Each time the water recedes, Hyder's characters are left parched with nostalgia, to be quenched only when the river is next in spate.
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Flood waters in Assam rose overnight with the Brahmaputra River, which flows down from the Himalayas into Bangladesh, and its tributaries still in spate.
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Belo Monte can produce 11,000MW when the Xingu is in spate, but less than a tenth of that in the driest months (September and October).
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Flood waters in the northeastern Indian state of Assam rose overnight with the Brahmaputra river, which flows down from the Himalayas into Bangladesh, and its tributaries still in spate.
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Latest in spate of attacks The attack comes days after an apparent suicide bombing at the largest US base in the country, which just observed the 15th anniversary of operations against the war on terror.
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Chicago kids shot on playground latest in spate of gun incidents Teen's death triggered federal investigation The fatal police shooting of 17-year-old Laquan McDonald prompted the Justice Department to launch its Chicago investigation in 2015 after the case spurred protests and helped fuel a national conversation about officers' use of deadly force.
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The remnants of MacDonald's army retreated, with hundreds drowning in the Katzbach and the Raging Neisse which were in spate.
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The Schwarza in spate in the Höllental The Schwarza is a river in Lower Austria. It is a headstream of the Leitha.
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They shouted at Baba ji to rush out. But Baba ji was deep in meditation. Meanwhile, the flood in spate had already over taken the place.
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The river is occasionally used for recreational purposes, such as kayaking. This is usually limited to periods after heavy rainfall when the river is in spate, because in times of normal flows the river is too shallow to use. When the river is in spate it becomes very technical, with many weirs and holes. The river is quite narrow and relatively shallow, making the rocky bed hazardous for kayakers who capsize.
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A second reason has been that it has been hard to identify successful interventions in spate systems, because spate systems are often hydraulically and socially generally very complex.
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River Ardle in spate, downstream from Kirkmichael The River Ardle () is a tributary of the River Ericht. It runs for through Strathardle in Perthshire, Scotland. It is a salmon and trout river.
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The Master created an illusion of a river in spate which compelled them to go back. This site can be identified with Deora in modern Kesariya village, where Ashoka later built a stupa.
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Evidence of basic spate irrigation engineering can be traced back beyond recorded history and include the Ancient Egyptian diversion of the Nile River for storage at times of heavy rainfall for use in the dryer times of the year. In spate irrigation, water is diverted from normally dry river beds when the river is in spate. The flood water is then diverted to the fields. This may be done by free intakes, by diversion spurs or by bunds, that are built across the river bed.
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Tuninter compensated each family of a victim or survivor with €20,000. On 7 September 2005 the Italian government banned Tuninter from flying into Italian airspace."Human Error Is Common Thread in Spate of Air Crashes." Air Safety Week.
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HFRS have their own control, stationed in the HQ, they mobilise appliances for Hampshire and Isle of wight. The service uses Networked Fire Services Partnership, so if need be, in spate conditions, mobilise on behalf of Dorset & Wiltshire and Devon & Somerset FRS, and vice versa.
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When in spate the Vidourle will rise by 8 m. From the highest point, the Oppidum de Nages is easily seen. Further one can see Mont Ventoux, Pic Saint-Loup, and the hills of the Cevennes including the Causse du Larzac and Mont Aigoual.
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The last mile of the river is tidal and prone to flooding both when in spate, but also from the sea. A plan has been put forward to divert the river through an channel in Pilton Park in Barnstaple to alleviate extreme flooding events.
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It is hard to avoid straying from the route. Scrambling is required in several places, and some of these are exposed to sea cliffs. There are several unbridged crossings of fast flowing streams which may be difficult or even impossible in spate conditions. Bogs contribute further to the difficulties.
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According to Valsad District Collector D Rawal the reason for the water in Gujarat tasting less salty than usual was that because of the monsoon, two rivers Auranga and Banki were in spate and were flowing into the sea in the region. Similar natural phenomenon is also observed in the case of halocline.
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It feeds on insects and other small animals. It is often caught for use as bait by anglers fishing for tigerfish. It breeds during the summer rainy season when shoals of fertile adults migrate upstream when the rivers are in spate following rain. A single females may produce as many as 8,000 eggs.
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For part of its course, it runs underground (except when in spate), from Wetton Mill to Ilam. During this section it is joined by its major tributary, the River Hamps. Villages on the river include Longnor, Hulme End and Ilam. Its name may come from Anglo-Saxon manig-fald = "many folds", referring to its meanders.
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The preferential method of irrigation can be found in spate irrigation systems. It is likely that the irrigators near the headworks, or their ancestors, did contribute more to the construction and maintenance of the works than the others, and therefore acquired the preferential rights.R.J. Sevenhuijsen, R.J. Oosterbaan and K. Zijderveld, 1988. : The Punata-Tiraque irrigation project near Cochabamba, Bolivia.
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The Isla bridge was at first a twelve-span timber viaduct. On 3 February 1881 the river was in spate with large blocks of ice striking the piers of the bridge. The structure survived, but it was replaced by a stone and wrought iron bridge soon afterwards. In later years there were typically five passenger trains daily.
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Buddha gave them his alms bowl but they still refused to return. The Master created an illusion of a river in spate which compelled them to go back. This site can be identified with Deora in modern Kesariya village, where Ashoka later built a stupa. Ānanda, the favourite disciple of the Buddha, attained Nirvana in the midst of the Ganges outside Vaiśālī.
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It had been one of the biggest watermills in Sussex, but little remains apart from the four channels, while a grass mound where the main building was conceals an atmospheric syphon installed in the 1960s, which is used to force water downstream when the river is in spate. Continuing downstream, Germany Mill was built near the village of Hamsey in 1744.
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This leads to war between the "spirits of the air" and the Nagas: Nagas amok are rivers in spate, and the entire region is flooded. The Myth of the Toad King tells how introduction of Buddhist teachings led to war with the sky deity Phaya Thaen, and ended in a truce with nagas posted as guardians of entrances to temples.
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When the Niger and Bani Rivers are in spate, fishing operations are carried out in the lake using trawlers. The ethnic Bozo fisherman, resident on the shores of the lake are involved in these operations. During the dry season, the many ethnic Fula nomads come to this lake area as their terminus destination during the seasonal transhumance migration along with their herds from the north.
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This mud turtle is endemic to Mexico; it is found in Guerrero and Oaxaca where it is only known from the drainage basins of the Rio Colotepec and the Rio Tonameca, at altitudes between about . Its habitat is marshes, muddy pools and other still, turbid water bodies, and it occasionally occurs in rivers. It is sometimes found on the coastal plain, having apparently been washed down by rivers in spate.
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Babar made Vikrama Jeet Sisodia his Subedar -provincial governor- of Shamsabad in 1528. Humayun, following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri circa 1541 at Chausa (after which village the famous mango variety is named) near Kannauj fled to Delhi through Shamsabad. The Saiyyeds of Shamsabad provided boats for Humayun as the Ganges was in spate. Sher Shah was in hot pursuit and this help by the Saiyyeds made him furious.
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He stayed at the tol during his teens, and studied grammar and Indian scriptures. He practised yoga (which is gave up later) and was physically very able, and according to legend, he could swim across the Brahmaputra while it was in spate. It is generally believed that he wrote his first work, Harishchandra upakhyan, while at the tol. Mahendra Kandali changed his name to 'Sankdardev' while he was at school.
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The Punpun River is a big river which name come in ancient book. This river is mentioned in the Vayu and the Padma Puranas in connection with Gaya Mahatmya as the Punah-punah (again and again) of which Pun-Pun is the colloquial form. The river might have been called by this name because it was frequently in spate. The Puranas interpret the word Punahpuna in a spiritual sense, i.e.
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It withstands the force of the river in spate, and is a favourite spot from which to look for trout and salmon. There are four castles on Loch Awe: from north to south, Kilchurn (the best-known), Fraoch Eilean, Innisconnel, and Fincharn. There may also have been a castle near where Castle Farm now stands. There was also a castle at Achallader, at the head of Glen Orchy.
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Kinder Downfall is the tallest waterfall in the Peak District, with a 30-metre fall. It lies on the River Kinder, where it flows west over one of the gritstone cliffs on the plateau edge. The waterfall was formerly known as Kinder Scut, and it is from this that the plateau derives its name. Although usually little more than a trickle in summer, in spate conditions it is impressive.
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The river is fished. The chub can reach 2 kg, with barbel reported to touch 3 kg. Bream to 1 kg or even carp to 5 kg are reported, along with roach, dace, perch, and pike.Total fishing The stretch of water running past and through Chertsey Meads is particularly full of fish when the River Thames is in spate due to heavy rainfall because the fish swim up the River Bourne to escape the turbulence.
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This river is mentioned in the Vayu and the Padma Puranas in connection with Gaya Mahatmya as the punah-punah (again and again) of which Pun-Pun is the colloquial form. The river might have been called by this name because it was frequently in spate. The Puranas interpret the word punah-punah in a spiritual sense that sins are removed again and again by offering oblations to forefathers in the river.
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The area of the basin drained by the burn and its tributaries amounts to . The burn rises quickly after rain, and can become very large when in spate. 80 per cent of the catchment area of the burn is in the lower urban section, the other portion being south of the Edinburgh City Bypass. The burn flows through part of its course in a gorge cut by glacial meltwater that exposed a weakness in the rock.
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The description klinge for small V-shaped valleys may derive from the noise of the streams when in spate (klingen in German means "ring" "clang" or "jingle"). Another interpretation maintains that the little valleys were supposed to be cut by blades ("Klinge" = blade). In the whole of southwest Germany, including the Swabian and Franconian Jura, this sort of valley is known as a Klinge, Tobel or Klamm.Georg Wagner: Einführung in die Erd- und Landschaftsgeschichte mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Süddeutschlands.
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River Teme in spate Knighton is at , in a sparsely populated tract of mid-Wales and the English border marked by a hilly plateau cut by narrow river valleys with a broadly east–west axis. To the west, ground rises steeply towards Radnor Forest, and to the north more gently to the summit of Clun Forest. Turning east, the elevation falls gently to the Shropshire Plain. To the south of the town stands Llan Wen hill.
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Hurst Green Lower Hodder Bridge marking the ancient county boundary Lower Hodder Bridge from the former Lancashire bank Looking towards the former Yorkshire bank, near Paradise hill The River Hodder is a river in Lancashire, England. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site. It rises on White Hill and flows for approximately 23 miles to the River Ribble, of which it is the largest tributary. The confluence of the rivers is an impressive sight, particularly when both are in spate.
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The flash was created around 1900, but in 1990, the Environment Agency turned the flash into an overflow lake for the River Don when it was under flood conditions. Several other flashes have been created or are created when the River Don is in spate. Other flashes from human interaction are at Fairburn Ings along the River Aire; these were caused by mining subsidence. Previously, the area around Fairburn had been a wetland in Medieval times, but was drained to provide agricultural land.
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The three-quarter mile long curved dry valley is around in height and attracts tourists with its views of Sussex, Hampshire and Kent. Other examples include the Alkham Valley near Dover, and the Hartley Bottom and Fawkham valleys near Dartford in north Kent. There are many examples of limestone dry valleys in the Peak District and the Yorkshire Wolds. A notable example is the valley of the River Manifold which is dry, except in spate, from Wetton south for several miles.
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Kinder Downfall Kinder Downfall is the tallest waterfall in the Peak District, with a fall. The waterfall was formerly known as Kinder Scut, and it is from this that the plateau derives its name. Although usually little more than a trickle in summer, in spate conditions it is impressive. In certain wind conditions (notably when there is a strong west wind), the water is blown back on itself, and the resulting cloud of spray can be seen from several miles away.
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During the monsoons, when the Mahanadi was often in spate, pilgrims often had to camp for days to make the crossing; the Dharamshala was built well away from the flood plain, right between the two rivers. The place was originally set up as a Dharamshala by one Seth Jagannath Halan of Calcutta. It was a huge complex with rooms and halls for the pilgrims. There was a big tank and wells dug inside the complex and a large pond, which still exists.
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Even more delay was imposed by torrential rain which fell on 28 April, which turned dusty tracks into mud and caused streams and rivers to rise in spate. On 28 April, the advancing troops of IV Corps cut the road between Pegu and the Sittang River, thus finally cutting the Japanese communications between Rangoon and Moulmein. A small Japanese truck convoy which ran into the road block was wiped out. The Indian 17th Division cleared Payagyi and several surrounding villages on 29 April.
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Kerala state received unprecedented rains during the month of July 1924. Kerala received 3,368 mm of rain during the monsoon season (June to September), 64 per cent higher than normal and is the highest recorded rainfall. The flood was probably caused by offshore vortices along the west coast and perturbations higher up in the troposphere and is not attributed to any depression or cyclonic disturbance in the Arabian sea or the bay of Bengal. The rivers in the state were in spate and a sudden opening of the Mullaperiyar sluices caused even greater misery.
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If they want to move on north side to Thirumanur in Ariyalur district or to the south side to Kabisthalam and Papanasam in Thanjavur district, It is a difficult task. During summer, they use bullock carts to cross the Kollidam river to a distance of 1 km on either side. In rainy season, they use coracle when the river is full or wade through waist deep water. When the river is in spate, they are completely cut off from mainland even by the above modes of transport i.e.
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Both ends of the aqueduct are protected by large guillotine gates, which are there to prevent the river overflowing the canal when it is in spate, and flooding the surrounding countryside. For the boater, the most notable feature is the complicated operation of Sykehouse Lock. The lock is automated but the control system is disabled until the manually operated swing bridge over the top of it has been opened. The region through which the canal flows is sparsely populated, as there are no major towns, and just two main villages.
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The Ambubachi Mela () is an annual Hindu mela held at Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati, Assam. This yearly mela is celebrated during the monsoon season that happens to fall during the Assamese month Ahaar, around the middle of June when sun transit to the zodiac of Mithuna, when the Brahmaputra river is in spate. It is the celebration of the yearly menstruation course of goddess Kamakhya. It is believed that the presiding goddess of the temple, Devi Kamakhya, the Mother Shakti, goes through her annual cycle of menstruation during this time stretch.
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A fossil record exists of two adults and a 12.2-m-long (40 ft) juvenile that died together in the Late Jurassic epoch, around 150 million years ago (in northeast Wyoming, United States).Excavated by the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Center, during the 1997 and 1998 field seasons. Their bodies were assumed to be washed by a river in spate (flood) to their final resting place in alluvial mud. The scenario suggests that Camarasaurus traveled in herds or at least in family groups.
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Achness Falls Achness Falls, also known as the Achness Waterfall or Cassley Falls, is a waterfall located on the River Cassley in Sutherland, Scotland, near Rosehall and Invercassley. Its name is derived from the Scottish Gaelic Ach-an-eas, the "field of the waterfall". The falls descend a narrow gorge with the upper fall being a drop. The lower fall is a thin broken sheet of water down about of rock and when in spate this becomes a torrent which has several pools providing a means for salmon to ascend.
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Hasimara lies between two rivers running from North to South, draining from the lower Himalayas in Bhutan. Torsa on the west and Basra on the East, both offer picnic spots; though Basra is not frequented on account of a cremation ground next to the road-rail bridge on the west banks of the river. Both rivers are perennial; they don't flood in the monsoon season but can be quite ferocious when in spate. This small hamlet lies at the cross-roads between Alipurduar, Cooch-Behar, Alipurduar, and Phuentsholing (gateway to Bhutan).
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The Heaphy track is renowned for the variety of landscapes crossed; every 20 km section is significantly different from the previous one. Walking the path east to west, the journey begins through a forest where beeches (Nothofagus) are dominant. Some zigzags lead to the highest point of the track, at 915 m, with good views to the surrounding mountains. From there on, tussocks replace forests, and the Gouland Downs are entered soon, a large featureless area drained by many rivers, with swingbridges helping to cross them when they are in spate.
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As the besiegers, violating their solemn promises, attacked the column, he stoutly engaged them on a hill-feature called Shahi Tibbi until he was relieved by Bhai Udai Singh. Ajit Singh crossed the Sarsa rivulet, then in spate, along with his father, younger brother, Jujhar Singh, and some others. Further reduced in numbers by casualties at the hands of pursuing troops from Ropar, the column reached Kotla Nihanga and then proceeded to Chamkaur on the night between 6th and 7 December 1704. There they rested for some hours in the fortress of Budhi Chand Rawat.
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Hornblower, his first lieutenant, Bush, who is still recovering from the loss of a foot in the fighting, and his coxswain, Brown, are taken away in a carriage by an Imperial aide-de-camp. The carriage becomes stuck in a snowstorm on a minor road close to the river Loire, and part of the escort leaves to get help from Nevers, the next town. Hornblower and Brown overpower the remaining guards and steal a small boat on the river. Taking Bush with them, they set out downstream, but the river is in spate, and the boat eventually capsizes in some rapids.
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On 24 January, Fairfax's force scattered a small Royalist force which attempted to bar the road to Nantwich at Delamere Forest. Byron decided to maintain the siege, but the next day there was a sudden thaw which caused the Weaver to rise in spate. Byron ordered his infantry and artillery to move to the west bank of the Weaver around Acton, where the ground was drier. The Beam Bridge and a ferry to its north, however, were then swept away by the floodwater while Byron and his cavalry force of 1,800 were still on the east bank.
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J.M.W. Turner visited the cave in 1808, and made a number of sketches and painted a view from the bottom, and in 1816 he returned when he painted the view from the top when the river was in spate. In 1818, William Westall produced a book of aquatinted engraved views of Yorkshire which included five views of Weathercote Cave. In 1835, Wordsworth described it as a "fine object". By 1858 at the latest, tourists were paying for the privilege of visiting the site, and in 1875 John Ruskin described it as "the rottenest — deadliest— loveliest — horriblest place I ever saw in my life".
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Map of Barrier The River Foss Barrier is a floodgate that straddles the River Foss in York, England at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss just south of Clifford's Tower. The barrier was opened in 1988 after flooding from the Foss and two other becks caused more damage to properties in the city than when the Ouse was in spate. The purpose of the barrier is to prevent backing up of floodwater from the Foss when it meets the surgewater of the Ouse and cannot drain away. The pumps adjacent to the barrier move water from the Foss into the Ouse.
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The canal has one lock, which was sized to allow the compartment boats of the Aire and Calder to use it, but the owning company failed to raise enough money to upgrade the River Don Navigation beyond, and Long Sandall lock prevented working of such boats through to Doncaster until it was rebuilt in 1959. There is still some commercial traffic on the canal, but most use is now by leisure boaters. One notable feature is the aqueduct over the River Don which is protected by large guillotine gates, which can be lowered when the Don is in spate, to prevent the surrounding countryside from being flooded.
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Aroused from the Deeps, he and his watery myrmidons rise and turn the land into a vast swamp. Nagas personify waters running both above and below ground, and nagas run amok are rivers in spate: all Isan is flooded. Phadaeng flees the rising flood with Nang Ai on his white stallion, Bak Sam (), but she is swept off by a Naga's tail, not to be seen again. (Bak Sam is seen in parades sporting his stallion's equipage ( ) that legend says dug a lick called Lam Huay Sam (, which may be seen to this day in Ban Sammo- Nonthan, Tambon Pho Chai, Amphoe Khok Pho Chai.
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An old Packhorse Bridge, this is a focal point for those approaching from the south, particularly when the Esk is in spate. The south ridge has a number of subsidiary tops which are recognised by some guidebooks,Birkett, Bill: Complete Lakeland Fells: Collins Willow (1994): the principal summits being Pike de Bield (2,657 ft / 810 m.), Scar Lathing (1,440 ft / 439 m.) and Throstlehow Crag (1,325 ft / 404 m.). Scar Lathing is particularly impressive, presenting sheer cliffs above a bend in the Esk. Although of minor significance Pianet Knott on the eastern side of the ridge also has a very striking appearance from lower down the valley.
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Mourne country near Spelga Dam, the slopes of Slieve Loughshannagh and Ott Mountain with a stream in spate after some recent heavy rain Following a fundraising drive in 1993, the National Trust purchased nearly of land in the Mournes, which included a part of Slieve Donard (at ) and nearby Slieve Commedagh (at ), the second-highest mountain in the area. It has been proposed that the Mourne Mountains be made Northern Ireland's first national park. The plan has been subject to controversy because of the area's status as private property, with over 1,000 farmers based in the proposed park, and also because of fears over the impact on local communities, bureaucracy and house prices.
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It burned and smashed the lock gates and aqueduct, destroyed canal boats carrying food and military supplies, raided the bank - though its gold had been secreted away just hours before the Union troops arrived – and Sheridan set up house in Monticola while his men pillaged the surrounding area. The invaders remained in the area for two-three days, raiding up and down the north bank of the James, unable to cross because the river was in spate and locals had destroyed all the bridges that crossed it. Triumphant, they eventually headed east down the river, to then turn northeast and circle Richmond to rejoin Grant's army. After the Civil War, the bank was no more.
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It is mentioned in The Dewar Manuscripts, in one of the stories, that the Lord of the Isles had a hospitality house, located in Cuill, although the present location is not known. The tenant of the house paid no rent on the condition that if the Lord of the Isles visited, a feast would be laid on and the Lord would be entertained. The tenant of the hospitality house, one McTavish was told to prepare a feast, but the River Etive was in spate, so the Lord was delayed. Dugald MacIain Stewart of the Clan Stewart of Appin told McTavish that the visit would not take place, and that he and his close friends would eat the feast.
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The spate was a natural disaster unparalleled in the historic record of the north-east of Scotland described as one of "the most severe catastrophic floods in modern UK history". Based on the eyewitness accounts recorded by Sir Thomas Dick Lauder it has been possible to estimate peak flows down the main river of up to 1,484 m3/sec and 451 m3/sec on its trubutary the Divie. It is at Randolph's Leap that the Findhorn river is at its most spectacular in spate. Here there are two markers indicating the height the river reached in 1829 and it is said that the butler at nearby Relugas caught a salmon above the normal river level in his umbrella.
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Beinn Chùirn has two popular routes of ascent and used together they can be utilised for a complete traverse of the hill if transport can be organised. One route starts in the Cononish glen and uses the south east ridge as a means of ascent, passing the old mine workings and waterfalls around the Eas Anie gorge on the way to the summit. The other route starts in Glen Lochy at grid reference , there is no footbridge over the River Lochy but a railway bridge can be used to cross the river if it is in spate. The route then goes through the forest following the water course into the Garbh Choirean and climbing onto the summit ridge.
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Even as late as 15 September 2014, the web site of the Central Water Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, Flood Forecast Bulletins, showed a blank. The Disaster Management Division which is responsible for compiling inputs from all the agencies in a 'Situation report', in its situation report for 2 September 2014, made no mention of the threat of rain or floods in Jammu and Kashmir. As a result, two days later as the water levels rose and the rivers were in spate, and overflowing, there were no National Disaster Response Force assets at hand in Jammu and Kashmir. They started to move days after the floods had hit the state, and only began to arrive in the affected area on 7 and 8 September.
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He learned to climb at Helsby Crag in Cheshire and at age 21 made the first free ascent of Scafell's Central Buttress. The climbs he pioneered on the cliffs of North Wales in particular created a new dimension in the repertoire of the sport, tackling steepness, looseness and difficulty that had previously been dismissed as beyond the pale. His exploits on water were similarly fearless, and included swimming down the Linn of Dee, near Braemar, when it was in spate, and rowing alone in a heavy wooden boat across the Minch in midwinter. He is regarded by many as "the finest of all writers about the sport [of climbing]", and his witty, stylish essays were acutely insightful about motivation and character.
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If the burn is in spate then an alternative is to walk higher up into Coire Dhomhain and then ascend by the steeper northern ridge. The ascent of Sgairneach Mhòr can be combined with any of the other three hills which stand around the glen of the Allt Coire Dhomhain. The SMCs Munro handbook recommends climbing it with Beinn Udlamain, however the high starting altitude at Drumochter Pass means a complete traverse around the valley including the hills of The Sow of Atholl, Sgairneach Mhòr, Beinn Udlamain and A' Mharconaich is not an over strenuous day. The highlight of the view from the summit is to the west where there is an excellent view of the Ben Alder group of mountains.
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The usual ascent of Baosbheinn starts at a parking place at the Red Barn on the A832 road (). Most walking guidebooks recommend climbing Baosbheinn along with Beinn an Eoin, this calls for the ascent of Beinn an Eoin first, however a direct ascent of Baosbheinn is possible although the crossing of the river, the Abhainn a’ Gharbh Choire can be difficult in spate conditions. The walk goes SE on the track which leads to Loch na h-Oidhche, the early part of the track goes through a recently sown plantation just to the East of Loch Bad na Sgalag where over 1 million trees of native species have been planted. The original trees in this area were cut down in the 16th and 17th centuries to feed the ironworks on the shore of Loch Maree.
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When the London Bridge of 1209 to 1831 was demolished the removal of its bulky and elaborate piers resulted in the tides upstream returning to the rapid flows as they were downstream and before its forming of a near-barrier. That bridge was particularly dam-like when it housed 200 buildings in the Tudor period and in depictions at the time of the Great Fire of London which spared the bridge. This change, together with dredging of the lower river (lowest reaches) and construction of Teddington Lock and weir, meant that for hours of each day the Thames at Richmond, Twickenham, Ham, Petersham and northern Teddington, was a shallow watercourse running past great mud and shingle banks. The exception was after weeks of above-average rainfall when the river is known as in spate however such outflow hinders navigation upstream.
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The poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge visited Moss Force in 1802; he waited until the Force was in spate after heavy rain and explored the falls in September of that year. Coleridge recorded the visit in a private letter to Sara Hutchinson, saying of the upper cascade: :It is so near a perpendicular that it would have appeared to fall--but it is indeed so fearfully savage, & black, & jagged, that it tears the flood to pieces--and one great black Outjutment divides the water, & overbrows & keeps uncovered a long slip of jagged black Rock beneath, which gives a marked character to the whole force. What a sight it is to look down on such a Cataract!--the wheels, that circumvolve in it-- the leaping up & plunging forward of that infinity of Pearls & Glass Bulbs-- the continual change of the Matter, the perpetual Sameness of the Form-it is an awful Image & Shadow of God & the World.
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This scheme, along with others in the area (straightening of the Derwent and Hertford rivers and land drainage) was promoted by Sir George Cayley and William Chapman with Robert Wilson employed as engineer for the Sea Cut navigation. During the Ice Age, the water flowed to the sea along the course of the Sea Cut before glacial mud build up caused what is now the Derwent river to change course and lead to it flowing westwards away from the North Sea. The Sea Cut (or New Cut) was opened on 3 September 1804 and extended to with a width of and a drop of . Ten weirs were built along its length to control the energy of the floodwaters with the weir head at Everley controlling the flow of the Sea Cut by use of a sluice gate allowing floodwater over the weir when the Derwent is in spate, but maintaining the flow of water in the Derwent when dryer conditions prevail.
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Several other caves in Ayrshire and beyond are said to have been used as places of concealment by Covenanters in general, such as the Cleeves Cove on the Dusk Water near Dalry and Dunton Cove on the Craufurdland Water near Waterside in East Ayrshire. The cave's location is close to one of the few local fording places over the River Lugar that existed before any bridges were constructed, making it a surprising location for a hiding place and in addition Dumfries House, Auchinleck House and Ochiltree House were all in the immediate vicinity. The cave may have seen various uses after the time of the Covenanters such as shelter for travellers or a base for people assisting travellers who were crossing the river by the ford, especially when the water was high or when it was in spate, certainly local anglers have found it to be a convenient shelter. Many other sites have Peden's name attached to them such as the Peden's Pulpit near Failford, another at Dalry and a Peden's Stone as well as Peden's Hut, etc.
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