The hypaethral is decastyle in both front and rear porticoes.
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The Hypaethral Temple of Philae, 1838 169\. Frontispiece. Front elevation of the Great Temple of Aboo-Simbel. 170\. Tile page. Great Gateway, leading to the Temple of Karnac, Thebes. 171\.
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The Athenaeum called it "not only hypaethral, but hypaethral in issimo—and after the most extraordinary fashion", and remarked, "Possibly it was at first intended that there should be a roof, but in order to save expense, it was afterwards thought that such covering might be dispensed with". According to the council, the monument was indeed originally intended to have a roof and interior walls but these were never built due to a lack of funding. However, The Chronicle has reported that this is a myth and a roof was never planned.
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Initially, it was a small temple, hypaethral, and consisting of a peribolos wall and two altars. In the 6th century BC, the temenos of the temple was enlarged until it surrounded an area of about 13×13 metres. The Intraurban Sanctuary was used at least until the Extramural Sanctuary was completed and fully operational.
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Trajan's Kiosk on Agilkia Island In classical architecture, hypaethral describes an ancient temple with no roof. (From the Latin hypaethrus, from Ancient Greek ὕπαιθρος hupaithros ὑπό hupo- "under" and αἰθήρ aither "sky, air".) It was described by the Roman architect Vitruvius in his treatise De architectura, written for the emperor Caesar Augustus probably about 15 BC.
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Journal of the Manchester Egyptian and Oriental Society by Manchester Egyptian and Oriental Society, Manchester University Press 1935, p.19 In his main residence a large shrine was discovered which depicted Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and princess Meritaten making offerings to the Aten. This is an example of the domestic cult of the royal couple. The hypaethral chapel was located within the central hall.
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Ranipur-Jharial houses one among the five existing rare monuments of Hypaethral temples (temples without roofs) dedicated to 64 yoginis in India. The other three are at Hirapur near Bhubaneswar, Khajurao & Bheraghat near Jabalpur, and Dudhai near Lalitpur. The images at Ranipur-Jharial are made of sandstone. The temple of 64 yoginis of Ranipur-Jharial is famous not only for its architecture, but also for its religious significance.
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In 1820, his drawing Ruins of the Great Hypaethral Temple, Salinuntum, Sicily, was etched by Bartolomeo Pinelli and appeared in Goldicutt's The Antiquities of Sicily (1819). One of Goldicutt's last designs was for St James' Church, Sussex Gardens, Paddington, (c. 1841) which was finished by George Gutch after Goldicutt's death. Goldicutt's original scheme was for a neo-classical design in yellow brick, influenced by his travels in Italy.
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Entrance, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. Gelatin silver photograph. Brooklyn Museum Restored albumen print of the Suez Canal at Ismailia, c. 1860 The Hypaethral Temple, Philae, by Francis Frith, 1857; from the collection of the National Galleries of Scotland Four men and a table of food, Egypt Frith was one of the first of a new type of entrepreneurial photographer to establish himself as a retailer of scenic photographs on a large scale.
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While the custom of father worship can be seen in these cases, the protecting deities of the villages were always in female form, who were worshiped in open groves ("kavu"). These hypaethral temples had trees, stone symbols of Mother Goddesses or other naturalistic or animistic image as objects of worship. The continuity of this early culture is seen in the folk arts, cult rituals, worship of trees, serpents and mother images in kavus.
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Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard in 1869, albumen print, by himself The Hypaethral Temple, Philae, by Francis Frith, 1857; medium: albumen print, original size 38.2×49.0 cm; from the collection of the National Galleries of Scotland John Moran's albumen print of Limon Bay, High Tide., 1871, albumen silver print, original size 7 15/16 × 10 5/8 in. (20.2 × 27 cm), J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California Camille Silvy's albumen print of Viscountess Amberley, original size 3 3/8 in. × 2 1/8 in.
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An old temple in the Campus Martius had long been dedicated to Iuppiter Fulgens. The original cult image installed in the sanctuary by its founder was by Leochares,According to Pliny's Natural History, 39.79 a Greek sculptor of the 4th century BCE. In the 1st century Vitruvius observed (De architectura I.2.5) the propriety or decorum required for temples of Jupiter Tonans, that they be hypaethral, open to the sky. The 1st century poet Lucan also mentions the temple of Jupiter Tonans in Rome (De Bello Civili II.34).
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Trajan's Kiosk on Agilika island Trajan's Kiosk, also known as Pharaoh's Bed (سرير فرعون) by the locals, is a hypaethral temple currently located on Agilkia Island in southern Egypt. The unfinished monument is attributed to Trajan, Roman emperor from 98 to 117 AD, due to his depiction as pharaoh seen on some of the interior reliefs. However, the majority of the structure dates to an earlier time, possibly to the reign of Augustus. The temple was originally built on the island of Philae, near the lower Aswan Dam, and served as main entrance to the Philae Island Temple Complex from the Nile river.
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The entablature is made up of the architrave, frieze and cornice; the architrave and cornice are simple in design, and the frieze is adorned with triglyphs, although these are stylised and lack grooves. There is a triangular pediment at each end of the entablature; the total height of the entablature and pediments is . Detail of the entablature The structure has no roof, leading the The Illustrated London News to call it hypaethral; however, The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal considered this adjective inappropriate. It asserted that "[a]n 'hypoethral' temple does not mean one without any roof at all... but only that peculiar kind of temple in which the cella was left partly uncovered"—the monument has no cella.
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Development of pottery chronologies for Late Antiquity had helped resolve questions of dating basilicas of the period. Three examples of a basilica discoperta or "hypaethral basilica" with no roof above the nave are inferred to have existed. The 6th century Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza described a "a basilica built with a quadriporticus, with the middle atrium uncovered" at Hebron, while at Pécs and near Salona two ruined 5th buildings of debated interpretation might have been either roofless basilica churches or simply courtyards with an exedra at the end. An old theory by Ejnar Dyggve that these were the architectural intermediary between the Christian martyrium and the classical heröon is no longer credited.
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Hadjar Silsilis, or the Rock of the Chain. 181\. Part of the Hall of Columns at Karnac, seen from without. 182\. View looking across the Hall of Columns, Karnac. 183\. Part of the ruins of a temple on the Island of Bigge, Nubia. 184\. The Dromos, or First Court of the Temple of Karnac. 185\. Ruins of the Temple of Medamout, near Thebes. 186\. Ruins of a Christian Church in the Grand Court of the Temple of Medinet Abou. 187\. Temple of A'Mada at Hassaia, Nubia. 188\. Medinet Abou, Thebes. 189\. Temple of Dandour, Nubia. 190\. The Hypaethral Temple at Philae, called The Bed of Pharoah. 191\. Temple of Isis, on the roof of the Great Temple of Dendera. 192\. Pyramids of Geezah. 193\.
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