Yet he also had no love for imperially controlled artistic tastes.
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Mr. Trump has revealed that the president can act "imperially" because norms matter as much as rules and procedure.
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For this to happen, we should be inspired by Lanier's claim and actively call for a reversal of the premises on which photography was imperially instituted.
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The deep scarlet, bead-crowned blown-glass figure in "Breathe," seated cross-legged and imperially calm, has pulled a clear glass baby out of her body by its triumphantly outstretched arms.
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The County of Königstein was an imperially immediate territory of the Holy Roman Empire within the Upper Rhenish Circle.
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Zheng Xuan's edition of the Mao text became the imperially authorized text and commentary on the Poetry in 653 AD.
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From the reign of Augustus (27 BC–AD 14), jurists began compiling organized repositories of imperial edicts (constitutiones), and legal scholarship became an imperially sponsored function of administration. Every new judicial decision was founded on archived legal precedents and earlier deliberations. The edict repositories and the imperially sponsored legal scholarship gave rise to the earliest law school system of the Western world, aimed specifically at training professional jurists.
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Besides In addition to imperially free estates, the borders of the bishoprics of Bamberg and Würzburg, Brandenburg-Kulmbach and the road to Bohemia and Saxony all lay close together.
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He completed his Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in 1994 with a doctoral thesis on Thinking imperially?: Imperial pressure groups and the idea of Empire in late- Victorian and Edwardian Britain.
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The Pentaglot was based on the Yuzhi Siti Qing Wenjian 御製四體清文鑑 ("Imperially-Published Four- Script Textual Mirror of Qing"), with Uyghur added as fifth language. The four-language version of the dictionary with Tibetan was in turn based on an earlier three-language version with Manchu, Mongolian, and Chinese called the 御製滿珠蒙古漢字三合切音清文鑑 ("Imperially-Published Manchu Mongol Chinese Three pronunciation explanation mirror of Qing"), which was in turn based on the 御製增訂清文鑑 ("Imperially-Published Revised and Enlarged mirror of Qing") in Manchu and Chinese, which used both Manchu script to transcribe Chinese words and Chinese characters to transcribe Manchu words with fanqie.
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The was the first imperially commissioned Japanese kanshi collection. It was compiled by Ono no Minemori, Sugawara no Kiyotomo and others under the command of Emperor Saga. The text was completed in 814.
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Imperially authorized persecutions were limited and sporadic, with martyrdoms occurring most often under the authority of local officials.Bowman, p. 616Frend, W.H.C. (2006) "Persecutions: Genesis and Legacy," Cambridge History of Christianity: Origins to Constantine.
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The village likely arose in the 8th century in the broad Imperially immediate domain around the town of Kaiserslautern. Only in the 14th century did its name appear in a document (another source states that Horschbach's first documentary mention came in 1190Timeline of Horschbach’s history). During the 13th century, great parts of the Imperially immediate domain were pledged to the counties at the edge of the Königsland (“King’s Land”). Horschbach then lay in the so-called Pflegschaft Hundheim (Pflegschaft means something like “trusteeship”), which was pledged to the Rhinegraves of Grumbach.
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He had long served as an officer at Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) before seizing control of the circuit from the imperially-commissioned military governor (Jiedushi) Cui Qun, but subsequently often contributed to imperial campaigns against other generals.
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Fang (2002). Preface p. 4 The book was hastily compiled between 646 CE and 648, by a committee of 21 people led by editor-in-chief Fang Xuanling. As some chapters were written by Emperor Taizong of Tang, the work is sometimes given the honorific "imperially authored".
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His mother the Duchess Catherine refused to acknowledge his death for years to come. Only when many years later the Tsar invited her to his court in Moscow to inform her that his imperially-ordered investigation had turned up a grave, she resigned herself to the truth.
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At the stripping of the Duchy of Saxony (7th century - 1180) in 1180 all of these suffragan bishops achieved for parts of their diocesan territories the status of imperially immediate prince-bishoprics. The Bishopric of Livonia (first at Uexküll then Riga) was a suffragan of Bremen in the years 1186–1255.
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She has worked for the United Nations Development Program in Bhutan. She and her Swiss husband currently live in Thimphu.Zubaan Books The Circle of Karma, published by Penguin Books (India) in 2005, is her first novel. It takes place in the 1950s, the initial period of imperially regulated modernization in Bhutan.
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The tradition the two men created is the classical, imperially sanctioned, official canon of Song Landscape painting.Barnhart, "Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting", 119. However, it is important to note that Li Cheng was also influenced by the southern Jiangnan Landscape style. Juran travelled to the Song court around 975.
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The village was first referred to as a town in 1342 and was given imperially immediate, town-like rights until 1806.Schlösser, Burgen, alte Mauern p. 14; Denkmaltopographie p. 42. The demise of the Ganerbschaft began with the Sickingen Feud in 1523 and was accelerated by the Thirty Years' War.
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Portrait of Karel Havlíček Borovský The first Czech language newspapers were short-lived and there were long periods without any publications. The C.k. privilegované české vídeňské poštovní noviny (Imperially privileged Viennese post paper) was published for the first time in 1761 but quickly folded. The next Czech language newspaper (Cís. král.
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A , also called a or , is a private collection of waka poems compiled by the author of the poems included. The term is used in contrast to chokusenshū, imperially-commissioned collections both written and compiled by multiple people, and , anthologies of poems by multiple poets privately compiled by a single editor.
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The Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (, lit. "The Imperially Ordered Annotated Text Completely Reflecting the History of Viet") was a history of Vietnam commissioned by the emperor Tự Đức of the Nguyễn dynasty.Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past -- 2002 Page 253 "66 He identified Ðại Việt sử ký toàn thư and Khâm định Việt sử thông giám cương mục as the two main chronicles."Keith Weller Taylor The Birth of Vietnam 1991 - Page 359 "The Kham dinh Viet su thong giam cuong muc (Imperially Ordered Annotated Text Completely Reflecting the History of Viet) was initially assembled in 1856-59 and thereafter revised and annotated in 1871, 1872, 1876, and 1878 (Cadiere and ..." It was written in Classical Chinese.
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Tokyo: Chūōkōronshinsha, 2000. She was given the regnal name () in 1332 when her husband was banished, but it was abolished when he returned to the chrysanthemum throne in 1333. Later she was given the second regnal name upon her death. She was also an excellent poet, 14 of whose waka poetry are included in chokusen wakashū (imperially- commissioned anthologies).
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The is an imperially-commissioned Japanese history text. Completed in 797, it is the second of the Six National Histories, coming directly after the Nihon Shoki and followed by Nihon Kōki. Fujiwara no Tsugutada and Sugano no Mamichi served as the primary editors. It is one of the most important primary historical sources for information about Japan's Nara period.
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During the Qing dynasty, some bilingual Chinese-Manchu dictionaries had the Manchu words phonetically transcribed with Chinese characters. The book 御製增訂清文鑑 ("Imperially Published Revised and Enlarged Mirror of Qing"), in both Manchu and Chinese, used Manchu script to transcribe Chinese words and Chinese characters to transcribe Manchu words by using fanqie.
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The first documented case of imperially supervised persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire begins with Nero (54–68). In 64 AD, a great fire broke out in Rome, destroying portions of the city and economically devastating the Roman population. Some people suspected that Nero himself was the arsonist, as Suetonius reported,Suetonius (1997). Lives of the Caesars. 1.
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Reipoltskirchen Castle was the seat of the eponymous imperially immediate Herrschaft or baronetcy. The Herrschaft eventually consisted of the following 15 villages:Michael Frey: Versuch einer geographisch-historisch-statistischen Beschreibung des königlich bayerischen Rheinkreises Band 1, Speyer 1837, S, 466 (Google Books) Reipoltskirchen, Berzweiler, Dörnbach, Finkenbach, Gersweiler, Hefersweiler, Moorbach, Niederkirchen, Nußbach, Rathskirchen, Reichsthal, Rölsberg, Rudolphskirchen, Schönborn and Seelen.
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This privatization policy promoted the expansion of the mining industry. Before the end of the 18th century, there were more than one hundred active mines in northern Vietnam frontier area.[HĐ] Data from Cabinet of the Nguyễn Court [Nội các triều Nguyễn]. 1993. Khâm Định Đại Nam hội điển sự lệ [Imperially commissioned compendium of institutions and usages of Đại Nam].
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Karlsburg is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The former municipality Lühmannsdorf was merged into Karlsburg in May 2019. The original name of the place was Gnatzkow. In 1771 King Gustav III of Sweden, then imperially enfeoffed with Swedish Pomerania, renamed the place into Karlsburg after the first name of then seignieurial landlord Carl von Bismarck.
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In 1878, he was summoned to the Privy Council to become the mentor for emperor Tự Đức's princes Dục Đức and Chánh Mông. Subsequently, he was put in charge of the National History Institute and the Imperial College. He was appointed principal editor of The Imperially Ordered Annotated Text Completely Reflecting the History of Vietnam by emperor Tự Đức in 1884.
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The was the third imperially commissioned anthology of kanshi (poetry written in classical Chinese by Japanese poets). The text was compiled by Yoshimine no Yasuyo, Minabuchi no Hirosada, Sugawara no Kiyotomo, Yasuno no Fumitugu, Shigeno no Sadanushi, and Abe no Yoshihito under the command of Emperor Junna. The text was completed in 827, 13 years after the previous imperial collection, Bunka Shūreishū.
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Others, such as the traditional Republican Secular Games to mark a new era (saeculum), became imperially funded to maintain traditional values and a common Roman identity. That the spectacles retained something of their sacral aura even in late antiquity is indicated by the admonitions of the Church Fathers that Christians should not take part.Beard et al., Religions of Rome, p. 262.
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Before the 1896 convention, McKinley tried to avoid coming down on one side or the other of the currency question. alt=A political cartoon. An imperially confident-looking man in an exaggerated military officer's uniform is riding a plank of wood marked "Financial question," which is balanced between two saw- horses. The man's weight is bending the wood rather dramatically.
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When Xia sent his officer Kang Wentong () out of the city to battle Li, Kang, hearing that the previously-imperially held Baoning Circuit (保寧, headquartered in modern Nanchong, Sichuan) had already fallen to the joint Dongchuan/Xichuan army, surrendered to Li. In spring 931, Sui Prefecture fell to Li; Xia committed suicide. Meng then commissioned Li as the acting military governor of Wuxin, and sent him with a fleet east to try to capture the Three Gorges region from defending imperial generals. Li quickly captured Zhong () and Wan () Prefectures (both in modern Chongqing), and then approached Kui Prefecture (夔州, also in modern Chongqing). The imperially- commissioned military governor of Ningjiang Circuit (寧江, headquartered at Kui), An Chongruan () abandoned Kui and fled back to secure imperial territory, allowing Li to take control of Ningjiang.
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But loyalties changed very frequently at this time. William took advantage of the personal dispute between John of Körbitz and Jeschke of Dohna to subdue the imperially immediate castle of the Donins. In 1399, he occupied the burgravial fortification in Rabenau and, in 1401, took over Dippoldiswalde, which also belonged to the Burgraviate of Dohna. In late summer 1401 he began the siege of Dohna Castle.
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Critics point out that consociationalism is dangerous in a system of differing antagonistic ideologies, generally conservatism and communism. They state that specific conditions must exist for three or more groups to develop a multi- system with strong leaders. This philosophy is dominated by elites, with those masses that are sidelined with the elites having less to lose if war breaks out. Consociationalism cannot be imperially applied.
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Artin entered school in September 1904, presumably in Vienna. By then, his father was already suffering symptoms of advanced syphilis, among them increasing mental instability, and was eventually institutionalized at the recently established (and imperially sponsored) insane asylum at Mauer Öhling, 125 kilometers west of Vienna. It is notable that neither wife nor child contracted this highly infectious disease. Artin's father died there July 20, 1906.
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In return, they received their royal insignia, including red shoes, from the emperor.Hovannisian (2004), p. 104 The situation remained unchanged for near a century, until a large-scale revolt by the satraps in 485 against Emperor Zeno (r. 474–491). In its aftermath, the satraps were stripped of their sovereignty and their rights of hereditary succession, being in effect reduced to the status of tax-paying and imperially-administered civitates stipendariae.
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1392–1424), had expanded their territory and got rid of smaller internal lordships. By contrast it was clear that the bishops in the 13th and 14th centuries had largely lost control of their capital, Münster. The city acted independently almost as if it were a rich imperially immediate city. In addition, the Stände (estates), the cathedral chapter, knights and towns had gained influence and sharply reduced the power of the bishops.
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An early manuscript version, titled Twenty-One Hymns to the Rescuer Mother of Buddhas (二十一種救度佛母贊), described as an "Imperially commissioned translation of the hymn to the rescuer mother of Buddhas ... in Manchu, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese scripts", was created in the late 18th century by calligrapher Yongrong 永瑢 (1744–1790). It is held by the National Library of China.
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Dohna Castle was probably founded around A.D. 950 by Emperor Otto I (936–973) on the Schlossberg hill on the site of a Sorbian hillfort fortification. This region around the Schlossberg had been a Sorbian settlement from prehistoric times. The name of the associated settlement was Donin, from which the castle received its name. The castle was the centre of the imperially immediate lordship of the burgraves of Dohna.
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Yellow silk can be used, which is more predominant in imperially commissioned works. The cover is then backed by normal xuan paper to give it more strength. Hardcovers are rare and only used in very important books; The silk cord is almost always white. The case for the books are usually made of wood or bookboard, covered with cloth or silk and the inside is covered in paper.
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During the reign of emperor Justinian I (527–565), new attempts were made towards reconciliation. One of the most prominent Oriental Orthodox theologians of that era was Severus of Antioch. In spite of several, imperially sponsored meetings between heads of Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox communities, no final agreement was reached. The split proved to be final, and by that time parallel ecclesiastical structures were formed throughout the Middle East.
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The imperially minded part of the convent in Saint Gall appointed Heinrich von Twiel as their abbot in 1121; however, the counter party declared the election invalid. They argued that Abbot Ulrich of Eppenstein's document of abdication, which would have necessitated a new election, was forged. Manegold von Mammern was ported as counter-abbot. In 1121, Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen, established Manegold in Saint Gallen by force.
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Even the election in 1911 of a Conservative and imperially minded prime minister, Sir Robert Borden, had little immediate impact on Canada's wary approach to imperial issues. However, the swirling passions that accompanied the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 swept away many Canadian doubts about the value of the Empire. The country plunged into battle alongside Australia and the other overseas dominions. The war revived the debate over imperial organization.
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The Heilongdawang Temple (literally Temple of the Great Black Dragon King) is a prominent Chinese folk religion/Shenist temple located in Shanbei, Shaanxi province, in China.Fan Lizhu and Chen Na, "Resurgence of Indigenous Religion in China" (2013) p. 11 The temple enshrines the Black Dragon King with the imperially conferred title of Marquis of the Efficacious Response (灵应侯, Lingyinghou). Dragon kings (龙王, longwang) are water deities popular in droughty Northern China.
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Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 277. In fall 930, Meng and Dong formally rose against the imperial government. Meng sent Li to command the army against the imperially-held Wuxin Circuit (武信, headquartered in modern Suining, Sichuan), with Zhao Tingyin serving as his deputy and Zhang serving as his forward commander. Li shortly after put Wuxin's capital Sui Prefecture () under siege, with the imperial general Xia Luqi () the military governor of Wuxin defending.
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After leaving Austria he fulfilled his earlier imperially denied wish and studied natural sciences and especially botanics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, the Frederick William's University of Berlin and the Louis Maximilian's University of Munich.Ilse Nicolas, Kreuzberger Impressionen (11969), Berlin: Haude & Spener, 21979, (=Berlinische Reminiszenzen; vol. 26), p. 46seq. . In summer 1915 he applied as a volunteer for the German Army, but was rejected on the grounds of his Swiss citizenship.
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Guibert de Nogent 39; RHC Occ4, 132-3 Since we are not sure of the date and reason of retirement, Zonaras records that she resided 'imperially with honor' at her foundation for several years, dying in extreme old age just over a year before her son, Isaac. Most ironically, she died on the day forecast by an Athenian astrologer for Alexios himself.Alexiad, 6.7.5, Zonaras 18.24 She died on a 1 November between 1100 and 1102.
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Arduin became Count of the Sacred Palace of the Lateran in Rome in 991. During his rule in Ivrea, Arduin backed the claims of the monastic orders and of the minor nobles, a policy that inevitably led to clashes with the imperially appointed bishops. The hostility turned into open conflict in the year 997, when the Emperor Otto III granted to Pietro, Bishop of Vercelli, the fief of Caresana. Arduin did not recognise the donation.
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However, spiritual electors (and other prince-(arch)bishops) were usually elected by the cathedral chapters as religious leaders, but simultaneously ruled as monarch (prince) of a territory of imperial immediacy (which usually comprised a part of their diocesan territory). Thus the prince-bishoprics were elective monarchies too. The same holds true for prince-abbacies, whose princess-abbesses or prince-abbots were elected by a college of clerics and imperially appointed as princely rulers in a pertaining territory.
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The recipient units can fly the commendation pennant in perpetuity. This pennant is a rectangular flag, divided vertically into dark blue, red and sky blue sections, with the crest from the royal arms centred. The heraldic blazon is Tierced in pale azure, gules and bleu celeste, the crest of the royal arms of Canada (on a wreath argent and gules a lion passant guardant or imperially crowned proper and holding in the dexter paw a maple leaf gules).
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Song Zhiwen was particularly known for his five- character-regular-verse, or wujue, one of which is included in the famous poetry anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems. As an outstanding court poet in Early Tang dynasty, Song Zhiwen's poems are famous for his regulated verse which are regarded as lüshi, including heptasyllabic songs. His early opuses focus on court life and imperially assigned poems. Later, he prefers to write landscapes and inner embitterment feelings due to exile.
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The domain beyond the Judenbach originally belonged to the Nahegau, which in the 12th century split up into various lordships, with the Imperially immediate Lordship of Oberstein also assuming Lotharingian territory with Haupersweiler as a fief. In 1766, this area passed to the Lordship of Leyen, under which the Jews enjoyed greater freedom. According to the 1609 Oberamt of Lichtenberg ecclesiastical visitation protocol, 61 people of the Reformed faith then lived in the Zweibrücken part of Herchweiler.
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Meanwhile, Meng also sent the former Former Shu general Zhang Wu () to capture the imperially-held Wutai Circuit (武泰, headquartered in modern Chongqing). By this time, Emperor Mingzong's resolve to defeat Dongchuan and Xichuan was beginning to dissolve, as he no longer fully trusted An's judgment or loyalty. He was particularly worried about the western circuits' reports of their difficulty in supplying Shi's army. An volunteered to head to the front to oversee the operations himself.
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He was noted for both his ecclesiastical and temporal leadership of the bishopric.Pixton, p. 218 During his time as bishop, he engaged in a notable disputation with Heinrich Minneke, the provost of Neuwerk, and oversaw the canonization of the recently deceased Elizabeth of Hungary, which took place on 27 May 1235. In the same year Hildesheim's episcopal and capitular temporalities (the Stift) was imperially recognized as a state of imperial immediacy, the Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim.
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In Justinian's day, the Christian church was not entirely under the Emperor's control even in the East: the Oriental Orthodox had seceded, having rejected the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and called the adherents of the imperially recognized Church "Melkites", from Syriac malkâniya "imperial". In western Europe, Christianity was mostly subject to the laws and customs of nations that owed no allegiance to the emperor in Constantinople.Ayer (1913), pp. 538–539 While eastern-born popes appointed or at least confirmed by the Eastern Emperor continued to be loyal to him as their political lord, they refused to accept his authority in religious matters,Ekonomou (2007), p. 218 or the authority of such a council as the imperially convoked Council of Hieria of 754. Pope Gregory III (731–741) was the last Bishop of Rome to ask the Byzantine ruler to ratify his election.Granfield (2000), p. 325Noble (1984), p. 49 With the crowning of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 as Imperator Romanorum, the political split between east and west became irrevocable.
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Just when Niederstaufenbach was founded cannot now be said, although the placename ending —bach offers a clue, for villages whose names end thus usually date back to sometime in the 8th or 9th century. At the time of its founding, the village still lay in the Imperially immediate Reichsland of the Vosagus (the Vosges) lying in a broad area around the royal estate at Lautern (Kaiserslautern). No later than sometime during the 14th century, the Imperially immediate areas around Kaiserslautern were given to counties that bordered on the Reichsland as Imperial pledges. Thus Niederstaufenbach, together with Bosenbach, Elzweiler, Horschbach and all the villages in the Eßweiler Tal (dale), passed into the ownership of the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves of Grumbach, whereas the villages of the Amt of Reichenbach passed to the County of Veldenz. Since in the Niederstaufenbach area the Limbach and, upstream, the Reichenbach formed the boundary between these two Ämter, the part of the village of Niederstaufenbach on the wedge of land between the two brooks must have belonged to the Amt of Reichenbach (see the mention of “Mittelstaufenbach” under Municipality’s name).
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The encounter between the two sides finally happened on the Glasinac plains to the east of Sarajevo, near Sokolac, at the end of May. The Bosnian army was led by Gradaščević himself, while the Ottoman troops were under the command of Kara Mahmud Hamdi-paša, the new imperially recognized vizier of Bosnia. In this first encounter, Gradaščević was forced to retreat to Pale. The fighting continued in Pale and Gradaščević was once again forced to retreat; this time to Sarajevo.
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In the fall of 930, Meng and Dong formally rose against the imperial government. Meng sent Li to command the army against the imperially-held Wuxin Circuit (武信, headquartered in modern Suining, Sichuan), with Zhao Tingyin serving as his deputy and Zhang serving as his forward commander. Li shortly after put Wuxin's capital Sui Prefecture () under siege, with the imperial general Xia Luqi () the military governor of Wuxin defending. In spring 931, Sui Prefecture fell to Li; Xia committed suicide.
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Busts of Hadrian and Antinous in the British Museum Hadrian had Antinous deified as Osiris-Antinous by an Egyptian priest at the ancient Temple of Ramesses II, very near the place of his death. Hadrian dedicated a new temple-city complex there, built in a Graeco-Roman style, and named it Antinoöpolis.Cassius Dio, LIX.11; Historia Augusta, Hadrian It was a proper Greek polis; it was granted an Imperially subsidised alimentary scheme similar to Trajan's alimenta,Tim Cornell, Dr Kathryn Lomas, eds.
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Meanwhile, the imperially-commissioned new military governor, Zhang's deputy Sun Kui (), was also heading to Lu to take command. Li Cunxiao, receiving this news, laid a trap for Sun near Lu and captured Sun, whom he delivered to Li Keyong and whom Li Keyong executed. Feng and Ge subsequently abandoned Lu, allowing Li Keyong to regain control of Zhaoyi. Li Keyong made Kang the acting military governor of Zhaoyi and Li Cunxiao the prefect of Fen Prefecture (汾州, in modern Linfen, Shanxi).
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After his death, leadership of the Dyess Colony passed to Little Rock attorney and Arkansas Department of Labor statistician Floyd Sharp, a personal friend of Dyess, and Lawrence Westbrook, a Texas rancher who had been recruited by Harry Hopkins to work at FERA.Smith, Trouble in Goshen, pp. 54-55. Westbrook was fired by Hopkins in 1937 for a highly absentee work ethic and for attempting to imperially micromanage the colony's affairs from his desk in Washington.Smith, Trouble in Goshen, pg. 56.
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On Chinese New Year's Day 844, soldiers at Taiyuan Municipality, the capital of the imperially-controlled Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), mutinied against the military governor Li Shi, under the leadership of the officer Yang Bian (). Li Shi was forced to flee. Yang subsequently entered into an alliance with Liu Zhen. In light of this, Wang advocated accepting Liu Zhen's offer to submit, and sent messengers to Lu Prefecture to see what Liu Zhen's intentions were.
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He was also a celebrated historian who was in charge of the National History Institute (Quốc Sử Quán) and the Imperial College (Quốc Tử Giám). He was the final editor of The Imperially Ordered Annotated Text Completely Reflecting the History of Vietnam, a Chinese-language history of Vietnam commissioned by the emperor Tự Đức, and the mentor of future emperors Dục Đức and Đồng Khánh. There is now a prize for doctoral theses in History named after him, the Phạm Thận Duật Award.
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After the Flersheims found themselves the only lordly fiefholders in the village after a settlement with the Affensteins in 1577, they held this status for only 78 years, dying out in 1655. In 1707, Ellerstadt belonged to Casimir Kolb von Wartenberg and was part of the Imperial county that was of an Imperially immediate nature. The impoverished Wartenbergs eventually sold their rights out in 1789 to the Counts of Sickingen. In 1793 and 1794, French Revolutionary troops brought woe to the municipality.
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Li Yong, seeing that Zhang Yin referred to himself as acting military governor, pointed out that it was not an imperially sanctioned office and told him to delete the reference, before agreeing to relay the petition for Zhang Yin. Subsequently, Emperor Dezong made Zhang Yin the military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi) of Xu Prefecture.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 235. After Li Yong's return to Chang'an, he was promoted to be Libu Shilang (), a supervisorial official at the ministry of civil service affairs.
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The bishops of the Roman Catholic diocese of Schwerin (), a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bremen, were simultaneously secular (political) rulers of princely rank (prince-bishop) in the Prince- Bishopric of Schwerin ('); established 1180 and secularised in 1648), an imperially immediate state of the Holy Roman Empire. Schwerin was the seat of the chapter, Schwerin Cathedral and residence of the bishops until 1239. In 1180 a prince-episcopal residence was established in Bützow, which became the main residence in 1239.
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The Principality of Ratzeburg was a former state, existing from 1648 to 1918. It belonged to the imperially immediate territory of Duchy of Mecklenburg and was part of the Holy Roman Empire. Mecklenburg was split up in the third partition of Mecklenburg in the 1701 Treaty of Hamburg, which created the semi-ducal states of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with the latter made up of the Principality of Ratzeburg and the Lordship of Stargard. Most of the Principality is now within the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
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Many Protestant candidates, elected by the capitulars, neither achieved papal confirmation nor a liege indult, but nevertheless, as a matter of fact held de facto princely power. This was because the emperor would have to use force to bar the candidates from ruling, with the emperors lacking the respective power or pursuing other goals. A similar situation was in a number of imperially immediate abbeys with their prince-abbots and princess-abbesses. Unconfirmed incumbents of the sees were called Elected Bishops or Elected Archbishops.
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Yang treated the imperially-commissioned prefect Pei Shu with respect, and sent him back to the imperial government. Meanwhile, Ni abandoned Shu and fled, and Yang sent Li Shenfu to be its prefect. In spring 894, Wu Tao () the prefect of Huang Prefecture (黃州, in modern Wuhan, Hubei) — which belonged to neighboring Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern Wuhan) — submitted to Yang. When Wuchang's military governor Du Hong subsequently attacked Huang, Yang sent Zhu Yanshou to aid Wu Tao, starting years of warfare with Wuchang.
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Inoue Enryo (2019), chap. 14, 17, 19, 23. His prominence during his lifetime stands in stark contrast to the minimal attention paid to his work after his death. His uncritical speculative metaphysics and his ethics being based solely on imperially decreed virtues, make any future affirmative philosophical reception unlikely.Schulzer. Inoue Enryo (2019), chap. 18, 24. Japanese Buddhist studies have passed over Inoue, because his Buddhist scholarship was not yet based on Sanskrit philology. Any philosophical discussion about the doctrinal foundations of Buddhism will nonetheless have to acknowledge Inoue's pioneering work.
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In 763, the duke Stephen II switched his allegiance from Constantinople to Rome, putting Naples under papal suzerainty. Already during the reign of the imperially appointed John I (711- ca 719), the papacy had come to the duke's aid against the Lombards, while Byzantine assistance seemed remote. Stephen II's reign is considered a period of transition in the history of Naples: it moved away from the iconoclastic East and towards the papal West. The Byzantine Greeks were soon to become as much a threat to the Neapolitans as the Lombards.
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Attention to tea-making quality has been a classic Chinese tradition.The Classic of Tea All teas, loose tea, coarse tea, and powdered tea have long coexisted with the "imperially appointed compressed form". By the end of the 14th century, the more naturalistic "loose leaf" form had become a popular household product and by the Ming era, loose tea was put to imperial use. In Japan, tea production began in the 12th century following Chinese models, and eventually evolved into the Japanese tea ceremony, meant to be exclusive to political and military elites.
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Very little evidence survives of the religious beliefs of gladiators as a class, or their expectations of an afterlife. Modern scholarship offers little support for the once-prevalent notion that gladiators, venatores and bestiarii were personally or professionally dedicated to the cult of the Graeco-Roman goddess Nemesis. Rather, she seems to have represented a kind of "Imperial Fortuna" who dispensed Imperial retribution on the one hand, and Imperially subsidised gifts on the other – including the munera. One gladiator's tomb dedication clearly states that her decisions are not to be trusted.
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In the Middle Ages, the temporalities were usually those lands that were held by a bishop and used to support him. After the Investiture Crisis was resolved, the temporalities of a diocese were usually granted to the bishop by the secular ruler after the bishop was consecrated. If a bishop within the Holy Roman Empire had gained secular overlordship to his temporalities imperially recognised as an imperial state, then the temporalities were usually called a Hochstift, or an Erzstift (for an archbishop). Sometimes, this granting of the temporalities could take some time.
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He sought imperial commission, but then- ruling Emperor Xizong refused.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 253. Upon hearing of Li Keyong's mutiny, Li Guochang, then still the military governor of Zhenwu, initially submitted a petition to Emperor Xizong proclaiming his loyalty and asking Emperor Xizong to commission another defender of Datong—going as far as stating that if Li Keyong refused, he would be willing to attack Li Keyong himself. Instead, the imperial government requested that Li Guochang write a letter to Li Keyong to promptly receive the newly imperially commissioned defender, Lu Jianfang (盧簡方).
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The Qinding Gujin Tushu Jicheng (Imperially approved synthesis of books and illustrations past and present) is by far the largest leishu ever printed, containing 100 million characters and 852,408 pages. It was compiled by a team of scholars led by Chen Menglei, and printed between 1726 and 1728, during the Qing dynasty. The riyong leishu (encyclopedias for daily use), containing practical information for people who were literate but below the Confucian elite, were also compiled in the later imperial era. Today, they provide scholars with valuable information on non-elite culture and attitudes.
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Despising Duan Ning (whose name Emperor Zhuangzong had changed to Li Shaoqin) and another former Later Liang general, Li Shaochong (李紹沖, né Wen Tao (), he arrested Li Shaoqin and Li Shaochong, intending to put them to death. An, however, questioned him on it, pointing out that Li Shaoqin's and Li Shaochong's crimes occurred during Later Liang and that, in effect, Li Shaozhen was carrying out personal vendettas. Li Shaoqin and Li Shaochong were subsequently stripped of their imperially-bestowed names, but (at that point) allowed to live.
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Thus, the municipality celebrated its 800th anniversary of first documentary mention in 1998. The Lordship of Reipoltskirchen, which belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle, remained Imperially immediate until its occupation in 1792 by French Revolutionary troops. The first “Knight of Reipoltskirchen” to appear in the historical record is Heinrich von Hohenfels und Reipoltskirchen, who was mentioned in 1297, and who died in 1329 and was buried at the Zion Monastery Church (Klosterkirche Sion) in Otterberg. Also in 1297, Count Heinrich sold his uncle, the Count of Zweibrücken, the Urbach estate (Ausbacherhof).
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Daur wrestling Genetically, the Daurs are descendants of the Khitan, as recent DNA analyses have proven. In the Qianlong Emperor's "钦定《辽金元三史语解》" (Imperially commissioned Translations of the History of Liao, History of Jin and History of Yuan) he retranslates "大贺", a Khitan clan described in the History of Liao, as "达呼尔". That is the earliest theory that claims Daurs are descendants of Khitans. In the 17th century, some or all of the Daurs lived along the Shilka, upper Amur, on the Zeya and Bureya River.
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His two children, Rorich and Adelheid, shared between themselves their father's allodial holdings (lands held in fief) in Merxheim. After Rorich's death, Hunolstein and Hohenburg each took a share in the “Schloss” and village. Thus, a one-half share of Merxheim passed as an allodial and Imperially immediate holding to the House of the Vögte of Hunolstein, while the other one-half share passed to Weyrich of Hohenburg. In the War of the Succession of Landshut (1504-1505), the army of Duke Alexander of Zweibrücken plundered the village.
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The Biloela House precinct was listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004 having satisfied the following criteria. Criterion A: Processes Constructed mainly in the early 1840s, the elements of the Biloela Group are historically highly significant for their direct association with convict administration in the Australian colonies. The group is also associated with Cockatoo Island's role as a major government shipyard. Criterion B: Rarity The group, along with the separately registered prison barracks precinct, is the only remaining imperially funded convict public works complex in NSW.
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The silos on the island are believed to be the only major group of convict-cut rock silos in Australia. Criterion D: Characteristic values The group, along with the separately registered prison barracks precinct, is the only remaining imperially funded convict public works complex in NSW. As such, the buildings in the group are important examples of convict structures of the period. Criterion E: Aesthetic characteristics Located on the summit of Cockatoo Island (the largest island in Sydney Harbour), the group has an impressive harbour outlook and is evocative of the convict era.
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His father Julius Henry had acquired sprawling estates around and a castle in Ploschkowitz (Ploskovice) and Schlackenwerth (Ostrov), Kingdom of Bohemia. Julius Francis had inherited more estates from his Bohemian mother, which is why the dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg had been adopted into the Bohemian nobility, however, not as imperially immediate aristocrats, as in their homeland. Having no sons Julius Francis provided for the legal grounds of female succession in Saxe-Lauenburg. With his death, the Lauenburg line of the House of Ascania was extinct in the male line.
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The Imperially immediate territory of the prince- bishopric was scattered on both sides of western Lake Constance, stretching from the Höri peninsula and the High Rhine in the west along Untersee with the Monastic Island of Reichenau, the Bodanrück peninsula, and Lake Überlingen to the Linzgau region in the northeast. They did not include the Imperial City of Constance nor Petershausen Abbey. In the south, the bishop's territory bordered on the Landgraviate of Thurgau which was conquered by the Swiss Confederacy in 1460. Upper Rhenish dioceses of Constance, Straßburg, Speyer, and Worms, c.
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In light of Emperor Dezong's refusal to let him succeed Li Zhengji, later in 781, Li Na attacked the imperially- controlled Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Shangqiu, Henan). While he was doing so, however, Li Wei (李洧), a cousin of Li Zhengji's, whom Li Zhengji had made the prefect of Xu Prefecture (徐州, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), offered to submit to the imperial government, along with the prefects of Hai (海州, in modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu) and Yi (沂州, in modern Linyi, Shandong) Prefectures. In anger, Li Na attacked Xu Prefecture, joined by an army from Weibo, but was defeated by joint forces commanded by Liu Qia (劉洽); the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit; Qu Huan (曲環), a commander of the directly-imperially-controlled Shence Army (神策軍); Li Cheng (李澄), an officer of Yongping Circuit (永平, headquartered in modern Kaifeng); and Tang Chaochen (唐朝臣), an officer of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, then headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia). Li Na was forced to withdraw from his siege against Xu Prefecture, and in the aftermaths, he briefly lost Hai Prefecture and Mi Prefecture as well, but quickly recovered them.
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In the essays "Overstating the Arab State" (2001) by Nazih Ayubi, and "Is Jordan Palestine?" (2003) by Raphael Israeli, the authors deal with the psychologically-fragmented postcolonial identity, as determined by the effects (political and social, cultural and economic) of Western colonialism in the Middle East. As such, the fragmented national identity remains a characteristic of such societies, consequence of the imperially convenient, but arbitrary, colonial boundaries (geographic and cultural) demarcated by the Europeans, with which they ignored the tribal and clan relations that determined the geographic borders of the Middle East countries, before the arrival of European imperialists.Israeli, Raphael. 2003.
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The arms of the landgraves of Thuringia In 1040 the Ludovingians, a dynasty from Upper Franconia (then Upper East Franconia), became the rulers of territories northern Thuringia, which at that time were part of the duchy of Saxony. Later generations of the house gained control of more of Thuringia and parts of West Franconia around Hessengau (today northern Hesse) and became counts palatine of Saxony. In 1137 they became landgraves, a position comparable to that of a duke and which was imperially immediate (i.e. they were subject only to the emperor and not to any intermediate feudal lord).
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In so doing, he coupled her reputation with that of Cleopatra, another victim of imperially directed character assassination, whom the poet Propertius had earlier described as meretrix regina (the harlot queen). The earlier propaganda against Cleopatra is described as "rooted in the hostile Roman literary tradition".Margaret M. Miles, "Cleopatra in Egypt, Europe and New York" in Cleopatra: A Sphinx Revisited, University of California 2011, p.17 Similar literary tactics, including the suggestive mingling of historical fact and gossip in the officially approved annals, is what has helped prolong the scandalous reputation of Messalina as well.
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It was said that Xiao Gou strived to reform the imperial government, and Emperor Xizong respected him. However, he served during a time when the imperial authority was dwindling, and in 883, there was an incident in which Shi Pu the military governor of Ganhua Circuit (感化, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu)—who had seized the circuit from the imperially-commissioned military governor Zhi Xiang (支詳) in 881—had suffered food poisoning. He suspected his staff member Li Ninggu (李凝古),Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 255. who had been commissioned by Zhi, of poisoning him, and therefore killed Li Ninggu.
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Dong Zhang and Meng Zhixiang subsequently submitted a joint petition, expressing their apprehensions about the imperial government's establishing of circuits and stationing of troops near them. Li Siyuan initially continued to sound conciliatory in his responsive edicts. The tension, though, continued to mount, and by fall 930, it was said that merchants were not daring to travel between imperially-held territory and the Dongchuan/Xichuan. Dong then made what he thought was a final attempt at peace — by having Dong Guangye inform An Chonghui's deputy Li Qianhui () that if the imperial government sent more soldiers into the region, he would rebel.
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The German blazon reads: Von Silber und Blau gespalten; vorne ein durchgehendes schwarzes Kreuz, hinten eine silberne Waage, darüber zwei Kirchen. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per pale argent a cross sable and azure balances below two churches all of the first. The black cross on the silver field on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side refers to the Imperially immediate Benedictine Fulda Abbey, to which the nobleman Eggiolt bequeathed his woodlands in Biebern in 754. The two churches on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side refer to the two in the municipality.
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He exercised his powers within the Imperially immediate Lordship of Bergweiler, which had been transferred to the Counts of Sponheim. Bergweiler's coat of arms must therefore express both the overlordship of the Counts of Sponheim and the landlordship of the Barons of Warsberg. This was done by composing a coat of arms party per fess (divided crosswise through the centre) whose lower half shows the Sponheims’ silver and red checkerboard pattern, and whose upper half shows a black field charged with the Warsbergs’ silver lion. By approval in 1967, Bergweiler was granted the right to bear its own arms.
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Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg was a county and later a principality in southern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located in the historical territory of Heiligenberg. It was created as a partition of Fürstenberg-Baar in 1559, and it suffered one partition between itself and Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen in 1617. When Herman Egon of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg was elevated to the estate of imperial princes (Reichsfürstenstand) in 1664, Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg was raised to a principality and existed as an imperially immediate territory. It inherited Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen in 1698, but following the extinction of its branch in 1716, it was inherited by Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg.
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As Li Siyuan's name contained two relatively common characters, he, in order to decrease the people's burden when observing naming taboo, ordered that only the consecutive use of Siyuan is to be avoided; the individual characters of yuan did not have to be avoided. However, apparently to further make it easier for people to observe the naming taboo, in 927, he renamed himself Li Dan. Also, when many generals who had received imperially- bestowed names from Li Cunxu requested that their original names be restored, he agreed. Meanwhile, Li Siyuan tried to create a friendly relationship with Khitan.
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Guan (Wade–Giles: kuan) ware, literally means "official" ware; so certain Ru, Jun, and even Ding are Guan in the broad sense of being produced for the court. Usually the term in English only applies to that produced by an official, imperially run kiln, which did not start until the Southern Song dynasty fled from the advancing Jin dynasty and settled at Lin'an. During this period walls become very thin, with glaze thicker than the wall. The clay in the foothills around Lin'an was a brownish colour, and the glaze very viscous.‘Sheng Pa Chien, AD 1591, by Kao Lien, pp. 82–4.
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In 905, under the order of Emperor Daigo, he was one of four poets selected to compile the Kokin Wakashū, the first imperially-sponsored anthology (chokusen-shū) of waka poetry. After holding a few offices in Kyoto, he was appointed the provincial governor of Tosa Province and stayed there from 930 until 935. Later he was presumably appointed the provincial governor of Suō Province, since it was recorded that he held a waka party (Utaai) at his home in Suo. He is well known for his waka and is counted as one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals selected by Fujiwara no Kintō.
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The Japanese may not have seen intermarriage between them and the royal dynasties of the Korean Empire damaging to their prestige either.Kowner, p.478 According to the Shoku Nihongi, an imperially commissioned record of Japanese history completed in 797, Emperor Kanmu who ruled from 781 to 806 was the son of a Korean concubine, Takano no Niigasa, who was descended from King Muryeong of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 1920, Crown Prince Yi Un of Korea married Princess Masako of Nashimoto and, in May 1931, Yi Geon, grandson of Gojong of Korea, was married to Matsudaira Yosiko, a cousin of Princess Masako.
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Gao subsequently used his rivalry with Zhou and Liu Hanhong the governor of Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang) as an excuse not to launch his troops to aid the imperial government.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 254. Meanwhile, with Zhenhai Circuit itself being attacked by agrarian rebels, and towns falling to them, Zhou organized eight special corps to defend against the agrarian rebels. In 881, however, one of the eight commanders, Dong Chang, took the opportunity when the new imperially-commissioned prefect of Hang Prefecture (杭州, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang), Lu Shenzhong (), was set to arrive there, to seize it before Lu arrived.
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Nemesis was one of several tutelary deities of the drill-ground (as Nemesis campestris). Modern scholarship offers little support for the once-prevalent notion that arena personnel such as gladiators, venatores and bestiarii were personally or professionally dedicated to her cult. Rather, she seems to have represented a kind of "Imperial Fortuna" who dispensed Imperial retribution on the one hand, and Imperially subsidized gifts on the other; both were functions of the popular gladiatorial Ludi held in Roman arenas.Nemesis, her devotees and her place in the Roman world are fully discussed, with examples, in Hornum, Michael B., Nemesis, the Roman state and the games, Brill, 1993.
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The Arian controversy was a series of Christian theological disputes that arose between Arius and Athanasius of Alexandria, two Christian theologians from Alexandria, Egypt. The most important of these controversies concerned the substantial relationship between God the Father and God the Son. The deep divisions created by the disputes were an ironic consequence of Emperor Constantine's efforts to unite Christianity and establish a single, imperially approved version of the faith during his reign. These disagreements divided the Church into two opposing theological factions for over 55 years, from the time before the First Council of Nicaea in 325 until after the First Council of Constantinople in 381.
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A Hmong woman and Han Chinese man married and founded northern Thailand's Lau2, or Lauj, clan, , with another Han Chinese man of the family name Deng founding another Hmong clan. Some scholars believe this lends further credence to the idea that some or all of the present day Hmong clans were formed in this way. Jiangxi Han Chinese are claimed by some as the forefathers of the southeast Guizhou Miao, and Miao children were born to the many Miao women married Han Chinese soldiers in Taijiang in Guizhou before the second half of the 19th century. Some imperially commissioned Han Chinese chieftaincies assimilated with the Miao.
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In 742 it is recorded that Duke Liutfrid of Alsace donated to the abbey four farms at Heconheim (modern Hégeney). In 786 the site appears under the patronage of Aginoni Villa (the farm of Aginon) In 1280, with the establishment of the Imperial Bailiwick of Haguenau, the settlement of Heckenheim, which found itself within the Imperial Bailiwick, gained the rights and privileges of an imperially dependent village, together with the neighbouring village of Eschbach in the provostship of Forstheim. There is a record of the town of Haguenau having confiscated the villagers' horses and cattle on Friday, 11 August 1368. During the Thirty Years' War, the village was torched by Swedish troops.
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Shi made another attack on Jian in spring 931, and Zhao again repelled him. By this point, Shi had tired of the campaign and did not believe victory was possible, and therefore, even before obtaining the permission of Li Siyuan (although Li Siyuan was preparing to abandon the campaign as well by this point), withdrew from the region, back to more-securely held imperial territory. The Xichuan and Dongchuan forces chased him to Li Prefecture (利州, in modern Guangyuan), the capital of Zhaowu Circuit (), and seeing that Shi was withdrawing, the imperially-commissioned military governor of Zhaowu, Li Yanqi (), abandoned Li and withdrew as well. Meng commissioned Zhao as the acting military governor of Zhaowu.
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He then suggested to Meng that he be given an army to attack the imperially- held Xingyuan Municipality (興元, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Qin (秦州, in modern Tianshui, Gansu) and Feng (鳳州, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) Prefectures. Meng, believing that the army had been worn out, declined. Zhao then repaired the walls of Li Prefecture, and then submitted a petition to Meng, pointing out that Li Zhao, like he, contributed to the victory at Jian Prefecture, and expressing that he was willing to yield Zhaowu to Li Zhao. Meng initially declined, but after Zhao offered again, agreed, sending Li Zhao to Zhaowu to serve as acting military governor and recalling Zhao to Chengdu.
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Hu Sanxing-Annotated Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 257) Meanwhile, Qian ordered Ruan to attack Run Prefecture, and Ruan captured it. Xue was taken captive, and Qian had his heart cut out of his body to be sacrificed to Zhou. Qian also sent his cousin Qian Qiu () to attack Su Prefecture (蘇州, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu), and Qian Qiu captured it in spring 888, allowing Qian Liu to control most of Zhenhai territory, which he largely held onto from this point on—resisting even an imperial attempt to take control of Su, by a failed assassination attempt against the imperially- commissioned prefect Du Ruxiu (), which caused Du Ruxiu to flee and allowed Qian to retain control.
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In Li Na's youth, Li Zhengji had put him in command of an army to aid in the seasonal defense of Tang's western border with Tufan, and Li Na, as part of this deployment, was at Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Daizong. Emperor Daizong met him and gave him a number of honors. Later, after that deployment was over, Li Zhengji made him the prefect of Zi Prefecture (淄州, in modern Zibo, Shandong). During Li Zhengji's imperially-sanctioned campaign against Tian Chengsi, the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) in 775, Li Na served as acting military governor in Li Zhengji's absence from Pinglu.
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On the emergence of states in the Late Middle Ages, the acquisition and thus mediatisation of the counties by the territorial princes played an important role. The beginning of the late medieval trend towards large territorial lordships in the 14th century was simultaneously the end of the Grafschaft of the late and high Middle Ages. In 1521 there were 144 imperially immediate Grafschaften in the Holy Roman Empire, the so-called imperial counties or Reichsgrafschaften. Several rural Landkreise in Lower Saxony, whose territorial history goes back to the Grafschaften, bear this title in their official names; after the municipal reforms at the end of the 1970s, only the county of Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim retains the name.
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Criterion B: Rarity The precinct, together with the separately registered Biloela House precinct, is the only remaining imperially funded convict public works complex in NSW, and is one of the most complete groups of convict structures in Australia. Criterion D: Characteristic values The precinct is one of the most complete groups of convict structures in Australia and as such, the buildings in the precinct are important as examples of convict structures of the period. Criterion E: Aesthetic characteristics Sited high on the island, the precinct has important aesthetic qualities despite later alterations. The buildings' sandstone construction, Georgian styling and the evocative nature of the group as a strong reminder of the convict era all contribute to the place's significance.
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The so-called Rittersturm ("Assault on the Knights") was the seizure of the hitherto imperially immediate territories of the Imperial Knights within the Holy Roman Empire by the major powers in 1802–03. In 1803, under the new political structures imposed by the final resolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, the Imperial Knights or Reichsritterschaften should have remain untouched, unlike the ecclesial prince-bishoprics which were forcibly secularised. But by the winter of 1802/1803, the territorial states of Bavaria, Hesse-Kassel and Württemberg attempted to take possession of the tiny and fragmented estates belonging to the neighbouring Imperial Knights through a combination of Surrender and Transfer Edicts (Abtretungs- und Überweisungspatenten) and military force.Whaley 2012, p.
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KGB special operative Igor Morozov sits on top of the BTR-60 armoured vehicle during his assignment to the Badakhshan province, The KGB started infiltrating Afghanistan as early as 27 April 1978. During that time, the Afghan Communist Party was planning the overthrow of the imperially appointed Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud Khan. Under the leadership of Major General Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy and Muhammad Raficode named Mammad and Niruz respectivelythe Soviet secret service learned of the imminent uprising. Two days after the uprising, Nur Muhammad Taraki, leader of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, issued a notice of concern to the Soviet ambassador Alexander Puzanov and the resident of Kabul-based KGB embassy Viliov Osadchy that they could have staged a coup three days earlier hence the warning.
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Meng sent Li Renhan to command the army against the imperially- held Wuxin Circuit (武信, headquartered in modern Suining, Sichuan), with Zhao, who then carried the title of prefect of Han Prefecture (漢州, in modern Deyang, Sichuan), serving as his deputy and Zhang serving as his forward commander. Li Renhan shortly after put Wuxin's capital Sui Prefecture () under siege. During the siege, however, news came that the main imperial army against the two circuits, commanded by Li Siyuan's son-in-law Shi Jingtang, had captured the key entry into the two circuits, Jianmen Pass. Meng thus diverted Zhao from Li Renhan's army, giving him 10,000 men to reinforce Dong's defenses at Jian Prefecture (劍州, in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan, near Jianmen Pass).
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They appear in two early anthologies, the more famous being the Shin Kokin Wakashū, the eighth imperially sponsored collection of poetry in Japanese, compiled circa 1205, where, it is preceded by the headnote, "Composed by his mother when the monk Jōjin went to China." The poem attracted little attention until 1942, when the newspapers that evolved into the present Mainichi Shimbun published , literally meaning something like, "One Hundred Patriotic Poems by One Hundred Poets." The title refers to the familiar Hyakunin Isshu, a medieval anthology of one hundred poems, each by a different poet. Because the poems came to be used in a card game played in Japanese homes every New Year, they are among the best known in the classical Japanese poetic canon.
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Wang Yuankui was born in 812, during the reign of Emperor Xianzong, when his father Wang Tingcou was probably serving as an officer under Wang Chengzong, then the military governor of Chengde, whose family Wang Tingcou was related to by adoption — as Wang Tingcou's great-grandfather Wang Wugezhi () was an adoptive son of Wang Chengzong's grandfather Wang Wujun.Old Book of Tang, vol. 142. After Wang Chengzong's death in 820, the imperial government briefly took over control of Chengde,Zizhi Tongjian, 241. but in 821, soldiers led by Wang Tingcou mutinied and killed the imperially- commissioned military governor Tian Hongzheng, and Wang Tingcou subsequently took over as military governor, with the imperial government eventually capitulating and allowing him to do so.
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Finally, the renowned Eastern Han scholar Zheng Xuan used the Mao Poetry as the basis for his annotated edition of the Poetry. By the 5th century, the Lu, Qi and Han traditions had died out, leaving only the Mao Poetry, which has become the received text in use today. Only isolated fragments of the Lu text survive, among the remains of the Xiping Stone Classics. Zheng Xuan's edition of the Mao text became the imperially authorized text and commentary on the Poetry in 653 AD. Duan Yucai's (1735–1815) in his Maoshi guxun zhuan dingben 毛詩故訓傳定本 (preface 1784), includes the Mao commentary, the Zheng sub-commentary, and other commentarial material by Lu Deming (556-627) and Kong Yingda (574-648).
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In 821, after soldiers at Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) mutinied and put the imperially-commissioned military governor Zhang Hongjing under house arrest and supported the officer Zhu Kerong to take over the circuit, Emperor Muzong made Liu the military governor of Lulong, intending to have him suppress the mutiny, but Liu, fearing the strength of Zhu's troops, declined, suggesting that Zhu be commissioned. Emperor Muzong thus allowed Liu to remain at Zhaoyi.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 242. Meanwhile, the eunuch monitor of the army that Emperor Muzong stationed at Zhaoyi, Liu Chengjie (), because of the favor that both Emperor Muzong and the emperor's mother Empress Dowager Guo showed him, was arrogant and often insulted Liu Wu, and allowed his subordinates to disobey the law.
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The Gengshi Emperor put Liu Xiu in charge of the region north of the Yellow Rivera and created him the Prince of Xiao, but Liu Xiu, still aware that he was not truly trusted and angry about his brother's death, secretly planned to break away from the Gengshi Emperor's rule. He put in place a strategy to strip other imperially-commissioned generals of their powers and troops, and then concentrated the troops under his own command. The Gengshi Emperor moved his capital again, this time back to the Western Han capital of Chang'an. The people of Chang'an had previously been offended by the emperor's officials, who did not appreciate their rising up against Wang Mang but rather considered them traitors.
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With many capitulars converting to Lutheranism or Calvinism during the Reformation, the majorities in many chapters consisted of Protestant capitulars. So they then also elected Protestants as bishops, who usually were denied papal confirmation. However, in the early years of Reformation, with the schism not yet fully implemented, it was not always obvious, who tended to Protestantism, so that some candidates only turned out to be Protestants after they had been papally confirmed as bishop and imperially invested as prince. Later, when Protestants were usually denied papal confirmation, the emperors nevertheless invested the unconfirmed candidates as princes - by a so-called liege indult () - due to political coalitions and conflicts within the empire, in order to gain candidates as imperial partisans.
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Further, whenever Wang Yan's trusted officials and generals violated laws, he would not issue punishment, such that laws lost their powers. In late 919, one of the major generals, Wang Yan's adoptive brother Wang Zonglang (王宗郎) the military governor of Xiongwu Circuit (雄武, headquartered in modern Ankang, Shaanxi) was declared to have committed crimes. Wang Yan stripped him of his titles and imperially bestowed name (changing his name back to his original name of Quan Shilang (全師郎)) and had another general, Sang Hongzhi (桑弘志) the military governor of Wuding Circuit (武定, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) attack him. Sang quickly defeated and captured Quan, delivering him back to the capital Chengdu, but Wang Yan then released Quan.
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After the Old Kyrburg line had died out, it passed to the Old Dhaun line of the Rhinegraves and Waldgraves. After this line split, a three-fourths share of the ownership went to the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves of Grumbach, while each of the Salm-Salms and the Salm-Kyrburgs got a one-eighth share. The Waldgraviate and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Kyrburg – as of 1743 the Principality of Salm-Kyrburg – stood as an Imperially immediate territory from 1499 until the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801. The capital was Kirn. After the Principality of Salm-Kyrburg was conquered in 1794 and 1795 by French Revolutionary troops and annexed by France in 1798, the Holy Roman Empire ceded the country to France in the Treaty of Lunéville.
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Many collections of Tang poetry have been made, both during the Tang dynasty and subsequently. In the first century of the Tang period several early collections of contemporary poetry were made, some of which survive and some which do not: these early anthologies reflect the imperial court context of the early Tang poetry.Yu, 55–57 Later anthologies of Tang poetry compiled during the Qing dynasty include both the imperially commissioned Quan Tang shi and the scholar Sun Zhu's own privately compiled Three Hundred Tang Poems. Part of an anthology by Cui Rong, the Zhuying ji also known as the Collection of Precious Glories has been found among the Dunhuang manuscripts, consisting of about one-fifth of the original, with fifty-five poems by thirteen men, first published in the reign of Wu Zetian (655–683).
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Cheb, a free imperial city since 1277, and the Imperially immediate Egerland were given as a lien to King John of Bohemia in 1322 by Emperor Louis IV of Wittelsbach. In return for John's support against Louis' rival Frederick of Habsburg at the Battle of Mühldorf, he received Eger as a ' (Imperial lien) with the "guarantee of complete independence from the Kingdom of Bohemia". This reservation however became meaningless as Louis never redeemed the pawn, and with the accession of Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg in 1346, the crowns of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia were united in one hand. Charles' successors from the House of Luxembourg and (from 1526) Habsburg continuously eliminated the autonomy of the Egerland against the resistance of the Cheb citizens and the local nobility.
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Li Cunxu sent Li Siyuan to command the forces against Yang, with Yuan Xingqin — now with the imperially-bestowed name of Li Sharing — and Zhang Tingyun (張廷蘊) serving as his deputies. Zhang quickly advanced to Luo and entered it, capturing Yang and his coconspirators, before Li Siyuan and Li Shaorong could arrive. (Yang and his coconspirators were subsequently delivered to then-Later Tang capital Luoyang and executed.) After this campaign, Li Siyuan was made the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit and the commander of the Han and non-Han cavalry and infantry forces, replacing the recently deceased Li Cunshen. In late 924, Li Cunxu ordered Li Siyuan to take 37,000 imperial guard soldiers to Bian Prefecture, and then to further take them north to be ready to engage the Khitan.
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He also reported the death of Grand Princess Fuqing, whom Emperor Mingzong then posthumously honored as Grand Princess Yongshun of Jin. Shortly thereafter, Meng had Li Hao draft petitions on the part of the five acting military governors of the five subsidiary circuits, asking that Meng be given acting imperial authority in the region and asking for imperially-issued staffs for their own commands. Li Hao pointed out that this is the authority that Meng himself should be asking for, lest that he be viewed as needing the sanctioning from his subordinates. Under Li Hao's suggestion, Meng therefore submitted a petition of his own, requesting authority to commission prefectural prefects and lower-level officials on his own, while requesting that the imperial government officially command the five acting military governors as military governors.
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When the heavenly deities (amatsukami) headed by Amaterasu demanded that he relinquish his rule over the land, Ōkuninushi agreed to their terms and withdrew into the unseen world (幽世 kakuriyo), which was given to him to rule over in exchange. Amaterasu's grandson Ninigi then came down from heaven to govern Ashihara-no- Nakatsukuni and eventually became the ancestor of the Japanese imperial line. Ōkuninushi is closely associated with the province of Izumo (modern Shimane Prefecture) in western Japan; indeed, the myth of his surrender to the gods of heaven may reflect the subjugation and absorption of this area by the Yamato court based in what is now Nara Prefecture. Aside from the Kojiki and the Shoki, the imperially-commissioned gazetteer report (Fudoki) of this province dating from the early 7th century contain many myths concerning Ōkuninushi (there named 'Ōanamochi') and related deities.
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The end of the imperially-sponsored voyages, however, in no way meant that Ming people no longer put to sea. Merchants, pirates, fishermen, and others depended on boats and ships for their livelihood, and immigration to Southeast Asia, both permanent and temporary, continued throughout Ming times.Robert J. Anthony, Like Froth Floating on the Sea: the World of Pirates and Seafarers in Late Imperial South China (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, 2003) Because Chinese and Chinese immigrants to Southeast Asia were the main players in commerce in the South China Sea, Chinese merchants and ships were critical to the Spanish trade in Manila. Not only did Chinese merchants supply the goods the Spanish bought with their American silver, but Chinese shipbuilders built the famous galleons that carried those goods and that silver back and forth across the Pacific twice a year.
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Kang Yanxiao () (died 926), known as Li Shaochen () from 923 to 926, was a general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period states Later Liang and Later Tang. It was his defection from Later Liang to Later Tang in 923 and subsequent offering of intelligence to Later Tang's emperor Li Cunxu that persuaded Li Cunxu to launch a surprise attack on the Later Liang capital Daliang that resulted in the fall of Later Liang, for which Kang was rewarded and given the imperially-bestowed name of Li Shaochen. He subsequently had major contributions in Later Tang's conquest of Former Shu as well. After Former Shu's fall, however, with Li Cunxu killing the major generals Guo Chongtao and Li Jilin (Zhu Youqian), Li Shaochen became apprehensive and decided to rebel, but was subsequently defeated and executed.
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Saint Benno (1066–1106), bishop when these troubles were most serious, was appointed by Henry IV and appears to have been in complete accord with the emperor until 1076; in that year, although he had taken no part in the Great Saxon Revolt, he was imprisoned by Henry for nine months. Escaping, he joined the Saxon princes, espoused the cause of Pope Gregory VII, and in 1085 took part in the Gregorian Synod of Quedlinburg, for which he was deprived of his office by the emperor, a more imperially disposed bishop being appointed in his place. On the death of Gregory, Benno made peace with Henry, was reappointed to his former see in 1086, and devoted himself entirely to missionary work among the Slavs. Among his successors, Herwig (died 1119) sided with the pope, Godebold with the emperor.
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When, in light of Li Keyong's unsuccessful campaign against Helian, Helian, Li Kuangwei, and Zhu all submitted petitions requesting that Emperor Zhaozong condemn Li Keyong as a renegade and declare a general campaign against him, Zhang advocated the same. Emperor Zhaozong, despite his own initial reluctance and Yang's advice to the contrary, agreed with Zhang and, in summer 890, ordered a general campaign against Li Keyong, putting Zhang in command of the overall operations against Li Keyong with the official Sun Kui (孫揆) as Zhang's deputy, while ordering all circuits around Li Keyong to attack him. He also stripped Li Keyong of all of his imperially granted titles and offices. At the start of the imperial campaign against Li Keyong, the Zhaoyi officers An Jushou and Feng Ba (馮霸) mutinied and killed Li Kegong.
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By 817, one of the imperially-controlled circuits that was near Zhangyi and which thus continuously battled Zhangyi forces in the campaign, Tangsuideng Circuit (唐隨鄧, headquartered in modern Zhumadian as well), had seen two military governors (Jiedushi) — Gao Xiayu () and Yuan Zi — defeated by Zhangyi forces in rapid succession; in response, then-reigning Emperor Xianzong commissioned the less-known general Li Su as Tangsuideng's military governor.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 239. One of Li Su's tactics, while battling Zhangyi forces, was to capture Zhangyi officers that he considered capable, endearing them, and retaining them on his staff so that he could learn intelligence about Zhangyi. After he first captured Ding Shiliang (), Ding suggested that if he targeted and captured Chen Guangqia (), the strategist for the key Zhangyi officer Wu Xiulin (), Wu would surrender — and after Ding captured Chen, Wu indeed surrendered.
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Xue Ping initially pretended to agree, but then yielded the command to his uncle Xue E and, in the middle of the night, took his father's casket and fled back to his father's ancestral home of Jiang Prefecture (絳州, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi).Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 224. Xue E subsequently was unable to stand against the attacks by the neighboring warlord Tian Chengsi the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan) and forced to flee; part of Zhaoyi Circuit was merged into Weibo Circuit and part was merged with the imperially-controlled Zelu Circuit (澤潞, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), with the newly constituted circuit still named Zhaoyi. Meanwhile, after Xue Ping completed his period of mourning for his father, Emperor Daizong made him a general of the imperial guards — where he stayed for over 30 years.
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Emperor Muzong did not respond to Wang's suggestion. In 821, when Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) Circuits, which had briefly submitted to imperial control, rebelled under the leadership of Wang Tingcou and Zhu Kerong respectively, Wang Ya submitted a petition suggesting that Zhu be tolerated and pardoned so that he would not join Wang Tingcou in fighting the imperial forces and that the efforts be concentrated against Wang Tingcou. By the time that Wang Ya's petition arrived at Chang'an, however, Yingmo Circuit (瀛莫, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei), which had been carved out of Pinglu Circuit previously, had already mutinied and rejoined Lulong, with the soldiers arresting its imperially commissioned governor Lu Shimei () and delivering him to Zhu. Wang Ya's suggestion thus could not be carried out.
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In spring 924, Khitan forces made an incursion into Lulong territory, going as deep into Later Tang as Waqiao Pass (瓦橋關, in modern Baoding). Li Cunxu sent Li Siyuan to command an army against the Khitan forces, with Huo Yanwei, now a Later Tang general, as his deputy. However, soon thereafter, Khitan forces withdrew, so he recalled Li Siyuan, instead leaving Duan Ning — now bearing the imperially-bestowed name of Li Shaoqin — and Dong Zhang at Waqiao Pass to defend it. Shortly after, though, there was yet another report of a Khitan incursion, so Li Siyuan was ordered to stop at Xing Prefecture (邢州, the capital of Anguo Circuit) to see if the Khitan would attack, while Li Congke and Li Shaobin were ordered to command cavalry forces to defend against the attack as well.
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However, it was said that Liu then effective sat on the fence and did not advance further, and as the regulations at the time were that once a circuit's army advanced out of its borders on an imperially-sanctioned campaign, the imperial treasury would be responsible for its expenses, the Lulong army's supplies were costly to the imperial treasury. With the other armies against Chengde also not making much advances, in 817, Emperor Xianzong abandoned the campaign against Chengde and ordered the circuits' armies to return to their own circuits.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 240. In 817, Wang's ally Wu Yuanji, who ruled Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), was defeated and captured by the imperial general Li Su. In fear, Wang submitted to imperial authority and surrendered two of his six prefectures to imperial control.
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By this point, the Zhaoyi soldiers at Xing, Ming, and Ci Prefectures had been tired out by the war and enraged with Liu Zhen's trusted officer Liu Xi (), who was collecting taxes even from the soldiers' family members, against the pleas by Liu Congjian's brother-in-law Pei Wen (), whom Liu Zhen had put in charge of the three prefectures. Pei, also angered by Liu Xi and believing the situation to be hopeless, surrendered along with Wang Zhao () to Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing. At Li Deyu's urging, Emperor Wuzong quickly sent the imperially-commissioned military governor Lu Jun () to take over the three prefectures, before Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing could consider asking that the three prefectures be annexed to their circuits. Upon the news of the three prefectures' surrender's arrival in Lu Prefecture, the people of Lu Prefecture became fearful.
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The link thus established between Thuringia and large parts of Hesse was not severed until the War of the Thuringian Succession. Until 1247, the Hessian estate of the Ludovingians was largely ruled by the younger brothers of the landgraves, who bore the title of Count of Gudensberg and of Hesse and in resided in Gudensberg and Marburg; they included Henry Raspe I, Henry Raspe II, Henry Raspe III and Conrad Raspe. In 1131, Louis was elevated by Emperor Lothair (of Supplinburg) to the rank of landgrave and became Louis I. As a consequence, Thuringia, as an imperially immediate territory, left the Duchy of Saxony, and the Ludovingians took on a ducal-like status in Thuringia. Around the middle of the 12th century, the landgravial minting capital of Eisenach was established and, somewhat later, the Gotha Mint as the second mint owned by the Ludovingians.
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The German blazon reads: In silbernem Schild ein schräglinker, roter Balken, belegt mit 3 goldenen Mispelblüten mit blauen Butzen, oben begleitet von einem roten Ring, unten von einer roten Lilie. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Argent a bend sinister gules charged with three cinquefoils Or pierced azure, the whole between an annulet and a fleur-de-lis, both of the second. Both Walsdorf and the formerly separate centre of Zilsdorf lay under the Imperially immediate ownership of the Dukes of Arenberg in the Middle Ages. They bore three cinquefoils (this device is so-called in English heraldry,Parker on cinquefoils but the German blazon describes them as Mispelblüten, German for common medlar blossoms) in the same tinctures in which they appear in Walsdorf's arms (and the field in their arms was of the same tincture as the bend sinister in Walsdorf's arms).
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Zhao suggested that he request that Dongchuan first capture the imperially-held Sui (遂州, in modern Suining, Sichuan) and Lang (閬州, in modern Langzhong, Sichuan) Prefectures, and then their joint forces could defend Jiange Pass (劍閣關, in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan) to prevent imperial forces from advancing on Xichuan and Dongchuan. Meng agreed, and after Sui and Lang fell to the joint Xichuan and Dongchuan forces, the imperial forces, under command of Emperor Mingzong's son-in-law, Shi Jingtang, abandoned the campaign in spring 931. Emperor Mingzong subsequently attempted reconciliation with Xichuan and Dongchuan, issuing pardons for Meng and Dong. Meng wanted to accept the peace overture, as Emperor Mingzong had treated his family members remaining in imperial territory well, but Dong, as his son Dong Guangye () and Dong Guangye's family had already been executed by the imperial government at the start of the campaign, refused.
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At that time, Li Cunxu was faced with several mutinies north of the Yellow River, the chief of which was at Xingtang, where the soldiers had forced the officer Zhao Zaili (趙在禮) into leading them in mutiny. Li Cunxu initially sent Li Shaorong to try to quell the rebellion, but Li Shaorong's siege of Xingtang was fruitless. The key officials, including Zhang Quanyi and Li Shaohong, all recommended that he send Li Siyuan, and despite his hesitations, he put Li Siyuan in command of the imperial guards and sent him against the Xingtang rebels. Li Siyuan subsequently arrived at Xingtang and put it under siege, but that night, the officer Zhang Pobai (張破敗) led a mutiny and took Li Siyuan and his deputy Huo Yanwei — now with the imperially-bestowed name of Li Shaozhen — hostage, forcing them to join the Xingtang rebels.
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The second movement was inspired by the courtesy call of the Chinese ambassador Xue Fucheng at the Ottoman Embassy, Paris on 27 March 1890, as briefly recounted in his diary entry of that date: > The Turkish ambassador confided in me with tears in his eyes. He contended > that both England and France are threatening the future of both our > countries with their superpower weaponry, and in today’s world there is no > justice as far as territorial disputes are concerned. The nation that is > best equipped with powerful cannons and fast battleships can devour any > large portion of territory at will, and thus all this talk of international > law is sheer nonsense. The movement's themes are drawn entirely from eighteenth-century Turkish and Chinese musical sources—the 352 musical notations of Kantemiroğlu (or Dimitrie Cantemir), a Moldavian prince at Sultan Ahmed III’s court, and the numerous pieces of ceremonial music recorded in the Qing dynasty’s 1724 publication, Imperially Commissioned True Explication of Music Theory.
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What can be gathered is that the border ran along the brook down from Welchweiler as far as the forks with the Sachsbach, whence it doubled back upstream into the woods. With regard to Elzweiler's territorial allegiance, this had the effect of the village sometimes being seen as part of the Remigiusland and at other times part of the originally Imperially immediate Königsland (“King’s Land”). Apart from the mention of the “Elzweiler Bach” (that is, the Sachsbach) in this 1355 border Weistum (a Weistum – cognate with English wisdom – was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times), the first documentary mention of the village itself is found in a 1364 document, according to which Count Heinrich II of Veldenz transferred the tithes from the villages in the Amt of Altenglan-Brücken, and later the Niederamt of Ulmet, to the newlywed comital couple Lauretta and Heinrich. This younger Heinrich would later become Count Heinrich II of Veldenz.
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Throughout this period in history, the villages each side of the Glan, which then even bore the same names, were set asunder by this border. Nanzweiler and Dietschweiler on the Glan's right bank, which became Nanzdiezweiler by the 19th century, remained in Imperially immediate ownership and over the course of the centuries was pledged several times, in the 14th century to the Electorate of Trier, and in the 15th to Electoral Palatinate. Both villages on the right bank then remained with Electoral Palatinate, thereby sharing a history with the region around Kaiserslautern, generally known as the Reichswald (“Imperial Forest”). An utterly different course was taken by the two villages on the Glan's left bank. As a fief of the Hornbach Monastery whose hub was at Glan-Münchweiler, they passed in the 14th century (1323) first to the Raugraves in the Nahegau, then to the Archbishop of Trier (1344) and to Breidenborn (1383), finally ending up in the 16th century with the Counts of Leyen.
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The members of the intermittent council were regarded traitors and beheaded and the city's autonomy restituted. Thereupon, the city of Bremen, since long rather holding an autonomous status, and the Bremian city of Stade acted almost in complete independence from the Prince-Archbishop. Albert failed to subject the city of Bremen a second time, since he was always short in money and without support by the Guelphs, who—after William II's death—fought the Lüneburg Succession War against the House of Ascania, imperially designate successor in the Principality of Celle. In 1371 Albert's bailiff in Vörde erected the fortress Slikborch (near Neuhaus upon Oste) at the mouth of the river Oste into the Elbe as a stronghold to wield power over the Land of Kehdingen and to gain a stake in the neighboured Saxe-Lauenburgian exclave Land of Hadeln. In 1378 Albert reconciled with Eric II's son Eric IV, and signed a peace, concluding to settle future disputes – especially on the Land of Hadeln – without using violence.
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Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 252.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 253. Zhong gathered a group of non-Han residents of the region and went up into the mountains, using the mountains as their defense, eventually with the group increasing to 10,000 people. At one point, after Wang captured but abandoned Fu Prefecture (撫州, in modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi), Zhong took over the prefecture, and then-reigning Emperor Xizong thereafter made Zhong the prefect of Fu. In 882, after Wang's erstwhile ally Huang Chao captured the imperial capital Chang'an and forced Emperor Xizong to flee to Chengdu, Zhong attacked Jiangxi's capital Hong Prefecture () and expelled the imperially-commissioned governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) Gao Maoqing (). The imperial government, which was also dealing with Min Xu's takeover of Hunan Circuit (湖南, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan), decided to convert Jiangxi into a military circuit (Zhennan) and commission Min as the military governor of Zhennan, hoping that Min would attack Zhong, but Min, not wanting to do so, declined.
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The term is thought to have been derived from myōjin (名神 'notable deity'), a title once granted by the imperial court to kami deemed to have particularly impressive power and virtue and/or have eminent, well- established shrines and cults.Encyclopedia of Shinto, MyōjinEncyclopedia of Shinto, Myōjin taishaEncyclopedia of Shinto, Shingō This term is first attested in the Shoku Nihongi, where offerings from the kingdom of Bohai (Balhae) are stated to have been offered to "the eminent shrines (名神社 myōjin- sha) in each province" in the year 730 (Tenpyō 2). An epithet homophonous with this imperially bestowed title, "shining/apparent kami" (written with different Chinese characters), was in popular usage from around the Heian period up until the end of the Edo period, coexisting with titles with more explicit Buddhist overtones such as gongen (権現 'incarnation')Encyclopedia of Shinto, Gongen or daibosatsu (大菩薩 'great bodhisattva'). A depiction of war banners used by the Taira clan (right) and Takeda Shingen (left).
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Eastern Han dynasty (25-220 CE) tomb guardian figure identified as a Fangxiangshi The fangxiangshi 方相氏 was a Chinese ritual exorcist, the meaning of whose name is obscure but has been translated as "one who sees in all (four) directions", "he who scrutinizes for evil in many directions", and "one who orients unwanted spirits in the direction to which they belong". Ancient Chinese texts record that he wore a bearskin with four golden eyes, and carried a lance and shield to expel malevolent spirits. His primary duties were orchestrating the seasonal Nuo ritual to chase out disease-causing demons from houses and buildings, and leading a funeral procession to exorcize corpse-eating wangliang spirits away from a burial chamber. From the Han dynasty through the Tang dynasty (3rd century BCE to 10th century CE), fangxiangshi were official wu-shaman specialists in the imperially sanctioned Chinese state religion; after the Tang, they were adapted into popular folk religion and symbolized by wearing a four-eyed mask.
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Both Shi and Zhao Dejun repeatedly requested reinforcements, and they were allowed to amass troops and supplies at their circuits. As Shi was still apprehensive that Li Congke might be suspicious of him, Shi maintained an information network at Luoyang to keep himself informed of the emperor's actions — the network included two of Shi's own sons, who served in the imperial guards (whose names were variously recorded, and one of whom might have been a brother whom he adopted as a son), and the servants of Empress Dowager Cao. (The two sons were recorded in the New History of the Five Dynasties as Shi Chongying () and Shi Chongyin (),New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 17. and in the Zizhi Tongjian as Shi Chongyin () and Shi Chongyi ().) In 935, there was an incident in which, when the imperial envoy was at the front to review Shi's army and to deliver the imperially-bestowed supplies to the army, the soldiers began to chant, "May you live 10,000 years!" at Shi — a chant that should be reserved for the emperor.
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It is not known when Pang Xun was born, and little is known about his background other than that he was from Xu Prefecture and that his father Pang Juzhi () was still alive at the time of his eventual rebellion. Xu Prefecture had a long-standing military tradition in the middle-to-late Tang Dynasty, and had long been the capital of Wuning Circuit (), which was created to control and cut off the communications between the then-rebellious Pinglu (平盧, then- headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) and Zhangyi (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) Circuits. However, the soldiers from Xu Prefecture, particularly since the time of the military governor Wang Zhixing, had become arrogant and lax in discipline, such that there were frequent mutinies against military governors (Jiedushi) that the imperial government sent to govern Wuning. For the imperial government, the last straw apparently came in 862, when the soldiers of the Yindao (銀刀, "silver sword") corps mutinied and expelled the imperially-commissioned military governor Wen Zhang ().
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Tiradentes Quartered, Pedro Américo (1893) In the Holy Roman Empire emperor Charles V's 1532 Constitutio Criminalis Carolina specifies how every dismemberment (quartering) should ideally occur:German original "Zu der Viertheylung: Durch seinen gantzen Leib zu vier stücken zu schnitten und zerhawen, und also zum todt gestrafft werden soll, und sollen solche viertheyl auff gemeyne vier wegstrassen offentlich gehangen und gesteckt werden" Thus, the imperially approved way to dismember the convict within the Holy Roman Empire was by means of cutting, rather than dismemberment through ripping the individual apart. In paragraph 124 of the same code, beheading prior to quartering is mentioned as allowable when extenuating circumstances are present, whereas aggravating circumstances may allow pinching/ripping the criminal with glowing pincers, prior to quartering. The fate of Wilhelm von Grumbach in 1567, a maverick knight in the Holy Roman Empire who was fond of making his own private wars and was thus condemned for treason, is also worthy of note. Gout-ridden, he was carried to the execution site in a chair and bound fast to a table.
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Cockatoo Island Industrial Conservation Area was listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004 having satisfied the following criteria. Criterion A: Processes Cockatoo Island is important for its association with the administration of Governor Gipps who was responsible for the establishment on the Island of an Imperially funded prison for convicts withdrawn from Norfolk Island in the 1840s; the establishment of maritime activities during the 1840s culminating in the construction of Fitzroy Dock 1851-57 under Gother Kerr Mann, one of Australia's foremost nineteenth century engineers; and the construction of twelve in-ground grain silos following a government order that provision would be made to store 10,000 bushels of grain on the island. The subsequent development of shipbuilding and dockyard facilities has clearly been in response to Federation in 1901, when the New South Wales government took over management of the island; the formation of the Royal Australian Navy in 1911; and the Commonwealth Government 's purchase of the island in 1913. The first steel warship built in Australia, HMAS Heron, was completed on the island in 1916.
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The oldest evidence of settlers in the area is the very well preserved barrows on the Bruttig-Fankeler Berg (the local mountain) along the so-called Rennweg, an old linking road between the Roman long- distance roads, over which today runs the “Archaeological Hiking Trail” (Archäologischer Wanderweg). According to information from the State Office for Care of Monuments in Koblenz, some of these barrows date back to the Bronze Age. Bruttig-Fankel has both Celtic-Roman and Merovingian-Frankish beginnings, with the constituent community of Bruttig likely being the older of the two. It had its first documentary mention on 4 June 898 as Pruteca im Mayengau in a donation document from the Lotharingian king Zwentibold, whose beneficiary was the Imperially immediate, free-noble convent in Essen. Besides many holdings in the Cologne and Bergheim area, the king transferred to the convent “…in pago magnensi in villa pruteca terra arabilis cum curtile et vineis…” (roughly translated: “…in the Mayen country in the village of Bruttig an estate with associated arable earth and vineyards…”).
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Subsequently, in 786, after Li Cheng, who was then the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan), died and was succeeded by Jia Dan, Jia, as a neighbor of Pinglu Circuit, took a conciliatory stance toward Li Na, and Li Na reciprocated, reducing the tension between Pinglu and imperially-held circuits.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 232. In 790, there were rumors that Li Na was planning to escort his subordinate Tian Chao (田朝), a son of Tian Chengsi's and an older brother to Weibo's then-military governor Tian Xu (who had killed Tian Yue and succeeded him in 784) back to Weibo to vie for control of Weibo Circuit. Tian Xu feared this, and, under suggestion by his staff member Sun Guangzuo (孫光佐), he sent gifts to Li Na to please him and persuade him to send Tian Chao to Chang'an — and further suggested Li Na to accept the surrender of the prefect of the previously Pinglu-controlled Di Prefecture, Zhao Gao (趙鎬), who had previously submitted to Wang Wujun's Chengde Circuit but who later refused to follow Wang's orders.
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