His pieces were often marked by accounts of the dramas he suffered while trying to write them, the odd personal intercalations reliant upon the expectation that he would write straight journalism.
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The Simijaca Formation is characterised by a sequence of mudstones, grey and black shales with sandstone and limestone intercalations.
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In the upper part, intercalations of black shale with gypsum flakes and abundant pyritic micritical concretions appear, some with ammonites.
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Most of the unit is composed of intercalations of differently coloured, pervasively foliated, purplish red or bluish grey varicoloured calcareous shales.
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The intercalations were arranged so that there were seven of them every nineteen years. The notice of intercalation was issued at the pilgrimage, the next month would be Nasī’ and Muharram would follow. If, on the other hand, the names relate to the intercalated rather than the fixed calendar, the second intercalation might be, for example, of a month between Muharram and Safar allowing for the first intercalation, and the third intercalation of a month between Safar and Rabi'I allowing for the two preceding intercalations, and so on. The time for the intercalation to move from the beginning of the year to the end (twelve intercalations) is the time it takes the fixed calendar to revolve once through the seasons (about 32 1/2 tropical years).
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The basal beds grade into a thick succession of silty to fine-grained, and eventually medium- to coarse grained, sandstone. Sections of the uppermost part show various types of intercalations: silt- and sandstone layers grade laterally into sequences of interbedded shale and sandstone with occasional intercalations of stromatolitic layers, carbonate horizons with molluscs, bone beds of fish scales and white layers rich in authigenic feldspar. The shale frequently exhibits desiccation cracks, whereas root marks are abundant in sandstone. Halite crystal moulds have been found locally.
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There are two big drawbacks of such a system, which would explain why it is not known ever to have been used anywhere in the world. First, it cannot be regulated by means of a cycle (the only cycles known in antiquity were the octaeteris (3 intercalations in 8 years) and the enneadecaeteris (7 intercalations in 19 years). Secondly, without a cycle it is difficult to establish from the number of the year (a) if it is intercalary and (b) if it is intercalary, where exactly in the year the intercalation is located.
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The formation comprises sandy tuffs and bluish gray claystones, which form part of a continental sedimentary series mixed with porphyritic conglomerates with partly encrusted round pebbles, and bluish gray clays with sandy intercalations and clays in lesser amounts.
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In the area of Huantraico, there are greenish calcareous mudstones, with thin intercalations of calcareous sandstones; the mudstones are solid or laminated. The lithofacies characteristics of the unit suggest an outer continental shelf environment, below the normal wave base.
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The upper member is several tens of metres thick and consists of limestone deposited in a shallow marine setting. The formation is fossiliferous, with several of the limestone intercalations yielding a diverse fauna, including amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs and mammals.
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Intercalation or embolism in timekeeping is the insertion of a leap day, week, or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases. Lunisolar calendars may require intercalations of both days and months.
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These depressions were again filled with lake sediments with occasional volcanic intercalations, the so-called peperites. The sediments can reach considerable thicknesses e.g. 2500 meter in the Limagne. Towards the end of the Miocene the precursors of the great stratovolcanoes Cantal and Monts Dore started to form.
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The third section (upper) is . It is mainly composed of white gypsum in large crystals. It has lenticular intercalations of greenish siltstones with wave- formed ripples and fragments of gypsum. The faunal character on the fossils of marine invertebrates in the Roca Formation suggests a transgression from the Atlantic Ocean.
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Agrio Formation close to Pilmatué The Agrio Formation is primarily composed of pelitic rocks with intercalations of limestones, sandstones and rare fine conglomerates. The Pilmatué and Agua de la Mula Members are characterized by thick successions of black shales with intercalating limestones and sandstones. The Avilé Member comprises sandstones and claystones with conglomerates.
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The Toro Toro Formation is a Late Campanian geologic formation pertaining to the Puca Group of central Bolivia. The porous yellowish medium-to-coarse grained ferruginous (iron-containing) sandstones and mudstones with gypsum intercalations, deposited in a beach environment, preserve many ichnofossils of Ligabueichnium bolivianum, Dromaeopodus sp.,Apesteguía et al., 2011, p.
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The Anoual Formation is a geological formation in the High Atlas of Morocco. It is early Bathonian in age. It consists of two members. The lower member is several hundred metres thick, and consists largely of mudstone with lens beds of cross bedded sandstone, with thin intercalations of limestone that was deposited in a continental setting.
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Precambrian rocks only outcrop in the north in between the Sava River and Drava River and include amphibolite schist, micaschist, gneiss and granites. Early Paleozoic rocks include clastic rocks with calcareous intercalations near the Pannonian region and along the Inner Hinterland. Only Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian rocks have been confirmed with fossil evidence. Conglomerate, shale and sandstone are typical of the late Paleozoic.
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Censorinus, De die natali 20.7 (Latin) If too many intercalations were omitted, as happened after the Second Punic War and during the Civil Wars, the calendar would drift out of alignment with the tropical year. Moreover, because intercalations were often determined quite late, the average Roman citizen often did not know the date, particularly if he were some distance from the city. For these reasons, the last years of the pre- Julian calendar were later known as "years of confusion". The problems became particularly acute during the years of Julius Caesar's pontificate before the reform, 63–46 BC, when there were only five intercalary months (instead of eight), none of which were during the five Roman years before 46 BC. Caesar's reform was intended to solve this problem permanently, by creating a calendar that remained aligned to the sun without any human intervention.
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The karst terrain supports numerous anchialine caves. The summit of this mountain peak is formed by a succession of Tertiary limestones ranging in age from the Eocene or Oligocene up to recent reef deposits, with intercalations of volcanic rock in the older beds. Steep cliffs along much of the coast rise abruptly to a central plateau. Elevation ranges from sea level to at Murray Hill.
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The Elisabeth Bay Formation, alternatively spelled as Elizabeth Bay Formation, is an Early Miocene (Aquitanian to Burdigalian, around 21 Ma) geologic formation in the Sperrgebiet, ǁKaras Region of southwestern Namibia, overlying the Blaubok Conglomerate.Dauteuil et al., 2018, p.6 The freshwater green and red siltstones, sandstones, intercalations of conglomerates and claystones of the formation were deposited in a fluvial environment,Elisabeth Bay Formation at Fossilworks.
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To the south of the area, this unit presents similar characteristics. A stratigraphic column along the La Palma-Yacopí road, shows that this unit is composed of a black marl with a solid appearance with black calcareous claystone intercalations.Acosta and Ulloa, 2001 In the upper part, intercalations of black shale with gypsum flakes and abundant pyritic micritical concretions appear, some with ammonites.Reyes et al.
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Note that, having ordered intercalations in 630 and 631 (proved by reports of the interval between the birth and death of Ibrahim and a solar eclipse on the morning of his death) the Nasīʾ did not order another one in 632 - Muhammad took advantage of the hiatus by stripping them of their power. At that time the vernal equinox was occurring about 19 March.
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Jewish funerary inscriptions from Zoar, south of the Dead Sea, dated from the 3rd to the 5th century, indicate that when years were intercalated, the intercalary month was at least sometimes a repeated month of Adar. The inscriptions, however, reveal no clear pattern of regular intercalations, nor do they indicate any consistent rule for determining the start of the lunar month.Sacha Stern, Calendar and Community, pp.
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It is the Portpatrick Formation which forms the main northwest facing scarp. There are also small fault-related intercalations of the Moffat Shales in places, particularly within the Shinnel Formation. A disused quarry which formerly exploited an isolated granite intrusion sits to the west of the B7007 road at Broad Law. The scarp lies immediately to the southeast of the Lammermuir Fault, a Caledonoid fault with a downthrow to the northwest.
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In some locations, such as Gaissau, the Saubach Formation is dominated by red condensed limestones with only minor marl intercalations. In 1997 the name Saubach Formation was suggested, representing originally a series of Green Bituminous Marls on the Unken Sincline, identical to the strata of the Saubach Member of the Adnet Group.Krainer, K., & Mostler, H. (1997). Die Lias- beckenentwicklung der Unkener synklinale (nördliche Kalkalpen, salzburg) unter besonderer berücksichtigung der scheibelberg Formation.
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The Adigrat Sandstone comprises thick sequences of cross-bedded sandstone with minor intercalations of siltstone and claystone and sometimes dolomite. The sandstones consist essentially of quartz, but hold also some feldspar. The grains are cemented by silica and clay minerals. The thickness of the Adigrat Sandstone increases from north to south: maximum values (600 metres) are west of the Mekelle Outlier at the edge of Kola Tembien and Dogu’a Tembien districts.
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The middle stage consists of layers of siltstones, sandstones and rarely clays of about 115 meters thick. The Ordovician has the same components as the Cambrian with additional limestone, sandstone and clay intercalations at the bottom. This layer is about 153 meters thick in the northwest and 53 meter thick in the southwest. The Silurian is about 640 meters thick in the southwest and 60 meter thick in the northwest.
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This unit in the area of Coscuez and Muzo presents emeralds, here its characteristic remains limestone in layers of calcareous siltstones, interspersed with calcareous claystones. To the south of the area, this unit presents similar characteristics.Ortega Medina, 2007, p.23 A stratigraphic column, logged along the La Palma-Yacopí road and published in 2001, shows this unit is composed of a black terrigenous marl with a solid appearance with black calcareous claystone intercalations.
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1100 BC. The MUL.APIN, contains catalogues of stars and constellations as well as schemes for predicting heliacal risings and the settings of the planets, lengths of daylight measured by a water clock, gnomon, shadows, and intercalations. The Babylonian GU text arranges stars in 'strings' that lie along declination circles and thus measure right-ascensions or time-intervals, and also employs the stars of the zenith, which are also separated by given right-ascensional differences.
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Johanan himself recognized no foreign authority except that of Rav, his senior schoolmate under Judah haNasi. Johanan kept up a correspondence with Rav, and addressed him as "our master in Babylonia." After Rav's death Johanan wrote to Rav's colleague Samuel of Nehardea, but addressed him as "our colleague in Babylonia." Samuel sent him a complete calendar covering the intercalations for a period of sixty years; Johanan, however, admitted merely that Samuel was a good mathematician.
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In the lower half of this mainly pelitic succession, intercalations of dark brown, very often concretionary calcareous layers up to thick, occur. These layers contain siltstone beds which locally exhibit flaser bedding, oscillation ripples and hummocky cross-bedding. The calcareous layers also contain small fossiliferous lenses with fishbones. The upper half of the basal shaly section contains a few layers, thick, which are whitish and analcime-rich and occasionally thin layers of green chert.
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The Middle Blesa Sequence is of a fairly uniform 25-50 metre thickness. Most of the sequence consists of the Josa Member, which consists of oyster rich marls and limestones deposited in a coastal or shallow restricted bay environment. The Upper Blesa Sequence is of variable thickness from 15–70 m. The lower 1–10 m consists of continentally derived clays and marls with sandstone and conglomerate intercalations while the upper 10–60 m are dominated by carbonates.
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The lowermost calcareous package becomes thicker towards the south; as well as in the La 22 mine La Pita. The unit has a thickness of , and in the sector of Totumos and Polveros reaches in thickness. There, it is composed of intercalations of limestone (micrite) and sandy siltstones. The zone of hydrothermal breccias that is immediately above the calcareous rocks, in the Mine the Pita has a thickness of approximately and in the sector of the Totumos mine can reach up to .
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Sacha Stern takes the Sardica document as evidence that the Jews referred to in the document (which he tentatively identifies as those of Antioch) used a computed, or partially computed, calendar with system of intercalations that kept 14 Nisan with the limits of Julian March. Since this differs from what can be known of the Jewish calendar in other cities, he concludes "the Jewish calendar could vary significantly from one community to the next."Sacha Stern, Calendar and Community, p. 79.
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Much of Ecuador is underlain by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rocks. The Piedras Group rocks date to the period and outcrop in El Oro Province on the western Andean slope in the southwest of the country and includes greenschist and amphibolite with small intercalations of quartz-sericite schist and quartzite, dated to 743 million years ago in the Proterozoic. These high-grade, polymetamorphic rocks often signs of overprinting and green hornblende with a feather-like texture is found in the amphibolite.
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A dominant process in cliff formation is rockfall. Variations of slope steepness along the escarpments are due to the distinctive bedding of the rocks and to variability in rock type: on thick sequences of homogeneous sandstone vertical faces have developed, while intercalations of thinly bedded fine-grained sediments lead to steps in the slopes. Caverns and apses have formed along bedding planes and along curved joints. These natural cavities have sometimes been expanded into larger caves by the inhabitants of the area.
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The Gai-As Formation as a whole displays an upward coarsening sequence which starts with distal shallow lacustrine shales. The occurrence of flaser bedding, oscillation ripples and hummocky cross-stratification in silty intercalations indicates that the sediment, surface must have been above the storm wave base. The remarkably high content of analcime (30 volume percent) in some layers may be indicative of contemporaneous volcanic activity. Early diagenetic formation of analcime from volcanic glass in an alkaline environment has been described.
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APIN contains catalogues of stars and constellations as well as schemes for predicting heliacal risings and settings of the planets, and lengths of daylight as measured by a water clock, gnomon, shadows, and intercalations. The Babylonian GU text arranges stars in 'strings' that lie along declination circles and thus measure right- ascensions or time intervals, and also employs the stars of the zenith, which are also separated by given right-ascensional differences. There are dozens of cuneiform Mesopotamian texts with real observations of eclipses, mainly from Babylonia.
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Most likely the Canaveilles Group was deposited during the interval end- Neoproterozoic to lower Cambrian at the northern edge of Gondwana. The sediments are of marine origin and probably were left behind on the continental margin. Possible bioherms within the carbonaceous intercalations and the archeocyathid reefs in the Cadí Nappe point at shelf or shelf edge deposits with some incorporated reefal complexes. The rhyodacites probably were associated with an island arc, so it is possible that the Canaveilles Group was sedimented in a backarc position.
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During the Variscan orogeny in the Pennsylvanian about 310 million years ago the sediments of the Canaveilles Group were metamorphosed under mesozonal conditions (amphibolite facies). The original shales transformed into mica schists of the cordierite, andalusite and sillimanite zone in the lower part of the section, higher up they only converted to greenschist facies phyllites of the biotite zone. The carbonaceous intercalations became marbles and calcsilicates. Close to the contact with the “transitional gneiss” first the andalusite isograd is reached, followed by the cordierite isograd.
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Sriperumbudur belongs to the Sriperumbudur Formation, which is characterised by arenaceous and argillaceous rock units composed of splintery green shale, clays, and sandstones with ironstone intercalation. The rock units conformably"(of rock strata) lying in a parallel arrangement so that their original relative positions have remained undisturbed" overlie either the Precambrian basement or Precambrian boulder beds and green shales. The beds contain marine intercalations. Their lithologic suites and fossil fauna are suggestive of deposition under shallow and brackish conditions, probably close to the shoreline.
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"While it is not unreasonable to attribute to Hillel II the fixing of the regular order of intercalations, his full share in the present fixed calendar is doubtful." Entry "Calendar", Encyclopedia Judaica, Keter, Jerusalem, 1971. Furthermore, two Jewish dates during post- Talmudic times (specifically in 506 and 776) are impossible under the rules of the modern calendar, indicating that its arithmetic rules were developed in Babylonia during the times of the Geonim (7th to 8th centuries).Samuel Poznanski, "Calendar (Jewish)", Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 3.
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However, in south-central and southeast Sweden, the younger rock does not appear to derive from the Archean rocks. Northern Sweden has greenstone belts, made up of mafic volcanic rocks with intercalations of komatiite, quartzite, graphite schist and Lapponian marble. Uranium-lead dating in the lower part of the Kiruna greenstone belt indicates mafic volcanism started in the Archean around 2.7 billion years ago and ended before the intrusion of mafic dikes 2.2 billion years ago. Quartzite, feldspathic meta-sandstone, mica schist and Jatulian dolomite are the other dominant metasupracrustal rocks in the area.
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This unit splits the flagstone sequence into two parts known regionally as the Lower and Upper Orcadian Flagstone formations. In mid- Givetian times, the dominant lake environment gave way to mainly fluvial conditions, with the main sediment type changing from flagstones to sandstones. In parts of the basin, the sequence consists almost entirely of sandstones, mainly fluvial in origin, such as the Dunnet Head and Hoy Sandstones. Elsewhere, such as in Orkney in the Eday Group, the sequence shows more variety with major intercalations of marls and flagstones, marking the local return of lacustrine conditions.
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These series form the Belarus Series Vendian deposits are divided into three subseries from bottom to top, including the Vilcha Series, Volyn Series and Valdai Series. The Vilcha series is made up of tillite, clay and sandstones that originated during the Neoproterozoic glaciations.. They form a sheet 310 meter thick on the surface. This layer is mostly composed of andesite, dacites, basalts, tuff, trachyliparites with tuff, and tuff- siltstone intercalations with thicknesses of about 550 meters. The Valdai series can be seen as a layer of alternating clays, siltstones, sandstones, and some gravels.
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The Uppermost Kimmeridgian is being cut by the Buffebale and can be observed in the slopes of the rivulet. It has a detrital (sandy) base and then changes into calcareous sandstones and finally into bioclastic, oolithic limestones. Two facies domains can be distinguished: a detrital domain in the east (Serie de la Marteille) and a reefal domain with single corals, occasional oysters and nerineids in the west (Serie de Cercles). This differentiation into two facies domains also persists through the Lower Portlandian, with the eastern domain showing detrital intercalations made of shelly debris, gravels, and breccias.
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They can be divided into three sequences: a detrital sequence at the base (sands with shelly debris and lignite intercalations) followed by a calcareous sequence (reddish-brownish to greyish limestones) and another detrital sequence at the top (greyish-blackish to greenish claystones that are very rich in oysters). Concordantly on top of the Cenomanian follow the Turonian deposits which can be subdivided into 15–40 m of Ligérian (chalky, nodular limestones) and 35–65 m of Angoumian (rudist limestones). The overlying Coniacian is slightly discordant. It consists of hard fossiliferous limestones reaching a thickness of 50–80 m.
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Location of the Lusitanian basin within the Iberian Peninsula The Lourinhã Formation is located within the Lusitanian Basin, a mostly onshore North South orientated rift basin within western Portugal, formed during the Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean, with sediment deposition beginning during the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic. It primarily consists of syn-rift near-coastal continental siliciclastic sediments, with several marine intercalations. The primary flow direction was North to South, originating from Galicia and flowing between the Iberian landmass to the east and the now largely submerged Berlengas horst, a North-South oriented ridge, to the west.
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The new moon of that month fell on a Monday morning so would have become visible that evening. Thus the first would have been Tuesday and the seventh Monday. The reason why the dates do not agree is that Caussin de Perceval assumes an intercalation every three years (thus in AH 1, AH 4 and AH 7). This period is too long (the average is seven intercalations in nineteen years rather than seven in 21), which means that his dates become progressively more and more late moving back from the reform of the calendar in AD 632.
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The series of antiphons in the antiphonary, intended to be sung at the Communion during Lent, are for the most part taken from the Book of Psalms. Their order reveals the idea that governed the choice of them. With certain exceptions, to be referred to presently, the antiphons follow one another in the numerical order of the Psalms from which they are drawn. The series thus obtained begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on the Friday in Passion Week, forming a regular succession of Psalms from 1 to 26, except for the interruptions caused (1) by intercalations and (2) by lacunæ.
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After the strong tectonic movements during the period 325 – 305 MA BP (Serpukhovian, Bashkirian and Moscovian – Sudeten Phase and Asturian Phase) accompanied by extensive granitisation the young orogen underwent late orogenic extension in the Kasimovian. As a consequence narrow fault-bounded graben-like depressions formed that were filled with lake sediments (conglomerates, sandstones, shales interbedded with layers rich in organic material that later transformed into coal seams). Sometimes rhyolitic intercalations do occur. Examples are the relatively small coal-bearing basins near Ahun, Argentat, Blanzy, Decazeville, Graissessac, Le Creusot, Messeix within the Sillon Houiller, Saint-Étienne, Sainte-Foy and Sincey-lès-Rouvray.
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In this system, the average Roman year would have had days over four years, giving it an average drift of one day per year relative to any solstice or equinox. Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within a 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of 377 days (thus 11 intercalary years out of 24). This refinement averages the length of the year to 365.25 days over 24 years. In practice, intercalations did not occur systematically according to any of these ideal systems, but were determined by the pontifices.
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The occurrence of herringbone structures in well-sorted sand suggests high energy foreshore to subtidal marine depositional conditions for the lower part of the member. In an abandoned quarry in northwest Skåne (Gantofta brickpit in the Helsingborg area, outcrop very limited at present) the upper part of the Döshult Member commences with bioturbated marine nearshore sands, including burrows, as well as abundant marine invertebrate body fossils. This is followed by a bioturbated shelf mudstone with storm-deposited sand and silt intercalations (tempestites). A massive red mudstone with scarce marine body fossils and burrows follows, which is interpreted as having been deposited rapidly, in a low energy but oxidizing environment.
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Taxonomic composition of Mediterranean Early Jurassic brachiopod faunas from Hungary: Niche replacement and depth control. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica, 21, 43–50. On the uppermost Pliensbachian strata there is a series of beds that consists of greenish-gray limestone and marl, which also contain crinoids and brachiopods, being the last unit under the Manganese Ore. The Upper Liassic (Toarcian) sequence is composed mostly by the Úrkút Manganese and the Éplény Limestone (Late Toarcian-Aalenian), and starts with thick bedded, gray, Radiolaria-bearing, argillaceous marl containing several intercalations of manganese carbonate, or rarely, manganese oxides, with the top of the sequence being a brown to purple nodular Limestone with light green spots.
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At the bottom of this unit is the La Marina Mine and to the south the emerald mines of La Pita, Consorcio, Totumos, Polveros and others. The first calcareous package becomes thicker towards the south, it has a thickness of , and in the sector of Totumos and Polveros reaches , and is composed of intercalations of limestone (micrite), loam and sandy siltstones. The zone of hydrothermal breccias that is immediately above the calcareous rocks, in the La Pita Mine has a thickness of approximately , and at the Totumos Mine can reach to . This unit in the area of Coscuez and Muzo presents emeralds; its characteristic remains limestone in layers of calcareous siltstones interspersed with calcareous claystones.
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These intercalations affect (1) the five Sundays, (2) the six Thursdays, (3) the Saturday following Ash Wednesday. The exclusion of the Sundays is explained by the adoption of a ferial, or week-day, sequence; that of the Thursdays by the simple observation that the Thursdays were not included in the liturgical system for Lent at the period when Psalms 1 to 26 were divided between the other days of the week. We learn from the Liber Pontificalis that it was Gregory II who introduced the Thursday of each week into the liturgical system of Lenten Masses. Now it proves to be these very Thursdays which interrupt the order that the remaining days of the week would otherwise show.
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The Mindoro block is a microcontinental block located in the Philippine Mobile Belt and the east side of North Palawan Block. It has comprises a metamorphic basement (Mindoro Metamorphics of Teves, 1953) of unknown but probably pre- late cretaceous age, overlain locally by upper cretaceous basalts (Karig, 1983), and more regionally succeeded by a probable upper eocene sequence of basinal clastic rocks, plus local basalt intercalations and carbonates. These rocks are exposed over a broad area of northern and west-central Mindoro as well as on the Lubang Islands in Verde Island Passage. The Mindoro block is bounded on the west by the Mindoro Suture Zone, and on the north by the Verde Passage Suture (Karig, 1983), which separates it from the Zambales Ophiolite terrane of Luzon.
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APIN, contains catalogues of stars and constellations as well as schemes for predicting heliacal risings and the settings of the planets, lengths of daylight measured by a water clock, gnomon, shadows, and intercalations. The Babylonian GU text arranges stars in 'strings' that lie along declination circles and thus measure right-ascensions or time-intervals, and also employs the stars of the zenith, which are also separated by given right-ascensional differences. A significant increase in the quality and frequency of Babylonian observations appeared during the reign of Nabonassar (747–733 BC). The systematic records of ominous phenomena in Babylonian astronomical diaries that began at this time allowed for the discovery of a repeating 18-year cycle of lunar eclipses, for example.
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The first step of the reform was to realign the start of the calendar year (1 January) to the tropical year by making 445 days long, compensating for the intercalations which had been missed during Caesar's pontificate. This year had already been extended from 355 to 378 days by the insertion of a regular intercalary month in February. When Caesar decreed the reform, probably shortly after his return from the African campaign in late Quintilis (July), he added 67 more days by inserting two extraordinary intercalary months between November and December.It is not known why he decided that 67 was the correct number of days to add, nor whether he intended to align the calendar to a specific astronomical event such as the winter solstice.
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