior head, thorax, and posterior abdomen. The head is composed of a presegmental acron that usually bears eyes (absent in Protura and Diplura), followed by six segments, all closely fused together, with the following appendages: :Segment I. None :Segment II. Antennae (sensory), absent in Protura :Segment III. None :Segment IV. Mandibles (crushing jaws) :Segment V. Maxillae (chewing jaws) :Segment VI. Labium (lower lip) The mouth lies between the fourth and fifth segments and is covered by a projection from the sixth, called the labrum (upper lip). In true insects (class Insecta) the mouthparts are exposed or ectognathous, while in other groups they are enveloped or endognathous.
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The nymph extends its hinged labium (a toothed mouthpart similar to a lower mandible, which is sometimes termed as a "mask" as it is normally folded and held before the face) that can extend forward and retract rapidly to capture prey such as mosquito larvae, tadpoles, and small fish. They breathe through gills in their rectum, and can rapidly propel themselves by suddenly expelling water through the anus. Some naiads, such as the later stages of Antipodophlebia asthenes, hunt on land. Ecdysis: Emperor dragonfly, Anax imperator, newly emerged and still soft, holding on to its dry exuvia, and expanding its wings The larval stage of dragonflies lasts up to five years in large species, and between two months and three years in smaller species.
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Just as in the male, there is a gubernaculum in the female, which effects a considerable change in the position of the ovary, though not so extensive a change as in that of the testis. The gubernaculum in the female lies in contact with the fundus of the uterus and adheres to this organ, and thus the ovary can only descend as far as to this level. The part of the gubernaculum between the ovary and the uterus ultimately becomes the proper ovarian ligament, while the part between the uterus and the labium majus forms the round ligament of the uterus. A pouch of peritoneum analogous to the vaginal process in the male accompanies it along the inguinal canal: it is called the canal of Nuck.
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In spring they hatch out in the meltwater pools and the nymphs complete their development before these temporary pools dry up. Blue-tailed damselfly (Ischnura elegans) nymph, showing the three tail appendages Prodasineura verticalis female emerging from the split skin of the nymph The nymphs are voracious predators and feed by means of a flat labium (a toothed mouthpart on the lower jaw) that forms the so-called mask; it is rapidly extended to seize and pierce the Daphnia (water fleas), mosquito larvae, and other small aquatic organisms on which damselfly nymphs feed. They breathe by means of three large external, fin-like gills on the tip of the abdomen, and these may also serve for locomotion in the same manner as a fish's tail. Compared to dragonfly larvae, the nymphs show little variation in form.
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Females have a total body length of 13–26 mm, males being smaller at 11–18 mm. The fourth leg is longest, about 36 mm in females and 33 mm in males. The cephalothorax is chocolate brown, with a supra-marginal band of yellow extending from the posterior slope to the anterior angle of the pars cephalica: falces, maxillæ, labium, and sternum chocolate-brown; legs and palpi, brown; abdomen above greenish-brown with two longitudinal rows of brown-margined yellow spots, at the sides greyish, and below dusky-brown with four more or less continuous longitudinal whitish stripes converging towards the anus. At the base of the dorsal surface there is a short median spathulate band of paler hue than the rest of that surface, and on each side of this band a short grey fleck.
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Closeup of a khlui phiang aw's blowing end, showing blowing hole, block, and fipple Because of the fixed position of the windway with respect to the labium, fipple instruments can make a musical sound without the kind of embouchure required with (for example) the transverse flute. Embouchure on fipple flutes is centered on the idea of focusing the air inside the instrument's windway and bore alike, following the shape of the bore. Thus, a bore with a wide "bell" at the bottom of the instrument (as with Renaissance recorders) responds best to holding the throat wide open, to direct the airflow in a wide current so as to resonate the entire length and width of the bore. A bore which tapers down to a narrow "bell" (such as in Baroque-modeled recorders and school instruments) sounds best when the lips are used to focus the air to a tighter stream, to focus the air to the narrower "bell" at the bottom of the instrument.
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If the upper part of either hemisphere is removed, at a level about 1.25 cm above the corpus callosum, the central white matter will be exposed as an oval-shaped area, the centrum semiovale, surrounded by a narrow convoluted margin of gray substance, and studded with numerous minute red dots (puncta vasculosa), produced by the escape of blood from divided blood vessels. If the remaining portions of the hemispheres be slightly drawn apart a broad band of white substance, the corpus callosum, will be observed, connecting them at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure; the margins of the hemispheres which overlap the corpus callosum are called the labia cerebri. Each labium is part of the cingulate gyrus already described; and the groove between it and the upper surface of the corpus callosum is termed the callosal sulcus. If the hemispheres are sliced off to a level with the upper surface of the corpus callosum, the white substance of that structure will be seen connecting the two hemispheres.
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