783 Sentences With "Justices of the Peace"

CNN spoke with 37 justices of the peace across 22 Texas counties at or near the border.

It also found that the domestic spy agency had deceived justices of the peace in its applications for wiretaps.

A further piece of legislation authorized Adams to appoint 42 new justices of the peace for the District of Columbia.

In other Texas border counties, which include some of the poorest in the nation, local justices of the peace are responsible for identifying remains.

Electronic filing of death certificates by doctors, justices of the peace and medical examiners grew 44% in Texas from 2010 to 2012, researchers found.

The announcement comes as more than half of Maricopa County justices of the peace have agreed to automatic delays on evictions amid the pandemic.

In rural Texas, justices of the peace investigate deaths, among other duties, but the two justices in the region were out of town and unavailable.

Before the Civil War only a handful of black officials existed anywhere in the country — just a few justices of the peace in Northern abolitionist communities.

Judge Guevara said she followed the procedure because both justices of the peace serving the region were out of town and she was about 65 miles from the resort.

Even when bodies are found, Texas justices of the peace, who in most counties serve as coroners, don't send all unidentified remains to medical examiners for autopsies, because of the cost.

Those uncounted deaths were identified through a review of federal, state and local records and databases, and interviews with medical examiners, pathologists, sheriffs and justices of the peace along the border.

In the hectic last days of the Adams administration, Secretary of State Marshall had not managed to deliver all of the commissions for Adams's last-minute Federalist justices of the peace.

The Ontario Crown Attorneys' Association, which represents the province's prosecutors, and the Association of Justices of the Peace, which represents the people who decide most of Ontario's bail cases, declined to comment.

Among other things, the measure lets businesses refuse to provide marriage-related services to same-sex couples and allows judges, magistrates and justices of the peace to refuse to perform same-sex weddings.

Each forum also displays a list of participating public officials — everyone from mayors to state representatives to librarians to justices of the peace — and users can navigate through the archive of postings or a community calendar.

There are no black policemen, black justices of the peace, black judges, black juries, black jailers, black mayors, or black men anywhere in the government of the South … This is the way the Lords of the Land keep their power.

In 103, the county decided there was "no need" for its nondiscrimination policy to include gender identity and sexual orientation; one of the two local justices of the peace who perform courthouse weddings still refuses to perform them for sex-same couples.

Back in 2009, the National Academy of Sciences reported that the practice of allowing lay coroners and justices of the peace to sign death certificates, and the lack of certification and training of death investigative personnel, puts our legal system at risk.

At issue are a series of decisions made by the Texas county judge who took charge in the aftermath of Scalia's passing when two justices of the peace sought out by those at the ranch could not make it to the site.

Under HB 1523, clerks and their deputies would be provided a process for recusing themselves from licensing marriages, and judges, magistrates, justices of the peace and their deputies would be given a similar process for recusing themselves from performing marriages, based on their religious beliefs.

Mississippi's law will allow clerks and their deputies to be provided a process for recusing themselves from licensing marriages, and judges, magistrates, justices of the peace and their deputies will be given a similar process for recusing themselves from performing marriages, based on their religious beliefs.

More critically, in all 50 states, there are elections down-ballot, ranging from must-win state house and senate elections to district attorneys, school board, county clerks, tax collector, judges, justices of the peace, and library boards (to name just a few of the many other positions that might be on your ballot.) And too often, folks who do show up at the polls fail to cast their votes for positions outside the top two or three, in part because they feel they don't know enough to make a choice.

Justices of the Peace Act is a stock short title used in New Zealand and the United Kingdom for legislation relating to justices of the peace.

In Malaysia, justices of the peace (jaksa pendamai in Malay, also abbreviated JP) have largely been replaced in magistrates' courts by legally qualified (first-class) stipendiary magistrates. However, state governments continue to appoint justices of the peace as honours. In 2004, some associations of justices of the peace pressed the federal government to allow justices of the peace to sit as second-class magistrates in order to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts.

Justices of the peace in Connecticut can preside over marriages. Unlike some states, Connecticut JPs are not penalized for refusing to perform such ceremonies. Justices of the peace in Connecticut have the same general oath-giving powers as a notary public.

Judges at the lowest trial-court level are called Justices of the Peace or JPs.

In 2014, Justice of the Peace courts replaced the previous district courts. In Justice of the Peace courts, lay justices of the peace work with a legally qualified clerk of court who gives advice on law and procedure. Justices of the peace handle minor criminal matters.

Pollard, A. J., Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics, Power and Fame (London, 2007), p. 38. The lord would often include men in positions of local authority, for example Justices of the peace, within his affinity.Walker, S. K., 'Yorkshire Justices of the Peace', English Historical Review 108 (1993), 287.

Marshall, pp. 2–3. Murray-Macgregor also appointed two non-white justices of the peace in Antigua.Lowes.

The justices of the peace included John Douglas, John Everett, Robert Scott, William McCall, and Mark Pridgeon.

Nicholls, p. 116. The Act also empowered Justices of the Peace to award poor relief to any industrious poor person in their home for one month. However, two Justices of the Peace could extend relief for another month "and so on from time to time, as the occasion shall require".

Aldermen are ex officio Justices of the Peace (JP). All aldermen also serve on the Court of Common Council.

However, Arizona law does not require justices of the peace to be lawyers. Many justices of the peace are not legally trained, although all are required by the Arizona Supreme Court to complete a course at the Arizona Judicial College. As with JPs, municipal judges in Arizona are not required to be lawyers.

In other areas local authorities hindered the process of election. In several Western regions justices of the peace eventually were appointed by the Minister of Justice. In 1889, the whole institution was abolished everywhere except for Moscow and St. Petersburg. The powers of justices of the peace were vested in local executive authorities.

He was made Justices of the Peace on 1 July 2003 and was awarded the Bronze Bauhinia Star in 2008.

The justices of the peace also have original jurisdiction in certain aspects of family law, most notably legal guardianships for incapacitated seniors, and the involuntary commitment of the mentally ill to psychiatric facilities. The judgments made by the justices of the peace can, with some exceptions, be appealed to the tribunals of first instance.

Justices of the peace in Western Australia are appointed by the Governor who authorises them to carry out a wide range of official administrative and judicial duties in the community. As well as presiding in the Magistrates Court, justices of the peace are regularly called upon by the WA Police to sign search warrants and authorise the issuing of summonses. The administrative tasks include witnessing affidavits and documents such as wills and statutory declarations. "Visiting justices" are a special group of justices of the peace, appointed to preside over cases within the prison system.

The law determines the number of Justices of the Peace and their equivalents, powers, territorial jurisdiction and how they will be organized.

The Petty Sessions hear minor criminal matters, such as resisting arrest. Justices of the Peace serve as judges in the Petty Sessions.

Each sheriffdom has a Justices' Training Committee and a Justices' Appraisal Committee as required by the Justices of the Peace (Scotland) Order 2007. The training committee is responsible for organising the training required for new and existing justices, and the appraisal committee is responsible for appraising the performance of justices. Should a justice fail in their appraisal in the appraisal committee has the authority to recommend remedial action. The training for justices of the peace is determined by the Lord President, and is laid out in the Justices of the Peace (Training and Appraisal) Order 2016.

In 1868, the Board of County Commissioners replaced Justices of the Peace in their duties as officers of the county government. In 1877, the Conservative lead North Carolina General Assembly passed a law returning control of the county government to the Justices of the Peace and eliminated elected county commissioners. This lasted until 1905 when the legislature restored popularly elected county commissioners.

In British Columbia, pursuant to the Provincial Court Act, all judges are justices of the peace, and hence all of them are peace officers.

Blackwell, Alice Stone (December 18, 1918). "Seattle Justices of the Peace," The Women Citizen, vol 3. Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission. Retrieved March 11, 2017.

From 1956 to 1975, the Town Council consisted of the Town Supervisor, two Town Council members and two Justices of the Peace. Prior to 1956, the Town Council consisted of the Town Supervisor and four Justices of the Peace. As of 2016, there is a 12 year term limit for Town Council members and the Town Supervisor. The Town Supervisor term of office is for two years.

In addition to the duties described above in the presentation of the Criminal and Penal Division, presiding justices of the peace sit in all courthouses and points of service to hear cases relating to Quebec legislation and a variety of federal statutes. In these matters, they have the same jurisdiction as Court of Quebec judges. Presiding justices of the peace preside over proceedings involving matters as varied and important as occupational health and safety, environmental protection, illegal practice of a profession, and securities. The Courts of Justice Act was amended in 2012 to create a position of justice responsible for presiding justices of the peace.

The governor's commission also entitled him to appoint others as coroners as required, and this was most likely to have been to justices of the peace.

All judges and justices of the peace are now bound to approve civil unions "between persons of sound mind and independent sexual orientation" in the state.

Amended the process of removing judicial officers, including justices of the peace. Forbade the Governor and Legislature from soliciting the legal opinion of the Supreme Judicial Court.

The first town supervisor was Flores Bancker, who held the office from 1807 until 1809. The first town clerk was Daniel Wager, who served for one year. The first three justices of the peace were Robert McChesney, Daniel Wagar, and John McManus. In pursuance of laws enacted under the constitution of 1821, justices of the peace were chosen at the general elections or were appointed by the courts.

At the lowest level are justices of the peace, dealing with cases involving smaller amounts of money or personal disputes. There is also a Supreme Court for elections.

No warfare was recorded here; though justices of the peace were driven away by force of arms in 1526, during quarrels between a dowager countess and the new earl.

13 the Silk Manufacturers Act 177213 George III., c. 68, leaving silk weaver wages to be regulated by justices of the peace. and the Colliers (Scotland) Act 1799.39 Geo.

Rheumatic Alapaki, Mrs. Maihetoe Hekau, Mr. Robin Hekau, Mr. Hale Ikitule, Mrs. Leliviika Liumaihetau and Mr. Saukia Tukuitonga. The Justices of the Peace are Ms. Paese McMoore and Mrs.

During the interval, however he had been commissioned as one of the Justices of the Peace for County Kildare during the temporary absence of the Lord Deputy in 1561.

Justices of the peace in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts are commissioned by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Council for seven-year terms. They are often called on to solemnize non-religious marriages, especially same-sex marriages, which certain religious officials are not willing to oversee. Justices of the peace in Massachusetts have the same general oath-giving powers as a notary public, and are also empowered to issue certain writs.

The number of Justices of the Peace continued to grow until it reached about 900 in the 1950s. The lack of jurisdiction uniformity, rules or selection procedures led to reforms in the 1950s. This led to the replacement of Justices of Peace with magistrates. The Justices of the Peace office was removed as a part of the North Carolina Judiciary system by an act of the North Carolina General Assembly in 1968.

For example, Justices of the Peace could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures. By 1509, Justices of the Peace were key enforcers of law and order for Henry VII. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a lesser tax bill to pay for a police force.

In Yukon, justices of the peace are lay officers of the court. They sit in the Justice of the Peace Court, which is part of the Territorial Court of Yukon.

Twelfth Edition. Butterworths. 1992. . ¶3.13. It displaced Burn's Justices of the Peace as the standard work on that subject from 1850 onwards.David Bentley. English Criminal Justice in the Nineteenth Century.

Sections 22, 22-A and 22-B of the Code of Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 provide for the appointment of justices of the peace by the provincial governments, their powers and duties respectively. However, seldom are justices of the peace appointed in Pakistan outside the judiciary. Session and additional session judges act as ex-officio justices of the peace as per Section 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. An Ex-officio Justice of the Peace may issue appropriate directions to the police authorities concerned on a complaint regarding- (i) non-registration of a criminal case; (ii) transfer of investigation from one police officer to another; and (iii) neglect, failure or excess committed by a police authority in relation to its functions and duties.

The role of Justice of the Peace, now often known as Magistrates, originates from the Justices of the Peace Act 1361. The powers and responsibilities of them have altered over their long history. A Justice of the Peace held powerful sentencing powers such as hanging, whipping and penal transportation. Justices' of the Peace gained an array of duties such as dealing with local infrastructure such as roads and bridges, and regulating weights and measures used by traders.

The Justices of the Peace Act 1547 (1 Edw 6 c 7) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The whole Act, so far as unrepealed, was repealed by section 8(2) of, and Part II of Schedule 5 to, the Justices of the Peace Act 1968. This Act was repealed for the Republic of Ireland by sections 2(1) and 3(1) of, and Part 2 of Schedule 2 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 2007.

They will preside over both civil and criminal cases. The most junior judges are the justices of the peace who preside over minor criminal matters in the Justice of the Peace Courts.

The sheriff of each shire was given the power to compel the commissioners of supply and justices of the peace to convene and agree funding and allocation of labour for road repairs.

J. F. Edger and David Jardine were nominated by the unofficial Justices of the Peace. In June 1850, Edger and Jardine were sworn in, being the first unofficial members of the Legislative Council.

The township was organized on June 6, 1870 and that day the people of the township elected a chairman (Dexter Parritt) two supervisors, two justices of the peace, a clerk and a treasurer.

Meyers c. Culver, 4 Arizona 145 was concerned with the elections for justices of the peace. In The United States v. Chung Sing, 4 Arizona 217 (1894), Rouse set a pair of precedents.

The Clerk of Court is Mike Spence. Caddo Parish like all parishes in Louisiana utilizes Justices of the Peace and Constables particularly when civil suits below $5000 or an eviction has been filed.

His name is on the roll of justices of the peace for Cambridge in 1592 and again in 1597, and he received a small pension (£40 a year) from Queen Elizabeth in 1601.

The deputy was more than simply a spokesperson for the community. Sometimes the duty of collecting quit-rents fell to the deputy. The deputies were much like justices of the peace and, like the justices of the peace, drew much of their authority form the willingness of the community to accept that authority. The number in 1720 started at six, elected in the Annapolis Royal region in 1720, to 24 by the end of the decade: four each for Minas, Pisique, Cobequid.

The county-court system consisted of a chief justice and two associates, chosen by a majority of the justices of the peace in the county. Each county was also to have a sheriff, a coroner, justices of the peace, and constables to serve two-year terms. Congress formed 23 counties, whose boundaries generally coincided with the existing municipalities. In 1839, Texas became the first nation in the world to enact a homestead exemption, under which creditors cannot seize a person's primary residence.

In Belgium, the justices of the peace (, , ) function as the small claims courts in the country's judicial system; they stand at the bottom of the Belgian judicial hierarchy and only handle civil cases. There is a justice of the peace in each judicial canton of Belgium, of which there are 187 in total as of 2017. The justices of the peace have original jurisdiction over cases in which the disputed amount does not exceed 5,000 euro (as of September 2018), except for the matters over which another court or tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction. In addition, the justices of the peace have original jurisdiction over a number of matters irrespective of the disputed amount, such as cases involving the renting or leasing of real estate, evictions, easement, land consolidation, consumer credit or unpaid utility bills.

The 1776 Constitution of North Carolina says the following about the Justices of the Peace: "XXXIII. That the Justices of the Peace, within their respective counties in this State, shall in future be recommended to the Governor for the time being, by the Representatives in General Assembly; and the Governor shall commission them accordingly: and the Justices, when so commissioned, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall not be removed from office by the General Assembly, unless for misbehaviour, absence, or inability." In 1778, a law was passed by the North Carolina legislature that authorized Justices of Peace to solemnize marriages A few years later in 1805, Superior Courts were set up in North Carolina. The county courts continued to be run by the Justices of the Peace.

Eventually they were given the right to try petty offences which had formerly been tried in the Hundred Courts. These officers were the forerunners of the modern magistrates' courts and justices of the peace.

The Country Justice was written by Michael Dalton and first published in 1618. The subtext reads: Conteyning the Practise of the Justices of the Peace Out of Their Sessions, Gathered for the Better Helpe of Such Justices of Peace as Have Not Beene Much Conversant in the Studie of the Lawes of this Realme. The book is a manual which was used by English justices of the peace. It went through about 20 editions between its first edition in 1618 and the last in 1746.

Most judicial cantons cover multiple municipalities, except in the case of larger towns and cities, which are often divided into multiple judicial cantons. A judicial canton has an average population of 50,000 to 60,000 people, but some have a population as low as 30,000 people or as high as 100,000 people. The justices of the peace only have jurisdiction over their own canton. As of 2017, there are 187 cantons with as many justices of the peace in Belgium, who hear cases in 229 seats.

Justices of the peace were authorized to marry and had other court duties and assisted in collecting taxes. Duties of the justices were further reduced after the 1868 North Carolina Constitution and inferior courts were abolished.

89 Local officials were appointed in areas controlled by Confederate forces, including many justices of the peace. When the Confederate government eventually disbanded, the legality of marriages performed by these justices was questioned, but eventually upheld.

He also published the book Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace in 1828. His son, Joshua Whitney Waterman, married firstly Eliza Cameron Davenport, and secondly, her sister, Fanny Davenport, both siblings of Ira Davenport.

In 1991, Roberts was appointed as an Ontario Court of Justice judge. She has been an Associate Chief Justice associate chief judge and coordinator of justices of the peace since 1995. She died on October 4, 2020.

In Hong Kong, the historical functions of justices of the peace have been replaced by full-time, legally qualified magistrates. Nowadays, justices of the peace are essentially titles of honour given by the Government to community leaders, and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices. They have no judicial functions, and their main duties include visiting prisons, institutions for young offenders and drug addicts, psychiatric hospitals, remand homes, places of refuge, reception and detention centres, administering statutory declarations, and serving as members of advisory panels.

Justices of the peace in Singapore derives their vested powers from statute law. They are appointed by the President of the Republic of Singapore, under the provisions of section 11(l) of the State Courts Act (Cap.321). The President may revoke the appointment of any justice of the peace. Newly appointed justices of the peace are required by section 17 of the State Courts Act, to take the oath of office and allegiance as set out in the schedule to the State Courts Act, before exercising the functions of their good office.

The sheriffs at this time were a heritable jurisdiction, which presented a perceived challenge to royal authority. Justices of the peace in Scotland have always had a limited jurisdiction and limited prestige: constantly overshadowed by the sheriff. Justices of the peace did, historically, have administrative functions such as regulating wages and contracts of servants and labourers, the maintenance of bridges, recruitment of militia, and special tax assessments. The office went into decline in the 19th century, and was revived by the establishment of the district courts in 1975.

Part-time and temporary judges, and Justices of the Peace, hold office for a period of 5 years, and may be reappointed provided they have not resigned, been dismissed, or reached the compulsory retirement age. Justices of the peace are subject to a procedure regulated by Section 71 of the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007, and are dismissed from office by order of the Lord President. A tribunal must be convened, and the tribunal is chaired by the Sheriff Principal of the sheriffdom in which the justice of the peace is a judge.

The Supreme Court has a number of divisions, in which a subset of the justices hear specific types of cases. The Circuit Court is the division for criminal cases, holding sessions in the individual parishes. The Justices of the Peace (Appeals) Act states that the "Circuit Court for every parish in this Island shall be the Appeal Court for matters arising in every such parish."The Justices of the Peace (Appeals) Act, article 22 Other divisions of the Supreme Court are the Gun Court, the Commercial Court, the Revenue Court, and the Family Court.

The governor and his council had yearly meetings with the high-sheriff and justices of the peace in the Court of Assizes. This was the highest court in the colony; appeal was only possible to the English king. There was to be a court of sessions, made up of justices of the peace and the under-sheriff, in all three “ridings” of the county of Yorkshire, which were courts of appeal for local disputes. In turn, every village had its local government: a constable and 8 “overseers” chosen by the free men.

In other words all the summary jurisdiction of justices of the peace is the creation of statute. The history of the gradual development of the summary jurisdiction of justices of the peace is stated in Stephen's Hist. Crim. Law, vol. i. ch. 4. The result of legislation is that summary jurisdiction has been conferred by statutes and by-laws as to innumerable petty offences of a criminal or quasi-criminal character (most of which in French law would be described as contraventions), ranging through every letter of the alphabet.

The individuals who sit in a justice of the peace court are known as justices of the peace, justices or JPs. Generally they are not legally qualified. A legally qualified person can become a justice of the peace, but cannot act in any proceedings in a justice of the peace court within their own sheriffdom. Justices are appointed for a five-year renewable term by the justices of the peace advisory committees for each sheriffdom, acting on the basis of standards set by the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland.

Davis wrote A Treatise on Criminal Law: With an Exposition of the Office and Authority of Justices of the Peace in Virginia, including Forms of Practice.A Treatise on Criminal Law: With an Exposition of the Office and Authority of Justices of the Peace in Virginia, including Forms of Practice, John Anthony Gardner Davis He divided the School of Law into a junior class, which covered general material, and a senior class, which focused on the tools needed to practice law professionally. The Law Society was created under his aegis in 1833.

Although 'small government' was still the accepted norm, there were an increasing number of responsibilities which could not be fulfilled by individual communities. The justices of the peace therefore took on various administrative functions known as "county business".

Aside from purely civil cases, the justices of the peace also have original jurisdiction in certain aspects of family law, most notably legal guardianships for incapacitated seniors, and the involuntary commitment of the mentally ill to psychiatric facilities.

The Justices Commitment Act 1741 (15 Geo. II, c.24) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1742 and formally repealed in 1914. It clarified the powers of Justices of the Peace to imprison convicts.

The church tower is said to have been built by Elizabeth Lynn (d.1700), the wife of Philip Shapcott Esq., one of Their Majesties Justices of the Peace for the County of Devon. It was in situ by 1691.

A clerk of the peace held an office in England and Wales whose responsibility was the records of the quarter sessions and the framing of presentments and indictments. They had legal training, so that they could advise justices of the peace.

Meanwhile, justices of the peace were being advised in their petty sessions work by the justices' clerk (or clerk to the justices), an office which still exists in England and Wales today as the principal legal adviser in magistrates' courts.

Paragraph 3 was repealed by section 73(3) of, and Part I of Schedule 6 to, the Justices of the Peace Act 1997. Paragraph 4 was repealed by section 109(3) of, and Schedule 10 to, the Courts Act 2003.

A brawl erupted on the island between representatives of the Board of Health and Justices of the Peace over the matter. As a result, the buildings stayed on the ice until the order was cancelled and the buildings were moved back.

Judge less serious crimes and misdemeanor, as well as acting as second instance (appeal) courts for the courts of Justices of the Peace. They are assigned to every judicial district – a smaller division inside of a province which includes various municipalities –.

Justices of the Peace have no judicial functions, and their main duties include visiting prisons,Hong Kong Government information of Justice of the Peace administering statutory declarations, to serve any advisory panels, and other functions appointed by the Chief Executive.

The military road, the main route from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Nashville, Tennessee, played a significant role in the county's development. An early resident was David Crockett, who served as one of the county's first commissioners and justices of the peace.

He served as High Sheriff of Kildare in 1709. On 18 November 1703 he presented a petition to the Commons alongside other Kildare MPs to complain about the practices of John and Francis Annesley, Justices of the Peace in the county.

The lack of uniform jurisdictions, rules and appointment procedures across North Carolina counties led to major changes in the North Carolina judicial system in 1968 that abolished the Justices of the Peace and placed some of their responsibilities with Magistrates.

Although they were technically justices of the peace until the 1970s,The Metropolitan Commissioner ceased to be a justice on 1 April 1974 (see section 20 (commencement)) by virtue of section 1(9)(a) of the Administration of Justice Act 1973 (as in para 10, Schedule 1 to the Act), and the City Commissioner ceased to be a justice before 1973 by Part 2 of Schedule 5 to the Justices of the Peace Act 1968. the commissioners have always worn a similar uniform to police officers, and have been treated similarly in terms of pay and terms of service.

In 1759, so- called justices' courts held by the mayor, recorder or an alderman could try cases in controversy of not more than £5. In 1781, they were replaced by assistant justices' courts held by associate justices appointed by the governor. In 1787, these were replaced by assistant justices with the power of justices of the peace in other counties. In 1797, these were replaced with justices of the peace for the city and county of New York and were constituted as one court. In 1807-1808 these were replaced by justices' courts and assistants justices' courts.

This section, which confers, on justices of the peace, a power to issue a search warrant to allow constables to enter and search premises for evidence of offences under section 2A, was inserted by section 112 of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.

3 c 187), the Police Magistrates Metropolitan Act 1822 (1 Geo. 4 c 66), the Police Magistrates, Metropolis Act 1833 (1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4) c 19) and finally the Justices of the Peace in Metropolis Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.

Staffordshire Police Authority, a separate organisation charged with oversight of the force, had 9 councillors (drawn from both Staffordshire County Council and Stoke-on-Trent City Council), 3 justices of the peace, and 5 independent members. It was abolished in November 2012.

Francis Lui-Valiana. Two Justices of the Peace must be present to exercise the same functions as one Commissioner. All three can not stay on past 68 years of age. Jurisdiction based on each specific case is outlined in the extensive table below.

The city, which was said to be "in decay", was granted the "privileges and franchises" of the Ainsty to improve its financial position. In 1463 the mayor and aldermen were made justices of the peace with the commission of oyer and terminer.

The first floor housed the places in which the duties of the mayor and of the justices of the peace were carried out. At one time, as in many market halls, the ground floor was not fully enclosed. There were wide arched openings.

The first township election was held in 1857 with the following officers: Ephraim Cox, Asa Cohoe and John Morgan, trustees; Myron Whitney, clerk; L. Mayo, C. M. Wolcott, justices of the peace; H. Armstrong and C. Barber, constables; and James Hillman, road supervisor.

The Justices of the Peace Act 1361 (34 Edw 3 c 1) is an Act of the Parliament of England. The Act, although amended, remains enforceable in England and Wales in 2018.The Chronological Table of the Statutes, 1235 - 2010. The Stationery Office. 2011. .

The Militia Act, with Notes and Index, 1852; 3rd ed. 1855. :9. The Duties and Liabilities of Justices of the Peace, 1852. :10. The Law and Practice of Municipal Registration and Election, 1854; 2nd ed. 1873. :11. The Practice of Magistrates' Courts, 1st ed.

In 1958, justices of the peace were eliminated and replaced by the tribunaux d'instance, tribunaux de police, and the tribunaux de grande instance (also tribunaux correctionnels). Les juridictions de proximité were introduced in 2002, but were scheduled to be eliminated starting January 1, 2013.

By the 14th century the reeve was often a permanent officer of the manor. With the subsequent decline of the feudal system, and the subversion of its courts by the introduction of Justices of the Peace (magistrates), this use of reeve fell out of practice.

He had installed loyal associates as justices of the peace, powerful officeholders with administrative and judicial functions who were also charged with tax collection, leading militia and presiding over elections. Through the exclusion of voters and intimidation of the opposition, the justices of the peace delivered any result Rosas favored. Half of the members of the House of Representatives faced reelection each year, and the opposition to Rosas had quickly been eliminated through rigged elections, allowing him to control the legislature. Control over finances had been stripped from the legislature, and its approval of legislation turned into a rubber stamp to preserve a semblance of democracy.

Justices of the peace and bail justices, who are also volunteers, are appointed to serve a semi-judicial function in all areas of the Victorian community. The main official roles in the Victorian community include witnessing statutory declarations, witnessing affidavits and hearing bail matters outside court hours (bail justices only). The first woman to become a JP in Victoria was Mary Catherine Rogers who, in 1920, became the first woman councillor in Australia when she was elected in the City of Richmond. Justices of the peace (JPs) provide a service to the community as independent witnesses of statutory declarations, powers of attorney and affidavits.

Quarter sessions were established in Scotland by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland in 1661 (cap. 38), which directed justices of the peace to meet together in each county on the first Tuesday of March, May and August, and the last Tuesday of October. Often quarter sessions were delayed, in which case they met as general sessions.Guide to justice records - The National Archives of Scotland Quarter sessions were abolished alongside other local courts by the District Courts (Scotland) Act 1975, which moved justices of the peace to sitting in a uniform series of district courts, since replaced by justice of the peace courts.

From 1813 to 1830, the county initiated several changes to its government. By an act of the territorial legislature, the Court of Quarter Sessions was succeeded by a panel of three judges of common pleas in 1813. Two years later, this panel was succeeded by a newly created county court in 1815, composed of justices of the peace elected from the county to three-month terms. The St. Louis County Circuit Court (established in 1815 as the judicial branch of the county) was given authority in 1816 over the executive and legislative affairs of the county, superseding the court of justices of the peace.

Maintaining the peace had long been a concern of society and part of the Common Law, but that aspect of the Common Law was enshrined into statute by the enactment of the Justices of the Peace Act 1361. The primary reason for the legislation was due to concerns about soldiers returning from the War in France, and the potential of them not reintegrating back into their communities as peaceful citizens. The Act defined who was eligible to become a Justice of the Peace, their duties and their powers. It detailed that each County assigned a Lord and three of four worthy people to become Justices of the Peace.

Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the Justices of the Peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the Justices of the Peace.

Other legislation of importance includes the Treason Act 1351. It was precisely the harmony of the reign that allowed a consensus on the definition of this controversial crime.McKisack (1959), p. 257. Yet the most significant legal reform was probably that concerning the Justices of the Peace.

The Constitution establishes special jurisdictions for the authorities of indigenous peoples within their territory in accordance with their customs and procedure as long as they are not contrary to the Constitution or the laws (Article 246). Justices of the peace may be established by law (Article 247).

He was author of: :1. The Law of Assault and Battery, 1841. :2. A Collection of all the Statutes in force relating to Gaols and Houses of Correction in England and Wales, 1843. :3. The Practice of Summary Convictions before Justices of the Peace, 1846. :4.

The Custos Rotulorum Act 1545 (37 Hen 8 c 1) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The whole Act, so far as unrepealed, was repealed by section 8(2) of, and Part II of Schedule 5 to, the Justices of the Peace Act 1968.

There are 40 justice courts in the state. Each justice court consists of a number of justices of the peace, as determined by a formula based on the township's population. Each justice of the peace is elected to a six-year term by voters in the township.

After the creation of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of the State of Deseret, the lower courts were created by the Deseret general assembly. On January 9, 1850, this legislature created a series of county courts and justices of the peace to serve on the local level.

Magistrates' courts are the criminal court where all criminal proceedings start. They are presided over by a bench of lay magistrates (A.K.A. justices of the peace), or a legally trained district judge (formerly known as a stipendiary magistrate), sitting in each local justice area. There are no juries.

'Value for Money', Sydney Morning Herald, Women's Column, 26 August 1918. NSW State Archives. In May 1921 she was one of the first 61 women to be appointed justices of the peace in New South Wales. Dwyer died on 3 February 1949 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Persons who committed capital offences were required to travel to England for trial, and no judicial officers were present in Newfoundland during the winters. By 1720, this situation had led to a high crime rate in St. John's and the British government appointed Keen as the first "winter" justice of the peace who would conduct judicial business while the fishing Admirals were away. In practice, Governor Henry Osborn allowed Keen and the other justices of the peace who were appointed to hear cases year round. There were many disputes between the justices of the peace and the fishing Admirals, and Keen became the leader of a movement to officially establish a permanent judiciary in Newfoundland.

Florida had justices of the peace (with corresponding constables) from the time of its acquisition from Spain in 1821 until the Florida Constitution was amended in 1968 to abolish the post. From about 1940 to 1968, Florida counties had the ability to hold local referendums to allow county voters to abolish the post on a county-by-county basis. For example, Leon County, the location of Tallahassee, Florida's capital city, voted to abolish justices of the peace (and their associated constables) in the Fall elections of 1958. By 1958, the county commission had reduced the number of JOP districts from a turn-of-the- century peak of 13 districts to just two districts.

Judgements made by the justices of the peace can be appealed to the civil or family divisions of the tribunals of first instance, depending on the nature of the case. The judgements then delivered on these appeals by the tribunals of first instance are final; they cannot be further appealed to the courts of appeal. However, an appeal in cassation to the Court of Cassation on questions of law, not on questions of fact, is still possible on these final judgements. The judgements made by the justices of the peace in petty cases where the disputed amount does not exceed 2,000 euro (as of September 2018) cannot be appealed (except for an appeal in cassation).

According to the statistics provided by the College of the courts and tribunals of Belgium, a total of 443,366 new cases were opened at all justices of the peace in 2015 (conciliation procedures excluded), next to a total of 432,350 cases that were closed at all justices of the peace in 2015 (including any cases opened before 2015). Aside from these cases, a total of 60,422 conciliation procedures were started at all justices of peace, of which 11,900 (or 19.7%) resulted in an amicable settlement being concluded. A total of 2,912 cases were transferred to a tribunal of first instance or the Court of Cassation in the context of a judgement of the justice of the peace being appealed.

Initially, a candidate for a position of a judge of garrison military court had to have a military rank of commissioned officer, because judges of military courts were military personnel (although not subordinated to any military authority); however, since 30 June, 2009, when the amendments, contained in Federal Constitutional Law of 29 June, 2009, №3-FKZ, entered into force, judges of military courts are no longer military personnel and candidates are no longer necessary to have military rank of commissioned officer.Federal Constitutional Law of 29 June, 2009, №3-FKZ Justices of the peace are usually appointed by the regional legislature, but may also be elected. Justices of the peace require most of the same qualifications.

J. Simons, Poor Discipline (1993) p. 19 Nevertheless, the system survived in places into the 15th century,M. Bailey, The English Manor (2002) p. 184 although increasingly superseded by local constables - the former chief pledges - operating under the justices of the peace: their oversight represented the remains of View of Frankpledge.

The judges of the court were the justices of the peace. There was no requirement for legal training and after 1835 the county sessions were the only remaining courts where this was permitted. From 1844 it became a requirement that the chairman of the Middlesex sessions must be legally qualified.

The full-time elected county administrator, who presides over the quorum court, is the county judge. Neither JPs nor the county judge have any judicial authority, though they do have the power to preside over civil marriages. Justices of the peace are elected every two years to these partisan offices.

Each county has the right to determine if its justice court will be a court of record. Only three counties have done so: Cascade County, Flathead County, and Lewis and Clark County. Both Cascade and Flathead county have two justices of the peace, due to the heavy workload in those counties.

The Papists Act 1716 (3 Geo. I, c. 18) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act enabled two Justices of the Peace to tender the oaths of allegiance and supremacy and the oath of abjuration of the Pretender to any Roman Catholic whom they felt was disaffected.

Erland Olson built a log house in section 12 in 1854 and the township was officially organized in 1862 in a meeting at the B.F. Lanhworthy home. At that meeting, the people of the township elected a chairman, a clerk, a treasurer, two justices of the peace and two constables.

Marshall was the fifth Governor of Minnesota and he owned land in Marshall Township from 1868 to 1874. At the organizing meeting of June 6, 1870, the people of the township elected two supervisors, a chairman, a clerk, an assessor, a treasurer two justices of the peace and two constables.

He became the chairman of the Community Investment and Inclusion Fund Committee in 2013 and chairman of the Elderly Commission in 2016. He was made Justices of the Peace in 2003 and received Bronze Bauhinia Star in 2008. He was appointed to the Executive Council of Hong Kong in 2017.

The High Court of Niue has original jurisdiction in criminal, civil, and land matters. The court is divided into three divisions; criminal division, civil division, and land division. Furthermore, it has three types of officials; Judges, Commissioners, and Justices of the Peace. The main difference between the three is jurisdiction.

These magistrates were first employed in Sydney Town. However, they gradually replaced all local justices of the peace. Magistrates would in time come to be appointed specially to either being a stipendiary magistrate, children's magistrate, or an industrial magistrate. Industrial magistrates appear to have been first used in New South Wales around 1912.

Despite the jury's decision, police officers and two justices of the peace felt there was enough evidence to warrant a further proceeding. There are conflicting opinions on the actual date of Goodwin's death. While many sources date his death occurred on July 27, others including his headstone state he died July 26.

Newby Wiske Hall – North Yorkshire Police HQ 1976–2017 North Yorkshire Police Authority had 9 councillors (drawn from both North Yorkshire County Council and City of York Council), 3 justices of the peace, and 5 independent members. It was abolished in November 2012 to be replaced by a Police and Crime Commissioner.

In time, the colony would take to authorising justices of the peace to determine smaller debt claims that were taking up the time of these original civil courts established. The institution of these first courts in the then fledgling colony were important first steps in establishment of the rule of law in Australia.

In most "not of record" proceedings, the parties may appear personally, without lawyers. For example, most small claims courts, traffic courts, justice courts presided over by justices of the peace, many administrative tribunals that make initial governmental administrative decisions such as government benefit determinations, and the like, are not courts of record.

Edward I instituted a penalty for collecting salmon during certain times of the year. His son Edward II continued, regulating the construction of weirs. Enforcement was overseen by those appointed by the justices of the peace. Because of confusing laws and the appointed conservators having little power, most laws were barely enforced.

The 1835 Act also changed the law, with new roads not being declared highways, and therefore repairable by the parish, unless they met certain criteria. The Highways Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict., c.61) enabled Justices of the Peace of a county to divide the county into Highway Districts consisting of a number of parishes.

Stevenson, and his best friend and business partner Jonathan Plowman Jr., were both named Justices of the Peace to help resolve legal issues in Baltimore. Both of their names are listed as witnesses on many wills found in the Maryland Archives.466 DORSEY v. HAMMOND. Bland's Reports, Chancery Court 1809–1832, Volume 201, Page 466.

In the Courts of Scotland judges in the Court of Session, High Court of Justiciary and the sheriff courts are all addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship". Justices of the peace in justice of the peace courts are addressed and referred to as "Your Honour".

Fourth Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. London. 1960. pp 54 & 55. The assizes heard the most serious cases, which were committed to it by the quarter sessions (local county courts held four times per year), while the more minor offences were dealt with summarily by justices of the peace in petty sessions (also known as magistrates' courts).

"Dr Robin Dudley Edwards dies in Dublin", Irish Times, 6 June 1988 Prominent supporters included Charles Cameron, Sir Andrew Reed, Willie Redmond MP, and William Field MP.Irish Times, 5 September 1908. p 7 Following the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act (1919), Lady Dockrell was one of the first Women Justices of the Peace to be appointed.

In pre-independence Ireland, a Resident Magistrate was a stipendary magistrate appointed to a county (outside of the Dublin Metropolitan Police District) to sit among the justices of the peace at Petty Sessions in that county. They were appointed by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (in reality, therefore, by the Dublin Castle administration in Ireland).

Kentucky's Constitutions of 1792 and 1799 did not provide for a county judge. Justices of the peace were the most important local judicial officials during the time these constitutions were in effect. Their duties included responsibility for county administrative matters. Article IV, section 29, of the Kentucky Constitution of 1850 provided for a county judge.

This was to be a two-tier system. The higher tier was to be the Court of Criminal Jurisdiction, which was to deal with the major offences occurring in the colony. The lower tier was to be the existing English system of appointing justices of the peace to administer the lesser type of offences.

Included in the legislation for which he was responsible were an offenders' probation act, and an act which codified the law relating to the duties and powers of justices of the peace. He also succeeded in passing an eight hours bill through the assembly which was, however, thrown out by the Queensland Legislative Council.

The Vagabonds Act 1383 (7 Ric. II, c. 5) was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of England passed in 1383. It empowered Justices of Assize, Justices of the Peace or county sheriffs to bind over vagabonds for good behaviour, or to commit them to the assizes if sureties could not be given.

The justices of the peace would then assess all inhabitants of the parish for their keep. Overseers of the poor would periodically conduct "views and searches" of the poor. Those refusing to contribute to poor relief would be confined to the gaol.Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, pg.

In contemporary American usage, squire is the title given to justices of the peace or similar local dignitaries. Squire is a shortened version of the word esquire, from the Old French (modern French ), itself derived from the Late Latin ("shield bearer"), in medieval or Old English a scutifer. The Classical Latin equivalent was ("arms bearer").

The Justices Protection Act 1848 (11 & 12 Vict. c.44) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that gave Justices of the Peace in England and Wales immunity from civil actions arising from their adjudication. The Act was sponsored and drafted by John Jervis and was one of the so-called Jervis Acts of 1848.

For example, he allowed justices of the peace to perform marriages when Anglican priests were not readily available. Osgoode's Judicature Act of 1794 established a system of district courts and a superior provincial court. During his term, legislation was also introduced to abolish slavery. Osgoode also served as a member of John Graves Simcoe's Executive Council for Upper Canada.

The courts of first instance are the basic courts of civil jurisdiction assigned to judicial districts. They hear all cases not assigned to High Courts of Justice, and also act as courts of second instance (appeal) in relation to rulings by Justices of the Peace. Judges of first instance are usually responsible for the civil registry.

Justices of the peace are appointed by the First Minister on the recommendation of Justice of Peace Advisory Committees, which are established for each sheriffdom. Each sheriff principal is responsible for appointing members to the advisory committee for his or her sheriffdom, with each committee having at least 3 lay members, and no more than one sheriff.

None of these courts were courts of record.Constitution of the State of Montana, Article VIII, §25 (1889). Justices of the peace were to be elected,Constitution of the State of Montana, Article VIII, §20 (1889). but the constitution left it up to the legislature to decide how police magistrates and municipal court judges were to be named.

Land adjacent to the town was divided among the settlers. A picket fence was erected around the town, blockhouses built and a militia was formed. Three Justices of the Peace had been appointed before departing from Halifax. In 1754 livestock were sent by the government, and in 1761 a grant of 2000 acres of common grazing land was made.

Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: 1631-1633 (London: 1862) p. 458. Four years later, Thomas is recorded as serving as a Justice of the Peace for the county Norfolk.John H. Gleason, Justices of the Peace in England, 1558-1640: A Later Eirenarcha (Oxford, U.K.: 1969) p. 157. In matters of religion, Thomas was an unremarkable traditionalist.

Dondeau was named Minister of the General Police on 25 Pluvôise VI (13 February 1798). He replaced Pierre- Jean-Marie Sotin de La Coindière. His conduct as a minister was sensible and moderate. On 22 Ventôse VI (12 March 1798) he addressed a letter to justices of the peace and officers of the police recommending that they repress libertinism.

The powers of justices of the peace were vested in local executive authorities. They were restored in 1912, but the monarchy was already about to collapse. They judged minor criminal and civil cases. They were individually elected from the ranks of local self-government bodies, zemstvos in the rural areas and municipal dumas in the towns.

II; Daily Advertiser Publishing House, Newark, New Jersey, 1881. p. 519 Gubernatorial appointments, including judges, justices of the peace and sheriffs, were to be made with the advice and consent of the council.New Jersey Colonial Documents, Archives of the State of New Jersey, First Series, Vol. II; Daily Advertiser Publishing House, Newark, New Jersey, 1881. p.

The Parish Court (formerly known as the Resident Magistrate's court) in each parish hears both criminal and civil cases, excluding grave offences. The Petty Sessions are held under Justices of the Peace, with power to hear minor crimes. Jamaica is a common law jurisdiction, in which precedents from English law and British Commonwealth tradition may be taken into account.

All magistrates are coroners by virtue of their appointment and special magistrates may also be appointed coroners. The Industrial Court is another division that has jurisdiction to deal with criminal and civil matters arising out of industrial or work safety contexts. Magistrates are also justices of the peace by virtue of their appointment as a magistrate.

In 1837, he was appointed one of the justices of the peace to administer the city. In 1840, he was appointed a member of the City Council and served until 1843. From 1840 to 1850, he was a harbour commissioner. He was elected mayor of Montreal in 1858 and was re-elected in 1859, 1860, and 1861.

The commission also noted that on one day in 1815, five children aged between eight and 12 years were hanged for petty larceny in England. Victoria in the early 1900s was making progress towards a more enlightened method of dealing with juvenile offenders. Some justices of the peace (called magistrates) informally treated children in different ways.

Ava was created by the legislature on May 12, 1846. The first town meeting was held on May 26, 1846. The following positions were filled: Town supervisor, Town Clerk, Justices of the Peace (4), Assessors (3), Commissioner of Highways (3), Overseers of the Poor (2), Collector, Constables (4), Superintendent of Schools (1), Sealer of Weights and Measures.

Drums is an unincorporated community in Butler Township. The village was named after the Drum family, whose members developed the village's first school, post office, hotels, churches, roads, and businesses. Family members held positions as pioneers, land developers, justices of the peace, postmasters, school presidents, educators, tailors, shoe makers, hotel proprietors, lawyers, and Pennsylvania state legislators.Helman, Laura.

The rule of the Commonwealth and Protectorate was largely peaceful, apart from the Highlands. Moreover, there were no wholesale confiscations of land or property. Three out of every four Justices of the Peace in Commonwealth Scotland were Scots and the country was governed jointly by the English military authorities and a Scottish Council of State.Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.320.

Their judgments can be appealed to the High Court of Justiciary in the same way as any other criminal court. Justices acting personally can have a role in signing duties, for example in granting search warrants and emergency child protection orders.Judicial Studies Committee, 2007. Guidance Notes on Signing Duties of Justices of the Peace in Scotland.

The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 Justices Ordinance 1974 (NT) and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England.

Gell's funeral took place on Friday 26 September. Those in attendance included the Chief Constable of the Isle of Man, Colonel Madoc; members of the Bar; Sir Hall Caine; the Vicar General of the Isle of Man and all Justices of the Peace. Following the service James Gell's body was interred in the family vault in Malew Parish Churchyard.

A woman who obtained a judicial separation took the status of a feme sole, with full control of her own civil rights. Additional amendments came in 1878, which allowed for separations handled by local justices of the peace. The Church of England blocked further reforms until the final breakthrough came with the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.

New Hampshire justices of the peace are commissioned magisterial officers, appointed by the Governor and Executive Council to terms of five years, with the power to administer oaths, acknowledge instruments, perform marriage ceremonies and, effective 1 January 2008, solemnize civil unions for same-sex couples. They may also order compulsory mental examinations for good cause, act as a magisterial official regarding enforcement complaints on orders for isolation or quarantine issued by the Commissioner of Health and Human Services, administer oaths of office to public officials, take depositions and issue subpoenas. New Hampshire justices of the peace are also authorized, upon a showing of probable cause supported by affidavit, to issue arrest warrants, search warrants, administrative inspection warrants and by court appointment, to fix and receive bail in criminal cases.

The justices of the peace primary role is to preside over summary criminal trials for driving offences (including careless driving, speeding, tachograph offences, and driving without a license), less serious assaults, breach of the peace, theft and other less serious common law offences. The maximum sentencing power of a justice of the peace is 60 days imprisonment, or a fine up to £2,500, or both, and the ability to disqualify drivers. Justices of the peace are lay people (not legally qualified), and are advised by a lawyer who acts as legal adviser or clerk of court. The office of justice of the peace in Scotland can be traced back to 1609, when they were introduced by the Parliament of Scotland under James VI and I, as an alternative source of judicial authority to the sheriffs.

He was paid many small fees, but they probably did not meet the sheriff's expenses in terms of hospitality and hiring his under- sheriffs and bailiffs. The sheriff held court every month to deal with civil and criminal cases. He supervised elections, ran the jail and meted out punishments. His subordinates provided staffing for the county's justices of the peace.

Nicholson arrived in the Port Phillip District in June 1840 aboard the Duchess of Kent. Superintendent Charles La Trobe asked Nicholson, Thomas Manifold and Henry Foster to become justices of the peace in Warrnambool in 1848. On 7 June 1853 Nicholson was elected to the unicameral Victorian Legislative Council for Belfast and Warrnambool. Nicholson held this position until May 1854.

Sloat recognized Mexican real estate titles and church lands. He also established justices of the peace when the alcaldes resigned his office. Capt. John B. Montgomery of the Portsmouth received Sloat's message to seize Yerba Buena (San Francisco) and by 8 AM on 9 July, read the pronouncement at the Customs House. He then replaced the Bear Flag with the American flag.

These proved more impartial than previous judges, probably because they were not tied to the major families and political factions by patronage and kinship.Mackie, Lenman and Parker, A History of Scotland, p. 227. Local barony courts and heritable jurisdictions, in abeyance from 1651, were officially abolished in 1657. Sheriff's courts were re-established and Justices of the Peace returned in 1656.

Montana has had two constitutions in its history, both of which have authorized inferior courts. The constitution of 1889 explicitly authorized the creation of justice courts (and justices of the peace),Constitution of the State of Montana, Article VIII, §1, §§20-23 (1889). police courts (and police magistrates), and municipal courts.Constitution of the State of Montana, Article VIII, §24 (1889).

The first town meeting was held in 1858. The first town meeting was held on the open prairie in section 16, which is approximately one mile south and two miles west of the city of Adams. At this meeting the people of the township elected a township board, a treasurer, a clerk, two justices of the peace and two constables.

Seven members of Hite's posse were arrested for the assault. Before Gates and other justices of the peace, they were tried for breach of the peace but acquitted, though they had to go bond to guarantee their good behavior for twelve months. This made tempers flare even more. Hite and his friends filed a court action against Stephen and other officials.

Archbold's treatises on parish law were among his most important elucidations of English law. In 1828, he published "The Law relative to the Commitments and Convictions by Justices of the Peace" (London, 12mo). This was the foundation of his "Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer" (London, 1840, 3 vols. 12mo), a work intended as a practical guide for county magistrates.

In spring 1745 he assisted in the passing of an Act for the stricter enforcement of his own Act of 1732, concerning justices of the peace. He did not stand again 1747 British general election. The 2nd Lord Egmont included him among Members whom it would be essential to bring back into the House on the accession of Frederick, Prince of Wales.

Both the claimant and the defendant in a case can be assisted or represented by counsel, but this is not required. Lawyers or notaries can act as locum tenens judge of the peace whenever the judge of the peace is absent. The organisation of the justices of the peace and their rules of civil procedure are laid down in the Belgian Judicial Code.

In 1850, the United States Congress passed "An Act to Establish a Territorial Government for Utah", Section 9 of which provided that "the judicial power of said territory shall be vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, and Justices of the Peace".9 Stat. 453 (September 9, 1850). In 1998, the Utah Supreme Court moved into the Scott M. Matheson courthouse.

Some legislation required the involvement of a member of the Quorum, (e.g., granting a license to a badger). In practice, they increasingly were not qualified, as the proportion in the Quorum rose faster than the proportion who were called to the bar or practising lawyers. By 1532, an average 45% of Justices of the Peace nationally were of the Quorum.

In this section, the words "whereof one to be of the quorum" were repealed by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948. Section I empowered justices of the peace to look into matters of broken bridges and to arrange for their repair or rebuilding by, or at the expense of, those who were responsible for their maintenance.

They surrounded Avery's home and demanded he come out. Avery declined, but did send a friend outside to try to placate the crowd. The men eventually left when the steamship signaled its return to Fall River. In Bristol, an inquest was convened, in which two Justices of the Peace found there to be insufficient evidence to try Avery for the crime of murder.

The Governor of Western Australia can appoint magistrates to the court. The governor can also appoint a chief magistrate, as well as deputy chief magistrates. The court normally sits with a magistrate sitting alone. However, the governor may make a regulation which allows a single justice of the peace or two justices of the peace to sit as the court.

Turkish courts have no jury system; judges render decisions after establishing the facts in each case based on evidence presented by lawyers and prosecutors. For minor civil complaints and offenses, justices of the peace take the case. This court has a single judge. It has jurisdiction over misdemeanors and petty crimes, with penalties ranging from small fines to brief prison sentences.

The departments were divided in districts, equivalent to the French arrondissements. The chief of the district was the vice-prefect, which had similar powers to the prefect, but over a smaller area. The local legislative body was the District Council, composed by eleven members. The districts were divided, as in France, in cantons, seats of Tax collectors and Justices of the peace.

Mining has had a long history in the state, dating to the late 1800s. In 1874, the colonial government provided for the establishment of wardens courts to regulate and adjudicate upon various matters and disputes that commonly occur concerning mining. The Governor of New South Wales could also appoint mining wardens. Generally, these were local justices of the peace or sergeants of police.

The courts of Chancery and King's Bench, and the courts of quarter sessions, were to keep records of subscribers, and of those who had refused to subscribe. By late July, 86 justices of the peace and 104 deputy lieutenants had been removed from office for failing to subscribe to the Association, or in a few cases subscribing late and without enthusiasm.

The commissioners continued to exist following the passing of the Act of Union in 1707. From 1718 they became responsible, along with justices of the peace, for county roads and bridges, and in 1832 they were charged with raising "rogue money" for the keeping of the peace.Highway (Scotland) Act 1718 (1718 c. 30) and Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832 (1832 c.

For example, when Cromwell wished to form the First Protectorate Parliament to help in the government of the Protectorate, Cromwell wished to keep Sir Henry Vane out of the parliament. He prevented Vane being returned at Kingston upon Hull and Bristol, though it was said Vane had the majority of votes in those two cities. Wallop supported Vane and used his influence to have Vane chosen by the borough of Whitchurch, Hampshire, which so enraged the Cromwellian faction that they sent a menacing letter to Wallop which was signed by most of the justices of the peace for the county. The letter stated that if Wallop continued to support Vane, they would oppose Wallop's attempt to become an MP. Wallop ignored them, assisted Vane and was elected MP for Hampshire in 1654 in spite of the opposition of the justices of the peace.

They have original jurisdiction over civil cases in which the disputed amount does not exceed 5,000 euro (as of September 2018), except for the matters over which another court or tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction (disputes between companies for example, over which the enterprise tribunal has jurisdiction). In addition, the justices of the peace also have original jurisdiction over a number of matters irrespective of the disputed amount, such as cases involving the renting or leasing of real estate, evictions, easement, land consolidation, consumer credit or unpaid utility bills. An important feature of the justices of the peace in these types of cases is the option of conciliation. This is a procedure free of charge in which the claimant and defendant appear voluntarily before the judge of the peace, who then tries to negotiate an amicable settlement between both parties.

The Assize Courts used counties, or their major divisions, as a basis for their organisation. Justices of the peace originating in Norman times as Knights of the Peace, were appointed in each county. At the head of the legal hierarchy were the High Sheriff and the Custos rotulorum (keeper of the rolls) for each county. The justices had responsibility for maintaining county gaols and houses of correction.

At first, events moved in Wedderburn's favour. The Justices of the Peace found against Knight, but the latter soon appealed to the Sheriff Court of Perth, who found against Wedderburn, stating that: :"the state of slavery is not recognised by the laws of this kingdom, and is inconsistent with the principles thereof: That the regulations in Jamaica, concerning slaves, do not extend to this kingdom".

III c. 19 §§ 1-III Under the Act, justices of the peace, sheriffs and other officials were authorised to attend any meetings held within their jurisdictions. In the event that the meeting was found to be unlawful, they could order its participants to disperse. Anyone who ignored such an order was to be found guilty of a felony without benefit of clergy and put to death.

Proceedings before justices of the peace are often faster and less formal than the proceedings in other courts. In some jurisdictions a party convicted or found liable before a justice of the peace may have the right to a trial de novo before the judge of a higher court rather than an appeal strictly considered. A justice of the peace also performs civil marriages.

Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions. Justices of the peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve, and are (or were) usually not required to have any formal legal education in order to qualify for the office. Some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs.

Monthly wages varied from $70.80 for day laborers, but about 100 men made more than $140 per month. There was no discrimination between the races in pay. As in Muchakinock, African Americans held many leadership roles in the integrated town. The US postmaster, superintendent of schools, most of the teachers, two justices of the peace, two constables, and two deputy sheriffs were all African American.

The Stationery Office. 2011. . Part I. Page 78, read with pages viii and x. It united the English and Scottish Privy Councils and decentralised Scottish administration by appointing justices of the peace in each shire to carry out administration. In effect it took the day-to-day government of Scotland out of the hands of politicians and into those of the College of Justice.

Most but not all US judges have professional credentials as lawyers. Non-lawyer judges in the United States are often elected, and are typically either justices of the peace or part-time judges in rural limited jurisdiction courts. A non-lawyer judge typically has the same rights and responsibilities as a lawyer who is a judge holding the same office and is addressed in the same manner.

The monarchy was restored in 1660, and Charles II visited Lancaster on 12 August and released all the prisoners held in the castle. Lancashire's High Sheriff and Justices of the Peace petitioned the king to repair the castle. The buildings were surveyed and repair work estimated at £1,957. After the slighting of the castle, including the demolition of the Well Tower, it was militarily redundant.

By 1820, he owned of land at Shoal Creek. He also served as one of Lawrence County's first commissioners and justices of the peace. After his industrial operations were destroyed by a flood in September 1821, Crockett left the area and moved to West Tennessee. The park was established in 1959 on of land that includes the site where Crockett had his mills and distillery.

Locke was born on 29 August 1632, in a small thatched cottage by the church in Wrington, Somerset, about 12 miles from Bristol. He was baptised the same day, as both of his parents were Puritans. Locke's father, also called John, was an attorney who served as clerk to the Justices of the Peace in Chew MagnaBroad, C. D. 2000. Ethics And the History of Philosophy.

Justices of the Peace were appointed by the Lieutenant Governor. Any two justices meeting together could form the lowest level of the justice system, the Courts of Request. A Court of Quarter Sessions was held four times a year in each district composed of all the resident justices. The Quarter Sessions met to oversee the administration of the district and deal with legal cases.

1826–1890) as Richman & Wigley, solicitors, with offices in Clark's buildings, Hindley Street, then White's Chambers, King William Street. He was one of the Justices of the Peace appointed in the revised list of 1862. He owned Icalla Icalla station (also called Italli Italli) near Quorn. and "Warnbunga", Watervale, near Clare, where he lived from 1861 or earlier, and where he died in 1864.

The Court of the Archdeacon, or Archdeaconry Court, is an obsolete ecclesiastical court of the Church of England. The Court's original responsibilities included trial for minor criminal matters falling within the territory of the archdeacon. Appeals against Court decisions were made directly to the diocesan bishop. Archdeaconry Courts became redundant in the eighteenth century when the minor criminal jurisdiction passed to Justices of the Peace.

The rest of the Act has been repealed. Sections 2 and 3 were repealed by section 8(2) of, and Part I of Schedule 5 to, the Justices of the Peace Act 1968. Sections 4 to 6 were repealed by Schedule 4 to the Local Government (Clerks) Act 1931. Sections 7 and 8 were repealed by Schedule 1 to the Statute Law Revision Act 1948.

They were elected for three years by zemstvos. However, in many areas, there was not enough candidates who could meet the requirements for election, and in other areas, local authorities hindered the process of election. In several western regions, justices of the peace were eventually appointed by the Minister of Justice. In 1889, the whole institution was abolished everywhere except for Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The Governor of the Southwest Territory had supreme authority in the territory. The governor could decree ordinances, propose and enact new laws, create towns and counties, and license lawyers. Though the territorial assembly held legislative powers, the governor held veto power over all proposed laws. The governor was responsible for appointing the lower territorial administrative officers, including attorneys general, justices of the peace, registers, and court clerks.

This led to allegations of abuses within the judiciary, as witnesses were unwilling to travel that far. Crimes that fell out of the remit of the justices of the peace were reduced in the courts so that they could be heard by them; in one case a charge of murder was reduced to assault. Some action was taken by the federal government to correct these abuses.

With the establishment of the Crown colony, Hobson became Governor of New Zealand. The first organs of the New Zealand Government were also established to assist the Governor: an Executive Council and a legislative council. The Executive Council consisted of the attorney-general, colonial secretary, and colonial treasurer. The Legislative Council consisted of the governor, Executive Council, and three justices of the peace appointed by the governor.

In 1972 the lodge was absorbed into that of Hook Norton. An annual service for the lodge was held in Holy Trinity church on Trinity Sunday each year until 1987. On 3 December 1810 a bare-knuckle boxing match was staged at Shenington Hollow, exploiting the parish's inaccessibility from Gloucestershire's Justices of the Peace. The pugilists were British champion Tom Cribb and Virginian former slave Tom Molineaux.

The Stone County Courthouse has been the seat of county government since 1922. The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year.

The post-Reconstruction Constitution of 1879 substantially modified the organization of the Louisiana judiciary. The Constitution created the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeal, District Courts and Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court retained five justices, but they were now appointed by the Governor and served twelve-year terms. For the first time, the Supreme Court was given supervisory power over the inferior courts.

The Constitution of the Year VIII reorganized the court system. It retained the justices of the peace but separated the courts of first instance from the appeal tribunals, which would become the appeal courts. The first juridictions de prud'hommes were created in 1806. In penal matters, judgment by a jury is reserved for crimes, a serious crime punishable by ten years or more in prison.

Judges are also known as magistrates or justices of the peace. Even though a judge held very influential positions in their counties, they were far from the professionals that they are today. They were usually religious or political leaders. The county judge was in charge of the court for the area he presided in and vehemently believed their role in society was to enforce God's will.

The Statute of Cambridge 1388 (12 Rich. 2, ch. 7) was a piece of English legislation that placed restrictions on the movements of labourers and beggars. It prohibited any labourer from leaving the hundred, rape, wapentake, city, or borough where he was living, without a testimonial, showing reasonable cause for his departure, to be issued under the authority of the justices of the peace.

Mitchell was married. His son James, who graduated at the university of Edinburgh on 11 Nov. 1698, was licensed by the presbytery there on 26 July 1704, ordained on 5 April 1710, and became minister of Dunnotar in the same year. He was summoned to appear before the justices of the peace on 24 March 1713 to answer for the exercise of church discipline in the session.

The Rural Fire Brigade, State Emergency Service and the Ambulance service receive strong volunteer support. Several volunteer Justices of the Peace live on the island. A small primary school for around 180 students has an active Parents and Citizens club. In early 2010 the Bay Islands Community Centre with grants from Community Service and the Council, opened a youth drop-in centre on Jackson Road.

Edward Quinton Keasbey, The Courts and Lawyers of New Jersey 1661-1912, Volume 1 (1912), p. 172. The ordinance provided that justices of the peace would have jurisdiction over civil cases of debt or trespass to the value of forty shillings, with power to determine such cases without a jury, subject to an appeal to the Justices at the next Court of Sessions in cases for over twenty shillings. Next there was established a Court of Common Pleas to be held in each county at the place where the general Court of Sessions is usually kept, to "begin immediately after the Sessions of the Peace does end and terminate". It was thus assumed rather than ordained that the judges of the Common Pleas should be the same as the judges of the sessions, and these latter had always been the justices of the peace of the county.

Wallace, "Alexander II" (1910) pp. 559–61. Reorganisation of the judiciary occurred to include trial in open court, with judges appointed for life, a jury system and the creation of justices of the peace to deal with minor offences at local level. Legal historian Sir Henry Maine credited Alexander II with the first great attempt since the time of Grotius to codify and humanise the usages of war.

Quorum court chambers of the Desha County Courthouse in Arkansas City, Arkansas The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission.

He succeeded his father in the earldom in 1663. Like omst of his family, both Brudenells and Treshams, he was an adherent of Roman Catholicism. His father's devotion to that faith was so open that he was prosecuted regularly for recusancy. in 1613 the local justices of the peace remarked that only their personal regard for the Brudenell family had saved fourtenn of them, including Robert's parents, from prison.

Maymin is a Policy Scholar for the Yankee Institute for Public Policy, a columnist for the Fairfield County Weekly, an actor, and a Justice of the Peace in Greenwich, Connecticut.Town of Greenwich, CT. List of Justices of the Peace . Retrieved December 10, 2007. He has also been a portfolio manager at Long-Term Capital Management, Ellington Management Group, and a hedge fund he co-founded with his father, Maymin Capital Management.

The Madhouses Act 1774 was the first legislation in the United Kingdom addressing mental health. Privately funded lunatic asylums were widely established during the nineteenth century. The County Asylums Act 1808 permitted, but did not compel, Justices of the Peace to provide establishments for the care of "pauper lunatics", so that they could be removed from workhouses and prisons. The Lunacy Act 1845 established the Board of Commissioners in Lunacy.

The first judge was Dr. Ira L. Babcock, serving from February 18, 1841, to May 1, 1843. In 1843, a later set of meetings at Champoeg created the Provisional Government of Oregon with a judiciary consisting of a Supreme Judge and two justices of the peace for trial level courts.Gray, William H. A History of Oregon, 1792–1849, Drawn from Personal Observation and Authentic Information. Harris & Holman: Portland, OR. 1870.

Around 500 people were arrested for rioting in Shropshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire with around 2,000 people taking part in the riots in these counties with several hundred more in Birmingham.Monod, pp. 187-88. In response to these riots, the new Whig majority passed the Riot Act to put down disturbances. This law strengthened magistrates powers and allowed Justices of the Peace to disperse demonstrations without fear of prosecution.

A judge of the peace (, , ) chairs the justice of the peace. Judges of the peace are professional, law- trained magistrates who are, like all judges in Belgium, appointed for life until their retirement age. The judges of the peace hear cases as single judges, but are always assisted by a clerk. Because the justices of the peace hear only civil cases, there is (generally) no prosecutor present during their hearings.

As an example: > by 1862 Ada had a number of businesses which included: general stores, a > flour mill, a saw mill, hotels, a blacksmith, a carriage maker, a boot and > shoe store, two churches, a doctor, three Justices of the Peace, and an > attorney. Later, a basket factory was built next to the flour and saw mills > on the Thornapple River.Ada Historical Society site The river was subject to periodic flooding.

The government of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck was vested in a general court, which exercised executive, legislative or municipal, and judicial functions. This court was composed of two commissioners, styled "Gecommitteerden", and two councilors, called "Gerechts-persoonen", or "Schepenen". These last equated to our modern justices of the peace. There was also a colonial secretary, a "Schout-fiscaal", or sheriff, and a "Gerechts- bode", court messenger or constable.

By 1920 their interest in Springwood Station had passed to James Friend's sons, Herbert and Cyril. The Friends were prominent members of the Gladstone community. Both Henry and James were Justices of the Peace, and Mrs James Friend was secretary of the Gladstone Benevolent Asylum. James Friend married Ellen Matilda Prizeman in 1879. They raised a family of 3 sons and 3 daughters, born between 1880 and 1891.

Lawyers became powerful local and colony-wide leaders by 1700 in the American colonies. They grew increasingly powerful in the colonial era as experts in the English common law, which was adopted by all the colonies. By the 21st century, over one million practitioners in the United States held law degrees, and many others served the legal system as justices of the peace, paralegals, marshalls, and other aides.

His Worship or Her Worship is an honorific prefix for mayors, justices of the peace and magistrates in present or former Commonwealth realms. In spoken address, these officials are addressed as Your Worship or referred to as His Worship or Her Worship. In Australia all states now use Your Honour as the form of address for magistrates (the same as has always been used for judges in higher courts).

In 1806 the building was bought out of county rates for use as the Judges' residence, when they attended the quarterly sessions at the Assize Courts at York Castle. These were criminal courts held for the most serious crimes in the country. The judges were of the Kings Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. It was given five commissioners, picked from Justices of the Peace for the Three Ridings.

Minor crimes are heard in the High Court by Justices of the Peace. The judiciary is established by Part IV of the Constitution of the Cook Islands. Originally, the Constitution provided for appointments to be made by the New Zealand High Commissioner, and for the High Court of New Zealand to act as a court of appeal. The Chief Judge of the High Court was renamed the Chief Justice in 1975.

The society had a major role in the subsequent introduction of children's courts. In 1915, she was appointed to the bench of the new court and continued on in this position for eighteen years. In 1920, she became one of the first female Justices of the Peace. Her great great nephew David Malcolm followed in her footsteps, by becoming Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1988.

They developed an independent community. With blacks outnumbering whites in Carroll Parish by a seven-to-one margin, and with combat experience, they resisted efforts in the 1870s to suppress their population. Voters in the larger Carroll Parrish elected blacks to the positions of sheriff, state representative, clerk of the court, and several justices of the peace, and hired black constables, giving blacks a voice at the local level.

Supervisors of highway work were empowered to take debris from quarries and dig for gravel without permission of the landowners. The Act also empowered Justices of the Peace at Quarter Sessions to investigate and punish supervisors in cases where they were in dereliction of their duties, imposing "such fines ... as shall be thought meet". It was repealed by section 57 of the Act 7 Geo.3 c.42.

The Miller County Courthouse in Texarkana has been the seat of county government since 1939. The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year.

The Van Buren County Quorum Court meets at the courthouse annex, 1414 Hwy. 65 South in Clinton The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even- numbered year.

Old Randolph County Courthouse in Pocahontas was the seat of county government until 1941. The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year.

158 The judges would be six Masters, who would sit in groups of three and be appointed by Parliament, assisted by a Chief Clerk. All Justices of the Peace would be allowed to submit cases to the court, with cases to be heard within 60 days.Kerly (1890) p.159 The party that lost the case was to pay full fees to the other side; the fees would be set ludicrously low.

The Vagabonds Act 1572 was a law passed in England under Queen Elizabeth I.14 Eliz. I c. 5 It is a part of the Tudor Poor Laws and a predecessor to the Elizabethan Poor Laws. The 1572 act provided that justices of the peace were to register the names of the "aged, decayed, and impotent" poor to determine how much money was required to care for them.

Richard I Culme (1569–1649) also of Canonsleigh Abbey, Burlescombe, Devon (eldest son), was admitted for his law studies to the Inner Temple in 1591. He was Sheriff of Devon in 1642Visit of DevonDEVON--NORTH TAWTON, SOUTH MOLTON, AND WITHERIDGE HUNDREDS. Letter from John Chichester to Richard Culme, High Sheriff of Devon, enclosing the returns for these hundreds. Returns by the justices of the peace for the above hundreds.

She was sold for 2s. 6d., with a duty of 6d. Once sober, and placed before the Justices of the Peace, the husband claimed that he had been forced into marriage by the parish authorities, and had "never since lived with her, and that she had lived in open adultery with the man Bradley, by whom she had been purchased". He was imprisoned for "having deserted his wife".

The police prevented lawmakers from inspecting the San Uk Ling Holding Centre, where many of the detainees were held. The request by six justices of the peace to visit the centre was rejected. The police ceased using the holding centre to "stop speculations". Robert Godden, the cofounder of Rights Exposure, a British human rights group, reported that arrestees were deprived of sleep and had limited access to food.

Both the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia and the D.C. justices of the peace were created on February 27, 1801 by the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801.District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 103. Unlike its better-known predecessor, the Midnight Judges Act,Judiciary Act of 1801 (Midnight Judges Act), 2 Stat. 89. the Organic Act survived repeal by the Jeffersonian Congress.

O'Fallon, 1993, at 51 n.40. That clause provides that "Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior." Mason countered that Marbury only held that justices of the peace were entitled to hold their offices for five years of good behavior. Mason again pressed his argument that Congress's power of the federal district was unlimited: :The constitution does not apply to this case.

The process was still quite expensive, at about £40, but now became feasible for the middle class. A woman who obtained a judicial separation took the status of a feme sole, with full control of her own civil rights. Additional amendments came in 1878, which allowed for separations handled by local justices of the peace. The Church of England blocked further reforms until the final breakthrough came with the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.

The First National Bank is a historic building located at 101 S. Main St. in Erick, Oklahoma. The two-story frame building was built in 1907. The building was primarily used as the city's bank; however, it also housed a barbershop in the rear and at one point had a second barbershop in the basement. The second floor of the building held various professional offices, including the courts of local justices of the peace.

The "peace" to be guarded is the sovereign's, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative. Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons "to be of good behaviour". The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, intended to ensure that people thought likely to offend will not do so.

Hines, Gustavus. A Voyage around the world: With a history of the Oregon Mission. Buffalo, NY: George H. Derby and Co. 1850, p. 138 Other positions created and filled by the group included George LeBreton as Clerk of the Courts and Public Recorder; William Johnson as High Sheriff; William McCarty, Pierre Belleque, and Havier Laderant as constables; and Joseph Gervais, William Cannon, Robert Moore and Lewis H. Judson as justices of the peace.

The project was rejected by a vote of 48 to 50, and no State Road was built. On April 18, the Legislature amended the senatorial district apportionment: Delaware Co. was transferred from the 6th to the 2nd District; and Steuben Co. was transferred from the 8th to the 6th District. At this session, it was enacted that Justices of the Peace should henceforth be elected townwide by popular ballot, instead of being appointed.

The John Mackintosh Homes, comprising three homes to house the aged and poor of different faiths, were opened in April 1964 and are maintained from estate funds vested in three Governors appointed under his Will. The Will also set-up the Scholarship Endowment providing some £20,000 annually for Scholarships and Grants. The Magistrates' Poor Fund vested in the body of Justices of the Peace providing some £4,500 per annum for the indigent.

In the seventeenth century the creation of justices of the peace and the Commissioner of Supply helped to increase the effectiveness of local government.R. A. Houston, I. D. Whyte, Scottish Society, 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), , p. 202. The continued existence of courts baron and introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds.R. Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), , pp. 80–1.

The Cayman Islands were officially declared and administered as a dependency of Jamaica from 1863 but were rather like a parish of Jamaica with the nominated justices of the peace and elected vestrymen in their Legislature. From 1750 to 1898 the Chief Magistrate was the administrating official for the dependency, appointed by the Jamaican governor. In 1898 the Governor of Jamaica began appointing a Commissioner for the Islands. The first Commissioner was Frederick Sanguinetti.

In the 17th century, the creation of justices of the peace and the Commissioner of Supply helped to increase the effectiveness of local government.R. A. Houston, I. D. Whyte, Scottish Society, 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), , p. 202. The continued existence of courts baron and introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds.R. Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), , pp. 80–1.

The Arnolds, Coles, and Carpenter were highly offended by Gorton, who had moved with some of his adherents to Pawtuxet. They went to Boston and submitted themselves to the government and jurisdiction of Massachusetts on 2 September 1642. They were received by the General Court there and appointed justices of the peace. In doing this, these settlers allowed a foreign jurisdiction into the midst of the Providence government, a condition that lasted for 16 years.

The accused argued that they were simply intervening in Wenlock as justices of the Peace, enforcing the law against malefactors, including Talbot. Arundel put up bail and sureties, and used his influence to obtain pardons for his retainers. In August 1415, Corbet accompanied Arundel to Normandy as part of the king's resumption of the Hundred Years' War. Arundel fell ill at the Siege of Harfleur and was allowed to return to England.

The quarter sessions generally heard crimes that could not be tried summarily by the justices of the peace without a jury in petty sessions, which were sent up by the process of indictment to be heard in quarter sessions. The quarter sessions did not have jurisdiction to hear the most serious crimes, most notably those subject to capital punishment or later life imprisonment. These crimes were sent for trial at the periodic assizes.

Justices of the peace were elected for three years, and were confirmed in office by Governing Senate. They could not be dismissed during their term in office except by indictment under process of law. There were two classes: acting justices and honorary justices. The acting justice normally sat alone to hear causes, but, at the request of both parties, he might call in an honorary justice as an assessor or a substitute.

A petty sessional division was, in England and Wales, the area that a magistrates' court had jurisdiction over (before the abolition of quarter sessions, specifically the petty sessions). Petty sessional divisions were gradually consolidated in the 20th century (being reorganised in 1953 under the Justices of the Peace Act 1949), and were replaced by local justice areas in 2005. Petty sessional divisions were formalised under the Division of Counties Act 1828 (9 Geo. IV c.

He was a founding member of the Episcopal Church there. In 1833, Eppes was appointed one of fourteen justices of the peace in Leon County. Eppes was elected to serve as a Deputy to the 1838 General Convention of the Episcopal Church, held that year in Philadelphia. Among its actions, the Convention officially admitted the Diocese of Florida. Eppes first served as intendant (mayor) of Tallahassee from 1841–1844 and then again from 1856–1857.

The Regulations provided for establishment of local courts with justices of the peace, who were supposed to deal with minor offences and could not impose a sentence over one year of imprisonment. Each justice of the peace was supposed to serve in a circuit, one uyezd comprising several circuits. They were elected for three years by zemstvas. However, in many areas, there were not enough candidates who could meet the requirements for election.

" In February 1378 Blasius and ser Lucas de Bona had appointed two Venetians and a Ragusan" page 408 and members of the family were still living in the city in the 19th century.Dubrovnik Under French Rule (1810–1814) by Stjepan Cosic/ hrcak.srce.hr/file/12648. "Court of First Instance in Dubrovnik, over which Niko Pozza presided.In Dubrovnik, Ston, and Cavtat, Ivan Bona, Frano Liepopilli, and Nikola Facenda operated as justices of the peace" (page 113).

Local governments were important in Tudor England. Royal representatives (Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, and Lords Lieutenant) were appointed in every county; they ensured that the queen's commands and laws were obeyed. Regional governments helped oversee parts of England that the Privy Council could not supervise. The Council of the North, which resided in York, oversaw Northern England, while the Council of the Marches, which resided in Ludlow, oversaw Wales and some border counties.

In 1864, he moved to Binghamton and began to study law under Daniel S. Dickinson. Before he was admitted to the bar, he would be sent out to try cases before justices of the peace in neighboring towns. He was admitted to the bar in 1865 and initially practiced law in Cameron County, Pennsylvania. In 1867, he returned to Binghamton and practiced law in association with his father-in-law Giles W. Hotchkiss.

There were 100 known regulators, of whom 32 became justices of the peace, and 21 were militia leaders. Thirty-one owned slaves, and 14 owned 10 or more. Their primary aim was to protect themselves and their assets from bandits; their secondary purpose was to get courts, churches and schools established in their quickly growing communities. The only court in the colony was in Charleston, through which all legal documentation had to go.

He opened a law office in and starting writing about the subject. His first major work, A Compilation of the Laws of Illinois relating to Township Organization was first published in 1855. He also wrote similar books on other states, including Wisconsin (1858), Michigan (1860) and Minnesota (1869). In 1868, he published A Practical Treatise on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace and Constables in the State of Illinois.

The law of the land was, under the Act of Apprentices 1563, that wages in each district should be assessed by Justices of the Peace. From the middle of the 19th century, through Acts such as the Master and Servant Act 1867 and the Employers and Workmen Act 1875, there became growing recognition that greater protection was needed to promote the health and safety of workers, as well as preventing unfair practices in wage contracts.

The first town meeting was held at the residence of E. Densmore, Feb. 24, 1846. The first town officers were Frederick Carpenter, Supervisor; Isaac N. Fuller, Town Clerk; Philo Burlingame, Superintendent of Common Schools; Wm. S. Pitcher, Simon C. Mallory and A. L. Barnard, Assessors; and Morgan I. Titus, F. Carpenter, C.C. Hatch and Hiram L. Seavy, Justices of the Peace. Its name was changed March 27, 1855, from Rice to Ischua.

They were once in charge of keeping the peace, serving as Chief > Magistrate and presiding over the local lawcourt. This caused problems as > the Mayor could be asked to chair sessions without experience or knowledge > of law. The Justices of the Peace Act of 1968 decreed that Mayors were no > longer entitled to sit as magistrates by virtue of their office > alone.www.canterbury.gov.uk, 'The History of Office of Mayor' , consulted 10 > January 2010.

The town of Lloyd was formed from the town of New Paltz, New York. It was created by an act of the New York State Legislature on April 15, 1845; the first town meeting was held three weeks later, on May 6. The first town officials were selected, including town supervisor Reuben Deyo, justices of the peace Silas Saxton, John B. Howell, and John L. Deyo, with Hasbrouck Lefevre as town clerk.

The Scottish Parliament also passed the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707 guaranteeing the status of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The English Parliament passed a similar Act, 6 Anne c.8. Soon after the Union, the Act 6 Anne c.40later named the Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707united the English and Scottish Privy Councils and decentralised Scottish administration by appointing justices of the peace in each shire to carry out administration.

Shortly after arriving, both he and his brother were appointed Justices of the Peace. Both Garlands were responsible for the construction of St. Paul's church in Trinity, which opened in 1821. Garland returned to England in 1821 and was elected Mayor of Poole in 1824 and in 1830 and pricked High Sheriff of Dorset for 1827-28. When George Garland Sr. died, the entire enterprise was handed over to Garland and his brother.

Nevertheless, this was considered a prestigious appointment for a black attorney. In 1906, when the number of justices of the peace was reduced from ten to six, Hewlett was not reappointed by President Roosevelt. Some in the African American press argued that this was a political decision at the highest level, involving lobbying by national black leader Booker T. Washington in favor of Washington's other black justice of the peace, Robert Terrell.

A New Miscellany of Humour, Literature, and the Fine Arts p.4. People with poor speaking skills were declared "Speakers of the Republic", gossipmongers were made members of the "Secret Council", litigious people were declared "Justices of the Peace", people who exaggerated their hunting exploits were made "Masters of the Hunt", etc. All nominations were dutifully entered into the Memorial Register of Babin Officials. There was a total of 411 accounts in the register.

The term is also applied to the special powers given by statute or rules to the High Court of Justice and to county courts for dealing with certain classes of causes or matters by methods more simple and expeditious than the ordinary procedure of an action. But the phrase in modern times is applied almost exclusively forms of jurisdiction exercised by justices of the peace out of general or quarter sessions, and without the assistance.

During the colonial period of the United States, the early forms of government established across the Eastern Coast differed by region. In the North, Puritan-led communities set-up democratic systems rooted in local participation. In the South, particularly the Colony of Virginia, more oligarchical forms of governance resembling the systems used in the Kingdom of England were established by the ruling groups. The royal governors appointed county officials, particularly justices of the peace.

"List of Members of the Assembly of the State of Wisconsin Convened at Madison January 10, 1849" Wisconsin Express January 30, 1849; p. 4, col. 4 He was succeeded in the 1850 session by Samuel Hale, at that time a Democrat, but who would later join the Free Soil Party himself. In 1852 he was one of two elected justices of the peace for what was now named the City of Kenosha.

The court can be constituted by a stipendiary magistrate or two justices of the peace. In some situations, a single justice of the peace can hear a case if the maximum fine that can be imposed is no more than A$100 and the prosecution and the accused agree to the case being heard in this matter. Stipendiary magistrates are appointed by the Administrator of the Northern Territory under the Magistrates Act (NT).

After North Carolina became a State, they continued authority over Magistrates Courts at the county level, as well as solemnizing of marriages. They were commissioned by Governor of North Carolina upon recommendation of the North Carolina General Assembly. After the U.S. Civil War, they were authorized to register slave marriages that took place before the war. The number of Justices of the Peace in North Carolina continued to grow until the 1950s.

At the 1880 general election, Broadhurst was elected as the Liberal–Labour Member of Parliament for Stoke-upon-Trent. Within the House of Commons, he pushed through legislation enabling working men to act as Justices of the Peace, and for all Government contracts to include a "fair wage" clause. In 1884, he was appointed to the Royal Commission on the housing of the working class. In 1885 general election, Broadhurst moved to represent Birmingham Bordesley.

Marriage ceremonies in Canada can be either civil or religious. Marriages may be performed by members of the clergy, marriage commissioners, judges, justices of the peace or clerks of the court, depending on the laws of each province and territory regulating marriage solemnization. In 2001, the majority of Canadian marriages (76.4%) were religious, with the remainder (23.6%) being performed by non-clergy. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Canada nationally since 2005.

The process was still quite expensive, at about £40, but now became feasible for the middle class. A woman who obtained a judicial separation took the status of a feme sole, with full control of her own civil rights. Additional amendments came in 1878, which allowed for separations handled by local justices of the peace. The Church of England blocked further reforms until the final breakthrough came with the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.

In order to implement the reform policy despite the opposition of the nobility, the Westphalian bypassed mainly from 1810 constitutional organs. Thus the imperial estates were not convoked by 1810th The king ruled by decree. The electoral colleges were not consulted. Even the first after the appointment of wave in 1808 newly appointed justices of the peace and municipal councils were appointed without consulting the electoral college on a proposal from the administrative and judicial officials by royal decrees.

Certified copy from the original records at Her Majestie's State Paper Office, London, September 16, 1846. One of the first orders of business for the new governor and council on May 27, 1692, was the formal nomination of county justices of the peace, sheriffs, and the commission of a Special Court of Oyer and Terminer to handle the large numbers of people who were "thronging" the jails.Governor's Council Executive Records, Vol. 2, 1692, pp. 174–177.

During the 19th century penal reformers campaigned against the often primitive conditions in gaols, and under the Prison Act 1877 they came under Home Office control. Until the 19th century law enforcement was mostly carried out at the parish level. With an increasingly mobile population, however, the system became outdated. Following the successful establishment of the Metropolitan Police in London, the County Police Act 1839 empowered justices of the peace to form county constabularies outside boroughs.

Each union was run by a Board of Guardians, partly elected but also including local Justices of the Peace. In 1866, all land which was not part of ecclesiastical parishes was formed into Civil Parishes for administration of the poor law. In the municipal boroughs the poor law was administered by the town corporation. In 1848, a Public Health Act was passed, establishing a Local Board of Health in towns, to regulate sewerage and the spread of diseases.

The History of the American legal profession covers the work, training, and professional activities of lawyers from the colonial era to the present. Lawyers grew increasingly powerful in the colonial era as experts in the English common law, which was adopted by the colonies. By the 21st century, over one million practitioners in the United States held law degrees, and many others served the legal system as justices of the peace, paralegals, marshalls, and other aides.

In 1710 Richard Freeman, the popular and respected Lord Chancellor of Ireland, died of a brain disease, and Phipps was chosen to succeed him. He arrived in Ireland in December and immediately became embroiled in political controversy. He was also appointed Lord Justice of Ireland, together with Richard Ingoldsby, and was a key member of the Dublin administration. As a convinced Tory, he sought to "pack" local councils with politically reliable sheriffs and justices of the peace.

The current Jeff Davis County Judge is Jeannette Duer, a Republican, who was first elected in November 2014. The state constitution calls for the election of Justices of the Peace and Constables from individual precincts. Because Jeff Davis County has a population of fewer than 18,000 persons, it is permitted to have a single county-wide precinct for the election of these offices. The Justice Court in criminal cases has original jurisdiction in matters punishable by a fine only.

On May 20, Anna was examined by two justices of the peace on suspicion of being an accessory to the murder, but was acquitted due to lack of evidence.Cooke, pp. 144–145 At her request, Anna was permitted to stay in the cell with Beauchamp . Pope's request to have the verdict overturned was denied, but the judge granted Beauchamp a stay of execution until July 7 to allow him to produce a written justification of his actions.

Carter was an associate professor of criminal law and later professor emeritus at McGill University. He published A Treatise on the Law and Practice on Summary Convictions and Orders by Justices of the Peace in Upper and Lower Canada in 1856. Carter was defeated in Montréal-Centre and in Châteauguay when he ran for reelection to the Quebec assembly in 1871. He served in the 1st Canadian Parliament for the Conservative party from 17 November 1871, replacing Christopher Dunkin.

The town's Justices of the Peace in 1831 were Parker Merrill, George W. Pillsbury, Benning Leavitt, John Palmer and A. Brown.The New-Hampshire Annual Register, and United States Calendar, John Farmer, Hoag and Atwood, Concord, N.H., 1832 At one time, the town was home to over 12 different religious sects. One of South Hampton's only members of the New Hampshire State Senate was Benjamin Barnard, who served from 1806-1808. There is only one school in South Hampton.

Two Acts of Parliament of 1839 addressed the problems associated with law enforcement in county exclaves: The Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1839 allowed justices of the peace to act for enclaves surrounded by their county, although this left the question of jurisdiction open as regards exclaves surrounded by more than one county. Police constabularies established under the County Police Act 1839 were given jurisdiction over detached parts of other counties within their county territory in the same manner.

Elkton was platted on January 25, 1887 by W.E. Richardson and Frank A. Day. It was incorporated on January 2, 1906. On January 30, 1906 the people of the township elected a president of the council, three councilmen, a recorder, a treasurer, two justices of the peace, two constables and an assessor. A sidewalk was constructed on Main Street in 1908, electricity was brought in the late 1920s, and the water system was built in 1946.

For the entirety of the two territories' existence the representative for the division was Laborite Harold George Nelson. There was no developed judiciary in the territory, all judges being locally-appointed justices of the peace. A courthouse was built in Stuart and it was intended that a federal judge would visit it periodically to hear major cases. No such visits had occurred by 1930, however, and Central Australia's Supreme Court remained in Darwin in North Australia.

However, one of McCorquodale's men opened fire upon MacColla's men, and as a result one Macdonald clansman was killed. In retaliation MacColla ordered the destruction of the island castle of the McCorquodales. Duncan McCorquodale of Phantelane was one of the Justices of the peace for Argyllshire, appointed in 1656 by Oliver Cromwell. In the 18th century, the last Baron McCorquodale to hold the clan lands around Loch Tromlee died, leaving the clan without a chief to this day.

Other provisions of the Royal Injunctions were out of step with the Edwardian Reformation and displayed the Queen's conservative preferences. These included injunctions allowing processions to take place at Rogationtide and requirements that clergy receive permission to marry from the bishop and two justices of the peace. In some instances, the injunctions contradicted the 1559 Prayer Book. While the Prayer Book directed the use of ordinary bread for communion, the Injunctions required traditional wafers to be used.

In 1868, Solomon Stephens and L. N. Holmberg were appointed Justices of the Peace—the first officers in what is now McPherson County. The next year (1869) occurred the first election for the township, now the county of McPherson. McPherson was regularly organized as a county in the spring of 1870, a mass meeting being held at Sweadal. Sweadal, the county seat thus selected, was located about one mile and a half southwest of the present site of Lindsborg.

In superior courts, lawyers wear black robes and white neck tabs, like barristers in the United Kingdom, but they do not wear wigs. Business attire is appropriate when appearing before judges of superior courts sitting in chambers and before judges of provincial or territorial courts or justices of the peace. R. B. Bennett in his barristers gown, c. 1932. Lawyers appearing before the Federal Court or the Tax Court of Canada are required to wear a gown.

Book of Commissions, MSS., AAA, 198 and on the same day he was appointed president judge of the court of common pleas of that county.Book of Commissions, MSS., AAA, 195 On 14 August 1727, he was commissioned surrogate for Hunterdon and Somerset counties. On 6 November 1728, he was appointed by the Crown one of the judges "to try pirates." In addition to these offices he held that of one of his Majesty's justices of the peace.

A serious outbreak of fever in 1784 in cotton mills near Manchester drew widespread public opinion against the use of children in dangerous conditions. A local inquiry presided over by Dr Thomas Percival, was instituted by the justices of the peace for Lancashire, and the resulting report recommended the limitation of children's working hours.From an " Essay on Trade " (1770), quoted in History of Factory Legislation, by B. Leigh Hutchins and Amy Harrison (1903), pp. 5, 6.

An Introduction to Russian History (1976), edited by Robert Auty and Dimitri Obolensky, chapter by John Keep, p. 238 A new penal code and a greatly simplified system of civil and criminal procedure also came into operation.Wallace, "Alexander II" (1910) pp. 559–61. Reorganisation of the judiciary occurred to include trial in open court, with judges appointed for life, a jury system and the creation of justices of the peace to deal with minor offences at local level.

Much archival material which had been gathering dust in attics was submitted. Although the three Justices of the Peace who presided over the 'Retrial' found all three not guilty on the balance of probabilities that Kitchener had issued the orders to execute Boers in khaki, only a diary extract from a deceased Australian Staff Officer on Kitchener's staff indicated that he had verbally instructed Captain Hunt and the Bushveldt Carbineers to execute prisoners, especially those wearing khaki.

The quorum for votes on legislation in the House of Lords is 30, but just three of the 753 peers, including the Lord Speaker, are required to be present for a debate to take place."Quorum " (23 October 2008). BBC. Historically, the Quorum was a select group of the Justices of the Peace in each county in early modern Britain. In theory, they were men experienced in law, but many of the Quorum were appointed because of their status.

The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission.

Although a police force was organized in the town soon after its founding (a Mr. Franklin wore the first city policeman's badge), vigilantes were active during Okemah's early years. Law enforcement and justices of the peace were located some distance away. The vigilantes appeared to have had almost complete freedom of action. In 1911, a black woman, 35-year-old Laura Nelson, and her teenage son, L. D., were lynched by a mob of white men.

Building a sidewalk along Brownsville Road was the first official action taken by the Board of Trade. On November 6, 1915, the Quarter Sessions Court of Allegheny County decreed that Brentwood was officially seceded from Baldwin Township. The proceedings to incorporate were filed on May 15, 1916, creating the Borough of Brentwood. On December 4, 1915, special elections were held to elect a burgess, auditors, justices of the peace, high constable, tax collector, assessor, and councilmen.

It is the 3rd church that was built by the Presbyterians. At the start of the Revolutionary War John Ralston was the Auditor of Depreciations, George Palmer was Coroner, William McNair and Jacob Horner were Justices of the Peace. Neigal Gray and John Ralston attended the Provincial Conference held in Carpenter's Hall. John Ralston and Robert Lattimore were members of the PA General Assembly, Arthur Lattimore, Neigal Gray, and John Hays, Jr. were on the Standing Committee of Correspondence.

Cook, Fincastle and Kentucky Countys, Va, 19. He also continued his public service by being one of the first justices of the peace, was one of the trustees to lay out Louisville, and served in the Virginia House of Delegates by representing Kentucky County in the 1780–1781 session.Leonard, General Assembly of Virginia, 138. It was during this session that he, along with his fellow delegate John Todd, secured passage of the act that allowed the formation of Louisville.

There were two Tribunaux d'instance (Tribunals of first instance) (at Pondichéry and Karikal) one Cour d'appel (Court of Appeal) (at Pondichéry) and five Justices de paix (Justices of the Peace). Agricultural production consisted of rice, peanuts, tobacco, betel nuts and vegetables. The Independence of India on 15 August 1947 gave impetus to the union of France's Indian possessions with former British India. The lodges in Machilipatnam, Kozhikode and Surat were ceded to India in October 1947.

Richard de Towneley was twice selected as a Member of Parliament for Lancashire. His first appointment was to the 36th parliament of Edward III's reign, which was summoned on 20 November 1360 and assembled from 24 January to 18 February 1361. Among the acts of this parliament was to define the selection and responsibilities of justices of the peace. This act remained in effect until repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1948 and Criminal Law Act 1967.

This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. Henry VII used Justices of the Peace on a large, nationwide scale. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time.

Other early settlers began to arrive in spring 1870, and soon all the land was claimed. The first Bruno Township election was held April 9, 1872. The first township officers were N.B. Daniels, Trustee; Jacob Brown, Treasurer; J.D. Reber, Clerk; Isaac Newland and Samuel Reed, Justices of the Peace; William Riser and Isaac Stroup, Constables. Bonds totaling $18,000 were issued for the extension of the Frisco Railway through Bruno Township. The railway was completed in 1880.

The jurisdiction of the sheriffs was re-organised into twelve sheriffdoms following the passage of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1870 The number of sheriffdoms was reduced to six in 1975, with only minor changes to the territorial extent of each sheriffdom since then. Locally administered courts continued until the replacement of the district courts by justice of the peace courts in 2008, and now all Scottish courts are administered centrally, with all judges, except the Lord Lyon and the justices of the peace, appointed on the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. Due to the volume of business, some legally qualified stipendiary magistrates sat in Glasgow, when following the Court Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 the office of stipendiary magistrate was abolished, and several stipendiary magistrates became summary sheriffs. Today, the Scottish judiciary are divided into the Senior Judges, the Senators of the College of Justice, the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court, the Lord Lyon, the Sheriffs Principal, the Appeal Sheriffs, Sheriffs, Part-time Sheriffs, Summary Sheriffs, Part-Time Summary Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, and Tribunal Judges.

In a 1988 article in the Cambridge Law Journal, British legal commentator David Feldman describes the power to "bind people over to be of good behaviour or to keep the peace" as a useful and common device used in the British criminal justice system, and explains the process as follows: The origins of the binding-over power are rooted in (1) the takings of sureties of the peace, which "emerged from the peace-keeping arrangements of Anglo-Saxon law, extended by the use of the royal prerogative and royal writs" and (2) the separate device of sureties of good behavior, which originated as a type of conditional pardon given by the king. The modern statutory authorization for binding-over powers is found in the Justices of the Peace Act 1361 and Justices of the Peace Act 1968. Section 150 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 empowered the criminal courts to "bind over a parent/guardian of a convicted youth to take proper care and exercise proper control" over the youth.

Jacob, pp. 473–93. Even John Gillingham, whose revisionist account stresses the essential stability and continuity of 15th century government,Gillingham, p. 53. paints a picture of mismanagement, policy confusion, and an increasingly angry population during the 1440s.Gillingham, pp. 56–64 According to the king's grant, the chaplains had complained that they were constantly harassed by all kinds of royal and local officials: bailiffs, Justices of the peace, Justices of assize, Seneschals and Marshals of the royal household, Sheriffs, Escheators, Coroners.

During the civil wars of the mid-17th century, the Lord Lieutenant played an even more important role in mobilising his county either for king or for Parliament.Victor L. Stater, Noble Government: the Stuart Lord Lieutenancy and the Transformation of English Politics (1994). The day-to-day business of government was in the hands of several dozen justices of the peace (JP). They handled all the real routine police administrative functions, and were paid through a modest level of fees.

Prior to the Act, Justices of the Peace (magistrates) were hampered in their functions by the risk of prosecution or civil action for decisions they had taken in the execution of their official functions. An individual disgruntled at a decision could mount a de facto challenge by bringing a civil claim against a Justice and even achieve a rehearing of his case.Freestone & Richardson (1980) p.13 Claims against Justices for damages, through writs of certiorari, for exceeding their jurisdiction were particularly common.

This change was confirmed in the 1531 Vagabonds Act the following year, with one important change: it directed the justices of the peace to assign to the impotent poor an area within which they were to beg. Generally, the licences to beg for the impotent poor were limited to the disabled, sick, and elderly.Lewis C. Vollmar, Jr., "The Effect of Epidemics on the Development of English Law from the Black Death Through the Industrial Revolution," Journal of Legal Medicine, vol.

Like the Commissioner, the assistant commissioners were sworn in as justices of the peace, although they could not try criminal cases. This continued until 1973. Like the Commissioner, the assistant commissioners were mainly appointed from outside the police until well into the 20th century, although career police officers could and sometimes did rise to the rank. In 1878, Howard Vincent was appointed Director of Criminal Intelligence, a post that had equal rank to the assistant commissioners, but not the title.

Candidates passing this course are then sworn in as judges.Art 307 LOPJ Magistrates of the supreme court can be drafted in a contest of merits between prestigious jurists and lawyers with more than fifteen years of professional experience.art 345 LOPJ One in every five judges of the supreme court is recruited this way.art 343 LOPJ Justices of the peace do not belong to the judiciary and are local people elected by the town council of the city where they were appointed.

Court sessions are presided over by a judge, who may sit alone or collegially. One judge sits in the Justices of the Peace, three in the District Tribunals, 3 in the Court of Appeals and in the social and administrative jurisdictions, and five in the Court of Cassation and Constitutional Court. When multiple judges sit, verdicts are always taken by an absolute majority. The prosecution is represented in the courts by the Parquet and the Parquet géneral at the Superior Court.

Salem: A. Bush. 1853 The first meeting was held on February 17, 1841, and chaired by Jason Lee, who suggested a set of measures that would establish a civil government. Amongst the measures was one which would have organized a single criminal justice system applicable to all Oregon pioneers not employed by the Hudson's Bay Company. The proposed positions included a governor, an attorney general, justices of the peace, road commissioners, and even two people to serve as overseers of the indigent.

An Introduction to the Courts of Oregon , Oregon Judicial Department, Accessed on August 25, 2007. The OJD has no jurisdiction over other local courts in Oregon, which include county courts,County Courts from the Oregon Blue Book justice courts,Justice Courts from the Oregon Blue BookOregon Justices of the Peace Association and municipal courts.Municipal Courts from the Oregon Blue Book In 1998, the state combined its state district courts into the Oregon circuit courtsOregon Blue Book: Oregon Circuit Courts. Oregon Secretary of State.

The Statute of Westminster 1327, also known as Statute of Westminster IV, was a law of Edward III of England. The law included possibly the earliest recorded mention of conductors, stipulating that the wages of conductors (conveyors) of soldiers from the Shires to the place of assembly would no longer be a charge upon the Shire. The statute also provided, for the first time, for the formal appointment of keepers of the peace, a position transformed in 1361 into Justices of the Peace.

Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate, serving until the age of 70. The judiciary is further divided into circuit and speciality courts, magistrate courts and justices of the peace. The judicial system is a blend of common law, based on Anglo-American law, and customary law. An informal system of traditional courts still exists within the rural areas of the country, with trial by ordeal remaining common despite being officially outlawed.

The Act of 1578 transferred power from the Justices of the Peace to church officials in the area of collecting the new taxes for the relief of poverty established in the Act of 1572. In addition, this Act of 1578 also extended the power of the church by stating that "…vagrants were to be summarily whipped and returned to their place of settlement by parish constables." By eliminating the need for the involvement of the Justices, law enforcement was streamlined.

He was regarded as a law reporter of considerable note "and of almost incredible industry". Many of his case reports were published as Reports in the court of queen's bench...from the 12th to the 30th year of the reign of Charles II (1685). More than 150 handwritten folios and quartos of case reports were left unpublished at his death. His other writings included An Explanation of the Laws against Recusants (1681), and An Assistance to Justices of the Peace (1683).

Except as otherwise provided for by law, District Courts act as appellate courts for inferior courts, and must hear cases de novo.Montana Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 5, Part 3, §303. Justices of the Peace Courts are not "courts of record", which is why District Courts must try "the matter anew, the same as if it had not been heard before and as if no decision had been previously rendered." Appeals from City CourtsMontana Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 11, Part 1, §110.

See Jacob Piatt Dunn (1910), Greater Indianapolis: The History, the Industries, the Institutions, and the People of a City of Homes, Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, v. I, p. 219, and Berry R. Sulgrove (1884), History of Indianapolis and Marion County Indiana, Philadelphia: L. H. Everts and Company, pp. 303–4. Enforcement of town ordinances and fire protection were also early concerns for residents. Indianapolis's first two justices of the peace were appointed in 1821 and its first jail was built in 1822.

The Supreme Tribunal of Lithuania () was the highest court in interwar Lithuania. Officially established in December 1918, the court held its first proceedings in August 1919. Initially, it served as an appeals court for cases first decided by the district courts. Its competency was steadily expanded to encompass cases referred from the Army Court in July 1919, cassation cases from the justices of the peace in June 1921, cases from the Klaipėda Region (Memelland) in 1923, and certain functions of an administrative court.

The office of coroner in Tasmania derives from the legal framework inherited from the United Kingdom. The first Governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip, was a coroner by virtue of his commission as governor. Similarly, Lieutenant Governors of Van Diemen's Land, which subsequently became the state of Tasmania, also had similar powers. The lieutenant governor's commission also entitled him to appoint others as coroners as required, and this was most likely to have been to justices of the peace.

Interior of St Peter's, London Docks. Memorial, Church of St James, Twickenham He was the son of John George Henry Pownall (1792-1880), a magistrate, landed proprietor and philanthropist, and his wife Amelia Sophia Pownall (née Waterhouse). He was educated at Stanmore and Rugby, before being articled to the architect Samuel Daukes. He was the County Surveyor for Middlesex, for about 45 years, first under the Justices of the Peace and then, from 1888, under the newly established County Council.

In the 1587 report on Sussex justices of the peace Bishopp was a "young man" who was a "good justice". He was appointed High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex for 1584–85 and 1601–02. He bought the Parham House estate, Sussex in 1597 and was invested by King James I as a knight on 7 May 1603 at Theobalds House,J.B. Nichols, 1828 The Progresses, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities, of King James the First, Volume 4, published 1828 p.

At least some of its proponents hoped that the experience of incarceration would rehabilitate workhouse residents through hard labor. Supporters expressed the belief that forced abstinence from "idleness" would make vagrants into productive citizens. Other supporters argued that the threat of the workhouse would deter vagrancy, and that inmate labor could provide a means of support for the workhouse itself. Governance of these institutions was controlled by written regulations promulgated by local authorities, and local justices of the peace monitored compliance.

George J. Whelan (birth and death dates unknown) served as the eighth Mayor of San Francisco in from July 8 to November 15, 1856. He had been a lawyer and before serving as mayor. He actually was chosen mayor by justices of the peace who were acting as the County Board of Supervisors. His brief term was marred by the vigilance movement, Chinese immigration issues, collecting back taxes from the city's most prominent citizens of the day, and uncooperative elected officials.

All administrative issues pertaining to roads fell to justices of the peace. The Roads Act of 1796 allowed the justices to oversee approval and denial of road construction and funding for roads. Landowners and farmers were often pressured to pay for the construction of streets. Road inspectors like Montreal's first mayor Jacques Viger were appointed: their responsibilities were to make sure that roads like Sainte-Catherine Street were draining properly, the roads were level, aligned properly and were adequately paved.

The new law made divorce a civil affair of the courts, rather than a Church matter, with a new civil court in London handling all cases. The process was still quite expensive, at about £40, but now became feasible for the middle class. A woman who obtained a judicial separation took the status of a feme sole, with full control of her own civil rights. Additional amendments came in 1878, which allowed for separations handled by local justices of the peace.

Mathews was appointed a justice of the peace for the colonies of Queensland and South Australia in 1875 and for New South Wales in 1883. This allowed him to serve as a magistrate in local courts. He did this regularly after he moved to Singleton where he also served as district coroner. This experience inspired his first publication, Handbook to Magisterial Inquiries in New South Wales: Being a Practical Guide for Justices of the Peace in Holding Inquiries in Lieu of Inquests (1888).

The lowest courts in the Isle of Man are the summary courts, Coroner of Inquests, Licensing Court, Land Court, etc. These courts are presided over by magistrates. There are two stipendiary magistrates, the High Bailiff and the Deputy High Bailiff, along with lay justices of the peace. The superior court of the Isle of Man is the High Court of Justice of the Isle of Man, consisting of a Civil Division and an appeal division, called the Staff of Government Division.

Yell County Eastern District Courthouse in Dardanelle The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission.

Courtroom interior at the Newton County Courthouse The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission.

Avery declined, but did send a friend outside to try to placate the crowd. The men eventually left when the steamship signaled its return to Fall River. In Bristol, an inquest was convened, in which two Justices of the Peace found there to be insufficient evidence to try Avery for the crime of murder. The people of Fall River were outraged, and there were rumors that one of the justices was a Methodist, and was looking to quell the scandal.

Active in politics as a Democrat, Bolin was elected constable of West Phoenix Precinct in 1938. From 1943 until 1948, he was the West Phoenix Precinct's justice of the peace. While serving as a justice, Bolin was one of the organizers of the Arizona Justices of the Peace and Constables Association. Bolin served as Arizona's secretary of state for a total of 28 years, 9 months, 18 days (or 10,518 days), and remains the longest-serving secretary of state in Arizona history.

52 Justices of the Peace were allowed to license beggars if there were too many for the parish to provide for. Any unlicensed vagabonds were to be whipped and burned through the ear.Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782, p. 60 It further provided that any surplus funds could be used to “place and settle to work the rogues and vagabonds.” Combined with the Poor Act 1575, the 1572 act formed the basis for the subsequent Elizabethan Poor Laws.

In 1552 Edward VI's Parliament passed an Act to regulate trade, saying in the preamble, as so often, that previous laws had proved inadequate (5&6 Edward VI c. 12)iii. The Act excluded from the penalties it imposed the purchase and sale "in open Fair or Market" of "corn, Fish, Butter or Cheese, by any such badger, Lader, Kidder, or Carrier" as was granted a licence by three Justices of the Peace from the County in which he dwelt.

He was a member of the board of governors of the Yuk Choy school in Ipoh which began Standard 5 and 6 classes in 1908.SCHOOL OF THE COMMUNITY: THE ROLE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMJK YUK CHOY IPOH by Foo Ho Loke, Ex-Principal (1998–1999), published in 1999.School Tablets, Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan Yuk Choy, Ipoh He was made a Justice of the Peace in 1917.The Straits Times, 4 April 1917, Page 10 -- JUSTICES of the Peace.

Location of Fincastle, Virginia The western county of Augusta in Virginia could no longer serve the needs of the pioneers along the New River, and the county of Botetourt was created in 1769.Kegley, Early Adventurers, 1:91. Trigg was appointed one of its first justices of the peace, presiding over misdemeanors and other civil cases. From 1770 to 1771, he served as magistrate, Justice of the County Court in Chancery and a Justice of Oyer and Terminer, which was a criminal court.

The County Asylums Act 1808 formed mental health law in England and Wales from 1808 to 1845. Notably, the Asylums Act established public mental asylums in Britain. It permitted, but did not compel, Justices of the Peace to provide establishments for the care of pauper lunatics, so that they could be removed from workhouses and prisons. The Act is also known as Mr. Wynn's Act, after Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn, a Welsh member of parliament for Montgomeryshire, who promoted the act.

Millicent Preston-Stanley (9 September 1883 – 23 June 1955) was an Australian feminist, and politician who was the first female member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. In 1925 she became the second woman to enter government in Australia. She was also among the first women in New South Wales to become Justices of the Peace and served as president of the Women Justices Association from 1923 to 1926. Throughout her life she advocated for women's rights, health reform, and temperance.

She also alleged that Hugh empanelled a biased jury when the matter came before the justices of the peace and that Thomas Berkeley prevented her from suing and still threatened her. Agnes requested the Commons to ask the King that she might be able to sue her appeal against the men concerned. The final outcome of this case is not known. Hugh Boyvyle of Ridlington was one of the two Members of Parliament for Rutland in 1439-40 and 1447.

Some parishes, many in the metropolitan area of London, were able to avoid amalgamation into unions because of earlier local acts that regulated their poor law administration. The Metropolitan Poor Act 1867 allowed the Poor Law Board to include these parishes in unions.Poverty and Poor Law Reform in Nineteenth-Century Britain, 1834–1914, David Englander (2013) Until 1894 the guardians consisted of justices of the peace along with other members elected by rate-payers, with higher rate-payers having more votes.

Wanting to make the British military and governmental presence more visible, Douglas appointed justices of the peace and also revised the slapdash mining rules which had emerged along the river. Troops to maintain order, however, were still in short supply. Competition and interracial tensions between European Americans and non-white miners erupted on Christmas Eve 1858, with the beating of Isaac Dixon, a freed American black. He was the town barber and in later years was a popular journalist in the Cariboo.

The lowest courts in the Isle of Man are presided over by the High Bailiff and the Deputy High Bailiff, along with lay Justices of the Peace. The High Court of Justice consists of three civil divisions and is presided over by a Deemster. Appeals are dealt with by the Staff of Government Division with final appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. The head of the Judiciary is the First Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls.

The debating societies gradually returned until late 1795, when the Two Acts were passed by the British parliament. The Treason Act and the Seditious Meeting Act required any meeting where money was taken to be licensed by two Justices of the Peace. The acts restricted public meetings to fifty persons, allowed licenses to be revoked at any time, and invoked much stiffer penalties for any anti-monarchist sentiment.McCalman "Ultra-Radicalism and Convivial Debating-Clubs in London, 1795-1838," 311; Thale, "London Debating Societies in the 1790s," 71.

There is no differentiation between being a barrister or a solicitor; the private practitioners being called legal practitioners. The Legal Practitioners Ordinance defines who can hold themselves out as being a legal practitioner and therefore have rights of audience before the Falkland Islands courts. Only the Chief Justice of the Falkland Islands can prohibit a legal practitioner from practising. In the court system on the islands, there is a panel of Justices of the Peace (JPs) who sit in the Summary Court, which has no jury.

This section takes in account the third power of the state, the judiciary (146 - 163 articles). Its autonomy from the legislative and executive is affirmed, and it is exercised by the Supreme Court, the Courts of Appeals, tribunals and Justices of the Peace. The highest jurisdiction is the Supreme Court, composed of 16 members. Of these, the President nominates the President of the court and 6 judges, 5 by the President of the National Assembly and the remaining 4 by the President of the Senate.

This allowed Nicholson to become better connected with other people of power and influence during the early years when the Port Phillip District was just forming. In 1848 Superintendent La Trobe requested Nicholson, in an arrangement that would be shared with Thomas Manifold and Henry Foster, to become justices of the peace. Warrnambool was relatively young and thus needed those who had more influence in the Magistrates' Court at Belfast (Port Fairy). Furthermore, a bishop named knew Foster and Nicholson to be prominent churchmen.

Their actions probably included destroying the new Maud Foster sluice. The Adventurers petitioned the House of Lords, but were unsuccessful in the House of Commons, where they were opposed by the Commoners. The House of Commons ruled that the Justices of the Peace should prevent and suppress riots, but did not take sides with either party. Legal action followed, which the Commoners won, with the result that the Court of Sewers were again responsible for drainage matters, but the ditches and sluices remained ruined for many year.

The Civil Court consists of the civil chambers of the Court of First Instance. Each civil chamber consist of one or of three judges. The Civil Court deals in first instance with civil cases that exceed the competences of the justice of the peace, but it also hears appeals against decisions of justices of the peace in civil cases if the amount involved exceeds 1,240 euro. If the amount involved doesn't exceed this amount, no appeal against the decision of the justice of the peace is possible.

Within the Scottish legal system justices of the peace are lay magistrates who currently sit in the justice of the peace courts. These courts were introduced in 2009 as a replacement for the district courts (established in 1975), which in turn replaced burgh police courts. Justices sit alone or in threes with a qualified legal assessor as convener or clerk of court. They handle many cases of breaches of the peace – drunkenness, minor assaults, petty theft, and offences under the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982.

In India, justices of the peace do exist, but they no longer occupy a prominent post. One of the famous justices in India was Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara. Maharaja Prabirendra Mohan Tagore son of Maharaja Sir Prodyut Kumar Tagore KCSI of Calcutta was designated Justice of the Peace in 1932. He played a great part in saving more than 200 Muslim lives during the infamous riots in 1947 during the partition of India, by sheltering the Muslims in the Calcutta locality and most importantly in his palace itself.

He was a distinguished speaker also at the College Historical Society. Walsh was called to the Irish Bar in 1839, and graduated LL.D. in his University in 1845. He published, in collaboration with Richard Nun, Q.C., a work on The Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace in Ireland, which was long a standard text-book on this subject. He was a reporter in the Court of Chancery from 1843 to 1852; was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1857, and Crown Prosecutor for Dublin in 1859.

Upon payment of the toll, the pike would be "turned" to one side to allow travellers through. Most English gates were not built to this standard; of the first three gates, two were found to be easily avoided. The early turnpikes were administered directly by the justices of the peace in quarter sessions. The first trusts were established by Parliament through an Act of Parliament in 1706, placing a section of the London-Coventry-Chester road in the hands of a group of trustees.

This greatly pleased the visiting Justices of the Peace as it reduced the long term cost of keeping each patient. Under the third superintendent John Conolly the institution became famous as the first large asylum to dispense with all mechanical restraints. The asylum is next to the village of Hanwell but parochially was in Southall (officially in the 1830s the northern precinct (chapelry) of Norwood). It is about 8 miles or 13 km west of Central London and 6 miles (10 km) south-east of Uxbridge.

In addition, the Caymans had been ceded as part of Jamaica to England from Spain in the 1670 Treaty of Madrid. They were formally attached to Jamaica in 1863 and were rather like a parish of Jamaica with nominated justices of the peace and elected vestrymen in their legislature (named the Justices and Vestry). The Justices and Vestry assisted a Commissioner appointed by the Governor of Jamaica to administer the islands. All laws passed in the Caymans had to be approved by the Governor of Jamaica.

The Fish and Game Board hired its first state game warden, R.A. Wagner, in July 1898. Hunting and fishing licenses were imposed on out-of-state residents in 1901. The funds from sale of licenses and fines imposed on violators partially funded the state's court system, and in its first year more than 300 justices of the peace were supported by the law. The Fish and Game commissioners recommended the establishment of a Fish and Game Department, and the legislature created this agency on April 1, 1901.

In Canada, the Riot Act has been incorporated in a modified form into the Criminal Code, a federal statute. Sections 32 and 33 of the Code deal with the power of police officers to suppress riots. The Code defines a riot as an "unlawful assembly" that has "begun to disturb the peace tumultuously". When twelve or more persons are "unlawfully and riotously assembled together", the proclamation can be read by a number of public officials, such as justices of the peace, provincial court judges, mayors, and sheriffs.

Montana became a state in 1889. A state constitution was drafted in 1884, which established a system of courts: A supreme court, district courts, county courts, justices of the peace, and municipal courts such as the legislature might see fit to create. Four judicial districts were created, each with a district court. National politics delayed Montana's statehood, however, in part because a significant number of other territories (Arizona Territory, Dakota Territory, Idaho Territory, New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Washington Territory, and Wyoming Territory) were all seeking statehood.

In June 1921, the competency of the tribunal was expanded to act as a court of cassation for cases decided by the justices of the peace and appealed to the district courts. After the Klaipėda Region (Memelland) was incorporated as an autonomous region of Lithuania in 1923, the tribunal was tasked with handling the cases from the region. However, they needed to be presided by a majority of judges who were selected from of the Klaipėda magistrate and who received lifetime appointments from the President of Lithuania.

From the sixteenth century, the central government became increasingly involved in local affairs. The feud was limited and regulated, local taxation became much more intrusive and from 1607 regular, local commissions of Justices of the Peace on the English model were established to deal with petty crimes and infractions.J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470-1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), , pp. 162-3. Greater control was exerted over the lawless Borders through a joint commission with the English set up in 1587.

238 A new penal code and a greatly simplified system of civil and criminal procedure also came into operation.Wallace, "Alexander II" (1910) pp. 559–61. Reorganisation of the judiciary occurred to include trial in open court, with judges appointed for life, a jury system and the creation of justices of the peace to deal with minor offences at local level. Legal historian Sir Henry Maine credited Alexander II with the first great attempt since the time of Grotius to codify and humanise the usages of war.

The debate between Cosyn and the Chapter continued on, and the end result seems to be that Cosyn won the liberty to perform the King's business, though he had to maintain residency at Wells for six months of the year.Ibid, No. 287. Despite ongoing tensions with his Chapter, Cosyn managed to perform his required duties as Dean, as well as perform additional offices, and properly respond to crown summons. The King appointed Cosyn as one of the Justices of the Peace for Somerset beginning in February 1506.

The California Constitution of 1849 laid the framework for the judicial system. In Solano County, prior to the establishment of the superior court, there was a County Court and Court of Sessions. The judicial officers, all of whom were elected to office, included the County Judge and the Justices of the Peace. The first County Judge was Joseph Winston (1850) and the last John M. Gregory (who served intermittently from 1873-1884). Solano’s first superior court judge Abraham Jay Buckles ascended to the bench in 1885.

Other historians have noted that the Praying Indian communities exercised self-government by electing their own rulers and officials. This system exhibited a degree of continuity with their pre-contact social system. While English-style offices, such as constables and Justices of the Peace were introduced, they were often designated with names identical to those of traditional Native American offices. The elected officials were often chosen from the ranks of the traditional tribal aristocracy; there were cases of native hereditary rulers remaining in power.

He sat on the Destitute Board for many years, and succeeded Mr. Reed as Chairman in March 1877. He was a great advocate of the boarding out system, and frequently travelled about the country to see that the foster-parents and guardians of the destitute children had proper regard for their welfare. He was one of the oldest Justices of the Peace in the colony, and succeeded Rupert Ingleby as Coroner. He was of the Jewish faith, but held broad-minded social and political views.

In 1862 the authorities arrested the Narodnik Nikolay Chernyshevsky, while other people associated with Herzen, including Afanasiev, came under suspicion. His flat was searched, and while nothing was revealed, he still lost his place at the Moscow Archives. After his dismissal he couldn't find a stable job for several years and had to sell his library to feed his family. After that he worked as a secretary at the Moscow City Duma and at the Moscow Congress of Justices of the Peace while continuing his ethnographical research.

From the sixteenth century, the central government became increasingly involved in local affairs. The feud was limited and regulated, local taxation became much more intrusive and from 1607 regular, local commissions of Justices of the Peace on the English model were established to deal with petty crimes and infractions.J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), , pp. 162–3. Greater control was exerted over the lawless Borders through a joint commission with the English set up in 1587.

Social tensions were evident in witch trials and the creation of a system of poor laws. Despite the aggrandisement of the crown and the increase in forms of taxation, revenues remained inadequate. The Privy Council and Parliament remained central to government, with changing compositions and importance before the Act of Union in 1707 saw their abolition. The growth of local government saw introduction of Justices of the Peace and Commissioners of Supply, while the law saw the increasing importance of royal authority and professionalisation.

Constables of a county police force were to have full powers within their county, which was to include for policing purposes any detached parts of other counties locally situate within it. Similar provisions were made in regard to sheriffs and justices of the peace. They had jurisdiction in all harbours, lochs and bays, and in burghs within the county, and in any adjoining county. Constables in Berwickshire, Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire were permitted to serve warrants in the counties of Cumberland and Northumberland across the English border.

Courtroom in the Northern District Courthouse in Stuttgart The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission.

The Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions is the equivalent of a Magistrates Court and deals with minor criminal, civil or regulatory matters. The Chief Magistrate of Norfolk Island is usually the current Chief Magistrate of the Australian Capital Territory. Three local Justices of the Peace have the powers of a Magistrate to deal with minor matters. The Supreme Court of Norfolk Island deals with more serious criminal offences, more complex civil matters, administration of deceased estates and federal laws as they apply to the Territory.

Professionally, Staveley practised law, serving as part of the Leicester Quorum of Justices of the peace, even through the changes of Charles II's reign. In 1662, he succeeded his father-in-law, as steward to Leicester Corporation. Samuel Carte favourably records his jurisprudence, recalling he "was strictly just, abhorring all manner of fraud or bribery in his practice of the law, was very rarely observed to be in a passion". Staveley's main interest was the antiquarian research of the history of his home county.

Prisoners would then be brought before local Justices of the Peace for trial. Punishments would usually be similar to community service such as clearing ditches, unblocking drains or removing rubbish. The Friends of Everton Park have included the lock-up in their Everton Park Heritage Trail with information boards displayed near the building. It is sometimes called Prince Rupert's Tower, though it was in fact erected 143 years after Prince Rupert's Royalist Army camped in the area during the English Civil War Siege of Liverpool in 1644.

Despite having been banned from entering and leading armed men into Exeter and holding assemblies, 500 men under John Courtenay entered the High Street on 8 April 1456. His rivals, Philip Courtenay and Lord Fitzwarin, were prevented from exercising commissions as Justices of the Peace, and were forced to leave the city. Butler, Bonville's patron, and Sir John Fortescue, Chief Justice, arrived with a large entourage to investigate under a commission of oyer et terminer. They rejected Courtenay's petition to have Bonville's sheriffdom of Devon removed.

Austin, DeWitt, Fayette, McLennan, and Navarro counties had but a single constable each, appointed by Gen. Edward R. S. Canby, head of the Fifth Military District, in 1868-69. Under the Constitution of 1869, a Reconstruction document that centralized many governmental functions, no constables were elected in Texas from 1869 to 1872, though some were appointed by justices of the peace. Many of these appointees lacked experience in handling violent offenders and access to secure jail facilities, and had few deputies to call upon for assistance.

An odd proviso to the post-ruling status was that, until a formal change of the provincial Solemnization of Marriage Act, the Minister of Justice still required the terms "husband and wife" to be used by Justices of the Peace in any wedding. This stance by the Justice Department was categorized by some as heterosexist. Shortly afterwards, following warnings of further legal action by the couples' lawyer, the policy was changed to remove that requirement. The Solemnization of Marriage Act, however, wasn't modified to this effect.

It became one of the first modern Residential Schools in Canada, opened with the specific aim of assimilating Indigenous people into the society of the settlers. Battleford Industrial School was the first Residential School in Saskatchewan. The Northwest Territories Act of 1875 had a significant effect on the region. The Lieutenant Governor was granted the authority to create electoral districts, appoint Justices of the Peace, issue liquor permits, direct the disposition of the North West Mounted Police, and report on the proceedings in territorial courts.

List of reviews still available at Seven Days website He also wrote for Art New England. He was also one of the first Vermont Justices of the Peace to perform civil unions in 2000.New York Times July 2, 2000 article "In Vermont, Gay Couples Head for the Almost-Altar" Following his untimely death, a memorial tribute featuring many prominent Vermont artists, poets, and musicians was held on November 2, 2012, in the Unitarian Universalist Church in Burlington, Vermont, where his last remains are interred.

A petition to the Lord Lieutenant from the inhabitants described the incident: After examining 'creditable persons' the Justices of the Peace concluded that: As a result, the Crown issued a church brief that authorised the collection of £11,000 for the aid of the town. Churches from as far afield as Yorkshire contributed, and the collections enabled the further development of the port.Trump 1986, pp.5–6 This was the last invasion of England, and French Street with its museum is named in memory of the occasion.

Within little more than three weeks, the judge, eleven of the twelve jurors and eight justices of the peace, who had been exposed to the prisoners, died from an infection caught from the Portuguese. Ill himself, Drake tried to reach home but died in Crediton on 10 April 1586, and was buried two days later. For more than a year an epidemic of what was apparently typhus raged in Devonshire. Drake's son, John, inherited Ashe as well as the profits of the Newfoundland voyage.

In 2012, Guttenbeil-Likiliki strongly supported land reform proposals for the progress of equality in Tongan society. Recalling that in its history, Tonga has had only 4 women elected to govern since the 1950s political representation and participation in governance are critical areas where change is needed to Guttenbeil-Likiliki. In 2014, Tonga appointed the first ever justices of the peace. Guttenbeil-Likiliki was one of the initial 19 people selected as justice of the peace and she represents her home district of Tongatapu.

When Mecklenburg County was created in 1762, Alexander was appointed as one of the county's first justices of the peace. That same year he became an officer in the local militia. In 1768 he was among the trustees who founded the town of Charlotte, and the following year he was elected to the North Carolina General Assembly. Before the American Revolution, the Scots-Irish of North Carolina were generally supportive of the British royal governors of the province, which often put them at odds with other colonists.

President Jefferson refused to deliver commissions to some of President Adams' confirmed D.C. justice of the peace nominees, like William Marbury (pictured). The D.C. justices of the peace were appointed by the President, in a number at his discretion, and confirmed by the Senate for five-year terms. A D.C. justice of the peace had jurisdiction over "all matters, civil and criminal, and in whatever relates to the conservation of the peace" within their county.District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, § 11, 2 Stat. 103, 107.

Justices of the peace were authorized to "inflict whipping, imprisonment, and fine as high as 500 pounds of tobacco" and to hear civil cases with an amount in controversy up to $20.More, 7 U.S. at 167 (oral argument). One year after More, in Ex parte Burford (1806), the Marshall Court's first original habeas case, the Court granted a writ of habeas corpus to a prisoner subjected to preventive detention by the D.C. justices of the peace.Ex parte Burford, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 448 (1806).

Harman has been subject to literary analysis informed by Marx, Freud and Foucault, although it has been suggested these "appear to be fruitful sources of fertile error" (Beier). Harman was certainly not a neutral observer; he frequently makes explicit moral and social judgement about his subjects. These reflect a society in which sexual incontinence was subject to penalties in the local manor courts, the church courts and by Justices of the Peace in Quarter Sessions. It was also a society in ferment over the appropriate response to the increasing number of "masterless men".

Justices of the Peace were reluctant to apply the full penalty.R.O. Bucholz, Newton Key, Early modern England, 1485–1714, p. 176 In 1552, Edward VI passed a Poor Act which designated a position of "Collector of Alms" in each parish and created a register of licensed poor. Under the assumption that parish collections would now relieve all poor, begging was completely prohibited.Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782, pp. 59–60 The government of Elizabeth I, Edward VI's successor after Mary I, was also inclined to severity.

Early in her reign, Elizabeth I also passed laws directly aimed at providing relief for the poor. For example, in 1563, her Act for the Relief of the Poor required all parish residents with ability to contribute to poor collections.Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 51 Those who "of his or their forward willful mind shall obstinately refuse to give weekly to the relief of the poor according to his or their abilities" could be bound over to justices of the peace and fined £10.5 Eliz.

He was a close advisor to many of the governors of Newfoundland, most of whose tenure lasted only a few years. In 1750, the British government decided that justices of the peace in St John's could sit in judgment as "commissioners" over all cases except treason, although they could only do so if the governor was present in Newfoundland. Keen was the first such commissioner to be appointed. On 9 September 1754, Keen was attacked in his bed at his summer home when he awoke during a burglary.

Boston's elites were appalled by the increasingly rowdy festivities. One resident, complaining to a local newspaper in 1745, referred to the revelers as "rude and intoxicated Rabble, the very Dregs of the People, black and white", and urged the authorities to crack down. In 1748, the Justices of the Peace announced that "whereas sundry persons have heretofore gone about the streets ... armed wh. clubs & demanding money of ye inhabitants and breaking ye windows of ye who refuse it", they planned to send out constables to keep the peace.

While Calvin Pease was Judge of the Third Circuit, the Ohio Legislature passed a law that "justices of the peace should have jurisdiction in civil cases to the amount of $50, without the right of trial by jury." In Rutherford v. M'Fadden, Pease held that this was in conflict with the United States Constitution, which stated "in suits of common law when the value shall exceed $20, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved," and the State Constitution, which stated "the right of trial by jury shall be inviolate."Upton 1910, p.

The completed census forms were transcribed into the local enumerators' schedule. In England, the schedule was countersigned by a Superintendent Registrar. In Scotland, the civil registration of birth marriages, and death had not started, so the schedules were countersigned by a schoolmaster, or somebody with a similar status. The payment of the expenses for completing the census was delegated, in England, to the Justices of the Peace, who were to finance it through the poor rates, and in Scotland, to the Sheriff Deputies, or in Edinburgh or Glasgow, the Provost of the Royal Burghs.

The Madhouses Act 1774 created a Commission of the Royal College of Physicians with powers to grant licences to premises housing "lunatics" in London; Justices of the Peace were given these powers elsewhere in England and Wales. Failure to gain a licence resulted in a hefty fine. Admission to a "madhouse" required certification signed by a doctor, and lists of detained residents became available for public inspection. This Act was later considered ineffectual and was repealed by the Madhouses Act 1828, itself repealed shortly afterwards by the Madhouses Act 1832.

Statutory declarations must be made in a prescribed form and witnessed by a person as specified in the Statutory Declarations Regulations (1993). Prescribed witnesses include legal and medical practitioners, justices of the peace, notaries public, police officers, military officers, registered members of certain professional organisations (i.e. National Tax Accountant's Association and Institution of Engineers Australia), and certain other Commonwealth employees. Intentionally making a false statement as a statutory declaration is a crime equivalent to perjury, and punishable by fines and/or a prison sentence of up to four years.

By the end of April, only four plague deaths had been recorded, two in the parish of St. Giles, but total deaths per week had risen from around 290 to 398.Leasor (1962) pp. 46–50 There had been three official cases in April, a level of plague which in earlier years had not induced any official response, but the Privy Council now acted to introduce household quarantine. Justices of the Peace in Middlesex were instructed to investigate any suspected cases and to shut up the house if it was confirmed.

The first New Zealand Legislative Council, also known as the General Legislative Council, was established in 1841 when New Zealand was created as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales. The Legislative Council consisted of the governor, the colonial secretary, the colonial treasurer, and senior justices of the peace; all members were appointed. From 1848, there were additional provincial Legislative Councils for New Ulster and New Munster. The general Legislative Council had twelve sessions, and the first ten were held in Auckland while the last two were held in Wellington.

Two town justices are elected to four-year terms: one in odd numbered years; the other (due to a midterm death in 1997) in even numbered years. The town justices (formerly called justices of the peace) are the chief judicial officials of the town, and since 1963 no longer sit as members of the town board, as had previously been the case.Minutes of Town Board meetings, Office of the Town Clerk, Town of NewburghThe Encyclopedia of New York State (2005), Syracuse University Press, pages 1570-1571. Newburgh is one of twenty towns in Orange County.

Under the administration of the Sierra Leone Company, which began in 1792, the Governor and Council or any two members thereof, being also justices of the peace, held quarter sessions for the trial of offences committed within the colony. The process for indictment etc. was the same as the practice in England or as near as possible thereto. To effect this, they were empowered to issue their warrant or precept to the Sheriff, commanding him to summon a grand jury to sit at the court of quarter sessions.

In Canada, justices of the peace play a role in the administration of justice at the provincial level. Justices are generally appointed by the lieutenant governors of Canada's provinces, and by the commissioners of Canada's territories, on the advice of their relevant premier or Attorney General. Canada made the second (first was in South Australia a year earlier) appointment in the then British Empire of a woman as a magistrate, namely Emily Murphy, who was sworn in as a police magistrate in the Women's Court of the City of Edmonton (Alberta) on 19 June 1916.

In Quebec, there are two type of justices of the peace, administrative justice of the peace and presiding justice of the peace. Administrative justice of the peace are court officers appointed by the Minister of Justice, and perform duties such as receiving criminal informations and issuing warrants. Presiding justice of the peace are appointed by commission under the Great Seal, and can try some criminal matters and issue warrants. They are appointed from advocates of at least ten years' standing and serve full-time until the age of 70.

The court exercises exclusive jurisdiction over civil cases with claims of less than $5,000. It exercises jurisdiction concurrent with the Maryland Circuit Court in civil cases with an amount in controversy between $5,001 and $30,000. The District Court was created by a state constitutional amendment and came into existence in July 1971 to replace a "hodgepodge" system of local justices of the peace, magistrates, and People's Courts. Most appeals from District Court are heard by the Circuit Court, although some are heard by the Maryland Court of Special Appeals and the Maryland Court of Appeals.

Except as otherwise provided for by law, Montana District Courts act as appellate courts for inferior courts, and must hear cases de novo (as if no evidence or testimony had been heard).Montana Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 5, Part 3, §303. Justices of the Peace Courts are not "courts of record", which is why District Courts must try "the matter anew, the same as if it had not been heard before and as if no decision had been previously rendered." Appeals from City CourtsMontana Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 11, Part 1, §110.

She unsuccessfully ran for public office three times as an independent candidate: for Henty federally in 1922, Brighton at state level in 1928, and Martin federally in 1943. In 1927 she was one of the first female justices of the peace in Victoria. Glencross moved to Sydney in 1928 after her appointment to the Commonwealth Film Censorship Board, but the Scullin government did not reappoint her in 1929. She presided over the Good Film and Radio Vigilance League of New South Wales but was left financially insecure by her husband's death in 1930.

After determining the amount of funds needed to provide for the poor of each parish, Justices of the Peace were granted the authority to determine the amount of the donation from each parish's more wealthy property-owners. This Act finally turned these donations into what was effectively a local tax. In addition to creating these new imposed taxes, the Act of 1572 created a new set of punishments to inflict upon the population of vagabonds. These included being "bored through the ear" for a first offense and hanging for "persistent beggars".

The end of World War II opened new markets for ostrich leather and meat, and as a result the industry eventually recovered. In the 1940s, two justices of the peace, Ludolph Niepoth Jr. and John O'Connell, were appointed for the Olifants and Grobbelaars rivers, respectively. However, this only relieved the most pressing judicial concerns, and the government was consequently forced to create a local government authority. The production of specialised agricultural seed is the biggest contributor to the region's wealth today, but ostrich farming remains an important business.

It had only a tenuous control over the Sections, which began practicing the direct democracy of Rousseau. "Passive" citizens were admitted to meetings, justices of the peace and police officers dismissed and the assemblée générale of the Section became, in some cases, a "people's court", while a new comité de surveillance hunted down counter-revolutionaries. For the Parisian nobility, it was 10 August 1792 rather than 14 July 1789 that marked the end of the ancien régime. The victors of 10 August were concerned with establishing their dictatorship.

Sylvester Davis, the first settler in the township, came to section 20 in the spring of 1855 and built a more permanent dwelling later that fall. The township was officially organized in 1858 and called "Brooklyn." At the first meeting of the township, the people elected a chairman, two supervisors, a clerk, two justices of the peace, a collector, a constable an assessor, a road supervisor and an overseer of the poor. In 1862 the state legislature told the township to change its name because another town had prior claim to it.

Some other acts of juftice have beene done, which give men some hopes, that reformation may be wrought, some dissatisfyed juftices are resolved to give us assiftance, and we are not without hopes, that magistrates shal be a terrour to evill doers, and a prayfe to them that doe well.Thurloe Papers, Volume 4, p. 413. There was indeed a slightly larger attendance by the justices of the peace at the January quarter sessions—15, compared with 12 in October, although there had been only 4 the previous January.

The county sheriffs were assisted in their work by precinct Constables, who served papers for the courts of justices of the peace, and by city marshals (for first and second class cities) and their associated policemen. Little of the duties of Lincoln County sheriffs involved investigating murder. There were only 20 recorded murders in the county between 1868 and 1910, and most required little investigation. For example, when Michael Fillion shot Thomas Grimes in 1875, no investigation at all was required, because Fillion walked into sheriff Alex Struthers' office and surrendered himself.

The provisional council appointed an Apportionment Committee which was to liaise with the London County Council over the division of properties and responsibilities between the two bodies. It was decided to seek the retention of Middlesex Guildhall, Westminster, as the headquarters of the county council. The justices of the peace for Middlesex met to consider county business for the last time on 28 March 1889 at the Sessions House, Clerkenwell. The Sessions House duly passed to the London County Council, and Middlesex County Council came into official existence on 1 April 1889.

George Cecil Westropp Bennett (1877 – 20 June 1963) was an Irish Catholic Cumann na nGaedheal and Fine Gael politician from 1927 to 1951. He was born in Ballymurphy, his father's estate in County Limerick in 1877. He was the second son of Captain Thomas Westropp Bennett, a British Army officer and a scion of an old Limerick family of Protestant Irish Gentry, a class known in history as Anglo-Irish. His forebears has been landowners in Co Limerick since the 1650s, active in local politics as Justices of the Peace and Freemen of Limerick.

Justice of the Peace (; JP) is a title of honour given by the Government to community leaders, and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices. Official Justices of the Peace () is usually refer to those who is both a government official and a Justice of the Peace. The others may be referred as Non-Official Justice of the Peace (). For a person who is related to the New Territories, the Chief Secretary for Administration may appoint him/her as a New Territories Justice of the Peace ().

As in most of New England, Vermont counties have very few autonomous functions. Counties serve mainly as dividing lines for county and state courts, with several countywide elected officers such as a State's Attorney, two Assistant Judges, Probate Judge, Sheriff, and High Bailiff, and five to fifteen Justices of the Peace elected from each municipality within the county. All county services are directly funded by the state via property taxes levied within the constituent towns. Unlike other states, Vermont counties are not responsible for a road network, old-age homes, or other infrastructure or services.

At the end of a week-long depositions hearing during May 2008 in the Dunedin High Court, Weatherston pleaded not guilty and was committed for trial by two justices of the peace. The trial moved to the Christchurch High Court for suppressed reasons, and was scheduled to start on 22 June 2009. Weatherston was represented by Judith Ablett-Kerr QC, who argued a defence of provocation. The knife used in the attack came from Weatherston's kitchen; the defence stated he carried it concealed all the time for self-defence.

The rank of Commissioner was created by the Metropolitan Police Act 1829; until 1855, the post was held jointly by two officers, but after the Metropolitan Police Act 1856 it was merged into a single post. The Commissioners were Justices of the Peace and not sworn constables until 1 April 1974.section 1(9)(a) of the Administration of Justice Act 1973 (as in para 10, Schedule 1 to the Act), which came into force 1 April 1974 by section 20 (commencement). The title Commissioner was not used until 1839.

Samuel proved his loyalties by serving as the Surgeon for the 2nd Worcester County Regiment of Foot (soldiers)when they marched to defend Tiverton, Rhode Island. Dr Willard, along with Reverend Hezekiah Chapman, were leaders of the Worcester County Convention that provided the justification of Daniel Shay's Rebellion.Both Willard and Chapman were listed as fugitives during the conflict but were not know to have been combatants. Willard spent that time in Smithfield, Rhode Island, where attempts to arrest him by the Worcester County sheriff were rebuffed by the local Justices of the Peace.

The remaining rural territory within the district belonged either to Alexandria County D.C. (district land west of the Potomac outside the City of Alexandria, formerly in Virginia) or to Washington County, D.C. (the unincorporated east side, formerly in Maryland, plus islands and riverbed). Both counties operated with boards of commissioners for county- level government functions. Both counties were governed by levy courts made of providentially appointed Justices of the Peace. Prior to 1812, the levy courts had a number of members defined by the President, but after that Washington County had 7 members.

Also in 1730 he carried a bill which resulted in the release of about 10,000 insolvent debtors. He supported a place bill on 17 February 1731. In 1732 Bramston was responsible for an Act requiring a land qualification for Justices of the Peace, after complaints that several JPs had no fortunes, and some were not able to write or read. In 1733 he carried a motion to change the process for repairing high roads to one that was fairer for the labourers but the bill which he introduced was lost on its third reading.

Burn's Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, first published in 1755, was for many years the standard authority on the law relating to justices of the peace. It has passed through some 30 editions, half of which appeared after Burn's death. His Ecclesiastical Law (1760), a work of much research, was the foundation upon which were built many modern commentaries on ecclesiastical law. Burn's other publications include: Digest of the Militia Laws (1760), History of the Poor Laws: with observations (1764), and A New Law Dictionary (2 vols.

The quarter sessions in each county were made up of two or more justices of the peace, presided over by a chairman, who sat with a jury. County boroughs entitled to their own quarter sessions had a single recorder instead of a bench of justices. Every court of quarter sessions had a clerk called the clerk of the peace. For county quarter sessions, this person was appointed by the custos rotulorum of the county – the justice of the peace for the county charged with custody of its rolls and records.

The position of judge advocate was an important role in the colony, although not as important as the governor’s secretary. The judge advocate presided with four military officers in the Court of Criminal Jurisdiction which decided all capital offences in the colony. The judge advocate presided with two justices of the peace in the Court of Civil Jurisdiction which dealt with civil matters in the colony. The judge advocate was also commissioned as a justice of the peace, and would sit with other justices to constitute Courts of Petty Sessions.

"Sudden Death Calls Pioneer Loved By All/John T. Struble in Eighty-Ninth Year, Answers Summons at Country Home/End Comes at Eventide/Without Warning Beloved Citizen Is Stricken; Long and Useful Life Ends," Iowa City Daily Press (Iowa City IA, 11/28/1916), p. 1. The History of Johnson County, 1836-1882, p. 691 lists W.W. Thompson and J. T. Struble as the two justices of the Peace elected in Scott Township as of 1882. Under the governing state statutes, J.P.'s were county officers elected by the respective townships to two year terms.

I believe, this was the first instance of a political walk-out from the Indian Legislatures, which have become so ludicrously common nowadays. Pherozeshah was always returned to the Corporation from the constituency of Justices of the Peace, who were entitled to return sixteen corporators to the Municipality. The caucus put up sixteen candidates; and vigorous canvassing was made on their behalf by the caucus, so that all the caucus candidates may be elected, and Pherozeshah may be ousted. According to Setalvad, even Lowndes canvassed briskly for the caucus candidates in the Bombay Bar.

The Book of Orders, distributed to Justices of the Peace by King Charles I of England on 31 January 1631, has been regarded as the "centre-piece of Charles I's policies towards the mass of his subjects during his personal rule", which lasted from 1629 until 1640. As described in its introduction, the purpose of The Book was to ensure "better administration of justice ... relief of the poor and ... reformation of disorders", greatly increasing the control of Charles' government over what had until then been largely local affairs handled by the local gentry.

The local shop is run by Gust and Millie Kerdoens. Although they are liberal, they must act neutral afraid to lose customers. The series starts when a camera team is making a documentary about the charming square which is to be broadcast on national television. The host of the show - Jan Matterne - introduces the inhabitants and shows its cultural attractions such as the church and the painting "De Rechtvaardige Vrederechters" (translated as The Righteous Justices of the Peace) in the law court where Aristide de Lesseweg runs a Justice of the peace.

The Council generally meets at noon on Wednesdays in its State House Chamber, next to the Governor's Office. Pursuant to the Massachusetts Constitution, the Governor may, in general and at his discretion, from time to time assemble the Council for the ordering and directing the affairs of the commonwealth. In addition, the Governor must seek the advice and consent of the Council with respect to nominations of judicial officers, appointment and removal of notaries public and justices of the peace,Massachusetts Constitution, Articles of Amendment, Arts. IV & XXXVII.

The town of Baldwin was founded by an act of the state legislature on April 7, 1856 from part of the town of Chemung. The first town meeting was held May 6, 1856 at the house of Daniel R. Harris, innkeeper. William H. Little was elected Town Supervisor, Johnson Little as Town Clerk, Daniel R. Harris as Commissioner of the Highways, and William R. Drake, William and Jeremiah McCumber as Justices of the Peace. In 1856 Baldwin was a small village; the 1860 census shows a population of 274.

Atherington Church, Devon, of Sir Arthur Basset (1541-1586) of Umberleigh and his wife Eleanor Chichester Atherington Church, Devon, of Sir Arthur Basset (1541-1586) shows arms of Basset impaling Chichester Bassett died of Gaol Fever in 1586 whilst serving in his judicial role at the notorious Lent Black Assize of Exeter from 14 March 1586. Eight other judges or Justices of the Peace also died of the same fever. In his will dated 18 October 1585 he asked to be buried "honestly and decently" beside his wife. He died before 7 April 1586.

In 1465, Edmund Starkie of Barnton near Northwich in Cheshire married Elizabeth de Simonstone the heiress of the land at Huntroyde. In 1578 Nicholas Starkie (born c.1566), son and heir of Edmund, the builder of Huntroyde married Anne Parr, the heiress of estates at Kempnough in Worsley and Cleworth Hall in Tyldesley that in 1596 was associated with witchcraft. His son John (1584–1665) inherited the estate in 1618 and went on to become one of the Chief Justices of the Peace in Lancashire and Sheriff of Lancaster.

In addition Wayne Hanby and James Hanby have both served as Justices of the Peace for New Castle County. The last Hanby to occupy the property, Albert T. Hanby (1881-1947), another son of Samuel, attended West Chester State College before getting his law degree from Penn Law School. Albert became a Philadelphia lawyer and left his farm at Hanby's Corner to be used for the good of "all the children in Delaware". He and his wife created a foundation in 1945 to protect the property from further development.

They are relatively widespread in England but only a handful are known in Wales, one being at Cadoxton, and the Ardwell stone is the only one documented in Scotland. Most stones mark the scene of crimes where the perpetrator was detected and brought to justice, but some mark unsolved killings. They seem to have been erected by prominent local people; religious leaders, landowners and justices of the peace are among those known to have commissioned murder stones. Their purpose varies with many simply commemorating the life of the victim.

With the decay of the feudal system and the military revolution of the 16th century, the militia began to become an important institution in English life. It was organised on the basis of the shire county, and was one of the responsibilities of the Lord Lieutenant, a royal official (usually a trusted nobleman). Each of the county hundreds was likewise the responsibility of a Deputy Lieutenant, who relayed orders to the justices of the peace or magistrates. Every parish furnished a quota of eligible men, whose names were recorded on muster rolls.

By the beginning of the 17th century, the population was beginning to rise due to the development of the coal industry near the town. By the 1630s there were more than 120 houses and huts in the area. The government of Elizabeth I had established royal representatives (Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, and Lords Lieutenant) in every county of Wales. Mold developed into the administrative centre for Flintshire. By the 1760s, the Quarter Sessions were based in the town; the county hall was established in 1833, and the county gaol in 1871.

The nobility of each governorate formed a corporation, the Noble Society (:ru:Дворянское общество), governed by the Assembly of Nobility with an elected Marshal of Nobility at its head. Each subdivision of a governorate (uyezd) also had its elected Marshal of Nobility. Besides the Assembly of Nobility, Marshals of Nobility also chaired several local boards including the council of Justices of the peace, local education boards, boards that administered drafting of the men into the army, etc. After creation of all-estate Zemstvo local self- government system, Marshals of Nobility presided over Zemstvo assemblies.

In the courts of Scotland, the office of stipendiary magistrate was established by Section 5 of the District Courts (Scotland) Act 1975, and was replaced by the office of summary sheriff by Section 218 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014. In Scotland, the lowest level of law-court, the Justice of the Peace Court, is presided over by a Justice of the Peace. Stipendiary magistrates are, ex officio, justices of the peace, and when sitting in a JP court had the summary criminal jurisdiction and powers of a sheriff.

Brome's play involves the sexual themes, generational conflicts, and the confidence tricks that are typical of his drama. Touchwood and Striker are two London neighbours, both justices of the peace; they maintain a vigorous and long-running quarrel. Their hostility is counterpointed by the affection of their heirs: Touchwood's son Sam and Striker's granddaughter Annabelle are in love. When Touchwood discovers this fact, he forbids their marriage, and insists that Sam inflict some serious injury on the Striker family to stay in his father's good graces (and his will).

The Monroe County Courthouse in Clarendon is the seat of county government The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission.

The territory within the federal district east of the Potomac formed the new County of Washington, which was governed by a levy court consisting of seven to eleven Justices of the Peace appointed by the President, and was governed by Maryland law as of 1801. The area west of the river became Alexandria County which was governed by Virginia law. In addition, Congress allowed the cities of Washington, Alexandria and Georgetown to each maintain their own municipal governments. In 1846 Alexandria County was returned by Congress to the state of Virginia.

Each area is divided into sectors, with boundaries matching those of local district or borough councils. There are a total of 14 sectors across the county, each commanded by an inspector or chief inspector. It was previously overseen by a police authority consisting of nine councillors, three justices of the peace and five independent members, but in common with other English and Welsh forces outside London is now responsible to a Police and Crime Commissioner. The current Suffolk Police and Crime Commissioner is Tim Passmore of the Conservative Party.

The government legislated to allow women to serve in the police force and as justices of the peace, while it also improved workers' access to the arbitration system and diminished the court's punitive powers against trade unions. A wheat pool was created, as were land and housing schemes for war veterans. However, the government also passed a law designed to close Lutheran primary schools. He resigned from the Labor Party in 1917 in support of Billy Hughes' proposal for conscription, and was a founding member of the National Labor Party in 1917.

The jougs at Duddingston Parish Church, ordered to be established for beggars and other offenders from 1593 From the sixteenth century, the central government became increasingly involved in local affairs. The feud was limited and regulated, local taxation became much more intrusive and from 1607 regular, local commissions of Justices of the Peace on the English model were established to deal with petty crimes and infractions.Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625, pp. 162–3. Greater control was exerted over the lawless Borders through a joint commission with the English, set up in 1587.

Hewlett practiced law in Boston from 1877 to 1880, then moved to Washington, DC. In 1883 he was admitted to the bar of the United States Court of Claims and the United States Supreme Court bar. In 1890 Hewlett was appointed a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia by President Benjamin Harrison. He was reappointed by presidents Cleveland, McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt for a total of sixteen years of service. Justices of the peace presided over a "poor man's court," with jurisdiction limited to civil cases involving less than $300.00.

Magistrate courts (; also called Justices of the Peace Courts) handle criminal cases where imprisonment is for less than three years such as petty hooliganism, public drunkenness, and serious traffic violations of a non-criminal nature, minor civil cases such as simple divorces, some property cases, disputes over land, and some labor cases, as well as some cases of administrative offenses and administrative cases. The magistrate courts were expected to hear two-thirds of all civil cases and close to 100,000 criminal cases. It consists of one magistrate or justice of the peace.

Kathleen Mary Butler, The Economics of Emancipation : Jamaica & Barbados, 1823-1843, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 20. Fearful of the response that conditional emancipation might elicit from former slaves, the colonial governments created police districts to maintain societal order. Within each district, were houses of correction and workhouses that were operated and supervised by the chief magistrate and five justices of the peace who were frequently planters. Freedpeople could be sent to labor in workhouses for failure to work on the plantations or breaking other duties specified in the Abolition Act.

At the Ministry of Justice he undertook various important measures such as renewal of prosecutors and justices of the peace and abolition of the Ministry of State and the office of the seal of titles. He prepared for the vote the law of 11 October 1830 that abolished the "sacrilege" law of 1825 which punished profaners of consecrated hosts with death. On 2 November 1830 Mérilhou replaced Victor de Broglie as Minister of Public Education in the cabinet of Jacques Laffitte. On 27 December he replaced Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure as Minister of Justice.

In the legal system of England and Wales, there is a history of involving lay people, namely people from the local community who are not required to hold any legal qualifications, in the judicial decision-making process of the courts. They are called justices of the peace or magistrates. These magistrates were termed "lay magistrates" to differentiate them from stipendary magistrates (now district judges). District judges sit alone to hear cases and are permanently employed by the Ministry of Justice (until May 2007, the Department for Constitutional Affairs).

The clerk's duty is to guide magistrates on questions of law, practice and procedure. This is set out in the Justices of the Peace Act (1979) s 28(3) which provides: Although the clerk can assist the magistrates in their decision-making (e.g. advising on the sentencing guidelines of higher courts, or on the admissibility of evidence), he/she should not participate in the factual decision-making process. Neither should he/she automatically accompany the magistrates when they retire to make their decisions, although they can be invited to join them.

Governor Tryon ordered Sampson to raise several hundred men from Duplin County in order to help. There was widespread fighting and civil disobedience: county justices of the peace, such as future state governor Alexander Martin, were attacked and flogged on the street by Regulators. The Regulator Rebellion forces outnumbered those of the colonial militia by a two to one ratio. Governor Tryon led an attack in what became known as the Battle of Alamance, which resulted in between 8-12 men killed and as many as 100 wounded.

The facilities at Lakeland Provincial Park were constructed in part by First Nation and Métis prison inmates. During the early 1990s the Government of Alberta was experimenting with changes to the criminal justice system that would bring more Métis and First Nation individuals into policing and legal roles, including judges and justices of the peace. Another component of this program included putting convicted First Nation and Métis inmates to work. An inmate camp was constructed at Lac La Biche, and prisoners were used to construct trails and facilities in the park.

The organization of the French judiciary was first addressed by the loi des 16 et 24 août 1790, (law of August 16 and 24 1790), which established the justices de paix, (justices of the peace), as well as the tribunaux de districts, (district tribunals). The justices and the tribunaux served in turn as courts of first instance, (première instance) and appeal courts, in rotation. The same law also provided for tribunaux de commerce, commercial tribunals. For criminal and penal matters, tribunaux criminels (criminal tribunals), which included a jury, were created.

They grew corn, cleared their own land, built sawmills and grist mills and rarely owned slaves. Their names are still found on local maps, attached to roads which wind through former fields: Rosser, McCurdy. These yeoman families gave DeKalb its first justices of the peace, doctors and ministers, as well as its soldiers in the Civil War. Armies of the North and South swept through this area in the summer of 1864 during the days of the Battle of Atlanta, fighting over the railroad lines going to the city.

The North Carolina justice of the peace was a court official that had existed at the county or district level in North Carolina since the colonial period of the Province of North Carolina. Originally, the Justices of the Peace had authority over the Magistrates Courts, which covered petty criminal offenses and some civil matters. They were appointed by the Governor of the Province. In 1741, they were given the authority to solemnize marriages in counties that did not have ministers or with the consent of the local minister.

In 1720 the first Act of Parliament to authorise improvements to the river was obtained by three gentlemen of Cheshire. The act was dated 23 March 1720 and authorised work between Frodsham bridge and Winsford bridge. Rates for tolls were set, which were to be reduced by 20 per cent once the cost of construction had been met, and profits were then to be used to maintain bridges and highways within Cheshire. Each year the Justices of the Peace were to meet to decide which structures should benefit from this source of revenue.

Throughout Norman England, the Saxon and Norman populations gradually mixed, and reeve came to be limited to shire- level courts (hence sheriff as a contraction of "shire-reeve"), while bailiff was used in relation to the lower courts. Primarily then, bailiff referred to the officer executing the decisions of manorial courts, and the hundred courts. Likewise, in Scotland a bailie was the chief officer of a barony (baron bailie), and in the Channel Islands they were the principal civil officers. With the introduction of justices of the peace (magistrates), magistrates' courts acquired their own bailiffs.

The Scottish form of this post is the bailie. Bailies served as burgh magistrates in the system of local government in Scotland before 1975 when the system of burghs and counties was replaced by a two-tier system of regional councils and district councils. The two-tier system was later replaced by a system of unitary authorities. Under the new arrangements the bailies were abolished and replaced by justices of the peace serving in the District Courts of Scotland, these posts no longer holding any authority within the local authority as an administrative body.

There was no actual magistrates court, and the reference to the court is usually a reference to the building. The Chief Magistrate, Deputy Chief Magistrates and other magistrates were appointed by the Administrator of the Northern Territory under the Magistrates Act (NT). Magistrates were called a stipendiary magistrate because they were paid a stipend or salary for performing their duties. The court could, in particular circumstances, also be constituted by one or two justices of the peace, however they were honorary appointments and they are not paid for their services.

The County Police Act 1839 gave the counties of England and Wales the opportunity to establish full-time police forces, headed by a Chief Constable who was appointed by the Justices of the Peace of the county. The first county to implement this was Wiltshire Constabulary, which appointed Meredith its first Chief Constable on 28 November 1839. Thirteen candidates were interviewed out of which four were short-listed for consideration by the Quarter Sessions. The four short-listed applicants were all military officers from the Army and Navy.

With control of the legislature, white Democrats passed Jim Crow laws establishing racial segregation in public facilities and transportation. African Americans worked for more than 60 years to regain full power to exercise the suffrage and other constitutional rights of citizens. Without the ability to vote, they were excluded from juries and lost all chance at local offices: sheriffs, justices of the peace, jurors, county commissioners and school board members, which were the active site of government around the start of the 20th century.Klarman (2006), From Jim Crow to Civil Rights, p.

In July 1859 at a general Council meeting in Rama, Catherine was appointed to go to England on the Nawash Band's behalf just as her Uncle Peter Jones had done 22 years before her., in , In order to raise funds for this mission, Catherine, who was expecting a child, left her home, her children and her husband. She was carrying letters of introduction from local ministers and Justices of the Peace in Owen Sound that showed her moral character 45. Off to New York she went on a speaking tour to promote Native Rights.

In the 1530s and into the 1540s many English monasteries were closed, reducing resources available to the poor, and in 1531 there was an order issued that justices of the peace could issue licences to those unable to work, making begging by persons able to work a crime. Sometimes men willing to work but unable to find work were lumped into the same category. Types of sturdy beggar included the Tom o'Bedlam, who would pretend to be mad and follow people around. People would give him money to go away.

Judicial officers of all the state's courts are subject to oversight by the Commission on Judicial Discipline.Nev. Const. art. 6, § 21 The Commission consists of members appointed by the Supreme Court, the Governor, and the Governors of the State Bar. The Commission can impose discipline up to and including removal from office, on grounds of willful misconduct, failure to perform the duties of the office, or habitual substance abuse.Nev. Rev. Stat. § 1.4653 Judges and justices (except for justices of the peace) are also subject to impeachment by the Nevada Legislature.Nev. Const. art.

The county sheriff is responsible for maintaining order in the district court, as well as serving and executing process and writs from the district and justice courts.Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 3.310, 248.090 to 248.130 District judges and justices of the peace may also appoint bailiffs or deputy marshals to ensure courtroom security.Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 3.310, 4.353 Some municipal courts also employ bailiffs or marshals. The constable is a township officer whose duties relate mainly to the justice court, including service of summonses and subpoenas, enforcement of evictions, and summoning of juries.Nev. Rev. Stat.

The Gortonites fought off the townsmen sent to take the cattle. Seeking a way to expel the Gortonites from Pawtuxet, Coles and three other original Pawtuxet settlers—William Arnold, William Carpenter, and Benedict Arnold—traveled to Boston in 1642 to petition the General Court to place their land under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Bay Colony. The General Court made Coles and the other three petitioners justices of the peace. The Gortonites moved south to Shawomet, out of the jurisdiction of the justices and Massachusetts Bay, where they purchased 90 square miles from the sachem Miantonomi.

The city's first charter empowered him to hold markets and a fair. It was his duty to appoint the sheriffs, the recorder and the justices of the peace and to hold a county court. Docwra was beginning to tire of life in Ireland, although he did not return to England until 1608. In 1606 he was bought out of his public offices by Sir George Paulet, whose relations with the Irish leaders of Ulster, and particularly the ruler of Inishowen, Sir Cahir O'Doherty, whose loyalty Docwra had sought to win, were far less amicable.

The Act provided that "there shall be appointed in each district" a "person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States in such district, who shall be sworn or affirmed to the faithful execution of his office, whose duty it shall be to prosecute in such district all delinquents for crimes and offences, cognizable under the authority of the United States."Judiciary Act of 1789, § 35, 1 Stat. 73, 92-93. The Act authorized judges, justices, justices of the peace, and magistrates to issue arrest warrants.

Overstreet is a member of Mount Zion Baptist Church in Amarillo, Texas and attends Windsor Village United Methodist Church. He is also a life member of both the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and Phi Beta Sigma fraternity He is also a member of Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity. He is a frequent lecturer and public speaker and has taught continuing legal educational classes statewide for Justices of the Peace, Constitutional County Judges, municipal court judges, local Bar Associations, the State Bar of Texas Advance Criminal Law Seminar, and the National Bar Association.

In all, four local residents, including two Justices of the Peace and members of the Culcairn Shire Council were interned in the Holsworthy Concentration Camp. Tellingly, the honour board at the Walla Walla Soldiers Memorial Hall describes the war as one against 'Prussian Militarism' rather than Germany. With the outbreak of the Second World War, tensions evident during the First World War did not take long to resurface. This time the attention of the authorities was directed toward the Lutheran pastors in the region, rather than its civic leaders.

I c.3 Additionally, the 1572 Vagabonds Act further enabled Justices of the Peace to survey and register the impotent poor, determine how much money was required for their relief, and then assess parish residents weekly for the appropriate amount.Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 52 Her 1575 Poor Act required towns to create "a competent stock of wool, hemp, flax, iron and other stuff" for the poor to work on and houses of correction for those who refused to work where recalcitrant or careless workers could be forced to work and punished accordingly.

Authority to administer the Act was given to the Lord Mayor and aldermen of the City of London and the justices of the peace for the counties of Middlesex, Surrey and Kent, the City and Liberty of Westminster and the Liberty of Her Majesty's Tower of London. The city corporation and the justices in quarter sessions were to divide their areas into districts, and to appoint district surveyors to superintend the Act. The office's headquarters were established at 6 Adelphi Terrace. The power of the district surveyors did not extend to certain buildings already under separate legislation.

Many towns did not maintain their own prisons, and as such the power of Justices in those towns to sentence someone to imprisonment had become questioned. To resolve doubts which had arisen on the matter, the Act declared that the justices of the peace of a liberty or corporation, on sentencing someone to be sent to a house of correction, could send them to the house of correction of the county in which the liberty or corporation was situated. The Act was repealed by section 44 of, and Schedule 4 to, the Criminal Justice Administration Act 1914 (c.58).

With the English Civil War under way, this trial was conducted not by justices of assize, but by justices of the peace presided over by the Earl of Warwick.Thomas 1971: p. 545 Four died in prison and nineteen were convicted and hanged. During this period, excepting Middlesex and chartered towns, no records show any person charged of witchcraft being sentenced to death other than by the judges of the assizes.Notestein 1911: p. 201 Hopkins and Stearne, accompanied by the women who performed the pricking, were soon travelling over eastern England, claiming to be officially commissioned by Parliament to uncover and prosecute witches.

The Constitution of the Year III (22 August 1795) began with the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and declared that "the Rights of Man in society are liberty, equality, security, and property". It guaranteed freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and freedom of labour, but forbade armed assemblies and even public meetings of political societies. Only individuals or public authorities could tender petitions. The judicial system was reformed, and judges were given short terms of office: two years for justices of the peace, five for judges of department tribunals.

Dudley was born in Cincinnati, Ohio and was educated at Lake Forest College in Evanston, Illinois and Chicago, where he majored in oral surgery.IMDB Biography In 1917 he appeared in his first film, Seven Keys to Baldpate, and then made three other silent films through 1921. After 1922 he worked consistently, appearing in three or four films a year, and making the transition to sound films in 1929 with The Bellamy Trial. Dudley often played characters with a quick temper, including jurors, shopkeepers, ticket agents, court clerks and justices of the peace, as well as an occasional farmer, hobo, or laborer.

The Norman Conquest introduced the feudal system, which quickly displaced the importance of the hundred as an administrative unit. With the focus on manorial courts for administration and minor justice, tithings came to be seen as subdivisions of a manor. The later break-down of the feudal system did not detract from this, as the introduction of Justices of the Peace lead to petty sessions displacing many of the administrative and judicial functions of the manorial courts. By the Reformation, civil parishes had replaced the manor as the most important local administrative concept, and tithings came to be seen as a parish subdivision.

He was also member of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce. In 1946, Watson was elected as the representative of the Unofficial Justices of the Peace to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. During his office as an unofficial member of the Legislative Council, he voted for the Inland Revenue Bill 1947 which was heavily being criticised by the unofficials who opposed to income tax. He also agreed on the Governor Alexander Grantham's modification on the Young Plan which abandoned the possibility of a municipal council but introducing elections into the Legislative Council, arguing that a municipal council should emerge by evolution.

The court records held at LMA are dominated by one of the finest collection of quarter session records known to exist in the country. The records of the Middlesex and Westminster sessions cover both the judicial and administrative functions of the justices of the peace covering the period 1549–1971. These include sessions of gaol delivery for the Middlesex area, held at the Old Bailey until 1834. Until the 1870s and 1880s, the Middlesex justices were not only responsible for judicial matters in their area, they were also responsible for many of the functions now under the control of local governments.

In 1930, inmate James Edward Spiers, serving a 10-year sentence for armed robbery, committed suicide in front of a group of Justices of the Peace who were there to witness his receiving 15 lashes, then a form of judicial corporal punishment. In 1951, Wandsworth was the holding prison for a national stock of the birch and the cat o' nine tails, implements for corporal punishment inflicted as a disciplinary penalty under the prison rules. PRO: HO 323/13. An example of a flogging with the "cat" carried out in Wandsworth Prison itself was reported in July 1954.

Harrison had to divide his time between Lancaster and designing and building Chester Castle's Shire Hall and Courts; work at Lancaster slowed, partly because of dwindling funds due to war with France, and Harrison was released from the work as the Justices of the Peace felt it was taking too long. The artist Robert Freebairn was paid £500 to paint twelve watercolours of the work in 1800 to be presented to the Duke of Lancaster, King George III. In 1802 the castle received more funding and Joseph Gandy was commissioned to complete the interiors of the Shire Hall and Crown Court.

The act allows two justices of the peace to swear in port police officers as "special constables" with jurisdiction within the limits of the harbour, dock, pier and premises of the port company, and within one mile of the same. Two justices may also dismiss such a constable. The act uses the term 'special constable'; at the time this act was passed 'special constable' meant any constable who was not a member of a territorial police force. Officers of approved port police forces were issued with the faithful service medal after the qualifying period of service.

James W. Nesmith, Supreme Judge from 1844 and 1845 The Provisional Government also included a judiciary. The forerunner of the Oregon Supreme Court consisted of a single Supreme Judge and two justices of the peace. The Supreme Judge was elected by the people, but the legislature could select someone as presiding judge as a replacement if needed. This Supreme Court had original and appellate jurisdiction over legal matters, whereas the lower probate court and justice courts that were also created could only hear original jurisdictional matters when the amount in controversy was less than $50 and did not involve land disputes.

The local government saw major reforms in Scotland by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, which gave Haddingtonshire a county council, replacing earlier functions of the Commissioners of Supply and local Justices of the Peace. In 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, Scotland's county councils were dissolved and a new system of regional and district councils was created. East Lothian District was created within the wider Lothian region. The district comprised the historic county of East Lothian plus the burgh of Musselburgh and the parish of Inveresk (which included Wallyford and Whitecraig) from the county of Midlothian.

A second constitutional convention was called for by the voters of Kentucky in 1799. The 1799 Constitution abolished the electoral college, allowing senators, representatives, the governor, and the newly created office of lieutenant governor to be directly elected. In addition to appointing judges, the governor was given the power to appoint a number of local offices including sheriffs, coroners, and justices of the peace. With all of these expansions in the governor's power, the 1799 Constitution also placed term limits on the governor, stipulating that a governor could not succeed himself in office for a period of seven years.

Hernández founded the newspaper El Río de la Plata, which advocated local autonomy, abolition of the conscripted "frontier contingents", and election of justices of the peace, military commanders, and school boards. He opposed immigration, because he believed it undermined the pastoral foundation of the region's wealth. He envisioned a federal republic based in pastoralism, but also featuring a strong system of education and a literate population. Although a federalist opposed to the centralizing, modernizing, and Europeanizing tendencies of Argentine president Domingo Sarmiento, Hernández was no apologist for General Juan Manuel de Rosas, whom he characterized as a tyrant and a despot.

The kirk became a major element of the system of poor relief, and justices of the peace were given responsibility for dealing with the issue. The 1574 poor law act was modelled on the English act passed two years earlier; it limited relief to the deserving poor of the old, sick and infirm, imposing draconian punishments on a long list of "masterful beggars", including jugglers, palmisters and unlicensed tutors. Parish deacons, elders or other overseers, and in the burghs bailies and provosts,O. P. Grell and A. Cunningham, Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe, 1500–1700 (London: Routledge, 1997), , p. 221.

The County Police Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict c 93) (also known as the Rural Police Act or the Rural Constabularies Act) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was one of the Police Acts 1839 to 1893.The Short Titles Act 1896, section 2(1) and Schedule 2 The Act enabled Justices of the Peace in England and Wales to establish police forces in their counties. The Act was not compulsory, and constabularies were only established in 25 out of 55 counties by 1856, when the County and Borough Police Act 1856 made their provision mandatory.

The office of coroner in Victoria derives from the legal framework inherited from the United Kingdom. The first Governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip, was a coroner by virtue of his commission as governor. The governor's commission entitled him to appoint coroners for the Colony of New South Wales, and this was most likely to have been to justices of the peace. Until the District of Port Phillip became the Colony of Victoria and separated from New South Wales in 1851, coroners would have been appointed under the authority of the New South Wales law.

The one conviction was a 1656 case of a man convicted of witchcraft and sentenced to 10 stripes and banishment from the county. There were no executions for witchcraft in Virginia. Nonetheless, as late as in 1736, Virginia's justices of the peace were reminded that witchcraft was still a crime, and that first offenders could expect to be pilloried and jailed for up to a year. In 1745, John Craig, a Presbyterian minister in Augusta County, made assertions of witchcraft after his child and several of his animals died, and was in response accused of using evil arts to divine who was responsible.

James O'Connor was born in Wexford, the third son of Michael O'Connor, the senior partner in a long- established solicitors' firm, and was educated at Blackrock College. He married Mary Keogh in 1897. He practised as a solicitor for a few years before being called to the Irish bar in 1900; he became King's Counsel in 1908. In 1911 he published a treatise on the powers and duties of justices of the peace in Ireland. (second edition 1915 ) On 20 May 1909 he was admitted to the Middle Temple, but withdrew a few years later without being called to the English bar.

Some were recaptured, facing deportation or imprisonment at Fort Beausejour (renamed Fort Cumberland) until 1763. Some Acadians became indentured servants in the British colonies. Massachusetts passed a law in November 1755 placing the Acadians under the custody of "justices of the peace and overseers of the poor"; Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Connecticut adopted similar laws. The Province of Virginia under Robert Dinwiddie initially agreed to resettle about one thousand Acadians who arrived in the colony but later ordered most deported to England, writing that the "French people" were "intestine enemies" that were "murdering and scalping our frontier Settlers".

The bar-mounted pump handle, with its changeable pump clip indicating the beer on offer remains a familiar and characteristic sight in most English pubs. Before the beer engine, beer was generally poured into jugs in the cellar or tap room and carried into the serving area. The Beerhouse Act 1830 enabled anyone to brew and sell beer, ale or cider, whether from a public house or their own homes, upon obtaining a moderately priced licence of just under £2 for beer and ale and £1 for cider, without recourse to obtaining them from justices of the peace, as was previously required.

It was introduced in Russian Empire in 1864 as part of the judicial reform of Alexander II. It was based on the British justice of the peace. It was replaced by other offices after the Russian Revolution but reintroduced formally in Russia by the 1996 Constitutional Law on the Judicial System. The regulations in the Russian Empire provided for establishment of local courts with justices of the peace to deal with minor offences, who could not impose sentence more than one year of imprisonment. Each justice of the peace was supposed to serve in a circuit one uyezd comprising several circuits.

Candidates for this office had to meet certain conditions: completed secondary school education and have with real estate of 15 000 rubles in rural districts, 6000 rubles in the capitals, and 3000 rubles in other towns. Most of justices were minor landowners.The justices were noble landowners but almost exclusively of very moderate means, and, even if they were elected by landowners, they were, according to Henri Jean Baptiste Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, prejudiced in favour of the poor mujik rather than the wealthy landlord. Zemstvos could sometimes elect justices of the peace without the property qualification only with a unanimous vote.

In all civil cases involving less than 30 rubles and in criminal cases punishable by no more than three days' arrest, his judgment was final. In other cases appeal can be made to the "assize of the peace" (mirovoy syezd), three or more justices of the peace meeting monthly (like the English quarter sessions), which acted as a court of appeal and a high court. From there, another appeal could be made on points of law or disputed procedure to the Governing Senate, which could send the case back for a retrial by an assize of the peace in another district.

The territory's supreme judicial power rested in three judges, each appointed by the President. The governor appointed court clerks, attorneys general and lower judicial offices, as well as justices of the peace. Along with their judicial powers, the judges could consult with the governor on new legislation, though the governor held final veto power over any proposed laws. To serve as a judge, an individual had to own at least of land in the territory. The judges appointed by President Washington in 1790 were John McNairy (1762-1837), David Campbell (1750-1812), and Joseph Anderson (1757-1837).

The arrival of businesses and the first families in 1868 brought some stability, for these residents wanted to transform the South Pass gold camps into permanent towns. Because Wyoming was a territory, all officials were appointed, including the governor, county commissioners, county attorneys, justices of the peace, and town constables. Wyoming legislators were aware of the discussion over woman suffrage, for many of them had moved from Midwestern states where the reform had been debated for several years. In 1867, even with enormous pressure from women activists and a huge national effort, Kansas legislators failed to pass a law giving women the vote.

200px Monmouth County, New Jersey is governed by a board of chosen freeholders, who choose a director from among themselves. Pursuant to legislation passed in 1709, freeholders sat with the justices of the peace as the Board of Justices and Freeholders; the presiding officer was then known as chairman. Chairmen of the Board of Justices and Freeholders are included here where records are still extant, as well as whether they were a justice or a freeholder.Minutes, Monmouth County Board of Chosen Freeholders Legislation passed in 1798 separated the freeholders and justices; at that time the Board of Chosen Freeholders was established.

Heading the list of surpliced clerics were the Reverends J. Wareing Bardsley MA vicar and Rural Dean of Huddersfield, and John Dunbar, vicar-designate of St Mark's, and the choir led by Mr Fowles. They were accompanied by sixteen other clerics, plus J.F. Richards, headmaster of Huddersfield College, three justices of the peace, a number of local personages and the building contractors. Last on the list was T.H. Farrar, managing clerk for the architect who was not present on that day. The church in 2016 The hymn, This stone to thee in faith we lay, was sung, and in his sermon Rev.

The first Legislative Council was established by the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840, which created New Zealand as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1841. Originally, the Legislative Council consisted of the governor, colonial secretary, and colonial treasurer, and a number of senior justices of the peace. The Legislative Council had the power to issue Ordinances (statutory instruments). With the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, the first Legislative Council was disestablished and a similar appointed body created as the upper house of the General Assembly in 1853.

In 1397, the Commons plea that the Articles be pardoned except for pleas of land, quo warranto, treason, robbery, or other felonies. Henry de Bracton says that it was the practice of the justices to retire and confer with the busones of the county. In these busones we can see the persons whose names appear in the commissions of gaol delivery, oyer, and terminer, and who were in later days, as justices of the peace, to rule the county. With the decay of forest law and the lapse of the court of justice-seat, the post became a sinecure.

As well as members of the gentry, the houses of newspaper owners and editors, members of the National Army and former British Army officers, and Justices of the Peace were also targeted. Some Free State TDs, such as Liam Burke and Seán McGarry, were targeted; in the case of the latter causing the death of his seven-year-old son, Emmet. The former's home was demolished but the latter rebuilt his property. The Ballyboden home of the President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, W. T. Cosgrave, was burned down in January 1923.

Lukens' attorney, a Mr. Dickerson, argued that the statute required the naming or endorsement of a prosecutor before Lukens should have to plead to the charge, the first stage of a criminal prosecution. Mr. Chew, the Attorney General, argued that the statute only intended that a prosecutor be named where there was a prosecutor on the case. Otherwise, Chew argued, a prosecutor need not be so endorsed. Dickerson's position, he noted, would result in many criminals escaping justice, as many cases were brought by grand juries and justices of the peace without the participation of a prosecutor.

The organization was able to provide financial support through fundraising, local donations and grants from the United States Agency for International Development and in spite of the hardships, including damage from hurricanes to facilities, continued the program for more than two decades. In addition to her work in the JFW, Lady Allan served on the Board of Directors of the Mico Teachers' Training College. She was appointed to the Minimum Wage Committee, served on the Commission on Beaches and Foreshore Lands, and also worked with the Juvenile Court on a panel of advisory Justices of the Peace.

Dugdale gave evidence before the justices of the peace, who issued warrants for the apprehension of George Hobson and George North. Although he professed to have broken open letters from Paris to Evers and others, he had little but hearsay evidence, and pretended to have destroyed the most dangerous documents on the eve of his departure. His evidence was further weakened by the inability of the authorities to find Francis Evers, who remained free throughout the Plot. He gave evidence against the "five popish lords" (Lord Stafford, Earl of Powis, Lord Arundell of Wardour, Lord Belasyse and Lord Petre) in October 1678.

However, some officiants, including Gander Mayor Claude Elliott, and Botwood Mayor Jerry Dean said that they would refuse to officiate at such ceremonies.Same-sex ultimatum given to commissioners The Provincial Government warned its civil marriage commissioners, such as mayors or justices of the peace, that they must perform these marriages or resign, as the marriages are now legal. This mirrored an earlier move by the Manitoba Provincial Government. Gordon Young, an evangelical pastor of the First Assembly Church of St. John's, asked the Newfoundland Supreme Court of Appeals to allow him to appeal the ruling that legalized same-sex marriage.

Lock-up in Trowbridge, Wiltshire The rooms fell out of use when the County Police Act was introduced in 1839 and more stations were built with their own holding facilities. The Act allowed Justices of the Peace to set up a paid police force in each county and made it compulsory for that force to be provided with proper police stations and secure cells. The village lock-up became a redundant edifice as a result and only a small fraction have survived. During World War II many were used by the Home Guard as sentry posts and arms stores.

The Prairie County Courthouse in DeValls Bluff is the seat of county government in the southern district of the county The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission.

A member of the common council in 1755, he became an alderman in 1759, associate justice of the city court on October 2, 1759, and then justice of the court of common pleas February 28, 1761. Willing then became Mayor of Philadelphia in 1763. In 1767, the Pennsylvania Assembly, with Governor Thomas Penn's assent, had authorized a Supreme Court justice (always a lawyer) to sit with local justices of the peace (judges of county courts, but laymen) in a system of Nisi Prius courts. Governor Penn appointed two new Supreme Court justices, John Lawrence and Thomas Willing.

He also served as Richard's justiciar until 1198, in which role he was responsible for raising the money Richard needed to prosecute his wars in France. Walter set up a system that was the precursor for the modern justices of the peace, based on selecting four knights in each hundred to administer justice. He also revived his predecessor's dispute over setting up a church to rival Christ Church Priory in Canterbury, which was only settled when the pope ordered him to abandon the plan. Following Richard's death in 1199, Walter helped assure the elevation of Richard's brother John to the throne.

Clerks of court can be found at every level of the Courts of Scotland, with a legally qualified clerk acting as legal adviser to justices of the peace in justice of the peace courts. In the sheriff courts the clerk is known as a sheriff clerk, and the sheriff clerks are responsible for the administration and running of all cases in the court. Clerks also support and administer the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary, with the Principal Clerk of Session and Justiciary responsible for the administration of the Supreme Courts of Scotland and for directing their associated staff.

Maine notaries public are appointed by the Secretary of State to serve a seven-year term. Between 1981 and 1988, the offices of justice of the peace and notary public were merged, and all duties formerly performed by justices of the peace were transferred to notaries public. Because of this, Maine is one of three states (Florida and South Carolina are the others) where a notary public is authorized to perform marriages. (Maine still has an office called justice of the peace, created in 1989, to receive complaints and perform certain other acts defined by statute.

He was appointed to the Hong Kong Planning Unit in London during the last years of the war after his difficult journey through Japanese-occupied China to India, and then to England. He served as President of the General Military Court during the short-term British military rule after the surrender of Japan in 1945. He became the first Hong Kong Portuguese King's Counsel in 1947 and his wife was appointed one of Hong Kong's first female Justices of the Peace at this time. In 1949, he was appointed to the Executive Council of Hong Kong.

The original Legislative Council was created by the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840, which saw New Zealand established as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1841. Originally, the Legislative Council consisted of the governor, colonial secretary and colonial treasurer (who comprised the Executive Council), and three justices of the peace appointed by the governor. The Legislative Council had the power to issue Ordinances (statutory instruments). With the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, the Legislative Council became the upper house of the General Assembly.

The Sheriff Appeal Court is a national court with jurisdiction over appeals from summary criminal proceedings in the Sheriff Courts and Justice of the Peace Courts, and from bail decision in solemn procedure at the sheriff court. The Sheriff Appeal Court was established on 22 September 2015 to deal with appeals against conviction and sentence in summary proceedings before the deal with criminal appeals. The Bench generally comprises three Appeal Sheriffs when considering appeals against conviction, and two appeal sheriffs when considering appeals against sentence. A single Appeal Sheriff hears appeals against bail decisions made by a sheriff or justices of the peace.

Cockayne performed several less official duties as a respected and Conformist subject. In 1564, he advised Scottish Protestant, Thomas Bentham, on the religious conformity of his fellow justices of the peace in Derbyshire; he was charged with investigating the dispute between the Earl of Shrewsbury and his Glossopdale tenantry in 1581; he questioned a correspondent of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1584; and he impounded the belongings of the Derbyshire-born attempted assassin of Elizabeth, Anthony Babington, in 1586. He showed his faith in the crown with a donation of £50 to the Armada loan in 1588.

In 1767 Charles became a justice of the peace of Bedford County, Virginia but was disowned by the Quakers for taking an oath of office, something they were not permitted to do. Lynch served in the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Convention from 1769 until 1778, when he became a militia colonel. After the Revolution, he served in the Virginia Senate from 1784 to 1789. In several incidents in 1780, Lynch and several other militia officers and justices of the peace rounded up suspects who were thought to be a part of a Loyalist uprising in southwestern Virginia.

David Collins (1756–1810) was the first Judge Advocate of NSW The Judge Advocate of New South Wales, also referred to as the Deputy Judge Advocate was a ranking judicial officer in the Colony of New South Wales until the abolition of the role in 1823. Before the First Fleet sailed from England to colonise New South Wales, Marine Captain David Collins was appointed Deputy Judge Advocate of the colony, and Judge Advocate of the marines. The Judge Advocate held office in several courts. #He was one of a bench of two justices of the peace in the Magistrates' Court.

The first semblance of self-government came through the First Organic Act in 1884. This act instated "…a governor, judge, attorney, clerk of court, marshal, four deputy marshals, and four commissioners, who were to function as justices of the peace." Mainly as a reactionary to the huge population increase during the Klondike gold rush, these government offices were not voted in by Alaskans, but appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate each for a four- year term. This act also moved Alaska from simply a purchased piece of property ruled by the U.S. military to the status of District.

As a young man he married Elizabeth Bursey of Old Perlican and they had four sons and six daughters. Being one of the earliest Justices of the Peace licensed to perform marriages in Newfoundland, John Tilley performed the marriage of his own daughter. If we were to look in church records today, we would find that Scholar John's name would appear several times in the late 1830s and 1840s when there was apparently no minister or missionary available. When the Tilleys first arrived the first thing they had to do was to build a log cottage which would be a temporary structure.

The First Triumvirate of the Roman Republic: Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey), Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gaius Julius Caesar Originally, triumviri were special commissions of three men appointed for specific administrative tasks apart from the regular duties of Roman magistrates. The triumviri capitales, for instance, oversaw prisons and executions, along with other functions that, as Andrew Lintott notes, show them to have been "a mixture of police superintendents and justices of the peace."Andrew Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2nd ed.), p. 102 online. The capitales were first established around 290 to 287 BC.Livy, Periocha 11.

Every town had > several justices of the peace, school directors and, in Federalist towns, > all the town officers who were ready to carry on the party's work. Every > parish had a "standing agent," whose anathemas were said to convince at > least ten voting deacons. Militia officers, state's attorneys, lawyers, > professors and schoolteachers were in the van of this "conscript army." In > all, about a thousand or eleven hundred dependent officer-holders were > described as the inner ring which could always be depended upon for their > own and enough more votes within their control to decide an election.

The new Racine County was organized on December 7, 1836 from the southern portion of Milwaukee County, and encompassed what would later become Kenosha County. When the first elections were held on April 4, 1837, Hale was one of the previously appointed justices of the peace who made up the Board of Elections. He was elected at that time to be one of the three members of the county board of supervisors. By April 1838, the title had been changed to "Commissioner", and Hale was the only one of the three members of the initial body to be retained.

Seng Poh was an opium and spirit farmer (i.e. he ran a government-tendered monopoly processing raw opium imported from British India. The Opium and Spirit Farm, or Excise, was the main source of income for the Straits Settlements) and helped manage Eu Chin's mercantile firm after the latter's retirement in 1864. Most prominent among his children were Seah Liang Seah and Seah Peck Seah, both of whom also became Justices of the Peace and prominent members of the Chinese community; the former was also an unofficial member of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements.

When reporting for the 1846 New York State Constitutional Convention, Mackenzie advocated for the state to adopt a code of laws so that they were not dependent on established precedents inherited from Britain. He believed unwritten precedents disadvantaged regular citizens as they would not know what references to cite when giving their arguments in court. Mackenzie believed establishing a code of laws would simplify and make the legal system more assessable. Mackenzie also wanted justices of the peace to be elected by the general population and be barred from running as part of a political party.

On 14 October 1935 to fill a vacancy he was made a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and created a life peerage as Baron Roche, of Chadlington in the County of Oxford. Roche retired in 1938 and a year thereafter he became Treasurer of the Inner Temple. He subsequently chaired a Departmental Committee on justices' clerks which reported Report, Cmnd 6507, HMSO, para 231 in 1944 to the Home Secretary Herbert Morrison, recommending setting up Magistrates' Courts Committees and other reforms. This formed the basis of the Justices of the Peace Act 1949, introduced by Morrison's successor, James Chuter Ede.

During the arms distribution, a group of men showed up and attacked the new constables by firing on them and throwing rocks at them. The newly armed men fought back and wounded three of their assailants. During a public meeting on Place du Castor on that night, general Charles Stephen Gore stepped on the hustings and dispersed the crowd by swearing on his honour that the new constables would be disarmed by morning. This is indeed what occurred, as the new force supposed to act under the orders of Montreal's justices of the peace was demobilized less than 24 hours after being armed.

Eleven justices of the peace of Alexandria County, D.C. had issued a warrant for Burford's arrest on the grounds that he was "not of good name and fame, nor of honest conversation, but an evil doer and disturber of the peace of the United States, so that murder, homicide, strifes, discords, and other grievances and damages, amongst the citizens of the United States, concerning their bodies and property, are likely to arise thereby."Burford, 7 U.S. at 450-51. The D.C. circuit court initially granted Burford the writ of habeas corpus, but remanded him until he posted $1,000 bail.Burford, 7 U.S. at 451.

Many of the elected UFA members espoused radical political doctrines calculated to transform the provincial government. Brownlee quickly became identified with the caucus's conservative faction. At the caucus meeting that approved his appointment, he put an end to discussion of whether nominations for justices of the peace should come from UFA locals or its central political committee by asserting that they would continue to be handled by the office of the Attorney-General. Later, many UFA MLAs argued that only motions explicitly declaring a lack of confidence in the government should be treated as motions of non-confidence.

Bridgeman entered a career in politics early, becoming assistant private secretary to Lord Knutsford, the Colonial Secretary (1889–1892), and then to Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1895 to 1897. In 1897 he became a member of the London School Board, and in 1904 he was elected to the London County Council. In 1906 he was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for Oswestry, staying in this seat until his retirement in 1929. In 1909 he was appointed a member of a Royal Commission on the selection of Justices of the Peace.

C. Gordon Mackie was associated with China and Hong Kong and head of many public utilities companies. He was the head of the two big local firms, Mackinnon, Mackenzie & Co., the shipping company and managing director of the Gibb, Livingston & Co., agent for the public utility company Hong Kong Electric Company. He had also been chairman and deputy chairman of the board of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. Mackie was made Justice of the Peace and was elected to the Legislative Council as representative of the Justices of the Peace during the absence of Henry Pollock in May and October 1928.

Harman claimed that having for twenty years kept a house on the main road to London, and having through sickness been at his home much, he had learned how to extract information from those vagabonds who called seeking alms. His accounts show similarities to the depositions taken by Justices of the Peace examining cases, and have been assumed to have been the same kind of first hand account collected by researchers such as Henry Mayhew. However, Harman is not a disinterested observer or reporter. He regards himself as a skilled interrogator, and the information to have been extracted against the will of those providing it.

Sir Robert Gardiner's tenure as Governor of Gibraltar was shortened as a result of his antipathy towards the civilian population The first civil judiciary was authorised in 1720, with a separate criminal and civil jurisdiction for Gibraltar created in 1739. However, there were no civilian courts and jurisdiction was exercised by the military under the authority of the Governor. Justices of the peace were first appointed in 1753 and a vice admiralty court established in 1793 to provide for the public auction of enemy ships captured by the Royal Navy. The first political advances took place during the governorship of Sir George Don which started in 1814.

The system for managing magistrates' courts arose in piecemeal fashion over the centuries following the creation of justices of the peace (also known as magistrates) in 1327. As the work of justices increased in their petty sessions sittings, about 1,000 county and borough commissions of the peace of different sizes developed. Benches of magistrates administered summary justice in court buildings usually provided and maintained by their local authorities. They were largely independent entities who appointed their own justices' clerk, usually a part-time appointment from among the local solicitors, and contributed to their running costs out of fines and fees that they paid to their local authorities.

Wayland, John W. A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1980. (pg. 69, 499) He was one of the first justices of the peace in Shenandoah County during 1772 and 1773 as well as being appointed a justice in Dunmore County, Virginia, in 1774.Wayland, John W. A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1980. (pg. 104, 588) He and three other brothers arrived in Kentucky during the mid-1770s, later helping establish and settle Bowman Station and present-day Fayette County, Kentucky. He was also a close friend of fellow frontiersman Daniel Boone and was part of the expedition which explored Dick's River.

11 The governor also can influence the state court system through the appointment of judges. In Indiana, when vacancies occur on the Supreme Court, Tax Court, and circuit courts, the Judicial Nominating Commission interviews candidates and sends a list of three candidates for each vacancy to the governor, who chooses one. Justices of the peace and superior courts judges are elected in Indiana; if a vacancy occurs (such as by death or resignation) the governor may make an appointment, who holds the office until the next general election. The authority to make such appointments gives the governor considerable sway in setting the makeup of the judiciary.

In 1919, when women were allowed to become Justices of the Peace (JPs) for the first time, the committee – previously just for women in local government – became the Public Service and Magistrates Committee (PSMC). Under its new name the committee - still convened by Scott - campaigned for better treatment of women in police cells and for the employment of women JPs in juvenile courts.A. Logan, Feminism and Criminal Justice: A Historical Perspective (Palgrave, 2008) pp.25-7 Amelia Scott corresponded with many of the leading figures of the NCW including Louise Creighton (founding president and wife of a Bishop of London) and she worked closely with Florence Ada Keynes on the PSMC.

In Minnesota, the office of the Justice of the Peace was abolished in 1977 (Minn. Stat. 487.35). It has not existed for 40-plus years although some people who offer private wedding officiant services erroneously claim to be Justices of the Peace, this term may not properly be used inasmuch as the office has been abolished. Under Minnesota law, however, judges, retired judges, court administrators, retired court administrators, and other public officials designated in statute may officiate or solemnize marriage ceremonies in addition to licensed or ordained ministers of any religious denomination who have filed their credentials with a county registrar (Minn, Stat. 517.04).

Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justice's standing within the community, the justice was typically a member of the gentry. The justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. Towns and boroughs with enough burdensome judicial business that could not find volunteers for the unpaid role of justice of the peace had to petition the Crown for authority to hire a paid stipendiary magistrate. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it.

Article VII, Section 1 of this constitution authorized the state legislature to create Justice Courts as well as whatever other inferior courts it deemed necessary. Section 5 specifically required there to be at least one Justice Court and Justice of the Peace in each county, and for justices of the peace to be elected. It also authorized the legislature to give Justice Courts whatever jurisdiction the legislature deemed fit, although the constitution barred Justice Courts from hearing any felony cases except during preliminary hearings. Section 9 allowed the legislature to define the method of selection for non-justice inferior courts, and to establish the qualifications for office for all inferior courts.

During his administration, the University of Georgia (formerly Franklin College) moved to its present campus in Athens, and the Hawkins Line was run by Benjamin Hawkins, establishing Georgia's northern border with the Cherokee Nation. Tattnall wrote a letter to President Thomas Jefferson in 1802, seeking guidance on the situation. The Western border with the Creeks was yet to be solidified, as evidenced by a letter from the Justices of the Inferior Court and Justices of the Peace for Camden County, Georgia, on June 12, 1802. They wrote on behalf of the inhabitants of the county regarding the recent removal of U.S. troops from stations in the area.

The grouping of two or more corps into administrative regiments was recognised, and a permanent staff could be provided for the grouping. However the individual corps were to continue to exist. As in the earlier legislation, a volunteer could resign with fourteen days notice, with the addition that if a commanding officer refused to remove a volunteer from the roll of the corps, then he could appeal to two justices of the peace of the county. An annual inspection by an officer of the regular army was instituted, and efficiency standards were to be set by Order in Council, as were regulations for governing the Force.

Justices of the peace were given the power to close rights of way adjacent to ranges. The Act concluded by defining the counties to which the corps were to belong: for the purposes of the Act the Isle of Wight, the Tower Hamlets and the Cinque Ports were separate counties, with the Governor of the Isle of Wight, the Constable of the Tower of London and the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports commissioning officers in place of the lord-lieutenant. The Isle of Man was also to dealt with as if it were a county of England, with the Lieutenant- Governor performing the same role as a county lord-lieutenant.

Almond Fryer settled on the banks of the Upper Iowa River in section 14 of the township in 1855. The name at the time of surveying was Lodi, but when the township was organized in February 1874 it was called "Belleview," as was the railroad station. Lodi, Italy, the namesake of the township, is a town in Lombardy made famous by a battle that Napoleon fought there. At the organizing meeting, the people of the township re-adopted the name Lodi and elected a moderator, a clerk, three judges of the election, a chairman, two supervisors, a treasurer, two justices of the peace, and two constables.

In the seventeenth century there was growing scepticism about the reality of witchcraft among the educated elite. Scotland was defeated in the Civil Wars by the forces of the English parliament led by Oliver Cromwell and occupied. In 1652 Scotland was declared part of a Commonwealth with England and Ireland and the Privy Council and courts ceased to exist. The English judges who replaced them were hostile to the use of torture and often sceptical of the evidence it produced, resulting in a decline in prosecutions. In an attempt to gain support among the landholding orders, Sheriff's courts were re-established and Justices of the Peace returned in 1656.

The proclamation can also be read during prison riots: Quebec and Manitoba have designated senior correctional staff as Justices of the Peace for the purpose of reading the proclamation, while other provinces will ask a local justice of the peace to travel to the prison to read the proclamation. The proclamation is worded as follows: Unlike the original Riot Act, the Criminal Code requires the assembled people to disperse within thirty minutes. When the proclamation has not been read, the punishment for rioting is up to two years of imprisonment. When the proclamation has been read and then ignored, the penalty increases, up to life imprisonment.

To facilitate this, several Justices of the Peace revived an old law permitting the formation of militias "for the purpose of maintaining the constitution of the United Kingdom as now established." This practice spread to other Orange lodges under the name Ulster Volunteers, and in 1913 the Ulster Unionist Council decided to bring these groups under central control, creating the Ulster Volunteer Force, a militia dedicated to resisting Home Rule. There was a strong overlap between Orange Lodges and UVF units. A large shipment of rifles was imported from Germany to arm them in April 1914 in what became known as the Larne Gun Running.

As feudal distinctions declined the barons and tenants-in-chief merged to form the lairds. Under the Commonwealth they had supplied the Justices of the Peace, a post that had enjoyed an expanded role that was only partly reversed at the Restoration. They also gained authority through becoming Commissioner of Supply, a post created in 1667, and which was gave them responsibilities for collecting what became the local cess tax. The passing of a series of improving statues, that allowed landholders to move boundaries, roads and carry out enclosures also benefited this group, as did legislation that returned virtual serfdom for groups such as miners and saltworkers.

Scotland had a much higher rate of witchcraft prosecutions for its population than either England or the European average. The overwhelming majority were in the Lowlands, where the kirk had more control, despite the evidence that basic magical beliefs were very widespread in the Highlands. Under the Commonwealth the English judges who took over the running of the legal system were hostile to the use of torture and often sceptical of the evidence it produced, resulting in a decline in witchcraft prosecutions. In an attempt to gain support among the landholding orders, Sheriff's courts were re-established and Justices of the Peace returned in 1656.

37–41 & 49–50 The coincidence of wealth and position in society was reflected in the leadership of the yeomanry. In 1850, for example, 31 per cent of the officer corps were magistrates and a further 14 per cent held even greater authority as a Lord or Deputy Lieutenant, and the 828 yeomanry officers then serving included 5 Lords Lieutenant, 111 Deputy Lieutenants, 255 Justices of the Peace, 65 Members of Parliament and 93 officers with previous military experience.Hay 2017 pp. 49–50 This element changed little over time, and the number of county elites serving in 1914 was practically the same as in 1850.

The Act allowed Justices of the Peace of any county, in general or quarter sessions, to appoint constables "for the preservation of the peace and protection of the inhabitants" where they felt the existing system of parish constables was insufficient. The constables were to be appointed on a ratio of not more than one officer per one thousand of population. Boroughs operating under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 had the power to form their own police force and were to be excluded from the jurisdiction of the county police. In each county where the Act was adopted a Chief Constable was to be appointed.

Every parish was centred around the local church, and after the Reformation was responsible for administering civil and religious government at a local level. Many parishes developed a vestry – a small body of village officials, answerable only to the bishop and the local justices, and who were responsible for the ecclesiastical and secular well being of the parish they served. Parish constables, sometimes referred to as petty constables, were attested by justices of the peace but accountable to the local churchwardens. Like parish constables, church wardens were locally appointed and oversaw the administration of the parish, good order during services, and the upkeep of the church fabric and property.

With its roots in Crompton, Fitzherbert and Lambard, the book offers advice on a wide range of issues including levying customs, highways, prisons, riots, soldiers, murder, felonies, rogues, vagabonds, wool and high treason. The alphabetical listing of topics was groundbreaking and was a model for the structure of other books that came later. The Country Justice was one of many, but perhaps the most influential, of legal handbooks through which English common law entered into the legal system of early settlement in New England. Dalton was a justice of the peace in Cambridge and wrote this handbook to guide local justices of the peace who had no formal legal training.

A judicial officer is a person with the responsibilities and powers to facilitate, arbitrate, preside over, and make decisions and directions in regard to the application of the law. Judicial officers are typically categorized as judges, magistrates, puisne judicial officers such as justices of the peace or officers of courts of limited jurisdiction; and notaries public and commissioners of oaths. The powers of judicial officers vary and are usually limited to a certain jurisdiction. Judicial officials are also known as persons entitled to the enforcement of enforcement documents, the establishment of factual circumstances, the transfer of documents and any other functions provided for by law.

All people may, and must if called upon to do so, assist in dispersing an unlawful assembly. An assembly which was lawful could not be rendered unlawful by (court) proclamation unless it were one authorized by statute. Cementing the English Bill of Rights 1689 banning private armies, meetings for training or drilling, or military movements, were from 1820 unlawful assemblies unless held under lawful authority from the Crown, the Lord-lieutenant, or two justices of the peace. An unlawful assembly which had made a motion towards its common purpose was termed a rout, if it carried out all or part of its end purpose, e.g.

After the losses at the Battle of Saratoga in the American Revolutionary War and the apprehended hostilities with France, the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient. It provided that each volunteer receive a bounty of £3, and that he should be entitled to discharge after three years unless the nation were at war. It also empowered the justices of the peace to levy and deliver to the recruiting officers "all able-bodied idle, and disorderly persons, who could not upon examination prove themselves to exercise and industrially follow some lawful trade or employment, or to have some substance sufficient for their support and maintenance". A reward of 10s.

Furthermore, as it was up to the local gentry and JPs (Justices of the Peace) to enforce these laws there was a great deal of inconsistency in their application. As population levels started to rise in the second half of the sixteenth century, pressure on land for food and work increased, and the enclosure of common land, whether agreed amicably among farmers or enforced illegally by greedy landlords, was seen by distressed groups as the cause of their grief. For much of the period grain prices rose ahead of wool prices and enclosure attracted less political attention. By the 1590s, however, private profit was replacing communal co- operation.

However, there were also problems, as certain obsolete institutions were not covered by the reform. Also, the reform was hindered by extrajudicial punishment, introduced on a widespread scale during the reigns of his successors – Alexander III and Nicholas II.Richard Wortman, "Russian monarchy and the rule of law: New considerations of the court reform of 1864." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 6.1 (2005): 145-170. The judicial reforms started on 20 November 1864, when the tsar signed the decree which enforced four Regulations (Establishment of Judicial Settlements, Regulations of Civil Proceedings, Regulations of Criminal Proceedings, and Regulations of Punishments Imposed by Justices of the Peace).

John Gardiner Austin, Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong, (now known as Chief Secretary) chose a spot above Victoria Gap, facing Mt. Kellett. His friends, who came to visit, called it the Austin Arms.September 2003, Austins of America, Page 823 In January 1875, Mr. Austin sent a request on behalf of nine Justices of the Peace, whose spokesman was acting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Mr. Justice James Russell, requesting that the land be sold to them, without the usual auction. He was roundly rebuked in an indignant reply reminding these justices, in no uncertain terms, that the duty of Government was to obtain the highest possible price for the land.

The Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 as enacted had the Lord Justice Clerk as chair of the Council ex officio and granted a judicial majority on the Council. The Council was to have as judicial members a judge of the Outer House who sat in the High Court of Jusiciary, a sheriff (who was not sheriff principal), 2 summary sheriffs or justices of the peace, and a sheriff principal. The Council was to have, as legally qualified members a prosecutor from the Crown Office, an advocate, and a solicitor. As lay members the Council was to have a constable, a victims' rights advocate, and a further lay member.

The Scottish Sentencing Council has the authority to produce guidelines for approval by the High Court of Justiciary, that will guide judges, sheriffs, and justices of the peace on the sentences they should pass on a convict in Scotland. All sentencing guidelines are submitted to the High Court of Justiciary for approval, and the High Court may approve, amend, or reject the guidelines produced by the Council. Such guidelines are also subject to the authority of the Court of Criminal Appeal or Sheriff Appeal Court who retain the power to issue guideline judgments that are binding on the courts of Scotland, and require the Council to review its guidelines.

Appointment of the judicial and legally qualified members is regulated by The Scottish Sentencing Council (Procedure for Appointment of Members) Regulations 2015, which require the Lord Justice General to convene a panel to hear applications for positions open to sheriffs, summary sheriffs, justices of the peace, advocate, and solicitor. The panel is recommend persons for appointment. At the same time, the Lord Justice General must consult the Dean of the Faculty of Advocates and the President of the Law Society of Scotland before appointing an advocate or solicitor. The prosecutor is nominated by the Lord Advocate, and a Senator and sheriff principal can nominate themselves.

He was responsible for restructuring several public services, through the Police Act 1946, the Fire Services Act 1947, the Civil Defence Act 1948, and the Justices of the Peace Act 1949. In addition, he was closely involved in the Children Act 1948, the British Nationality Act 1948, the Representation of the People Act 1948, and the Criminal Justice Act 1948. He established the Lynskey tribunal under Sir George Lynskey in 1948 to investigate allegations of corruption among ministers and civil servants. In 1964 he left the Commons and was created a life peer as Baron Chuter-Ede, of Epsom in the County of Surrey on 1 January 1965.

Capitol at Richmond VA, where Convention of 1850 met The powerful Assembly-appointed Governor's Council was abolished and a popular elected Lieutenant Governor was created. Most radically, judges on the Supreme Court of Appeals, in district courts, and county justices of the peace were to be elected by the expanded electorate. Three classes of taxation were linked so that an increase in one required the same increase on all, applicable to poll tax on whites, land taxes and slave taxes. In a measure to advantage slave owners, taxes were set for adult slaves at $300 each when the unskilled field hand was valued twice as much in Virginia.

A group of Lancashire justices of the peace petitioned Morton on the ministers' behalf. :We have observed (soe farre as we are able to judge, in these our ministers, Integrity of life and conversation, orthodoxall soundnes of doctrine in their teaching, diligence and painfulness in their places; sobriety and peaceablenes in their dispositions free from factiousness. In regard whereof, and also the great good and profit which our Congregations where they remaine have abundantly received from their ministery, we are emboldened eftsoones to intreat &c.;Based on Paget's own version in Thomas Paget, Humble Advertisment (sic) p. 5.. Quoted in modernised form by Halley, p. 130.

Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts, most of which (except Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance.

Justices of the Peace were empowered by the 1862 Rural Highways Act to combine turnpike trusts into Highways Districts. This meant that by the late 1860s trusts were either not renewing their powers or were being terminated by General Acts of Parliament. For example, most turnpikes in Berkshire, including the Bath Road, were officially wound up by 1878 when legislation transferred responsibility for dis-enturnpiked roads to the new county councils. The tollgate on the Bath Road west of Reading was removed in 1864 as the outward pressure of urban development made rates a more acceptable way of financing the maintenance of what was now a suburban road.

The Licensing Act 2003 (c 17) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act establishes a single integrated scheme for licensing premises in England and Wales (only) which are used for the sale or supply of alcohol, to provide regulated entertainment, or to provide late night refreshment. Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities is now contained in a single licence -- the premises licence -- replacing several different and complex schemes. Responsibility for issuing licences now rests with local authorities, specifically London boroughs, Metropolitan boroughs, unitary authorities, and district councils, who took over this power from the Justices of the Peace.

The role of custos rotulorum or keeper of the county records became an independent office, which after 1836 was held by the lord-lieutenant of each county. The person who found a body from a death thought sudden or unnatural was required to raise the "hue and cry" and to notify the coroner. While coronial manuals written for sheriffs, bailiffs, justices of the peace and coroners were published in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, handbooks specifically written for coroners were distributed in England in the eighteenth century. Coroners were introduced into Wales following its military conquest by Edward I of England in 1282 through the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284.

A civil, or registrar, ceremony is a non-religious legal marriage ceremony performed by a government official or functionary. In the United Kingdom, this person is typically called a registrar. In the United States, civil ceremonies may be performed by town, city, or county clerks, judges or justices of the peace, or others possessing the legal authority to support the marriage as the wedding officiant. The Signing of the marriage registers with witnesses present, at Sprowston Manor, UK. In the UK, a civil registrar ceremony cannot include hymns, religious readings or prayers, and the marriage must take place at a registered or licensed venue to be legally valid.

The governor is commander-in-chief of "the army and navy of the State, and of the militia" (the Maine National Guard), except when under federal control (Article V, Section 7). The governor generally has the power to appoint civil, military, and judicial officers (aside from probate judges and justices of the peace), subject to confirmation by the Legislature, unless the Maine Constitution or a statute has provided another means of appointment (Article V, Section 8). He or she also has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, and commutations, except in cases of impeachment. This clemency power also includes juvenile offenses (Article V, Section 11).

Population growth and economic dislocation from the second half of the sixteenth century led to a growing problem of vagrancy. The government reacted with three major pieces of legislation in 1575, 1579 and 1592. The kirk became a major element of the system of poor relief and justices of the peace were given responsibility for dealing with the issue. The 1575 act, enabled through a Convention of the Estates, was modelled on the English act passed two years earlier and limited relief to the deserving poor of the old, sick and infirm, imposing draconian punishments on a long list of "masterful beggars", including jugglers, palmisters and unlicensed tutors.

The Fire and Faggot Parliament met in May 1414 at Grey Friars Priory in Leicester to lay out the notorious Suppression of Heresy Act 1414, enabling the burning of heretics by making the crime enforceable by the Justices of the peace. John Oldcastle, a prominent Lollard leader, was not saved from the gallows by his old friend King Henry V. Oldcastle was hanged and his gallows burned in 1417. Jan Hus was burned at the stake after being accused at the Roman Catholic Council of Constance (1414–18) of heresy. The ecumenical council also decreed that the remains of John Wycliffe, dead for 30 years, should be exhumed and burned.

Notary Public Handbook: A Guide for Vermont Notaries, Commissioners & Justices of the Peace.: East Coast Publishing. 91. A certificate of acknowledgment is a written statement signed (and in some jurisdictions, sealed) by the notary or other authorized official that serves to prove that the acknowledgment occurred. The form of the certificate varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but will be similar to the following: > Before me, the undersigned authority, on this ______ day of ___________, > 20__ personally appeared _________________________, to me well known to be > the person who executed the foregoing instrument, and he/she acknowledged > before me that he/she executed the same as his/her voluntary act and deed.

In September 1854, thirty-three years after the city of Indianapolis was founded, Mayor James McCready appointed 14 men to the first police force, under the command of Captain Jefferson Springsteen. Prior to 1854, peace in Indianapolis had been maintained by a town marshal, the sheriff and a few deputies, a volunteer night watch, and a small number of constables and justices of the peace. During the summer of 1855, as police officers attempted to enforce the recently enacted prohibition laws, they were met with resistance and a riot broke out on East Washington Street. When gunfire erupted from the police ranks, several citizens were wounded.

This group of men replaced the previous system of using mostly local men, and are the first signs of a professional judiciary.Heiser "Households of the Justiciars" Haskins Society Journal pp. 226–227 In 1195 Walter issued an ordinance by which four knights were appointed in every hundred to act as guardians of the peace, a precursor to the office of Justice of the Peace. His use of the knights, who appear for the first time in political life, is the first sign of the rise of this class who, either as members of parliament or justices of the peace, later became the mainstay of English government.

Later on, in 1805 and again in 1816 Grammar Schools were enabled; it seems that the Grammar School (and its attached funding) was available only to county shire towns. The Parish Schools, which were permitted only elementary education, initially were controlled by the Justices of the Peace; later they fell under Parish School trustees. By contrast, the Grammar Schools by fiat from the first had instituted boards of governors and were responsible for both elementary and secondary education. Grammar Schools were to teach English Grammar, Latin, Greek, Orthography, Geography, and Mathematics. The 1816 Act granted each Board £100, provided that the local contribution was at least £50.

Any appointment released and published in the government gazette is called a gazetted appointment. The Gazette of India and State Gazettes are Official Government Publications, which publish the appointments or promotions of certain government officials along with other government ordinary/extraordinary notifications. An officer or public servant, who is appointed under the seal of the Governor at State level or by the President of India at the national level (and in the Union Territories), requires being listed in the Indian Gazette or State Government Gazette and is considered to be a Gazetted Officer. Many are honorary Justices of the Peace and have the same standing as some of the Magistrates.

Some protesters taken to San Uk Ling also alleged sexual assault by officers there. Six justices of the peace who had wanted to visit San Uk Ling to investigate allegations of mistreatment there saw their request denied. The Police Public Relations Branch said that all the allegations against the centre were "unnamed", "unverified" and "untrue", that it had been nothing more than a standard detention facility, used in line with police regulations. They said that the centre had since 2 September not been used to hold arrested protesters, who would in future be sent to police stations across the city in case of mass arrests.

In England, the Statute of Artificers 1563 implemented statutes of compulsory labor and fixed maximum wage scales; Justices of the Peace could fix wages according "to the plenty or scarcity of the time". To counteract the increase in prevailing wages due to scarcity of labor, American colonies in the 17th century created a ceiling wage and minimum hours of employment.U.S. Department of Labor history on wage laws in England and the American Colonies In the early Soviet Union, in the period 1920–1932, communist party members were subject to a maximum wage, the partmaximum. Its demise is seen as the onset of the rise of the nomenklatura class of Soviet apparatchiks.

Mackie was a cousin of Captain Frederick Irwin who was the commandant of the troops in the colony and who had arrived on the Sulphur four months earlier. Mackie and Irwin acquired two large land grants in the new colony, jointly taking up 3240 acres (13.1 km²) at Henley Park in the Upper Swan and another 7000 acres (28 km²) between Beverley and York. Mackie's legal background saw him appointed as one of eight Justices of the Peace by Lieutenant-Governor Stirling in December 1829. In October 1831 Stirling appointed Mackie as one of the foundation members of the Western Australian Legislative Council in the position of Advocate-General.

Justice of the Peace in Graham, Alamance County, North Carolina, 1940 In 1866, The General Assembly passed "An Act Concerning Negroes and Persons of Color or of Mixed Blood". This act allowed the Justices of Peace to register slave marriages that had taken place before emancipation In 1868, the Court reform Act did away with marriage bonds and authorized the Register of Deeds to register marriages This same act did away with Courts of Please and Quarter Sessions. However, Justices of the Peace remained as a separate judicial officers with limited authorities. For a while they continued to be appointed by the Governor but later appointed by the legislature.

He also established a "common pause day" which continued the province's previous restrictions on Sunday shopping. In the spring of 1991, he became involved in a minor controversy concerning two letters which had been sent from his staff to Justices of the Peace in Ontario, one of which requested the review of a case. This was seen by some as inappropriate interference from his office, and while Farnan did not write the letters himself, he was nonetheless dropped from cabinet on July 31, 1991. In September 1991 he was appointed as Deputy Chairman of the house and he served in that role for the next two years.

Town voters elect three members of the select board. The members of the select board have three-year terms and are responsible for carrying out a variety of duties, including "warning" (posting notice of) town meetings; enacting and enforcing town ordinances; proposing a town budget; overseeing town employees; authorizing expenditures; and appointing seven members of the town Planning Commission. The select board members, together with the local justices of the peace, make up the Board of Civil Authority. The select board is assisted in the administration of town affairs by a town clerk, an assistant town clerk, and a town treasurer; the latter two officials are part-time.

The Bull's Head on Goring Street has been a pub since at least as far back as 1770 St Mary's Church, the Anglican parish church, was originally built 1100AD as the Church of Our Blessed Ladye of Gorynge, and was rebuilt in 1837 by Decimus BurtonChurches in Goring-by-Sea for David Lyon of Goring Hall. The Bull's Head on Goring Street has existed as a pub since at least 1770. This may be the same pub that was closed in the early 17th century by puritan-minded Justices of the Peace. Courtlands was built in the 1820s and was extended around 1906−10 by Paul Schweder.

509–510 She practised as a barrister in the chambers of H. H. Joy, and returned to the Ministry of Food as an Enforcement Officer in London in the Second World War. For this work, she was appointed as an officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1942.Polden, p. 510 The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act also allowed women to become judges, and there were around 3700 women justices of the peace (unpaid lay magistrates) by 1947, but no women had been appointed as full-time professional judge until Campbell was appointed as a stipendiary magistrate by the Home Secretary Herbert Morrison in April 1945.

On 5 February 1946, he was appointed Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and was created a life peer with the title Baron du Parcq, of Grouville in the Island of Jersey. During World War II, he chaired the Channel Islands Refugees Committee which raised funds, gave financial relief, distributed clothing, traced relatives and gave guidance and help to refugees. The UK government relied on the Committee for information on the Channel Islands and in September 1940 his first appeal for funds on the BBC's 'The Week's Good Cause' programme raised what was then a record result. In 1946 he became chairman of a Royal Commission into justices of the peace.

The bill was supported by petitions from Justices of the Peace and Gentlemen from both the County palatine of Lancaster and from The Fylde, who saw the potential for improved manufacturing and communications. Steers had proposed seven locks to negotiate the rise of from the mouth of the river at Hesketh Bank to Wild Mill in Wigan. Although the bill passed through the House of Commons successfully, some local landowners objected, and the bill was defeated in the House of Lords. A series of pamphlets were produced in an attempt to sway local opinion, and with the support of Wigan Corporation, another bill was presented.

Vagrants refused poor relief in Scotland were entitled to appeal, unlike those in England and Wales. A Scottish statute dating back to 1425 allowed sheriffs to apprehend beggars fit enough to work; if they did not find employment within forty days after their release they could be imprisoned. Ineffective statutes continued to be constituted: in 1427 magistrates failing to enforce previous legislation could be fined; beggars could be expelled from the area or jailed from 1449; and in further legislation passed during 1455 and 1477 beggars could be classified as thieves and executed. The Scottish Poor Law Act of 1579 was implemented by Justices of the peace in rural districts and burgh magistrates in urban areas.

From the 16th century onwards the county was increasingly used as a unit of local government as the justices of the peace took on various administrative functions known as "county business". This was transacted at the quarter sessions, summoned four times a year by the lord lieutenant. By the 19th century the county magistrates were exercising powers over the licensing of alehouses, the construction of bridges, prisons and asylums, the superintendence of main roads, public buildings and charitable institutions, and the regulation of weights and measures.Carl H. E. Zangerl (November 1971), "The Social Composition of the County Magistracy in England and Wales, 1831–1887", The Journal of British Studies 11(1):113–25.

Burnard also suggests that Jamaica was very different from the Colony of Virginia where the political offices such as vestrymen and justices of the peace tended to be dominated by wealthier planters. Jamaica did not have as many wealthy whites to fill such offices and thus had to draw on the services of white men with average wealth like Thistlewood. Because of the relative scarcity of whites, says Burnard, Jamaica experienced a greater spirit of white independence, white pride, and white egalitarianism than existed in much of colonial British America. Working-class white men behaved as if they were the equal of the wealthiest white planters, in stark contrast with the class system entrenched in Britain.

Dooly served as its representative in the new one-house state legislature, which eventually gave him and fellow legislator John Coleman turns on the Executive Council that supervised the actions of the governor. Coleman and Dooly received orders from the council to qualify Thomas Waters and Isaac Herbert as justices of the peace in Wilkes County. For reasons not given, they instead gave the commissions to Edward Keating and Jacob Coleson, an action that the council ordered suspended. No further information on this matter appears in the council minutes but, a few months later, Thomas Waters came before the council to take an oath under the act for the expulsion of enemies from the state.

Former officers of the Spanish Civil Guard were recruited to train them and to provide men for his private security corps. In a reorganization of the national judicial system, offices of Justices of the Peace were established in all the country's municipalities to ensure the rule of law throughout the nation. A Ministry of Agriculture was formed to promote the cultivation of coffee. In 1911, the Teatro Nacional (National Theatre) was built in San Salvador, and the centenary of the independence uprising of 1811 was celebrated with the inauguration of the Monumento a los Próceres de 1811 (Monument to the Heroes of 1811) in Plaza Libertad (Freedom Park) to memorialize the heroes of the movement.

In 1944 a departmental committee on justices' clerks chaired by Lord Roche recommendedReport, Cmnd 6507, HMSO, para 231 the establishment of MCCs to administer petty sessional areas based on administrative counties and large boroughs. In keeping with the long and close involvement of magistrates in local public administration alongside their judicial duties, the committee was content to leave the membership of MCCs and responsibility for their administration to magistrates themselves. The Justices of the Peace Act 1949 implemented that recommendation, creating MCCs for each administrative county and for certain non-county boroughs. The committees were made up of magistrates chosen from each commission area together with one or two ex officio members.

Priestley's career in public service can be said to have begun in 1906 when he was appointed as a Justice of the Peace for the Hitchin Petty Sessional Division in Hertfordshire, taking the oaths of office at the Quarter Sessions on 18 June 1906.Beds. Advertiser & Luton Times (Friday, 29 June 1906), p. 7. House of Commons Papers, Return giving the Names and Addresses of all Justices of the Peace for the Counties of England and Wales on the 1st day of May 1911 (1911). He went on to serve as deputy-chairman and chairman (1924–1941) of the Hitchin Division of the Hertfordshire Quarter Sessions.The Times (Wednesday, 28 May 1924), p.

The Pennsylvania Judicial Center within the Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts,Judicial districts most of which (except Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over minor criminal offenses and small civil claims. Magisterial District Judges also preside over preliminary hearings in all misdemeanor and felony criminal cases. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice. However, she does not personally rule in judicial cases; instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust and in the Queen's name by judges and justices of the peace. The monarch is immune from criminal prosecution, the notion in common law being that the sovereign "can do no wrong"; the monarch cannot be prosecuted in her own courts for criminal offences. The monarch, and by extension the governor- general, also grants immunity from prosecution, exercises the royal prerogative of mercy, and may pardon offences against the Crown, either before, during, or after a trial.

The Narracoorte Herald was founded in 1875 by Andrew F. Laurie (1843–1920) and John Watson (–1925) as an offshoot of their Border Watch and run by John B. MatherMather later had a distinguished career as a landscape painter and art critic. and Archibald Caldwell (1855–1942), who had learned the trade at the Border Watch. Caldwell left soon after, and the paper was purchased by Mather and George Ash and they ran the business until 1889. In that year Mather and Ash were successfully sued by William Hutchison, J.P., for a libel accusing the wealthy squatter of dummying, and giving the opinion that Justices of the Peace should be free of such taint.

The London Gateway Port Harbour Empowerment Order 2008 permits the harbour authority to apply to a justice of the peace to appoint constables to form a police force for the port (and for justices of the peace to dismiss them). If appointed, they will have all the powers and privileges of a constable within the port area, and if they pursue someone from the port area, then they will retain the same powers of arrest as they would have if they were still in the port area. The majority of the provisions of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 were applied by the Order. Otherwise the local territorial police force is Essex Police.

The history of the Special Constabulary dates back as far as 1904. At that time, under the power and authority of the Constables (Special) Law of 1904, two Justices of the Peace could appoint "so many as they may think fit of the householders or other persons residing in such parish and are willing to be appointed Special Constables, to act as Special Constables for such time, and in such manner as to the said Justice". Special Constables then were given minimal tasks to assist the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), also called the Regular Force, in the preservation of peace and good order. Special Constables received no formal training and there was no hierarchical structure.

Harris was so concerned by what he witnessed that he traveled to Perth and on 8 February 1906, he and the Goldfields MP, Patrick Lynch, met with the State Premier, Hector Rason. Harris explained that the Aboriginal people living on the eastern goldfields were in desperate need of food and medicine, and handed Rason a letter of support signed by the local Justices of the Peace. Harris also met Henry Charles Prinsep, to try and persuade his Aborigines Department to supply rations, clothes and medicine to those starving and diseased. In 1926, Harris formed an Aboriginal peoples' union in response to the persecution inflicted upon Aboriginal people by the Western Australian Aborigines Department and its officials.

Following parliament's explanation of the ineffectual settlement with the king to have been caused by a Catholic conspiracy, local grievances heightened rumour and suspicion and Lady Rivers was presented to the Essex justices of the peace as a recusant and her home at St Osyth was searched for arms. Following the attack on Sir John Lucas at Colchester during the Stour Valley riots, St Osyth was ransacked and plundered by the crowds. Forewarned, Lady Rivers had fled to Long Melford but the crowds followed her there, attempting to also destroy that residence. According to a local story, Lady Rivers, upon also escaping Melford, threw a box with a string of pearls into a nearby pond before fleeing.

The County and Borough Police Act 1856 (19 & 20 Vict c 69) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was one of the Police Acts 1839 to 1893.The Short Titles Act 1896, section 2(1) and Schedule 2 The Act made it compulsory for a police force to be established in any county which had not previously formed a constabulary. The Act required that in any county where a constabulary had not already been established for all or part of the county, then the Justices of the Peace for the county should at the next General or Quarter Sessions held after December 1, 1856, proceed to establish a sufficient police force.

The death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282 led to the conquest of the last independent Welsh kingdom by Edward I of England. The Welsh revolted against English rule several times over the next years, with the last significant attempt being the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400–1415, which briefly restored independence. In the 16th century Henry VIII, himself of Welsh extraction, passed the Laws in Wales Acts aiming to incorporate Wales fully into the Kingdom of England. For centuries, the union was considered to be an advantage to Wales, and it offered new opportunities to the Welsh gentry who could now become justices of the peace and members of Parliament at Westminster.

Ollerton, originally known as Alreton or Allerton, meaning 'farm among the alders', is situated at the crossroads of the York to London, Worksop to Newark, and Lincoln to Mansfield roads. Due to its location, in mediaeval times Ollerton became a meeting place for forest officials, commissioners and Justices of the Peace, leading to the development of its two coaching inns, The White Hart and The Hop Pole. For many years, the main occupation in Ollerton was hop growing – there were hop fields along the River Maun from as early as 1691 and a weekly hop market was held in the town on Fridays. The Markhams, a land owning family, were highly influential in the town's development.

The first judicial systems in the new District of Columbia were established by the United States Congress in 1801. The Circuit Court of the District of Columbia (not to be confused with the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, which it later evolved into) was both a trial court of general jurisdiction and an appellate court, and it heard cases under both local and federal law. Congress also established justices of the peace and an orphans' court, which were combined in 1870 into a new local court called the Police Court. The Police Court had jurisdiction over misdemeanors (concurrently with the federal courts) as well as equity powers.

Commenting on the issue, Keyes asked rhetorically, "Since the legislature has not acted on the subject, you might be wondering how it is that homosexuals are being married in Massachusetts. It's because Mitt Romney, who is telling people he's an opponent of same-sex marriage, forced the justices of the peace and others to perform same-sex marriage, all on his own, with no authorization or requirement from the court. Tells you how twisted our politicians have become." Keyes at a rally in 2012 Keyes, Olavo de Carvalho, author of a dozen books on philosophical and political matters, and Alejandro Peña Esclusa, president of UnoAmerica, met on March 3, 2009 in Washington D.C. for an informal and friendly talk.

The county councils assumed may of the powers of existing organisations such as the Commissioners of Supply and County Road Trustees and many of the administrative powers and duties of the Justices of the Peace and parochial boards. Between 1890 and 1929, there were parish councils and town councils, but with the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, the functions of parish councils were passed to larger district councils and a distinction was made between large burghs (i.e. those with a population of 20,000 or more) and small burghs. The Act also created two joint county councils covering Perthshire and Kinross-shire, and Morayshire and Nairnshire, but retained residual Nairnshire and Kinross- shire county councils.

The Scottish Sentencing Council is an advisory non-departmental public body in Scotland that produces sentencing guidelines for use in the High Court of Justiciary, sheriff courts and justice of the peace courts. Judges, sheriffs, and justices of the peace must use the guidelines to inform the sentence they pronounce against a convict, and they must give reasons for not following the guidelines. The Scottish Sentencing Council was established by the Scottish Ministers on 19 October 2015 under powers granted by the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010. All sentencing guidelines are submitted to the High Court of Justiciary for approval, and the High Court may approve, amend, or reject the guidelines produced by the Council.

The Sentencing Council will need to prepare or modify sentencing guidelines in response to such judgments. However, in 2007 a study by Millie, Tombs and Hough, comparing sentencing decisions between Scotland and England & Wales, noted that Scotland did not have a well developed body of guideline judgments, and that Sheriffs, Senators, and Justices of the Peace tended to consider how a sentenced might be perceived by the Court of Criminal Appeal. The authors also noted that judges in Scotland would welcome more guidance from the Appeal Court. The Scottish Sentencing Council's own website, as of 22 April 2017, only listed 5 guideline judgments for solemn cases, and 1 guideline judgment for summary cases.

The categories of membership for the Scottish Sentencing Council are laid down in Schedule 1 of the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010. Schedule 1 states that the Lord Justice Clerk is chair of the Council ex officio (by right of office), with 5 other judicial members of appointed by the Lord Justice General after consultation with the Scottish Ministers. The judicial members include a judge of the Outer House who sat in the High Court of Jusiciary, a sheriff (who was not sheriff principal), 2 summary sheriffs or justices of the peace, and a sheriff principal. The remaining members are appointed by the Scottish Minister, who must consult the Lord Justice General.

However, the legal status of these areas regarding poor relief remained ambiguous. The New Poor Law presented different problems as parishes were grouped into poor law unions it was unclear what and how a contribution should be made from extra-parochial areas. It was also unclear what rights the justices of the peace had to sit on a board of guardians. The problems of these areas relating to the administration of poor relief were exacerbated as the extra-parochial nature of the places attracted vulnerable people such as single women who wished to give birth there in order to avoid illegitimacy law, registration costs and parish settlement of their children by birth.

In his role as Secretary of State in the Adams administration, Marshall had failed to deliver commissions to 42 federal justices of the peace before the end of Adams's term. After coming to power, the Jefferson administration refused to deliver about half of these outstanding commissions, effectively preventing those individuals from receiving their appointments even though the Senate had confirmed their nominations. Though the position of justice of the peace was a relatively powerless and low-paying office, one individual whose commission was not delivered, William Marbury, decided to mount a legal challenge against the Jefferson administration. Seeking to have his judicial commission delivered, Marbury filed suit against the sitting Secretary of State, James Madison.

A serious outbreak of fever in 1784 in cotton mills near Manchester appears to have first drawn widespread and influential public opinion to the overwork of children, under terribly dangerous and insanitary conditions, on which the factory system was then largely being carried on. A local inquiry, chiefly by a group of medical men presided over by Dr Thomas Percival, was instituted by the justices of the peace for Lancashire, and in the forefront of the resulting report stood a recommendation for limitationFrom an " Essay on Trade " (1770), quoted in History of Factory Legislation, by B. Leigh Hutchins and Amy Harrison (1903), pp. 5, 6. and control of the working hours of the children.

The interior of a typical British pub There was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, "against vagabonds and beggers" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, "to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take suertie of the keepers of ale-houses in their gode behavyng by the discrecion of the seid justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the tyme of their sessions."The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol 1, London, Charles Knight, 1847, pp. 410–1.

The District of Assiniboia consisted of land that was in a 50 mile radius around Upper Fort Garry, including the Red River Colony - which until his death in 1820, was owned by Lord Selkirk. This Council was created by the Hudson's Bay Company to govern the territory following its merger with the North West Company in 1821. The same year, the Canadian government also passed the Second Canada Jurisdiction Act of 1821, which allowed the Governor of Lower Canada and the Crown to appoint Justices of the Peace in Rupert's Land in order to enact courts of record for the first time. As diverse as the Red River Colony was, so was its governing council.

The jougs at Duddingston Parish Church, ordered to be established for beggars and other offenders from 1593 Population growth and economic dislocation from the second half of the sixteenth century led to a growing problem of vagrancy. The government reacted with three major pieces of legislation in 1574, 1579 and 1592. The kirk became a major element of the system of poor relief and justices of the peace were given responsibility for dealing with the issue. The 1574 act was modelled on the English act passed two years earlier and limited relief to the deserving poor of the old, sick and infirm, imposing draconian punishments on a long list of "masterful beggars", including jugglers, palmisters and unlicensed tutors.

The outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 saw the Battle of Camp Hill at nearby Birmingham, which resulted in Birmingham being pillaged by Royalist forces. Despite the nearby action, Sutton Coldfield emerged unscathed, although it is known that it was visited by both Parliamentary and Royalist soldiers. It is claimed that during his escape from England in 1646, Charles II stayed for a night at New Hall Manor. On 26 July 1664, King Charles II renewed the royal charter for Sutton Coldfield, with the additional provision being made for the appointment of two members of the Society as capital burgesses and also as justices of the peace alongside the Warden.

The amalgamation of the three courts followed from recommendations made by the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia. The amalgamation also occurred at a time when changes were made to the appointments of justices of the peace, appointment of magistrates and civil procedure in the state by widening the options available for enforcing bad debts.Second reading speech by WA Attorney General 4 December 2003 The reforms envisaged that the jurisdiction of the court for civil claims would increase from $25,000 to $50,000 as well as the ability for the chief magistrate to establish divisions in the court to deal with specific classes of offenders, such as by establishment of a drug court or a family violence court.

The authorities responded to the chaos with emergency legislation; the Ordinance of Labourers was passed in 1349, and the Statute of Labourers in 1351. These attempted to fix wages at pre-plague levels, making it a crime to refuse work or to break an existing contract, imposing fines on those who transgressed.; The system was initially enforced through special Justices of Labourers and then, from the 1360s onwards, through the normal Justices of the Peace, typically members of the local gentry. Although in theory these laws applied to both labourers seeking higher wages and to employers tempted to outbid their competitors for workers, they were in practice applied only to labourers, and then in a rather arbitrary fashion.

A frequent delegate to Labor conferences from Waverley, she called for child endowment, equal pay and political and social rights for women at the rowdy pre-World War I conferences. Together with Kate Dwyer and May Matthews, Seery contested Labor Party preselection for the Senate in 1916 but was unsuccessful, ultimately being endorsed instead as the candidate for the safe conservative seat of Robertson; she and Henrietta Greville were the first women endorsed by a major party to contest the Australian Parliament. Seery strenuously opposed conscription and also opposed the socialist objective at the 1919 Labor conference. In 1921 she was one of the first 61 women appointed justices of the peace.

Unlike in England, which abolished the Hearth Tax in 1689, it continued in the Kingdom of Ireland till the early 19th century although it underwent major reform at end of the 18th century. It was levied half yearly by the Sheriff of each county on the basis of lists of the names of householders compiled by local Justices of the Peace. The list of the households required to pay the Hearth Tax became known as the Hearth Money Rolls, which were arranged by county, barony, parish, and townland. The tax was sometimes collected over an area known as a 'walk', which was based on both the town and a large rural area outside the town.

The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls. In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace.

Mackenzie believed Upper Canada's government would be more efficient in responding to the people's needs if the province was able to elect its lawmakers, similar to the American political system. His constitution for the State of Upper Canada proposed that all government officials, senators, legislators, military officers justices of the peace, governors and members of the executive branch be elected by the people using a ballot. He continued to hold this belief in 1859 when he promoted these ideas in the Message. When writing in the Examiner in 1849 criticised the governor- general's power to appoint the executive council, which could not be impeached or removed by an election or vote in the Legislative Assembly.

He proposed legislation and amendments in the 1850s for direct elections of justices of the peace and sheriffs. He was not initially concerned with introducing an elected Legislative Council because he felt it was not harming the province and there were more important reforms to pursue first. He changed his mind on this matter because the council struggled to obtain a quorum at their meetings and slowed down the passage of legislation. After touring Canada in 1849, Mackenzie advocated for political reforms including increasing the size of the Legislative Assembly and instituting single-member districts that contained the same number of people per district regardless of its rural or urban status, or its location in Lower or Upper Canada.

While Pease was Judge of the Third Circuit, the Legislature passed a law that "justices of the peace should have jurisdiction in civil cases to the amount of $50, without the right of trial by jury." Pease held that this was in conflict with the United States Constitution, which stated "in suits of common law when the value shall exceed $20, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved," and the State Constitution, which stated "the right of trial by jury shall be inviolate." This decision established judicial review of legislative decisions. Supreme Court Judges George Tod and Samuel H. Huntington upheld Pease's decision, and all three were impeached by the legislature.

By 1663, a few years after the Restoration of the monarchy, the bridge was described by Roger Wilbraham as "in decay". Wilbraham was a prominent Nantwich resident who lived at Townsend House on Welsh Row; he later endowed the town's Widows' Almshouses.Hall, pp. 428–30 Anxious to avoid the town having to pay for its repair despite 12 years of contributing to other county bridges, Wilbraham and others successfully petitioned the Justices of the Peace for the construction of "a substantiall Bridge of Stone" at the county's expense. Wilbraham commissioned local mason, Tim Adams, to build the bridge, starting in July 1663; it was complete by the beginning of July of the following year.

Several Oxford colleges (Harris Manchester, Mansfield, and Regent's Park) are also descendants of this movement. From 1692, 'parish' apprenticeships under the Elizabethan Poor Law came to be used as a way of providing for poor, illegitimate and orphaned children of both sexes alongside the regular system of skilled apprenticeships, which tended to provide for boys from slightly more affluent backgrounds. These parish apprenticeships, which could be created with the assent of two Justices of the Peace, supplied apprentices for occupations of lower status such as farm labouring, brickmaking and menial household service. Until as late as the nineteenth century, all university fellows and many schoolmasters were expected or required to be in holy orders.

He called for constables, justices of the peace, and sheriffs to be paid by salary instead of continuing the existing system where they kept a portion of their collected fees. Brodie also asked for legislators to perform a study on the issue of 8 hour days for mine workers In other matters, the governor recommended the Pioneers' Historical Society be given legislative support in their efforts to collect and preserve historical information. To complete finishing touches on a new industrial school in Benson, he asked for labor to be provided by inmates from the territorial penitentiary. Two gifts of US$5,000 each to the University of Arizona needed legislative attention before they could be used to construct a gymnasium and mechanical arts hall.

In 1613 the justices of the peace for Northamptonshire remarked, almost in passing, that only their esteem for Sir Thomas had enabled him and fourteen members of his family to escape a conviction for recusancy for so long.Kenyon, J.P. The Popish Plot Phoenix Press reissue 2000 p.7 This tolerant attitude to Brudenell's religion is especially significant in that his brother-in-law Francis Tresham had been a prime mover in the Gunpowder Plot eight years before the justices made their remarks. A summary of Tresham's deathbed confession to his part in the Plot, and an account of his last hours written by his secretary William Vavasour, passed to Brudenell, and lay unnoticed in the muniment room at Deene Park for 300 years.

Justices of the peace existed in Ireland prior to 1922, sitting in a bench under the supervision of resident magistrates at petty sessions to try minor offences summarily, and with a county court judge (in his capacity of chairman of quarter sessions) and jury to try more serious offences at quarter sessions. In the Irish Free State the position was effectively abolished by the District Justices (Temporary Provisions) Act 1923 and permanently abolished by the Courts of Justice Act 1924. Their judicial powers were replaced by full-time, salaried, legally qualified district justices (now called district judges) and their quasi-judicial powers by unpaid lay Peace Commissioners. Peace commissioners may sign statutory declarations, and may issue summons and search warrants to the Garda Síochána (Irish police).

All executive authority is vested in the monarch, and royal assent is required for parliament to enact laws and for letters patent and Orders in Council to have legal effect. However, the monarch's authority is subject to the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, and her direct participation in these areas of governance is limited. Most of the related powers are instead exercised by the elected members of parliament, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. Other powers vested in the monarch, such as the appointment of a prime minister, are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers and as an important security part of the role of the monarchy.

Instead he was appointed (at the suggestion of Henry Dundas) to organise regiments of fencible cavalry in Scotland, and he commanded them in summer camps in 1795, 1796 and 1797, though initially refusing the post owing to rheumatism and depression. In autumn 1797 he went back to Ireland as commander of the forces in Munster, with local rank of lieutenant-general. With the approval of the commander-in-chief, Sir Ralph Abercromby, he ensured that military officers in his district would not act as justices of the peace, and in March 1798 he organised the yeomanry and militia of Munster into night patrols, improving discipline for the volunteers and relieving the burden on the regular forces. He was made substantive lieutenant-general on 1 January 1798.

The universal obligation to military service in the Shire levy or Posse comitatus was long established in England and its legal basis was updated by two Acts of 1557, covering musters and the maintenance of horses and armour. The county militia was now placed under the Lord Lieutenant, assisted by the Deputy Lieutenants and Justices of the Peace. The entry into force of these Acts in 1558 is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England. Although the militia obligation was universal, it was clearly impractical to train and equip every able-bodied man, so after 1572 the practice was to select a proportion of men for the Trained Bands, who were mustered for regular training.

Morton first stood for Parliament at the 1885 general election, when he contested Hythe, and was unsuccessful again in Christchurch at the 1886 election.Craig, page 87 He won a seat three years later, when he was elected at a by-election in October 1889 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Peterborough,Craig, page 168 after the death of the Liberal Unionist MP John Wentworth-FitzWilliam, becoming the 81st new MP since the general election in 1886. His victory was unexpected, and when the result was declared he said that he hoped his victory would be seen as a gesture of conciliation Ireland. He was re-elected in 1892, and raised in Parliament the issue of the appointment of Justices of the Peace (magistrates) in April 1893.

Through the Saxon and early Norman periods the area was administered by an elder. But by the late Middle Ages the office holder was elected from among a hundred's notable landholding families. As the area was wild and notorious for outlaws, a steward and bailiff was appointed directly by the Crown (thus as a royal bailiwick it was a legal office answerable to the reigning monarch) to maintain law and order. However, by the end of the 16th century such positions had been deprecated by changes in local and Crown representations and roles - the government of Elizabeth I had established royal representatives (Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, and Lords Lieutenant) in every county of England and Wales; they ensured that Royal commands and laws were obeyed.

In 1936, Bailey and her sister Ina founded the Women’s Liberal Club (WLC), with the goal of helping women improve their employment opportunities, as rarely were women promoted for their qualifications, but instead by having to curry favour from prominent men. They believed that by improving the socio- economic status of women, they would improve their cultural and national pride. In 1939 WLC organized a conference to allow women to discuss the problems they faced. Issues they highlighted were that women were barred from participation in the Legislative Council; could not be appointed as officials, such as inspectors, jurors, justices of the peace, or police officers; were barred from upper positions in civil service jobs; and that racial discrimination impacted their employment opportunity.

In the early days of the colony, the role of the coroner was often performed by a justice of the peace. The first inquiry in the nature of a coronial inquest was conducted on 14 December 1788 and was presided over by Augustus Alt, one of the first justices of the peace appointed by Phillip. The office of the State Coroner of New South Wales was established in 1988, prior to which the coronial system comprised a City Coroner, a Westmead Coroner (which was preceded by Parramatta, Penrith, and Campbelltown Coroners), and coroners in most New South Wales country towns. After the discovery of asbestos in the file storage area of the Westmead Coroner's Court in 2007, the Westmead Coroner's Court was indefinitely closed.

42-43Also mentioned in João José Reis, Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia, Johns Hopkins University Press, London 1993. p. 74 All of these events occurred between the hours of 9:30 and 10:30 pm on Saturday January 24. President Francisco de Souza Martins informed the Chief of Police of the situation, reinforced the palace guard, alerted the barracks, doubled the night patrol, and ordered boats to watch the bay, all by 11:00 pm. At around 1:00 am on Sunday, justices of the peace searched the home of Domingos Marinho de Sá. Domingos reported to the patrol that the only Africans in his house were his tenants. However, sensing Domingos’ fear, the justices asked to see for themselves.

Prior to 1835, law and order in Penzance was enforced by a Parish Constable appointed by a Justice of the Peace, under supervision of the Lord Lieutenant, a tradition begun in the 13th century during the reign of Edward I. Parish Constables were part-time and unpaid. Justices of the Peace were also unpaid members of the local gentry deemed to be “good and lawful,” and were able to hold courts of Petty Sessions to deal with minor misdemeanours. In Penzance, Petty Sessions were held on the second and fourth Monday in the month at 11am, first at Penzance Grammar School and later at the newly constructed Guildhall.Kelly's Directory of Cornwall 1893 The first Petty Sessions of the new borough took place on Monday 18 July 1836.

Judges of the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales and judges sitting in the Workers' Compensation Court of NSW and the Dust Diseases Tribunal of New South Wales wear the same court dress as a judge of the Supreme Court sitting civilly. Judges of the district or county courts of the states of Australia wear court dress similar to that worn by judges of the County Court of England and Wales. Stipendiary Magistrates and justices of the peace do not robe, other than in NSW where they have worn a black robe over normal business attire since 2005. Barristers in all Australian jurisdictions, when required to do so, wear court dress similar to that worn in the United Kingdom.

The Jews of Baltimore have participated fully in the civic life of the town and the state, and have taken some part in national affairs. In the city, Jews have filled numerous minor offices, notably as councilmen, justices of the peace, supervisors of elections, and in the city law department, as well as on boards and special commissions. Myer Block was judge of the Orphans' Court in Baltimore; Jacob H. Hollander was secretary to the International Bimetallic Commission, and the first treasurer of Porto Rico under American jurisdiction. Isidor Rayner served as representative in the fiftieth, the fifty-second, and the fifty-third congresses, after having sat in the House of Delegates and the Senate of the state; later he was attorney-general of the state.

The city of Saint-Amand-de-Coly, as early as 1790, was part of the canton of Cassagne which was part of District Montignac until 1795, the date districts were dissolved. When this district was dissolved by the law of 8 pluviôse year IX (28 January 1801) on "reducing the number of justices of the peace," the district was made part of the township of Montignac, which was part of the district of Sarlat (now the district of Sarlat-la-Caneda since 1965). At the end of 2001, all of the communes of the Vézère Valley were made part of Saint-Amand-de-Coly. It was dissolved on 31 December 2013 and replaced on 1 January 2014 by the community of cities of the Valley of Man.

In the 1830s only a sliver of land from Waterford Bridge to Ferrybank Catholic church was within the municipal boundary; the rest of the parish constituted the northern "liberties" of the city. The Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 transferred the liberties of each city from the county of the city to the adjacent county-at-large. The application of this in regard to Kilculliheen was unclear, and the justices of the peace of County Kilkenny assumed it had been annexed to that county. When their error was discovered, an 1845 Act of Parliament was required to allow their judgments to stand. The 1846 Parliamentary Gazetteer and the censuses of 1841 to 1861 described Kilculliheen as part of the Waterford barony of Gaultier.

The 1345 Liverpool riot took place on St Valentine's Day that year when a large body of armed men entered the town of Liverpool and attacked the Courts. Having unfurled banners, the mob broke into the court—while the Justices of the Peace were in session—and began abusing them. What began with hurling insults escalated into violence, and swiftly following their "'insulting and contumacious words", the armed mob "did wickedly kill, mutilate, and plunder of their goods, and wound very many persons there assembled, and further did prevent the justices from showing justice" as they were due to. A Commission of the Peace was held three weeks later to bring to justice those involved; many of whom, it was discovered, were propertied men.

Gideon Cornell house, Newport In 1732 Cornell began his public service as a deputy (representative). From 1740 to 1746 he was elected as an "assistant" to the governor (according to Austin, or from 1739-1745, 1764 according to another source), and in 1746 he was also on a committee to run the boundary line between Massachusetts and Rhode Island. In 1738 Cornell served as one of the Justices of the Peace for Portsmouth, and in 1741 was selected as one of the Justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas and General Sessions of the Peace for Newport County. He had initially been selected as the fifth justice "in room of" (replacing) William Ellery, Sr. who was "chosen assistant," and in 1742 Cornell was selected again to serve as a Justice of this court.

Jarvis, p. 304. Therefore, the Act continued, Catholics are "enemies to His Majesty and to the present happy Establishment" who "watch for all opportunities of fomenting and stirring up new Rebellions and Disturbances within the Kingdom and of inviting Foreigners to invade it".Jarvis, p. 304. The Act ensured that Justices of the Peace tendered the oaths of allegiance, supremacy and abjuration to all confirmed and suspected Catholics. If any Catholic had not taken the oaths by the deadline they were required to sign a register that included information about their estates. This was intended to facilitate a discriminatory tax on Catholics because, the Act claimed, they should pay any "large share to all such Extraordinary Expenses as are and shall be brought upon this Kingdom by their Treachery and Instigation".

Among the earliest industries of Nottinghamshire were the malting and woollen industries, which flourished in Norman times. The latter declined in the 16th century, and was superseded by the hosiery manufacture which sprang up after the invention of the stocking-loom in 1589. The earliest evidence of the working of the Nottinghamshire coalfield is in 1259, when Queen Eleanor was unable to remain in this county on account of the smoke of the sea-coal. Collieries are scarcely heard of in Nottinghamshire in the 17th century, but in 1620 the justices of the peace for the shire report that there is no fear of scarcity of grain, as the counties which send up the Trent for coal bring grain in exchange, and in 1881 thirty-nine collieries were at work in the county.

In South Australia, there are two types of justices: justice of the peace and special justices. A justice of the peace (JP) in South Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign statutory declarations, affidavits, waiver rights, search warrants, drug warrants, divorce documents, and to certify copies of original documents and to witness the signing of power of attorney and guardianship documents, providing the JP is satisfied with the capability of the signatory. A Special Justice (SJ) is a higher level of justice of the peace in South Australia; they sit on the bench of the magistrates' court hearing cases in the petty sessions division. The South Australian Attorney-General has set up a web site to locate justices of the peace.

In 2014, for the first time, Justices of the Peace were authorized in Tonga. JPs are appointed by the Crown, but the Lord Chief Justice regulates their duties and defines their powers. The first JPs were warranted with duties including granting bail; issuing search warrants and subpoenas; taking affidavits, declarations and oaths; and having the power to witness documents. Term of office is one year and officials can be reappointed. The initial 19 JPs appointed were: ‘Aisea Ta’ofi and Sione Hinakau of Niuatoputapu; ‘Inoke Tuaimei’api of Niuafo'ou; Siosiua Hausia from ʻEua; Sione Palu, Sione Fakahua, Me’ite Fukofuka and Kisione Taulani of Ha’apai; Salesi Kauvaka, Viliami Pasikala, Haniteli Fa’anunu, Meli Taufaeteau and Moleni Taufa from Vava’u; and Salote Fukofuka, ‘Amelia Helu, ‘Ofa Likiliki, Tevita Fakatou, Sioape Tu’iono and Semisi Tongia of Tongatapu.

Appointments to all offices of the judiciary, except for Lord Lyon and justices of the peace, are made by the First Minister of Scotland on the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. The statutory basis for making recommendations was established by the Scottish Parliament through Sections 9 to 27 of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 (as amended by the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014). The 2008 Act established the requirements for making appointments of permanent, temporary and part-time judges. The appointment of sheriffs principal (permanent and temporary), sheriffs and summary sheriffs (permanent and part- time) is regulated by the Judiciaty and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 and the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014, which replaced the previous rules established by the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971.

No single act or resolution marked the beginning of the Middlesex County Record Office. Like most other county record offices it developed naturally from the duty of the Clerk of the Peace to preserve certain records from the Quarter Sessions, together with other records such as enclosure awards and plans of public utilities. The first significant period in the formation of the county record office was in the early 1880s when a special committee was appointed by the justices of the peace to consider and report on the accommodation provided for the storage of the "old records" of the county. On behalf of the committee, John Cordy Jeaffreson, an inspector of the Historical Manuscripts Commission, sorted the records covering 1549–1820 into 87 classes comprising more than 10,000 volumes and nearly 5,000 rolls.

Non-recovery would mean that the insane pauper would always need to be looked after, which would cost more in the long run. Some parishes were growing in population due to industrialisation, and the existing charitable institutions and workhouses could not cope with the increasing demand. The recognition of insanity as an illness with a possibility of recovery can perhaps be seen as a cost-saving measure as well as a humane one. "Whereas the practice of confining such lunatics and other insane persons as are chargeable to their respective parishes in Gaols, Houses of Correction, Poor Houses and Houses of Industry, is highly dangerous and inconvenient" The 1808 Act was passed to empower county Justices of the Peace (JPs) to construct asylums financed out of the local rates, which proved very unpopular.

A system to support individuals who were willing to work, but who were having difficulty in finding employment, was established by the Act of 1576. As provided for in this, Justices of the Peace were authorized to provide any town which needed it with a stock of flax, hemp, or other materials on which paupers could be employed and to erect a "house of correction" in every county for the punishment of those who refused work. This was the first time Parliament had attempted to provide labour to individuals as a means to combat the increasing numbers of "vagabonds". Two years after the Act of 1576 was passed into law, yet more dramatic changes were made to the methods to fight vagabondage and to provide relief to the poor.

The County Police Act 1839 gave the counties of England and Wales the opportunity to establish full-time police forces, headed by a chief constable who was appointed by the justices of the peace of the county. The first county to implement this was Wiltshire Constabulary, which appointed Captain Samuel Meredith RN its first chief constable on 28 November 1839.Wiltshire Constabulary History , Wiltshire Police website Other counties followed this pattern; for instance, Essex appointed its first chief constable on 11 February 1840.The Making of a Chief Constable , Essex Police website Originally, most borough police forces were commanded by a head constable, although this rank was superseded by chief constable in most forces in the later 19th century and early 20th century and was almost completely abolished by the Police Act 1919.

The saisie-contrefaçon was introduced into French law by the Decree of 19–24 July 1793, which is the first general text concerning the rights of authors of intellectual works, for the protection of the right of reproduction (it was not applicable in the case of a violation of a performance right). At that time, only police commissioners and Justices of the Peace (the predecessors of instance court judges) were entitled to carry out a saisie-contrefaçon. The saisie-contrefaçon was conceived more as a type of protective measure (and was characterised as such by previous laws) than as a probative measure. The saisie-contrefaçon therefore had a monitoring and even criminal and protective nature, certain traits of which have remained in practice (for example, deposit of the seized objects at the court clerk’s office).

Petitions for clemency included individual petitions from Smith's wife Mary and from William Bengo Collyer; 7 collective petitions (65 people); and 8 letters, including from Sir Robert Gardiner on behalf of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (uncle of Queen Victoria, later to be King Leopold I of Belgium); from ex-employer William Home Lizars and his son Daniel Lizars; from publisher John Murray; and from the mayor and justices of the peace for the town and port of Dover. Murray's letter stated that “Bye and Smith shewed great ingenuity in engraving maps but did not excel in engraving written characters” [necessary for forging banknotes]. Smith and Bye were hanged on November 27, 1817. Smith's wife, Mary, had four children and lived in the Battle Bridge (Kings Cross) and Somers Town areas of London.

The Charter was granted on August 31st, 1843 - the day it received the Royal Assent. On 9 November following the first meeting of the Town Council was held in one of the rooms of the late Banking House of Messrs. Parker, Shore and Co., under the presidency of W Smith, at which William Jeffcock was chosen Mayor of Sheffield. His first cousin, Thomas Dunn, succeeded him as second mayor in 1844. Family Recollections, by William Philip Jeffcock, published 1941Manchester Times, 18 November 1843A Sheffield Victorian Diary 1843-1864 In 1846 he was made a Justice of the Peace.National Archives Oaths of Justices of the Peace On 14 August 1833 he was made a captain in the South West Yorkshire Yeomanry Cavalry which in 1844 become the First West Yorkshire Yeomanry Cavalry.

Courtyard at Novar House The Munros of Novar descend from John Munro, 1st of Milntown, who in turn was the second son of Hugh Munro, 9th Baron of Foulis (d.1425). The lands of the Novar Estate were acquired in 1589 from Sir Wiliam Keith of Delny by Neil Munro of Swordale, whose brother Andrew Munro was the ancestor of the Novar branch of the Clan Munro. At the time the Novar lands covered one quarter of the lands known as Fyrish. There is a datestone of 1634 built into the side of the original Novar House, which is now part of the west side of the inner courtyard. Robert Munro, 2nd of Novar was named as one of the early Scottish justices of the peace in 1634.

The Act also set the maximum for the Commissioner's annual salary at £1500 and that for each Assistant Commissioner at £800. The Act also established the Assistant Commissioners as ex officio Justices of the Peace for all counties then partly or wholly covered by the Metropolitan Police District (i.e. Middlesex, Surrey, Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire). He was not to act as a JP, however, "at any Court of General or Quarter Sessions, or in any Matter out of Sessions, except for the Preservation of the Peace, the Prevention of Crimes, the Detention and Committal of Offenders, and in carrying into execution the Purposes of this Act and the said recited Acts" and like usual JPs could not be elected as a Member of Parliament or vote in some General Elections.

Signs are not wanting of a struggle between journeymen and masters, and towards the end of the fifteenth century masters themselves, in at least the great wool trade, tended to develop from craftsmen into something more like the modern capitalist employer; from an act of 1555 touching weavers it is quite clear that this development had greatly advanced and that cloth-making was carried on largely by employers with large capitals. Before this, however, while a struggle went on between the town authorities and the craft guilds, journeymen began to form companies of their own, and the result of the various conflicts may be seen in an act of Henry VI, providing that in future new ordinances of guilds shall be submitted to justices of the peace—a measure which was strengthened in 1503.

111 When news of this trumped-up or exaggerated charge reached Cork City the Quakers of the town went in fear of their lives for many weeks. Believing the charge could not hold up in court Cotter gave himself up to the Cork sheriff. The judge presiding on the case was, however, Sir St. John Brodrick; who, as a close relative of James Cotter's accuser, was hardly impartial; the jury had also been packed – all twelve of its members were justices of the peace. The trial took place in a period of heightened rumour of Jacobite invasion; a large number of arms for cavalry were found in Cork which triggered a scare until it was discovered that they were government owned and intended for a local militia unit.

Her first appointment was as a municipal judge in Pauls Valley, but she also continued to practice law in both Oklahoma City and Pauls Valley. In 1969, when the Oklahoma Court System was reorganized and both county judges and justices of the peace were abolished in favor of a district trial system, Wilson was appointed as the Special Judge in charge of minor cases for Garvin County. In 1975, she was appointed as the second woman District Judge in the state, when Governor David Boren appointed her to serve for the 21st District, encompassing Cleveland, Garvin, and McClain Counties. Judge Margaret Lamm McCalister, of Tulsa County was the first female district judge and simultaneously with Wilson's appointment, Judge Patricia M. Hoebel was appointed for District 15, which included Pawnee and part of Tulsa Counties.

In the courts of England and Wales, magistrates—also known as justices of the peace (JPs)—are volunteers who hear prosecutions for and dispose of 'summary offences' and some 'triable- either-way offences' by making orders with regard to and placing additional requirements on offenders. Magistrates/JPs are limited to issuing sentences of no longer than twelve months. Magistrates/JPs have other limitations in their sentencing authority with powers extending to fines, community orders which can include curfews, electronic tagging, requirements to perform unpaid work up to 300 hours, and supervision for up to three years. In more serious cases, magistrates can send 'either-way' offenders to the Crown Court for sentencing when the magistrate feels a penalty should be imposed that is more severe than the magistrate is capable of sentencing.

It provided that the Justices of the Peace were given power within their jurisdiction to stop the common selling of ale and beer in common ale-houses and tippling-houses, where they felt it to be appropriate and convenient. No-one was to be permitted to keep an ale-house without being so licensed by the Justices at Quarter Sessions, and the Justices were to take bond and surety of the keepers of common ale-houses and tippling-houses. This surety was to prevent the playing of unlawful games as well as for the maintenance of public order. Common selling of ale in booths at a fair by any person was permitted, however, "for the relief of the King's subjects that shall repair to the same", notwithstanding the rest of the Act.

The first signs of the modern distinction between criminal and civil proceedings were during the Norman conquest of England in 1066.see, Pennington, Kenneth (1993) The Prince and the Law, 1200–1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition, University of California Press The earliest criminal trials had very little, if any, settled law to apply. However, the civil delictual law was highly developed and consistent in its operation (except where the King wanted to raise money by selling a new form of Writ). A local lord of the manor (or family) could hold their servants and tenants responsible in a manorial court and was among wealthy people who could more easily enlist the help of a county or city bailiff, posse comitatus if one existed and the justices of the peace.

Which may be translated as: :"Here lie William Dalison, Esquire, at one time Sheriff and Escheator of the County of Lincoln and one of the Justices of the Peace ... in the same county; and George Dalison, son and heir of the same William; which William died on the 18th day of the month of December in the year of our lord the 1,000th five hundredth and 46th and in the year of the reign of ..... King Henry the Eighth the 37th; and the said George died on the 20th day of the month of June in the year of our lord the 1,000th five hundredth and 49th and in the year of the reign of ..... King Edward the Sixth, the third. Of the souls of whom may God look upon favourably, amen".

The monarch is also the locus of oaths of allegiance; many employees of the Crown are required by law to recite this oath before taking their posts, such as all members of the Commonwealth parliament, all members of the state and territorial parliaments, as well as all magistrates, judges, police officers and justices of the peace. This is in reciprocation to the sovereign's Coronation Oath, wherein he or she promises "to govern the Peoples of... Australia... according to their respective laws and customs".The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Tuesday, the second day of June 1953 . Oremus.org (11 April 1994).

Protectors of Aborigines were appointed by the Board under the conditions laid down in the various Acts. In theory, Protectors of Aborigines were empowered to undertake legal proceedings on behalf of Aboriginal people, dictate where Aboriginal people could live or work, and keep all wages earned by employed Aboriginal people. As the Boards had limited funds, Protectors received very limited remuneration and so a range of people were appointed as local Protectors, including resident magistrates, jail wardens, Justices of the Peace and in some cases ministers of religion, but most were local police inspectors. The minutes of the Board show that they dealt with mostly matters of requests from religious bodies for financial relief and reports from Resident or Police Magistrates pertaining to trials and convictions of Aboriginal people under their jurisdiction.

The West Virginia Industrial Home for Boys was — from 1891 to 1983 — the state juvenile detention center for male offenders, located at Pruntytown near Grafton, West Virginia, USA. Young male offenders, aged 12 to 20 years, were sentenced to the facility beginning in 1891. Sentencing was by the juvenile courts, or justices of the peace, for incorrigibility and immorality, and by the criminal courts for felonies. Changes in philosophy regarding youth incarceration, beginning in the 1970s, led to population declines at the Industrial Home, and its sister institution, the West Virginia Industrial Home for Girls, which had opened in 1899 at Salem. In 1983, the Industrial School for Boys closed, the girls’ facility was redesignated as the West Virginia Industrial Home for Youth, and the boys were transferred to it.

57 Civil Aviation Act 1982 allows the creation of a body of "special constables on any premises for the time being vested in or under the control of the Secretary of State. Every person so appointed shall be sworn in by the justices duly to execute the office of a constable on those premises and when so sworn in shall, on those premises, have the powers and privileges and be liable to the duties and responsibilities of a constable." 57 Power to appoint special constables. (1)Any two justices of the peace may appoint such persons as may be nominated for the purpose by the Secretary of State to be special constables on any premises for the time being vested in or under the control of the Secretary of State.

AdamAlthough his name was given as "Philip Wyote" by William Palmer, 17th century mayor of Barnstaple who transcribed his journal, it is now believed his brother Adam Wyote was the town clerk and author of the journal (Lamplugh, Lois, Barnstaple: Town on the Taw, South Molton, 2002, pp.45–6 Wyote (or Wyatt) was town clerk of Barnstaple in North Devon and kept a personal journal from 1586 to 1611. The first entry records the Black Assize of Exeter, and lists the names of eight of the gentry of Devon who died from "gaoll sickness" as follows: "to wit one of the Justices of Assize, Mr Flowerdewe, Sir Barnard Drak, Mr Welrond, Mr Cary of Clovelly, Mr Cary (sic, should be "Carew") of Hackome, Mr Fortescue, Mr Rysdon, Justices of the Peace, Sir John Chichester".

This plaque in Chatteris serves as a reminder of the Isle's county status From 1109 until 1837, the Isle was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Ely who appointed a Chief Justice of Ely and exercised temporal powers within the Liberty of Ely. This temporal jurisdiction originated in a charter granted by King Edgar in 970, and confirmed by Edward the Confessor and Henry I to the abbot of Ely. The latter monarch established Ely as the seat of a bishop in 1109, creating the Isle of Ely a county palatine under the bishop. An act of parliament in 1535/6 ended the palatine status of the Isle, with all justices of the peace to be appointed by letters patent issued under the great seal and warrants to be issued in the king's name.

Downham had made representations against the performance but it proceeded under the authority of the Earl of Derby: David Mills, Recycling the Cycle: The City of Chester and its Whitsun Plays, University of Toronto Press, 1988, p. 148; Cox, pp. 355-356. Struggles for influence within the commission undermined its effectiveness as an instrument of governance but, from its inception, Downham was as assiduous in attending its sessions as he was regular in his presence at proceedings of his consistory court.Cox, Reformation Responses, pp. 304-305. In 1564 he compiled a perceptive and candid assessment of the magistracy on whom the enforcement of law was dependent within his diocese, concluding that, of twenty-five justices of the peace in Lancashire, only six could be trusted in religion and of these two were doubtful.

Starting in 1801, Washington County was governed by a board of commissioners, or a levy court, made up all of the Justices of the Peace, or magistrates, of the county appointed by the President and the number of those were not fixed. In 1812, the board was reorganized with seven magistrates, two from east of Rock Creek but outside of Washington City, two from west of Rock Creek but outside of Georgetown and three from Georgetown, with none from Washington City until 1848 when four members from the City were added. The board was again changed in 1863 when it was reduced to nine members, three from the city of Washington, one from Georgetown, and five from county lands outside the city. These justices carried out the duties of county commissioners.

The District Councils Act, "An Act to provide for the better internal Government of that part of this Province which formerly constituted the Province of Upper Canada, by the establishment of Local or Municipal Authorities therein", was passed in August 1841 and went into effect at the start of January 1842. A separate District Councils Act was also passed in 1840 in Lower Canada by the Special Council which administered the province before the passing of the Act of Union. Previously, local government in Canada East and Canada West was based on judicial bodies appointed by the Lieutenant- Governor, the Courts of Quarter Session, which were presided over by justices of the peace. The Act, proposed by Lord Sydenham, established District Councils which consisted of a warden, clerk and treasurer, who were appointed, and district councillors, who were elected.

Retrieved 19 October 2006, which were themselves amended by further local government reforms in the years following. Unlike the partly self-governing boroughs that covered urban areas, the counties of medieval England existed primarily as a means of enforcing central government power, enabling monarchs to exercise control over local areas through their chosen representatives – originally sheriffs and later the lord-lieutenants – and their subordinate justices of the peace. Counties were used initially for the administration of justice, collection of taxes and organisation of the military, and later for local government and electing parliamentary representation. They continue to form the basis of modern local government areas in many parts of the country away from the main urban areas, although the newly created areas sometimes have considerably altered boundaries from the historic counties on which they are based.

Finally to the east and outside the cities, formerly Maryland, lay Washington County, D.C.. (Both counties were governed by levy courts made of providentially appointed Justices of the Peace, whose members do not appear below.) In 1846, Alexandria County and the City of Alexandria returned to Virginia, leaving the District with two independent cities and one county. In 1871, with the District of Columbia Organic Act, those three subdivisions within the District were unified into a single government, whose chief executive was a territorial Governor. As listed below, only two served before this office was abolished in 1874, and replaced with a temporary three-member Board of Commissioners appointed by the President. The board was made permanent in 1878 and this system continued until 1967, when it was replaced by a single mayor-commissioner and city council appointed by the President.

The grand jury's functions were gradually made redundant by the development of committal proceedings in magistrates' courts from 1848 onward when the (three) Jervis Acts,See Indictable Offences Act 1848 (11 and 12 Vict c. 42); title: An Act to facilitate the Performance of the Duties of Justices of the Peace out of Sessions within England and Wales with respect to Persons charged with indictable Offences such as the Justices Protection Act 1848, codified and greatly expanded the functions of magistrates in pre-trial proceedings; these proceedings developed into almost a repeat of the trial itself. In 1933 the grand jury ceased to function in England, under the Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933 and was entirely abolished in 1948, when a clause from 1933 saving grand juries for offences relating to officials abroad was repealed by the Criminal Justice Act 1948.

389 (1963). In larger cities, cases may be heard in a municipal court which has jurisdiction only within that city. Most efforts to abolish the office of justice of the peace have been led by the American Bar Association, which views non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary, as there are now far more persons with formal legal education than in the past when justices of the peace were first used. California formerly had justice of the peace courts staffed by lay judges, but began phasing them out after a landmark 1974 decision in which the Supreme Court of California unanimously held that it was a violation of federal due process (under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution) to allow a non-lawyer to preside over a criminal trial which could result in incarceration of the defendant.

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Quebec in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The —is represented and duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

In the part of Ireland that was to become the Irish Free State, Petty Sessions could not be held for many years due to the Irish War of Independence, restricting the role of the RMs. On 23 August 1922, the Provisional Government of Ireland placed all of the RMs on leave, and at the end of September 1922 it terminated all commissions of the peace, effectively dismissing all the RMs and justices of the peace. This was not quite the end of the office of Resident Magistrate, as it then proceeded to appoint 27 solicitors and barristers to the post. Although appointed to the position of Resident Magistrate, the Provisional Government only publicly described these individuals as District Justices, and brought in legislation in 1923 (the District Justices (Temporary Provisions) Act 1923) to officially change the name of the position.

On 12 August the proclamation was issued at Oatlands Palace, and five days later a commission was given to Neade and his son William to instruct lieutenants of counties and justices of the peace in the exercise. The specification of the patent which was granted to Neade in the following year recites that he had spent many years in practising the weapon. In 1635 and again in 1637 Neade informed the King that he had laid out his whole estate of £600 on his invention, "but by the evil example of the city of London the service is now wholly neglected", although three hundred of the Artillery Company had given an exhibition of the weapon in action before King Charles in St James's Park. The council seems to have meditated some fresh concessions to Neade, but no further reference to the matter exists.

After several failed attempts to push a bill through Parliament, a committee finally succeeded in creating a viable bill, which was introduced to Parliament by Roy Jenkins and given the Royal Assent on 29 July 1959, coming into force on 29 August 1959 as the Obscene Publications Act 1959. With the committee consisting of both censors and reformers, the actual reform of the law was limited, with several extensions to police powers included in the final version. The Act created a new offence for publishing obscene material, repealing the common law offence of obscene libel which was previously used, and also allows Justices of the Peace to issue warrants allowing the police to seize such materials. At the same time it creates two defences; firstly, the defence of innocent dissemination, and secondly the defence of public good.

Othilia Carroll was editor of the journal Pacific Catholic in 1901.Polk's Seattle City Directory (1901): 308. After law school, Carroll went to New Orleans and was active in the movement for women's suffrage. She joined her father and brother in a law practice in Seattle until she married in 1904. In 1917, during World War I, she was appointed as a Justice of the Peace in Seattle, filling the seat left when her brother joined the army. She was regularly elected to the bench soon after, in 1918.Anne Bigony Stewart, "Seattle Justices of the Peace" The Woman Citizen (December 21, 1918): 617. One of her accomplishments in the law was to establish a small claims court in the state of Washington.Anne Shannon Monroe, "When Women Sit in Judgment" Good Housekeeping (February 1920): 46-47.

Southern end of St John Street in London, with Smithfield Market visible in the distance; the island in the middle of the road marks the former site of Hicks Hall The traditional start point for the Great North Road was Smithfield Market on the edge of the City of London. The initial stretch of the road was St John's Street which begins on the boundary of the City, and runs through north London. Less than a hundred metres up St John's Street, into Clerkenwell, lay Hick's Hall, the first purpose-built sessions-house for the Middlesex justices of the peace. The Hall was built in 1612, on an island site in the middle of St John Street (where St John's Lane branches to the west); this building was used as the initial datum point for mileages on the Great North Road.

It also gave justices of the peace jurisdiction over vessels passing by the shore of their jurisdiction (Section 22). It made it lawful for the monarch in council via Orders in Council to regulate and impose penalties for matters within such "Dockyard Ports", such as mooring for naval ships, loading and unloading gunpowder, using combustible materials like tar, imposing a speed limit on steam vessels in certain areas, having one person aboard every ship at all times and carrying lights and signals (Sections 5-7). Any such Orders in Council were to be put before Parliament within 30 days of being agreed (Section 26; repealed by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1986) and made available publicly by the Admiralty (Sections 8-9). It also set out the operation of the penalties imposed by such Orders in Council (Sections 17-21).

"Australian Dictionary of Biography online In 1965 Wang, on the nomination of Calwell (whose electorate covered the City of Melbourne), was appointed one of the first two Chinese-Australian Justices of the Peace in Australia. In 1969 he was elected to the Melbourne City Council, becoming the first Chinese-Australian to win a seat in local government. As a Councillor he led the push for the extension of shopping hours and the establishment of new parks in the city, and worked on the approval of Melbourne's Chinatown Project. > :"Wang campaigned for election to Melbourne City Council, basing his > campaign on revitalising inner-city Melbourne, particularly its night life, > and injecting an international flavour into the city. As a leader in the > Chinese community he had initiated Melbourne’s Chinatown project in 1960 and > in 1970 he revived it as a councillor.

Its first definite owner was Sir John Miller, 4th baronet, whose family had been prominent in Chichester first as justices of the peace and mayors then becoming members of parliament from the later 17th century. Sir John had enclosed the park at West Lavant by 1740, after which he may have lived in the first incarnation of Lavant House (the central section of the present building). The Duke of Newcastle's brother, Henry Pelham, wrote to the Duke saying, "you know my thoughts on Sir John, he is as friendly and honest as the day is long". This has to be balanced with the fact that the 2nd Duke of Richmond could relate to the Duke of Newcastle that Sir John had stated that he did not care a fart for his father-in-law, Dr. Combs.

But, the authority for these acts stems from the Barbadian populace and, within the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited, with most related powers entrusted for exercise (via advice or direction to the monarch or the viceroy) by the elected and appointed parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. The historical roots of the Barbadian monarchy date back to approximately the early 17th century, when King James VI and I made the first English claims to Barbados. Monarchical governance thenceforth evolved under a continuous succession of British sovereigns and eventually the Barbadian monarchy of today.

He played a prominent part in the political stir of the closing years of James's reign ; the sederunts of the privy council show that he was present at almost every meeting. In December 1612 he was one of a select commission of five for the settling of controversies between burgh and landward justices of the peace (ib. ix. 503) ; in August 1613 a commissioner for the trial of the Jesuit Robert Philip, in December 1614 for the trial of Father John Ogilvie [q.v.], and in June 1015 for that of James Mofiat; in December 1615 he was appointed a member of the reconstructed court of high commission, and in May 1616 one of the committee to report on the book 'God and the King,' which James had determined to introduce into Scotland as he had done in England and Ireland.

1 (1973), Records of their narrower area successors, parish constables, appear in the early 17th century in the records of Buckinghamshire; traditionally they were elected by the parishioners, but from 1617 onwards were typically appointed by justices of the peace (magistrates) in each county. The system of policing by unpaid parish constables continued in England until the 19th century; in the London metropolitan area it was ended by the creation of the Metropolitan Police by the Metropolitan Police Act 1829,p591, Inwood, Stephen, A History of London (Macmillan, 1998), and by the County Police Constabularies outside London by the County Police Act 1839. Together these led to all counties having various constabularies of full-time professionals. The lowest rank of the police forces and constabularies is "constable", and most outside London are headed by a chief constable.

However, the fort's location along the Mississippi River left it vulnerable to floods that carried away many walls and towers over the years, and the severity of the flood of 1772 prompted its abandonment and the removal of government to Kaskaskia. Randolph County was organized in 1795 when Illinois was still part of the Northwest Territory, although an earlier courthouse, built for an early regional territorial court, predated the county by sixteen years. In the earliest years, three justices of the peace, acting collegiately, served the purposes of a county court; the first regular county court met in 1810 at the tavern of one Thomas Cox. No courthouse was built during the territorial period; Cox and other Kaskaskia tavern-keepers hosted the county government until 1812, in which year the county purchased a house in Kaskaskia.

The Peace of the King was sworn on his accession or full recognition, and the jurisdiction of his courts to punish all violations of that peace was gradually asserted. The completion of this process is marked by the institution of the office of Justice of the Peace. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, breach of the peace is descended from the Justices of the Peace Act 1361, which refers to riotous and barratous behaviour that disturbs the peace of the King. More modern authority defines a breach of the peace as "when a person reasonably believes harm will be caused, or is likely to be caused, to a person or in his presence to his property, or a person is in fear of being harmed through an assault, affray, riot, unlawful assembly, or some other form of disturbance".

The courts of appeal have appellate jurisdiction over the judgements made in first instance by the tribunals of first instance, the enterprise tribunals and the presidents of those tribunals in their respective judicial areas. The judgements made by the tribunals of first instance and the enterprise tribunals in petty civil cases where the disputed amount does not exceed 2,500 euro (as of September 2018) cannot be appealed to the courts of appeal however, except when the case concerns a tax dispute. The judgements of the tribunals of first instance on the appeals against judgements of the police tribunals or of the justices of the peace cannot be further appealed to the courts of appeal either. In these cases, the tribunals of first instance have already exercised appellate review; these judgements are thus final (except for an appeal in cassation).

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Newfoundland and Labrador in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The —is represented and duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

A city of London Watchman drawn and engraved by John Bogle, 1776 In the seventeenth and eighteenth century an official organism for law enforcement did not exist: chasing and arresting serious offenders was not the duty of the public authority. In fact night watchmen, constables and justices of the peace were not obligated to prosecute felons, but played a marginal role: night watchmen only provided surveillance for petty crimes, made rounds at night as a deterrent, and hosted those felons on hold to be brought before a justice of the peace the next day; while constables passively arrested people charged with a crime when already apprehended, and took them before a justice of the peace. As a consequence, law enforcement was mainly a private matter. Capture, prosecution and provision of evidence for the conviction of serious offenders in trials were at the expense of the victim.

According to his son Adolphus wrote A Letter to Robert Ward, Esq., M.P. (1804), to Robert Ward who had written a defence of William Pitt the Younger in his party quarrel with Addington. In 1818 he published, in four volumes, The Political State of the British Empire, containing a general view of the domestic and foreign possessions of the crown, the laws, commerce, revenue, offices, and other establishments, civil and military; in 1824, Observations on the Vagrant Act and some other Statutes, and on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace, in the main a protest against some "nanny state" legislation of the time; and in 1839 the Memoirs of John Bannister the actor, whom he had known well. His history had gone through four editions when, in his seventieth year, Adolphus began the task of continuing it to the death of George III. Vol.

During the past two centuries, typical examples of hate crimes in the U.S. include lynchings of African Americans, largely in the South, and lynchings of Mexicans and Chinese in the West; cross burnings in order to intimidate black activists or drive black families out of predominantly white neighborhoods both during and after Reconstruction; assaults on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people; the painting of swastikas on Jewish synagogues; and xenophobic responses to a variety of minority ethnic groups. The verb "to lynch" is attributed to the actions of Charles Lynch, an 18th-century Virginia Quaker. Lynch, other militia officers, and justices of the peace rounded up Tory sympathizers who were given a summary trial at an informal court; sentences which were handed down included whipping, property seizure, coerced pledges of allegiance, and conscription into the military. Originally, the term referred to the extrajudicial organized but unauthorized punishment of criminals.

The viceregal suite in the Ontario Legislative Building serves as an office and official event location for the Canadian monarch, and the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Ontario in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The —is represented and has duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace.

The single-most frequented gallows, the Tyburn Tree, for public judicial execution in London, was nearby. Most sufficient-scale 18th century maps mark out an area by the edge of the top a very broad rise which is a block or so north along Edgware Road as having, in rough drawing to symbolise obsolescence, such a landmark tree. Relatedly, Oswald's Stone or Ossulstone stood for centuries on the corner of Edgware Road and Oxford Street/Road (formerly also called Uxbridge Road), and was an equally prominent landmark of Middlesex and of the most populous hundred (see Hundred Court), providing a cultural focus and marking out the place of early meetings of the justices of the peace and lords of the many Ossulstone manors more generally. Peter Ackroyd recites a list of anecdotes and archaeological finds supportive of pre-18th century mass burials where much of Connaught Place stands.

The Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland is an advisory non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government responsible for making recommendations on appointments to certain offices of the judiciary of Scotland. It was established in June 2002 on a non-statutory, ad hoc, basis by the Scottish Government, and was given statutory authority by the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008. All recommendations are made to the First Minister, who must consult the Lord President of the Court of Session before making a recommendation to the monarch in relation to full-time, permanent, judiciary, or before any appointments are made by Scottish Ministers to temporary or part-time judicial office. The board does not make recommendations for, or have any in role in the appointment of, justices of the peace, whose appointments are made by Scottish Ministers on the recommendation of Justice of the Peace Advisory Committees for each sheriffdom.

Obscene publications were, historically, something for the canon law; the first prosecution in a court of common law was not until 1727.Wade (1959) p.179 Prior to the passing of the 1959 Act, the publication of obscene materials within England and Wales was governed by the common law and the Obscene Publications Act 1857. The common law, as established in R v Hicklin [1868] 3 QB 360, set the test of "obscenity" as "whether the tendency of the letter published is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influence and into whose hands the publication might fall", while the 1857 Act allowed any stipendiary magistrate or any two Justices of the Peace to issue a warrant authorising the police to search for, seize and destroy any obscene publications.Europe (1976) p.242 It was generally accepted that the existing law was heavily flawed, for several reasons.

Unlike the partly self-governing boroughs that covered urban areas, the counties of medieval England existed primarily as a means of enforcing central government power, enabling monarchs to exercise control over local areas through their chosen representatives – originally sheriffs and later the lord-lieutenants – and their subordinate justices of the peace. Counties were used initially for the administration of justice, collection of taxes and organisation of the military, and later for local government and electing parliamentary representation. Some outlying counties were from time to time accorded palatine status with some military and central government functions vested in a local noble or bishop. The last such, the County Palatine of Durham, did not lose this special status until the 19th century. Although all of England was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest, some counties were formed considerably later, up to the 16th century.

Lodgers and the subdivision of houses were not allowed. This was qualified by an act passed in 1601 entitled Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601 which gave churchwardens and overseers authority to build cottages on ‘waste and common’ for the use of the poor, with permission of the manorial lord:Basket. Statutes at Large pp. 702-705 > It shall and may be lawful for the said churchwardens and overseers … by the > leave of the lord or lords of the manor, whereof any waste or common within > their parish is or shall be parcel … according to any order to be set down > by the justices of the peace of the said county at their general Quarter > Sessions … to erect, build and set up in fit and convenient places of > habitation, in such waste or common, at the general charges of the parish … > convenient houses of dwelling for the said impotent poor.

This fact made the system especially obnoxious to the bureaucracy, and during the latter years of Alexander II and the reign of Alexander III there was a piecemeal taking back of what had been given. It was reserved for the third Duma, after the 1905 Revolution, to begin the reversal of this process. The system established by the law of 1864 was significant in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals, each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the Senate, as the supreme court of cassation. The first of these, based on the English model, are the courts of the elected justices of the peace, with jurisdiction over petty causes, whether civil or criminal; the second, based on the French model, are the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges, sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases.

From 2004 to 2012 he was Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire, retiring at the age of seventy-five, to be succeeded by Mrs Sarah Rose Troughton, a cousin of H. M. the Queen. As Lord Lieutenant he was also custos rotulorum, and his public duties included overseeing arrangements for visits to Wiltshire by members of the Royal Family and escorting them; representing H. M. the Queen at events, and presenting awards and medals on her behalf; liaising with the Wiltshire units of the Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force; leading the local magistracy as Chairman of the Lord Chancellor’s Advisory Committee on Justices of the Peace; and advising on nominations for national honours. Bush is currently chairman of the Wiltshire Historic Buildings Trust, Patron of the Community Foundation for Wiltshire, and Swindon and Chairman of Fredericks Wiltshire. His other interests in Wiltshire have included chairing the Bobby Van Trust.

During the English Civil War (1643–1647), and in the following periods of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, when the Church of England was suppressed and bishops abolished and replaced by Calvinist ministers under the Directory, records were poorly kept and many went missing after being destroyed (bored by beetles, chewed by rats or rendered illegible by damp) or hidden by the displaced Anglican clergy. Instead, for a brief period a civil official, confusingly also called the parish register, was elected locally and approved by two local justices of the peace. Often a semi-literal layman of Puritan hue, he was charged with keeping civil records of birth, marriage, and death in each parish for the balance of the Interregnum, and, in some cases, he even wrote his records into the old parish register. In the course of this passage from Anglican safekeeping to civil hands, however, many records were lost.

This underlines the Crown's role in safeguarding the rights, freedoms, and democratic system of government of Canadians, reinforcing the fact that "governments are the servants of the people and not the reverse". Thus, within Canada's constitutional monarchy the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is normally limited, with the sovereign normally exercising executive authority only on the advice of the executive committee of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, and the sovereign's legislative and judicial responsibilities largely carried out through parliamentarians as well as judges and justices of the peace. However, there are cases where the sovereign or their representative would have a duty to act directly and independently under the doctrine of necessity to prevent genuinely unconstitutional acts. As a result, the Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against abuse of power.

Edward I's Statute of Westminster dating from 1285 enshrined the need for a close season during which salmon could not be removed from rivers, while Elizabeth I introduced a minimum size for caught salmon, which was set at . Edward III was the monarch who first introduced the concept of 'authorised' nets. The Statute of Westminster made provision for overseers to regulate fisheries, and Edward III allowed Justices of the Peace to employ under-conservators to police the rivers, but in reality there was little administrative support for ensuring the regulations were met until the passing of the Salmon Fishery Act 1865. Although formal recording of fish stocks prior to the 19th century was extremely patchy, there was a general perception that at the onset of the Industrial Revolution fish stocks were depleting, as a result of obstructions built across rivers, and over-zealous netting of fish is some rivers and estuaries.

The Sunday Observance Act 1625 (1 Car 1 c 1) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The Act banned participation in such activities as "bearbaiting, bullbaiting, Interludes, common Plays, and other unlawful exercises and pastimes" on Sundays. It was originally only to continue in force until the next session of Parliament. The words of commencement, the words from "to the constables or churchwardens" to "shall be committed" and the words from "and in default of such distress" to "space of three hours" were repealed by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948. The words "the same to be employed and converted to the use of the poor of the parish where such offence shall be committed" were repealed by section 46(2) of, and Part III of Schedule 7 to, the Justices of the Peace Act 1949.

The Earl of Devon remained imprisoned for only a few months. It is possible that an attempt was made to bring him to trial in February, but if so, it was probably – in Storey's words – "countermanded." This could have been, he suggests, indicative of York's "waning" position, as the protectorate was soon to come to an end: Cherry has said that the king's resumption of personal power in February 1456 must have come as "a considerable relief" to the earl.Cherry, M., 'The Struggle for Power in Mid-Fifteenth Century Devonshire', in Griffiths, R.A. (ed.), Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England (Gloucester, 1981), 138 He seems to have taken the Yorkists' eclipse as a further opportunity to continue the feud, which provoked governmental admonishment in March, when his son John Courtenay, with 500 armed men, again prevented the Exeter justices of the peace from sitting, and evicted them.

The burgesses would, in turn, appoint positions of Recorder, Town Clerk, two "Serjeants [sic] at Mace and a water bailiff," and this body had the power to hold a Court of D'Oyer Hundred twice annually to make by laws. The sovereign and recorder had the role of Justices of the Peace and would hold a Court of Record every Monday and a Court leet twice annually. The ultimate duties of this corporation included building a prison, making reparations to "the walls" and oversight and taxation of the local market.The Sovereign & Brethren & Free Burgesses of the Borough of Dungarvan, Charter of James I, 4 January, 1609–10 As its capture was recorded in 1642, we know that a town hall was in existence at that time and it is believed some of that building was incorporated into the Old Market House on the Main Street.

Hull was granted county corporate status in 1440 in the reign of Henry VI. A number of small towns nearby Kingston upon Hull were added to it. The area was self-governing in respect of it having its own courts, with powers of oyer and terminer, to hold assizes on civil and criminal cases. At creation the county corporate had included into it the town and parishes of Hessle (Hassel), North Ferriby, Swanland, West- Ella, Kirk-Ella, Tranby (an area south of Anlaby and north of Hessle), Willardby (Willerby), Anlaby and the priory of Haltemprise. The rights previously given to the town of Hull were extended to the county corporate, with the Mayor acting as the King's Escheator, and with the town Bailiffs replaced by Sheriff and twelve Aldermen, acting as Justices of the Peace, with the Burgesses to answer before the Mayor and Sheriff first, not the King.

His headquarters was at Norham, and it was probably about this period that a grant of arms was made him in consideration of the recovery of the castle at that place by his prowess and policy. In February 1518 he was installed prebendary of Heydour- cum-Walton in the diocese of Lincoln, and before 1522 he was rector of Houghton-le-Spring, Durham, and held the prebend of Eveston, in the collegiate church of Lanchester, in the same county. On Thomas Wolsey's accession to the see of Durham he confirmed Franklyn in the chancellorship, with power of appointing justices of the peace, coroners, stewards, bailiffs, and other officers; and the chancellor made himself useful to the bishop in devising plans for increasing the revenues of the diocese. He was still chancellor under Cuthbert Tunstall, Wolsey's successor at Durham, but he already enjoyed marked proofs of Wolsey's favour.

1505), Serjeant-at-law, author of the legal treatise, De Pace (On The Peace).E.W. Ives, The Common Lawyers of Pre-Reformation England: Thomas Kebell: A Case Study (Cambridge University Press 1983), pp. 53-54, citing B.H. Putnam, Early Treatises on the Practice of the Justices of the Peace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1924), Chapter V. Frowyk and John Kingsmill, Justice of the Common Pleas, were later among those appointed as executors of Marowe's will.For Marowe's will (P.C.C. 1505) see Nina Green's Oxford-Shakespeare website. At the Inner Temple Frowyk 'gave readings in the autumn terms of 1492 (Westminster II cc.6–11) and 1495 (Prerogativa regis), readings which were often cited subsequently'.M. McGlynn, The Royal Prerogative and the Learning of the Inns of Court (Cambridge University Press 2003), pp. 23–5, 96–7, 107–8, and passim.

In theory, protectors of Aborigines were empowered to undertake legal proceedings on behalf of Aboriginal people, dictate where Aboriginal people could live or work, and keep all wages earned by employed Aboriginals. As the boards had limited funds protectors received very limited remuneration, and so a range of people were appointed as local protectors, including resident magistrates, jail wardens, justices of the peace and in some cases ministers of religion, though most were local police inspectors. The minutes of the boards show they mostly dealt with matters of requests from religious bodies for financial relief and reports from resident or police magistrates pertaining to trials and convictions of Aboriginal people under their jurisdiction. Aboriginal protection boards also known and issued permits to allow Aboriginal people the right to leave their respective missions and reserves and enter the mainstream society for a set period of time.

He believed good candidates would be elected by the people even if they were not the most qualified and running on a ticket with a political party would cause bad candidates to be elected on a good ticket. Mackenzie wrote that justices of the peace should have exclusive jurisdiction on matters up to $100 to reduce the number of appeals parties could make to each ruling and allow the courts to be financially accessible to most citizens. He was also against the Court of Chancery because he felt the court's decisions took too long to be rendered, was against institutions of the free press and fickle in its rulings. He was also against judges having the power to decide who could practice law in the state because he was against monopolies of any kind and registered lawyers could charge excessive fees if few people were available to represent clients.

Moll Hackabout beats hemp in Bridewell Prison The first London house of correction was Bridewell Prison, and the Middlesex and Westminster houses also opened in the early seventeenth century. Due to the first reformation of manners campaign, the late seventeenth century was marked by the growth in the number of houses of correction, often generically termed bridewells, established and by the passage of numerous statutes prescribing houses of correction as the punishment for specific minor offences. Offenders were typically committed to houses of correction by justices of the peace, who used their powers of summary jurisdiction with respect to minor offences. In the Middlesex and Westminster houses of correction in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries the most common charges against prisoners were prostitution, petty theft, and "loose, idle and disorderly conduct" (a loosely defined offence which could involve a wide range of misbehaviour).

A Married Women (Restraint Upon Anticipation) Act was passed in 1949 "to equalise, to render inoperative any restrictions upon anticipation or alienation attached to the enjoyment of property by a woman," while the Married Women (Maintenance) Act of 1949 was enacted with the intention of improving the adequacy and duration of financial benefits for married women. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 1950 amended an Act of 1885 to bring prostitutes within the law and safeguard them from abduction and abuse. The Criminal Justice Act of 1948 restricted imprisonment for juveniles and brought improvements to the probation and remand centre systems, while the passage of the Justices of the Peace Act of 1949 led to extensive reforms of magistrates courts.The Longman Companion to the Labour Party, 1900–1998 by H.J.P. Harmer The Attlee Government also abolished the marriage bar in the Civil Service, thereby enabling married women to work in that institution.

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in British Columbia in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The Canadian monarch—since 6 February 1952, Queen Elizabeth II—is represented and her duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

A justice of the peace has the same jurisdiction as a municipal magistrate with respect to traffic and misdemeanor cases and restraining orders, though over cases whose affairs are not contained within the confines of a single municipality. Additionally, the Justice Court hears cases involving county ordinances (ordinances enacted by the board of supervisors that apply only to unincorporated areas), civil lawsuits up to a limit of $10,000, small claims cases up to $2,500 (up to $3,500 in Maricopa County), and issues evictions, called writs of restitution (after a forcible detainer or special detainer action (eviction) being successfully completed by a landlord). Justices of the peace, also called JPs, or Judges of the Justice Court, are elected in partisan elections for four- year terms from specific districts called precincts. They have the same authority and responsibility as all other judges in the state with respect to performing marriages, administrating oaths, adhering to the code of judicial conduct, and all aspects of justice administration.

A Married Women (Restraint Upon Anticipation) Act was passed in 1949 "to equalise, to render inoperative any restrictions upon anticipation or alienation attached to the enjoyment of property by a woman", while the Married Women (Maintenance) Act of 1949 was enacted with the intention of improving the adequacy and duration of financial benefits for married women. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 1950 amended an Act of 1885 to bring prostitutes within the law and safeguard them from abduction and abuse. The Criminal Justice Act of 1948 restricted imprisonment for juveniles and brought improvements to the probation and remand centres systems, while the passage of the Justices of the Peace Act of 1949 led to extensive reforms of magistrates' courts.The Longman Companion to the Labour Party, 1900–1998 by H. J. P. Harmer The Attlee government also abolished the marriage bar in the Civil Service, thereby enabling married women to work in that institution.

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Nova Scotia in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The Canadian monarch—since 6 February 1952, Queen Elizabeth II—is represented and her duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

In addition to electing the Governor, the Legislative Council and the General Assembly — in joint meeting — chose the Judges of the New Jersey Supreme Court, Judges of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, Justices of the Peace, Clerks of the Supreme Court, County Clerks, Attorney General, and Secretary of State.1776 New Jersey Constitution, Article XII Under the fusion of powers system, the Governor and Council comprised the Court of Appeals, "in the last resort", continuing the system in use under colonial rule.1776 New Jersey Constitution, Article IX Three or more Members of the Legislative Council were to be a privy council to the Governor.1776 New Jersey Constitution, Article VIII Under the 1776 constitution, the Legislative Council had the same powers as the Assembly in the introduction and passage of bills, with the exception that the Council could not "prepare or alter any money bill"; that authority was left to the Assembly alone.

Initially, the tribunal was limited to acting as an appeals court for cases that were first decided by the district courts (the cases decided by justices of the peace and appealed to the district courts were not appealable to the tribunal). Due to difficult economic situation and lack of educated jurists, Lithuania did not have a separate court of cassation and it was hoped that since there is only one Supreme Tribunal for the entire country it could also handle the function of law interpretation. In July 1919, the tribunal became a court of cassation for cases referred from the Army Court (until 1928, some political cases from the Army Court could also be reviewed for the facts of the case). With the ongoing Lithuanian Wars of Independence (ended in November 1920) and the continued martial law (lifted only in November 1939), the Army Court was very active. In 1920–1929, the tribunal handled 854 cases from the Army Court (152 appeals and 702 cassations).

The Statute was intended as an addition to the Statute of Uses, and was passed in the same session of Parliament; Edward Coke, for example, referred to it as "but a Proviso" to the Statute of Uses. The Statute was drafted quickly, by the Clerk of the House of Commons rather than a legislator, and is interesting in that unlike most government bills it completely lacks a preamble. It is thought by Charles Isaac Elton that it was drafted "as some sort of emergency legislation", which Kaye backs up, saying that it was most likely due to some omission in the Statute of Uses. The Statute provided that after 31 July 1536, no land was to be transferred based on a sale unless that sale had been certified by either the courts in Westminster or the local Justices of the Peace, unless it was in those cities or boroughs where this was already required.

The 18th century legal writer Thomas Edlyne Tomlins, in an 1820 legal dictionary, defines "conservator of the peace" as a person who until the creation of the justices of the peace by King Edward III, had "an especial charge to see the king's peace kept" either as incident to other offices or of itself.Thomas Edlyne Tomlins, The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise Progress and Present State of the British Law (1820), Vol. 1. The king was the "principal conservator of the peace within all his dominions"; other general conservators of the peace included the Lord Chancellor or Lord Keeper, Lord Treasurer, Lord High Steward, Earl Marischal, Lord High Constable, justices of the King's Bench, and Master of the Rolls. At common law, sheriffs and sometimes constables were regarded as conservators of the peace within their county, and constables and tythingmen were also seen were regarded as conservators of the peace within their jurisdiction.

In 1902, Sheppard was made Vicar General of the Diocese; and, a year following, he was the first priest in the United States to receive the distinction of Monsignor at the hands of Pope Pius X. The still further mark of distinction, that of Prothonotary Apostle, came to him in 1903. Among the greater achievements of Sheppard's latter years was the formation of the Diocesan Union of Holy Name Societies that were already existing, independently, in the various parishes. Sheppard was also one of the influential members of the Bishops Committee that framed what is known as "The Bishops Law" for the regulation of the liquor traffic in the state of New Jersey with a special view to a better observance of the Sunday law and for the suppression of the back rooms some of the drinking places maintained; and he also originated the movement that resulted in the passage of the act prohibiting Justices of the Peace from performing marriage ceremonies.

The office of the constable was introduced in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066 and was responsible for the keeping and maintenance of the king's armaments and those of the villages as a measure of protecting individual settlements throughout the country. Some authorities place the origins of constables in England earlier, attributing the creation of the office during the reign of King Alfred (871, A.D.).Hanes, A Practical Treatise on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace and in the State of Illinois (4th Ed., 1868) at p.688. See, also, Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England in Four Books, Vol. 1 (1753) at p. 229. The office of Lord High Constable, one of the Great Officers of State, was established in the kingdoms of England and Scotland during the reigns of King Stephen (1135–1154) and King David (1124–1154) respectively, and was responsible for the command of the army.

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Alberta in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The Canadian monarch—since 6 February 1952, Queen Elizabeth II—is represented and her duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Manitoba in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The Canadian monarch—since 6 February 1952, Queen Elizabeth II—is represented and her duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in New Brunswick in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The Canadian monarch—since 6 February 1952, Queen Elizabeth II—is represented and her duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Prince Edward Island in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The Canadian monarch—since 6 February 1952, Queen Elizabeth II—is represented and her duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

The Justices of the Peace of the East Riding had no legal authority over the area. At the same time Hull Castle became the responsibility of the town. In 1515 a skirmish or battle was fought between the Sheriff of Hull and the Prior of Haltemprice Priory over the authority over Willerby (Willarby) and Wolfreton (Woolfreton) – the Prior claimed that though the priory was within Hullshire it was not part of it, and was within the Lordship of Cottingham, and had taken the issue to the Star Chamber; the case was referred to the Abbott of Meaux; Bryan Palmes; and Sir William Constable who had decided in the Prior's favour. Despite this decision on 6 October the Sheriff of Hull together with 200 people of the town began to approach Wolfreton; the Prior, who had been informed of the Sheriff's intentions roused his tenants, and armed the monks of the Priory, who then blocked the roads, and hurled abuse on the Sheriff and his people.

The Utah Territory was established by an act of Congress on Monday, September 9, 1850 which provided for a territorial government made up of a territorial governor chosen every four years, a territorial Assembly with a 13-member council chosen every second year and a 26-member House of Representatives chosen annually, and a territorial Judiciary made up of a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and justices of the peace. The creation of the Territory of Utah was part of the Compromise of 1850 seeking to preserve the political balance of power between the slave and free states.Library of Congress, Compromise of 1850 , accessed on Tuesday, January 30, 2007 Following the organization of the territory, Brigham Young was inaugurated as its first governor on Sunday, February 9, 1851 and the first territorial assembly met Monday, September 22, 1851. The legislative body of the Utah Territory continued to act until 1896 with the successful passage of the Utah Constitution and Utah achieving statehood.

At that time Mr. Paulino Speratti through his wife Casilda Villamayor, donates land for construction of the church, a square, a school, the seat of the municipal authorities and the Magistrates Court. The first authority of General Las Heras, Ramón Dumont was the judge appointed by decree in February 1864 and that for reasons of better control and with the authorization of the Minister of Government of the Province of Buenos Aires, the party divided the land into six barracks by a mayor headquarters. This system expires with the creation of the law of September 11, 1884, where the judicial functions of the administrative and political performed the Justices of the Peace are separated, initiating stage of municipal mayors and occupying the first position Don Juan Zamudio person nicknamed "the father of the poor" and that anyone who approached his stay was well received and helped generously. Don Juan Zamudio also solved the problems between villagers and his word was heard as a final judgment.

In 1936, the E. H. Crump political machine based in Memphis, which controlled much of Tennessee, extended to McMinn County with the introduction of Paul Cantrell as the Democratic candidate for sheriff. Cantrell, who came from a family of money and influence in nearby Etowah, tied his campaign closely to the popularity of the Roosevelt administration and rode FDR's coattails to victory over his Republican opponent in what came to be known as "vote grab of 1936" which delivered McMinn County to Tennessee's Crump Machine. Paul Cantrell was elected sheriff in the 1936, 1938, and 1940 elections, and was elected to the state senate in 1942 and 1944, while his former deputy, Pat Mansfield, a transplanted Georgian, was elected sheriff. A state law enacted in 1941 reduced local political opposition to Crump's officials by reducing the number of voting precincts from 23 to 12 and reducing the number of justices of the peace from fourteen to seven (including four "Cantrell men").

He was appointed in November 1909 as a member of a Royal Commission on the selection of Justices of the Peace (magistrates), which reported in July 1910. The Commission's recommendations included the appointment of local committees which would monitor the effectiveness of magistrates and report of whether more magistrates were needed, and proposals to remove political bias from the selection process. However, Verney signed the report with a note dissociating himself from the proposal that "the Lord Chancellor and the Lord Lieutenants should refuse to receive any unasked-for recommendations from members of parliament or candidates for such membership in their own constituencies, or from political agents or representatives of political associations"; he claimed that this was outside the scope of the commission. Verney was re-elected in Buckingham in January 1910, but at the December 1910 general election he stood aside from Buckingham to allow his nephew Sir Harry Verney, 4th Baronet to contest the seat.

" Kilty briefly argued that More was not an Article III judge and that the fees in question were not compensation received at "times Stated." But, the bulk of Kilty's dissent was devoted to the argument that Congress's power over the federal district was broad. He argued that "the district of Columbia, though belonging to the United States, and within their compass, is not, like a state, a component part, and that the provisions of the constitution, which are applicable particularly to the relative situation of the United States and the several states, are not applicable to this district." "[W]hen congress, in exercising exclusive legislation over this territory, enact laws to give or to take away the fees of the justices of the peace, such laws cannot be tested by a provision in the constitution, evidently applicable to the judicial power of the whole United States, and containing restrictions which cannot, in their nature, affect the situation of the justices, or the nature of the compensation.

Turpin most likely became involved with the Essex gang of deer thieves in the early 1730s. Deer poaching had long been endemic in the Royal Forest of Waltham, and in 1723 the Black Act (so called because it outlawed the blackening or disguising of faces while in the forests) was enacted to deal with such problems. Deer stealing was a domestic offence that was judged not in civil courts, but before justices of the peace; it was not until 1737 that the more severe penalty of seven years' transportation was introduced. However, in 1731 seven verderers became so concerned by the increase in activity that they signed an affidavit which demonstrated their worries. The statement was lodged with Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, who responded by offering a £10 reward to anyone who helped identify the thieves, plus a pardon for those thieves who gave up their colleagues. Following a series of nasty incidents, including the threatened murder of a keeper and his family, in 1733 the government increased the reward to £50 (about £ as of ).

During the time this constitution was in effect the county judge presided over county court, the court of claims, and quarterly court. County court exercised appellate jurisdiction over justices' courts and functioned as the legislative and administrative authority for the county. Courts of claims were an aggregation of all of a county's justices of the peace sitting for the purpose of imposing the county tax levy and appropriating county funds. Quarterly court exercised minor civil jurisdiction. Under the 1891 Constitution, the office of judge of the county court combined a number of judicial, legislative and administrative duties. Sections 139 and 140 made the county judge the chief judicial officer of the county and quarterly courts. He was also made the presiding officer of the fiscal court, the county legislative body (Section 144). Over the years, additional duties of an executive and administrative nature were assigned to the county judge by the General Assembly. The 1975 Judicial Amendment to the Constitution, which reorganized the state's judicial system, stripped the office of the county judge of its judicial powers and responsibilities.

The author of The Wonderfull Discoverie, Thomas Potts, was brought up in the home of Thomas Knyvet, the man who in 1605 was credited with apprehending Guy Fawkes in his attempt to blow up the Houses of Parliament and thus saving the life of King James I. At the time of writing his book, Potts was lodging in Chancery Lane, in London. Potts was employed as a clerk of the peace for the East Riding of Yorkshire in about 1610–11, and was an associate clerk on the northern assize circuit in the summer of 1612, when the Lancashire witch trials took place. Although he had sufficient legal training to be able to advise Justices of the Peace, he had not received a university education. The normal career progression for a man in his position would have been a slow promotion to Clerk of the Assize, but only a few years after the publication of his book Potts began to receive "considerable royal favour", suggesting that his account of the trials met with the King's approval.

The monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, forming the core of the country's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. The Crown is thus is the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Vincentian government. While Royal Assent and the royal sign-manual are required to enact laws, letters patent, and orders in council, the authority for these acts stems from the Vincentian populace, and, within the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected and appointed parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and Justices of the Peace. The Vincentian monarchy has its roots in the French and British crowns, from which it has evolved over numerous centuries to become a distinctly Vincentian institution represented by unique symbols.

King George VI (left), and William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (right), share a moment of levity, 11 May 1937 Canada's constitution is based on the Westminster parliamentary model, wherein the role of the Queen is both legal and practical, but not political. The sovereign is vested with all the powers of state, collectively known as the royal prerogative, leading the populace to be considered subjects of the Crown. However, as the sovereign's power stems from the people and the monarch is a constitutional one, he or she does not rule alone, as in an absolute monarchy. Instead, the Crown is regarded as a corporation sole, with the monarch being the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government—the executive, legislative, and judicial—acting under the sovereign's authority, which is entrusted for exercise by the politicians (the elected and appointed parliamentarians and the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from among them) and the judges and justices of the peace.

In this section, the words "or iiii of the said justices at the leaste whereof one to be of the quorum", the words from "to call before them the constables" to "inhabitauntes shall have power and auctoritie", and the words from "and after such taxacion made" to "delyver to the owner thereof" were repealed by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948. Section III provided that in these cases, the justices of the peace were empowered to call before them the constables of every town and parish in the area responsible – in the absence of the constables, "two of the most honest inhabitants" would suffice – and, with their assent, assess and then tax every inhabitant for a reasonable sum to cover the cost of the work required. The justices were to draw up a roll of all persons so taxed, and appoint two collectors in every hundred. The Justices were also given the power to appoint two surveyors to oversee the work, who would receive the money from the collectors.

Military Governor of the castle and turbulent city of Limerick 1715 1727 is back in Ireland at Limerick 7 February 1727 This Day we received an account from Dublin, that the Court of King's Bench has allowed an information to be filed against our Governor, for assuming the Power and Office of Mayor of this City; which news has caused inexpressible Joy among his Majesty's faithful Subjects here. Dublin 14 February 1727 Yesterday our Artillery were all carefully viewed by the Gunners; and such as were any way defective were taken Care of; but only one cannon was found unfit for Service. Last Saturday the Court of King's Bench ordered Informations to be filed against James Robinson, Robert Twigg, John Vincent, and John Higgins, of Limerick, Aldermen, for exercising the Offices of Justices of the Peace in that City, not being duly elected. These four Aldermen took upon them the Offices of Justices since the Time Major General Pearce, Governor of the Garrison, first assumed the Civil Magistracy of that City.

Chief Constable of West Midlands Police [2004] (1 WLR 14, per Dyson, LJ) In England and Wales, constables (or other persons) are permitted to arrest a person to "prevent a further breach of the peace" which allows for the police or the public to arrest a person before a breach of the peace has occurred. This is permitted when it is reasonable to believe should the person remain, that they would continue with their course of conduct and that a Breach of the Peace would occur. The only immediate sanction that can be imposed by a court for breach of the peace is to bind over the offender to keep the peace: that is, justices of the peace can require a person to enter into a recognizance to keep the peace. Any punishment (in the sense of a loss of freedom or permanent financial penalty) takes the form of loss of the surety if the defendant fails to keep the peace or be of good behaviour during the period for which he is bound over.

The Knights of the Order of St John of Jerusalem held a court leet in Butterworth after 1148. In 1253, in the reign of Henry III, permission was granted for the Knights to erect a gallows "on a bleak hill to the north of Milnrow", now commemorated in the name of a public house at the top of Kiln Lane hill.Baines, above, p506. Harvey Kershaw Beyond the Boundary (Rochdale) 1979 Edwin Butterworth A Statistical Sketch of the County Palatine of Lancaster (Longman & Co, London) 1841, p118 Brian Hindle The Cotton Mills of Crompton, Vol 2 (1800-1860), 2006, p8, describes a summons to the Prior of the Order asking him to show by what right he had erected gallows in the adjoining township of Crompton The manorial courts were replaced by the Duchy Court with a Deputy Bailiff in Rochdale, referenced in relation to actions for trespass in 1567 and for breach of contract in 1608.Fishwick, above, pp384-6 A courthouse for hearings of petty sessions before justices of the peace was built in 1656 on Dale Street, Milnrow.

On the first day of the trial, during the testimony of the first witness called by the prosecution, McAnea's Advocate Herbert Kerrigan objected that the search warrants used by Strathclyde Police to enter the Beith Street premises and seize evidence were invalid as they all referred to a non-existent "1989 Forgery and Counterfeiting Act"—the act is instead the "1981 Forgery and Counterfeiting Act." The initial typing error had been transcribed to other documents—including 15 search warrants—prepared by the police in connection with the raid, and had been overlooked by 10 detectives and 5 Justices of the Peace. Kerrigan argued that warrants were intended to protect citizens' rights and the error rendered them unlawful—just days earlier, 2 other major trials had been abandoned because of errors on search warrants. Lord Cameron initially agreed with the defence that the warrants were invalid, but, the following day, the Advocate Depute made a submission that it was merely a typographical error, that the evidence gathered under them could still be put to the jury, and that a 1950 appeal court decision allowed the judge to exercise discretion and to excuse the mistake.

William III and Mary II (1688–1702) The royal arms as shown above may only be used by the Queen herself. They also appear in courtrooms, since the monarch is deemed to be the fount of judicial authority in the United Kingdom and law courts comprise part of the ancient royal court (thus so named). Judges are officially Crown representatives, demonstrated by the display of the royal arms behind the judge's bench in almost all UK courts; notable exceptions include the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which displays its own badge and flag to symbolize its nationwide role, the magistrates' court in the City of London, where behind the Justices of the Peace stands a sword upright flanked by the arms of the City and the Crown. In addition, the royal arms cannot be displayed in courtrooms or on court-house exteriors in Northern Ireland, except for the courtrooms of the Royal Courts of Justice in Belfast and the courts in Armagh, Banbridge, Downpatrick, Magherafelt, or Omagh, and the exterior of court buildings that had them in place prior to the 2002 law.

For example, conservatives worry that a Christian college would risk its tax-exempt status by refusing to admit a legally married gay couple to married-student housing. Some legal analysts suggest that failure to reflect gay rights within their organizations may cost some religious groups their tax-exempt status. In addition, religious opponents of same-sex marriage express concern about several specific instances in which they contend that religious freedoms have been abridged due to legal recognition of same-sex unions, including (a) an incident in Canada (which is subject to a different set of laws concerning same-sex marriage than the United States), in which the Knights of Columbus were sued for declining to allow a same-sex wedding reception on their property; (b) removal of real property tax exemption from a New Jersey Christian organization that did not allow a civil union ceremony to be performed on their property; (c) requirements that judges and justices of the peace perform same-sex wedding ceremonies; and (d) the forced closing of Catholic adoption agencies which refused to place children in the homes of married same-sex partners. There is also a concern that religious people might be marginalized for their beliefs about marriage.

Such regulations would be made void "without prejudice to the validity of any proceedings which may in the meantime have been taken thereunder or to the making of any new regulations provided that Orders in Council under the said Act shall not be deemed to be statutory rules within the meaning of section one of the Rules Publication Act, 1893." Its Section 3 replaced Metropolitan Police policing of dockyards and military bases with special constables, to be nominated by the Admiralty, Army Council or Air Council and confirmed by two justices of the peace (England and Wales), magistrates of a burgh (Scotland) or standing joint committee of a county (Scotland), with all the same powers Metropolitan Police constables had had in those places under the Metropolitan Police Act 1860 or the Metropolitan Police (Employment in Scotland) Act, 1914. Such special constables remained under the control of the department which had nominated them, which also had power to suspend or terminate their appointment as a special constable. This led to the establishment of the Royal Marine Police, the Army Department Constabulary and the Air Ministry Constabulary over the course of the 1920s - these were later all subsumed into the Ministry of Defence Police.