Sleep disorders are categorised into the hypersomnias, parasomnias and insomnias.
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Finally, insomnias were the most frequently reported sleep disturbance across all three groups.
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After a series of overviews, the sections cover insomnia in special populations, the primary and secondary insomnias, and treatment.
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Roger in 1932 coined the term parasomnia and classified hypersomnia, insomnia and parasomnia. Kleitman in 1939 recognized types of parasomnias as nightmares, night terrors, somniloquy (sleep-talking), somnambulism (sleepwalking), grinding of teeth, jactatians, enuresis, delirium, nonepileptic convulsions and personality dissociation. Broughton in 1968 developed classification of the arousal disorders as confusional arousals: night terrors and sleep walking. Insomnias were classified as primary and secondary till 1970 when they were recognized as symptoms of other disorders.
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In 1979, the first Diagnostic Classification of Sleep and Arousal Disorders (DCSAD) was developed by the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers (ASDC) and the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep. Disorders were divided into four main categories. # Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) - Insomnias # Disorders of Excessive somnolence (DOES) - Hypersomnias # Disorders of the Sleep-Wake Schedule - Circadian Disorders # Dysfunctions Associated with Sleep, Sleep Stages, or Partial Arousals - Parasomnias In 1990, the first comprehensive classification of disorders of sleep and arousal, the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-1990), was developed by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) in association with the European Sleep Research Society, the Japanese Society of Sleep Research, and the Latin American Sleep Society. 84 sleep disorders were inventoried, based on pathophysiological characteristics.
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The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) was produced by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) in association with the European Sleep Research Society, the Japanese Society of Sleep Research, and the Latin American Sleep Society. The classification was developed as a revision and update of the Diagnostic Classification of Sleep and Arousal Disorders (DCSAD) that was produced by both the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers (ASDC) and the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep and was published in the journal Sleep in 1979. # Disorder of initiating and maintain sleep (DIMS) - Insomnias # Disorder of Excessive sleep (DOES) - Hypersomnias # Disorder of sleep wake schedule # Parasomnias The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) uses a multiaxial system for stating and coding diagnoses both in clinical reports or for data base purposes. The axial system uses International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9- CM) coding wherever possible.
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Over the next decade, Tanning's painting evolved, becoming less explicit and more suggestive. Now working in Paris and Huismes, France, she began to move away from Surrealism and develop her own style. During the mid-1950s, her work radically changed and her images became increasingly fragmented and prismatic, exemplified in works such as Insomnias (1957, Moderna Museet, Stockholm). As she explains, "Around 1955 my canvases literally splintered... I broke the mirror, you might say". Dorothea Tanning, Hôtel du Pavot, Chambre 202 (Poppy Hotel, Room 202) 1970-73, mixed media, 133 7/8 x 122 1/8 x 185 in./340 x 310 x 470 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, ©The Estate of Dorothea Tanning By the late 1960s, Tanning’s paintings were almost completely abstract, yet always suggestive of the female form. From 1969 to 1973, Tanning embarked on what she described as "an intense five- year adventure in soft sculpture," concentrating on a body of three-dimensional works in fabric. Five of these sculptures comprise the installation Hôtel du Pavot, Chambre 202 (1970–73) that is now in the permanent collection of the Musée National d'Art Moderne at the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris.
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