This both sprays the liquid into the air, creating an aerosol, and ionises the molecules within.
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This ionises the compounds within the air stream, including any derived from explosives, before they enter the device.
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In the medical version, breath is exhaled across a sensor which ionises the VOCs, causing them to gain an electric charge.
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When the timing was just right, deployed both trimethyl aluminum (TMA) and a barium/strontium mixture, which ionises when exposed to sunlight.
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Photoevaporation denotes the process where energetic radiation ionises gas and causes it to disperse away from the ionising source. This typically refers to an astrophysical context where ultraviolet radiation from hot stars acts on clouds of material such as molecular clouds, protoplanetary disks, or planetary atmospheres.
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Mohr's salt is prepared by dissolving an equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate in water containing a little sulfuric acid, and then subjecting the resulting solution to crystallization. Ferrous ammonium sulfate forms light green crystals. This salt when heated ionises to give all cations and anions present in it.
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Argon ionises at 15.76 eV, which is higher than hydrogen, but lower than helium, neon or fluorine. Molecules containing argon can be van der Waals molecules held together very weakly by London dispersion forces. Ionic molecules can be bound by charge induced dipole interactions. With gold atoms there can be some covalent interaction.
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Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating constrains the time at which sediment was last exposed to light. During sediment transport, exposure to sunlight 'zeros' the luminescence signal. Upon burial, the sediment accumulates a luminescence signal as natural ambient radiation gradually ionises the mineral grains. Careful sampling under dark conditions allows the sediment to be exposed to artificial light in the laboratory which releases the OSL signal.
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Mache (symbol ME from German Mache-Einheit, plural Maches) is an obsolete unit of volumic radioactivity named for the Austrian physicist Heinrich Mache. It was defined as the quantity of radon (ignoring its daughter isotopes; in practice, mostly radon-222) per litre of air which ionises a sustained current of 0.001 esu (0.001 StatAmpere). 1 ME = 3.64 Eman = 3.64×10−10 Ci/L = 13.4545 Bq/L.
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H II regions come in an enormous variety of sizes. They are usually clumpy and inhomogeneous on all scales from the smallest to largest. Each star within an H II region ionises a roughly spherical region—known as a Strömgren sphere—of the surrounding gas, but the combination of ionisation spheres of multiple stars within a H II region and the expansion of the heated nebula into surrounding gases creates sharp density gradients that result in complex shapes. Supernova explosions may also sculpt H II regions.
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9 Sgr is the main source of ionisation for much of the visible nebulosity in the region, although the young O star Herschel 36 ionises the dense Hourglass Nebula region. 9 Sgr itself is surrounded by an ionised HII region about 30 light years across including the reflection nebulae NGC 6523 and NGC 6533. This ionised region lies in front of a denser molecular cloud. The distances to 9 Sgr, M8, and NGC 6530 are uncertain, but generally estimated to be between 1,200 and 1,800 parsecs.
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When a charged particle from a cosmic ray travels through the box, it ionises the gas between the plates. Ordinarily this ionisation would remain invisible. However, if a high enough voltage can be applied between each adjacent pair of plates before that ionisation disappears, then sparks can be made to form along the trajectory taken by the ray, and the cosmic ray in effect becomes visible as a line of sparks. In order to control when this voltage is applied, a separate detector (often containing a pair of scintillators placed above and below the box) is needed.
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Vanadium pentafluoride can be prepared by fluorination of vanadium metal: : 2 V + 5 F2 → 2 VF5 Alternatively, disproportionation of vanadium tetrafluoride yields equal amounts of the solid trifluoride and the volatile pentafluoride: :2 VF4 → VF3 \+ VF5 This conversion is conducted at 650 °C. It can also be synthesized by using elemental fluorine to fluorinate industrial concentrates and raw materials so as to produce VF5 on an industrial scale. VF5 can be synthesized from the reaction of raw materials such as metallic Vanadium, ferrovanadium, vanadium (V) oxide and vanadium tetrafluoride with elemental fluorine. VF5 ionises in the liquid state as reflected by the high values of Trouton's constant and electrical conductivities.
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Accurate calibrations are available for the temperatures of class-O stars, although these are slightly different for SMC metallicity and for stars of different luminosity classes. The temperatures for WR spectral classes are less precisely defined, especially for the SMC and especially for the hottest classes. AB7 completely ionises the surrounding interstellar material to a distance of 20 parsecs and this can be used to derive the temperature and luminosity of the ionising star. This level of ionisation cannot be achieved by an O6 star, so will be almost entirely due to the WR component. Unfortunately, the ionisation is beyond what would be caused by the hottest model, a 120,000K star. An earlier attempt at the same calculation gave a blackbody temperature of 80,000K.
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