You will probably need to reinforce the existing structure, which is likely to involve strengthening the floor joists by attaching new joists to one or both sides, or possibly adding columns.
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"The open wooden joists are excellent diffraction and diffusion devices," Weiss says.
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She walks along the joists and stands looking down into the black ferns.
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I knew she feared the weight of books was slowly warping her ceiling joists.
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The 14-inch reversible risers are designed to fit either 16- or 24-inch joists.
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She would expose the brick walls and reveal the beams and joists in the ceiling.
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They hired us to determine whether to remove the joists, seal them, or do something else.
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On the bottom two levels, they left ceilings open to expose the joists and maximize head space.
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By that point, the damage to the cabinet (and possibly the flooring and floor joists) is done.
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A construction company found formaldehyde leaking from floor joists supporting subfloors in about 2,000 homes they built.
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As Milch scans and rescans what amounts to the scene's studs, joists, and walls, Dushame takes dictation.
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"I didn't realize that the joists that I loved was actually the floor above," Ms. Blumstein said.
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I was the assistant to the foreman, and I learned how to lay bricks, put in floor joists.
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"They caused some structural damage, gnawing at joists and sub flooring," said J.R. Davis, the incumbent governor's press secretary.
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The kitchen has exposed brick walls and ceiling joists, features discovered during renovations that began about 2801 years ago.
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The staircase at 85 Bowery is tilted, and engineers say that has resulted from joists separating from the walls.
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Ms. Gabe designed special floor joists, above left, that would maintain the slope if the house settled over time.
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Then, with a bit of maneuvering, it's able to place the board against the joists and drill them in place.
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The alteration agreement she submitted to the co-op board omitted her plans to expose the ceiling beams and joists.
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I can hang work from the ceiling beams (the floor joists of the first floor) or spread out on the floor.
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It has a spacious salon with parquet floors and a ceiling of exposed joists and large beams carved from rough timber.
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Paintings that aren't stretched are rolled up on tubes— five or six to a tube — are stored between the ceiling joists.
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The entrance to this unit is at the side of the building, up a flight of stairs created from salvaged floor joists.
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In 2001, flagstone flooring and built-in furniture was removed from the slab to expose the concrete beams and perpendicular joists below.
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When I ascended, I found him lit by a small window, balancing gracefully on the joists, carrying a bucket heavy with water.
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Workers also salvaged pieces of the original joists and repurposed them as shelves and decorative exposed beams in the garden-level family room.
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Sometimes there are no walls at all, and we work in primordial jungles of fiberglass insulation, floor joists and rusted cast iron stacks.
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He convenes weekly meetings with the developers, contractors and Delta representatives to discuss progress and to share details down to the rivets and joists.
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In one of them, Christian Bandler, the construction manager for the restaurant's renovation, stepped carefully across a lattice of thick, wooden joists and beams.
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But she got to express her creativity, using reclaimed materials like floor joists as open shelving and painting the cabinetry a sea-foam green.
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The three-month kitchen renovation included redoing the flooring and replacing the joists, updating the plumbing and electrical work, and installing new cabinets and countertops.
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Of the 203,421 entrants 65 and older in a marathon field of about 52,000, I'll surely be among the slowest, with floorboards creaking and joists sagging.
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In the West Elm store, electrical conduits were threaded artfully among the wood ceiling joists by Sean Burns, the job captain for McGowan, the general contractor.
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The additional work meant that new permits had to be obtained and floor and ceiling joists realigned, increasing the budget and delaying the project by several weeks.
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Mr. Salasky exposed the ceiling joists, raising the room's height to 10 feet, and stripped the walls down to the bricks, which he painted a deep blue.
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I go slowly: My kind of expedition has nothing to do with the bravado of those roof climbers who hang from the edges of chimneys and joists.
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Handwritten notes indicate where the images were meant to be arranged along the walls, and the blueprints from Schoen's office have minute details of joists and wiring.
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In addition, "a very large proportion of the ceiling beams and floor joists were defective and had to be replaced," adds the source about the mid-1800s cottage.
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The six-month refurbishment included new electrical wiring, replacement of defective ceiling beams and floor joists, new heating systems and the introduction of new gas and water mains.
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By isolating the tub in the middle of the room, you will need to conceal that slope either in the space between the joists or in a raised floor.
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Old pine joists salvaged from a DDG project in TriBeCa will serve as a table; hunks of bluestone from past projects were also considered but were deemed too unwieldy.
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Mr. Beckstedt went for a rustic and swooping midcentury look, with rough, exposed joists and ceiling beams, a biomorphic black plaster and cobblestone fireplace and pale oak paneled walls.
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The main mill building still has the springy hardwood floors and original wooden joists installed in its heyday, but no clacking of looms has been heard here for over three decades.
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Five cables — made of as many as 13 half-inch-diameter steel strands — were placed alongside three major beams, like tendons and bone, with six smaller cables placed alongside the joists.
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He then used the building's floor joists to make the seat's swing, along with the furniture — and all the art that is now in an exhibit about the house at the CAC.
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Exposed wood may be a familiar sight in some 280th-century buildings in New York City, like lofts in TriBeCa and Dumbo, where it was necessarily used in columns, joists and ceilings.
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The first case requires that the joists head in the right direction from your waste stack; the second case looks visually clumsy as well as posing a tripping hazard with its extra step.
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"Our researchers conducted a final tour of the home at the end of April, during which time they found that nearly all of the floor and wall joists had been completely eaten away," explained the NPMA.
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Anyone who has endeavored to remodel a house which grew in similar fashion can likely attest to discovering a mind-boggling assemblage of studs, joists, headers, pipes, and wiring, once the architectural surfaces are peeled back.
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A while back I was sitting in my studio, working on a sculpture, and started wondering where the oak floors came from, and the sheetrock walls, and the wood ceiling joists, and the copper in the electrical wiring?
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And, if ambient technology is to become as integrated into our lives as previous technological revolutions like wood joists, steel beams, and engine blocks, we need to subject it to the digital equivalent of enforceable building codes and auto safety standards.
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And, if ambient technology is to become as integrated into our lives as previous technological revolutions like wood joists, steel beams and engine blocks, we need to subject it to the digital equivalent of enforceable building codes and auto safety standards.
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He said it was "highly probable" that the joists and wrought-iron rose-head nails that were discovered mixed in with the beams from the Atlantic Garden were part of an original late-18th-century structure that could have been the Bull's Head.
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It's maybe on the sixth reprise that those of us who aren't completely fucked up start to notice that the floorboards are visibly moving up and down on the one, and this is no joke when you're talking about century-old joists and beams.
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This, a notice of a stop-work order, had been issued by the Department of Buildings; an inspector had seen exposed floor and ceiling joists on the second floor, as well as exposed electrical wiring and, in one room, the absence of fire-safety protections.
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"A very large proportion of the ceiling beams and floor joists were defective and had to be replaced," adds the source about the mid-1800s cottage, which was turned from a single home into five small dormitory-style units long before Harry and Meghan set eyes on it.
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It asserts its authenticity in the plinths and joists of its architecture, in the bold intricacies of character and plot, but also in the only spot that truly matters: the prose, the synapses between subject and utterance, a language that hums along the taut cord of its telling.
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Typically, wood joists have the cross section of a plank with the longer faces positioned vertically. However, engineered wood joists may have a cross section resembling the Roman capital letter "I"; these joists are referred to as I-joists. Steel joists can take on various shapes, resembling the Roman capital letters "C", "I", "L" and "S". Wood joists were also used in old-style timber framing.
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In the framing of a deck or floor system, a rim joist is attached perpendicular to the joists, and provides lateral support for the ends of the joists while capping off the end of the floor or deck system. Rim joists are not to be confused with end joists, which are the first and last joists at the ends of a row of joists that make up a floor or deck frame. A rim joist's relationship to the joists is similar to what the top or bottom wall plate is to the studs. It is also confusingly called a header (header also refers to other framing components) or rim board.
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Joists made of 2-by-6es are set perpendicular to the planks. The joists are connected to the planks by halved joints. The joists project about beyond the beams on both ends. The bottom of each projection is carved into a dentil decorative shape.
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Collectively, the end joists and rim joists are called band joists, especially in regard to deck construction. In dimensioned lumber construction, the rim joists are the same depth, thickness and material as the joists themselves; in engineered wood construction, the rim joists may be oriented strand board (OSB), plywood or an engineered wood material varying in thickness from to as much as , though they are usually laminated veneer lumber (LVL) or laminated strand lumber (LSL) thick. In flooring construction, the rim joists sit on the sill plates; in deck construction, they are parallel to the support beams and sit on the beams or in some cases, cantilever away from the beams. A double thickness board in the position of a rim joist is called a flush beam and serves a dual purpose, providing primary support for the joist ends as well as capping the joists.
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Also, in some Dutch-American work, ground level joists are placed on a foundation and then a sill placed on top of the joists such as what timber frame builder Jack Sobon called an "inverted sill" or with a "plank sill". These joists land on a beam. Between some of the joists is a form of pugging used for insulation and air sealing. Image: Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed Joists can have different joints on either ends such as being tenoned on one end and lodged on the other end.
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In timber framing a single floor is a floor framed with single set of joists. A double floor is generally used for longer spans and joists, called bridging beams or joists, are supported by other beams called binding beams: the two layers of timbers providing the name double floor. In a double floor there may be two sets of joists, one for the floor above and one for the ceiling below.
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Original sections of flooring remain as do cast iron cross beams, shoes, joists, decorative grills, timber floor joists and the pilaster which carried the overhaul beam crane. A large sandstone block is located within the wall above and below each pair of joists. The original colour scheme is still visible.
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Steep Rocky Creek bridge includes one RSJ span of three joists, five concrete arches and a final RSJ span of three joists, supported on six concrete piers and two abutments.
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A double floor is a floor framed with joists supported by larger timbers. In traditional timber framing there may be a single set of joists which carry both a floor and ceiling called a single floor (single joist floor, single framed floor) or two sets of joists, one carrying the floor and another carrying the ceiling called a double floor (double framed floor). The term binding joist is sometimes used to describe beams at floor level running perpendicular to the ridge of a gable roof and joined to the intermediate posts. Joists which land on a binding joist are called bridging joists.
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No centring was used. The joists rested on plates, and above them the walls were reduced to 2 ft. 2 in. in thickness to leave the ends of the joists free.
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Joists left out of an area form an opening called a "well" as in a stairwell or chimney-well. The joists forming the well are the heading joist (header) and trimming joist (trimmer). Trimmers take the name of the feature such as hearth trimmer, stair trimmer, etc. Shortened joists are said to be crippled.
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The ceiling finish is a vee-jointed tongue and groove fixed to the underside of squared ceiling joists. The joists are spaced at 800mm centres. The joists to the east of the partition wall have been whitened, but not to the west of this division so there was clearly an early ceiling in the smaller, western space.
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When building subfloor the joists must always bear on the ledge for all it support. The use of steel stap tie to connect opposite joist when the top of the joists and beam are flush.
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Multi-floor construction, Katowice (2012) Floors in wood-frame homes are usually constructed with joists centered no more than apart, according to most building codes. Heavy floors, such as those made of stone, require more closely spaced joists. If the span between load-bearing walls is too long for joists to safely support, then a heavy crossbeam (thick or laminated wood, or a metal I-beam or H-beam) may be used. A "subfloor" of plywood or waferboard is then laid over the joists.
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Longspan (LH) and Deep Longspan (DLH) Steel Joists are relatively light weight shop-manufactured steel trusses used in the direct support of floor or roof slabs or decks between walls, beams, and main structural members. The LH- and DLH-Series have been designed for the purpose of extending the use of joists to spans and loads in excess of those covered by Open Web Steel Joists, K-Series. LH-Series Joists have been standardized in depths from 18 inches (457 mm) through 48 inches (1219 mm), for spans through 96 feet (29,260 mm). DLH-Series Joists have been standardized in depths from 52 inches (1321 mm) through 120 inches (3048 mm), for spans up through 240 feet (73,152 mm).
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Engineered wood products such as I-joists gain strength from expanding the overall depth of the joist, as well as by providing high-quality engineered wood for both the bottom and the top chords of the joist. A common saying regarding structural design is that "deeper is cheaper", referring to the more cost- effective design of a given structure by using deeper but more expensive joists, because fewer joists are needed and longer spans are achieved, which more than makes up for the added cost of deeper joists.
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Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2004 I-joists were designed to help eliminate typical problems that come with using solid lumber as joists. The advantage of I-joists is they are less likely to bow, crown, twist, cup, check or split as would a dimensional piece of lumber. I-joists' dimensional soundness and little or no shrinkage help eliminate squeaky floors. The disadvantage is very rapid structural failure when directly exposed to fire, reducing the time available for residents to escape and increasing the danger to firefighters.
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Given the absence of diagonal bracing or shear walls, the stability of the structure depends on the joints. In traditional houses transverse and longitudinal rigidity is achieved by passing the horizontal joists through the piles, in close proximity, one above the other. Wedges are used to lock the joists in position. Nowadays this labour-intensive technique is no longer used and joists are no longer passed through the piles; instead the joists consist of two identical beams that are placed to each side of the piles, to which they are fixed by screws or nails. File:cambo_562.
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A joist hanger. Joists may join to their supporting beams in many ways: joists resting on top of the supporting beams are said to be "lodged"; dropped in using a butt cog joint (a type of lap joint), half-dovetail butt cog, or a half- dovetail lap joint. Joists may also be tenoned in during the raising with a soffit tenon or a tusk tenon (possibly with a housing). Joists can also be joined by being slipped into mortises after the beams are in place such as a chase mortise (pulley mortise), L-mortise, or "short joist".
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Members of the industry began to organize the Institute, and in 1928 the first standard specifications were adopted, followed in 1929 by the first load table. The joists covered by these early standards were later identified as open web steel joists, SJ-Series.
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In 1870, the original building was deteriorating. The members razed the old building. However, when they reached the floor joists they stopped - for here they found fourteen-inch hand-hewn Oak timbers. This building is resting on the joists of the first building.
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Two beams form a girder. Girders run east and west and north and south, connecting all the columns together. Joists made of planks connected to the top of the girders with halved joints. These joists form most of the trellis structure on which plants climb.
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Common steel joist chord and web configurations. KCS (K-Series Constant Shear) joists are designed in accordance with the Standard Specification for K-Series Joists. KCS joist chords are designed for a flat positive moment envelope. The moment capacity is constant at all interior panels.
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A reduction in the under-side of cogged joist-ends may be square, sloped or curved. Typically joists do not tie the beams together, but sometimes they are pinned or designed to hold under tension. Joists on the ground floor were sometimes a pole (pole joist, half-round joist, log joist. A round timber with one flat surface) and in barns long joists were sometimes supported on a sleeper (a timber not joined to but supporting other beams).
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The Ifugao house is sturdily crafted of timber from amugawan trees raised on four posts, which was buried 50 centimeters below the ground and locked in with stones. The four wooden posts that rest upon the pavement and support two wooden girders, which also supports three wooden transverse joists. The floor joists, floor silts, vertical studs and horizontal beams rests on the post and girders at about head level from a cage. The floor boards were fitted between the joists.
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The floor is constructed of wide, hardwood shot-edge boards. Beneath this lining are timber joists and bearers.
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The geyser caused the structural failure of steel ceiling joists, precipitating a roof collapse around the failed turbine.
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She had seen a framework erected, a rooftree set, and joists and rafters and beams swinging into place.
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Blankets can cover joists and studs as well as the space between them. Batts can be challenging and unpleasant to hang under floors between joists; straps, or staple cloth or wire mesh across joists, can hold it up. Gaps between batts (bypasses) can become sites of air infiltration or condensation (both of which reduce the effectiveness of the insulation) and requires strict attention during the installation. By the same token careful weatherization and installation of vapour barriers is required to ensure that the batts perform optimally.
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Rectangular-sawn hardwood (such as ...) is used for the joists. In earlier built, traditional houses these continuous elements run through the vertical piles, whereas in more modern houses joists consist of two elements running either side of the piles. The distance of the joists can not use for a long distance (From 2m to 3.75) for the Khmer house structure because it is easy to crack or bend while we use over load. So the technical of Khmer house almost use the wood as a principle materials.
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Blankets can cover joists and studs as well as the space between them. Batts can be challenging and unpleasant to hang under floors between joists; straps, or staple cloth or wire mesh across joists, can hold it up. Gaps between batts (bypasses) can become sites of air infiltration or condensation (both of which reduce the effectiveness of the insulation) and require strict attention during the installation. By the same token careful weatherization and installation of vapour barriers is required to ensure that the batts perform optimally.
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A joist is a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space, often between beams that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members. When incorporated into a floor framing system, joists serve to provide stiffness to the subfloor sheathing, allowing it to function as a horizontal diaphragm. Joists are often doubled or tripled, placed side by side, where conditions warrant, such as where wall partitions require support. Joists are either made of wood, engineered wood, or steel, each of which have unique characteristics.
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The lintel twists with numerals, the four walls buckling with crookbacked joists until ghosts hang homeless in the lurching levels.
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The existing ceiling joists in most houses are only designed to support the weight of a ceiling, therefore additional support will be required to transfer the loads from the new loft floor to the walls of the house, since the alignment of roof supports would generally need to be altered, causing a significant increase in pressure at specific points on the flooring of the property. The most common method used is to install I-beams or rolled steel joists (RSJs), these can either be installed in single lengths or in smaller sections which are bolted together. New timber joists are then installed between the RSJs onto which the new floor can be laid. A structural engineer will calculate the size of the RSJs and joists.
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Plank and beam construction or framing is a type of framing with no joists but widely spaced beams spanned by heavy planks. This method developed in the early 19th century for industrial mill floors but may also be found in timber framed roofs. Also known as Slow burning construction, mill construction, and heavy timber construction originated in industrial mills in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The joists are eliminated by the use of heavy planks saving time and strength of the timbers because the joists notches were eliminated.
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According to Chuck Greene, P.E., of Nolen Frisa Associates, the joists were adequate to carry the initial loads and spans, based on current analysis techniques. Greene engineered a recent renovation to the structure and said that for the most part, the joists are still performing well. A site observation during this renovation confirmed that "these joists from the 'roaring twenties' are still supporting loads, over 80 years later!" In the 1940s, Lustron Homes built and sold almost 2500 steel-framed homes, with the framing, finishes, cabinets and furniture made from cold-formed steel.
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The invention of the circular saw for use in modern sawmills has made it possible to fabricate wood joists as dimensional lumber.
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Longspan and Deep Longspan Steel Joists can be furnished with either underslung or square ends, with parallel chords or with single or double pitched top chords to provide sufficient slope for roof drainage. Square end joists are primarily intended for bottom chord bearing. The depth of the bearing seat at the ends of underslung LH- and DLH-Series Joists have been established at 5 inches (127 mm) for chord section number 2 through 17. A bearing seat depth of 7 1/2 inches (191 mm) has been established for the DLH Series chord section number 18 through 25.
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Panels of drywall are fastened either directly to the ceiling joists or to a few layers of moisture-proof plywood which are then attached to the joists. Pipework or ducts can be run in the gap above the ceiling, and insulation and fireproofing material can be placed here. Alternatively, ceilings may be spray painted instead, leaving the pipework and ducts exposed but painted, and using spray foam. A subset of the dropped ceiling is the suspended ceiling, wherein a network of aluminum struts, as opposed to drywall, are attached to the joists, forming a series of rectangular spaces.
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Charles Miller designed the structure, for $25. Swanke won the bids for construction: $485 for the foundation, and $2,870 for the building if green joists were selected, or $2,920.80 if dry joists. The building is two stories, with a low-pitched hip roof topped with a broad square bell tower in one corner. The building sits on a fieldstone foundation.
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I-joists require correct installation. The most common mistake is misplacing or improperly sizing holes in the web, which can compromise the joist's strength, potentially leading to structural failure. Common mistakes made with installing I-joists include cutting or chiseling the flange, improperly sized joist hangers, improper nailing and wrong-sized nails. The rim joist depth must match the I-joist size.
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The floors downstairs and upstairs are wide native white pine boards secured to the heavy adz-hewn joists below with hand-cut iron nails.
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The new main beam for the stone floor was installed and the ground floor was concreted. The stone floor was reconstructed, reusing the old stone bearers and those joists that were fit for reuse. Other joists were made new from oak or pitch pine. New floorboards were laid in the dust floor, the thick elm boards being double-grooved with a metal tongue between them.
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Cracks due to tie corrosion at the cavity wall are horizontal and tend to occur at the location of wall ties, normally 6 courses apart. The corrosion causes the walls to detach and tilt, resulting in the outer wall snapping outward. The inner wall is held in place by the added support of floor joists. At the gable wall, inner walls without these supporting joists, bow inwards.
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The chimney has also been raised, and lead flashing indicates the original roof line. Ceiling joists in some areas are hand sawn and of irregular size.
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Gypsum and lime have also been used. Wooden joists in clay have made the buildings stronger. Sheets of copper and lead are used in columns’ bases.
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There are roughly 12 joists between each column. Running parallel and between each beam is a second 2-by-6 joist attached with halved joints to the top of the beam-perpendicular joists. The floor of the colonnade between the outer and middle trellis columns consists of grey granite rectangular slabs set into the soil. Tanner Amphitheater is oriented toward the dais on the north side of the structure.
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Joists left exposed and visible from below are called "naked flooring" or "articulated" (a modern U.S. term) and were typically planed smooth (wrought) and sometimes chamfered or beaded.
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Large timber beams and columns support both the mezzanine level and the roof. The mezzanine flooring is supported on closely spaced timber joists separated by herring-bone strutting.
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Standard K-Series Joists have a 2 1/2 inch (64 mm) end bearing depth so that, regardless of the overall joist depths, the tops of the joists lie in the same plane. Seat depths deeper than 2 ½” (64 mm) can also be specified. Standard K-Series Joists are designed for simple span uniform loading which results in a parabolic moment diagram for chord forces and a linearly sloped shear diagram for web forces. When non- uniform and/or concentrated loads are encountered the shear and moment diagrams required may be shaped quite differently and may not be covered by the shear and moment design envelopes of a standard K-Series Joist.
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An unusual barn in Schoonebeek, Netherlands with interrupted sills, the posts land directly on the padstone foundation. Image: Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands Norwegian style framing, Kravik Mellom, Norway In historic buildings the sills were almost always large, solid timbers framed together at the corners, carry the bents, and are set on the stone or brick foundation walls, piers, or piles (wood posts driven or set into the ground). The sill typically carries the wall framing (posts and studs) and floor joists. There are rare examples of historic buildings in the U.S. where the floor joists land on the foundation and a plank sill or timber sill sit on top of the joists.
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The tops were notched for the floor joists. The floor joist logs were charred prior to splitting, a local Indian wood-preserving construction technique.Personal communication, Bigelow House Museum staff (2011) Second- story floor joists were rough-sawn 2"x8" cedar. The frame was made from milled cedar lumber using square nails. The walls were formed from vertical rough- sawn 1"x12" cedar planks planed smooth on the edges to allow a tight seam.
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Compression members are also considered as columns, struts, or posts. They are vertical members or web and chord members in trusses and joists that are in compression or being squished. Bending members are also known as beams, girders, joists, spandrels, purlins, lintels, and girts. Each of these members have their own structural application, but typically bending members will carry bending moments and shear forces as primary loads and axial forces and torsion as secondary loads.
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The number of plies—which is always odd—depends on the thickness and grade of the sheet. Roofing can use the thinner plywood. Subfloors are at least thick, the thickness depending on the distance between floor joists. Plywood for flooring applications is often tongue and groove (T&G;); This prevents one board from moving up or down relative to its neighbor, providing a solid-feeling floor when the joints do not lie over joists.
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1; "School Fire Due to Hot Boilers." Cleveland Leader, Mar 6, 1908. A quickly completed coroner's inquest concluded that heating pipes running next to exposed wooden joists ignited the building.
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Wooden stairs are used with iron joists. Material: Bricks are used as the main building material. They are varied in size and shape. Brick tiles are used in the cornice.
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The water– the rain > was rotting that building from the inside out. We replaced the joists. We > rebuilt the floors. We sheet rocked the walls and made the building alive.
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The monument is built of rubble with lime mortar. Its wooden joists roof is supported by semicircular arches, supported by squared columns with capitals of Zirid and Hispano-Maghrebi origin.
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A replacement main beam was made from pitch pine, and the oak beam was repaired. New oak joists were fitted, along with some salvaged from the original floor which were fit to be reused. One of these had previously been a whip from a Common sail. Some of the joists were made from pitch pine from the Eastbridge Windpump, which, following its collapse on 19 February 1977, had been re-erected at the Museum of East Anglian Life, Stowmarket.
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The internal walls are lined with vertically-jointed boards of first-grade timber. Timber boards lining the ceiling are raked to meet the underside of the ceiling joists on the east and west walls of the house. An outstanding feature of the interior is the joists of hoop pine running the full width of the house. Each joist was made from one piece of timber completely free from knots over its long expanse, a rarity today.
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The ground floor of the south-west tower is mostly intact, but the walls of the first storey are substantially ruined and the entire second storey is missing as are the cast iron roof, roof trusses and floor joists. These latter have been cut where they join the outer wall. The floors are missing in the north-east tower, but their joists remain and are substantially intact. The roof is intact with its wedge-shaped iron plates.
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The construction of the third building, consisted of precast concrete floor slabs, metal roof deck on steel bar joists. All of the buildings were covered with a 5/8 inch fire rated plasterboard.
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The concrete topping on the roof deck was increased from to thickness. The design of the supporting roof joists were increased to account for this increased dead load, but the beam was not.
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The term rim joist is rare before the 1940s in America; it forms the edge of a floor. The outermost joist in half timber construction may be of a more durable species than the interior joists. In a barn, loose poles above the drive floor are called a scaffold. Between the joists, the area called a joist-bay, and above the ceiling in some old houses is material called pugging, which was used to deaden sound, insulate, and resist the spread of fire.
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A partially constructed floor built with I-joists An engineered wood joist, more commonly known as an I-joist, is a product designed to eliminate problems that occur with conventional wood joists. Invented in 1969, the I-joist is an engineered wood product that has great strength in relation to its size and weight. The biggest notable difference from dimensional lumber is that the I-joist carries heavy loads with less lumber than a dimensional solid wood joist.Vogt, Floyd. Carpentry.
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Additional noggings may be added as grounds for later fixings. Noggings between vertical studs generally brace the studs against buckling under load; noggings on floor joists prevent the joists from twisting or rotating under load (lateral-torsional buckling), and are often fixed at intervals, in pairs diagonally for that reason. In floors this type of bracing is also called herringbone strutting. Noggings provide no bracing effect in shear and are generally supplemented by diagonal bracing to prevent the frame from racking.
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Floors, joists, roof beams, etc., are frame requiring of lumber. The lower floor was designed as the inbound freight house with the upper four floors for storage. The facility trackage could accommodate 125 cars.
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The floors were rammed earth with timber joists and planking laid over. Although this section of the complex is the most dilapidated, it is the section that is most suitable for development and possible expansion.
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The original building that housed Renfrew Collegiate was eventually condemned due to sagging joists, inadequate ventilation and insufficient lighting. Students were housed in the Armouries for two years while the new school was being constructed.
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Top mount, face mount, sloped/skewed, and variable pitch hangers for dimensional lumber, engineered wood I-joists, structural composite lumber and masonry wall. To give added strength in increase various load requirements over wood only.
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The house was built some time in the mid-1700s as a smallholding under Lyngbygård. The house had a piece of land by Geding Lake attached during the land redistribution of the late 18th century land reforms. The house is described in an 1834 copyhold document as 9 joists long with a threshing floor and a flail in the 3 northernsmost joists, stable in the two southernmost and home in the middle. The census of 1840 counted 9 residents in the 62 m2 residential area.
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Socarrats were mainly manufactured in two basic sizes: the smaller with 30 x 15 x 3 cm and the larger with 40 x 30 x 3 cm (approximate measures). The first one could be used in buildings in two main ways: decorating eaves (the lower edges of a roof that project over the walls) either leaning on walls or on joists. They could also be used in ornamental friezes, in balconies and staircases. The largest tiles filled the space between joists on interior ceilings, with both structural and decorative functions, supporting pavements or roofs.
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Open Web Steel Joists, K-Series, were primarily developed to provide structural support for floors and roofs of buildings. They possess multiple advantages and features which have resulted in their wide use and acceptance throughout the United States and other countries. K-Series Joists are standardized regarding depths, spans, and load-carrying capacities. There are 63 separate designations in the Load Tables, representing joist depths from 10 inches (254 mm) through 30 inches (762 mm) in 2 inch (51 mm) increments and spans through 60 feet (18,288 mm).
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The bottom plates on the eastern and western ends extend to form the framing for the verandah floors. Timber posts mounted on the bottom plate, are positioned at regular intervals dividing the wall into panels. Horizontal top plates, positioned in line with the floor joists of the attic on the east and west walls and directly under the floor joists on the north and south walls, rest on the top of the posts. Between each post are two rows of timber nogging, dividing the panels equally except where windows, mostly timber casements, are incorporated.
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The wood from the tree was used by indigenous peoples to make spear-throwers, digging bowls and carrying vessels. Europeans used the wood to make fence-posts, joists slabs and buildings as well as using it for firewood.
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The wider the spacing between the joists, the deeper the joist will need to be to limit stress and deflection under load. Lateral support called dwang,Fleming, Eric. Construction technology: an illustrated introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. 105. Print.
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While substantial internal alterations were carried out on the building in 1964, both the structure and the facade remain intact. The timber framing, floor joists and herringbone strutting are evident on the underside of the first floor carriageway.
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Depths can range from and reach up to in length, although is more common. The intended use for an I-joist is for floor and roof joists, wall studs and roof rafters in both residential and commercial construction.
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The site is one of the few ranger stations that have been in continuous use for almost a century. In 1993, volunteers renovated the Donnelly Cabin. The project replaced the roof. Decayed sill logs and floor joists were also replaced.
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Some blocking is used structurally like cross bracing between joists in a subfloor to prevent buckling and stiffen the floor. This use is also called block bridging, solid bridging, and solid strutting."Block bridging", RSMeans Illustrated Construction Dictionary. Student ed.
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The timber construction technique is unusual, without visible horizontal support and using very high quality and well finished cedar slabs. The foundations of the building are a system of load-bearing bed logs that support floor joists and tongue and groove timber floors. The single skinned wall construction comprises regular thick cedar boards measuring about wide, joined with beaded tongue and groove joints and fixed into the foundations below the floor boards and into the ceiling joists above the ceiling, resulting in the absence of visible horizontal timber members. Doorways and windows are formed within frames of thinner beaded cedar boards with beading.
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Open Web Composite Steel Joists, CJ-Series, were developed to provide structural support for floors and roofs which incorporate an overlying concrete slab while also allowing the steel joist and slab to act together as an integral unit after the concrete has adequately cured. The CJ-Series Joists are capable of supporting larger floor or roof loadings due to the attachment of the concrete slab to the top chord of the composite joist. Shear connection between the concrete slab and steel joist is typically made by the welding of shear studs through the steel deck to the underlying CJ-Series Composite Steel Joist.
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By the early 2000s the building had a number of cosmetic problems that needed addressing and some suspected structural problems. In 2011, late-20th-century render on the southern walls was found to have been incorrectly applied and the non-porous wash used was causing problems with the integrity of the nave walls and floor. The joists that support the floor under the chancel step were found to be rotten due to moisture created by the problem with the walls. Emergency repairs were made on the joists and a temporary floor installed to allow use of the building to continue.
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The west walls are 0.5m wide and the north wall is 1.5m wide. The tallest remaining wall is 3.7m high. The north wall is the most intact, with over half of it still standing. Some timber joists and lintels have stayed intact.
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By June 1852, the Church was reported to be a "perfect ruin". The roof was removed and the walls needed replacing. When removing the laths, the ceiling joists fell in several places. A decision had already been made to replace the church.
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They do not have any sort of pre-defined configuration in the way that a Pratt truss does. Rather, bents are simply cross-sectional templates of structural members, i.e., rafters, joists, posts, pilings, etc., that repeat on parallel planes along the length of the structure.
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The house has three brick interior-end chimneys. Oak beams in the hallway, kitchen, and dining room walls are exposed. These beams show Roman numerals indicating where joists are to be attached. These markings are identical to markings in Edgewood, another of Jennings' houses.
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For each pile, a single round hardwood tree trunk, such as .(...) is used. Extending from the foundation to the roof, and in the centre as far as the roof ridge, the piles, together with the horizontal joists, form the bearing structure of the house.
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Internally, the building has been substantially altered. The original fabric is visible in some areas, including roof trusses and timber joists separated by herring-bone strutting. Ceilings of a variety of types of pressed metal and plaster remain visible in parts of the building.
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The wing structure consisted of two side members connected by joists and stiffened by cruises. The ribs were then inserted onto the side members. The ribs were very light and made of trellis, with duralumin insoles, steel tube uprights and adjustable steel wire crossbars.
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Solid hardwood floors were originally used for structural purposes, being installed perpendicular to the wooden support beams of a building (the joists or bearers) and solid construction timber is still often used for sports floors as well as most traditional wood blocks, mosaics and parquetry.
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All walls are lime-plastered masonry. Most of the grooved 150 mm timber boarded ceilings have been eaten by termites. A nailing pattern in the ceiling joists suggests a previous ceiling of lathe and plaster. The four rooms have ceiling patches of various materials.
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Traditional timber formwork on a jetty in Bangkok On the dawn of the revival of concrete in slab structures, building techniques for the temporary structures were derived again from masonry and carpentry. The traditional slab formwork technique consists of supports out of lumber or young tree trunks, that support rows of stringers assembled roughly 3 to 6 feet or 1 to 2 metres apart, depending on thickness of slab. Between these stringers, joists are positioned roughly 12 inches, 30 centimeters apart upon which boards or plywood are placed. The stringers and joists are usually 4 by 4 inch or 4 by 6 inch lumber.
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It was built with log planks of full dovetail notching. The loft area in the cabin was evidenced by mortising of the second-story joists. The once tin roof was covered with wood shingles. The cabin was constructed in 1850 to 1899 by James N. Williams.
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The Cannon Building is five stories high, 22 bays wide by five deep. It is made of load-bearing brick augmented by wooden floor joists inside. The upper story is a mansard roof with bracketed cornice and pedimented dormers. Originally, it was four stories in height.
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The bricks were used to build both interior and exterior walls of the house. The walls were built to last having a width of either 4 or 5 bricks. The Backus-Page House dining room. Oak and black ash beams and joists were used in the framing.
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Internally, in the tenancies at each end, roof trusses are still visible. From the basement of some of the tenancies herring-bone strutting can be seen between the joists of the floors above. Some of the floor levels have been modified to suit the different tenancies.
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The building contains Lynch family furniture and fittings. It has some original finishes such as wallpaper on calico scrim stretched between studs and joists upstairs. Most of the joinery is original and some is painted with decorative scenes. The pressed metal ceiling in the parlour survives.
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The main entrance has double doors with a diamond shaped light in each. The building has three entrances with wood steps. The wood floor is tongue and groove decking on wood joists. In 1998 the original surfaces and materials had been obscured by alterations and the building was disused.
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Rafters would be fixed atop the slab walls, and a pitched roof erected. The dimensions of the hut would be kept small, to avoid the need for roof trusses. Joists were not always laid, and a ceiling was not always included. A Queensland example can be seen here.
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The gravely injured man fell to the floor and bled profusely on the pine flooring. His blood saturated the floor and ran down the joists underneath. McLemore was taken home to Eastabuchie where he died a few days later. Try as she might, no amount of scrubbing by Mrs.
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The internal structure, three bays wide and two bays deep, has chamfered timber storey posts, girders and joists. The roof is supported on posts tenoned into a beam. The ceiling is lined with boards and there is a single rooflight. There is a timber stair of two flights.
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One recent example is the Mayflower Barn at Jordans just north of High Wycombe, UK. The barn is clearly built of reused timbers, possibly sourced from the salvage of the Mayflower ship. It is simply a fact of life that historically materials that could be reused were reused. In more recent construction, structural timber components, including large timbers, glued laminated beams, floor joists, studs and flooring are some of the most valuable structural components salvaged when a structure is demolished if there is an interest in salvaging. If you need proof, go down to any local construction salvage yard and look at the value of trusses, wood beams, floor joists, studs and flooring.
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Some products were collapsible column reinforcements, steel joists, and standardized steel forms. The company had several divisions. One division was Truscon Laboratories, based in Detroit. A 1924 maintenance book from Truscon gave instructions on how to maintain a large industrial building and illustrated their "graduate engineers" as white- coated scientists.
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Hinges and most interior locksets were original. Interior walls were covered with felt slip sheets and wallpaper. Floorboards were circular-sawn tongue-and-groove, attached directly to the floor joists. The stairway consisted of wedge-shaped cedar treads with closed risers in a tight 180-degree turn with no handrails.
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The chapel still has sculptures and two mullioned windows decorated with mouldings. Attached is a round tower standing on a base with four floors. A vaulted cellar gave surveillance of the surrounding area by spy holes. Inside are 15th and 18th century chimneys, earthenware paving, beamed ceilings and visible joists.
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The rear has a bedroom, study and bathroom. On the floors are wood planks of random widths and lengths fastened to the joists by handwrought nails. The walls are plaster over the early clay and straw insulation. The door and window surrounds are molded wood, varying in their level of decoration.
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The roof is constructed of trimmed tree poles, covered in she-oak (Casuarina sp.) shingles, now sheeted in corrugated iron.Sheedy, c.1980 Gutters and downpipes are modern. Roof timber members appear to be original including wide and close centre battens, round section rafters and collar ties and some ceiling joists.
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An old cabin, located nearby, was the source of the clear poplar used for the joists, side posts, and the nail ties on the bridge. For the trusses, again, maple and oak trees found on the farm were used. All of this helped keep the final cost of the bridge down.
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It is a reinforced concrete and steel building, with bearing walls and major beams made of reinforced concrete. Joists for floors are steel. The building has a belltower with a small reinforced concrete cupola with Spanish ceramic tiles. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
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It rests on a wide foundation of concrete, above which is Melbourne bluestone. Between the base and the first floor is Cottesloe stone; above this is constructed from brick and cement dressings. When constructed the building had of floor space. The floorboards were made of jarrah supported on jarrah joists.
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The interior framing of studs, rafters and joists are made up of used materials, some of the wood was previously painted and some had existing square-head nails. 305 S. Mills Ave. House at 305 South Mills Avenue. The parcel is located on the corner of South Mills Avenue and East Cucamonga Avenue.
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This was due to the fact that the bolts were made in metric in Japan and the floors were built in standard, as such when the buildings crew began to fasten the bolts to the floor joists, the structures unexpectly shifted. This expensive refabrication thus made the building fit for public use.
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All rooms, with the exception of room 1 have 150mm wide tongue and groove beaded ceiling timbers fixed directly to the underside of the joists. They are dated to about 1860/70. The timbers used in Room 1 are wider, approx. 200-250mm wide and are tongue and groove without any moulding at the joint.
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Hanging pot racks are the most common type of pot racks. Hanging pot racks need to be installed into ceiling joists. They usually come with chains or extension hooks, or hanging links and ceiling screws. Hanging pot racks are normally sold with hooks that can be positioned on the rim or on the grid.
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The use of these systems can greatly reduce the time and manual labor involved in setting and striking the formwork. Their advantages are best used by large area and simple structures. It is also common for architects and engineers to design building around one of these systems. Flying formwork tables with aluminium and timber joists.
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The under roofing is of bamboo culm. Wooden boards laid over thick hardwood joists form the floors. Nowadays, zinc roofing sheets and nails are increasingly used. In larger Tana Toraja villages, houses are arranged in a row, side by side, with their roofs on a north-south alignment with the front gable facing north.
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Some of the structural materials used in building the federal home were salvaged from the earlier structure, including floor joists sawn from finished Dutch style ceiling beams, and floor boards resawn from old wide yellow pine flooring. The Storms had five children. Catherine died in 1819. Federal style houses were common at the time.
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O. glaber is viewed as a pest. Although it does not sting, it bites and, when crushed, produces a strong odour. It enters human homes to gather food, tracking across ceilings, beams and joists and drops ant debris onto surfaces below. The ant can also quickly spread because of its high reproduction and dispersal potential.
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The protruding floor joists are concealed by plaster coving built up over shaped brackets and laths,McKenna, 1994, pp. 16–7, 24. in a fashion described by Pevsner as a "speciality of Cheshire". Decorative panels, featuring ogee design The upper storeys have ornamental panels featuring several different decorative motifs, including roundels and diagonal ogee braces.
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The interior features chamfered posts, closely spaced joists, and fire doors. The building has been redeveloped as Miller's Court with 40 apartments, as well as office and project space for public and charitable agencies. Apartments in the $20 million project were marketed to Baltimore public school teachers. The first tenants moved in in July 2009.
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Lateral bracing can increase the capacity of beams. It can be provided by roof joists or beam web stiffeners. The engineering drawings did not indicate lateral bracing to be provided at the column where the collapse occurred. The engineers did not study the reduced capacity of the beam due to lack of lateral support.
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There is no opening on the south-western (Down) elevation of the building. Internal: Currently used as a storeroom with a timber cupboard and shelving, the out-of shed consists of a concrete floor with painted brick walls, exposed timber roof structure with ceiling joists, rafters and relatively new corrugated metal roofing, and one single modern light fitting.
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The bricks from which the house was built were fired in the immediate vicinity (along the banks of the South Branch Potomac River), and the brick walls were reinforced with hand-wrought structural iron angles. The nails used in its construction were fabricated by a local blacksmith, and the wooden sills and joists were sawn by hand.
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The members are sawn timbers, the ceiling joists are connected to the wall plates by dovetail joints, the rafters are reverse birdsmouth jointed to the wall plates. Very few nails have been used in the structure. The top plate is 90mm wide and construction is identical to the southern cottage. Roof shingles are missing over the skillion roof.
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That work also put in new side joists and a concrete foundation. The resort failed, and the house was vacant until 1965, when it reverted to use as a home. Since then Redstone has experienced a slight revival. The gamekeeper's cottage remains largely unaltered other than the work done in the middle of the 20th century.
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They were constructed from 10,000 piles that were connected by joists. The wooden structure was packed with chalk (the local stone) and then decked in elm planking. On these platforms were constructed 12 stone piers at irregular distances apart. There were connected by a drawbridge in bay 5, and gothic style stone arches for the other ten.
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In general, his projects demonstrated a remarkable eclecticism, with tendencies that included neo-renaissance, neo- romanesque, morisco and neo-baroque. At the same time, next to the traditional Venezuelan rubblework, he used concrete foundations, as well as iron joists in the intrafloor space, a method characteristic of the transitional period between the 19th and 20th centuries.
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Most of the wood work on the first floor was replaced, including rotten and decaying flooring and joists. The stables were set back even with the Laurel's engine house, enlarging the apparatus room by twenty feet. A large skylight was placed over the stables. In 1906, the Laurel engine house was outfitted to be heated by steam.
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21) It is suspected that in peacetime, hoardings were stored as prefabricated elements. Construction of hoardings was often facilitated by putlog holes, sockets that were left in the masonry of castle walls for wooden joists called "putlogs".Lepage, Jean-Denis G G (2002), Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History, McFarland & Company Inc, (p.
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The farm house was made with materials found on the farm land. Clay was dug, mixed and cast into bricks, dried in the sun, and burned/baked in a "scove kiln." A tree was cut and turned into the center beam to hold the floor joists on the first floor. Lime and animal hair was used to create plaster.
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There are six joists between each east-west column, and one between each north-south column. The deck of the dais consists of stone pavers over fill earth. A low, simple, wrought-iron railing surrounds the dais on the east, west, and north sides. All the wood, brick, stucco, and iron which make up Tanner Amphitheater are painted white.
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All canons have been removed and replaced with bolted iron joists for ringing. The 16th-century oak frame with pits for three bells still exists: the posts have moulded corbelling at the tops and are strengthened by curved struts. It has been altered to take four bells, the treble and second being hung to the north of it.
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These shapes may not be available from all joist manufacturers, and are usually supplied at a premium cost that reflects the complexity required. Arch steel joists being erected. The manufacture of OWSJ in North America is overseen by the Steel Joist Institute (SJI). The SJI has worked since 1928 to maintain sound engineering practice throughout the industry.
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The next morning, Lucille Hewitt (Jennifer Moss) wonders why Dennis is making up a breakfast tray. Dennis tells Rita of his disillusionment with showbusiness. Charlie Moffitt (Gordon Rollings) slips on the joists in the loft and puts his foot through the ceiling of Elsie's room. He apologises to the figure in the bed and realises it isn't Elsie.
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The Immaculate Conception Catholic Church and Cemetery near Peach Grove, Kentucky, was built in 1860 or 1861. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The church is also known as Stepstone Church. The church is a one-story front-gabled clapboard building, built of log joists and rough-cut boards on a fieldstone foundation.
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Construction of the five buildings at the campus began in August 1999 and was completed in 14 months. The design, by Passantino & Bavier, Inc., used steel bowstring joists to allow for an arched roofline and the clear span required for the gymnasium. Design and construction of the campus is the only Georgia project featured by the Steel Joist Institute.
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The attraction of this building, built after the style of east churches, with a square clock tower with arch windows on its walls. The square clock tower rises in two stages, its top is embattled. The roof used wooden battens on iron joists. The roofs of the verandas on either side are set upon sloppy korhikath.
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These remnants were demolished in the late 1970s. An oil painting of the kitchen's interior was on display in the Smith Art Gallery in Brighouse during the 1970s. This painting showed one of the kitchen's unusual features which was a carved stone column which supported one of the roof joists. The kitchen ceiling was open to the slates.
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Xylopia aethiopica is used extensively in construction, African cuisine and traditional medicine. The plant's bark is used to make doors and partitions. The wood is known to be resistant to termite attack and is used in hut construction: posts, scantlings, roof-ridges and joists. The wood is also used for boat construction: masts, oars, paddles and spars.
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C15 or C16 bays with large encased spiral bridging joist below. Original roof of closely spaced trusses with collars and former collar purlin and crown posts. C17 bay with ovolo moulded bridging joists, fireplace bressummer and tie beams. Fine oriel window projecting into landing on shaped brackets; of 5 lights with ovolo moulded mullions and transom.
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Mismatches can strain the joist. A similar situation occurs where the I-joist crosses a main beam. Installing squash blocks (2×4 materials higher than the I-joist) alongside the I-joists transfers the load from the I-joist onto the beam. Missed nails and glue setting too fast can lead to an uneven or squeaky floor.
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No-fines houses were built with a ten-inch (254mm) concrete shell cast in situ. The concrete for the entire outer structure was cast in one operation using reusable formwork. The ground floor was also concrete; the first floor was made with traditional timber joists and floorboards. Interior walls were a mixture of conventional brick and blockwork construction.
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The railing is carved in sections gracefully turning at each landing and finally ending in the attic. The attic flooring is of milled 1-inch oak up 18 inches in width. The floor and ceiling joists are all of milled oak 2 inches × 8 inches and 2 inches × 4 inches, respectively. The porch that was enclosed in c.
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There are diagonal braces that measure , and are tenoned to fit into cross tie beams, and fitted with oak wedges. The roof is shingled with cedar over rafters spaced apart. The cross tie beams at the floor are notched and bolted at each end. The floor joists, measuring , are decked with wood laid on edge forming the deck.
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Retrieved 5 May 2016. Inside are chimney places and a plafond à la française (French-style ceiling: joists the same width as the spaces between them; see Plafond à la française in French Wikipedia). The Château de Calamane is privately owned. It has been listed since 1929 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
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Blocking (backing) intended for cabinets The blocking (solid bridging) is not completely installed between these floor joists. Blocking (in American English) is the use of short pieces (blocks) of dimensional lumber in wood framed construction. Uses include filling, spacing, joining, or reinforcing members. Blocking is typically made from short off-cuts or defective, warped pieces of lumber.
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Floors may be built on beams or joists or use structures like prefabricated hollow core slabs. The subfloor builds on those and attaches by various means particular to the support structure but the support and subfloor together always provides the strength of a floor one can sense underfoot. Nowadays, subfloors are generally made from at least two layers of moisture resistant ("AC" grade, one side finished and sanded flat) plywood or composite sheeting, jointly also termed Underlayments on floor joists of 2x8, 2x10, or 2x12's (dimensional lumber) spaced generally on centers, in the United States and Canada. Some flooring components used solely on concrete slabs consist of a dimpled rubberized or plastic layer much like bubble wrap that provide little tiny pillars for the sheet material above.
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The chapel occupied the lower two floors of the southwest corner of the residential building. Today the joists and floors have all collapsed, but the remaining walls and window frames still show elaborate stucco decoration and traces of painting. It can be seen that the castle was repeatedly modified or extended. The large windows would not have originally been present.
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Vaulted coke concrete floors are supported on concrete encased wrought iron joists and bearers. Beams are supported at walls by engaged piers or on freestanding concrete encased cast iron columns. Steel roller shutters slide down to protect openings. The structure of the third phase of the building consists of reinforced concrete slabs supported on loadbearing masonry columns and steel girders.
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The wood of G. tessmannii is dense, hard and durable, the heartwood being reddish-brown with purplish streaking. The timber is harvested from the wild and sold under the trade name "bubinga". It is used for house construction as beams, joists, flooring, panelling and for other purposes. It is also used for making high-quality furniture, plywood, turning, containers, musical instruments and handicrafts.
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Inside, rooms have kept their 17th century woodwork, with plafonds à la française (French-style ceilings: joists the same width as the spaces between them; see Plafond à la française in French Wikipedia). The castle is privately owned and not open to the public. It has been listed since 1962 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
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The posts are founded on bedlogs, and the floor joists rest on the ground; this contact with the earth has created a white ant problem. The store contains extensive hand-hewn shelving for the storage of flour etc. Externally, an awning runs the width of the street elevation to the south. It is supported by five substantial round timber posts.
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It was built in 1942. It is a one-story, split-level, wood frame vernacular building with wood walls and a tar and gravel roof that sat about above the ground on a foundation of concrete piers. The exterior is composition siding. The flat roof is built up on top of wood tongue and groove decking supported by wood joists.
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Principal products included alloy and carbon steel bars (case hardening, bright drawing, free cutting, machining, hot and cold forging), special sections, railway bearing plates, rounds, squares, flats, angles, channels, joists, billets, blooms, slabs and large forging ingots. Round Oak manufactured a weldable extra high-strength steel under the brand name, 'Thirty-Oak'.The Acorn. House magazine of Round Oak Steelworks.
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The house was a combination of local Indian and Anglo-American construction techniques. Construction elements discussed are all of primary historical significance. Split cedar (Thuja plicata, Western red-cedar) logs on fieldstone and undressed Tenino quarry stone supported hewn-log cedar girders and split-log cedar floor joists. The girders were 11"x11" hand-hewn, with adze marks on all sides.
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Cross bracing between joists or rafters strengthens the members by preventing sideways deflection. This bracing is known by many names such as herringbone strutting, blocking, bridging, and dwanging. Cross bracing on a bridge tower In construction, cross bracing is a system utilized to reinforce building structures in which diagonal supports intersect. Cross bracing can increase a building's capability to withstand seismic activity.
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Wall timbers are restricted to mullions, and posts at centres and the roof framing to purlins at centres on beams at centres. The floor consists of Stramit panels, being masonite faced on hardwood joists at centres. Stramit is also used for the internal walls. To obviate the difficult on local requirements for masonry all external walls are of glass sheeting.
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The bays at the north and south ends had joists to support exterior jettying, which originally extended about over the floor below. The overhang was lessened by later building work. A fifth bay was added at the north end before 1550. This has a different roof profile and more prominent jettying, and may even have been a separate building at first.
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It was a one-room structure with exposed and beaded ceiling joists and a fireplace wide, deep, and high. A small storage closet next to the fireplace contained a ladder leading to an unfinished attic. The building included an unusual off-centered chimney stack. All that is left of this structure as of 1995 was the base bricks, and a rotting clapboard roof.
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Rear view of Sabine Hill in 1936 The house is built on a two- story I-house plan with a five-bay front facade. It has a foundation of limestone quarried in the local area. The exterior walls are built from logs that are completely covered by clapboard siding. The floors are random-width pine laid over hand-hewn timber joists.
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Wood furring strips typically measure 1 x 2 or 1 x 3 inches. They can be laid out perpendicular to studs or joists and nailed to them, or set vertically against an existing wall surface. The spacing between the strips depends on the type of finishing material. Wider spacing is typically used behind the heavy boards that support ceramic tiles.
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The hall has a fine ceiling divided into nine square bays with chamfered and label stopped beams and exposed joists. There are dragon beams to the corners supporting the jettied upper floor. There is a large inglenook fireplace with carved arcaded panelling with coat-of arms above. To the left is a carved 17th-century screen which opens to the entrance lobby.
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The addition is sided in shake as well. Behind a metal storm door is a wood paneled door. It leads to a side hall that opens on to living and dining rooms. They retain many original finishes, including wideboard flooring, hand-hewn ceiling beams, two fireplaces with Federal style mantels and marble surrounds, and both sawn and hand-hewn floor joists.
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When the cleats are enlarged and constructed to support a large top, they may generically be termed "cleats" or more specifically be termed "joists". A plywood sheathed crate with a pallet-like bottom. "Skids" or thick bottom runners, are sometimes specified to allow forklift trucks access for lifting. Transportation methods and storage conditions must always be considered when designing a crate.
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Only the shortened balcony joists remained as a guide to the replacement of this section of the house. Architects Suters and Busteed were engaged to provide plans for the work. By 1990 both balcony and verandah had been replaced to look like the original structures. However some materials used and certain elements of their design were not the same as the original.
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The Hillsboro Argus, October 19, 1976. The one-story, Classical Revival style building was built of hand-sawn lumber on what is now West Union Road for a little over $1,500. The 30- by structure has cedar rafters, fir joists and sills of hand-hewn fir logs. On December 25, 1853, the building was dedicated by the Reverend Ezra Fisher.
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Ground floor levels are concrete, over approximately one metre of graded packed rock. There are four levels of internal floors up to the lantern base level. Circular stairs and floor plate material are in cast iron while beams supporting the floors are rolled steel joists. The gallery level around the lantern is of Melbourne bluestone and the railing is made of gunmetal.
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Partially-exposed wallpapered lath and plaster illustrating the technique. Example from the Winchester Mystery House, constructed between 1884 and 1922 The wall or ceiling finishing process begins with wood or metal laths. These are narrow strips of wood, extruded metal, or split boards, nailed horizontally across the wall studs or ceiling joists. Each wall frame is covered in lath, tacked at the studs.
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The tower is constructed on an thick concrete foundation that is square. The exterior is brickwork, largely brown brindle Staffordshire bricks laid in English bond, with details picked out in different coloured bricks. The top of the tower is castellated. Inside the tower, at a height of and supported on rolled steel joists atop a brick pier, stood a cast-iron water tank.
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In building construction a framer is a carpenter who assembles the major structural elements of a wood-framed building called the framing. Framers build walls out of studs, sills, and headers; build floors from joists and beams; and frame roofs using ridge poles and rafters. Timber framers are framers who work in the traditional style of timber framing with wooden joinery.
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Varnished, painted or polished surfaces are not normally susceptible to attack but the female beetle may still lay her eggs in empty tunnels created by previous beetle occupants. Subfloors, joists and rafters are usually made of pine or other softwood and generally escape infestation. Imported tropical hardwoods may be heavily infested because of poor drying and storage practices before shipment.
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Round timber pegs are used to position and hold joints, instead of nails. Some of these timber pegs are visible, cut flush with the face of the posts. The timber frame is clearly visible on the exterior of the building and throughout most of the interior. Short timber stumps support sturdy horizontal bottom plates positioned in line with the floor joists.
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Floating staircase in Minneapolis Staircase in Ford plant in Los Angeles with double bullnose and two volutes. An intermediate landing is part of this U-shaped stair. ;Apron : This is a wooden fascia board used to cover up trimmers and joists exposed by stairwell openings. The apron may be moulded or plain, and is intended to give the staircase a cleaner look by cloaking the side view.
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As a result, the Trustees voted unanimously to 'carry up' the whole building but, 'only cover that part of the building that was designed to be completed at a future day.'Journal of the Ste. Genevieve Academy, May 1808, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia. Since dendrochronology dates all of the first floor joists to 1808,Tree Ring Dating, Historic American Buildings Survey of Ste.
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These blocks were cast with large holes in them so that a weight-bearing structure, such as concrete, could be poured inside them. The block's fibers were designed to be easily sawed so workers could cut holes in them to rest floor joists on the weight-bearing structure. The blocks came in various shapes and sizes. Some had two vertical holes for filling with concrete.
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Meason House from Pennsylvania Museum and Historical Commission. The bridge's two chain cables were made of 1-inch iron bar, wrought into links between 5 and 10 feet long, and anchored to the ground at each end. These stretched over 14-foot pyramid-shaped stone piers built on either side of the creek. Vertical suspenders dropped from the cables to support the wooden joists beneath the decking.
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Conservationists feared that Roches Stores would attempt to demolish the house illegally. When locals noticed a truck load of masonry from the house, they alerted Dublin Corporation who sent a housing inspector. Having gained access to the house, they found the architect of the shopping centre with some workmen and that some floors had been removed. The architect claimed that they were "just lifting floorboards and joists".
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Metaire Louisiana construction using termite shield with termite barrier sealant at penetrations, seams, and underneath. A termite shield is a sheet metal fabrication used in light frame construction to reduce the movement of termites from the soil into wood framing members such as floor joists and studs. Although there are several types of non chemical termite barriers now in use, termite shields are the original.
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The chapel has a single nave, which is covered by a wooden ceiling presenting visible joists. A straight narrow wooden choir, allows access to balconies which extend to the front of the church and the exterior facade, as well as the corridors of the remaining wards. The richly carved wood benches in the nave precede the elevated presbytery, which is delimited by a wooden guardrail.
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Leaves are medicinal especially in treating skin rashes. Seeds are edible and taste like groundnut. Because its wood is hard and difficult to cut and is as strong as molave (Vitex parviflora), its highly preferred for heavy construction such as bridges, beams, joists, poles, wood piles of wharves and piers, veneer, and plywood, also for door faces and door components like jambs, stops and casing.
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Part of the verandah has been closed in creating additional rooms. The north side and the portion of the west side which remain open feature a decorative timber valance. The main roof is a moderately pitched hip which reduces in pitch at the verandah line. The foundations are a system of load bearing bed logs that support floor joists and tongue and groove timber floors.
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Shorncliffe pier at low tide In May 2012 the Brisbane City Council was announced that the pier would be renewed. The design of the renewed pier was released in mid-2013. The new structure will be the same length, the same width and on the same alignment as the existing pier. The renewed pier design includes concrete and steel substructure and timber joists, decking, handrails and rotunda.
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Today they have value when someone saves them. One of the barriers of reusing structural materials is the bias of building code officials and building departments that discriminate against reusing materials. Codes and building departments require compliance to codes, including the source of materials. Your average contractor cannot just use 100-year-old 2x8 (50x200) salvaged floor joists because the building department requires a graded joist.
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Traces of whitewash and paint are evident on the main beams, and the summer beam and posts are chamfered. The floor and some of its joists are partly original, and partly the work of the 1912 restorers. The only major structural member to have restorative work done was a post supporting the chimney girt. The right- side room, considered the kitchen, exhibits similar restorative work.
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John Henry Parker A Glossary of Terms used in the Grecian, Roman, Italian and Gothic Architecture (1840)"joist" def. 1. Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University Press (2009) A large beam in the ceiling of a room carrying joists is a summer beam. A ceiling joist may be installed flush with the bottom of the beam or sometimes below the beam.
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Inside, the house featured a number of small facilities and an extraordinarily garish palette. Tomato red, hortensia, white, black and yellow paint covered the strawboard panels that clad the house. An enormous amount of light filled the house, a result of the numerous skylights that punctuated the inclined roof. Internally, the steel framing of the house and the rafters and joists were all exposed.
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Cellar walls are of rough sandstone with arched openings headed in cross-bracing in spaces between joists. Along the eastern wall are low timber platforms. Woodlands is an outstanding grand residence in a rural setting, overlooking undulating open country to distant hills. It is associated with a picturesque hillside graveyard; large secluded grotto; olive grove and other plantings including Bunya pines (Araucaria bidwillii); and disused dairy buildings.
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It remains in this state to the present. In 1955 flood water entered the house to a depth of 12 to 14 inches. The woolshed was destroyed by fire and the front balcony and verandah became so dangerous that they had to be demolished. During this process the finely carved sandstone columns were broken into pieces and the balcony joists were shortened in length with a saw.
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Stanley Macomber designed the open-web steel joist in 1921 while working for Massillon's Central Steel Company. Macomber left Central Steel and founded the Massillon Steel Joist Co. in 1923. His open-web steel joist, patented in 1924, was known as the Massillon Steel Joist. Macomber's invention was a revolutionary assembly of steel joists with a top slab used to support of floors, ceilings and roofs.
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The cookhouse is rectangular in plan, approximately to the east and west, and in the opposite direction. It is clad entirely in corrugated iron, which on the walls is fitted between large undressed timber posts and continues to the underside of the ceiling joists, leaving a narrow gap. The eaves are unlined. The corner posts at the eastern end are notched to take horizontal timber wall members.
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According to the authors, the ruined houses in these villages show evidence of earthquake-related destruction, such as "collapsed roofs, fallen joists, lintels and pillars". Such extensive destruction cannot be attributed to "the normal processes of weathering and erosion". The authors further state that their theory is supported by "the evidence of recent tectonic activities and the observed ground movements along several major faults in the region".
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A balcony the full length of the first floor faces Woods Street. This is supported on cantilevered double joists and has turned posts. Moulded boards form a spandrel under the floor line and frieze at the eaves. The space between the building and the boundary wall at both the front and sides has been filled with the corrugated iron roof of the new cafe extension.
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During the 1970s, a fire caused moderate damage to the southern part of the building. During repairs, some ceiling joists were replaced and some timbers supporting the roof were reinforced. In 2002, the building was purchased by Tito Fuentes Jr., the son of former San Francisco Giants baseball player Tito Fuentes. The Fuentes family operated a Caribbean/Mexican restaurant in the building for some time.
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Lath seen from the back with brown coat oozing through Lath and plaster is a building process used to finish mainly interior dividing walls and ceilings. It consists of narrow strips of wood (laths) which are nailed horizontally across the wall studs or ceiling joists and then coated in plaster. The technique derives from an earlier, more primitive, process called wattle and daub.Oliver, Paul (2006).
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The outer approach spans of timber longitudinals are supported by common timber trestles, both braced and unbraced. The inner approach spans are of riveted continuous rolled steel joists and riveted deck-type continuous plate girders and underslung cross girders supported on concrete piers. The two mains spans are each of . They are riveted 13-panel double-intersection through Pratt trusses (Whipple trusses) supported on concrete piers.
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The living room flagstone floor blocks were individually tagged and removed. Blocks were joined to the concrete cantilever beams and floor joists; high- strength steel cables were fed through the blocks and exterior concrete walls and tightened using jacks. The floors and walls were then restored, leaving Fallingwater’s interior and exterior appearance unchanged. Today, the cantilevers have sufficient support and the deflection has stopped.
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National Development Minister Khaw Boon Wan noted that the construction of such a bridge had been suggested by the late Mr Lee himself, during a 2004 visit to Marina Bay. Then, the bridge was too narrow and he thought the friendlier connection is needed. It was officially opened in November 2015. The bridge is a prestressed concrete bridge based on joists, intended for pedestrians and cyclists.
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Connectors are used in cold-formed steel construction to attach members (i.e. studs, joists) to each other or to the primary structure for the purpose of load transfer and support. Since an assembly is only as strong as its weakest component, it is important to engineer each connection so that it meets specified performance requirements. There are two main connection types, Fixed and Movement-Allowing (Slip).
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The porch has a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron and a side entrance and is lit by triple lancet windows. The side walls are braced by simple timber buttresses. The bearers and joists are of hickory ash and penda timbers and the framing is hickory ash. The wall cladding was of northern silky oak although much of this and the flooring has had to be replaced.
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It is built in the peripteral style, surrounded by galleries with brick pillars on the lower story and wooden pillars on the upper story. The ceilings of the first floor are 10' and 14' on the second story. The walls of the house are brick and lumber used for roof rafters, floor joists, etc. are thought to pit-sawn and employ timber framing techniques, i.e.
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The east, north and west elevations are each different but use the same architectural language and decoration. The joinery is all timber with french doors generally containing tapered glass panels. The windows are usually double hung with single panes to the lower sash and six panes to the upper sash. The eaves are broad with ventilated soffits supported on tapered timber brackets or joists.
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Since it is a structural element, it extends below the floor and subfloor to the bottom of the floor joists and is bolted right to the floor joist. A half- newel may be used where a railing ends in the wall. Visually, it looks like half the newel is embedded in the wall. For open landings, a newel may extend below the landing for a decorative newel drop.
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The upper two storeys retain much of the original detail, but some of this is obscured by modern sun hoods and an altered first-floor verandah which has raked posts. Some herring-bone strutting is situated between the joists of the structure spanning the laneway off George Street beside the building. Internally, none of the original detailing remains as a result of the building being thoroughly renovated in the late 1970s.
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Inside there is pre-Reformation work with Elizabethan paneling. The ceilings are beamed with exposed joists. The fireplaces throughout the house are moulded cambered arches, whilst the drawing room's fireplace has an oak overmantel Above the drawing room was a room known as the 'great chamber' which would have occupied the entire upper floor before being partitioned. The Abbey was designated a Grade I listed building on 17 April 1959.
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The bridge was subsequently widened and wrought iron plate girders and transverse girders were added to support longitudinal joists with iron arch plates. In the 1960s, in the reconstruction programme, the cast iron arches and spandrels were encased in concrete. Platforms 13 and 14 are situated on top of this bridge. Many of the original station buildings were demolished during the 1960s to clear the way for a new approach.
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One set of doors is painted with barnyard motifs in a naive style. The open area between the buildings accommodates two wash down stalls, and a drinking trough. This open area provides the main access into the shorter building and minor access into the long building. The shorter building has an overhead deck constructed at approx height on hardwood joists and pine flooring on both sides of a central way.
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Solid hardwood floors are made of planks milled from a single piece of timber. Solid hardwood floors were originally used for structural purposes, being installed perpendicular to the wooden support beams of a building known as joists or bearers. With the increased use of concrete as a subfloor in some parts of the world, engineered wood flooring has gained some popularity. However, solid wood floors are still common and popular.
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The entrance underneath the clock tower In designing the building, Cluss paid particular attention to the strength and durability of the framework. Alexandria City Hall consists of masonry bearing walls with cast-iron columns, supporting the wood ceiling and floor joists. It is constructed in the Second Empire style, incorporating three-dimensional massing, mansard roofs, and superimposed orders. The window types and sizes and decor are largely symmetrical.
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As stated above, the exterior materials used in the Horner House include naturally bleached heart redwood, bevelled joint cladding, always used vertically, and plate glass. The two-story core of the main house contains manufactured casement windows, transite spandrels and heads with redwood corners and facias. The doors are solid lumber core, stained and varnished. The screened porch is constructed of four built-up columns, suspended from the cantilevered ceiling joists.
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The fully decorated pine ceiling was one of many examples in Hamburg merchant houses, but is probably the only 17th century example to remain accessible.Otto Lauffer: The painting is by an unknown artist on pine boards, 151 of which are still preserved. In the Hamburg Museum it is reconstructed on 17 joists with a further 68 boards added. The Baroque artwork includes putti and other figures in playful and bawdy acts.
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Openings appear to have been made to the laneway on both levels. At the rear, the gable roof forms of both portions of the building are clearly expressed. All but one of the upper level openings have been changed; however the original brick archways for the openings remain. Internally the building retains much of its post-and-beam timber structure, with floors supported by timber joists separated by herring-bone strutting.
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LP also manufacturers industrial wood products, such as hardboard and medium density fiberboard, which are used by furniture and cabinet makers. Furthermore, along with wood products such as LPI joists and laminated veneer lumber, the company also produces Cocoon cellulose insulation. Plywood and pulp manufacturing round out LP's operations. The company controls over 950,000 acres of timberland, and owns plants in 29 states, as well as in Canada and Ireland.
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A waffle slab is flat on top, while joists create a grid like surface on the bottom. The grid is formed by the removal of molds after the concrete sets. This structure was designed to be more solid when used on longer spans and with heavier loads. This type of structure, because of its rigidity, is recommended for buildings that require minimal vibration, like laboratories and manufacturing facilities.
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A table is built pretty much the same way as a beam formwork but the single parts of this system are connected together in a way that makes them transportable. The most common sheathing is plywood, but steel and fiberglass are also in use. The joists are either made from timber, wood I-beams, aluminium or steel. The stringers are sometimes made of wood I-beams but usually from steel channels.
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The building's contractor was Bernard Henry Lichter. Tenants included a post office, the Alta Club, and offices of architects and engineers. The Dooly Building was named for John E. Dooly (1841-?), a member of the building's investment syndicate and a prominent civic leader. The six- story building used a structural steel frame, with a masonry facade and wood floor joists, fireproofed by cinder aggregate in the joist spaces.
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The fire completely destroyed the building at 825 West Main Street, leaving a vacant space at what is now the site of the Frazier's vestibule and outdoor park. A Louisville Metro government history of the Louisville Fire Department calls the event "the first major recorded fire in the early 20th century." Charring is still visible on some of the timber joists on the southeast side of the building.
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They include the use of beam anchors, which are similar to tie rods, a floor system where the flooring rests on top of the floor joists without the use of a subfloor, the window sash configuration, the use of hyphens to join together two separate buildings and increase floor space, and the mousetooth pattern brickwork. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
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There is a timber floor throughout supported on joists housed into log bearers. Access to the cement-rendered cellar is gained through an opening in the floor in a front room via a metal ladder. The cellar is ventilated with openings formed in brickwork in each of the corners, although the exterior openings were not located. Remains of lime wash and painted finishes survive on both internal and external walls.
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In 1928, the owner of the mill, Lady Castle Stewart, had the mill shored up with brick piers and steel joists below the body. These allowed the mill to survive until she could be restored. Restoration started in 1968, The mill turned by wind again in 1971, and ground grain again in 1972. In 1975, Nutley Windmill was given to the Uckfield and District Preservation Society by Lady Castle Stewart.
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Louvered attic vent in a gable.Modern building codes permit both vented and unvented attics in all climates, if a building is otherwise correctly constructed. However, unoccupied attics should usually be ventilated to reduce the accumulation of heat and moisture that contribute to mold growth and decay of wood rafters and ceiling joists. In cold climates ventilation also helps to prevent ice-dams on the roof and leaks that they cause.
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Structural building components are specialized structural building products designed, engineered and manufactured under controlled conditions for a specific application. They are incorporated into the overall building structural system by a building designer. Examples are wood or steel roof trusses, floor trusses, floor panels, I-joists, or engineered beams and headers. A structural building component manufacturer or truss manufacturer is an individual or company regularly engaged in the manufacturing of components.
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Most of the improvements had been made within the previous 18 months (that is, since late 1852 when Russell had acquired the property). Shafston did not sell in 1854 and was offered for sale again in October 1855. By this time Russell had vacated the premises and it was operating as a boarding house. The ground floor comprised 8 rooms, staircase and china closet and had hardwood joists and flooring.
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A second contract was tendered and again won by William White. The Christchurch engineer William Bayley Bray (1812–1885) suggested that the spans could be reduced to , to which the provincial council agreed. John Blackett peer reviewed the plans on behalf of central government and recommended transverse joists and longitudinal planking. The contractor instead recommended transverse planking directly onto the girders with a asphalt cover, to which the provincial engineer agreed.
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Panorama of the Ripon Building The building is rectangular, long and wide, with a high central tower containing a clock in diameter. The first of its three floors has approximately of space. The walls were constructed with stock bricks, set and plastered with lime mortar and the roof is supported with teak wood joists. The original flooring of the ground floor was Cuddapah Slate that has been replaced with marble.
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SIPs share the same structural properties as an I-beam or I-column. The rigid insulation core of the SIP acts as a web, while the sheathing fulfills the function of the flanges. SIPs combine several components of conventional building, such as studs and joists, insulation, vapor barrier and air barrier. They can be used for many different applications, such as exterior wall, roof, floor and foundation systems.
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It is the only stone house of the 17th century in New England to survive with exterior walls intact. Floors and roof are timber framed, with major framing beams and joists set in pockets of the exterior walls. Molded bricks in a variety of shapes and fabrications embellish the entrance niche and arched openings. The original arched windows were replaced with smaller, Georgian windows by Nathaniel Tracy in the 18th century.
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The interior walls are timber lath and plaster. The floors are hardwood pit-sawn timber, with saw markings and square edge detailing fixed on round joists with the remnants of the original bark still preserved. The foundations are sandstone piers set into a sand clay footing. Timber Slab Cottage was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 29 September 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.
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Wide openings have been roughly made in the north and south walls but signs of the earlier narrow openings remain. There is a new roof - timber framed with corrugated iron cladding - constructed in 1996, in the form of the original. The Magazine is built of brick on a stone plinth with a dilapidated timber floor pegged into joists. The walls have in the past been white washed inside and out.
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The construction method is visible beneath the shutters of the false windows to the left of the front door. The window placement would have opened out from the side of the staircase, but is placed to complete the symmetrical appearance of the house. Floor joists are hand hued timber beams set in a cross pattern and cross joined by lesser beams. The Jewetts used Wildfell as a summer home from March 1854 until June 1874.
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Similar techniques are used for lights ("luminaires"), however the two services are usually separated into different circuits with different protection devices at the distribution board. Whilst the wiring for lighting is exclusively managed by electricians, the selection of luminaires or light fittings may be left to building owners or interior designers in some cases. Telephone wiring from the 1970s. Low voltage cables are often laid across ceiling joists and insulation in roof cavities.
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However the ceiling joists in the main structure are a mixture of hand and machine cut timbers. Three chimneys penetrate the roof line, each with a double corbel and one, or two, English vernacular revival (c.1915) chimney pots. There is clear evidence in the roof space that approximately 600 mm height has been added to the upper storey and that the roof structure has been completely replaced over the main section.
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Charlotte Williams Memorial Hospital, also known as Memorial Hospital, is a historic hospital building located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built between 1901 and 1903, and is a three-story, with basement, neo-Palladian Revival style building. It has an "H"-shaped plan, and has brick and granite walls, steel joists, steel elevators and masonry stairs. In 1986, the Virginia Department of Transportation acquired the hospital and rehabilitated it for office use.
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This is not normally a problem in areas not prone to high wind or extreme weather conditions. In the UK, a concrete tiled roof would normally have rafters at centers, roof battens at centers and ceiling joists at centers. The United States still uses imperial units of measurement and framing members are typically spaced sixteen or twenty-four inches apart. The roof framing may be interrupted for openings such as a chimney or skylight.
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This has a heavy plank and muntin screen with narrow door and roof of heavy joists supporting the upper floor. The screen is 15th-century oak with a moulded and embattled head and rail. The door is narrow, massive and nail studded. The use of this chamber is unknown, it may have been the sacristy and muniment room or a priests' room to accommodate the monk when the Church was served by Prittlewell Priory.
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The floor joists of the upper level radiate inwardly from the exterior -walls to the central drive and then run north and south over the central drive. At the center on the south side between the feed alley and central drive are pens with sliding gates. On the north side a set of permanent stairs lead to the upper haymow. The main upper level is relatively dark except for the cupola's windows.
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The rapid construction was facilitated by offsite prefabrication of many components such as cast iron windows, stone dressings, roof trusses, iron floor joists and decorative pieces of leadwork. The money for the building came from Prince Albert's Royal Patriotic Fund, which raised nearly £1.5 million by public subscription for the widows and orphans of soldiers killed in the Crimean War.Wandsworth Borough Council: Conservation Area Character Statements: 25: Wandsworth Common. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
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Dimitrijevic was in charge of design, planning and construction of the mining town of Cansado in Mauritania between 1959 and 1963, with 750 furnished houses. For the sake of economy, there were few French workers, mostly Moors, Canary Islanders and Senegalese. The project was logistically and technically demanding. Construction used precast lightweight concrete blocks imported from Senegal, and other concrete forms such as joists and railings that were manufactured on the site.
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In a composite steel deck, the dissimilar materials in question are steel and concrete. A composite steel deck combines the tensile strength of steel with the compressive strength of concrete to improve design efficiency and reduce the material necessary to cover a given area. Additionally, composite steel decks supported by composite steel joists can span greater distances between supporting elements and have reduced live load deflection in comparison to previous construction methods.
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It was therefore replaced with a red square metal tower, mounted on steel joists alongside the castle wall to enable it to be moved laterally so as to adjust to future changes. It too was fitted with a first-order lens."Lighthouse" in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th edition, volume 15. In 1923 both lights were automated with the installation of an acetylene lamp controlled by a sun valve, fuelled from an adjacent producer plant.
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From the basement upward, the building rose > in plain brickwork with reinforced wood floors. The ceilings were > underpinned with a formwork shell and finished in rough-cast plaster on the > services installation side. The floors were composed of planks on loose > sleepers – that is, sleepers that were not fixed between the floor joists. > Hence, the ceilings in the main building were not continuous shears and thus > were unable to fulfill the necessary bracing function.
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It consists of masonry walls, cast iron and mild steel columns, beams and joists. The board room is remarkable. The building has a full height atrium around which are the main stair and lobbies, constructed from slabs of marble supported directly off steel frames and serving as both floors and ceilings. The atrium has a decorative ceiling of coloured glass, and the atrium is lined with marble facings and decorative bronze work.
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The former Wodonga house is now situated near the clubhouse within the grounds of the Widgee Historical and Recreational Association. It is a rectangular timber structure set on low stumps with a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron. The roof over the rear section is angled down from the main roof, suggesting it was a verandah that had been extended and built in. The floor joists, studs and rafters are split and adze dressed.
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The roof has two flush gable chimneys at each end. On the front and back slopes of the roof are three pedimented dormer windows, each of 6/6 sash. There is no watertable at the base of the house, although at one time the first several courses up from ground level were painted black. Small metal grilled openings at the base of the building serve to ventilate the crawl space beneath the first floor joists.
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The three-storey smock tower rested on oak sills of by in section. The eight oak cant posts were were square and long, and carried a circular oak curb of diameter at the top. There were two sets of square oak transoms at appropriate heights which carried the joists for the internal floors. Each of the twenty-four frames was infilled with a vertical oak post square and two diagonal struts in section.
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Style: Maritime Georgian; Storeys: 3; Facade: Sandstone (Bays 1-10) to the top of Level 2, with brick above, including the gable ends. Bay 11 is brick.; Side Rear Walls: Sandstone; Internal Walls: Sandstone; Roof Cladding: The roofs are slate sheathed with lead capping and copper-lined trough gutters; Floor Frame: The ground floor in all bays is a concrete slab while Level 2 & 3 floors are timber boards on timber joists; Roof Frame: Timber.
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Steel joists and Joist Girders being erected. In structural engineering, the open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points. The main function of an OWSJ is to provide direct support for roof or floor deck and to transfer the load imposed on the deck to the structural frame i.e. beam and column.
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The first joist in 1923 was a Warren truss type, with top and bottom chords of round bars and a web formed from a single continuous bent bar. Various other types were developed, but problems also followed because each manufacturer had their own design and fabrication standards. Architects, engineers and builders found it difficult to compare rated capacities and to use fully the economies of steel joist construction. Gable steel joists being erected.
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This has a well-detailed and crafted varnished timber balustrade with substantial timber newels. Flooring throughout is of timber boards supported on a substantial framework of timber beams, joists and posts, all of which appear to be part of the 1918-1919 construction. The top floor is largely free of the internal timber posts that are a conspicuous feature of the lower levels. Here, the double-gabled timber roof structure is exposed.
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Cleats may have more specific names based on added benefit they provide. Some published standards only use those more descriptive terms and may never refer to these various lumber components as cleats. For example, lumber placed under the top of a wood container to add support for a large top are called "joists". Lumber is built into the midsection of the top of a wood container to strengthen the top are called "cleats".
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Each plank was numbered with Roman numerals, then removed so the frame could be raised, and then re-assembled. Eight by eight-inch oak floor joists with neither foundation nor basement were used, and tulip poplar floor boards were laid, but not fastened until seasoned. The building was completed late in 1790. The green planks used in original construction shrank, and it was necessary to wedge lath into the cracks, until clapboard was applied later.
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The original design of the 56 foot (17.1 m) diameter round barn included a rooftop cupola as well as a silo on the barn's southeast quadrant. Both of these features are no longer extant, the barn is otherwise in unaltered condition. The structure was built and designed by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers. The loft is supported by a central concrete shaft, at its apex joists radiate outward from it.
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Parquet Versailles Large diagonal squares known as parquet de Versailles were introduced in 1684 as parquet de menuiserie ("woodwork parquet") to replace the marble flooring that required constant washing, which tended to rot the joists beneath the floors. Such parquets en losange were noted by the Swedish architect Daniel Cronström at Versailles and at the Grand Trianon in 1693.Fiske Kimball, The Creation of the Rococo 1943, p 47, noting the original accounts.
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Contaminated fill was cleared, providing space for a basement car park of in situ concrete. Sustainable construction and low heating and maintenance costs were among the priorities in developing the site. To deliver the necessary level of heat retention, we made walls and floors of sealed units filled with insulating material. Each unit is formed from timber joists some 300 mm deep, set close together and sandwiched between floorboards or sheets of marine ply.
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The post medieval-style exposed interior timber framing is the only example found in a frame building in Virginia. The hand-hewn timbers serve as both structural framing and decorative woodwork. Summer beams, which run through the center of the ceilings into the chimneys, serve as the principal supporting members for the floor joists above. Also on the property are a contributing frame smokehouse with a pyramidal roof, and a frame kitchen.
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All joists, cross bracing, lintels, doors, architraves and the staircase are of local red cedar. On the northern side of the ground floor hall is a large living room. The wide timber (hoop pine) floor boards are exposed and polished, the walls rendered and painted dark red and the ceiling is lined with decorative pressed metal of the 1920s era. There are two doors accessing the hall at either end of the room.
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F. Kenneth Iverson (September 18, 1925 – April 14, 2002) was an American businessman. He is credited with transforming Nucor Steel from a nearly bankrupt company in the 1960s into the largest and most successful steelmaker in the United States. Nucor was formed from the Nuclear Corporation of America, which grew out of Reo Motor Company. Ken Iverson joined Nuclear Corporation in 1962 when it bought Vulcraft, a manufacturer of steel joists, where he worked.
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Reed mat is lathing supplied in a roll. It is made from natural reeds laid parallel, and bound using zinc-plated narrow gauge wire to form a long sheet. Reed mat is suitable for internal use as a base for plastering on walls and ceilings. It can be used against a solid background or over studs or joists as a practical alternative lining material to gypsum plasterboard, clay panel or lath and plaster.
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A similarly enriched wallplate and cornice above indicate the quality of the hall. The former open truss has a deep arch-braced collar beam, with curved wind-braces to single purlins. A chimney-stack at the north end and an upper floor with richly moulded joists were inserted in the earlier 16th century. A two-storied wing adjoining the northwest corner of the hall wing and similarly aligned was built in the late 14th century.
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He cited in evidence draughty walls, leaky chimneys, insecure joists and the general paucity of decoration. He inveighed against crown glass, small window panes and the window tax. He described how plate glass was made in Italy and hoped that it would soon be made in Britain also. His last letters expressed his concern about the hardships of sailor boys, the reasons for the mutinies in the Navy and the perils of convoy.
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Most of the doors still have their original decorative moulding. All of the buildings were covered with plafonds à la française (French-style ceilings: joists the same width as the spaces between them; see Plafond à la française in French Wikipedia). It has been listed since 1914 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. The castle is privately owned and is open to the public from June to September.
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Standard Yarn Company Building is a historic factory building located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is a brick structure, measuring 200 feet along the street and constructed in three sections between 1897 and 1911. It is of common mill construction with load bearing masonry walls and wooden floors and joists supported by heavy wooden posts. See also: It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.
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Rafter ties are designed to tie together the bottoms of opposing rafters on a roof, to resist the outward thrust where the roof meets the house ceiling and walls. This helps keep walls from spreading due to the weight of the roof and anything on it, notably wet snow. In many or most homes, the ceiling joists also serve as the rafter ties. When the walls spread, the roof ridge will sag.
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The vertical posts were long enough to extend about four feet above the ceiling joists. A top rail across the front (north side) of room 2 and the foyer and another across the rear (south side) of room 2 and the foyer tied the vertical beams all together. Each vertical post had a hand-made mortise at interior ceiling height to receive each ceiling joist, which had a tenon at each end.
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It is supported bycast-iron columns, steel girders and heavy timbered joists, and was designed by architect Frank S. Rea. A three- story brick addition was added around 1934, and a two-story extension to the rear was added in 1958. With 10 photos from 2003. The building included an automobile showroom on the first floor, auto repair shops in the basement and on the third floor, and a garage on the second floor.
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The first floor of the central part is a single room of vast proportions which still has traces of frescoes, a stone floor as well as a plafond à la française (French-style ceiling: joists the same width as the spaces between them; see Plafond à la française in French Wikipedia). The castle is privately owned. It has been listed since 1979 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
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These posts were carefully chosen and trimmed to create a branch or fork at the top as a structural support. They were joined by horizontal beams and crossed with ceiling joists. The interior sides of the pit were plastered with clay or lined with stone — either large slabs wedged upright in the soil or courses of smaller stones. The exterior of the pithouse was formed of branches, packed tree bark, or brush and grass.
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These old joists support modern concrete slab second floor laid over wire mesh and composition board forms laid during the 20th century remodeling. Also added at this point was reinforced concrete framing adjoining the old walls on the first floor. It is now in deteriorated condition, while the original walls appear generally sound. In the interior, the central passage extends from front to rear through the open courtyard, paved in quarry tiles.
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New Jersey v. Hauptmann (Cont'd) He also matched other pieces of the ladder to a chisel used to create the joists, missing from the defendant's tool chest, and to a missing plank from the suspect's attic floor. It may also be useful in forestry studies. Identifying the species of a piece of wood is not always easy, in which case a xylotheque may provide samples with which the xylotomist can compare his own.
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Another source cites the inspiration for the steel skyscraper as coming from vernacular Philippine architecture, where wooden framed construction gave Jenney the idea.Condit C., The Chicago School of Architecture. A History of Commercial and Public Building, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1964, Chapter 4, "Jenney and the New Structural Technique," p. 81. The Home Insurance Building was the first example of a steel skeleton building, the first grid of iron columns, girders, beams and floor joists ever constructed.
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A fire place and associated chimney constructed from stone bonded with lime and loam adjoins the northern end of the kitchen. The walkway between the boarding house and kitchen is covered by a curved roof. All roofs to the coach house complex are clad with corrugated metal sheeting. The coach house complex is established on a floor framing system consisting of hardwood stumps, rough sawn hardwood drop log bearers, pit sawn hardwood joists and floor boards.
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The bottling house is also a single story wood frame structure, built in 1929 after the previous building on the site was destroyed by fire. It is architecturally unremarkable, with similar proportions to the spring house. Its interior is largely unfinished, with exposed ceiling rafters and wall joists. The southern part of the building is taken up by a tank, lined in granite, with an overflow catchbasin and troughs at which the filling operation took place.
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The walls and ceilings of the 1953 sections are lined with flat sheeting with square cover-strips to the walls and curved cover strips to the ceilings. The understorey has a concrete slab floor and a modern enclosure at the southwest end. Remnants of the original, VJ timber verandah lining are attached to a notched bearer, indicating the western extent of the 1922 building. The joists supporting the 1922 section are narrower than those of the extensions.
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The upper floors with the exception of the toilet and service wet areas are made out of timber boarding supported on timber floor joist. Timber floorboards are thin horizontal structural members laid horizontally on the floor joist and joined to one another by the traditional tongue and groove method. The timber floor joists and floorboards used to be exposed and constitute the ceiling of the room below. The floorboards are now covered with concrete for fire safety reasons.
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The original portion of the building is a square log structure, 2-1/2 stories tall, measuring about (four sazhen) square, and resting on a raised stone foundation. A two-story gallery, sheltered by a shed roof, extended to the east. The outside logs from which it is built were squared off to . The interior walls are built from dimensionally smaller logs, and the floors were made of half-logs secured into joists and sills by tenons.
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There are five main types of structural components that make up a steel frame - tension members, compression members, bending members, combined force members and their connections. Tension members are usually found as web and chord members in trusses and open web steel joists. Ideally tension members carry tensile forces, or pulling forces, only and its end connections are assumed to be pinned. Pin connections prevent any moment(rotation) or shear forces from being applied to the member.
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This work was carried out by R. A. and D. A. Wiltshire. By 1975 the organ had become unplayable, and a reconversion to mechanical action was undertaken. The console was moved back to the organ side of the transept, with the action going backward under the floor into the organ. This necessitated removal of floor joists and foundation piers, but the unsupported floor caused further problems long term, and during the 2008 rebuild it was re-electrified.
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Floor joists are nailed to the studs and are supported with horizontal boards. Taylor used these studs and cross members and held the whole thing together with nails, no joints. Balloon frame construction, which would be better described as basket weave construction, proved to be incredibly sturdy, light, flexible and tough. Stresses were taken throughout the structure and there are stories of tornadoes knocking balloon frame houses off their foundations with the houses rolling away unbroken like tumbleweeds.
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According to historians, these rooms were reserved for the animals of travelers and their goods. The fondouk has a second smaller court, called fnidqa (small fondouk), that served as a store for camels and other pack animals. The first floor is divided into 25 rooms that for centuries hosted travelers, merchants and pilgrims. With its cut stones, pointed arches and exposed joists, fondouk El Haddadine represents a good example of traditional masonry based on local materials.
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The Detroit architectural firm of Rogers and MacFarlane designed the original building in 1905. This building exemplifies the standard timber frame mill construction that was popular in Michigan well into the early 20th century. The large posts and beams created relatively large spaces free from interspersed columns and easily adaptable to large machinery. Massive posts and exposed floor joists were constructed to slow the spread of fire and aid in its detection by eliminating hidden spaces.
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At the western end, the floor joists are early split logs; those at the eastern end of the building are later milled timber. There is an opening in the workroom floor midway along the southern side, sufficiently large to enable barrels or butts to be lowered into the cellar below. The workroom roof structure is of much later milled timber, and is unlined. The cellar is accessed from the stair at the western end of the building.
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The bell is formed from cast metal and both the bell and the hammer are painted – the crown and yoke are hidden behind a fibrous cement soffit. The bell chamber is screened in each corner by louvred timber panels. Few early furnishings remain in the building apart from honour boards, framed portraits and timber seating in the upper vestibule. Early brick foundations are visible in the basement along with the timber floor boards, joists, posts and beams.
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Swarm cell production involves creating many queen cells, typically a dozen or more. These are located around the edges of a broodcomb, often at the sides and the bottom. New wax combs between basement joists Once either process has begun, the old queen leaves the hive with the hatching of the first queen cells. She leaves accompanied by a large number of bees, predominantly young bees (wax-secretors), who form the basis of the new hive.
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As new subdivisions started to spring up around cities beginning in the 1950s and after, Kenner Toys reflected the trend in their Build-A-Home Building sets. The Build-A-Home sets enabled children to construct modern suburban homes, with simulated brickwork or white clapboard siding. New diagonal beams called joists were introduced to permit a low angle pitched roof to be built, and covered with vacuformed plastic roof plates. Styles varied between brick or white vinyl siding.
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Most roofs are pitched; flat roofs are not common. Up to the 1970s, most houses were of "double brick" construction on concrete footings, with timber floors laid on joists supported by "dwarf walls". Later houses have mainly been of "brick veneer" construction – structural timber or, more recently, lightweight steel frame on a concrete slab foundation, lined with Gyprock, and with an outer skin of brickwork,Rosemary Cadden: Building South Australia: celebrating 125 years. Solstice Media. pp.
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Plaster coving over floor joists The mansion house has four gables to the front and a two-gabled wing to the left-hand side; its plan resembles the nearby Dorfold Hall. The roof is tiled, with two prominent brick chimney stacks. There are two storeys with an attic, with both the first and second floors overhanging the floor beneath to form jetties, a typical feature of timber-framed town houses of this date.Harris, 2003, pp. 55–57.
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The sandstone part of the building has narrow, multi-paned sash windows and timber doors with fanlights. The interior of the building is gutted and only the timber floor joists and cast iron columns remain. A small Shelter Shed (1929) is located to the south of Female Wards 1&2 and was used to separate troublesome patients from the main wards. It is a brick structure with a concrete floor and fireplace and a gabled corrugated iron roof.
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The building comprised a four-storey (semi- basement and three upper floors) late Victorian Warehouse of load-bearing polychrome bricks with sandstone string courses, cornices, sills, copings and granite thresholds to doors. The building is divided into five fire separated compartments by vertical cross walls. Within each section are two rows of circular cast iron columns supporting iron girders, timber joists and a 50mm tallowwood floor. The ground floor was paved with Val-de-Travers asphalt 38mm thick.
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The structure of the building consists of mortise-and-tenon timber frame construction, with studs spaced roughly every twenty four inches. Floor joists are made of logs that have been worked flat on the top face. The wall finish on the interior consists of butt-joined horizontal boards that have been limewashed. Evidence in the wall and roof structure suggests that the interior space was once divided into two rooms, with a central chimney serving both spaces.
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Timber design or wood design is a subcategory of structural engineering that focuses on the engineering of wood structures. Timber is classified by tree species (e.g., southern pine, douglas fir, etc.) and its strength is graded using numerous coefficients that correspond to the number of knots, the moisture content, the temperature, the grain direction, the number of holes, and other factors. There are design specifications for sawn lumber, glulam members, prefabricated I-joists, composite lumber, and various connection types.
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The most outstanding feature of the Fitch House is the elliptical stairway supported by an internal system at cantilevered joists. This construction technique is associated with grand stairways found in public buildings of the period, but not in domestic structures. Fitch has successfully scaled down the size of the stairway while retaining the sophistication of the design. The graceful stairway is very different from the heavy and massive architecture of the period so prevalent in Tuscaloosa.
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Then the beams can be bolted to the steel columns. This process is continued until there are no beams or columns left to construct the structure. Structural ironworkers also erect joist girders, bar joists, and trusses, and also install metal decking. The average annual income for a structural ironworker in the early 2000s was 15.85 dollars per hour; however, a full-time structural ironworker could make 30-40 dollars per hour, depending on the location of the work site.
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At the Tuckies, an engine pump was installed about 1780 to drain several mines including Boat Leasow Mine. The Tuckies engine house still survives at 214 Tuckies Hill, although converted into a dwelling in the 1840s with an adjoining house added in the 1880s. During alterations in 1983,Welcome to Discovering Shropshire's History. Shropshirehistory.org.uk. the joists of the first floor were found to have curved cut-outs in the middle where they had once supported the steam cylinder.
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At each of the points of intersection of the inner stall walls are large posts that extend to an overhead beam, which braces the floor joists of the upper level. The center of the barn is left open for movement of animals. On the upper level, the bay to the east has a three-section grain bin. This bin corresponds to the size of the animal pen below and does not extend to the roof above.
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The La Liendre Bridge, spanning Beatriz Creek between Cayey, Puerto Rico and Cidra, Puerto Rico, was built in 1877 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It is a rare type of bridge in the U.S., one of a handful of lattice girder bridges imported from France and Belgium to Puerto Rico between 1877 and 1892. It has lattice girders with transverse joists. It was on the Carretera Central highway of Puerto Rico, between Cayey and Caguas.
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Thus it is built from stones without any kind of cement. At 11 feet from the floor, there are four holes in the front and back walls, each 14 inches high, probably for joists; and over them, in side walls, are six smaller holes, probably for rafters. The sanctum faces the east. Its front wall fell and seems rebuilt at someone with the inner sides of the stones turned out, showing the sockets of the clamps with which the stones had been secured.
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The Hagood-Mauldin House is a property listed on the National Register of Historic Places located in Pickens, South Carolina. The house was originally constructed for James Earle Hagood ca.1856 in the town of Old Pickens but in 1868 when the Pickens District was divided into Oconee County and Pickens County, the house was disassembled, boards and beams numbered, and reassembled at its present location in the town of Pickens. The original house was constructed with log beams and joists pegged together.
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In 1867, the people of Steele County voted to build a covered bridge for approximately $3,000 (). It is believed that some of the abutments for that original bridge were used in the present one. On May 19, 1894, the Clinton Falls Township Board voted to build an "iron bridge" with steel joists over the river and awarded a contract to the George E. King Bridge Company of Des Moines, Iowa. The existing covered bridge was demolished in late September 1894.
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The Bellevue Gothic Mill is a three-and-one-half-story structure measuring 25 feet wide and 40 feet long, and sitting on a rubble foundation and with a gabled sheet metal roof. It is clad with a combination of tongue and groove siding and vertical board and batten siding. It is constructed from massive twelve by twelve walnut timbers and three by twelve floor joists. A loading dock was once connected to the mill but has now been removed.
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The Jurys Inn (formerly Chamberlain Tower) Emporis entry is a hotel building on Broad Street, Birmingham, England. Built using concrete cladding and steel joists, this building was part of the plan to redevelop Birmingham in the 1960s. Construction commenced in 1974 and was completed the following year to a design by Ian Fraser of John Roberts & Partners. It is one of the tallest buildings on Broad Street and forms a prominent part of the city skyline when viewed from the south.
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The Renaissance south façade has several mullioned windows and dormers surmounted with pediments. Several rooms still have plafonds à la française (French-style ceilings: joists the same width as the spaces between them; see Plafond à la française in French Wikipedia). The second range of buildings, known as Château Bouscary, is to the south and has a round tower. In the courtyard, the entrance gateway is composed of segments of a circle, with sculptured framing in the form of a lopped tree.
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Farm buildings. 3. ed. New York: Whiley and Sons, 1948. Print. rather than solid timbers. The reduction in availability of timber for barn building and experience with scantling framing resulted in the development of this lightweight barn framing using planks (“joists”) rather than timbers. Some stated advantages: cheaper, faster, no interior posts needed, use any length lumber, less skill, less lumber (either purchased or self-produced), “stronger”, lighter, all lumber can be purchased from a lumber yard, less labor, heavy timber getting scarce.
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Collection of Robert and Judith Moore. features Victorian-inspired supports and a curved porch roof with joists reminiscent of a ship’s framing in a nod to the house's namesake and Mauricetown's maritime history. Historically, there was a small sitting porch on the south elevation, but it was enclosed in the 1920s and made part of the interior living space. The home’s exterior is covered in vinyl siding, and features ornate Italianate brackets and a reconstructed cupola crowning the hipped roof.
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The Best house was built on the former location of the Henry C. Struck, Jr. house, which was relocated to the lot immediately to the north. It is one of the few examples of Mission Revival architecture in Davenport, and it is also one the first "absolutely fireproof" houses built in the Quad Cities. The house is constructed of hollow clay tiles covered with stucco. The flooring decks are composed of steel reinforced concrete joists with intermittent rows of hollow tile.
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As at 28 September 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Archaeological excavation (1994) involved the removal of occupation deposits from the kitchens of 113-115, dating from 1881 to s. Deposits in the rest of the properties were untouched with the exception of 300x300 excavations in the centres of each of the four main ground floor rooms in 113-115 for the construction of floor supports. All services were surface mounted beneath floor joists to avoid disturbance of potential archaeological remains.
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As at 3 May 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Archaeological excavation (1994) involved the removal of occupation deposits from the kitchens of 113-115, dating from 1881 to s. Deposits in the rest of the properties were untouched with the exception of 300x300 excavations in the centres of each of the four main ground floor rooms in 113-115 for the construction of floor supports. All services were surface mounted beneath floor joists to avoid disturbance of potential archaeological remains.
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The Haugh House is a two-story, Greek-Revival lodge I-house residential building with a standing-seam gabled roof, wrapped in weatherboard, built about 1855. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 2011. It is in the center of the Cross Keys Battlefield in Rockingham County, Virginia. It has six-over-six windows with double-hung wooden sash, exposed floor and ceiling joists, a large center hall, original, interior chambered moldings and hand-planed partition walls.
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The little-altered second floor contains molded woodwork and hand-wrought hardware (including HL hinges) of the highest quality. Other important early features survive including Flemish and English- bond chimneys, board partitions, batten doors, beaded ceiling joists, a boxed winder stair, and Georgian and vernacular Greek Revival mantels. Since the interior walls have survived completely intact, they offer a rare opportunity to study late-eighteenth-century construction. Most of the glass in the windows, as well as the window frames, are original.
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Twenty-four pairs of suspender cables (hangers), about 16 feet apart, dropped from the main cables and attached to the ends of the wooden floor beams. Wooden joists spanned between the floor beams, creating a substructure that was decked with 2-foot planks. A pair of horizontal wires strung from shore to shore tied together the suspender cables and floor beams, and a second pair functioned as guardrails. Six guy-wires anchored the bridge to rocks in the river and on both shores.
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They are affixed to 2¼-inch (6 cm) maple tongue-in-groove decking, kerfed to allow them to radiate outward, and nailed directly to the floor joists. On the whole, the interior woodworking follows the Eastlake style. The pulpit, however, is more Renaissance Revival. Fashioned of walnut with a burled walnut veneer on its raised arch panels, with a dentil-molded top, it is set on a platform, extending from a 23-foot–tall (7 m) arch in the wall behind it.
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In 1987, Rob Norden purchased the restaurant, which is now owned and operated by his son, also Rob. The Nordens undertook a significant research and restoration project to restore the older appearance and deal with structural problems. The foundation was strengthened with concrete. The floor and ceiling joists, weakened by sagging of the foundation, were replaced by others from a barn in Ontario as old as the tavern, and the floorboards were replaced with similar boards from a schoolhouse in Pennsylvania.
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They are part of a Gypsy community living in the county of Kent, England.Burglar Henry Vincent laid to rest in hail of obscenities and punches. Will Humphries, The Times, 4 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018. In 2011, Henry Vincent (born c. 1959) was jailed with his son, Henry Vincent Jr., for defrauding an 81 year old man by showing him a handful of maggots that he had brought with him to convince his victim that the joists of his roof were rotten.
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The house was built of locally quarried brownstone, with four rooms on the first floor; a gable-ended loft; fireplaces on both ends; a cedar shingle roof; and a small entry stoop. The extant foundation consists of a fieldstone basement, massive hand-hewn joists, and flooring planks, some of which exceed 16 inches in width. A detached kitchen in the rear of the house contained a kitchen with a Dutch oven on one wall and slave quarters in the loft.
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The work was completed in March 1902 and the current bridge over the Bremer River at Sadliers Crossing came into usage. Its double track operated as two single tracks, one towards Rosewood and the other for the Brisbane Valley branch line. The Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge is a two span Whipple truss bridge with continuous rolled steel joists. It is the second longest span of its type in Queensland (), the longest being the former Burdekin River Rail Bridge at Macrossan.
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The ceiling and roof framing is supported with two king-post trusses at the ends of the main ridge. The basement is divided into halves and supported by summer beams that run the length of the sills and supported by posts on stone pedestals. By 1982, the steel I-beams were "recently" inserted under the floor joists and between the summer and the sills. The cellar also has an old furnace that is not in service due to the building using electrical heating.
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With It is a clapboarded balloon-frame L-shaped house built with redwood floor joists and sawn redwood studs. It has split pillars with Tuscan-order capitals, somehow involving fleur-de-lis. Its National Register nomination describes its significance as follows: > The Benjamin Wilcox House was built to plans drawn by local builder George > Chalmers, with construction carried out by Chalmers, aided by Wilcox's sons > Edward and Sylvester and by his grandson Joseph (son of Sylvester). Wilcox's > sons were local carpenters.
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The Old Walton Bridge was supported by four central stone piers connected by three arches built of wooden beams and joists. The span of the central arch was 130 feet (39 m), at the time the widest unsupported span in England (it was surpassed by William Edwards Bridge at Pontypridd).Skempton pp.217-8 The other two main arches were each 44 feet (13 m), though Dicker later suggested that the design would have allowed for side spans of 70 ft or more.
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There are now poles available for use in clubs that provide visual effects. These poles are made with clear plastics and contain water, glitter, and special reflective materials which stand out when used in conjunction with strobe lighting, as well as lighting hidden in their base joists. However, these poles are not favorable to a dancer wanting to achieve better pole tricks, as they bend slightly and have a tendency to create a friction burn when slid down with any sort of speed.
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16–18 Bulletin Place is the largest of three adjoining similarly-scaled former warehouses in Bulletin Place. It is a brick building four storeys high, with a basement half a storey below street level. Structurally it is divided into four longitudinal bays and two lateral bays, with heavy timber posts, girders, joists, floors and trusses mostly still visible. The sliding timber loading doors retain their chained footplates and overhead cat-head hoist beams and pulleys; one cathead still protected by a gable.
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The internal frame is made of limestone (kaddal) and the second frame is made of . The entrance also includes two skifas; the first is rectangular with flat wooden ceiling joists; the access to the second skifa is made by a door in the left wall of the first skifa. The second skifa is smaller in size and is covered by a vault. The patio has high arches on stone columns with Turkish capitals on all four sides of an almost square courtyard.
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Major leaks in the Stone House occurred during the hurricane, however, and a post-storm investigation revealed that the clay tile roof needed major repair. Further investigation showed that the leaks had rotted eaves and roof joists. The project, expected to cost $75,000, was completed on November 7, 2011, at a total cost of $129,500. The Memorial Grove angel, whose wing and head were broken off during the hurricane, was repaired in the summer of 2013 and reset on its foundation.
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There are brick arches above some of the windows with timber lintels. There is a door and two windows in the south-western elevation, plus two windows in north-eastern elevation. The interior walls on the south-western and north-eastern elevations have recesses for floor joists, but the timber floor no longer exists. Wall vents are set below the floor level, about level with the joist holes; with two vents in each of the long elevations, and one in each of the short elevations.
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The barn is a round basement barn, 68 feet in diameter. In the center of the bottom level, on a base of concrete blocks, stands the trunk of an old oak tree which rises 9 feet to support the mow floor. This trunk is upside down, 2.5 feet across at the bottom and 3 feet across at the top, providing a larger surface for attaching the 3x10 joists that radiate out and support the mow floor. The outside wall has a limestone foundation almost two feet thick.
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The construction of the tower employs trimmer joists, mortar and stone to separate the top floor from the one below, preventing potential fires. The top floor features twelve arrow slits as well as openings designed for pouring boiling liquids over potential enemies. These openings were positioned between the corbels. Although it is smaller in size and more modern than the nearby Tower of the Meshchii, the Tower of Kurt Pasha has the appearance of a small medieval fortress, due to its lack of windows and characteristic shape.
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Zehnder's Holzbrücke (German for wooden bridge) is a wooden covered bridge, built in a style similar to those of the Black Forest or a river valley in Switzerland, over the Cass River in the middle of town. Though completed in 1979, the structure was constructed using traditional covered- bridge timber framing techniques. The floor joists and three-span Town lattice truss system of the bridge are made of of planks. The portion receiving the greatest wear is of oak while the remaining portion is spruce.
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Aluminium column sections were fixed to a reinforced concrete ring beam at floor level, and support framing was sometimes provided by rolled steel joists at centres and spans. The introduction of structural steel elements reduced the number of concrete piers required and provided more open area under the building.Burmester et al, Queensland Schools A Heritage Conservation Study, p. 74 Many of the prefabricated components utilised techniques developed during World War II in aircraft manufacture, including pop-riveting and the use of synthetic gaskets and sealants.
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The interior of the building consists of seven rooms, with the rooms at the back of the building being more lavishly decorated than the rooms at the front. The ground floor is mostly open as it is used as a public house bar. It has exposed ceiling beams and joists which are supported by wooden posts. In the centre of the building is an 18th-century open well staircase with quarter landings, the walls are decorated with dado rails and half height wooden panels.
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A cheaper alternative to hot water or steam heat is forced hot air. A furnace burns fuel oil, which heats air in a heat exchanger, and blower fans circulate the warmed air through a network of ducts to the rooms in the building. This system is cheaper because the air moves through a series of ducts instead of pipes, and does not require a pipe fitter to install. The space between floor joists can be boxed in and used as some of the ductwork, further lowering costs.
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Unity Structures prefab, preserved at the Chiltern Open Air Museum Unity Structures were a construction company based in Rickmansworth. Using common storey-level precast reinforced concrete panels, they produced various updated versions of their bungalow and twin-storey house variations. Using metal bracing within the cavity and metal joists connected at column joints, the PRC columns act as mullions. Copper straps tie the inner panel to outer PRC panel on earlier variants, while later the copper strap fixed to column holding just outer PRC cladding panels.
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' Indeed, Merlo told the Wallstreet Journal that 'technology'--not old-growth timber resources--'had proven to be [the company's] lifeblood.' Profits for 1992 were up 216 percent from the previous year, and in 1994, the company achieved an all-time high of $3.04 billion in sales. By that year, only one-third of LP's sales came from dimensional lumber—the studs and solid wood joists that frame houses—while over half its revenue came from OSB products, and another 20 percent from engineered wood products and pulp.
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The Tan Teck Guan Building has a Georgian architectural façade with neo-classic details. Its main entrance is embellished with an ornate archway supported by Doric columns, with Ionic columns on the upper level. The work of Tan Jiak Kim for setting up Singapore's first medical school is remembered on two historical plaques on the side pillars of the main entrance to the building. The original structure of Tan Teck Guan Building consisted mainly of timber trusses, floors and joists, sitting directly on brick.
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After the buttresses were completed, the construction crews could then begin building the falsework on which the concrete would harden. While the concrete was drying, the roof was supported by a central steel tower, the buttresses around the periphery, a circular timber tower about from the center, and two movable timber scaffolds at the midpoints of and -span joists. These supports totaled at of wooden scaffolding. To aid in construction of the roof, a temporary steel tower was erected in the center of the stadium.
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This cost did not include the erection of the new wing, thus the constructions costs were already far surpassing the original estimate.Trappes-Lomax (1922), p. 106. Within two years of being built, the roof on the new wing had to be replaced as it had started sinking; the joists "were made of bad wood & put in the wrong way". It was too close to winter in 1810 for the work to be completed that year, and it had to be left until the following spring.
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The mill was built to a fireproof design, The cast iron columns are circular and support brick floors build as shallow arches. In the earlier work that did survive the fire, wooden joists are isolated with sheet-iron which has been nailed to them. The roof structure in the main range was replaced in 1929 and is no longer to fireproof standards. The mill race flows under the main range of the mill and at water level are 6 finely detailed arches with wrought iron grills.
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Floor joists and > bridging, sub-flooring, finished flooring, studs, rafters, sheathing, > clapboards, shingles, stucco, plaster or drywall, columns, railings, doors > and windows, hardware, nails, and paint for two exterior coats were included > in the order. Plumbing, electrical, and heating systems were available for > an additional charge. Although the lumber and hardware were standardized, > the designs were not and buyers were encouraged to personalize their order. > Many models had two or three floor plans, while the exterior could be > clapboards, shingles, stucco, or framed for brick.
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Blockland Melle (Osnabrück Land) Originally the Low German house took its simplest and basic form, the Zweiständerhaus or two-post farmhouse. This had two rows of uprights on which the ceiling joists rested. The two rows of posts ran the length of the building and created the great central threshing floor or Diele characteristic of this type of farmhouse. On the outside of the rows of uprights, underneath the eaves, low side rooms or bays known as Kübbungen were often built with non load-bearing external walls.
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Beneath the large hall and accessed from it by a broad timber stair is a concrete floored space with a roller shuttered access door and another timber door to Campbell Street. The space extends to approximately half the length of the hall above. The walls are plastered brickwork with later infill work at the north east corner in painted brickwork. The ceiling is generally boarded and where exposed the roof structure above is packed with sawdust between the joists, presumably as acoustic insulation against the skating rink.
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The second phase of construction was directed by architect Thomas Johnston, and the third phase by architect William Mooser. During an investigation into the construction of the former San Francisco City Hall in the early 1870s, Johnston testified that the Occidental was constructed with foundation rocks quarried from Angel Island, built with wood floors and joists, and reinforced with iron bands used for structural stabilization. Another architect, Stephen H. Williams, estimated the construction costs of the hotel to be between sixteen and eighteen cents per square foot.
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All internal partitions were in solid brickwork and the pitched roof was supported on timber trusses. The ground floor is supported on rolled steel joists at 2.2m centres with concrete barrel vault arches spanning between. Tongue and groove flooring was the floor finish in most of the building, except the banking hall which had a marble floor. The banking hall had a ceiling of ornate plasterwork, other ceilings were in pressed metal sheet.FNB Bank Consultant’s Report on the Condition of the Natal Bank Building, 1989.
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The basement on the west side of the house is unfinished; however log joists are not typical and may have been later replacements. The Rushmore farmhouse is a good representative example of late 18th century to early 19th century stone residential architecture in Greene County. Original forms and many original materials survive or are clearly discernible. Spatial divisions and room uses have changed over time and help to illustrate how the building was adapted to meet the needs of its occupants over more than a century.
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The Manor House was once the principle residence of a single estate farmstead which has been subsequently divided into separate properties and holdings. The Manor was once a grange farm of Forde Abbey near Chard. Older buildings in the hamlet include the Manor House, a nearby converted barn, and two nearby adjoining cottages (1 & 2 West Farm Cottages). The Manor House perimeter wall exterior exhibits 'sockets' that in the past held the roof joists of a series of small lean-to style cottages that no longer exist.
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Floor joists and > bridging, sub-flooring, finished flooring, studs, rafters, sheathing, > clapboards, shingles, stucco, plaster or drywall, columns, railings, doors > and windows, hardware, nails, and paint for two exterior coats were included > in the order. Plumbing, electrical, and heating systems were available for > an additional charge. Although the lumber and hardware were standardized, > the designs were not and buyers were encouraged to personalize their order. > Many models had two or three floor plans, while the exterior could be > clapboards, shingles, stucco, or framed for brick.
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Findings have complemented previous searches regarding former castle, unveiling among other things, wooden relics of log cabin buildings. Those documents and elements of the early medieval castle are now presented the elements in the district archeological museum in the White Granary on Mill Island. Archaeological work was also conducted in the middle of the street, at the intersection of Grodzka and Podwale streets. It has unveiled wooden joists piles set on a NE-SW track, interpreted as remnants of a wood surface of today's Kreta street.
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The wood shingle roof is steeply pitched with shed roof dormers in the main section and steeply pitched gable dormers on the outer side of the flanking wings. The interior arrangement has not been substantially altered. The first floor features a living room and dining room connected by a hallway, which itself features nooks furnished with bookshelf-partitions on its north and south sides, featuring decorative fir tree designs. Columns and beams are dressed and trimmed, with rough-hewn ceiling joists supporting diagonal ceiling sheathing.
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The timber frame is visible in the north and south walls and the internal dividing walls but the east and west walls have been re-plastered, concealing the timber framing. The original ceiling has been removed and a new timber attic floor now forms the ceiling over the ground level rooms, exposing the original timber ceiling joists. A steep stair provides access from the south verandah to the attic. This stair has been added and the attic was probably originally reached via an external ladder.
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Endcliffe Hall is built in the Italianate style from ashlar stonework and has a hipped slate roof. There are two storeys with plain sash windows, the main front of the building, which faces west, has a three storey square Belvedere tower. The hall was designed to be fireproof with concrete floors and iron joists with a large cistern in the tower for domestic use and fire fighting. The ground floor windows were made burglar proof with the use of retractable Belgian made louvred iron shutters.
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He named the new location London, and renamed the river there the Thames in anticipation of the change. Dorchester rejected this proposal, but accepted Simcoe's second choice, the present site of Toronto. Simcoe moved the capital there in 1793, and renamed the settlement York after Frederick, Duke of York, King George III's second son. The town was severely underdeveloped at the time of its founding so he brought with him politicians, builders, Nova Scotia timber men, and Englishmen skilled in whipsawing and cutting joists and rafters.
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The façade is made with regular joists in travertine and is the result of a restoration of the 1920s. Inside, the baptismal font (also in travertine) and parts of the 14th-century fresco are adorned with figures of saints. The portal is surmounted by a bezel and a double, very elaborate mullioned window, above which is another, smaller window in the shape of a cross. To the left of the bezel, one of the stones forming the wall has an inscription that testifies to the date of consecration.
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The walls and concrete floor of the courtyard bear evidence of earlier buildings on this site through a series of recesses left by the removal of earlier timber framing members, likely to be from early stables on the site. Internally, large open areas of timber flooring still exist, but some internal partitioning has been added. From the new vehicular access ways the timber joists and herring-bone strutting of the floor above can be clearly seen. Some evidence of closed-off arched openings exist in the dividing walls at ground floor level.
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Colonel Nathaniel J. Scott built Pebble Hill in 1847 at the center of a plantation. The structure was built in the Greek Revival style with hand- hewn heart of pine floors and joists and rafters held together by wooden pegs. During the Civil War, Wilson's Raiders looted the home, but were unable to find many of the valuables, which had been buried near a spring on the property. By the end of the Civil War, Scott was forced to sell the home, which saw a number of different owners over the following decades.
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An early structural application of the Pythagorean tiling appears in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, who considered it among several other potential patterns for floor joists.. This tiling has also long been used decoratively, for floor tiles or other similar patterns, as can be seen for instance in Jacob Ochtervelt's painting Street Musicians at the Door (1665). It has been suggested that seeing a similar tiling in the palace of Polycrates may have provided Pythagoras with the original inspiration for his theorem.. See in particular pp. 15–16.
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At least half a dozen citizens had already split out the wood, and had dried puncheons to make the floor. The new court house was built, log-cabin style, by of large logs halved on both sides, making the walls about 8 inches thick. It was covered with clapboards, rib-pole, end-pole, and weight-pole style; and floored with split-log puncheons about 4 inches thick and some wide, on bark peeled logs about apart; bark taken off for joists on which was the loft. The cracks were lined on inside and out.
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The finished building featured a tin mansard roof (molded and painted to look like tile), gables, and an attic suspended from the roof joists. The interior woodwork was solid oak, all rooms had high wainscoting, the solid doors were thick, and highly detailed molded pediments were emplaced over each door. Ornate brass doorknobs and hinges were used throughout the building, and heat was supplied by cast iron radiators with delicate, filigreed covers. The building (whose original cost was estimated at $59,940) was completed by McKay Brothers in 1896 at a total cost of $110,000.
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The factory grew to be one of the largest employers in the city until 1948 when production was moved to Copenhagen. The building constructed by Rée and facing Vestergade became known as Mønsted's House. Rée, Mønsted and the industrial production that took place on the Vestergade property had a large impact on the city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and this was factored into the decision to list the building. The building material is brick and the building is 14 joists wide with a facade divided by pilasters.
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The interior of the barn is a composition of spaces arranged to facilitated the dairy operation. There is a central drive that runs from the main doors on the northeast and southwest. On either side of the main drive are feed alleys that are created by the central posts and a concrete feed trough, which forms a circle some in diameter. On the east side, a concrete trough is followed by a ring of support posts that brace a laminated beam above which helps to carry the weight of the floor joists.
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Opening of the addition to the Boonah Butter Factory, 1933 In 1932 tenders were considered for extensive additions to the butter factory. Construction was to take place during the quieter winter months and the new buildings were designed to complement the existing structure. The only improvements made to the building already on the site were to relay the floors with tile and remove the pillars supporting the top floor so that the top floor could be supported with new steel joists. The Boonah Butter Factory was extended by Messers Stuart Bros. Ltd.
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The entrance hall is flanked by circular columns, decorated extensively with gold leaf, the columns are in fact drainage pipes. A sand, cement and bitumen mixture has been applied to the sub-floor as infill between floor joists to minimise rising damp, to act as a termite deterrent and to serve as insulation. Translucent amber glazing has been used to provide a warm, sunlight effect to introverted spaces. The ground floor has a lounge, dining room, study, kitchen, entrance hall, large front entrance hall and built-in garage.
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Forty-six of its forty-eight oak joists, as well as two supporting beams, were painted with Greek and Latin citations in Montaigne’s time. These inscriptions are still visible today, although some of them cover earlier inscriptions. Visitors in the eighteenth century noted the presence of maxims on the boards of the library as well as on its shelves, but these are today erased. A dedication of the entire library to Montaigne's friend Étienne de La Boétie is also lost, as is the cabinet which contained over a thousand books.
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Nine flights of timber internal parallel stairs with timber handrails and small cantilevered timber landings on the outside of the poles at the end of each flight originally allowed access up the tower on the north side. The lowest flight of stairs has been removed to prevent access to the tower. The top flight of stairs passes through a rectangular hole cut in the cabin's external deck, which is supported by a system of bearers and joists fixed to the main tower. The deck is surrounded by timber guardrails and metal diamond wire mesh.
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The typical rural house is the basic structure from which all variations have developed. Construction elements are made of wood; rounded posts are used for piles, whilst joists are made of squared beams. Simple carpentry is used to join horizontal and vertical elements; the use of screws, which would increase expense, is avoided. Panels of homemade palm matting cover the sides of the house; fixed to the wooden structure in a simple fashion they merely provide protection against the elements but have no influence on the stability of the construction.
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After long use the surface can start to break up: this can be ignored, or a further screed of lime-ash composition can be laid over the original floor. This was often done in the past but does increase the weight of the structure. Damp can cause fungi to rot the bedding material, or insects to gnaw away the laths and indeed the joists, taking with it the floor. Knocking through service ducts without due care can destroy the floor, as can overloading due to change of use or addition of partition walls.
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Starcevo and Vinca pottery fragments dating to 6500-3500 BC have been found here. A magnetic survey was conducted at the site in March 2010, and the remains of huts reinforced with wooden joists have been found. Monochrome pottery decorated with red gloss, Cardium pottery, barbotine earthenware and ceramic pottery painted with linear and geometric designs have been found, along with anthropomorphic figurines and cult tables (small altars). Ornamental artifacts include a spiral baked-clay vase tinted with ocher, painted in dark colors and decorated as the palm of a hand.
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In 1996, LP purchased Associated Chemists, a key supplier of specialty coatings to the wood products industry, as well as GreenStone Industries, a manufacturer of cellulose insulation, and Tecton Laminates Corp., a producer of laminated veneer lumber and wood I-joists used in the construction industry. Two years later, LP acquired ABT Building Products Corporation, a transaction it heralded as a way 'to expand its specialty products lines and complement its low-cost commodity building products,' according to the Wall Street Journal. In 1999, LP purchased Evans Forest Products Ltd.
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The hall ceiling had a ventilated roof lantern which doubled as the base of the bandstand above. There was tongue and groove wood flooring laid on by joists, and a brown glazed brick skirting, a dado and salmon–coloured walls. Today as in 1904 the ceiling appears panelled, being broken up by girders supporting the roof, and supported by "ornamental iron columns with moulded bases and capitals;" the form of the ceiling lantern remains, but is unventilated. The walls still have the original pilasters with capitals to match the central columns.
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Many rooms had ceilings removed, such as the south tower, and new reinforcement joists were added. The new east wing, named after John Peel The new Egton Wing is roughly the same shape as the main building, with a modern design and window arrangement but retaining features such as Portland stone. Towards the rear a large block was created in the side, mirroring that created in the main building when the sloping roof was removed. The design of the extension, intended to equal the original in "architectural creativity", was carried out by MacCormac Jamieson Prichard.
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By that time, 200 years after its construction, the house had severely deteriorated. lived there for several generations. In 1944 the Ekert family, then of Long Island, bought it. By that time, 200 years after its construction, the house had severely deteriorated. The ensuing restoration efforts were extensive, aimed primarily at repairing the building's structural system. New framing members were cut from local oak to replace the existing ones in the west section, reinforced by concealed steel girders above the windows. Rotten floor joists were likewise capped with steel.
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The inner masonry walls are defined by round arches, supported by large pillars, above which are large decorated friezes, with triple horseshoe-shaped arches, and a larger central arch. The chapel's arms are crossed in the middle of the wall by a narrow ribbon of limestone. While the interior arms are supported by wooden joists, the interior part of the hemispherical dome is plastered and painted white. The granite floor slabs are inscribed with coat of arms, and preceded from the main church by a staircase to the lower chapel.
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Warehouses also fulfill a range of commercial functions besides simple storage, exemplified by Manchester's cotton warehouses and Australian wool stores: receiving, stockpiling and despatching goods; displaying goods for commercial buyers; packing, checking and labelling orders, and dispatching them. The utilitarian architecture of warehouses responded fast to emerging technologies. Before and into the nineteenth century, the basic European warehouse was built of load-bearing masonry walls or heavy-framed timber with a suitable external cladding. Inside, heavy timber posts supported timber beams and joists for the upper levels, rarely more than four to five stories high.
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The chapter room was renovated in the second half of the 16th century. The work was probably done between 1550 and 1580 to accommodate growing numbers of visiting dignitaries, but may have been undertaken after 1580 due to the ban on public Catholic worship, or in preparation for the 1586 visit by the Calvinist governor-general of the United Provinces, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. The joists above the hall were raised and new corbels were put in. The former Gothic windows were raised and converted to bay windows.
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Interior lining could be horizontal corrugated iron or material like hardboard attached to the ribs. Sometimes corrugated asbestos cement sheeting was used. If required, the space between the lining and the exterior may be used for insulation and services. The walls and floors rest on foundations consisting of 4 × 4 inch (10 × 10 cm) stumps with 15 × 9 inch (38 × 23 cm) sole plates. On these are 4 × 3 inch (10 × 8 cm) bearers and 4 × 2 inch (10 × 5 cm) joists at 2 feet 10 inch (86 cm) centres.
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Episode 8: Flimsy Floor - When a brand new kitchen addition floor buckles during a party, a "quick-fix" by the contractor fails to solve the problem. Mike Holmes secures the floor's joists, adds braces and reminds us that structure is just as important as design. Episode 9: Cold Comfort - After a contractor failed to properly insulate a new addition, a bedroom became cold and unlivable in winter. With a court case pending, Mike Holmes tears open the ceiling, insulates properly and finds numerous other problems that need fixing.
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It combines the Dutch construction techniques of the early settlers with American architectural design. The later is found the house's basic I-house design, and the Renaissance Revival detailing. The former is found in the use of beam anchors and the floor system where the flooring rests on top of the floor joists without a subfloor between them. The original stoop porch with its saw-tooth railing was replaced around 1905 with a sitting porch that covered the three center bays and had a railing that encircled the second floor porch.
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It is the only building remaining from the Campbell family's pioneer farmstead. The interior of the house serves as a museum, and is fitted out with turn of the 20th century furnishings befitting a family residence. The chinked log walls and hand-hewn loft joists of the original 1879 log cabin are exposed from within. At the time of its construction the Campbell house was south of the tiny settlement of Grand Forks; it was one of a string of pioneer homes along the Red River, with no other buildings in its immediate area.
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This trial pit revealed that the under-floor material was a single fill deposit characterised by demolition material of small stones, mortar and soil. An interesting feature exposed in this preliminary trial pit was a narrow north to south aligned stone built cross wall, which was partly supporting the present floor joists. This trial pit reached a depth of approximately . The fact that the fill of this trial pit was all one deposit, suggested that the floor level in this room had been raised only once and raised a considerable height.
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To make the old and new buildings architecturally compatible, bricks were incorporated into the design of the new building's façade. Concrete floors were poured into the 12,000 square foot (1,115 sq m) corner building and once the new building was completed, floor joists were replaced with steel beams. The roof of the corner building was converted into a terrace for the fifth floor of the new building. The sixth through twelfth floors of the new building rise above and behind the corner building and features a beveled tower with a six-story arched window.
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Two new main floor beams for the dust floor were made from baulks of pitch pine which had previously been in a maltings at Bury St Edmunds. On 3 August 1980, the windshaft and remaining sail fragments were removed by a mobile crane, followed by the cap frame and the cast-iron curb sections. New oak joists were laid on the dust floor and temporary boarding laid to provide a working platform for repairs to the top of the mill tower. The bin floor was removed, apart from one oak main beam which was repairable.
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The building is located in what in known as Strawtown, the original business district in Pella. The building features heavy wood frame construction, a six-bay, asymmetrical facade, side-gabled roof, a full- width front porch, and Dutch building techniques. The building techniques include a floor system where the flooring rests on top of the floor joists without the use of a subfloor, and window design that maximizes the amount of light into the structure. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.
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There is also a woodland, a former Forestry Commission plantation, planted around 1960 in the north- eastern corner of the park on a small hill, which contains a circular folly tower, of three storeys, in the centre. The tower, built from red sandstone, is believed to date to the late 18th century. The northern side is considerably more eroded by the weather than the southern side. The tower is marginally wider at the base and has no internal floor structure, but contains holes for floor joists and stair treads.
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The Solar Building is a one-story, International Style building consisting of two main sections. The north wing, containing the main drafting room as well as the solar heating equipment, made up the main portion of the original building. It has an irregular quadrilateral cross-section with the roof and south wall both angled (at 20 and 30 degrees, respectively) in order to provide a high southern exposure for the solar collectors. The wing is framed by seven structural steel bents, spaced apart and filled in with wooden ceiling joists and masonry.
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Comparatively few ant bed structures are known to survive in Queensland. Another building described as being a dairy located in the Clermont area is Irlam's farm building, which is constructed of rammed earth mixed with ant bed. There is brick quoining to the corners of the stone building at Fleurs and to window and door openings. To accommodate the original verandah floor joists, a brick-on-edge course set between two layers of timber planking, provided a level surface for the joist housing around the perimeter of the building.
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Original 1924 Stobie Pole (left) next to a modern Stobie Pole (right) at the Angle Park Manufacturing Plant.The plaque between the poles reads: "A tribute to James Cyril Stobie M.E. Designer of the Stobie Pole. This pole, manufactured in 1924 and erected in the Templers-Freeling 33kV line was removed in 1959 and incorporated in this tribute in 1960." Stobie pole in a southern suburb of Adelaide Original Patent Application 1937 imprint A Stobie pole is a power line pole made of two steel joists held apart by a slab of concrete.
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A steel detailer is a person who produces detailed drawings for steel fabricators and steel erectors. The detailer prepares detailed plans, drawings and other documents for the manufacture and erection of steel members (columns, beams, braces, trusses, stairs, handrails, joists, metal decking, etc.) used in the construction of buildings, bridges, industrial plans, and nonbuilding structures. Steel detailers (usually simply called detailers within their field) work closely with architects, engineers, general contractors and steel fabricators. They usually find employment with steel fabricators, engineering firms, or independent steel detailing companies.
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In the year 2000 the bells were again removed from the frame so that it and the bell fittings could be refurbished. Two rolled steel joists were installed to provide additional support to the bellframe. In 1891 Dean Bell had provided a ringing chamber below the bells, reached by the iron ladder up the outside of the church -not a pleasant approach on wet or windy days. However, in 1976 the ringers were moved to the ground floor, the bells are now rung in the presence of the congregation from around the font.
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As a result of its investigation, the NTSB recommended that states end the "issuance of licenses for the operation of large commercial trucks and vehicles capable of transporting more than 10 passengers to persons with diagnosed seizure disorders." It also recommended that physicians be required to report information about the identity of those with seizure disorders to the driver's license agency, and be granted legal immunity for making such reports. In addition, the NTSB recommended strengthening and increased testing of the body panel and floor joists for school buses.
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The interior structure is cast iron columns and steel beams supporting timber joists. As was typical practice in the period, the office floors were designed and built with permanent partitions forming 185 office rooms—a tenant would simply rent one or more office rooms. Light is provided to the interior through two atria—one in the center of the south portion of the building, the other in the north portion of the building. Constructed at a cost of $270,000 , the Pioneer Building was considered one of Seattle's finest post-fire business blocks.
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Failure occurred at the point where it was supported on top of a steel column. One end of the beam was continuously supported (on other columns) and the other end was cantilevered (not supported on other columns). With the weight of the cars parking on the roof, the beam began to buckle and was photographed to have rotated approximately 90 degrees from the vertical to the horizontal position above the supporting column. For an estimate 4 1/2 minutes, the roof deck and supporting joists sagged and functioned as a form of suspension bridge.
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Cold-formed steel (CFS) is the common term for steel products shaped by cold- working processes carried out near room temperature, such as rolling, pressing, stamping, bending, etc. Stock bars and sheets of cold-rolled steel (CRS) are commonly used in all areas of manufacturing. The terms are opposed to hot-formed steel and hot-rolled steel. Cold-formed steel, especially in the form of thin gauge sheets, is commonly used in the construction industry for structural or non-structural items such as columns, beams, joists, studs, floor decking, built-up sections and other components.
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The centre section was the south wing of the original building; it would have been the service area to the hall-house, with kitchen facilities and similar, and formed a cross-wing with large joists and a cellar. The rear wall has braces which suggest the former existence of a rear entrance leading to the stables behind. A stone fireplace inside may be as old as the date carved on it—1615—but the inscription is believed to be more recent. None of the exterior is original, although parts of the tiled roof may be.
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The jet cuts any material in its path, to a depth depending on the size and materials used in the charge. Generally, the jet penetrates around 1 to 1.2 times the charge width. For the cutting of complex geometries, there are also flexible versions of the linear shaped charge, these with a lead or high-density foam sheathing and a ductile/flexible lining material, which also is often lead. LSCs are commonly used in the cutting of rolled steel joists (RSJ) and other structural targets, such as in the controlled demolition of buildings.
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The deterioration of this verandah floor, which is lined with shot-edge timber boards like the south-western one, reveals that the floor joists of the house and the timber verandah posts bear on an outer line of bedlogs. The house is laid out with a central band of rooms running north-west to south-east along the length of the rectangle. A long, thin outer room on the north-west wraps around to take a small part of the front verandah facing north-east. This room, and a small one adjacent to it, have been formed by enclosing the former open verandah.
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The ceiling joists spanning each room of the larger front building are dovetailed into the top plates, meaning that each end of each joist was individually cut at angles and set into an exactly matching cut on the top beam of the wall. This laborious and exacting technique minimised the use of expensive hand-made nails and was seldom seen in the colony at all, and only rarely from the 1850s. Other parts of the frame also show similarly rare and exacting methods of jointing. The internal fabric also indicated an early 19th century construction date.
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These are manufactured in squares and the edges fit together like a mortise and tenon joint. Like a floor on joists not on concrete, a second sheeting underlayment layer is added with staggered joints to disperse forces that would open a joint under the stress of live loads like a person walking. Three layers are common only in high end highest quality construction. The two layers in high quality construction will both be thick sheets (as will the third when present), but the two layers may achieve a combined thickness of only half-that in cheaper construction panel overlaid by plywood subflooring.
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The Dalby Herald described the new convent as Gothic in style, standing on a large site, on solid foundations four feet deep, reinforced with rolled joists, bolted together under all the walls of the structure, creating a singular solid frame. Entry to the property was through ornamental iron gates composed of crosses with the name St Columba's Convent emblazoned on them in brass. A gravelled path led to the central main entrance, which had a simple gabled portico again lettered with the name of St Columba's. The front verandah featured sections of cast iron balustrade and all were ten feet wide.
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The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The Imbil Railway Bridge is a good example of a half- through Pratt truss railway bridge designed by the Department of Railways and Public Works. This bridge type differed subtly from the through Pratt truss in that its girders are not high enough to allow cross bracing at the top of the truss, which is a feature of through Pratt truss bridges. The bridge comprises nine concrete piers, two abutments, five steel eight-panel trusses, rolled steel joists, decking, timber sleepers and steel rails.
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The interiors are largely intact with very fine decorative painted metal ceilings, high quality timber partitioning, elaborate cast iron columns, cedar joinery and polished stone finishes to the foyer. The building used an innovative construction system combining load bearing walls, brick cruciform columns, central stair shaft, cast iron columns, wrought iron beams, timber joists and Oregon flooring. This effectively separated the facade from the main structure of the building (even though the front wall is loadbearing). The building is in excellent condition and is almost intact apart from several recent alterations to openings on the main facade.
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However, infestation by these beetles is often limited to historic buildings, because modern buildings tend to use softwoods for joists and rafters instead of aged oak timbers, which the beetles prefer. To attract mates, the adult insects create a tapping or ticking sound that can sometimes be heard in the rafters of old buildings on summer nights; therefore, the deathwatch beetle is associated with quiet, sleepless nights and is named for the vigil (watch) being kept beside the dying or dead. By extension, a superstition has grown up that these sounds are an omen of impending death.
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The home's wooden sill plates and joists were sawed by hand and the "rot nails" used for their construction were manufactured in the blacksmith shop on the Wappocomo plantation. The residence at Wappocomo also features unusually high fireplace mantelpieces, wide grooved window moldings and casings with base panels, solid paneled doors, and interior woodworking throughout, all of which were handmade. Every room of the main structure originally contained a corner fireplace. Both of the mansion's two floors consist of four large rooms with high ceilings, and each of these rooms is exactly the same size and shape.
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The house has pine floors throughout, nailed to joists on doubled bearers and supported on adzed round hardwood stumps; cover strips conceal the central cut along the passageway that is evidence of the house having been moved onto the site. Verandahs have raked ceilings lined in pine, and are enclosed with painted timber louvres. Interior walls and ceilings are lined with painted pine boards, with wall linings to the passage side. The area under the northern verandah has been built in to form a suite of rooms, with maps painted on the walls, illustrating their former function as school rooms.
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The building as a whole is oriented almost due north-south. The northernmost bay (Bay 11) is of different materials and construction to the other ten bays and was the last built being completed about 1890s. It abuts the homogenous series of ten bays which are immediately to the south. Bays 1-10 are almost identical measuring wide and long. Bays 1-10 have a continuous front (east facade) and rear (west facade) with openings in both. The ground floor in all bays is presently a concrete slab while Level 2 and Level 3 floors are timber boards on timber joists.
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Twenty flats in the block were destroyed, and 10 flats smoke damaged. There were no deaths or serious injuries; two residents were treated for smoke inhalation. According to Inside Housing magazine a report prepared by Osterna for the building managers RMG had said the external cladding, wooden joists and deck balconies were "a significant hazard" and recommended both that a responsible person should check whether the wood had been appropriately treated and that the residents should be advised not to use barbecues on the balconies. The builders Bellway claimed not to have seen that report before the fire.
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In 2019, the company produced and sold approximately 18.6 million tons of steel and recycled 17.8 million tons of scrap. Nucor operates 23 scrap-based steel production mills. Nucor produces steel bars (carbon and alloy steel), beams, sheet / flat rolled steel, plate, steel joists, joist girders, steel deck, fabricated concrete reinforcing steel, cold finished steel, steel fasteners, metal building systems, light gauge steel framing, steel grating, expanded metal, and wire mesh. In addition, through its David J. Joseph Company subsidiary, Nucor also brokers ferrous and nonferrous metals, pig iron and HRI/DRI; supplies ferro-alloys; and processes ferrous and nonferrous scrap.
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The doors are mostly of ledged and sheeted design with hand shaped hinges and hand made thumb latches or rimlocks that reproduce those used originally.The windows are of inward opening casement type where it was evident that these were originally used and in other positions six pane, double hung, box frames with wood sash lifts have been fitted. All joinery is of cedar and cedar panelling reveals have been fitted wherever these were used originally. Plaster ceilings are installed at the ground floor level where originally provided but all other ceilings have exposed joists; about 70% of these are original.
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At the end of the 19th century, alterations concealed certain aspects of the mediaeval structure. For example the moat was filled in, the drawbridge and the large, protective, courtyard doors were removed, and a neo-Gothic building with machicolation inside the courtyard at the foot of the keep was constructed. The ground floor rooms of the towers are arched and the bedrooms and the corridors are covered with ceilings with exposed beams and joists. Lava roofed farm buildings, the remainders of the old lower courtyard, surround the large external courtyard and serve as an avenue of honour in front of the gate.
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These diagnostic features include unusually large rooms, of a scale comparable to others in Ipswich, a spacing between joists that is distinctive to pre-1683 Ipswich houses, and a relatively steep roof pitch. Most of these features were covered over by alterations made to the interior during the Federal period, and the building's attic space has been finished over. A two-story ell was added onto the back of the house in the 19th century, and a porch was added in the 20th. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
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They are attached to five 3 × 2 inch (7.5 × 5 cm) wooden purlins and 3 × 2 inch wooden spiking plates at the ends of the floor joists. The purlins are attached to eight T-shaped ribs (1¾ × 1¾ × ⅛ inch; 4.5 × 4.5 × 0.5 cm) set at 6 feet 0.5 inch (1.8 m) centres. Each rib consists of three sections bolted together using splice plates, and each end is bolted to the floor at the bearers. With each rib are two straining wires, one on each side, and a straining ratchet (or in some cases a simple fencing wire strainer).
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Kirby had purchased the land in 1919 at the age of 35 after making his fortune with the invention of the washing machine spin cycle. He devised and patented a system of filtration dams that would keep silt out of the new lake he created. He situated his house on a hillside overlooking the lake and powered it with an experimental hydroelectric mill. In 1923 he constructed a new type of dance hall at the head of the lake that not only had a “sprung floor” but actually had industrial–strength springs supporting the floor joists.
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The town's post office and main shopping street (Mere Street) are also located by the marketplace. Early in 1871, substantial alterations were made to a house in Mount Street, about north of the parish church. The workmen were removing the brick flooring of one of the ground floor rooms and excavating the soil beneath, to insert the joists of a boarded floor, when they discovered a hoard of coins. Beneath the bricks, they came upon the original hard clay floor, and in the centre of the room at about from the surface, the remains of an earthen vessel containing over 300 coins.
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Flowing Springs Road the main road where it crosses the railroad tracks, on Melvin Road, which parallels the tracks. The depot is in two parts, a stone 1-1/2 story gable-roofed structure and a 1-1/2 story wood-framed addition. The stone structure is built into a slope in the manner of a bank barn with the main level on the same grade as the road, falling away on the side facing the tracks. The basement has gradually filled with silt, whose surface is within two feet of the bottoms of the first floor joists.
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In 507, the upstairs was an apartment while the downstairs housed J.H.H.'s general store. Both houses were owned by separate owners until 1966. Dutch building techniques were utilized in the construction of both houses. They include the use of beam anchors, which are similar to tie rods, a floor system where the flooring rests on top of the floor joists without the use of a subfloor, the double hung windows on the second floor in 505 with the unique three over six configuration, and an economy of space that is provided in a rowhouse that was a rarity in Pella.
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Strutting or blocking between floor joists adds strength to the floor system. Struts provide outwards-facing support in their lengthwise direction, which can be used to keep two other components separate, performing the opposite function of a tie. In piping, struts restrain movement of a component in one direction while allowing movement or contraction in another direction.Sway Strut Assemblies Piping Technology & Products, (retrieved March 2012) Strut channel made from steel, aluminium, or fibre-reinforced plastic is used heavily in the building industry and is often used in the support of cable trays and other forms of cable management, and pipes support systems.
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Similar schemes of decoration were often included within public buildings such as courtrooms whereby the traditional design or technique was intended to reinforce traditional values and customs. In the second half of the 16th century in buildings at the higher end of the social scale, existing houses were altered to include under-plastered ceilings to conceal the old fashioned exposed joists, or indeed incorporated into the design of ‘new’ builds. However, such a detail was more usually confined to the principal rooms such as parlour and main chamber. To include such a thing at garret level is indicative of status and wealth.
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C.T. Palethorpe. Like the hall, the construction of the church was a community effort, with the donation of labour, cash and much of the construction material including filling, fencing, concrete foundations, reinforcing steel, bearers, floor joists, timber for roof construction and cathedral glass for windows. The congregation had intended to complete the superstructure of the church without borrowing any money, however the economics of the time were against them. Being the time of the Depression, many of the men of the parish were unemployed, on relief work, and so were unable to give money as generously as they had done in the past.
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A similar layout exists on the first floor. Block B is a high set timber framed building supported on steel open web joists with a cantilevered portion supporting the verandah. Stairs at the eastern and western ends provide access to a narrow verandah on the northern side of the building which contains a continuous hat and bag rack and provides access to the three classrooms. This building is of a type of which there are numerous examples, several of which are more comparatively intact and which represent a more extensive use of this type of structure.
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The organ was a regularly used and fully working EM Skinner opus 661 of 1927, with 470 pipes. The building was infrequently open to the public, but visitors were invited to see the building interior at two annual open houses. . Quincy Masonic Temple during Blizzard Nemo 2013 The building was heavily damaged during a 4-alarm fire which occurred on September 30, 2013 after insulation caught fire while employees were working on a basement heat line. Most of the structure's interior and contents were destroyed, but the building's Longleaf Pine and Douglas Fir joists were able to be salvaged and recycled into flooring.
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Garratt Road Bridge consists of a pair of bridges across the Swan River, between Bayswater and Ascot. The upstream bridge, from 1935, carries southbound traffic, pedestrians, and two pipes, while northbound traffic travels on the 1970 downstream bridge. Both bridges are predominantly constructed from timber, and feature "timber piles driven into the river bed linked with timber cross bracing and double beams top and bottom and then spanned by timber logs which in turn support the wooden decking". The original bridge is at a lower height, and some of its beams have been replaced by Rolled Steel Joists.
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Knob-and-tube wiring in a 1930 home. View looking upwards at upper wall stud bays and nearby ceiling joists Knob-and-tube wiring used in an industrial textile factory. Knob-and-tube wiring (sometimes abbreviated K&T;) is an early standardized method of electrical wiring in buildings, in common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s. It consisted of single-insulated copper conductors run within wall or ceiling cavities, passing through joist and stud drill-holes via protective porcelain insulating tubes, and supported along their length on nailed-down porcelain knob insulators.
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They are vertical sliders, framed with cedar and weather-proofed on the exterior by lead flashing. The exterior of the tower is painted white, with the exception of a red border on the entry door. Inside there are two platforms above ground level, accessed by near-vertical timber steps and hatchways in the floors. The tower framework features original components, including: timber stud work; circular girts made from beech; a combination of diagonal timber bracing and steel spiral strapping; timber floor joists on each level supported on a circular steel angle; and floors lined with wide tongue and groove boards.
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Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit. These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels (including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists. Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991.
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File:SLNSW 22793 Decorative iron gates made by Cyclone Gate and Fence Co for building at Kings Cross taken for Building Publishing Co.jpg File:Angoulême 16 Cathédrale penture entrée latérale sud 2013.jpg File:DETAIL SHOWING DECORATIVE WROUGHT IRON RAILING, EAST PORTICO SOUTH FRONT - Casa Frederico Font, 34 Calle Castillo, Ponce, Ponce Municipio, PR HABS PR,6-PONCE,6-7.tif File:Detail view of column capital, floor joists, and decorative cast-iron railing; looking SSW from stairs to second floor, E wing. (Ceronie) - Rock Island Arsenal, Building No. HAER ILL,81-ROCIL,3-66-15.tif File:Gate and fence, Inch near Downpatrick (2) - geograph.org.
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The Association's membership expanded again in the early 1980s with the introduction of oriented strand board (OSB), a product the Association helped bring to market through development of new panel performance standards. A decade later, APA accommodated manufacturers of non- panel engineered wood products, such as glulam timber, wood I-joists and laminated veneer lumber. To better reflect the broadening product mix and geographic range of its membership, the Association changed its name again in 1994 to APA – The Engineered Wood Association. The acronym “APA” was retained in the name because it was so widely known and respected in the marketplace.
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Thurlow House was described in Seidler's first promotional book, Houses, Interiors and Projects, which was published in 1954. It remains relevant because of the high level of integrity that the house has retained: The structure of the house consists of brick/stone cavity walls, steel columns and beams, timber-framed floors and roof. External walls are constructed out of randomly coursed sandstone and pale "Chromatex" bricks manufactured by Punchbowl Brick and Pipe Co. while internal walls are constructed out of timber stud framing. Floors are constructed with oregon joists fixed to lugs welded onto steel beams.
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The cantilevers define various spaces including the upper-most bedroom (or study) which juts out 2.7m from the main structure. The house was first designed as having no bearers or floor joists, no partition walls, no windows or glass (just canvas blinds), no doors except to bathrooms, no studs as we know them and no painting. Graeme Gunn explained the reason for having no doors or windows was a response to concerns about the risk of vandalism in a place that might be empty for long periods. The house was subsequently built to conform to council regulations, complete with doors and windows, and vandalism has occurred at times.
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On February 17, 1781, a party of 25 Loyalists overran his headquarters in Thomaston; this was in revenge for Wadsworth ordering the court-martial and execution of a guide who had assisted Loyalists traveling from Falmouth (now Portland) to Fort George. Wadsworth was captured and imprisoned in Fort George at Bagaduce (Castine) (the same fort he had led the attack against in the summer of 1779), but he and fellow prisoner Maj. Benjamin Burton eventually escaped on June 15, 1781 by cutting a hole in the ceiling of their jail and crawling out along the joists. Wadsworth then returned to his family in Plymouth, where he remained until the war's end.
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Dating evidence obtained from timbers used in the west and south wings showed the southern wing to be later in date, though still Tudor. Seven timbers from the roof of the long gallery were positively identified to have precise felling dates in the range 1547–1552, suggesting construction during the year 1552. One large beam from the floor was also tested, giving a felling range of 1540–72, consistent with the date for the roof above. The floor used a timber design with one transverse major beam and tall narrow intermediate joists spanning from it, which makes this the earliest floor to this design which has been positively dated.
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The building consists of several interconnecting wings which are positioned asymmetrically. These are: a three-storey workshop wing; a three-storey vocational school; a two-storey administration wing; an auditorium, stage and cafeteria, and a five-story studio wing. The facade is characterised by the use of non-load-bearing glass curtain walls, a further development to that used in the Fagus Factory, built 1911–1913, which Gropius and Adolf Meyer designed. Construction features such as columns and supporting joists can be seen in the interior of the building. The five-storey studio wing, the "Prellerhaus", with 28 studio flats, each 20 m2, provided accommodation for students and junior masters.
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The cella floor was inlaid with opus sectile, fragments of which have been retrieved, and the base of an aedicula which was installed at the cella's center is still in place. The cella would have been covered by a four-sided roof.Duval and Quoniam (1963), (French language, external link), p. 185 Holes from the joists on the exterior side of the walls 9 meters above the ground, and bases parallel and 5.4 meters away from the walls, prove the existence of a covered gallery (ambulatory) which went around the cella, in accordance with the Gallo-Roman temple model observed at Périgueux with the tower of Vésone.
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The entablature resting on the columns has three parts: a plain architrave divided into two, or more generally three, bands, with a frieze resting on it that may be richly sculptural, and a cornice built up with dentils (like the closely spaced ends of joists), with a corona ("crown") and cyma ("ogee") molding to support the projecting roof. Pictorial often narrative bas-relief frieze carving provides a characteristic feature of the Ionic order, in the area where the Doric order is articulated with triglyphs. Roman and Renaissance practice condensed the height of the entablature by reducing the proportions of the architrave, which made the frieze more prominent.
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The bust of Infante D. Henrique by Numídio Bessone was inaugurated in 1960, during the celebrations marking the 500 century of his death. On 1 January 1980 an extreme earthquake caused damage to the property, namely fractures and offsets along the walls of the elevation, supports to the covered structure along the open arches in the attic. There were also many cracks along the parapets, displacement or overturning of decorative elements and problems with the supports along the outer walls, legs, corners and floor joists along the attic (especially along the southern wall). There were also appreciable deformations along the legs of pedestals of the main hall.
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The floors were generally of square battens nailed at right angles across the joists, placed so that there was a similar gap between each batten, and covered with a horsehair cloth. The hops would be spread some deep, the kiln doors closed and the furnace lit. When the hops were judged to be dried, the furnace would be extinguished and the hops removed from the kiln using a scuppet, which was a large wooden framed shovel with a hessian base. The hops would be spread out on the stowage floor to cool, and would then be pressed into large jute sacks called pockets with a hop press.
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Although the Victoria County History account mentions the grant, it does not explain what the items actually were. Copula de cablecio suggests some sort of couplings or ties, possibly rafters, joists or other structural members. In connection with the grant of wood, instructions were also issued to Brian on 5 June to procure for the abbey, with minimal damage to the woodland, sufficient wood for four fires to melt lead, indicating that roof work was under way: rather than a repair, this was perhaps lead covering to replace an earlier, temporary roof. The status and possessions of Halesowen Abbey were confirmed by a charter of Henry III on 5 April 1227.
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The ratio of the text area and the pictures in the square measure is approximately 1:3 for parts of the image, as can be in a tabloid, it has been customary. And so will the whole leaf looks like a sports section of a tabloid newspaper also, and it explicitly but comes to the Dynamo sports, with the reference to the political orientation of the German Democratic Republic. Later, the graphical subdivision of the text boxes, other colors come to the expression, such as yellow-black or green and white. Or there are vertically juxtaposed joists that form this close to a cross a line.
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After the sheets are secured to the wall studs or ceiling joists, the installer conceals the seams between drywall sheets with 'joint tape' and several layers of 'joint compound' (sometimes called 'mud'), typically spread with a taping knife or putty knife. This compound is also applied to any screw holes or defects. The compound is allowed to air dry then typically sanded smooth before painting. Alternatively, for a better finish, the entire wall may be given a 'skim coat', a thin layer (about 1 mm or 1/16 inch) of finishing compound, to minimize the visual differences between the paper and mudded areas after painting.
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Sand and fine gravels were added to reduce the concentrations of fine clay particles which were the cause of the excessive shrinkage.” Straw or grass was added sometimes with the addition of manure. In the Earliest European settlers’ plasterwork, a mud plaster was used or more usually a mud-lime mixture. McKee writes, of a circa 1675 Massachusetts contract that specified the plasterer, “Is to lath and siele the four rooms of the house betwixt the joists overhead with a coat of lime and haire upon the clay; also to fill the gable ends of the house with ricks and plaister them with clay. 5.
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Inside the tower is a steep open tread timber stair which leads to a top floor where four door openings give access to shallow balconies. The timber stair also gives access to a gallery, supported on cast iron columns, which lines the eastern, rear face of the interior of the Church. Provision is given off the gallery for access to the small Juliet balcony on the eastern facade of the building. The arched window openings which line the north and south walls of the church are housed in arched recesses, in the spandrels of which sit the corbelled supports of the timber ceiling joists.
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A building design may have limited capacity for insulation in some areas of the structure. A common construction design is based on stud walls, in which thermal bridges are common in wood or steel studs and joists, which are typically fastened with metal. Notable areas that most commonly lack sufficient insulation are the corners of buildings, and areas where insulation has been removed or displaced to make room for system infrastructure, such as electrical boxes (outlets and light switches), plumbing, fire alarm equipment, etc. Thermal bridges can also be created by uncoordinated construction, for example by closing off parts of external walls before they are fully insulated.
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Refurbishment measures were essential for the roof and the ceiling of the great hall. Wooden joists in the ceiling, which were not able to take weight anymore, were replaced by steel girders and a new roof was erected over them. The front was also renewed. For the purpose of a critical reconstruction, the goal of the renovation of the interiors was not to achieve consistently an arbitrarily dated "original state", but to show intentionally the different states of constructions and eras of usage. So in the foyer the opening state of 1928 was the aim, while the auditorium was renovated in the style of the renovation of 1948: with plush chairs, stucco and gilded details.
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Located at the eastern end of the main street of Birdsville, Adelaide Street, the former Australian Inland Mission Hospital site comprises the hospital building, former Aboriginal ward, "billiard room", water tanks, shed and new padre cottage. Of these, the hospital building, former Aboriginal ward and above ground corrugated iron tank and the in-ground concrete water tank are significant. The north-west facing hospital building is a rectangular structure with a gabled hip roof and is surrounded on three sides by enclosed verandahs. It is constructed on a steel frame with corrugated iron external walls, ripple iron verandah linings, Oregon pine joists and rafters, masonite and tilux internal walls, and caneite ceilings.
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The site of the Victoria Tower was found to consist of quicksand, necessitating the use of piles. The stone selected for the exterior of the building was quarried at Anston in Yorkshire, with the core of the walls being laid in brick. To make the building as fire-proof as possible, wood was only used decoratively, rather than structurally, and extensive use was made of cast iron. The roofs of the building consist of cast iron girders covered by sheets of iron,Port, P.200 cast iron beams were also used as joists to support the floorsPort, P.199 and extensively in the internal structures of both the clock tower and Victoria tower.
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In the late 1970s the upper storey reverted to office space with the removal of its kitchen and it has since been used for storage. In 1985 posts were added under the floor as the joists that spanned the full width of the building had sagged. During 1986–87 rotten floorboards on the ground level were replaced and loose plasterwork was repaired or replaced. Other repairs have included: reinstatement of the partition wall between the two offices; replacement of a window in the original rear wall with a reproduction; replacement of step treads in the cedar staircase; replacement of damaged and missing plaster cornice with replica cornice and replacement of the iron roof with Zincalume.
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Studs are usually slender, so more studs are needed than in post and beam framing. Sometimes studs are long, as in balloon framing, where the studs extend two stories and carry a ledger which carries joists. Balloon framing has been made illegal in new construction in many jurisdictions for fire safety reasons because the open wall cavities allow fire to quickly spread such as from a basement to an attic; the plates and platforms in platform framing providing an automatic fire stop inside the walls, and so are deemed much safer by fire safety officials. Being thinner and lighter, stick construction techniques are easier to cut and carry and is speedier than the timber framing.
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LP's OSB products protected the company from some of the vicissitudes of the timber market. Buoyed by this success, the company soon expanded its line of products made from reconstituted wood to include I-beams for floor joists and rafters. These structural beams used half as much lumber as their solid wood counterparts, yet were stronger and lighter. LP also introduced a concrete form of Inner- Seal, and in 1985 began to market Inner-Seal siding for the exterior of homes. Driven by these breakthroughs, a housing boom, and a thriving remodeling and repair business that increased demand for its specialty building products, LP's sales grew 50 percent between 1980 and 1988, according to the Portland Oregonian.
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One of the most important of these was La Trasfigurazione, a polyptych measuring more than 4 metres high and 14 metres long, made up of five polychrome fiberglass sculptures mounted on wooden panels resting on iron joists. In 2005 Kokocinski had an exhibition at the Museo Nazionale di Castel Sant' Angelo, Rome, with a sculpture cycle, "L'Ombra delle idee" ("The Shadow of Ideas"), inspired by the philosopher Giordano Bruno. The historian and art critic Claudio Strinati introduced the exhibition. In the same year, he took part in a group show curated by Vittorio Sgarbi entitled "Il Male – Esercizi di Pittura crudele" ("Evil – Exercises in Cruel Painting") at the Palazzina di Caccia di Stupinigi, in Turin, Italy.
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The nuts or threaded knobs which were used to secure the handles to the shaft have been lost, but the handles are still in place. At the opposite end of the drum there is a toothed ratchet which originally had a pawl to engage it, to lock the drum and the load in a fixed position. The engaging pawl has gone, and several teeth of the ratchet are broken, indicating that there were problems with the pawl breaking or not engaging properly, and the load getting away. The floor beneath the winch is strengthened locally by two cross-planks, held by the same bolts which secure the feet of the winch to the floor joists.
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The building was used by industrial service businesses until its purchase by the Widgee Shire Council in 1990. Restoration of the former Queensland National Bank building by the Widgee Shire Council took place in 2000 after the shire council received funding under the Federation Community Projects Program for restoration of the building. The project was described as "architecturally sensitive restoration works on a culturally significant building". The work included reinstatement of the front and side verandahs that had been removed decades previously; repairs to the rear verandah, flooring, stumps, joists, windows, plaster and roof; repair and upgrading of electrical and plumbing installations and toilet facilities; polishing selected floors and laying floor coverings; and painting the building internally and externally.
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In 1999, a commercial developer sought to buy the property and demolish the house in order to erect a drugstore. Local residents rallied to save the house and founded a 501(c)3 non-profit in 2001 known as Save the Speaker's House, Inc. This organization purchased the property on April 1, 2004, and in 2005 obtained a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services that provided funds to begin researching the property and prepare a Historic Structure Report (HSR) to document the house in its present condition. This included tree-ring analysis, or dendrochronology, which involved taking core samples from joists in the house and comparing them with known dated samples.
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Finding no other local contractors willing to undertake the challenge of replacing these joists in addition to fixing the original problem, Mike and his crew step up to the plate and make things right. # Completely Incomplete - Mike Holmes arrives to a second-story addition that was claimed by the original contractor to be "99% complete", and had liened the property when the homeowners refused to pay in full before the project was complete. However, what he discovers is that the "99% complete" assertion was more like a 99% fabrication. # Stone Walled - Mike Holmes arrives to a home in which the homeowners had removed a retaining wall in their backyard because it needed replacement.
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Kahn's reinforcing system was built in concrete beams, joists, and columns. The system was both praised and criticized by Kahn's engineering contemporaries: C.A.P. Turner voiced strong objections to this system as it could cause catastrophic failure to concrete structures. He rejected the idea that Kahn's reinforcing system in concrete beams would act as a Warren truss and also noted that this system would not provide the adequate amount of shear stress reinforcement at the ends of the simply supported beams, the place where the shear stress is greatest. Furthermore, Turner warned that Kahn's system could result in a brittle failure as it did not have longitudinal reinforcement in the beams at the columns.
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The Dirk and Cornelia J. Vander Wilt Cottage, also known as the Vermeer House and the Wayne D. Stienstra House, is an historic residence located in Pella, Iowa, United States. It is a first generation residential building that exemplifies the architectural influence of the Netherlands, the homeland of Pella's early Dutch immigrants. with The Dutch building techniques utilized in this 1½-story brick house include the use of beam anchors, which are similar to tie rods, a floor system where the flooring rests on top of the floor joists without the use of a subfloor, and an economy of space. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
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Players had to walk through football tunnels to get to dugouts that were designed with low ceiling joists. Some of these issues were showcased on national television during the two World Series held there, when capacity was expanded to over 67,000. Most notably, some areas of left and center field were not part of the football playing field, and fans sitting in the left-field upper deck couldn't see any game action in those areas except on the replay boards. These issues became even more pronounced over the years, as, by 2004,Prior to 2004, the San Diego Padres had shared what was then called Qualcomm Stadium with the NFL's San Diego Chargers.
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Anthemius was one of the five sons of Stephanus of Tralles, a physician. His brothers were Dioscorus, Alexander, Olympius, and Metrodorus. Dioscorus followed his father's profession in Tralles; Alexander did so in Rome and became one of the most celebrated medical men of his time; Olympius became a noted lawyer; and Metrodorus worked as a grammarian in Constantinople. Anthemius was said to have annoyed his neighbor Zeno in two ways: first, by engineering a miniature earthquake by sending steam through leather tubes he had fixed among the joists and flooring of Zeno's parlor while he was entertaining friends and, second, by simulating thunder and lightning and flashing intolerable light into Zeno's eyes from a slightly hollowed mirror.
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That statistic was based on ticket sales between November 1, 2012, and May 31, 2013. On February 24, 2015, an ironworker was killed when four joists fell on him as he was helping to install the arena's green roof. Poor reception of the arena's quality as a hockey venue affected the Islanders' average attendance in comparison to Nassau Coliseum, which fell to an NHL low of 12,059 (the arena itself is also the second-smallest in the league). The team began to seek an exit from Barclays, although NHL officials judged that the Coliseum (even with its recent renovations) would not be suitable as a full-time venue, as it lacked amenities common in new facilities.
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Players had to walk through football tunnels to get to dugouts that were designed with low ceiling joists. Some of these embarrassing issues were showcased on national television during the two World Series held there, when capacity was expanded to over 67,000. Most notably, some areas of left and center field were not part of the football playing field, and fans sitting in the left-field upper deck couldn't see any game action in those areas except on the replay boards. These issues became even more pronounced over the years, as, by 2004,Prior to 2004, the San Diego Padres had shared what was then called Qualcomm Stadium with the NFL's San Diego Chargers.
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The structure comprises two structurally separate buildings in its street front. The eastern half consisted of a three-storied, two-bay range jettied towards the street, with a contemporary hall wing to the north, the whole appearance of the later 15th century. The range to the street had a single large room on the ground and the first floor. The ground-floor room has exposed ceiling joists and was once lit by a range of two-light windows; it connects by a four-centred arched doorway with a wide side- passage, of which the original street doorway, with carved spandrels, moulded jambs, and brackets, is a larger version of similarly placed doorways in other houses of the town.
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The second floor joists were very thick and had obviously been the original beam floor, with the one end wall about 3 ft thick that had supported the engine's beam. The 150 ft deep pumping shaft was still open at the time, although covered with a concrete slab and a garden shed. A disused "shaft" is shown on an old map indicating the site of the old coal mine at Tuckies House. Industrial railway lines other than the G.W.R. line, included one of the earlier 18th century which ran west of Corbatch dingle to the Tuckies, and one which in 1827 ran along the riverside and connected several lines running to the river from the area east of Jackfield.
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APA – The Engineered Wood Association is the nonprofit trade association of the U.S. and Canadian engineered wood products industry. Based in Tacoma, Washington, the Association is composed of and represents manufacturers of structural plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), cross-laminated timber, glued laminated (glulam) timber, wood I-joists, and laminated veneer lumber (LVL). APA was founded in 1933 as the Douglas Fir Plywood Association to advance the interests of the burgeoning Pacific Northwest plywood industry. Adhesive and technology improvements eventually led to the manufacture of structural plywood from Southern pine and other species, and in 1964 the Association changed its name to American Plywood Association (APA) to reflect the national scope of its growing membership.
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Utility pole supporting wires for electrical power distribution, coaxial cable for cable television, and telephone cable. A pair of shoes can be seen hanging from the wires (center-left, far right) A utility pole is a column or post used to support overhead power lines and various other public utilities, such as electrical cable, fiber optic cable, and related equipment such as transformers and street lights. It can be referred to as a transmission pole, telephone pole, telecommunication pole, power pole, hydro pole, telegraph pole, or telegraph post, depending on its application. A Stobie pole is a multi-purpose pole made of two steel joists held apart by a slab of concrete in the middle, generally found in South Australia.
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The skeleton of a post and beam horse barn just after raising Thomas Ranck Round Barn in Fayette County, Indiana, U.S. In the U.S., older barns were built from timbers hewn from trees on the farm and built as a log crib barn or timber frame, although stone barns were sometimes built in areas where stone was a cheaper building material. In the mid to late 19th century in the U.S. barn framing methods began to shift away from traditional timber framing to "truss framed" or "plank framed" buildings. Truss or plank framed barns reduced the number of timbers instead using dimensional lumber for the rafters, joists, and sometimes the trusses. The joints began to become bolted or nailed instead of being mortised and tenoned.
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The auction of the Warwick Priory was to take place on September 23, 1925, and was described in the catalogue as a "Highly Important Unreserved Demolition Sale" offering such items as "rare old oak doors, large quantity of floorboards, the whole of the joists and other timbers, and enormous quantities of excellent brick, sandstone, old oak and other beams, timbers and girders". Alexander W. Weddell, a wealthy American diplomat and his wife Virginia Chase Steedman, however, offered a lump sum of £3,500 for the entire remaining structure and secured a deal before the auction was held. The purchase by the Americans caused an outrage in the British press and the Weddells were heavily criticized given that the heritage property was to be demolished.
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In buildings, deathwatch beetles infest old oak timbers, especially those that have been the subject of fungal decay, usually by the fungus Donkioporia expansa. This fungus affects damp timber, often gaining entry where rafters or joists are embedded in stone walls, or in the vicinity of leaking roofs or overflowing gutters. It is not the adult insects that cause structural damage to the building, but rather their larvae tunneling through the wood. Wood is difficult to digest, but as long as the wood has been softened by fungal decay, the enzymes in the guts of the larvae are able to digest the cellulose and hemicellulose forming the cell walls; this enables the larvae to make use of the protein, starch and sugars found within the cells.
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The façades are substantially intact with regard to expressing the original 1911 form of the building including the external brickwork, roughcast render, timber window and door frames, the suspended awning over the Grosvenor Street shopfront and the dramatically curved parapet around the flat roof. The addition of the penthouse to the roof of 117-119 Harrington Street alters the view and appreciation of the building looking east down Essex Street. The tiling around the Essex Street entry to the lowest floor and the subsequent removal of the tiles (leaving a cement rendered area) impacts on the integrity of the Essex Street façade. The interior structure of mild steel stanchion and mild steel main beam remains but all the timber joists and flooring have been removed and replaced.
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Typically two layers of floorboards, placed at right angles to each other, sat on the joists. Different types of wood were used for different purposes, and by the Renaissance period the nearer mainland forests were running short, and the cost of timber had risen considerably.Howard, 60–61; Burns, 24 The distinctive and very large Venetian chimney-pots, with a terracotta covered top like an inverted cone, were designed to stop dangerous sparks from escaping and starting fires.Howard, 66 Palazzo Dario, 1480s, with characteristic Venetian chimney-pots The main city was already very largely built up, with buildings tightly packed in the centre; this is shown clearly by Jacopo de' Barbari's huge woodcut View of Venice with an elevated view of the city in 1500.
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LaBastille's most popular books, the Woodswoman series, were a set of four memoirs spanning four decades of her life in the Adirondack Mountains and chronicled her relationship with the wilderness. Inspired by Henry David Thoreau's Walden, LaBastille purchased land on the edge of a mountain lake in the Adirondacks, where she built a log cabin in 1964. At the beginning of her first book, Woodswoman (1976), she documented the process of obtaining materials and building the cabin with the help of a pair of local carpenters. To avoid cutting old growth forest on the property, she purchased pre-cut logs from a local sawmill and used store-bought lumber to build the floor joists, roof, door frames, and window frames.
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It tops in a cover with sharp slopes where a slender cross is placed crowning the altarpiece. The great table on which the whole is structured is framed by a delicate guard and is divided into four columns where the word Sanctus is repeated 36 times. In the Gaudí's project the altarpiece was in the apse of the chapel preceded by an arch with seven staggered windows according to the ogival arch with figures of angels in the stained glasses. The chapel was covered with gable roof over wooden joists supported by ribbed pointed arches, a characteristic Catalan Gothic system of diaphragmatic arches and woody beams that can be seen for example in the Royal Chapel of Santa Águeda in Barcelona.
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In 1907 the railway bridge that now stands alongside Victoria Bridge was completed. With its completion the Victoria Bridge was converted to carry two lanes of traffic and a footway while the new bridge carried two rail lines. Originally it took one railway line and a road across the river, however in 1907 another bridge was constructed a few metres to the north which thenceforth took two railway lines across the river, and the original bridge reverted to road and pedestrian use only. In the mid 1930s the timber approach spans of the bridge were discovered to be heavily deteriorated through termite attack and the approach spans were replaced with reinforced concrete trestles and a concrete deck supported by rolled steel joists (RSJs).
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Print.), blocking (North America), noggin (Greater Auckland region North Island, New Zealand, Australia), or nogs (New Zealand, Australia ) is a horizontal bracing piece used between wall studs or floor joists to give rigidity to the wall or floor frames of a building. Noggings may be made of timber, steel, or aluminium. If made of timber they are cut slightly longer than the space they fit into, and are driven into place so they fit tightly or are rabbeted into the wall stud. The interval between noggings is dictated by local building codes and by the type of timber used; a typical timber-framed house in a non-cyclonic area will have two or three noggings per storey between each pair of neighbouring studs.
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Prior to 1902, the tallest reinforced concrete structure in the world was only six stories high. Since concrete possesses very low tensile (pulling) strength, many people from both the public and the engineering community believed that a concrete tower as tall as the plan for the Ingalls Building would collapse under wind loads or even its own weight. When the building was completed and the supports removed, one reporter allegedly stayed awake through the night in order to be the first to report on the building's demise. Ingalls and engineer Henry N. Hooper were convinced, however, that Ernest L. Ransome's system of casting twisted steel bars inside of concrete slabs as reinforcement (patented in 1884) and casting slab, beams and joists as a unit would allow them to create a rigid structure.
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During construction, they served as the rails that supported and guided the trolleys on which the glaziers sat as they installed the roofing. Once completed, the channels acted both as the joists that supported the roof sections, and as guttering—a patented design now widely known as a "Paxton gutter". These gutters conducted the rainwater to the ends of each furrow, where they emptied into the larger main gutters, which were set at right angles to the smaller gutters, along the top of the main horizontal roof bearers. These main gutters drained at either end into the cast iron pillars, which also had an ingenious dual function: each was cast with a hollow core, allowing it to double as a concealed down-pipe that carried the storm-water down into the drains beneath the building.
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There had been a flag stone over the archway with the inscription 'J.S.-E.S.T.-1619' which went missing in the early eighteenth century. Though the account that the castle had been completed in 1619 is contradicted by a later Survey (in 1622) of the Escheated Counties of Ulster that reads; Sir John Stuart, assignee of the Duke of Lennox ‘has built a castle of lime and stone on the banks of the River Foyle 50’ x 25’ x 3½ stories, slated, with 4 flankers at the top thereof. And an iron door portcullis wise; the principal timber and joists of the floor being oak are laid but not boarded or the partitions made, the iron grates for the windows being within the castle ready to be set up’.
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Blockhouse in the 17th century A 1600 survey showed 10 pieces of artillery to be ineffective, while the gun platforms on either side of the fort were in bad condition and of planking, 650 joists and over 19 cartloads of other timber was needed for the repairs. Little investment was forthcoming under James I or Charles I and by 1630 the garrison's pay was in arrears, with the fort was in need of repairs estimated at £1,248. In 1631 the blockhouse was equipped with two brass demi-culverins and sakers, and an iron culverin, six demi-culverins, four sakers and one minion; the brass guns, which were needed for naval units, were exchanged for iron weapons in 1635. In 1642 civil war broke out between the supporters of King Charles I and those of Parliament.
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A luggage room was located on the nearby wharf, as immigrants were not allowed to take baggage into the depot. The building had a hipped slate roof, unpainted brick walls, and footings of porphyry on weathered rock, and the rear section to Queen's Wharf had internal timber posts and beams supporting timber floor joists. The contractor was Mr John Petrie, and plumbers were Messrs Stewart and Watson. The original estimate was , but it was likely to have exceeded this estimate by several hundred pounds due to the construction of a substantial fence around the property, as well as a washing shed and luggage room. In December 1887, the new Yungaba Immigration Depot at Kangaroo Point opened, and the William Street depot acted as a back-up facility until 1889.
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Storey pole used in masonry A storey pole (or story pole, storey rod, story stick, jury stick, scantling, scantillon) is a length of narrow board usually cut to the height of one storey. It is used as a layout tool for any kind of repeated work in carpentry including stair-building, framing, timber framing, siding, brickwork, and setting tiles. The pole is marked for the heights from (usually) the floor platform of a building for dimensions such as window sill heights, window top heights (or headers), exterior door heights (or headers), interior door heights, wall gas jet heights (for gas lamps) and the level of the next storey joists. It makes for quick, repeatable measurements without the need of otherwise calibrated measuring devices or workers skilled in using them.
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Bells: Replaced and repaired bolts, bushings, clappers and straps due to rust; applied anti- rust and intumescent paint to steel support beams; Treated end of timber supports. Entrances: Provided two automatic universal access doors at ramp entrance. Balcony: Strengthened floor joists and provided safety rails at edges. Fire Compliance: Removed all combustible cupboards and stored materials in critical areas; removed former ladies robing room; installed new fire extinguishers and new fire notices and signage; Installed new smoke detection and fire alarm system, together with emergency lighting system in case of fire; provided new fire doors at entrances and to robing room ; provided fire proof cupboard in northern entrance and for sound system in robing room; fire- proofed balcony and upper robing room stairs; installed fire control panel in Vestry; reversed hinges on some firedoors .
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Though the building's frame and ceiling tiling was classified as non-combustible, the Beverly Hills Supper Club made substantial use of wooden building materials, including floor joists for the two-story portion of the complex and framing on interior hallways. It was decorated throughout with highly flammable carpeting and wood wall paneling; event rooms also used wooden tables and supports, as well as tablecloths, curtains, and a variety of other small combustible materials. The building did not have a fire-suppression sprinkler system installed—at the time, these were not required in venues such as the Supper Club—nor did it have an alarm system or smoke detectors. In addition, the majority of the paths of egress in each event room led not to the outside of the building, but to a variety of narrow interior corridors and service spaces.
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The Chain Bridge had two spans: an eastern one of 200 feet (60.96 m), and a western one of about 100 feet (30.48 m). The bridge's chain cables were carried over paired A-frame wooden towers on its east and west abutments, and a third pair of towers atop a stone pier built in the river. Its chains were made of 1.5-inch-square (3.8 cm) iron bar wrought into links of between 8 and 12 feet (2.44 and 3.66 m) in length. These were used for both the cables and the vertical suspenders. The suspenders were attached to 10-by-5-inch (25.4 cm x 12.7 cm) wooden joists spaced 10 feet (3 m) apart, and covered by a 2.5-inch-thick (6.4 cm) wooden deck that was 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and 306 feet (93.26 m) long.
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Archbishop John Stafford (died 1452) built what is now one of the finest medieval great halls left in southern England. A number of monarchs from Henry VI to Elizabeth I banqueted under its high arched-brace roof, each sitting on Stafford’s stone throne, part of which survives against the west wall. Elizabeth made numerous visits, and her bed, always travelling with her, was set down in what is now known as Queen Elizabeth’s room, a large 15th-century first-floor space, with moulded ceiling joists. The chapel dates from the 15th century, and includes a gallery pew in dark oak often referred to as ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Pew', built by Archbishop William Laud. Beneath this is a Norman font gifted in Victorian times from St George’s Church, Southwark, the same font where Charles Dickens had Little Dorrit christened.
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An hour later, the place was turned into rubble, wood and joists smoldering ashes everywhere, an occasional call announcing his victory over what was once the largest park Mexico Soccer . There you have to remember, that March 26, 1939, as the day gave beginning to the end of the wooden stage, this fire was the perfect excuse for the Mexican capital decided to remove the wooden stage . And for the decade of the 40 's, the Necaxa started having a run of bad results that season came to reinforce Spanish players to other teams and so the tournament was difficult and red and white glory began to collapse . Another factor that weakened the squad was that they started selling important players were talented in 1942 Horacio Casarín is sold to their archrivals, the Atlantean, causing anger among the fans.
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There had been a flag stone over the archway with the inscription 'J.S.-E.S.T.-1619' which went missing in the early eighteenth century. Though the account that the castle had been completed in 1619 is contradicted by a later Survey (in 1622) of the Escheated Counties of Ulster that reads; Sir John Stuart, assignee of the Duke of Lennox ‘has built a castle of lime and stone on the banks of the River Foyle 50’ x 25’ x stories, slated, with 4 flankers at the top thereof. And an iron door portcullis wise; the principal timber and joists of the floor being oak are laid but not boarded or the partitions made, the iron grates for the windows being within the castle ready to be set up’. Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox was granted Mongevlin Castle and lands of 1,000 acres by royal patent on 23 July 1610.
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The complete removal of the floor-boarding in Sir Thomas Stepney's Study revealed that there was in fact two parallel north to south aligned cross walls, partitioned by a further east to west cross wall. Each of the tops of the walls was surmounted by wooden planks, which were themselves supporting the existing oak floor joists. Groundwork for a series of three proposed north-south floor support channels, through the deep demolition deposit below the existing floor, exposed the remains of another stone pitched or cobbled floor surface, which appeared to cover almost the entire area of the room. At the far southern end of this room further excavation revealed that the short partition wall, which divided the two stone cross walls, was in fact the remains of a low basement area, which appeared to have been retained when the floor level had been raised in this room.
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Probably the quirkiest detail of architect Larson's design was retaining the magnificent solid brass horse stalls and converting them to makeup booths large enough to teach the art of makeup; retaining the custom mosaic tile back walls with each horse's name spelled out in tile – all topped with a carved plaster coved ceiling. On the wall opposite the stalls architect Larson installed 4x4 oak dressing cabanas low enough to reveal the charm of the ceiling moldings – preserving the ambiance of the gilded age that extended even to their horses. The manure pit became the stairwell down to stage level and up to the second floor. In the front lobby, Larson installed a public stair to the second level, removing several heavy timber joists which he sent for structural testing – they tested twice the strength of select structural grade so no reinforcement for assembly use was needed.
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One of the vessels, containing the ironwork for the first and third spans, was wrecked shortly after leaving the Mersey; but the loss was immediately replaced, and in a little over six months from the date of fixing the first portion of the ironwork the bridge was finished. The approaches for distance of 980 feet on the northern side, and 440 feet on the southern, are of timber in bays of four upright and two battering piles, secured by wallings and bracings, with openings of twenty-five feet ; the ballast and permanent way is laid on planking, resting on double longitudinal girders with traverse joists. The iron girders rest on four oval stone piers of eighty feet by twenty feet at the base, tapering off to fifty-two by twelve, with vertical openings and surmounted by an impost course. The whole of the stone used in their construction was obtained from a sandstone quarry about a mile distant.
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Knob-and-tube wiring (the orange cable is an unrelated extension cord) The earliest standardized method of wiring in buildings, in common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s, was knob and tube (K&T;) wiring: single conductors were run through cavities between the structural members in walls and ceilings, with ceramic tubes forming protective channels through joists and ceramic knobs attached to the structural members to provide air between the wire and the lumber and to support the wires. Since air was free to circulate over the wires, smaller conductors could be used than required in cables. By arranging wires on opposite sides of building structural members, some protection was afforded against short-circuits that can be caused by driving a nail into both conductors simultaneously. By the 1940s, the labor cost of installing two conductors rather than one cable resulted in a decline in new knob-and-tube installations.
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The necropolis of Sant'Andrea Priu is an archaeological site located on the south side of the fertile plain of Saint Lucia, in the municipality of Bonorva, Sardinia. The complex, one of the most important of the island, is composed of twenty domus de janas; one of them with its eighteen rooms appears to be one of the largest hypogean tombs of the Mediterranean basin. The necropolis is located on the front of a trachytic outcrop high 10 m and long 180; entrances to the domus are all within a few meters in height from the ground level and some of them are difficult to access because of the detachment of a substantial part of the rock face. The interior of the domus de janas is a faithful reproduction of the houses of that time, with many architectural details (beams, joists, lintels, jambs, pillars and wainscoting perimeter), tending to recreate an environment similar to that where the deceased had spent his existence.
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"Konzentrationslager Sachsenhausen" Collection of photos from a former camp commandant with captions and excerpts from memoirs of former prisoners. Retrieved May 4, 2010 :— written after 1945 Describing life at the barracks, he wrote, :When we came back to the barracks in the evening, tired after work, everything was all thrown together. The lockers were tipped over, preserves, margarine and any other food lay in a pile in the middle of the barrack with toothpaste, laundry, broken glass, etc. The iron bed frames were all knocked over, the straw sacks [the bedding] emptied out... When we were finally in bed, then the barracks supervisor would come in the middle of the night and it was get out of bed, get on the joists, under the beds — for as long as the barracks supervisor wanted... Many never even went to bed at night, but slept on the floor so they wouldn't have to reconstruct a bed.
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The house was constructed of uncoursed fieldstone and surmounted by a steeply pitched gable roof pierced by interior end chimneys. The building's stone construction and long, low form with steep gables are typical of Dutch, German, and English settlement groups in the late 18th century; however, its specific framing method and spatial divisions are indicative of English building practices and may reflect the family's Long Island origins. These differences are particularly evident in the interior of the older section, which features a jambed fireplace, more and smaller floor joists, and, originally, a compact arrangement of small rooms, all features more common to houses built by those of English descent. When the house was doubled in size in the first quarter of the 19th century, the new eastern section was built with a basement kitchen and hall and "best room" plan on the first floor, probably reflecting Jeremiah Rushmore's increased wealth and the needs of a larger family.
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After the move from Gympie, new timber loading stages were added outside the door of each magazine, to face a railway siding from the railway station, and an iron sheeted fence was constructed around the site. In 1913 Mr Moore reported to the Portmaster of the Marine Department that the gate to the magazines had been broken by the engine during shunting operations, and in 1915 he reported that the floor of the brick magazine was subsiding. Some flooring and the timber joists under it had to be replaced, due to rot and white ants, and reference is made in 1918 to the use of copper nails in the floor. In 1921 the magazine reserve consisted of about 29 acres (11.74 hectares), and the magazine complex is described in April 1921 as having: > three magazines, two of iron and one of brick, all in a line, with a siding > and loading platform in front. Each of the two iron buildings measures 25'3" > by 17'2", with 10' walls sheeted outside with iron and pine inside, pine > cove ceiling and hardwood floor.
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The size and scale of the building continues to make an important contribution to the streetscape of George Street and sympathetic relationship to nearby similar buildings. The site has important associations extending back in history to the establishment of the first hospital in the colony in 1788 and also has significant associations with many 19th century historical figures including Surgeon William Balmain, Frederick Garling, Frederic Unwin. The site development illustrates the way an intensive urban use character evolved reflecting the growth of The Rocks Area generally.Sheedy 1991: 32 High Significance Fabric: Remaining 19th century fabric of east, west, south and elevations; remaining early 19th century fabric of north elevation; remaining 19th century wall enclosures. Medium Significance Fabric: Remaining late 19th century fabric of north elevation; timber joists and pressed metal ceiling (first floor) Low Significance Fabric: 20th century components of north, west and south elevations; 20th century roof forms; visible 20th century alterations including joinery (ground floor); 20th century partition wall and joinery, timber flooring and fluorescent lights and electric fan (first floor).
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According to Montgomery- Massingberd and Watkin the exterior is both structurally and visually Franco- American in influence with little trace of English architecture. For them the exterior "represents an evocative confluence of various Parisian architectural traditions"; the Piccadilly arcade echoes the arcaded ground floor in the Place Vendrome and the Rue de Rivoli, the steep mansarded skyline on the Green Park facade echoes Hector Lefuel's work on the Pavillon de Flore of the Louvre, while the tall windows and wall panels of the facades resemble those of Mewès's earlier work on a smaller building made as a home for Jules Ferry on Rue Bayard. The front of the London Ritz Excavation for the hotel began by contractors Waring White Building Co. Ltd in June 1904, and it was completed by 1 October 1905, and opened the following May. The building progress was documented each month by The Builder's Journal and Architectural Engineer, and in one edition noted the difficulties of some of the aspects of construction such as hoisting 20-ton steel joists in a narrow building site.
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Note: The last four episodes of the fifth production season were aired as part of the sixth airing season on HGTV Canada. # Shaky Foundation - In the sixth season debut, Mike and crew arrive at a new home at which the homeowners had discovered that the foundation concrete was woefully weak — as little as one-third of the minimum code requirement — and which had slipped past the building inspectors, who had only compared the weak foundation wall concrete to that of the foundation floor (without considering that the floor may have also been weak). # Let's Rejoist - In this episode, featuring guest crew member Jordan MacNab, the winner of the first Handyman Superstar Challenge (for which Mike was a judge), Mike comes to the assistance of a homeowner who had discovered a small water stain in their ceiling below an upstairs balcony. After the homeowner hired a roofer to investigate, the roofer discovered that the joists holding the balcony up had completely rotted through, and was forced to abort any roof repair.
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He said the designs were his original designs and they were to give the minimum service with the maximum sunlight and fresh air. . . '(52) A number of extra items were included during construction, including plumbing for hot water and the construction of additional brickwork, screens and lattice to prevent the public seeing into the dressing areas from the cliffs behind the building. However, the Kiosk, if not the Bathing Pavilion, was suffering from a number of aggravating problems less than ten years after it was built. In 1946 it was reported that the roof was leaking, causing stains on the ceilings of the kitchen, laundry and shop, while termites were infesting floor joists, skirting boards and doors. The two buildings formed an important adjunct to a major event during the 1949-50 season when the Illawarra Branch of the Surf Life Saving Association of Australia and North Wollongong Surf Life Saving Club hosted the first State Championship Carnival to be staged by a country branch of the Surf Life Saving Association in New South Wales.
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The rooms were all joisted at top, and on the joists was > spread a floor of bark, so as to form, over the whole top of the house, the > settler's usual first rude granary. Squares of a couple of feet.. were left > open in the wall in various places for windows... The chimneys were large, > like those of old farm-houses, and, for security, had a little wall of rough > stone and mortar run up inside about three feet; and in the middle of the > fire-place was a large flag-stone, of a sort capable of resisting the fire, > which constituted the hearth and baking-place.Harris, Chapter V Surgeon Peter Cunnigham, advising potential settlers, described a similar method, and added: > ... by this means a wooden house may be put up without having more than a > dozen nails in its composition. I have known the frame of a house of this > description, twenty-four feet long by twelve broad, with a back-skilling, or > lean-to, of the same length seven feet wide attached to it, put up for the > small sum of eight pounds, exclusive of plastering.
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The château was built of bricks and limestone by Maximilien de Béthune, duke of Sully, on the site of an old fortified manor that had been dismantled and burned in 1435. In 1529, the old building passed by marriage to Jean de Béthune, the grandfather of Sully, who was born at the old house, but it was modest by the standards of the day, and he had it replaced in the last years of the 16th century with a new building more befitting his high rank. He is reputed to have ceased building in 1610 at the death of Henri IV, who had visited him there and whose monogram appears on the decorated joists of a room there. Portrait of the Countess of Sénozan (ca. 1751) by Jean Valade In 1709, the estate passed into the hands of the Olivier family. The château was inherited in 1740 by Jean-Antoine Olivier de Sénozan (1713-1778), from his brother François Olivier. He took up permanent residence there in 1753, with his wife the Countess of Sénozan (1718-1794). She was older sister to jurist, statesman and botanist Malesherbes.
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The inner rectangle on the backboard is wide by tall, and helps a shooter determine the proper aim and banking for either a layup or distance shot. In addition to those markings, leagues and governing bodies often place other decals on the edge of the backboard on the glass, including the logo of the league or organization, and a national flag. On top of the backboard, a league or team's web address or sponsor logo is affixed to take advantage of the high television camera angle utilized for instant replay of slam dunks and other shots above the rim. In professional and most higher college settings, the backboard is part of a portable stanchion that can be moved out of the way and stored to allow the venue to host multiple other sports and events, though in most high schools and examples such as Stanford University's Maples Pavilion, backboards are mounted as part of a suspended system using ceiling joists to support the goal and allow them to be put out of the way in the ceiling support system when not in use, along with the more common wall-mounted system.
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As the > sole representative of this style in the local context, this structure > occupies an important niche in portraying the stylistic development of the > built environment. Integrity of location, materials, workmanship, feeling, > and association are relatively intact, integrity of design has been > compromised to a small degree by the alterations previously described in > Item 7, while integrity of setting has been compromised by land-use changes > and location of nearby State Highway 156 expressway. The house has a > peripheral relation to the Gold Rush, which drew Benjamin Wilcox to > California where, like most, he found his livelihood far from the gold > fields (criterion A). Its main significance lies, however, in its > architectural qualities: it represents a type (Gothic Revival Style), period > (mid-nineteenth century, specifically the late 1850s), and method of > construction (balloon frame on heavy timber floor joists, all on stone > foundation, indicative of a carryover of traditional building methods), and > may be considered the work of a local master (Chalmers was responsible for > at least one other house in San Juan Bautista, and the level of detail > present in both houses reveals a keen awareness of style development).
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