"We believe we did report known influenzas and pneumonia in our facility (to the) Department of Health," Killian said.
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Influenzas kill at a low rate but can infect a lot of people, which means the numbers can be staggering.
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While most influenzas hit children and elderly people hardest, that's not the pattern that has been observed with the coronavirus so far.
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He was armed with a PowerPoint presentation that touted GDD's many successes, including responding to Ebola, all types of contagious influenzas, cholera, and even the plague.
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On average, kids lost about 20 percent of the antibody diversity they'd had, including protection to all the major childhood diseases—influenzas, pneumonia, and common cold and stomach bugs.
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It might seem odd that a simple flu can be so catastrophic—after all, many of us get the flu every year—but these avian-type influenzas are so distinct from the seasonal flu that causes uncomfortable but treatable congestion, fever, and chills.
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That the virus struck near the end of winter when influenzas spread less; that so many governments around the world have taken aggressive actions to combat the spread; that, thanks to today's communications and technologies, people are better educated about ways to limit its transmission.
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In influenzas of avian origin 2,3-linkage is preferred, vs. influenzas of human origin in which 2,6-linkage is preferable. 2,3-linked SA receptors in humans are found predominantly in the lower respiratory tract, a fact that is the primary foundation for the deadliness of avian influenzas in humans, and also the key to their lack of airborne transmission. In the study that created an airborne avian influenza among ferrets it was necessary to switch the receptor preference of the host cells to those of 2,6-linkage, found predominantly in humans' upper respiratory tract, in order to create an infection that could shed aerosolized virus particles.
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Repurposing of BSAs will allow for quicker, cheaper and more efficient development of antivirals than de novo drug development. BSAs are potential candidates for treatment of medically important and emerging viruses, such as influenzas, HIV, filoviruses, such as ebola and marburg viruses, and the coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and more recently SARS-CoV-2. Efforts in drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-2 is currently underway.
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Leo Poon studies the replication and transmission of strains of emerging Influenza viruses, and has also developed molecular tests for their laboratory diagnosis. These have included epidemic avian influenzas such as H5N1, pandemic H1N1/2009 and H7N9. He made an active contribution to demonstrate the reassortment of the pandemic H1N1 virus in pigs. He currently focuses on studying the basic molecular biology, epidemiology and vaccinology of influenza viruses.
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The 1510 flu is suspected of originating in East Asia, possibly China. Gregor Horst writes in Operum medicorum tombus primus (1661) that the disease came from Asia and spread along trade routes before attacking the Middle East and North Africa. German medical writer Justus Hecker suggested the 1510 influenza most likely came from Asia because of the historical nature of other influenzas to originate there in more recent pandemics. Influenza had spread in North Africa before arriving in Europe.
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For example, Michael Katze of University of Washington, Seattle, infected macaques with 1918 and modern influenzas. The DNA microarray showed the macaque genomic response to human influenza on a cellular level in each tissue. Both viruses stimulated innate immune system inflammation, but the 1918 flu stimulated stronger and more persistent inflammation, causing extensive tissue damage, and it did not stimulate the interferon-1 pathway. The DNA response showed a transition from innate to adaptive immune response over seven days.
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Communion using a shared chalice was also given such treatment. The same was true with regard to the sacrament of baptism. Full immersion baptism was alleged to lead to colds, influenzas and pneumonias, especially in infants and especially in the winter months, which sometimes led to fatalities. The overcrowding of churches was also alleged to result in spreading infectious diseases (never, however, did the propaganda also admit in the same context that the mass Soviet closure of churches or other institutions had resulted in the overcrowding).
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The symptoms of H1N1 flu are similar to those of other influenzas, and may include fever, cough (typically a "dry cough"), headache, muscle or joint pain, sore throat, chills, fatigue, and runny nose. Diarrhea, vomiting, and neurological problems have also been reported in some cases. People at higher risk of serious complications include people over 65, children younger than 5, children with neurodevelopmental conditions, pregnant women (especially during the third trimester), and people of any age with underlying medical conditions, such as asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, or a weakened immune system (e.g., taking immunosuppressive medications or infected with HIV).
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OFFLU is the joint OIE-FAO global network of expertise on animal influenzas. OFFLU aims to reduce negative impacts of animal influenza viruses by promoting effective collaboration between animal health experts and with the human health sector. OFFLU puts a strong emphasis on the importance of analysing and sharing information, and biological material to identify and reduce health threats early, and on sharing information about animal influenza viruses with the World Health Organization (WHO) to assist with the early preparation of human vaccines. Since its establishment in 2005, initially to support the global effort to control H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza, OFFLU has become a strong and functional network.
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Typhoid Mary in a 1909 newspaper illustration An asymptomatic carrier (healthy carrier or just carrier) is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but that displays no signs or symptoms. Although unaffected by the pathogen, carriers can transmit it to others or develop symptoms in later stages of the disease. Asymptomatic carriers play a critical role in the transmission of common infectious diseases such as typhoid, HIV, C. difficile, influenzas, cholera, tuberculosis and COVID-19, although the latter is often associated with "robust T-cell immunity" in more than a quarter of patients studied. While the mechanism of disease-carrying is still unknown, researchers have made progress towards understanding how certain pathogens can remain dormant in a human for a period of time.
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Researchers from Britain and Switzerland have previously found antibodies that work in Group 1 influenza A viruses or against most Group 2 viruses (CR8020), but not against both. This team developed a method using single-cell screening to test very large numbers of human plasma cells, to increase their odds of finding an antibody even if it was extremely rare. When they identified FI6, they injected it into mice and ferrets and found that it protected the animals against infection by either a Group 1 or Group 2 influenza A virus. Scientists screened 104,000 peripheral-blood plasma cells from eight recently infected or vaccinated donors for antibodies that recognize each of three diverse influenza strains: H1N1 (swine-origin) and H5N1 and H7N7 (highly pathogenic avian influenzas.) From one donor, they isolated four plasma cells that produced an identical antibody, which they called FI6.
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Justus Hecker and John Parkin presume the 1510 influenza originated from East Asia because of the historical nature of other influenzas originating from said region, while Gregor Horst documented that the 1510 flu spread along trade routes from East Asia to Africa before reaching Europe in 1661. Influenza viruses sometimes leap from Asia's migratory water fowl after massive migrations congregate near water sources for humans and domesticated animals (which can function as cross-species catalysts for creating new strains of pandemic flu). European chroniclers noticed that the 1510 influenza did appear in North Africa before Europe, which has led some medical historians to suggest it may have developed there(parts of North Africa also lie along migratory bird ways, specifically the east Africa-West Asia and Black Sea-Mediterranean routes, that make it vulnerable to spontaneous reassortment of pandemic flu viruses). But there remains no chronicled or biological evidence to suggest the 1510 flu originated from, as opposed to just spread in, Africa before reaching Europe.
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