There are exposed air ducts and I-beams scribbled with contractors' marks.
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Men moved steel plate and I-beams with cranes that ran on tracks in the floor.
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Steel I-beams — parts of which are painted red in different ways — cut through its flexible spaces.
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For the moment, the homes sit on steel I-beams and wooden blocks while concrete foundations are poured.
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"Lingam" (2015), by Carol Bove, is a configuration of rusty steel I-beams with a petrified log positioned upright.
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I added the two I-beams holding spotlights above the musician to make the setting look like a stage.
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After the collapse of the theater's roof, the city's building codes were updated to require steel I-beams and better supports.
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Engineers built a wall, sinking steel I-beams, the type you might use to build a skyscraper, deep into the ground.
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Lined up in rows under an open-air shed, they could be abandoned I-beams or castoffs from an old railroad bridge.
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A wooden wall with I-beams anchored in concrete was making it hard to back up; there was nowhere to turn around.
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This area has 10-foot ceilings, exposed steel I-beams, white oak floors, dark-wood and marble-patterned kitchen accents and a fireplace.
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The energy of the city's grid is carried right up onto the building's facade by the I-beams, which rise almost from street level.
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If your taste runs to ornate plasterwork rather than white-painted I-beams and faux-institutional furniture (designed by Alvar Aalto), consider joining one of those nearby clubs.
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All purely decorative, the bronze curtain-wall of I-Beams, mullions, and spandrels accentuate the building's handsome bone structure, and produce a provocative cadence of umbra and penumbra.
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Wrapped in plastic or covered in beige or green siding, more than a dozen homes float above their neighbors, supported by thick metal I-beams and lattices of wood.
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The plaza is laid in Vermont granite and slabs of antique verde marble, the lobby walls lined in milky travertine, and likely the largest I-Beams ever extruded in bronze.
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An 18-inch-high knot of twisted I-beams looks very much, from one side, like a goat, complete with bolts and a pocket of pebble-speckled concrete to suggest its hairy haunches.
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We see immaculately spaced I-beams painted rust red, a hoard of symmetrical blue boxes gathered on the floor, and a bold diptych of blue and yellow trusses hanging from their opposite-colored canvases.
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Every building seemed to have been struck by ordnance: either destroyed entirely, scorched black by fire, or in a state of mid-collapse, with slabs of concrete hanging precariously from exposed rebar and twisted I-beams.
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In this case, the art consists of dinnerware designed by Jono Pandolfi, a ceramist in Union City; an abstract painting by the Canadian artist Mélanie Simard; and tables reclaimed from structural I-beams by Brooklyn Reclamation.
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"I see it as one of the main cultural icons representing creative life in L.A.," Mr. Goulds said, noting that its steel arms, made of I-beams, do not extend toward the ocean but "embrace" the city.
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Inspired by the strong steel I-beams used in the construction of towering skyscrapers, Japanese design studio Nendo started with that simple design, but then warped it into one of the most beautiful looking rocking horses you've ever seen.
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Now my eye constantly picks out elevated-train girders, footbridges, drawbridge houses, pipelines, fuel tanks, lampposts, window gratings, fence bars, guardrails, and I-beams holding up interstate overpasses, all in their own versions of Statue of Liberty green, and they fasten me to the city.
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The standouts include two crimson-and-purple-toned paintings by Katherine Bradford, "Brothers" and "Boxers Under Lights," in which flat male figures are crossed and stacked like I-beams, and Celeste Dupuy-Spencer's "Anastasis of the Wild," in which a gorgeous multicolored wolf trots alongside its own incarnate shadow.
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Their noble, classicizing piers and temple-like porticos, which recall Greek and Roman architecture, and the soaring romantic I-beams, which recall the intricate ribbing of Gothic cathedrals, proclaimed that a democratic, capitalist country like the United States could carry on the traditions of a great civilization — "America's humanistic nationalism," as the religious scholar Martin E. Marty said at the time.
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Here, for example, "Caelum" #34 layers Greek myth, metallurgy, the 9/11 attacks, and the speaker's encounter with his employer: Through carbonized mist he brings her, Herakles after pinning death with two falls to spare, freeing Alkestis veiled in toile— rumpled deathware translucently spun to lifewear, she maintains silence: in red-flecked crystals, pyroclast throughout dust samples from Towers 1 & 93, from Building 7, microgeodes of iron beading her veil, buckshot hurled in the billions by thermite, and sidefall pleats welded much as cheddar, boiled then iced, blisters milk through furnace into evidence, reeking of sulfur its midwife, with sulfur's transform thermite, the welder's butter knife through I-beams: these the wardrobe not of rescue but reclamation, vulcanism scorching loss so as to sear denial, quick hurt then long release.
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The sculpture is composed of industrial steel I-beams. The I-beams, a recurring element of di Suvero’s work, are cut and welded into a series of crossed bars arranged diagonally and painted red.
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Historically, the primary framing structure of a pre-engineered building is an assembly of -shaped members, often referred to as I-beams. In pre-engineered buildings, the I beams used are usually formed by welding together steel plates to form the I section. The I beams are then field-assembled (e.g. bolted connections) to form the entire frame of the pre-engineered building.
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The floor is made of I-beams U-bolted to the superstructure.
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150 Nassau Street uses some of metal. Generally, each floor is supported by pairings of I-beams, with each pairing spaced about apart. The I-beams under the basement through third floors are thick, while the I-beams under the remaining floors are thick. Box girders are also located under the 6th, 10th, 14th, and 18th floors, and plate girders are under the 19th floor.
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The I-beams themselves are then linked together to form the complete structure.
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To correct this problem, Stone added more iron I-beams to the diagonals to strengthen them. The placement, size, and number of beams added is not clear, but Stone likely added two I-beams to the brace in the end panel, two I-beams to the brace in the first panel from the end, and one I-beam to the second panel from the end. This worsened the bridge's dead load problem. Collins, Congdon, Rogers, and Stone all later testified that the I-beams making up the diagonals were now turned 90 degrees, so that the flanges were horizontal.
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The floor was supported with I-beams hung from the lower chord pins by U-bolts. Steel stringers atop the I-beams supported a timber deck. The truss was supported at each corners with steel truss legs sitting on concrete back and wingwalls.
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Steel I beams were installed underneath. In 2000, the bridge was destroyed by a heavy snow load. The roof collapsed and the side walls fell outward into the river below. Because of the installation of the steel I beams, the deck was self-supporting and actually survived.
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The tile band, however, is a delicate shade of lilac with a violet border, similar to Delancey Street in Manhattan. The I-beams are tiled with color bands and mini- vertical name tablets reading "Euclid," along with the two-tone border motif. The I-beams are in pairs at the center of the platforms; towards each end the platforms narrow and there is a single row of these I-beams. A crew quarters room is over the railroad south end of both platforms.
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The sculpture is composed of juxtaposed steel elements including I-beams and a mast. The materials are rusted.
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It was funded from a combination of local, state, and federal sources, including Works Progress Administration funds. The use of I-beams in its construction marked an evolution in bridge construction after the state's devastating 1927 floods: the I-beams were less expensive, but added weight to the structure over earlier materials.
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The timber decking is supported by I-beams hung from the lower truss beam by U-bolts and support steel stringers.
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Side pressure arch construction, the first method used in tile floor arches, is composed of hollow tiles laid parallel to I beams.
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This allows them to be lighter and save weight. The sway braces (criss-crossing beams perpendicular to the portal braces) are attached to the truss with gusset plates, and bolted to one another at midpoint. In the deck, the 19 long floor I-beams are held together by five "stringer" I-beams. The deck itself is a single concrete slab, cast in place.
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The deck is supported by I-bars descending from the trusses at 12 points, originally consisting of corrugated metal sheets laid on I-beams.
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In March 2013, three gutter punks died in Mobile, Alabama when a box car with I-beams in it suddenly stopped and the cargo shifted.
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Barna, Ed. Covered Bridges of Vermont. The Countryman Press, 1996. In 1960, minor repairs were carried out and steel I beams were installed underneath the road deck.
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A table is built pretty much the same way as a beam formwork but the single parts of this system are connected together in a way that makes them transportable. The most common sheathing is plywood, but steel and fiberglass are also in use. The joists are either made from timber, wood I-beams, aluminium or steel. The stringers are sometimes made of wood I-beams but usually from steel channels.
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Her hull was constructed of welded steel plates framed with steel I-beams. As originally built, Balsam was long, with a beam of , and a draft of . Her displacement was 935 tons.
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In 1971 the bridge deck was strengthened by the addition of 5 steel I beams underneath. In 1990 the original granite abutments were faced with concrete.Evans, Benjamin and June. New England's Covered Bridges.
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Scaled composite laminated I-beams with different scales and lamination schemes designed based on structural similitude analysis. Schematic of scaled composite laminated I-beams: prototype (top) and models with different scales and layups (bottom) Similitude analysis is a powerful engineering tool to design the scaled-down structures. Although both dimensional analysis and direct use of the governing equations may be used to derive the scaling laws, the latter results in more specific scaling laws.Rezaeepazhand, J., G. J. Simitses, and J. H. Starnes.
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Upton, Dell. Architecture in the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. 153. As steel was mass-produced from the mid-19th century, it was used, in form of I-beams and reinforced concrete.
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Currently, the bridge is repainted every year and inspected. The abutments have been reinforced with concrete to add stability. The floor is made of oak planks with additional beams and supportive I-beams added later.
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3D woven composites are used for various engineering applications, including engine rotors, rocket nose cones and nozzles, engine mounts, aircraft framework, T- and X-shape panels, leading edges for aircraft wings, and I-Beams for civil infrastructure.
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There, Seabees reinforced the damaged hull with "I" beams taken from a dismantled hangar. This enabled Williamson to creep back to Seattle on one engine at nine knots via Kodiak, Yakutat, and the scenic Alaskan Inside Passage.
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At the roof line, there is a projecting cornice with dentil moulding and modillion blocks. The interior of the building repeats some of the features of the exterior, notably the use of round-arch openings for doorways. The inside has a wrought iron framing system, built using rolled I-beams fabricated by the Trenton Iron Works. This usage represents one of the first uses of rolled I-beams in building construction, and the frame as a whole is one of the best-preserved early examples of wrought iron framing.
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Both are used as exhibit space. There are eight wall vaults, originally used to store records. One has its original metal door. Steel I-beams have been added to support the roof, and braces are visible in the west parlor.
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The Fleisher Covered Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge located at Oliver Township near Newport in Perry County, Pennsylvania. It is a Burr truss bridge, constructed in 1887. Steel I-beams were erected in 1960. It crosses Big Buffalo Creek.
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The outside of the I-beams slid through wooden guides up and down the shaft, top to bottom. Spring loaded cages were designed with two swivel rods at the top of the cage, one each attached to the I-beams through bolts and lifted in the center. The outside of the rods were designed to be wider than the cage with a bulbous, round head at the end, notched with teeth molded into the rods. The weight of the cage being lifted, lifted the rods, released the teeth and tightened the spring, allowing the cage to move freely.
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Single room interior divided into three bays by rectangular pillars. Ceiling peaks under two pitched roof, lined in wood boards. i-beams support roof and link pillars transversely through space. First bay over doorway, covered with interior balcony supported on two flanking pillars.
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There is also a set of cards with various situations that players must respond to. They can be as simple as gaining two I-Beams, to losing three red chips. The cards are similar to the community chest and chance cards of Monopoly.
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The vault walls to the east and south were made of concrete poured thick and reinforced with vertical rods whose centers were spaced apart. The vault wall to the west was made of concrete poured thick and reinforced with vertical I-beams spaced apart.
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Upper and lower chords are composed of I beams. Where upper or lower chords meet the verticals and diagonals, joins are gussets, which are bolted to all members. The roadbed is created by heavy wooden decking with an overlay of asphalt. The original guardrail remains.
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The mill was constructed as a grid of cast iron I-beams. The transverse beams were supported on cast iron columns, supporting the longitudinal beams that in turn supported shallow brick vaults. They ran the entire length of the mill, making a fireproof ceiling and floor.
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A passageway outside of fare control connects the two areas. The tile band is medium Parma violet with a slightly darker border, set two tiles high. Captions below show the station name abbreviated as "E BWAY". The I-beams are painted a similar shade of violet.
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The primary purpose of wall padding is to provide a safe level of absorption for an individual making impact with an established object. Often these objects are walls (hence “wall padding”), but also these pads commonly protect bleachers, stage fronts, I-Beams, goal posts, columns, and fences.
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It stands north of the church building and is composed of two sets of two I-beams that form a St. Andrew's Cross. It is capped with a gabled roof in an A-frame form that mimics the church building. The bell is suspended below the A-frame.
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Brick buttresses shore up the steel I-beams that supported the hoist. V-trusses sheathed in tongue-and-groove pocket into the interior walls, producing the eaves. The only interior partitition separates the easternmost bay. On that side of the building, outside, are modern transformers and other equipment.
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These errors appreciably lessened the bridge's ability to withstand extra loading. Stone's strengthening of the bridge after the camber repairs also harmed the bridge's capabilities. By adding two I-beams to the end braces, Stone actually reduced the maximum stress the braces in the end panels could bear.
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End pressure arch construction is composed of hollow tiles laid perpendicular to I beams. This method enjoyed popularity after it was discovered to be fifty percent more efficient than side pressure arches.Electrical wiring being installed in structural clay tile block used for interior partitions in the vertical application, 2008.
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Five spans Deck, from the east thumb It is a five-span, steel and concrete bridge, long, with a wide roadway in a wide deck. Its main span is steel I-beams encased in concrete; the other spans are reinforced concrete girders supported by reinforced concrete pile bents.
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However, appropriate response scaling laws need to be derived to predict the dynamic response of the full-scale prototype from the experimental data of the scaled model.Asl, Mohamad Eydani, et al. "Vibration prediction of thin-walled composite I-beams using scaled models." Thin-Walled Structures 113 (2017): 151-161.
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The trusses are formed out of rolled I-beams that were assembled on site using hydraulic riveting, a technology introduced in the 1920s. The decking consists of pavement laid on concrete over I-beams that are mounted on the truss bottom chords and riveted to their vertical elements. The bridge was built in 1937, and was built using standards and technologies introduced by the state during a bridge-building program introduced after a major flooding event in the state in 1927. It is a well-preserved example of a Pratt truss of the period, and the riveting technology enabled the bridge to be fabricated on site, rather than shipping the trusses from a factory.
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Rather than ordering new I-beams, Rogers used shims to close the space between the bearings and the lugs. When the falsework was removed a second time, the bridge buckled where the vertical posts connected to the deck. Several diagonals also buckled. Once more, the falsework went back in place.
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Steel I beams are used as the reinforcements in the beams. Bricks of different dimensions are used in constructing the columns, arches etc. Mosaic is used in the intricate decorations on the ceiling of the dance hall and other decorative places. Marble slabs were used on the floor of the veranda.
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Over 40% of the floor space is dedicated to laboratory instruction and research. The structure contains an auditorium, several computer labs, a structures lab with large I-beams and a crane, a soil mechanics lab, environmental lab, transportation lab, a solid-state clean room, and various faculty and graduate student offices.
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The Center Road Bridge was a multiple-span bridge constructed of concrete and steel. The bridge had five steel stringer spans, each 65 feet long. Each span contained nine lines of rolled I-beams supported by concrete abutments and piers. The outside webs of the spandrel stringers were encased in concrete.
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The road also featured guardrails, consisting of steel panels attached to I-beams. Large exit signs were used, and road signs had cat's-eye reflectors to increase visibility at night. Billboards were prohibited. In September 1940, the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission ruled that trucks and buses would be allowed to use the highway.
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The Thomas Gooding Water Tank House near Shoshone, Idaho, United States, is an elevated water tank structure that was built of stone in 1919 by sheep rancher and stonemason Bill Darrah. It was built for Thomas Gooding. The elevated water tank is supported on five I-beams. It is a tall diameter structure.
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The bridge has a single span, wooden, double Burr arch trusses design with the addition of steel hanger rods. The deck is made from oak planks. Added later, secondary steel I-beams support the bridge from underneath. The bridge is painted red on the outside, the traditional color of Lancaster County covered bridges.
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Tomlinson proposed riveting plates to the I-beams to strengthen them, but Stone angrily refused. Stone demanded that Tomlinson make the changes he required. Tomlinson refused, and was fired from the design effort. Stone then ordered the CP&A;'s chief engineer, Charles Collins, to make the desired changes to the bridge design.
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The I-Beams are produced by a player's Mills and are used to build more Factories, Bases, and Mills. Economic Pressure chips come from the amount of Mills a player owns. Popular Support chips come from the number of Factories one owns. Military Threat chips come from the number of Bases one has.
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The remains of Selah Chamberlain lie north east of Sheboygan Point in of water. Her wreck is broken into three pieces. A lot of her lower hull remains on the site, and her fan tail stern is split, exposing her two boilers and her engine. Her wooden floors are reinforced with steel I-beams.
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The top chords are horizontal, and the upper struts are "unusually deep" I-beams. Sidewalks, decorated with iron newels and latticework, cantilever off both sides of the bridge. The south sidewalk permits pedestrians, while the north one has no deck and carries utility lines. The bridge is supported by ashlar piers of solid stone.
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It rests on abutments of dry laid stone capped with concrete. The trusses incorporate iron rods extending from the top of the diagonal bracing to the bottom chords. The bridge deck is wooden planking laid over steel I-beams, which carry the active load. with The bridge was built about 1877 by an unknown builder.
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It was wide, with a roadway width of , carrying one lane of traffic. The exterior was clad in vertical board siding, which extended around to the insides of the portals. On the sides, the siding ends short of the roof, leaving an open strip. The deck consisted of wooden planking laid over steel I-beams.
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In contrast to the Twin I-Beams of larger Ford trucks, the Bronco used radius arms to locate the coil-sprung front axle, along with a lateral track bar, allowing for a 34-foot turning circle, long wheel travel, and antidive geometry (useful for snowplowing). A heavier-duty suspension system was an option, along with air front springs.
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A new design, in which steel T-beams were embedded cross-down in the concrete, was used for the floors. This saved weight and expense, and yet was stronger than using I-beams. The Citizens Building was Renaissance Revival in style, with the exception of its Neoclassical portico. This mixed design was somewhat controversial among architects.
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The bridge was a five-panel steel Pratt pony truss bridge with a 64-foot span. The superstructure was constructed of back-to-back angles and back-to-back channels, with I-beams riveted to the bottom to support the decking. The deck was concrete and 21 feet wide. A sidewalk with railings was cantilevered off one side.
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However, to save face, Stone told the Ohio Legislative Committee, investigating the disaster, that he fired Tomlinson. Joseph Tomlinson was replaced by A. L. Rogers. When construction began, Tomlinson observed that the I-beams intended for use as diagonals were smaller than the fabrication plans called for. The amount of camber created a problem during construction.
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The subterranean vault is made of steel plates, I-beams and cylinders encased in concrete. Its torch-and-drill resistant door is thick and weighs . The vault door is set on a 100-hour time lock, and can only be opened by members of the depository staff who must dial separate combinations. Visitors are not allowed inside.
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A steel shaft rose from each of the caissons. The underlying ground was drawn out from the caissons, and then the caissons were filled with concrete. The retaining walls of the foundation were then constructed of concrete slabs between I-beams spaced apart. The excavation involved removing of masonry and of earth, while the foundation piers used of concrete.
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The South Newfane Bridge is a historic bridge, carrying Parish Hill Road across the Rock River in the village of South Newfane, Vermont. It is a Pratt through truss span, manufactured from rolled I-beams in 1939 to replace a bridge washed away in flooding. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
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The bridge is set on concrete abutments. The trusses are built primarily out of steel I-beams, which have been fastened together using bolts. A truss system supports a wooden road bed, and guard rails are bolted to the trusses. The bridge was built in 1939, following flooding that washed away the previous bridge at the site.
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The walls are finished with canvas paintings, carved oak, imported paneling and pure silk damasks. The numerous exterior railings and gates are composed of wrought iron and bronze, featuring a shell motif and the monogram "OB." The foundations are stone, brick and poured concrete with thick brick walls supporting enormous roof timbers and steel I-beams.
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Due to platform lengthening in the 1940s and 1950s, there are two distinct sections of this station. The original portion has tile-covered I-beams with small and large mosaics and an ornamental ceiling. The newer portion has 1950s green tile at the end of the platforms. There are also IND-type "To Canal Street" signs.
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The Spaulding Bridge is located just south of the village center of Cavendish, carrying Mill Street toward points south of the village. It is a single-span Parker pony truss, in length, with a width of . A sidewalk is carried by outriggers from the main bridge stringers on one side. It is built out of I-beams, plates, and flanges, connected by pins.
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The main span is a Pratt through truss, in length. Its western abutment is a timber trestle, while the eastern one is of concrete construction with fieldstone wing walls. The truss consists of pin-connected elements, and the floor decking consists of timbers laid over steel I-beams. The bridge was built in 1906 by the Iowa Bridge Company of Des Moines, Iowa.
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Her hull was constructed of welded steel plates framed with steel I-beams. As originally built, Acacia was long, with a beam of , and a draft of . Her displacement was 935 tons. While her overall dimensions remained the same over her career, the addition of new equipment raised her displacement to 1,025 tons by the end of her Coast Guard service.
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Ward worked in collaboration with architect Robert Mook over three years to build the house. His goal was not only to build a house for himself, but that it be effectively fireproof. It was made entirely of Portland cement and light iron I-beams and rods, even in the roof. Wood was only used for door and window frames and their decorative trim.
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Congdon says that he realized the I-beams would carry more live load if they were rotated. Collins, Rogers, and Stone believed workers had installed the beams incorrectly (on their sides). To make the change, Stone had workers cut away portions of each diagonal I-beam's web at the bearing, enabling the web to fit over the lugs. This weakened the new diagonals.
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Offices of the Officer in Charge and the Captain of the Guard open upon the entrance lobby. At the rear of the building is another entrance used for receiving bullion and supplies. Below the fortress-like structure lies the gold vault. The vault is made of steel plates, steel I-beams and steel cylinders laced with hoop bands and encased in concrete.
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A thin walled beam is a very useful type of beam (structure). The cross section of thin walled beams is made up from thin panels connected among themselves to create closed or open cross sections of a beam (structure). Typical closed sections include round, square, and rectangular tubes. Open sections include I-beams, T-beams, L-beams, and so on.
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The bridge deck has been replaced by steel I-beams covered with wooden planking, so the trusses now only carry the superstructure. The joints between the truss posts and diagonals have also been reinforced with steel plating. with The bridge was built about 1877; its builder is unknown. It is one three period bridges in the town (all spanning the same river).
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The draw was elevated slightly and the trolley rails were replaced as well. When the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) took control of the bridge in 1924, they rebuilt much of the bridge superstructure. They replaced the wooden stringers with steel "I" beams, topped wooden deck elements with concrete and brick, and replaced the street car rails. Structural steel hangers replaced wrought iron.
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Her hull was constructed of welded steel plates, framed with steel I-beams. As originally built, Buttonwood was long, with a beam of , and a draft of . Her displacement was 935 tons. While her overall dimensions remained the same over her career, the addition of new equipment raised her displacement to 1,025 tons by the end of her Coast Guard service.
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Her hull was constructed of welded steel plates framed with steel I-beams. As originally built, Planetree was long, with a beam of , and a draft of . Her displacement was 935 tons. While her overall dimensions remained the same over her career, the addition of new equipment raised her displacement to 1,025 tons by the end of her Coast Guard service.
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There are two covered bridges located in succession over channels of the Ottauquechee River in North Hartland, Vermont: one of those, the Willard Covered Bridge is a 19th-century bridge, while the other is a modern construction. This bridge was built about 1872; its builder is unknown. Its bridge deck supports were replaced by I-beams in the 1960s.Evans, Benjamin and June.
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Stone himself then made the changes to the design. The Ashtabula River bridge was erected in 1865 using Stone's design and partly under his supervision. When the temporary wooden trestle supporting the new bridge was removed, the bridge buckled where the chords were connected to the deck. To correct this problem, Stone added more iron I-beams to brace the chords.
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This worsened the bridge's deadweight problem. Because the angle blocks were not designed to accommodate the braces, Stone ordered workers to cut away portions of the I-beams to make them fit. This further weakened the braces. During the repair work, workers inadvertently installed the I-beam braces sideways rather than vertically, weakening the ability of the braces to reinforce the bridge.
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The Finnegan Fieldhouse is home to a basketball court, two racquetball courts, a weight room, one room for aerobic classes, a cardiovascular room, and the campus health and counseling center, as well as classrooms. At the far north end of campus is the Steel Cross. This cross, made of two steel I-beams, is 35 feet tall and visible from afar.
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Underside of the bridge looking east, in 2012 The covered bridge rests on abutments of stone and mortar, which have been reinforced with concrete. There are no parapets. The bridge beams are reinforced in places with steel beams.Note: Follow these links for photographs of steel reinforcements on kingposts and the Burr arch and steel I-beams on the underside of the bridge.
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Her hull was constructed of welded steel plates framed with steel I-beams. As originally built, Evergreen was long, with a beam of , and a draft of . Her displacement was 935 tons. While her overall dimensions remained the same over her career, the addition of new equipment raised her displacement to 1,025 tons by the end of her Coast Guard service.
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Each has a window in the angle and an I-beam that serves as a buttress. On the interior, the I-beams are clad in a wood veneer. The short side walls are covered with brick laid in a stack bond. The brick on the west gabled end is laid in Flemish bond and features a series of small raised crosses in the brick pattern work.
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Terracotta tile, brick, and concrete was used to encase the structural steel frame. The I-beams were supported by columns or on plate girders. Large wind braces were not used; instead, the flanges of the beams and girders were riveted to the columns with what the Engineering Record described as "a moment of stiffness equal or somewhat superior to the depth of the girder".
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The company manufactures rebar, square and round billets, channels, rolled wire, angle bars, I-beams, square and round rods, and related products. Steel Structures, the open joint-stock company Baku Steel Construction, and several other plants produce products for the construction industry. Radio-electronics factories and car and shipbuilding plants also operate in the city. The Gozdak, Shuvalan, and Korgöz quarries surrounding Baku produce sawn stones.
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It has an origin as a gay disco run by Dr. Sanford Kellman, a former astronomer. Throughout the 1980s, the upstairs space was the top outlet in the city for "imported modern rock". Inside the I-Beam the main room was forty feet by sixty feet. There were Mylar covered cardboard I-Beams hanging from the ceiling above the center of the dance floor.
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The Great Northern Elevator offered a total holding capacity of in 48 large steel bins. Thirty of the bins are in diameter and 18 of the bins are in diameter. The elevator's brick exterior serves as a weather barrier and does not help to carry the weight of the cupola or the grain bins. The building's structure is supported by a web of steel I-beams.
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In shipbuilding, the scantling refers to the collective dimensions of the framing (apart from the keel) to which planks or plates are attached to form the hull. The word is most often used in the plural to describe how much structural strength in the form of girders, I-beams, etc. is in a given section. The scantling length refers to the structural length of a ship.
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Shot blasting recycles the media and is environmentally friendly. This method of preparation is highly efficient on steel parts such as I-beams, angles, pipes, tubes and large fabricated pieces. Different powder coating applications can require alternative methods of preparation such as abrasive blasting prior to coating. The online consumer market typically offers media blasting services coupled with their coating services at additional costs.
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Unequal loading of the angle blocks worsened the metal fatigue. The construction of the upper chord of the bridge was also poor. This chord consisted of five I-beams running in parallel. Having all five members end at panel joints actually weakened a bridge, so Howe trusses were built so that three ended at one panel connection and the other two at the next panel connection.
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Retrieved on January 29, 2012. they can jump close to vertically, and run when agitated. This agility and speed, combined with their great size and weight, makes bison herds difficult to confine, as they can easily escape or destroy most fencing systems, including most razor wire. The most successful systems involve large, fences made from welded steel I beams sunk at least into concrete.
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The > W. P. Roscoe Company of Billings hired men from the Crow Reservation to help > pour the concrete piers and subcontracted with another company to erect the > steel trusses. To spectators' amazement, crews worked high in the air, > sauntering across I beams seventy feet above ground "as nonchalantly as if > traveling on a broad highway." The bridge opened to much fanfare in late > November 1944.
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After emigrating to New York in 1941, he began working for Condé Nast Publications, rising to the position of editorial director, which he held from 1962 to 1994. Only in the 1950s did Liberman take up painting and, later, metal sculpture. His highly recognizable sculptures are assembled from industrial objects (segments of steel I-beams, pipes, drums, and such), often painted in uniform bright colors.
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The I-beams are in pairs at the center of the platforms, where there are a pair of staircases to the mezzanine. Underneath the staircases, there used to be wide areas, but they are now being used for storage. Towards each end of the station, the platforms narrow and there are no columns. The name tablets are white text with blue backgrounds and ultramarine blue trims.
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The tapered steel-framed, four-legged headframe is the tallest structure on the site, sitting on foundations about square in plan. The legs each comprise steel tubing formed from four, quarter cylinder sections rivetted together. The legs are connected with four levels of horizontal steel I-beams with diagonal cross bracing of rods at each level. The assembly of bracing and cross members is rivetted together.
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Principal filming took place primarily on location in Thailand. Other filming locations included film studios in Los Angeles, California and Miami, Florida. An Asian elephant similar to one used during filming Certain scenes where the elephant was shown aboard a marine boat actually had I-beams under the deck to support the animal. Additionally, ballast was added to the boat to keep it afloat.
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Sections of the masonry basement floors from the previous buildings on the site were also removed in the process. Within the foundation were placed 59 concrete piers, which carried the columns of the aboveground superstructure. The cross-sections of the piers varied, with the smallest measuring , and the largest measuring . The caissons supported foundation piers that were topped by plates with grillages of transversely laid I-beams.
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Each grillage consisted of two tiers of interlocking I-beams. Each grill supported a single one of the 40 columns that made up the building's superstructure. The floor of the sub-basement was poured atop the waterproofing layer, and made of reinforced concrete. Originally, the building was to have relied on the sheet piling and sub- basement wall columns to support the outer walls.
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The deck is now supported by steel I-beams, and the original bridge trusses support only the bridge superstructure. The bridge has a total width of , with an wide roadway (one lane). The bridge trusses are a variant of a multiple kingpost truss. Each truss has verticals and diagonals in that style, but is further augmented by a laminated arch, consisting of heavy planks pegged together.
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When the bridge was first constructed it was designed to primarily support wagon traffic. As technology progressed, and automobiles and tractors became more common, Whiteside County officials were prompted to make alterations to the bridge in 1906. During the work the original wood stringers were replaced with steel I-beams, a new wood deck was laid and steel lattice rails were added.Steele, p. 11.
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It is decorated with a turned newel post and balusters. The round arched window on the east profile lights the landing with 19th-century stained glass. The western half of the second floor is an open meeting room supported by steel I-beams visible from the attic, with carpeted floor and daises on the wall. The original master bedroom is in the northeast corner.
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In 1938, the bridge was renovated. Metal I-beams replaced the wooden girders, granite facing replaced old stone abutments, and the intermediate supports were renovated. In 1953, under Project Engineers and B. B. Levin work began to improve the bridge again. Project architects P. A. Areshev and V. S. Vasilyev designed a new five span metal bridge including a central draw span to accommodate increased traffic and load weights.
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There were three caissons, each extending across the entire width of the building site. The caissons contained air chambers, above which were placed steel foundation grillages composed of 20 I-beams, and then a series of brick piers laid atop Portland cement. Sheet piles were then driven around the three caissons to make rectangular enclosures. There was a small cellar under the building, reaching below the first floor.
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The bridge was built in 1846 by George Fink and Sam Reamsnyder at a cost of $1,115. They used a single span, wooden, double Burr arch truss construction. At some point later, steel I-beams were installed under the floor to add support to the oldest bridge in Lancaster County. The bridge has historically been referred to by a number of names that reflected the various mill owners.
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The upper chord of the bridge is constructed from formed by back-to-back channels tied with lacing, while the lower chord is made from two pairs of back-to-back angles connected by lacing. Vertical and diagonal members are made from two pairs of back-to-back angles. Railings also made of two angles end at concrete corner posts. The floor beams and stringers are formed from I-beams.
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An alligator shear, historically known as a lever shear and sometimes as a crocodile shear, is a metal-cutting shear with a hinged jaw, powered by a flywheel or hydraulic cylinder. Alligator shears are generally set up as stand-alone shears; however, there are types for excavators. The jaw size can range from long. They are generally used to cut ferrous members, such as rebar, pipe, angle iron, or I-beams...
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The bells of the carillon are behind the clockfaces, fixed to a frame made of steel I-beams. The playing console of the carillon is at the level of the balconies immediately below the clock faces. Lower levels of the tower house a water tank (no longer used), two practice carillons, the old chimes playing console, office space for the Yale University Guild of Carillonneurs, and a memorial chapel.
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Another method is called beam and plate, in which steel I-beams are driven into the ground and steel plates are slid in amongst them. A similar method that uses wood planks is called soldier boarding. Hydraulics tend to be faster and easier; the other methods tend to be used for longer term applications or larger excavations. Shoring should not be confused with shielding by means of trench shields.
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The platforms are narrower at either ends than in the middle, where the station's exits are on the same level and the station columns are. The columns are dark blue colored I-beams and every other column has the standard black and white name tablet. The Manhattan-bound platform has a newsstand and a plaque commemorating the station's 1997 renovation. The 2001 artwork here is called Transitions by Louis Delsarte.
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Länsstyrelsen i Uppland om Byggnadsminnet Villa Göth Villa Göth, which has two floors and a basement, is built in dark brick. The windows are plain but form partial rows in the façade. The visible I beams over the window sections in the front and rear of the building are an example of how the choice of materials is openly displayed in the house. The roof is a flat gable roof.
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The Calling is a public artwork by American artist Mark di Suvero located in O'Donnell Park, which is on the lakefront in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The artwork was made in 1981-82 from steel I-beams painted an orange- red color. It measures 40 feet in height, and it sits at the end of Wisconsin Avenue in front of the footbridge that leads to the Milwaukee Art Museum.
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Parts of its flooring have been raised higher above the general level of the platform. They indicate the positions where each engine stand and its respective control cabin would have stood. Most of the remaining evidence of the purpose and working life of the site is on the platform. Of the monorail above each engine, only the vertical I-beams, cut off at their base, indicate where they were situated.
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Since the original abutments were in poor condition, the truss, or metal, portion of the bridge was lifted off the original abutments and placed on temporary supports while the contractor rebuilt new abutments. New I-beams were placed on the new abutments and the historic truss was placed on top. The new supports will help the over 100-year-old bridge carry modern traffic loads, while maintaining its historic character.
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The Cold River flows westward across northern Clarendon, en route to its confluence with Otter Creek. The Cold River Bridge carried VT 7B, a former alignment of US 7, across the river, a short way south of VT 7B's northern junction with US 7\. It was about in length, with a deck wide, and rested on poured concrete abutments. Its trusses consisted of rolled steel I-beams, fastened together by rivets.
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Additionally, in the layer of concrete above the piles, there was a series of I-beams that was encased in the concrete. Since the boundaries of the lot did not intersect at right angles, the columns carried varying weight distributions. The foundation work proceeded at an average depth of below the Hudson River's mean high water, requiring extensive waterproofing. This contract was outsourced to the Sicilian Asphalt Paving Company, one of Carroll's companies.
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The beams and joist rest on ledges where the wall diminish in thickness and act as a load-bearing surface. I-beams have been introduced into structures to replace rotten timber beams but in Gedung Kuning, it is used to support the current beams. Exposed IIbeams have to be encased in concrete for fire safety as well as aesthetics reasons. Reinforced concrete beams are used to support the upper storey of the five-footway.
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Viewed from the stage, the balconies appear to be strung effortlessly between the walls of the hall. Their "secret" lies in two I-beams of structural steel, one for each balcony, over eighty- nine feet long and weighing thirty-three tons each, running the width of the hall. The balconies rest largely on these beams. The beam for the second balcony is tied directly into the back pair of the hall's four main support columns.
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Four steel T-shaped components support steel perforated purlins, which in turn support the corrugated metal roof sheeting. The former divide the seating lengths. Set about four and a half metres apart, they are made with two cantilevered, tapering I-beams bolted to a rectangular hollow steel column (made with two C-sections welded together) which is founded in a concrete upstand. A perpendicular upstand runs the length of the shelter along the midline.
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The Lilley Road Bridge over the Lower River Rouge is an eight-panel Pratt camelback pony truss with an upper chord constructed from back-to-back channels tied by X-lacing, a lower chord constructed from channels with battens, and a floor of built-up I-beams riveted to superstructure. The entire length of the superstructure is , with an span. The structure width is , with a cantilevered sidewalk on each side of the roadway.
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Trepanning is commonly used for creating larger diameter holes (up to ) where a standard drill bit is not feasible or economical. Trepanning removes the desired diameter by cutting out a solid disk similar to the workings of a drafting compass. Trepanning is performed on flat products such as sheet metal, granite (curling stone), plates, or structural members like I-beams. Trepanning can also be useful to make grooves for inserting seals, such as O-rings.
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Most of the fatalities occurred in homes with no basements, where head and chest trauma resulted from an increased exposure to flying debris. Next, the tornado hit an industrial complex (known then as Molson Park). One person died at a tire retreading facility while at least fifteen other businesses were damaged or destroyed (Bruineman, 2010). Steel I-beams were twisted horribly out of shape, and splinters of wood were found embedded into nearby concrete walls.
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MacDonald described (but did not publish a drawing of) the angle blocks at the bottom of the bridge. The bottom of the rod in the vertical posts screwed into these angle blocks. The members of the chord at the bottom of the bridge were flat bars, not I-beams, each bar measuring . Where a member of the chord ended at an angle block, a lug was forged at the base of the bar.
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Above that level, the structure is composed primarily of I-beams, with flange plates at their tops and bottoms. The building also incorporates curtain walls in its design. According to critic A. C. David, the optimal building design included high ceilings and large windows to maximize natural light coverage. The Germania Life Building not only included these features, but also had a corner location that was conducive toward the maximization of natural light.
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The structure was longitudinally framed with heavy web frames and an ice belt of heavy plating, and it had extra transverse framing above and below the design waterline. An enormous amount of weight was saved utilizing the technique of electric welding. The cutters' weights were used for estimating purposes. Tapered bulkhead stiffeners cut from 12" I-beams went from the main deck (4' depth of web) to the bottom (8" depth of web).
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Station name tablets This underground station has two side platforms and four tracks. The C train stops here at all times except late nights, while the A uses the two center express tracks to bypass the station during daytime hours. On alternating columns separating the local and express tracks there are signs that read "LIBERTY AVE" in black on white. The I-beams are tiled with color bands, along with the two-tone border motif.
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The highway system was extended with the opening of Mantin toll plaza on 31 December 2008. Again, the main subcontractor was WCT, and the beam-manufacturer was Mudajaya. Most of the shorter beams like the Ms and Inverted Ts were manufactured at Mudajaya's production plant in Ijok, Selangor, whilst the longer and more "treacherous" I-beams were produced on the site itself. As per normal practice, the route was toll free until 30 January 2009.
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Sidewall of bridge The Old M-94–Au Train River Bridge uses a span MSHD standard through girder bridge design to carry Wolkoff Road over the Au Train River. The structure has a single plate girder span, with a steel stringer approach span on each end. The stringers are supported by concrete abutments and concrete-filled steel cylinder piers. The main span consistes of two through girders, joined by four I-beams underneath.
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The County Road 557–West Branch Escanaba River Bridge is in length with a roadway width of and a complete structure width of . The structure is a steel stringer bridge, constructed of rolled I-beams supported simply by straight-walled concrete abutments on each side of the river. The outside of the stringers are encased in concrete, giving the bridge the appearance af an all-concrete construction. The deck is concrete, resurfaced with asphalt.
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The brick was made by the Cleveland Hydraulic Press Brick Company. The exterior wall of the first floor was made of reinforced concrete thick, waterproofed with a layer of felt, tar, and burlap. The rebar in the exterior wall was horizontal, carrying weight from column to column without putting too much pressure on the soil below. Above the first floor, two I-beams were attached to the exterior of the frame of the building.
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One carried the brickwork facade and the other carried the interior floor. The girders supporting floors two through ten were supported by rolled I-beams, with no more than between each girder. The concrete enclosing the girders and the concrete for the floor were poured at the same time. The concrete enclosing the girders rose to a minimum of above the girders, while the reinforced concrete for the floor itself was thick.
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Lyndon Bridge was influential on the history of Lyndon by providing easier access to the village. R.S. Riser's original design was a Parker Pratt bridge, as selected by the bridge committee. It consisted of three 200 foot (61 m) spans. Each span consisted of ten 20 foot (610 cm) long panels, where each panel met there were 15 inch (381 mm) I-beams between the trusses which held the stringers supporting the deck panels.
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The girder refers to the I-beams that are made up of steel plates that are placed together in order to hold the bridge up. Steel bridges are known to be more costly, but, when built, are much more effective and safe. Olgiati was given the resources to build a well built and supported bridge, which would greatly contribute to travel in Chattanooga. The site was approved in 1954, and construction began the next year.
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The bridge rests on abutments of stone and concrete; the north abutment includes a large granite outcrop. The bridge deck is supported by steel I-beams installed in 1971 to carry the active load. with The bridge was built in 1896, one of the last known to be built in the 19th century in Vermont. Its construction is somewhat unusual, with distinctively thicker bottom chords on the trusses, built out of twelve layers of planking.
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The truss structure is 17 feet wide, with a vertical clearance of about 20 feet. The main truss structure contains eight panels separated by the vertical posts made from two parallel channels with crossed-bracing connecting them. The upper chords of the span are made from two channels covered with plating. The understructure supporting the deck is made of large I-beams between the vertical posts with smaller length-wise steel stringers under the deck.
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The church countered that the payment did not account for present day rebuilding costs will be approximately $60M USD. The parish and the insurer reached an undisclosed settlement in April 2019. Installation of the new roof over the nave was completed in July 2019. As of November 2019 steel I-beams for the new floor were being installed as well as framing for the windows which will be fitted with temporary acrylic panels.
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"W" tablets on a blue background and brown border run along the trim line at regular intervals. At either ends of each platform, where they were extended in the 1960s to accommodate the current standard "A" Division train length of 510 feet (160 m), there are white tiles with name tablets reading "WINTHROP ST" in white sans serif face spelled on a blue background at regular intervals. All columns in the station are I-beams and are painted green.
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The Lyme-East Thetford Bridge is located in a rural setting between the village of East Thetford on the Vermont side and Lyme village to the east in New Hampshire. It consists of two Parker truss spans, set on concrete abutments and a central concrete pier. The trusses are fabricated out of rolled steel I-beams, and the main deck is steel covered by asphalt. The bridge location was the site of a ferry as early as 1780.
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The 1929 bridge was a Parker through truss structure, built out of rolled steel I-beams riveted together. It was virtually identical to the bridge in Sharon, several miles upriver, which was built about the same time. It was long and wide, with poured concrete abutments. with The 1927 floods, the worst in the state's history, washed away all of the bridges along the White River downstream from Rochester, in the foothills of the Green Mountains.
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The ceiling in this area is lower. These columns are I-beams and are painted cream-colored. Prior to the station's 1970 renovation, it was finished all in white and marble tile, and it had its own color scheme to allow regular passengers to identify the station based only on the color of the marble trimmings. However, the original trim line is still visible in the fare control areas behind the token booth and MetroCard Vending Machines.
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Iron tie rods wide serve as diagonal cross-braces on the panels, and there is a horizontal tension rod at each end of the truss. A set of expansion rollers at the west end, intended to provide additional stability, has since corroded due to road salt and rust. The deck is composed of rough-cut transverse two-by- fours supported by seven iron stringers on eight transverse iron I-beams. It is surfaced with asphalt thick.
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Meanwhile, unsightly I-beams installed to hold up the upper deck now blocked seats in the lower deck that were previously unobstructed. The maligned stadium's reputation was heavily tarnished after the upper deck scandal, criticized by public officials, media, and fans. Further complicating the situation was UCF's pending move to the stadium for 1979. The city finally received a settlement of $900,500 from the stadium's engineers, architects, and designers, money that was soon appropriated for new improvements.
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Sedge was built at the Marine Iron and Shipbuilding Company in Duluth, Minnesota for the United States Coast Guard. Her keel was laid down on October 6, 1943, she was launched on November 27, 1943, and commissioned on July 5, 1944. Her original cost was $865,411. She was the thirty-fifth of the 39 180-foot buoy tenders built during World War II. Her hull was constructed of welded steel plates framed with steel I-beams.
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The bridge is a riveted steel eight-panel single span camelback pony truss bridge on a rural section of M-86. The bridge is 90 feet long, with a 32.8-foot-wide concrete deck and a 27 feet wide roadway. Five I-beams support the floor. The upper chord is constructed with back-to-back channels with lattice, while the lower chord and verticals are constructed from two pairs of angles with a plate in the middle.
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The deck is corrugated metal, supported by rolled I-beams. The state of Vermont was devastated by flooding in 1927, which destroyed a large number of bridges. This bridge was built the following year by the American Bridge Company, and is based on a standardized design used for many of the bridges build in the period. It deviates from these in being shorter than typical for Pratt through trusses, and in its use of lighter-weight materials.
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The Gilead Brook Bridge is located in northern Bethel, carrying Vermont Route 12 across Gilead Brook just south of its junction with Gilead Brook Road. It is a four-span Warren deck truss bridge, resting on concrete abutments and piers. It is long and wide, and rises about above the brook. The trusses are assembled with rivets, and the approach spans consist of rolled I-beams with extra plates on the lower flange for additional reinforcement.
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The siding extends a short way into each portal. The bridge rests on abutments that are either stone faced in concrete, or have been completely rebuilt in concrete. The wooden bridge deck is supported by four steel I-beams; the trusses now carry only the bridge's superstructure. with Another view This locality is the only place in Vermont where one can see a historic covered bridge over one stream from another one over a different stream.
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William M. Black is located at the head of the Dubuque Harbor, where Ice Harbor Drive meets East 3rd Street. She has a riveted steel hull long, and wide at its widest point, including the paddleboxes for its sidewheels. Her hold is deep, and she has a scow-formed bow and no keel. Her superstructure has three decks, supported by a network of steel I-beams, so that heavy equipment could be supported anywhere within her structure.
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Both platforms are columnless except for a section at their extreme north ends, where they were extended in 1970 to accommodate 10-car trains. Here, the columns are cream colored I-beams. The ceiling is lower in this section. Prior to the station's 1970 renovation, it was finished all in white and marble tile, and it had its own color scheme to allow regular passengers to identify the station based only on the color of the marble trimmings.
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It also ran through the Ontario pavilion and the geodesic dome of the U.S. Pavilion. A small section of the Blue line ran on Saint Helen's Island, primarily to connect to the Metro and (south) Yellow Minirail line. The track structure was designed by the Swiss firm of Maschinenfabrik Habegger and fabricated on-site by Dominion Bridge Company. The running rails were twin × "I" beams apart, supported on A-frame pylons on centres, reduced to on curves.
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Girders are crossed with 50-centimetre I-beams, spaced by 1.6 metres; these beams are covered with a concrete deck. The bridge was represented on Soviet postage stamps twice: in March 1939 and December 1948. Visually unique, Krymsky Bridge is one of the least effective in terms of material costs. It consumed nearly 10,000 tons of steel, or 1 metric ton per square metre of deck (itself having a very low ratio of area usage, 24 to 38.4).
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The facade was cantilevered from the superstructure. Box columns were placed behind the vertical piers of the facade. The masonry and windows in each of the bays were supported by parallel columns and perpendicular I-beams, which in turn were cantilevered at the ends of the girders underneath the floors. This allowed easy identification and repair of corroded beams; prevented water intrusion on the facade from damaging the superstructure; and protected the St. Paul Building from fires that started in other buildings.
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Materials used for construction of a cattle grid depend partly on the weight it must bear.Hoy, pp. 112–116 A study of the bars of traditional cattle grids in the Flint Hills of Kansas found that 80 percent were made of pipe, while smaller percentages were made of railroad tracks, I-beams, planks, and other materials. The size of the bars varied from ; the spaces between bars varied from ; the number of bars per grid varied from 4 to 22.
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From the 1920s modern tiles and other additions were added in many places, while the post-war period brought misguided rebuilding with reinforced concrete. One of the medieval windows had a concrete awning with steel I-beams inserted into it, evidently to provide a place for a toilet and bathroom. Part of the walkway floor in the interior was also rebuilt using reinforced concrete. The 1974 Turkish invasion precipitated a degree of vandalism and the looting of the site for building materials.
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The church is steel- framed using projecting black-painted I-beams laid both horizontally and vertically. Glazed curtain walling encloses the whole entrance vestibule on the front of the church, which faces west on to the north–south London Road. Internally the a tall box with a central division formed by a full-height altar screen, the back of which can be seen through the fully glazed front elevation. There is also an entrance on the side of the building.
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The only way in and out of a shaft mine, was in the cage, cabled to the hoist. All products, men and supplies, as well as recoverable ore, travels up and down the shaft in a cage. When the hemp rope or chains broke, the cage would plummet uncontrolled to the bottom of the shaft, killing its occupants or destroying its load. Cages were open to the front and rear, with I-beams on both sides to support the floor.
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The Stamford Bridge, also known as Bridge No. 48-102-010, is a historic bridge in rural Mellette County, South Dakota, southeast of Stamford. Built in 1930, it is a three-span Bedstead Pony Truss bridge, carrying a local road over the White River, off County Road Ch 1. Each span measures in length, and the rest on two concrete piers and two concrete abutments with wing walls. The deck consists of steel I-beams, with wooden stringers topped by steel plates.
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Originally, the floor supports consisted of two by beams along the length of the bridge and by beams supporting the roadway running from side to side. The bridge was strengthened in 1937 with the addition of steel I-beams running along the length of the bridge and parallel to the roadway supports. A new road surface was also added at this time. The bridge continued to serve traffic until it was destroyed by fire when vandals burned the bridge on October 31, 1976.
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Modern analyses of the bridge collapse conclude that the railway had inadequately inspected and maintained the bridge. Åkesson, however, says that better inspection of the bridge may not have prevented a collapse. An inverted Howe truss puts the superstructure below the track, where it is difficult to see and inspect, and the angle blocks were hidden by the surrounding I-beams. Better inspection may have corrected some construction errors and identified falling shims, but might not have improved the bridge's survivability.
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The longest span was long and above the river below. Stone also decided to award the contract for the ironwork to the Cleveland Rolling Mill (then known as Stone, Chisholm & Jones Company), an iron and steel company based in nearby Cleveland, Ohio, which was managed by his older brother, Andros Stone. The I-beams were made by the mill. The mill also provided raw iron to the CP&A;, which then made the cast and wrought iron elements according to the fabrication plans.
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A handful of bicycle frames are made from magnesium, which has around 64% the density of aluminum. In the 1980s, an engineer, Frank Kirk, devised a novel form of frame that was die cast in one piece and composed of I beams rather than tubes. A company, Kirk Precision Ltd, was established in Britain to manufacture both road bike and mountain bike frames with this technology. However, despite some early commercial success, there were problems with reliability and manufacture stopped in 1992.
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For the board is a small circlet holder with colored flags to remind players which countries are in alliance. This piece is largely viewed as a gimmick, though various house rules may have different uses for these pieces. Each player may build, in their captured regions, a balance of factories, mills (both square), and military bases (round). Each player is awarded every turn a number of I-Beams, red Military Threat chips, white Popular Support chips, and black Economic Pressure chips.
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Every other column has a "45 Street" sign on it in black with white text. All are round except for the ones near the staircases to the station's main entrance, which was where the platforms were extended in 1970. These columns are I-beams. Prior to the station's 1970 renovation, it was finished all in white and marble tile, and it had its own color scheme to allow regular passengers to identify the station based only on the color of the marble trimmings.
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The tower, besides being decorative, served as a chimney and storage for the water tank that supplied the original bathroom in the basement. The full basement can be seen through round porthole windows on the east side of the building. It holds the workbench which General Wallace used when creating his nine inventions, the furnace used to heat the building, and the Wallaces’ carriage. The underpinnings of the study are also visible: Carnegie steel I-beams, corrugated metal, and concrete.
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After crossing U.S Route 80, the tornado moved through a sparsely populated area and then into the Meadowview and Swan Lake submissions, destroying substantial parts of the neighborhood. Traveling into the Meadowview neighborhood, the tornado tore through several streets of housing. It was in this neighborhood that the only two deaths occurred from this tornado. In this area the tornado was at F4 intensity, with winds estimated at about ; several I-beams weighing were thrown hundreds of feet and speared into the ground.
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The bridge is covered by a metal gabled roof, and its exterior is clad in vertical board siding, which extends around to the insides of the portals. The bridge deck consists of steel I-beams supporting wooden planking. The trusses no longer carry the bridge's active load, and only support its superstructure. The siding does not rise all the way to the roof, leaving an open strip between them, and there are long rectangular strip openings on the sides, sheltered by projecting siding.
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The ceiling and roof framing is supported with two king-post trusses at the ends of the main ridge. The basement is divided into halves and supported by summer beams that run the length of the sills and supported by posts on stone pedestals. By 1982, the steel I-beams were "recently" inserted under the floor joists and between the summer and the sills. The cellar also has an old furnace that is not in service due to the building using electrical heating.
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Built by Armstrong Downes Commercial the ARISE Centre features a largely concrete structure with 45m long steel I-beams that support the roof over the large span of the auditorium. The façade consists of glazed curtain wall that covers two sides of the building and is illuminated as a beacon with LED lighting at night. The white upper level floats above the lower level which features black aluminium joinery. The black lower level gives the building's large facade a human scale.
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The SIR's Clifton Yard is next to the northbound track, with yard leads and signals north of Clifton station. South of the station are the remains of the South Beach Branch turnout and a dismantled bridge. To the south, a spur on a pair of I-beams on concrete pillars is the location of an old coal, concrete, and lumber business. South of this station, the SIR main line turns southwest to Tottenville, and no longer runs along the harbor front.
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Captions reading "HOYT" are present in white lettering on a black background, with no mention of "Schermerhorn". On the eastbound (southern) side, some of these captions have been stickered-over with different station names as required for film and TV shoots, though both sides have been used for filming. Both northern platforms have green-painted steel I-beams, while the beams on both southern platforms are tiled. Much of the ceiling at platform level is peeling due to water damage.
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The roof, supported by I-beams spanning the width of the building, sloped from the front and rear to a low point about a third of the way from the rear. The first and second floors both had tin ceilings. Saloon and doorway to the second floor hall in 1913 When built, the first floor consisted of two shop spaces with stock rooms and living spaces at the rear. The store fronts each had a centered, recessed entrance flanked by windows.
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Roadway The Grayling Bridge is a , rigid-frame steel stringer structure, with the superstructure securely connected to the abutments using of the arched brackets. Nine rolled I-beams carrying the concrete roadway and sidewalks to each side. Ornamental steel guardrails, now supplemented with Armco guardrails, line the exterior. The bridge is significant as perhaps the earliest rigid-frame bridge built by the Michigan State Highway Department, and is the only example of a steel (as opposed to concrete) rigid-frame bridge in Michigan.
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Made in USA is a 2005 sculpture by American artist Michael Davis, installed at the SODO light rail station in Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington. It consists of a by steel archway as well as a plaza with seating areas. The archway is composed of oversized tools, including a try square, spirit level, and carpenter pencil. The seating area includes benches shaped into I-beams and a cog, with cast bronze replicas of workbench tools soldered onto the granite tops.
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The Parker Road–Charlotte River Bridge is a three-panel, rigid-connected Warren Pony Truss bridge; the structural members of the bridge are made pairs of steel angles connected back-to-back, rather than the more traditional box beams. I-beams supporting the wooden deck are bolted to the upright truss. The bridge spans with a width of , and sits on concrete abutments with angled wingwalls. The span has been recently braced with timber pilings in the center, but otherwise is relatively unchanged.
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The various parts of a truss bridge A deck is the surface of a bridge. A structural element of its superstructure, it may be constructed of concrete, steel, open grating, or wood. Sometimes the deck is covered a railroad bed and track, asphalt concrete, or other form of pavement for ease of vehicle crossing. A concrete deck may be an integral part of the bridge structure (T-beam or double tee structure) or it may be supported with I-beams or steel girders.
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This section is the immediate extension of the Bandra-Worli Sea Link further into the heart of Mumbai city. The current design allows for a clover leaf junction at Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Marg (at Worli) for ramp up of traffic onto the sea link. This includes twin carriageway of 3.315 km termed as main line and connectors at Worli and Haji Ali. While mainline is to be made of entirely precast segmental spans, the connectors will be made of segmental and I beams.
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The Czech hedgehog ( or ') is a static anti-tank obstacle defense made of metal angle beams or I-beams (that is, lengths with an L- or I-shaped cross section). The hedgehog is very effective in keeping light to medium tanks and vehicles from penetrating a line of defense; it maintains its function even when tipped over by a nearby explosion. Although Czech hedgehogs may provide some scant cover for infantry, infantry forces are generally much less effective against fortified defensive positions than mechanized units.
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In keeping with the flatbed concept, the aircraft was designed to sit low to the ground. Trucks would drive up to the aircraft and push their loads onto the back. The bed of the aircraft consisted of parallel I-beams as the primary load-carrying structure, with metal sheeting on the top to provide a smooth walking surface. Like most cargo aircraft, rollers could be raised through small holes cut in the bed to allow palletted loads to be rolled on and off without requiring a forklift.
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Some of the girders in the substructure were spaced irregularly because of the placement of the railroad platforms at the second basement level. Heavy sets of three distributing girders, encased in concrete, were used in these locations to support the weight of the Fulton and Cortlandt Buildings. Dey Street was carried above the mezzanine via a series of plate girders and I-beams, which formed a "skeleton platform" measuring about long by wide. The structure carrying Dey Street could accommodate loads of up to .
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On the New Lots Avenue-bound platform, the track walls have a section of yellow-orange tiles beneath the trim-line and another line of yellow tiles on the bottom of the tiled portions. The I-beams and other steel work along the track walls are painted in dark blue. The Manhattan-bound platform has its metalwork painted in golden yellow and the tiles beneath the trim line in dark blue. In the station, there are ornate doors in the tile walls which serve as vent chambers.
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Hydrostatic leaves such as in Prostanthera lasianthos are large and thin, and may involve the need for multiple leaves rather single large leaves because of the amount of veins needed to support the periphery of large leaves. But large leaf size favors efficiency in photosynthesis and water conservation, involving further trade offs. On the other hand, I-beam leaves such as Banksia marginata involve specialized structures to stiffen them. These I-beams are formed from bundle sheath extensions of sclerenchyma meeting stiffened sub-epidermal layers.
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"It is still considered one of his best buildings," according to the Encyclopedia of American Architecture (1980). Glass House itself is inferior to Farnsworth House in "intellectual rigor" and exquisite detailing, according to Nicolai Ouroussoff. For instance, he wrote, the steel I-beams at the corners of Johnson's building "are clumsily detailed—especially disconcerting in a work of such purity." Nevertheless, the building is "a legitimate aesthetic triumph", with the glass walls beautifully layering silhouetted and reflected images layered on each other, the critic wrote.
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A bridge has been documented to stand at this location as early as the 1790s. A bridge at the site underwent repairs in 1866, but was judged to be in need of repair or replacement in 1885. The town contracted for the trusses with the Berlin Iron Bridge Company, then a major producer of bridge trusses, and the bridge was completed for $1,000. In 1965, the state added a metal grid deck, and in 1970 it replaced the original deck supports with I-beams.
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This is one of three buildings by van der Rohe in the Federal Center Plaza complex: the others are the US Post Office (Loop Station) and the Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse. The Kluczynski Building is constructed of a steel frame and contains of space. The exterior is sheathed in bronze-tinted glass set into bright aluminum frames. Beneath the windows are steel spandrel panels painted flat black and windows are separated horizontally by steel mullions of projecting steel I-beams also painted black.
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Vampire was built to house a brigade headquarters of up to 50 men and one senior commanding officer. Located close to Polygon Wood, it was named after the supply soldiers whose mission was to come out at night to re-supply troops in the front line. Located below Flanders and dug over a period of four months by 171st Tunnelling Company, the Royal Engineers used I beams and reclaimed railway line in a D-type sett structure. This was then further reinforced, using stepped wooden horizontal beams.
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Sigiri Bridge is a multi span deck-type plate girder bridge. The bridge is supported by two abutments 100m apart and two piers located 25m from the abutments. The bridge deck is divided into three spans with each of the two flank spans extending beyond the piers by 9m resulting in a mid-span length of 32m. The three deck spans are designed as composite steel and reinforced concrete decks consisting of 12 steel I-beams which together with the concrete above act as composite T-beams.
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We do not wait for time and the elements to weather us, we change scenery ourselves, to suit our moods. Nature is for other people, in other places ...” "The major themes of Portrait with Keys ... are the I-beams that make up the chassis. Subsidiary themes, such as crime and art and architecture, are the brakes and suspension ... The little snippets – for instance, the list of car-guards’ notes – are the city’s rivets and bolts exploded out along their dotted diameters." \- William Dicey, author and book designer.
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Jessie L. Tyler, wife of Lieutenant Commander Gaines A. Tyler, chief inspector for the Coast Guard at the Duluth shipyard. Her original cost was $874,798. Her hull was constructed of welded steel plates framed with steel I-beams. As originally built, Mesquite was long, with a beam of , and a draft of . Her displacement was 935 tons. While her overall dimensions remained the same over her career, the addition of new equipment raised her displacement to 1,025 tons by the end of her Coast Guard service.
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Nevertheless, while touted as fireproof, the Equitable Life Building still contained combustible components and non-fireproof materials. The floors were made of wood atop brick- or hollow-tile arches; in turn, the arches were situated between the I-beams, which were made of iron and steel. The roof was made of wood and slate. Dumbwaiters in the tile shaft had wooden doors and platforms, while the rest of the building had massive hardwood trim, wooden window sash, and wood-and-glass partitions that were ineffective against fire.
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The Fruitport Road–Pettys Bayou Bridge is a multiple- span concrete-and-steel bridge, consisting of nine spans stretching 418 feet. Five spans are 55 feet in length, two are 53 feet, and two are 18 feet. Each span contains eight lines of rolled I-beams, braced laterally. The foundations of the bridge are unusually deep, due to the marshy soil below and the substructure units are of a lightweight cellular construction to reduce the load on the soil, and spread it out over a large area.
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The Old US 41–Backwater Creek Bridge is a rigidly connected Warren pony truss, long with an roadway. The deck is constructed of I-beams bolted to the verticals and support stringers, over which a concrete roadway is laid. The trusses are supported by concrete abutments on all four corners, having angled wingwalls. The bridge is historically important as an early part of the region's infrastructure, and is technologically noteworthy as one of the earliest examples of a standard highway department pony truss design in the state.
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The deck, made of metal panels paved over in asphalt, is supported by I-beams. A water utility pipe is attached to the southern truss. The bridge was built in 1934, its trusses manufactured by the American Bridge Company at its plant in Ambridge, Pennsylvania. Although the Warren pony truss was a common bridge type in Vermont into the 1920s, changing manufacturing techniques and standardization of bridge types by the state meant that its use was in decline in the state when this bridge was built.
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The Pine Brook Bridge stands in a rural area of northern Waitsfield, carrying North Road, a principal road in the area, across Pine Brook, a tributary of the Mad River to the west. It consists of two king post trusses, and is long and wide, with a roadway width of (one lane). It rests on stone abutments faced in concrete, and its wooden bridge deck is supported by steel I-beams. Its exterior is clad in vertical board siding, which extends a short way inside the portals.
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The Jeddo Road bridge is a two-span, steel- stringer bridge with a solid concrete pier located in the center of the stream below. Each span consists of six steel stringers braced with I-beams, with a maximum span length of 29 feet. The entire structure is 74 feet long and 23 feet wide, with a 20-foot-wide roadway edged by concrete curbs. The bridge is lined with metal railings built of an angle and a channel beam, connected to posts made from angles.
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Wood body cars had steel frames, I-beams on cars 10-310 and steel girders in the sides on cars 311-321. In the first 10 years there were problems with the bodies flexing but reinforcing the bodies worked. Most wood body cars continued in service until the end of service in 1957. Spotting features included arched end windows, arched upper sash windows (which were covered up over time during modernization work), and truss rods under the frame, necessary to maintain the body's structural rigidity.
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The right-bank embankment of the canal was raised by one row of granite stones, while the figures of lions with pedestals and chains were raised [13]. In 1948, by engineer A. M. Yanovskiy, a major reconstruction of the bridge was carried out including the replacement of wooden longitudinal beams with metal I-beams [11]. In 1954, a new handrail and lanterns were installed on the bridge, made according to the original project, the white color of the lion sculptures was restored (after a series of unsuccessful dark paints) [5].
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A&C; Black, London, UK. . Rear Admiral George van Deurs suggested that the loss of Cyclops could be owing to structural failure, as her sister ships suffered from issues where the I-beams that ran the length of the ship had eroded due to the corrosive nature of some of the cargo carried. This was observed definitively on the USS Jason, and is believed to have contributed to the sinking of another similar freighter, Chuky, which snapped in two in calm seas. Moreover, Cyclops may have hit a storm with winds.
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A similar steel cable reinforcement scheme was also used to stabilize the light's granite foundation. A roadway was excavated from the light's existing location to its new location onto a 3-foot thick reinforced footing. A series of heavy steel I-beams established a support base and track on which the lighthouse was pushed and moved with pneumatic power. Due to the aide-to-navigation requirement that the elevation of the light's signal remain constant - the lower elevation of the new lighthouse location required the light be raised on a cement block foundation.
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Even some of the engineered buildings were badly damaged due to poor design and construction techniques, such as a lack of anchoring between the steel roof I-beams and the reinforced concrete tie-beams on which they rested. One structure, the Shahabad bridge that was well-engineered and constructed using modern techniques, was almost undamaged, compared to the adobe houses in a neighbouring village, all of which collapsed. The earthquake caused damage to qanats (water tunnels), with the destruction of 180 wells. The flow of some springs was disrupted.
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In early 1968 he was commissioned to design a house and studio for Humphrey Spender near Maldon, Essex, a glass cube framed with I-beams. He continued to develop his ideas of prefabrication and structural simplicity to design a Wimbledon house for his parents. This was based on ideas from his conceptual Zip-Up House, such as the use of standardized components based on refrigerator panels to make energy-efficient buildings. Pompidou Centre Rogers subsequently joined forces with Italian architect Renzo Piano, a partnership that was to prove fruitful.
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William A. White, "Mountain Ship," The Pittsburgh Press, Section Two, March 23, 1954, p. 21. Courtesy of Google News Archive. Specifically, there was burrowing under the Lincoln Highway, or U.S. Route 30, in order to insert the three heavy I-beams, with embedded huge concrete piers allowing the ship to "ride." Other than the cement and 18 steel piers, numerous carloads of lumber were used for the 3/4-inch thick wood that was overlaid with metal siding, coming from at least 22 junked car frames, to cover the hotel's exterior.
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An intricate system of cantilever trusses extends out from these I-beams to form the front part of the balconies. This method of balcony construction was relatively new in 1910 and had, to the author's knowledge, never been used in a concert hall in the United States prior to the Emery Auditorium. Its use in two balconies adds further precedent to the Emery's design. In regard to acoustics, Leopold Stokowski commented on the hall's excellent combination of clarity and blend, and the effective increase in the orchestra's power.
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A range of materials were used to fill the gaps between the brick frame: including orange-coloured face brick, screened openings, some small sections of render and various aluminium-framed windows. On either side of this building, two wide butterfly-roofed, steel-framed shelters with built-in seating were erected. Each was made up of four sets of steel columns and cantilevered steel tapering I-beams bolted together. The seating, made with timber slats and a steel and timber frame, was placed back-to- back facing each track.
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The first-generation Ranger uses a body-on-frame chassis design; while using a chassis developed specifically for the model line, the Ranger adopts many chassis design elements from the F-Series. Along with traditional leaf-spring rear suspension, the Ranger is fitted with Twin I-Beam independent front suspension. To minimize unsprung weight, the Twin I-Beams were constructed of stamped high-strength steel (rather than forged steel). Rear-wheel drive was standard, with part-time four-wheel drive as an option (never offered in the Courier).
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This lug fit into a slot in the angle block. The angle blocks which made up the chord at the bottom of the bridge also had lugs facing inward, to which were attached (by means MacDonald did not describe) the lateral braces. MacDonald and Gasparini and Fields noted that the diagonal I-beams were designed to connect to both the upper and lower angle blocks with the flanges of the I-beam in a vertical position. The web of the I-beam fitted into a horizontal slot between two lugs.
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The history of the bridge indicates that some of these shims had come loose over time and fallen away. The loss of shims induced uneven loading, as the more tightly-connected diagonals absorbed load before the loose ones did. Åkesson points out that the shims themselves may even have created unequal pressure points between I-beams and the lugs, subjecting the lugs to bending forces as well as shear forces. With the diagonals not carrying the load they were intended to carry, extra stress was placed on the chords.
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Along with two bridges in Waterville and two more in neighboring Belvidere, it is one of five covered bridges in a five-mile span of the North Branch Lamoille River, representing one of the densest concentrations of bridges over a single body of water in the state. In 1967, the back wheels of a truck fell through the floor. Subsequently, steel I-beams were installed under the bridge. In 1970, the bridge survived a fire at a nearby house when firefighters hosed it down to prevent it from catching.
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Prior to the present bridge, two bridges have stood at this site. The first was a covered bridge, known as the Tenney Covered Bridge, which was built in 1833, and was swept away in Vermont's devastating 1927 floods. The second bridge, an iron Pratt truss structure, was built by the Berlin Construction Company as part of a major effort by the state to rebuild its bridge infrastructure after the flooding. It was built using standardized guidelines for bridges of its length (), and used rolled I-beams as a means to speed fabrication.
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The Main Street Bridge is an historic bridge carrying Main Street over the Pawtucket Falls in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The oldest portion of this bridge consists of two flattened-arch spans, each about in length, with a total bridge length of . The bridge has been widened twice to accommodate increased traffic; the most recent widening was in the 1960s, when concrete abutments were added to the south, and the added section completed with I-beams. The bridge, built in 1858, is believed to be the oldest highway bridge in active use in the state.
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Black Cover Flat (1974), steel, Tel Aviv Museum of Art Anthony Caro encountered modernism when working as an assistant to Henry Moore in the 1950s. After being introduced to the American sculptor David Smith in the early 1960s, he abandoned his earlier figurative work and started constructing sculptures by welding or bolting together pieces of steel such as I-beams, steel plates and meshes. Twenty Four Hours (1960), in Tate Britain since 1975, is one of his earliest abstract sculptures in painted steel. Often the finished piece was then painted in a bold flat colour.
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There is evidence that some I-beams were then installed correctly, but that the angle blocks were damaged in the process. Furthermore, in every other joint, the diagonal chords were fitted to the angle blocks using shims rather than tightening the vertical beams and putting the diagonals under compression. Rather than rely on the truss design to carry live loads, the shims carried this weight by themselves. At the ends of the bridge, where Stone used only a single diagonal, only half of the angle block received load.
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Structural shape rolling, also known as shape rolling and profile rolling, is the rolling and roll forming of structural shapes by passing them through a rolling mill to bend or deform the workpiece to a desired shape while maintaining a constant cross-section. Structural shapes that can be made with this metal forming process include I-beams, H-beams, T-beams, U-beams, angle iron, channels, bar stock, and railroad rails. The most commonly rolled material is structural steel, including carbon steel and stainless steel. Other metals, plastic, paper, and glass can also be rolled.
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Much of the original interior detail remains intact, such as timber doors, architraves, cornices and fireplaces. FOOTBRIDGE (1893) A simple girder structure made from old rails. Its main feature is the joining of the old rails head to head so the rail feet form flanges (I-beams). MOVEABLE ITEMS Wall clock, large, 0.5/2.4/0.3, (AC02) refreshment room Seat, 1.8/0.9/0.9, (LA03) refreshment room Rotating chair patterned seat, (CA05), platform store Rotating chair patterned seat, (CA06), platform store Office desk, 1.5/1.0/0.7, recessed handles, (DA07), refreshment room.
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A portable friction stud welding tool consists of a motor to rotate the stud at high speed and a piston to apply the necessary force to the stud. The equipment may be air or hydraulically powered. A clamping system is also required to hold the tool onto the work piece and to provide reaction to the force on the stud. The clamps used are typically magnetic or vacuum clamps for flat surfaces, chain or claw clamps for pipes and various mechanical clamps for welding onto I beams or other shapes.
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264 Starting in 1967, workers laid of guideway rail for about $2.5 million. The rails consisted of two I-beams for the running wheels, with an optional rack gear on the bottom that could be engaged to allow the cars to climb higher graded areas. The cars sat between the rails, hanging down between them, with doors on top that opened and closed automatically to keep the ore from falling out when in motion. Major portions of the network were enclosed in rectangular tubes to protect them from the elements, especially snow.
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Supportive tension is created by using the mast as a lever to pull the deck up into a shallow arc, keeping the opposite end of the bridge secured by two steel rods. With the mast raised, concrete was poured onto the metal deck frame, pushing the deck into place and applying tension to the cables. The post-tensioned structural construction allows for a substantially thinner 6-inch-thick reinforced concrete slab-on- metal deck. The deck structure is supported by secondary I-Beams, and has an average width of 80 feet (24m).
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The benefits of the system were found to be that it was quicker to install, more economical and longer- lasting, and with the bridge being less lively than traditional designs. The bridge has six I-beams for each track and two beams for each parapet, and they are deep. It was erected in 1946 on the foundations of an earlier Victorian bridge, created as part of the Liverpool & Bury Railway in 1847, which was made from timber with masonry abutments. The earlier bridge was strengthened three times in: 1869, 1888 and 1906.
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" The set containing Sterling Cooper's corporate offices contained skypans fitted with 5K bulbs onto the centers, which measured 8 inches apart. Ambrose collaborated with the production team to institute twenty-five inch trusses on chain motors and to devise dollys with Arri Alexa cameras that were eventually installed on aluminum I-beams. Ambrose proclaimed that the flexibility of the trolleys and chain motors enabled production to move more efficiently in concentrating on the design of the window. He added: "We also had four 20Ks and a few more T-12s on stands that could be rolled around the office floor.
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Sweetbrier was built at the Marine Iron and Shipbuilding Company in Duluth, Minnesota. Her keel was laid down on November 3, 1943, she was launched on December 30, 1943, and she was commissioned on July 26, 1944.. Her original cost was $865,531. Her hull was constructed of welded steel plates framed with steel I-beams. As originally built, Sweetbrier was long, with a beam of , and a draft of . Her displacement was 935 tons. While her overall dimensions remained the same over her career, the addition of new equipment raised her displacement to 1,025 tons by the end of her Coast Guard service.
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The song's theme is of the resolve of those coping with the decline of the American manufacturing industry and the emergence of the Rust Belt in the latter part of the 20th century. More specifically, it depicts the depressed, blue-collar livelihood of residents of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in the wake of Bethlehem Steel's decline and eventual closure. The introductory rhythm of the song is reminiscent of the sound of a rolling mill converting steel ingots into I-beams or other shapes. Such a sound was commonly heard throughout South Bethlehem when the Bethlehem Steel plant was in operation from 1857 through 1995.
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In a plate girder bridge, the plate girders are typically I-beams made up from separate structural steel plates (rather than rolled as a single cross-section), which are welded or, in older bridges, bolted or riveted together to form the vertical web and horizontal flanges of the beam. In some cases, the plate girders may be formed in a Z-shape rather than I-shape. The first tubular wrought iron plate girder bridge was built in 1846-47 by James Millholland for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.Henry Grattan Tyrrell, History of Bridge Engineering, Williams, Chicago, 1911; page 195.
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The booms enlarged the Meillerwagen footprint to stabilise it during erection of the rocket, and provided a means of adjusting the Meillerwagen transverse level. The booms deployed outward and forward of the lifting frame trunnion axis to prevent it toppling forward or to either side. The lifting frame was constructed of two formed I-beams, with tubular and box transverse braces. The lifting frame was fitted with plumbing for fuelling the rocket; wiring for powering and monitoring the rocket and for field telephones; accommodations for carrying and dismounting the rocket; and folding platforms to service the rocket with rungs to access them.
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The C3s fuselage and wing struts were built up from welded chromium-molybdenum alloy steel tubes, faired with wood battens. It had two open cockpits each protected from the wind with generously-sized shatterproof-glass windscreens, and which could accommodated three people, with two in the front cockpit. The wings on the prototype were built around spruce and plywood box beam spars that were replaced with solid spruce spars routed into I-beams on production examples. Ribs were built up from spruce and plywood, while on the C3-225, duraluminium sheet covered the leading edge of the wing to improve the aerodynamic form.
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These include brass lamps from Italy, ground flooring done in the original marble, a hydraulic lift with brass doors and chengai timber covering for the new concrete floors. Decorative features were also added internally to reflect the rich facade: naked steel I-beams were clad in plaster, and the old outhouse, a wing which contained only toilets, was turned into an attached wing for shops and services. A modern skylight allows sunlight to illuminate the building's interior. The corner store was turned into an external foyer where people can walk in from both sides of the road.
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Double Chain of SiO4 Tetrahedra The structure of all amphiboles is based on a double chain of linked SiO4 tetrahedra, with composition (Si4O11)n. The inner tetrahedra are referred to as T1 and the outer ones as T2. The pattern in the double chain repeats after a block of two T1 and two T2 tetrahedra, with a repeat distance of approximately 5.3 Å, and this determines the length of the unit cell along the c crystal axis. The tetrahedra within a chain all point outwards in the same direction, and the chains are linked back-to-back by cations to form I-beams.
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The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its façade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design.
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Connected by corridors measuring high by wide, they were fitted with water pumps to deal with the high groundwater table. Created below Flanders by the 171st Tunnelling Company, and dug over a period of four months, the engineers used I beams and reclaimed railway line in a D-type sett structure. This was then further reinforced, using stepped wooden horizontal beams. The Vampire dugout became operational from early April 1918, first housing the 100th Brigade of the British 33rd Division, then the 16th King's Royal Rifle Corps and then the 9th Battalion Highland Light Infantry Regiment.
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Concrete- structure and stone-building shoring, in these cases also referred to as falsework, provides temporary support until the concrete becomes hard and achieves the desired strength to support loads. Hydraulic Shoring Hydraulic shoring is the use of hydraulic pistons that can be pumped outward until they press up against the trench walls. They are typically combined with steel plate or plywood, either being 1-1/8" thick plywood, or special heavy Finland Form (FINFORM) 7/8" thick. Beam and Plate Beam and Plate steel I-beams are driven into the ground and steel plates are slid in amongst them.
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South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-198-181 was located about south of Davis, carrying 460th Avenue over the East Fork Vermillion River just north of 286th Street. It was a three-span structure, with timber-framed approach spans on either side of a central Pratt through truss. The main span was , and rested on concrete piers, while the outermost supports were concrete abutments with flared wing walls. The truss elements were riveted together, and the bridge's deck support consisted of two layers of wooden planking set on timber beams laid over steel I-beams, which were riveted to hangar plates on the trusses.
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South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-210-282 was located about west and south of Centerville, carrying 461st Avenue over the East Fork Vermillion River just north of 296th Street. It was a three-span structure, with timber-framed approach spans on either side of a central Pratt through truss. The main span was , and rested on steel tubular piers, while the outermost supports were timber crib abutments. The truss elements were riveted together, and the bridge's deck support consisted of two layers of wooden planking set on timber beams laid over steel I-beams, which were riveted to hangar plates on the trusses.
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As with the connection between diagonals and angle blocks, it was critical that there be no space between the I-beams and the lugs on top of the angle block because these lugs transferred axial forces to the next member. Space between the member and lug would reduce the effectiveness of this transfer and introduce shear stress to the lug. The problems with camber led to members of the chords being shortened and the lugs being shaved down, actions which introduced space between the lugs and the chord members. Construction workers used metal shims to fill the space between the lug and the chord members until a tight fit was achieved.
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ASTM A992 steel is a structural steel alloy often used in the USA for steel wide-flange and I beams. Like other carbon steels, the density of ASTM A992 steel is approximately 7850 kg/m3 (0.2836 lb/in3). ASTM A992 steel has the following minimum mechanical properties, according to ASTM specification A992/A992M. Tensile yield strength, 345 MPa (50 ksi); tensile ultimate strength, 450 MPa (65 ksi); strain to rupture (sometimes called elongation) in a 200-mm-long test specimen, 18%; strain to rupture in a 50-mm-long test specimen, 21%. ASTM A992 is currently the most available steel type for structural wide-flange beams.
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Two traditions seem to have developed alongside each other - one in northern Peru and Ecuador, and another in the Altiplano region of southern Peru, Bolivia and Chile. There is evidence for smelting of copper sulphide in the Altiplano region around the Early horizon. Evidence for this comes from copper slag recovered at several sites, with the ore itself possibly coming from the south Chilean-Bolivian border. Near Puma Punku, Bolivia and at three additional sites in Peru and Bolivia, "portable" smelting kilns were used to manufacture I-beams in situ, to join large stone blocks during construction. Their chemical analysis shows 95.15% copper, 2.05% arsenic, 1.70% nickel, .
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The Seagram Building was built of a steel frame, from which non-structural glass walls were hung. Mies preferred the steel frame to be visible to all; however, American building codes at the time required that all structural steel be covered in a fireproof material, usually concrete, because improperly protected steel columns or beams may soften and fail in confined fires. Concrete hid the structure of the building, something Mies wanted to avoid if possible, so Mies used non-structural bronze-toned I-beams to suggest structure instead. These are visible from the outside of the building, and run vertically, like mullions, surrounding the large glass windows.
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The most famous pogo oscillation was in the Saturn V first stage, S-IC, on the flight of Apollo 6 caused by the cruciform thrust structure. This structure was an "X" of two I-beams, with an engine on the end of each beam and the center engine at the intersection of the beams. The center of the cruciform was unsupported, so the central F-1 engine caused the structure to bend upwards. The pogo oscillation occurred when this structure sprang back, lengthening the center engine's fuel line bellows (which was mounted down the center of the cruciform), temporarily reducing the fuel flow and thus reducing thrust.
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Ouchy M2 station, Showing the angle iron guide bars, the I-beam roll ways and the bumper posts sandpile, in the Montreal Metro near the Beaugrand Station, showing the unusual inverted U cross-section of the guide bars, precast concrete roll ways and conventional track The rubber-tyred metro systems that incorporate track have angle irons as guide bars, or guiding bars, outside of the two roll ways. The Busan Subway Line 4, that lacks a rail track, has I-beams installed as guide bars. The flanges are vertical. The Sapporo Municipal Subway, that lacks a rail track as well, has no guide bars.
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Temporary repairs, consisting of a rudimentary system of cables, I-beams, and planks, kept the bridge passable after the 1964 earthquake. The bridge was permanently repaired starting in 2004, and the repaired bridge was dedicated in August 2005. The controversial decision was made to repair it after a severe September 1995 flood caused the bridge to be impassable and also made an eventual washout of debris onto Childs Glacier inevitable. State engineers determined that it was less expensive to repair the bridge than it would be to remove it, or (in a worst-case scenario) clean up if the bridge completely collapsed into the river.
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The taut steel I-beams and suspension cables create a bridge-like feeling on the upper deck, with views of Philadelphia visible through the stadium's open corners. It accommodates 69,000 spectators and encompasses approximately 1,600,000 sf of floor space. It is one of the most technologically advanced in the league. Some of the features include a 100,000 sf centralized area for pre-game and post-game activities with large video screen and Interactive Zone, 172 luxury suites, two 40,000-square-foot club lounges, 1,000 plasma screen TVs, Daktronics-HDTV (ProStar) video screens, power assisted doors, Assistive Listening Devices, a TDD phone, and closed captioning text pagers.
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The Chrysler building is considered by many historians and architects to be one of New York's finest, with its distinctive ornamentation such as V-shaped lighting inserts capped by a steel spire at the tower's crown. An early influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1958), distinctive for its facade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is an important example of green design in American skyscrapers. The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.
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LP's OSB products protected the company from some of the vicissitudes of the timber market. Buoyed by this success, the company soon expanded its line of products made from reconstituted wood to include I-beams for floor joists and rafters. These structural beams used half as much lumber as their solid wood counterparts, yet were stronger and lighter. LP also introduced a concrete form of Inner- Seal, and in 1985 began to market Inner-Seal siding for the exterior of homes. Driven by these breakthroughs, a housing boom, and a thriving remodeling and repair business that increased demand for its specialty building products, LP's sales grew 50 percent between 1980 and 1988, according to the Portland Oregonian.
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The sculpture is composed of a re-used, painted steel plow blade; a large rubber tire; and an unpainted, industrial steel I-beam base which connects the separate elements. The I-beams, a recurring element of di Suvero’s work, are cut and welded into a series of low-lying crossed bars with vertical projections in place to support each suspended element. The plow blade is positioned in such a way that the bottom edges run horizontally and the upper edges slope up and away from their crux at an angle nearly 30 degrees above horizontal. The front faces and top edges of the blade are painted safety yellow, evoking the tradition of public works.
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The September 11, 2001, attacks destroyed the small telephone exchange inside the World Trade Center, that served the Center, and damaged the company's largest exchange building, the Verizon Building at 140 West Street, across Vesey Street. The destruction included cables under Vesey Street as well as inside plant damaged when I-beams and steel from the towers ran through the building. Service was disrupted to approximately 300,000 business and consumer voice circuits, 3,600,000 data circuits (including the New York Stock Exchange), and 10 cell towers. Police Department headquarters lost telephone service, but the nearby NYTel building at 375 Pearl Street had its own small exchange which only lost part of its connections to the rest of the network.
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September 11, 2001, attacks The station and the surrounding subway tunnels were severely damaged in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks following the collapse of Two World Trade Center, resulting in the closure of the line south of Chambers Street. During the September 11 attacks in 2001, a train operator reported an "explosion" to the MTA's Subway Control Center one minute after the first plane struck the World Trade Center's North Tower at 8:46 a.m. Subway service was halted shortly afterward, and as a result, no one in the subway system died. The steel I-beams of the station were crumpled and the station roof collapsed, as the tunnel had been located underground, relatively close to ground level.
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In order to accurately design a pre-engineered building, engineers consider the clear span between bearing points, bay spacing, roof slope, live loads, dead loads, collateral loads, wind uplift, deflection criteria, internal crane system and maximum practical size and weight of fabricated members. Historically, pre- engineered building manufacturers have developed pre-calculated tables for different structural elements in order to allow designers to select the most efficient I beams size for their projects. However, the table selection procedures are becoming rare with the evolution in computer-aided custom designs. While pre-engineered buildings can be adapted to suit a wide variety of structural applications, the greatest economy will be realized when utilising standard details.
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Galleried apartments at the second and third floor levels surrounded this grand open space, recessed behind a two-story Tuscan order colonnade. The large skylight above was suspended from 42-foot-span riveted Howe type steel trusses supported by steel columns above the top of the I beams just above the main ceiling. This trusswork also supports the gabled skylight above visible on the building's exterior. Academic Hall originally included 110 individual sleeping rooms of a small size (approximately 8’ X 12’), 12 suites of faculty apartments, 3 large laboratories, a photographic darkroom, a study hall, a hospital, a carpentry shop, a drafting room, a large dining room and a huge kitchen.
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If the temperature of the metal is above its recrystallization temperature, then the process is known as hot rolling. If the temperature of the metal is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is known as cold rolling. In terms of usage, hot rolling processes more tonnage than any other manufacturing process, and cold rolling processes the most tonnage out of all cold working processes... Roll stands holding pairs of rolls are grouped together into rolling mills that can quickly process metal, typically steel, into products such as structural steel (I-beams, angle stock, channel stock), bar stock, and rails. Most steel mills have rolling mill divisions that convert the semi-finished casting products into finished products.
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Converting the assembled barges into landing craft involved cutting an opening in the bow for off-loading troops and vehicles, welding longitudinal I-beams and transverse braces to the hull to improve seaworthiness, adding a wooden internal ramp and pouring a concrete floor in the hold to allow for tank transport. As modified, the Type A1 barge could accommodate three medium tanks while the Type A2 could carry four.Schenk, p.99 Tanks, armoured vehicles and artillery were envisaged as crossing the Channel in one of around 170 transport ships, which would be anchored off the landing beaches while the barges disembarked the first echelon of assault troops; those in powered barges disembarking soonest.
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San Francisco's population growth increased along with the demand for iron products, and with the growth of railroads and street cars on the west coast, the output from PRM doubled, and doubled again. By 1873, the mill turned out rod, wire, shafts, axles, I-beams, wrought iron and hammered iron of every type needed by the growing metropolis. By the end of the 1880s the mill had five main buildings along three blocks of waterfront and employed a thousand men. Potrero Point quickly became the site for some of California's most important heavy industries, including shipbuilding and the manufacture of mining machinery, while the hill continued to be cut and the bay mudflats filled.
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The sculpture is composed of twenty tons of steel (plate, channels and I-beams), two tons of polypropylene rope (the tail), fiberglass (the bowties), a ton of cedar (the handle), assorted bearings (for the wheels and mouth mechanism,) television sets (the eyes,) industrial epoxy paints and the various electrical components which power the piece. The sculpture is set on four concrete foundations and surrounded by a wrought iron fence five feet tall. The top of the fence is lined with double entrendres of political cliches. The Mayor of Cleveland, Michael R. White, opposed the erection of the sculpture for purely aesthetic reasons ("I 've seen it and I don't like it...." The Plain Dealer, Feb.
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The steel columns of the OPT are tapered and curve upwards to join steel beams, welded with steel web stiffeners and holding the suspended concrete slabs for the main passenger terminal level. The architect, Lawrence Neild has himself described the expression of structure as "an architectural metamorphosis that uncovered the rugged plate web steel structure and added a round tower framed with rolled I-beams and channels. The steel feels heavy and immovable against the floating ships." This primary steel structure is set back from the water's edge, providing for the large cantilevered extendable gangways between the building and ship main decks as well as providing logistical and transportation access along the waterfront.
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Heckla moved his family in April 1969, before the building was completed. On November 11, 1981, Veterans Day, high-rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin, for the purpose of calling attention to the inability to rescue people trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers, successfully climbed the building's exterior wall. Wearing a wetsuit and using a climbing device that enabled him to ascend the I-beams on the building's side, Goodwin battled repeated attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to knock him off. Fire Commissioner William Blair ordered Chicago firemen to stop Goodwin by directing a fully engaged fire hose at him and by blasting fire axes through nearby glass from the inside.
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The existing ceiling joists in most houses are only designed to support the weight of a ceiling, therefore additional support will be required to transfer the loads from the new loft floor to the walls of the house, since the alignment of roof supports would generally need to be altered, causing a significant increase in pressure at specific points on the flooring of the property. The most common method used is to install I-beams or rolled steel joists (RSJs), these can either be installed in single lengths or in smaller sections which are bolted together. New timber joists are then installed between the RSJs onto which the new floor can be laid. A structural engineer will calculate the size of the RSJs and joists.
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The Blackfriars Bridge is the oldest wrought iron bridge in North America still used for vehicular traffic. The construction of the bridge is made in a bowstring truss design that uses pin connections and lattice girders. The deck surface is presently of renewable planking: a double file of approximately 1,500 8 ft 2'x4' each, on edge, upon a framework of nine longitudinally laid stringers of 1 ft iron I-beams, topped with bolted-on wooden cladding, whose ends rest on the two abutments. Attached beneath these are 15 transverse floor-beams, from which vertical lattice pillars, under tension, translate the live thrusts of traffic to the bowed upper chord, which transfers this back as tension along the bottom-chord "string" of the bow.
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The I-Beam was a popular nightclub and live music venue in San Francisco that was located in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood at 1748 Haight Street. Before opening the club, Sanford Kellman had an impromptu party there and found that all the neighbors complained about the noise. Therefore, Sanford Kellman was required by the City government of San Francisco to soundproof the entire building at great expense, delaying the opening of the club for several months.Diebold, David Tribal Rites:San Francisco's Dance Music Phenomenon Northridge, California:1986--Time Warp Publishing--Pages 144 On the opening night of the club in October 1977, groups of bare-chested men in jeans and construction hats carried I-Beams on their shoulders into the club.
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The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the first to be built with girders of carbon steel anchored in concrete blocks; preceding designs typically had open lattice beam trusses underneath the roadbed. This bridge was the first of its type to employ plate girders (pairs of deep I-beams) to support the roadbed. With the earlier designs, any wind would simply pass through the truss, but in the new design the wind would be diverted above and below the structure. Shortly after construction finished at the end of June (opened to traffic on July 1, 1940), it was discovered that the bridge would sway and buckle dangerously in relatively mild windy conditions that are common for the area, and worse during severe winds.
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Masonry walls as such do not require siding, but any wall can be sided. Walls that are internally framed, whether with wood, or steel I-beams, however, must always be sided. Most siding consists of pieces of weather- resistant material that are smaller than the wall they cover, to allow for expansion and contraction of the materials due to moisture and temperature changes. There are various styles of joining the pieces, from board and batton, where the butt joints between panels is covered with a thin strip (usually 1 to 2 inches wide) of wood, to a variety of clapboard, also called lap siding, in which planks are laid horizontally across the wall starting from the bottom, and building up, the board below overlapped by the board above it.
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Active continuous connection was not used on the bridge: The members of the chords were connected to angle blocks at only every other panel, the five beams making up each chord did not have a continuous interconnection between them, and the none of the parallel I-beams making up the diagonals were continuously interconnected. Åkesson points out that construction errors probably made the diagonals even less effective as thin members were placed where thicker ones should have gone and vice versa. The braces and counter-braces in a Howe truss must be the same size for the truss system to be robust and redundant. Making a brace stronger relative to a counter-brace, for example, actually reduces robustness and redundancy by changing the relative distribution of forces on the diagonals.
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The pointed arches and flying buttresses of Gothic architecture are ornamental but structurally necessary; the colorful rhythmic bands of a Pietro Belluschi International Style skyscraper are integral, not applied, but certainly have ornamental effect. Furthermore, architectural ornament can serve the practical purpose of establishing scale, signaling entries, and aiding wayfinding, and these useful design tactics had been outlawed. And by the mid-1950s, modernist figureheads Le Corbusier and Marcel Breuer had been breaking their own rules by producing highly expressive, sculptural concrete work. The argument against ornament peaked in 1959 over discussions of the Seagram Building, where Mies van der Rohe installed a series of structurally unnecessary vertical I-beams on the outside of the building, and by 1984, when Philip Johnson produced his AT&T; Building in Manhattan with an ornamental pink granite neo-Georgian pediment, the argument was effectively over.
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The onset of the Great Depression motivated Huckins to build smaller boat designs and to seek more efficient construction methods for larger vessels, such as mounting engines on I-beams supported by the engine room bulkheads, and using belt driven V-drive propulsion systems. In 1943 the U.S. Navy commissioned Huckins Yacht Corporation to build two squadrons of PT boats, a total of 18 boats for service during World War II. John F. Kennedy was in command of a Huckins-built vessel, PT-101, when he served as an instructor at the Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center in Melville, Rhode Island,. He also delivered PT boats from Melville, Rhode Island to Jacksonville and then to the breaking-in center in Miami. In 1969, Huckins built the largest sportfishing yacht in the United States, measuring 80 feet in length.
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In order to address a need for heavy artillery a number of mle 1876 guns were converted to railway guns and given the designation 24 cm Canon G modèle 1916. The conversion entailed removing the gun cradle from its carriage and mounting it on a variety of flatbed rail wagons built from steel I beams and timbers on top of a two, three or four-axle rail bogie. The gun carriage changed from an inclined hydro-gravity system to a horizontal hydro-spring system where the recoil was absorbed by a hydraulic buffer and returned to firing position by springs. At the front of the carriage there was also an attachment for an earth anchor and between the axles there were screw jacks which could be lowered to take weight off the axles and anchor the carriage.
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Cluster 38 (1997) and Stepped Density (1999–2001) reworked the ergonomics of fast-food furniture design and rules governing public space, creating what The Washington Post called "Pop-artish, tongue-in-cheek" sculptures of geometric rigor and high finish "hover[ing] in perfect middle ground between high formalist aesthetics and low commercial culture."Sozanski, Edward J. "Trolling For Clarity on The Future," The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1999. How High Is Up? (2003–4) riffed on architectural models, transforming a still image of an improbable structure made out of chaotically arranged I-beams from a Three Stooges episode into a gleaming, Anthony Caro-like abstract sculpture; with detailed computer renderings and posters comically referencing Frank Gehry- style, Deconstructivist architecture, the installation enacted a cultural leveling, imbuing an object meant to represent human error and chaos with authority and rationality.
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A number of mle 1884 guns were modified to become railway artillery under the designation Canon de 140 sur affut-truc mle 1884 during 1914. The conversion entailed mounting the gun carriage on a simple flatbed rail wagon built from steel I beams and timbers with five variable gauge axles that allowed the guns to transition from standard gauge to narrow gauge allowing the guns to be brought closer to the front. The recoil system for the mle 1884 consisted of a U shaped gun cradle which held the trunnioned barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with a hydro-gravity recoil system. When the gun fired the hydraulic buffers slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned the gun to battery by the combined action of the buffers and gravity.
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By blending a traditional commercial façade with physical elements that addressed the specific needs of automobile sales and service, the building met the needs of tenants and consumers. Distinctive features include large storefront windows on the first story, which gave passersby a clear view of the vehicles for sale inside; large expanses of over-sized windows on the second story and skylights in the roof, which provided ample light and ventilation to work areas on the second floor; and an oversized freight elevator capable of transporting vehicles, as well as auto parts, from the back alley to the first floor or the second floor. Most notable, though, is the building’s highly unique structural system, which supplements a typical early-twentieth century masonry and wood structure with massive steel I-beams that span the ceiling on the first floor and distinctive turnbuckle trusses that hang from the ceiling on the second floor.
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Prince Edward, his wife, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, and former Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander unveil an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque in 2006 The original three buildings and the plazas of Toronto–Dominion Centre were together recognized as a part of Ontario's built heritage in 2005, when an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque was unveiled by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, his wife, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, and former Lieutenant Governor of Ontario Lincoln Alexander. The complex has been designated under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act since 2003. The designation notes "The Toronto- Dominion Centre is an outstanding example of the International Style of architecture." The concrete foundations, the load-bearing black-painted steel frames, the bronze-tinted glass curtain walls with mullions and a grid of exposed and painted steel I-beams, the revolving doors at the bases and, on the towers, the pilotis, are noted architectural features on the exterior of the buildings.
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In the late 1960s and 1970s, di Suvero began working in a truly monumental scale, using I-beams as a consistent aesthetic and structural element in his work, as displayed in Snowplow. He drew upon the dynamism of an urban environment for inspiration, as opposed to many Minimalists of the time whose artwork reflected the alienation of modern cities and machinery. Di Suvero believed art to be an integral part of city life, considering both the artwork's surroundings and the viewer’s experience as contributing to the artwork; thus, he created many of his artworks to have parts that could swing or rotate in the wind in order to enhance the interactive aspect. After successfully celebrating Indianapolis 150th anniversary in 1971, and raising funds through the sale of various items (posters, coffee mugs, cookbooks, medallions, etc.) the Indianapolis Sesquicentennial Commission sought to use its funds to acquire a work to commemorate this Anniversary.
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The guideway consisted of parallel steel I-beams providing the running surface, with a third steel channel running down the middle of the two providing the guide rail, emergency stopping surface, vehicle power and communications. Due to the rubber-on-steel running surfaces, the maximum climbing grade was about 10 degrees, and would be reduced in wet or snowy weather. In good weather the vehicles normally ran at 40 km/h in the low-speed sections, but could run as high as 80 km/h in high-speed sections. Vehicle control used a moving block control system, similar to those used on automated railways. Each vehicle had a small computer on board that communicated with the external scheduling systems every 1/2 second or less, sending in its current position with a resolution of less than 2 m. The position was measured by small spiral antennas running in the guide track, which also send position information to the scheduling computers at 1,200 bit/s over an inductive loop in the track.
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In 1836 the Englishman Thomas Bonehill built puddling furnaces for the Puissant and Licot de Nîmes families; in 1838 the company Société Anonyme des laminoirs, forges, fonderies et usines de la Providence was formed by Clément-Joseph Delbruyère together with Edmond et Jules Puissant and Thomas Bonehill with a permitted capital of 1500,000 francs in order to construct a coke fire blast furnace, together with other equipment from Puissant and Bonehill's company la société le grand laminoir de la Providence, including steam engines (50 and 80 hp), and metal working equipment including hammers, four rolling mills, shears, puddling furnaces, casting equipment and molds as well as associated land, workshops and offices, and refractory brick manufacturing facilities. The first steelworks was at Marchienne-au-Pont, Charleroi (Belgium); in 1843 the company decided to construct a second steelworks in Hautmont (France), equipped to produce plate and rails in expectation of orders for the construction of the French railways. In 1849 Bonehill's successor Alphonse Halbou patented a method for the production of I-beams by rolling. Later, another steelworks in Réhon (France) was constructed, and the first blast furnace began production in 1866.
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