After returning to Japan, he served as a member of the House of Peers, Governor of Tokyo Prefecture, President of the House of Peers, Minister of Education, and Privy Councillor. He died in 1918, and his grave is located in Tokushima.
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In 1932, Tokudaiji began serving as a Chamberlain for Emperor Shōwa. From 1937, he served as a Prince of the House of Peers. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant colonel. In 1946, he resigned as a member of the House of Peers.
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He formed Nomura Securities in 1925. In 1928, he was appointed to the House of Peers in Japan.
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In 1921, he was named emeritus professor of Tokyo University, and became a member of the House of Peers.
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In 1936, Nakagawa returned to Japan as a member of the House of Peers. In 1939 he was appointed president of Imperial Japanese Airways, the state-run airline of the Japanese Empire. He remained a member of the House of Peers and the head of the airline until his death in 1944.
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Prince , was a Japanese nobleman who served the Meiji government as a court official and member of House of Peers.
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From 1890, he served in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan. He was later awarded 2nd Court rank.
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He might overpower his opposites in the House of Peers, by nobilitating his natural children, or creating noblemen whom he pleased.
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In 1909 he became a member of the House of Peers, and continued to serve as a member every year (except for a hiatus between 1911–1914) until his death. A strong supporter of education, he donated a large property in downtown Tokyo to create the Hongo Gakuin school. In 1933, he was made Vice- President of the House of Peers, breaking with the precedent that only men with the rank of princes or marquis could service in the highest level positions. Four years later, when Fumimaro Konoe became Prime Minister of Japan, Yorinaga Matsudaira became the President of the House of Peers.
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Another example of aristocratic bicameralism was the Japanese House of Peers, abolished after World War II and replaced with the present House of Councillors.
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Prince was the 13th head of the Mito branch of the Tokugawa clan and the President of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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He became a viscount (shishaku) in the kazoku peerage system in 1884, and served as a member of the House of Peers from 1890 to 1911.
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Hajime Seki died of Typhus on January 26, 1935, one year after being selected as a member of the House of Peers in 1934. He was 61.
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The House of Peers (Spanish: Estamento de Próceres) was the upper house in the Spanish Cortes between 1834 and 1836. The House was created by the Royal Statue of 1834 which created a bicameral parliament with two houses: the House of Peers and the House of Representatives (Estamento de Procuradores). After 1837, the houses of the Cortes Generales were named Senate and Congress of Deputies. Members were Grandees.
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Count was a Japanese political figure of the late Meiji through early Shōwa periods, and served as President of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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In September 1907, Nashiba was ennobled with the title of baron (danshaku) under the kazoku peerage system and served in the House of Peers from 1911 to 1916.
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Three days later, the Tohokai was also compelled to disband and all of its members ending up being forcibly integrated into the Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association. Even in the House of Peers, where adherence was voluntary and de facto duel membership in pre-existing caucuses was permitted, 326 of the 411 members joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association. However, because the caucuses of the House of Peers were close knit and were not supposed to engage in political activities, and considering the House of Peers’ traditional role since its establishment of defending the interests of the government, Japan had more or less put in place the "one country, one party" system.
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After World War II, under the current Constitution of Japan, in effect from 3 May 1947, the unelected House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors.
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Mishima was a member of the House of Peers and the House of Councillors and was parliamentary vice-minister to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
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From December 1911, Kuniyuki Tokugawa served as a member of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan. On the completion of the Dai Nihonshi in 1929, he was awarded the title of koshaku (公爵, prince). On June 25, 1940, he accepted the post of honorary president of Japanese Red Cross Society. From October 11, 1944, to June 19, 1946, he served as the President of the House of Peers.
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From 1920 until his death in 1932, Kigoshi served as a member of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. His grave is at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.
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In 1888 he became a member of the Privy Council, in 1890 the Vice President of the House of Peers, and in 1892 the Vice President of the Privy Council.
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The King also appointed the members of the House of Peers (Article 27). In the judicial field, the King appointed judges (Article 57) and had the power of pardon (Article 67).
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Masakata Sengoku in 1917 was the last head of the Izushi Domain. He later served as the Minister of Communications in Japan. He was a member of the House of Peers.
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National Diet Library, Reference (レファレンス, an NDL monthly) 2005.5, Ōyama Hidehisa, 帝国議会の運営と会議録をめぐって, pp.49–50, Table 2: Number of members of the House of Peers and House of Representatives [by Imperial Diet and in the House of Peers, by membership category] As the regulations establishing the cabinet (naikaku) and the cabinet's prime minister (naikaku sōri-daijin) were decreed before the Imperial constitution, the prime minister did not have to be a member of the Imperial Diet, but after the establishment of the Imperial Diet in 1890, many prime ministers were appointed from the House of Peers; very few were members of the House of Representatives, viz. Takashi Hara, Osachi Hamaguchi, and Tsuyoshi Inukai.
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Banzai Rihachirō in uniform was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army and advisor to the government of the Republic of China, who later served as a politician in the House of Peers.
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In 1890 he was elevated to the House of Peers and in 1915 he was granted the title of danshaku (baron). Tanaka died in 1916. The Saxifragaceae species Tanakaea radicans is named after him.
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He was later ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system. Later in his life he was also a Privy Councilor (appointed in February 1923) and a member of the House of Peers.
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50 The House of Peers in the 1880s Appointed a member of the Order of the Rising Sun, first class, in 1880, Nakayama was created a Marquess in 1884, when the Emperor created a new hierarchical peerage on European lines. This gave him a seat in the House of Peers, the upper house of the Imperial Diet. On 14 May 1888, a month before his death, he received the supreme accolade of being awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum during his lifetime, a rarely bestowed honour.
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After the Meiji Restoration, Kanda was appointed governor of Hyōgo Prefecture, and also worked for the new Meiji government as an advisor on economics and governmental structures, and was responsible for developing and implementing the Land Tax Reforms of 1873–1881, and for establishing local administration structures. He was appointed to the House of Peers in 1890. His translation of William Ellis's Outlines of Social Economy in 1867 is regarded as Japan's earliest study of western economics. He served in the Genroin, and was afterwards appointed to the House of Peers.
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From August 1924 to August 1925, Tachibana served as mayor of the city of Fukuoka. From July 1925 to his death in February 1929, he held a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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His son, Matsudaira Yasutaka (1867–1930) served as a member of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan and was author of a number of works on agricultural science, having studied for several years in England.
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Kabayama received a doctorate in civil law from Yale University in 1893. He was later the Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat of the Second Yamamoto administration (1923-1924). He became a member of the House of Peers in 1924.
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Third, while his father and half-brothers moved to the new capital, Tokyo, in 1892, Prince Taka continued to reside in Kyoto, except for a brief period in 1895, when he served a term in the House of Peers.
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Duke was a Japanese politician and journalist of the Meiji era.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Konoe Atsumaro" in . He served as the 3rd President of the House of Peers and 7th President of the Gakushūin Peer's School in Meiji period Japan.
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In support of the clergy's point of view, however, their income had also diminished due to a reduction in tithe-rates.Jebb, John (1824). "A speech delivered in the House of Peers, Thursday June 10, 1824..." in Hume Tracts. pp. 11, 28.
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Arichi served in the House of Peers from 1897 to 1904. He retired in 1911, but continued to serve as a member of the Privy Council from 1914 until his death in 1919. His grave is at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.
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The number of noble and appointed members of the House of Peers was not fixed and varied gradually over time as members died or new peerages were granted; the number of elected top taxpayer seats, Imperial Academy seats (introduced in 1925), members appointed from the colonies Chōsen/Korea and Taiwan/Formosa (introduced in 1945), and the size of the House of Representatives was fixed by law, but was also changed several times over the decades. The last, 92nd Imperial Diet of 1946–1947 had 839 members — 466 members of the House of Representatives and 373 members of the House of Peers.
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On June 19, 1946, he served as the President of the House of Peers, a post which he held until May 2, 1947, when the Allied occupation authorities authorized the current Constitution of Japan abolishing the House of Peers. He died of heart disease at his home in Shibuya, Tokyo, on February 18, 1963, and was posthumously awarded the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, 1st class. His grave is located at the Yanaka Cemetery in Tokyo. He was succeeded as head of the Tokugawa clan by Tsunenari Tokugawa, his grandson from Yasuko Tokugawa with Matsudaira Ichiro, son of Tsuneo Matsudaira.
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Following the war, he returned to the Finance Ministry as head of the government's Tobacco Monopoly. He was later assigned to serve in the Japanese Government-General of Korea, as a secretary to the Privy Council, and as a member of the House of Peers. Upon his father's death on 23 July 1906, he inherited the title of viscount and took a seat in the House of Peers. After petitioning the Meiji Emperor, the emperor elevated him to count on 2 October 1907 in recognition of his father's service. From 1916 to 1918, he served as Chief Cabinet Secretary.
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In 1884, he became a viscount (shishaku) in the new kazoku peerage. In 1904, he was accorded a seat in the House of Peers. He died in 1905 without a male heir and his title went to his younger brother, Mizuno Tadazane.
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He was excluded from the House of Peers during the Second Restoration. However, he retained his rank of marshal. Louis XVIII restored his peerage on 5 March 1819. He died in 1820 and was buried near André Masséna at the Père-Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.
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In 1889, the House of Peers Ordinance established the House of Peers and its composition. For the first session of the Imperial Diet (November 1890–March 1891), there were 145 hereditary members and 106 imperial appointees and high taxpayers, for a total of 251 members. In the 1920s, four new peers elected by the Japan Imperial Academy were added, and the number of peers elected by the top taxpayers of each prefecture was increased from 47 to 66 as some prefectures now elected two members. Inversely, the minimum age for hereditary (dukes and marquesses) and mutually elected (counts, viscounts and barons) noble peers was increased to 30, slightly reducing their number.
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On 21 October 1840 he resigned due to a crisis in Eastern affairs. He remained in the House of Peers until the February Revolution of 1848 returned him to private life. Joseph Pelet de la Lozère died on 9 February 1871 in Villers-Cotterêts, Aisne, aged 85.
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Until the February Revolution of 1848 Gautier continued to sit in the house of peers and to act as Deputy Governor of the Bank of France and member of the Board of Commerce and Industry. He was also Chairman of the Committee of invalids of the Navy.
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He became head of the Gakushūin Peers's School in 1917. In 1920, Hōjō became an advisor to the Imperial Court, and was appointed a member of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan. On April 27, 1929, he died of liver cancer, aged 71.
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After Austria's wars of 1859–66, he found himself on the defensive, since blame for the defeats was referred to the Concordat. The archbishops and prince-bishops were members of the House of Peers; thus, when the war on the Concordat opened in the Reichstag in 1861 and its revision was demanded, Rauscher with the other episcopal members of the Upper House deliberated concerning an address to the emperor. When the House of Delegates demanded the removal of the religious orders from the penitentiaries, hospitals, and other state institutions, he declared in the House of Peers: In consequence of the events of 1866, a storm against the Concordat and the Church broke out violently, and the Press added to it. When the drafts of the new laws concerning marriage, the schools, and the interconfessional relations, in respect to which points there were many gaps in the Concordat, came up for discussion in the House of Peers, Rauscher delivered a speech on the Concordat, urging harmony between the spiritual and secular powers.
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In 1930, he became Speaker of the House of the Lower House of the Diet of Japan. In 1931, Fujisawa was awarded a seat in the House of Peers. In 1934, Fujisawa was appointed to the Privy Council. He died on April 3, 1940 of pneumonia in Tokyo.
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However, while he was ambassador, the United States enacted discriminatory immigration laws against Japanese, which created much ill will in Japan. Shidehara was elevated to the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system in 1920, and appointed to a seat in the House of Peers in 1925.
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In October 1931, Shidehara was featured on the cover of Time with the caption "Japan's Man of Peace and War". Shidehara remained in government as a member of the House of Peers from 1931 to 1945. He maintained a low profile through the end of World War II.
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Fukugawa Hideki, "日本陸軍将官辞典", Fuyō Shobō Press, 2001. In April 1927, he retired from active service and entered the reserves.Kanpou, Issue 89, April 19th, 1928. He served as a member of the House of Peers from April 18th, 1927 to May 14th, 1946.
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Taiwanese also had seats in House of Peers. Ko Ken'ei (辜 顕栄, Gu Xianrong) and Rin Kendō (林 献堂, Lin Xiantang) were among the Taiwan natives appointed to the legislative body. Democracy was introduced in response to Taiwanese public opinion. Local assemblies were established in 1935.
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The government faced an angry lower house when the next Diet term convened on May 6; even members of the House of Peers were outraged, issuing a resolution condemning the manner in which the election was held on May 11. Shinagawa was forced to resign the following month.
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In April 1914, Taketomi was appointed Communications Minister in the 2nd Ōkuma administration, serving in that capacity to August 1915. He was then appointed Minister of Finance in the same administration, serving until October 1916. Taketomi was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers in 1924.
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Konoe assumed the vice presidency of the house of peers in 1931. In 1932 political parties lost control of the cabinet, henceforth cabinets were formed by alliances of representatives from political elites and military factions, the government increased suppression of political parties and what remained of the left wing, as Japan mobilized its resources for war. Konoe ascended to the presidency of the house of peers in 1933, his efforts in the mid 1930s focusing on political mediation among elite political factions, elite policy consensus and national unity. He sent his eldest son Fumitaka to study in the US, at Princeton, wishing to prepare him for politics and make him an able proponent of Japan in America.
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When finally granted by the Emperor as a sign of his sharing his authority and giving rights and liberties to his subjects, the 1889 Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the Meiji Constitution) provided for the Imperial Diet (Teikoku Gikai), composed of a House of Representatives and a House of Peers. The House of Representatives was popularly elected with a very limited franchise of male citizens who paid 15 yen in national taxes (about 1 percent of the population) being eligible candidates. The House of Peers was composed of nobility and imperial appointees. There was also the provision for the creation of a Cabinet composed of ministers of State directly responsible to the Emperor and independent of the legislature.
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As Home Minister, he presided over a more severe interpretation of the Peace Preservation Laws. Yamamoto continued to serve in the House of Peers until is dissolution by the post-war Constitution of Japan, and died in 1947 at the age of 91. His grave is at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.
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From January 1938 until May 1946, he served in the House of Peers . In 1939, Kawarada was selected as Education Minister under the Abe Noriyuki administration. During World War II, from 1943-1945, Kawarada served as Governor of Osaka Prefecture. He was also chairman of the National Health Insurance Fund Association.
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Kowner, Historical Dictionary of the Russo- Japanese War, p. 357. In 1900, Emperor Meiji nominated him to the House of Peers. In 1902, he was made a baron (danshaku) under the kazoku peerage system. He became a Privy Councillor in 1906, and elevated in status to viscount (shishaku) the following year.
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He was replaced by the even more conservative Kiyoura Keigo and a cabinet made up entirely of members of the House of Peers not associated with any political party. The Toranomon Incident was cited later by the government as one of the justifications for the Peace Preservation Law of 1925.
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Jebb, John (1824). "A speech delivered in the House of Peers, Thursday June 10, 1824..." in Hume Tracts. p. 9. While the Irish clergy and their supporters refuted these claims, popular opinion seemed to overshadow their arguments. Specifically, non-resident clergy were resident elsewhere and thus could not be considered absentee.
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He returned to the House of Peers in 1919. However, in April of the same year, he died during the worldwide epidemic of the Spanish influenza. Due to his death, the coming- of-age ceremony for his nephew-in-law, Prince Hirohito had be postponed by one year to 1920.
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Nakamura Yoshikoto was a government bureaucrat, entrepreneur, and politician in late Meiji period Japan. He served as second Chairman of the South Manchurian Railway Company, Mayor of Tokyo, Railroad Minister, and was a member of the House of Peers. He was also known as Nakamura Zekō.Soseki, Spring Miscellany and London Essays.
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He also served in the Genrōin and in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan after the 1890 Japanese general election. Tsuda was also an active member of the Meirokusha, and contributed numerous articles to its journal. He was ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system.
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The bill passed the lower house, but it was defeated in the House of Peers in March 1931 by a vote of 184 to 62.Nolte, Sharon H. "Women's Rights and Society's Needs: Japan's 1931 Suffrage Bill," Comparative Studies in Society and History, October 1986, Vol. 28, No. 4, p. 690-714.
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Ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system in 1902, he served as a member of the House of Peers from 1904 to 1910. He died in 1919 at his summer cottage in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture. As one would expect, he has been honored on several Japanese postage stamps.
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320px Count was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period who became a government official in the Meiji, Taishō, and Shōwa eras. Younger brother of Tokugawa Iesato. His childhood name was Bannosuke (群之助). Served as a member of the House of Peers and the Board of Trustees of Gakushūin.
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The upper house of the Diet was also elected by the people under the new constitution, the first ordinary election of members of the House of Councillors had been held five days before. Numerous prominent figures were elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in this election, including former Prime Minister and House of Peers member Kijuro Shidehara, then-Prime Minister and former House of Peers member Shigeru Yoshida, and future Prime Ministers Tanzan Ishibashi, Zenko Suzuki and Kakuei Tanaka. Yoshida remained Prime Minister following the election, acting until a successor was appointed – under the new Constitution, the cabinet depends on parliamentary support and must resign in the first Diet session after a House of Representatives election.
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In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system, Kuroishi Domain briefly became Kuroishi Prefecture, and was merged into the newly created Aomori Prefecture in September 1871. Under the new Meiji government, Tsugaru Tsugumichi was given the kazoku peerage title of shishaku (viscount), and later served as a member of the House of Peers.
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In 1916, Ishii was raised to viscount (shishaku), and was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan. Ishii Kikujiro Ishii is remembered for his efforts to improve Japan–United States relations during a period of increasing tension over China, and the racist treatment of Japanese living in the United States.
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Matsukata successively held offices as president of the Japanese Red Cross Society, privy councillor, gijokan, member of the House of Peers, and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan. Later, he was given the title of prince and genrō. In 1902 he visited USA and Europe. He arrived in London from New York in late April.
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The , abbreviated to Yokuseikai or IRAPA, was the political wing of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association and a joint caucus of both the House of Representatives and the House of Peers that existed between 20 May 1942 to 30 March 1945. In Japanese history, the Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association established the "one country, one party" system.
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After his return to Japan, he joined Itagaki Taisuke in petitioning for a representative national assembly. In 1875, he was appointed to the Genrōin. In 1887 he was elevated to the rank of shishaku (viscount) in the kazoku peerage system. He was nominated to serve in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan in 1890.
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In 1869, the new Meiji government appointed him imperial governor of Kurokawa, which he held to the abolition of the han system in 1871. In 1879, he entered the Ministry of the Treasury. He 1884, he was ennobled with the kazoku title of shishaku (viscount). From 1890 to 1897, he served as a member of the House of Peers.
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He also was instrumental in helping Nagakura Shinpachi and Saitō Hajime build a monument to the Shinsengumi at Itabashi in Tokyo. He subsequently served in the House of Peers and received the title of baron (danshaku) under the Kazoku peerage system. Matsumoto died in 1907, and his grave is at the temple of Myodai-ji in Ōiso, Kanagawa.
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7 When the railway became presided by a cabinet minister (Gotō Shinpei being the first minister) in 1908, he was appointed the vice president.日本鉄道史 後編 p. 20 On December 23, 1908, he became a member of the House of Peers as nominated by Emperor Meiji. He was in the office until his death.
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The current office was established by the 1978 Constitution, however, the position has a tradition of almost 200 years, since its creation in 1834 when it was called President of the House of Peers. As of the 14th term of the Cortes Generales, the current officeholder is Pilar Llop, a member of the Socialist Parliamentary Group representing Madrid.
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From late 1933 and into 1934, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa went on a World Tour. He first arrived in the U.S. in San Francisco, California. He had only recently retired from his distinguished thirty year career as President of the Japan’s upper house of congress, the House of Peers. He arrived aboard the Chichibu Maru Ocean Liner enroute to England.
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The is the upper house of the National Diet of Japan. The House of Representatives is the lower house. The House of Councillors is the successor to the pre-war House of Peers. If the two houses disagree on matters of the budget, treaties, or designation of the prime minister, the House of Representatives can insist on its decision.
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In 1942, Koizumi became mayor of Yokosuka. In 1937, he joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Association and was appointed deputy chairman. In 1944, he was an advisor to Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso. He was selected to be a member of the House of Peers, but in 1946, under the occupation of Japan, he was purged from public office.
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In 1900, Okazaki was chosen to become Minister of Communications in the 4th Itō Hirobumi cabinet. For the next twenty years, he continued to play an active, behind-the-scenes role in Japanese party politics, reemerging into the spotlight as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce under the Katō Takaaki administration in 1925. In 1928, he was appointed to the House of Peers.
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In April 1884, he was made a count in the new kazoku peerage system. From 1890, he served in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan. He was later awarded 2nd Court rank. In addition to his political work, Matsura Akira was also heir to the school of the Japanese tea ceremony begun by the 4th daimyō of Hirado, Matsura Shigenobu.
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In 1871, with the abolition of the han system, he moved to Tokyo. In 1872, he enrolled in Keio Gijuku, the forerunner to Keio University, and travelled to the United States with his brother, Ii Naonori. In 1884, he became a viscount (shishaku) in the kazoku peerage system. He served in the House of Peers from January 1896 to December 1920.
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In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system, Yoita Domain briefly became Yoita Prefecture, which was merged with Kashiwazaki Prefecture a few months later, and then merged into the newly created Niigata Prefecture. Under the new Meiji government, Ii Naoyasu was given the kazoku peerage title of shishaku (viscount), and later served as a member of the House of Peers.
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He then served as chairman of the Board of Audit from 1900–1901. While Utsumi was Governor of Nagasaki, he hosted former United States President Ulysses S. Grant on his visit to Japan. Utsumi was ennobled with the kazoku peerage title danshaku (baron) in 1887. He also served as a member of the House of Peers from its inception in 1890.
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Prince Kuni Asaakira was born in Tokyo, the eldest son of Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi and his wife, Chikako, the seventh daughter of Duke Shimazu Tadayoshi, the last daimyō of Satsuma Domain. In 1921, he served for the customary term in the House of Peers. Upon his father's death on 29 January 1929, he succeeded as head of the Kuni-no-miya house.
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Achieving success, Inabata later served as president of the Osaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry (OCCI) from 1922 to 1934, and became a member of the House of Peers. A bronze statue of him still stands in front of the OCCI. Inabata was also instrumental in the founding of the Institut Franco-Japon du Kansai (currently l’Institut français du Japon – Kansai) in 1926.
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Daigo served as a midshipman on the cruiser and battleship . As an ensign, he was assigned to the cruiser . After his promotion to sub-lieutenant in 1913, he took time out to attend a session of the House of Peers as was obligatory for members of his social class. He then returned to active service on the battleship and destroyer .
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Circa 1918, Portrait photo of Iemasa Tokugawa. He is also known as Iyemasa Tokugawa and Yoshihisa Tokugawa. Prince also known as Iyemasa, was a Japanese political figure of the Taishō and early Shōwa periods. He was the 17th hereditary head of the former shogunal branch of the Tokugawa clan and the final President of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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In 1884, he received the kazoku peerage title of viscount (shishaku) and from 1890 to 1897 served as a member of the House of Peers. He died in 1907 and his grave is at the temple of Kōken-in in Miharu. The position of hereditary chieftain of the Akita clan went to his adopted son, Akita Shigesue (1886-1958), followed by his son, Akita Kazusue (1915-1997).
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In 1902, the Meiji Emperor allowed him to reëstablish his own house as a Tokugawa branch (bekke) with the highest rank in the peerage, that of prince (kōshaku), for his loyal service to Japan.Takano, p. 273. He took a seat in the House of Peers, resigning in 1910. Tokugawa Yoshinobu died on 21 November 1913, at 16:10 and is buried in Yanaka Cemetery, Tokyo.
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Izawa served as Governor of Wakayama, Ehime, and Niigata Prefectures on Honshū, and later became a member of the House of Peers. He was appointed the 10th Governor-General of Taiwan where he served from September 1, 1924 to July 1926. After a trip to Japan for medical reasons in 1926, Izawa was nominated to become Mayor of Tokyo City, a position which he accepted.
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After a week of preparations, the House of Peers reconvened in the ballroom of the Imperial Hotel, where they would meet until March 1. Business was slow at first, and the hotel lost money. Even after the U.S. annexed the Philippines in 1902 After the Spanish–American and the Philippine–American War, bringing more travelers through Japan, the hotel only averaged 40 guests and 50 restaurant customers.
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With the abolition of the han system in July 1871, he retired and relocated to Tokyo, where he attended the Keio Gijuku university. With the establishment of the kazoku peerage system he was awarded with the title of shishaku (viscount) in 1884. In 1899, he was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers, where he served until 1923. He died in 1930.
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His successor, Itakura Katsusato, moved his seat from Fukushima to a small exclave controlled by the domain at Shigehara in Mikawa Province in 1869. he was later granted the kazoku title of shishaku (viscount) and served as a member of the House of Peers in the Meiji government. After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Fukushima Domain became part of Fukushima Prefecture.
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Louis XVIII made him a Peer of France, but during the subsequent Hundred Days, he accepted from Napoleon the post of grand maître de l'Université. As a consequence, he was suspended from the House of Peers when the Bourbons returned again in 1815, but was recalled in 1819. He died five years later in Sainte-Mesme (then in Seine-et-Oise, now in Yvelines).
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Gessel, Three Modern Novelists: Soseki, Tanizaki, Kawabata. In 1917, Nakamura was appointed to the House of Peers of the Imperial Diet, and subsequently became Railway Minister in the Terauchi cabinet. Nakamura became Mayor of Tokyo in 1924 and made strenuous efforts towards the rapid reconstruction of the Japanese capital city still devastated by the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923. He was forced out of office in 1926.
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In December 1821, he returned to sit in the House of Peers, where he continued to voice his Liberal opinions. After 1830, he adhered to the July Monarchy, but after 1848, he remained firmly in retirement. In 1826, Decazes formed an association to represent the coal and iron industries in Aveyron. The name of Decazeville was given to the industry's regional centre in 1829.
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The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio. Page 134 From October 9, 1895, to September 26, 1896, Shirane was appointed Minister of Communications under the 2nd Itō Hirobumi cabinet. On February 7, 1897 he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of baron (danshaku), and on February 7, 1897, was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers, which he held to his death in June 1898 of gastric cancer.
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It provided a form of mixed constitutional-absolute monarchy, with an independent judiciary, based on the Prussian model of the time. A new aristocracy known as the kazoku was established. It merged the ancient court nobility of the Heian period, the kuge, and the former daimyōs, feudal lords subordinate to the shōgun. It also established the Imperial Diet, consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of Peers.
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After the end of the formal mourning period, the Shō family gave up the trappings, rituals, and formal costume of Ryukyuan royalty and adopted the lifestyle and customs of the Japanese aristocracy.Kerr, George H. Okinawa: The History of an Island People (revised ed.). Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing, 2003, pp. 452-453. Shō Jun was elected to the House of Peers of the Imperial Diet in 1904, and served two terms.
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Katō Takaaki in suit. In 1915, Katō was selected as a member of the House of Peers by Imperial command. He became president of the conservative Kenseikai political party in the following year, whose policies he greatly influenced with his opposition to the genrō, support of the constitution and support for extension of popular suffrage. Katō was appointed Prime Minister of Japan from 1924 until his death in early 1926.
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SAIS Review, 16(2), 71-86. Reforms in this period include the General Election Law, which abolished property qualifications and allowed almost all men over age 25 to vote for members of the House of Representatives (the lower house), although the House of Peers was still controlled by the aristocracy.Griffin, Edward G. "The Universal Suffrage Issue in Japanese Politics, 1918–25." The Journal of Asian Studies 31.2 (1972): 275-290.
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Ishikugo resigned in 1941, citing illness. His father died the same year, and per the provisions of his father’s will, he did not inherit the kazoku peerage title of viscount held by his father. In January 1943, he was granted a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. In 1945, he returned to the cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce under the Suzuki administration.
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In 1918, he was appointed to the House of Peers. Hidemaru was succeeded by , who was born as the second son of a branch of the Owari Tokugawa clan. As his mother was the daughter of Tsugaru Tsuguakira, he was adopted by Hidemaru as heir, becoming Count and chieftain of the clan in 1919. A noted equestrian, he was involved with the creation of the Japan Racing Association.
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By Imperial appointment, Nozu served as a member of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan from September 1907 until his death in October 1908. His title was also upgraded to marquis (koshaku) in 1907. Nozu's decorations included the Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum. His grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery in downtown Tokyo.
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He was briefly Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff in 1889 and was Vice Minister of the Navy from 1890-1898. He was promoted to vice admiral in 1890. On 20 August 1895, Itō was ennobled with the title of baron (danshaku) under the kazoku peerage system. Itō entered the reserves in 1899, and served in the House of Peers from the same year until his death in 1921.
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Generation / Name / Main Title 1\. Moritatsu Hosokawa, member of Kizoku-in (the House of Peers) 2\. Junji Honma Director, Arts and Crafts Division, Secretariat of the Cultural Heritage Protection Committee of the Ministry of Education, President of Honma Art Museum 3\. Kinji Fujikawa, Director of the National Museum, Director of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Property Preservation Committee, Professor of Otsuma Women's University, sword researcher and collector 4\.
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He was promoted to major general in 1907 and to lieutenant general in 1913. From 30 April 1916 to 29 September 1918, Ōshima was Minister of War under Prime Ministers Ōkuma Shigenobu and Terauchi Masatake.Wendel, Axis History Factbook He entered the reserves in 1919 and served as a member of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan from 1920. From 1940-1946, he was a member of the Privy Council.
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In 1903, the combined efforts of Itō Hirobumi and Yamagata Aritomo managed to dislodge Yamamoto from his position. He was then appointed as a member of the House of Peers, and in 1909 became the head of Nippon Kangyō Ginkō. In 1911, Prime Minister Saionji Kinmochi decided that he needed an expert in the field of finance to reform the Finance Ministry during his second cabinet, and appointed Yamamoto to become Finance Minister.
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In September 1921, Kitasato founded, together with several medical scientists, the Sekisen Ken-onki Corporation, with the intention of manufacturing the most reliable clinical thermometer possible. The company was later renamed Terumo Corporation. Kitasato also was the first dean of medicine at Keio University, first president of the Japan Medical Association, and served on the House of Peers. He was ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) in the kazoku peerage system in February 1924.
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With the creation of the Mitsui Gomei zaibatsu through the merger of Mitsui Bank with Mitsui Trading, he became vice director in 1918. He left Mitsui the following year to become director of the Bank of Chosen. From 1920-1922 he was an appointed member of the House of Peers. In May 1921, he also became President of the South Manchurian Railway Company, and died in office due to a stroke in October 1922.
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He retired on 1 April 1915, and died after illness in November 1920. He was posthumously promoted to the honorific title of Junior Second Court Rank『官報』第2491号「叙任及辞令」November 19, 1920. His son, Tsuchiya Mitsukane was a vice admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, and was subsequently a member of the House of Peers (Japan).
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He was also granted a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan from 1938. The same year, he became Vice- President of Manchurian Industrial Development Company, although his relations with the Imperial Japanese Army were not good.Iguchi, Unfinished Business. Page 187 During World War II, Yoshino served as chairman of the Standing Affairs committee of the Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association and was war-time governor of Aichi Prefecture.
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In May 1917, Arai was recalled to Japan, and was appointed to a seat in the Upper House of the Diet of Japan. In 1922, he was asked to become Minister of Agriculture & Commerce under the Katō Tomosaburō administration. Arai resigned his seat in the House of Peers in October 1926 and was appointed to the Privy Council. He became Vice-President of the Privy Council in 1936, and died in office in 1938.
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Hiranuma became Minister of Justice under the second Yamamoto administration from September 1923 to January 1924. While Minister, he promoted the creation of the Tokkō to combat communism, socialism, and the spread of what he considered subversive ideologies. In 1924, he became chairman of the House of Peers and was also appointed to the Privy Council. In 1926, he was elevated to the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system.
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Later, Ebara served as chairman of the Tokyo YMCA. In 1890, Ebara was elected in the 1890 Japanese general election to the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan and served as a member of the Liberal Party, the Kenseikai, and the Rikken Seiyūkai. In 1912, he was appointed to the House of Peers. He was sent to the United States to try to ease tension over California's Alien Land Law of 1913.
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On his return to Japan, Mitsukuri joined the new Meiji government as a translator. He worked closely with foreign advisors from France, especially Gustave Emile Boissonnade, de Fontarabie on drafting Japan's new commercial law and civil law codes. He also served on the Genrōin, and was active in the Meirokusha. He later served as Vice Minister of Justice from 1888–1889, the House of Peers and as chief justice of the Administrative Court.
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In 1877 Inoue was appointed Chief Cabinet Secretary, in 1881 Chief Secretary to the House of Peers, in 1884 adjunct Chief Librarian of the Imperial Household Ministry, in 1888 Director General of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau. Inoue became a member of the Privy Council in 1890, and served as Minister of Education in the second Itō administration from 1893. In 1895, he was ennobled with the title of shishaku (viscount) in the kazoku peerage system.
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The Foreign Ministry called him back to Washington, D.C. in 1908-1909. As principal negotiator for Japan, his name is commemorated in the 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement, which was intended to ease Japanese-US tension by defining each nation's role in the Pacific arena and China. Takahira later elevated to danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system, and was appointed to the House of Peers, and subsequently served on the Privy Council.
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Later in 1939, he was Vice Minister for Education under Prime Minister Abe Nobuyuki. In 1943, he was made chairman of the Japan Student Services Organization. After the end of World War II, during the American occupation of Japan, Ōmura served as Home Minister in the first Yoshida administration from 22 May 1946 to 24 May 1947. He was also appointed to a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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The Queen returns to Buckingham Palace in the Irish State Coach via Whitehall and Horse Guards in 2008. The return procession crossing Horse Guards Parade in 2015. Following the speech, the monarch and his or her retinue leave the chamber. The monarch bows to both sides of the House of Peers and then leaves the chamber, in the reverse order of the usual procession, before the Commons bow again and return to their Chamber.
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He inherited the Duchy and was invested as the Fifth Duke of Serradifalco on 8 December 1809. An avid student of Sicilian history, he studied architecture and archeology in Milan. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1838. During the Revolution of 1848 he was Speaker of the House of Peers of the Parliament of the independent nation of Sicily and the country's Foreign Minister.
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In 1935, when Tatsukichi Minobe advocated the theory that sovereignty resides in the state, of which the Emperor is just an organ (the tennō kikan setsu), it caused a furor. He was forced to resign from the House of Peers and his post at the Tokyo Imperial University, his books were banned, and an attempt was made on his life.Large, Stephen S.; Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: A Political Biography, p. 60; Routledge, 1992.
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In December 1912, he was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers. From 1913 to 1914, he was appointed governor of Fukuoka Prefecture. In 1918, he was appointed Undersecretary for Education. On 2 March 1932, Minami became Governor-General of Taiwan, page 250 but served in that post for less than three months before being replaced on 26 May, following the May 15 Incident to become Communications Minister in the Saito administration.
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In 1880, he received a position at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1884 he was elevated to the title of viscount (shisaku) under the kazoku peerage system.『官報』第3513号「叙任及辞令」March 19, 1895 In 1890, with the creation of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan, he was appointed to a seat, but declined the honor. He died in 1895 at the age of 46.
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The society promoted the belief that a reassertion of Japan's traditional moral values was necessary to strength Japan in the modern world. Nishimura believed that the Meiji government should serve a purpose to the people of Japan. He thought the government was superficial and should be rigid and clear in its laws. (In comparrision to the Meiji government constantly changing their policies.) He was appointed to the House of Peers in 1890.
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In 1881, Naoyoshi was recalled to Tokyo, and became president of the Genrōin. With the establishment of the kazoku peerage, he became a , and a member of the House of Peers on the establishment of the Diet of Japan in 1890. In his later years he helped build hospitals and schools in the region of Kashima, which he had once ruled, and was awarded Second Court rank shortly before his death in 1915.
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Under his administration, the Yagoto Baseball Ground was built, and the first Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament was held in 1924. Later in 1924, Kawasaki was recalled to Tokyo to assume the post of Director-General of the National Police Agency under the Home Ministry. He became Deputy Home Minister in 1925. In 1926, he was invited to take a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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Shimazu returned to specialized weaponry schools and became a torpedo and naval artillery expert. As a sub-lieutenant, he served on the battleship and again on Katori. From 1911-1913, he left active service to assume his seat in the House of Peers, returning in December 1914 to the battleship after having completed navigation and advanced gunnery training. As lieutenant, he served aboard the and during World War I, but saw no combat.
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Eventually the seiyukai was able to gain the support of Aritomo, and Kei became premier in 1918. Konoe believed the house of peers should stay neutral in factional party politics due to fear that the peerage would have their privileges restricted if seen as too partisan. He therefore supported Hara Kei's seiyukai government, as did most of the kenkyukai. However, by 1923 the seiyukai had split into two factions, and could no longer control the government.
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2nd ed.(憲法 第2版) p487 Yuhikaku Publishing(有斐閣) The house also amended Article 9. And the House of Peers approved the document on 6 October; the House of Representatives adopted it in the same form the following day, with only five members voting against, and it became law when it received the Emperor's assent on 3 November 1946. Under its own terms, the constitution came into effect on 3 May 1947.
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The Surrender of Bailén, by José Casado del Alisal, Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain. Castaños is in the White uniform. Francisco Javier Castaños Aragorri Urioste y Olavide, 1st Duke of Bailén (22 April 1758 - 24 September 1852) was a Spanish general and politician who excelled during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. From July to September 1834, he served as the first president of the Senate of Spain, at that time called House of Peers.
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Shoda was born in Tatebayashi, Gunma to a wealthy family. He was the second son of , who was the founder of Nisshin Flour (Nisshin Seifun Group), one of the biggest companies in Japan, a member of the House of Peers, and a great-grandfather of the Emperor. He was educated in Tokyo until he finished junior high school. He went to the National Eighth High School in Nagoya, today succeeded to Faculty of Liberal Arts of Nagoya University.
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In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system, Nagaoka Domain briefly became Nagaoka Prefecture, and was merged into the newly created Niigata Prefecture. Under the new Meiji government, the final daimyō of Nagaoka, Makino Tadakatsu served as domain governor, and later was a student at Keio Gijuku. His brother, Makino Tadaatsu was given the kazoku peerage title of shishaku (viscount) and served as Mayor of Nagaoka and as a member of the House of Peers.
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During his stay in England, many of his former retainers perished in the Saga Rebellion and he found himself in disfavor with the new Meiji government. However, through the efforts of his brother Naohiro after his return to Japan, he was awarded the peerage title of viscount (shishaku) under the kazoku system. He later served as an advisor to the Foreign Ministry and as a member of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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Prince Tsunehisa Takeda was the eldest son of Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa and thus the brother of Prince Kitashirakawa Naruhisa. He was born in Kyoto in 1882. In 1902, he served in the House of Peers, and on November 30, 1903 graduated from the 15th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. Due to his status, he was awarded the rank of major general in the Guards Cavalry Regiment and served with distinction in the Russo-Japanese War.
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Tani's political views were also influenced by a visit he made to Europe from June 1887 to March 1888. He met with Ahmed ʻUrabi in Egypt and saw parallels with Japan's predicament of becoming exhausted by foreign debt created by too-rapid industrialization, and lamented Japan's increasing westernization. He also attended a lecture by Lorenz von Stein in Austria promoting Agrarianism as a political philosophy. Tani became a member of the House of Peers in 1890.
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The title passed to his adopted son, Count . He was born as the 5th son of Mizoguchi Naomasa, daimyō of Shibata Domain. A graduate of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tokyo Imperial University in 1913, he served as a secretary to the Prime Minister of Japan and adjutant to Prince Chichibu He became Count on his father's death in 1922 and served as a member of the House of Peers. He was succeeded by his son, , and grandson .
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Tanabe was drawn into politics over the debate for constitutional revision at the time of the Kiyoura administration, and denounced the privileged position of the bureaucracy. He resigned from his post at the time of the Katō administration. However, conservative Minister of Justice and President of the House of Peers, Kiichirō Hiranuma thought very highly of Tanabe, and invited him to accept a position on the board of his Kokuhonsha, a nationalist political group founded in 1924. Tanabe became Hiranuma’s protégé and assistant.
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In 1916, while at university, Fumimaro took his father's seat in the house of peers. After his return from Europe he was aggressively recruited by the most powerful political faction of Japan's budding Taisho democracy of the 1920s, the kenkyukai, led by Yamagata Aritomo, which he joined in September 1922. The kenkyukai was a conservative, militaristic faction, generally opposed to democratic reform. The opposing faction was the seiyukai, led by Hara Kei, which drew its strength from the lower house.
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In October 1945, Tanaka became the Director of Education in the Ministry of Education, and joined the first Yoshida cabinet the following May as the last Minister of Education of the Empire of Japan. He was appointed to the House of Peers in June of same year, shortly before its abolition. In 1947, he stood for election to the House of Councillors and won. Among the signatories of the new Japanese Constitution, he was instrumental in drafting the Basic Education Law.
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Beginning in 1906, Kabayama successively served as executive director at Hakodate Funabari (Hakodate Shipbuilding), Hokkaido Tanko Kisen (Hokkaido Colliery and Steamship), Nihon Tekkojo (Japan Steel Works), and Chiyoda Kasai Hoken (Chiyoda Fire Insurance). He founded Kokusai Tsushinsha and became president in 1914. He inherited the title of hakushaku (count) in 1922 and was selected as a member of the House of Peers in 1925. He served as attendant in the suite of commissioner plenipotentiary of the London Naval Conference in 1929.
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After the Meiji Restoration, with the abolition of the han system, Tsugumichi was appointed Imperial Governor of Kuroishi from 1869 to 1871, at which time the territory was absorbed into the new Aomori Prefecture. He relocated to Tokyo, and with the establishment of the kazoku peerage system in 1882, he was awarded with the title of shishaku (viscount). He became a member of the House of Peers in 1890. In his later years, he was noted for his waka poems.
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The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers and domestically usually referred to simply as the Lords, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is granted by appointment or by heredity or official function. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster. Unlike the elected House of Commons, members of the House of Lords (excluding 90 hereditary peers elected among themselves and two peers who are ex officio members) are appointed.
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Yoshii Isamu was born in the elite Takanawa district Tokyo. His grandfather, Count Yoshii Tomosane was a former samurai retainer of Satsuma Domain, and member of the House of Peers, the Privy Council and official in the Imperial Household Ministry. His aunt was the wife of Field Marshal Oyama Iwao. Yoshii began to live at his father's cottage in the Zaimokuza neighborhood of Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture from 1887 and entered the elementary section of the Kamakura Normal School in 1891.
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In 1881, in an action for which he is best known, Itagaki helped found the Jiyūtō (Liberal Party), which favored French political doctrines. House of Peers, showing Minister speaking at the tribune from which members address the House. In 1882, Ōkuma Shigenobu established the Rikken Kaishintō (Constitutional Progressive Party), which called for a British-style constitutional democracy. In response, government bureaucrats, local government officials, and other conservatives established the Rikken Teiseitō (Imperial Rule Party), a pro-government party, in 1882.
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The Emperor shared his authority and give rights and liberties to his subjects. It provided for the Imperial Diet (Teikoku Gikai), composed of a popularly elected House of Representatives with a very limited franchise of male citizens who were over twenty-five years of age and paid fifteen yen in national taxes (approximately 1% of the population). The House of Peers was composed of nobility and imperial appointees. A cabinet was responsible to the Emperor and independent of the legislature.
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Napoleon Bonaparte allowed him to return to France in 1801, but he remained in private life until the fall of the First French Empire in 1815. After the Bourbon Restoration he was called to the new Chambre des Pairs (House of Peers) by King Louis XVIII. During the Revolution of 1830, he was nominated a member of the provisional government. He afterwards received from Louis-Philippe the post of aide-de-camp to the king and governor of the Louvre Palace.
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He was appointed plenipotentiary minister to Rome in 1880, and returned to Japan in 1882. During his stay in England, he was appointed as official representative of Japan to the Court of St. James's by the Japanese government. After his return to Japan, he served in various political capacities, including president of the Genrōin, advisor to Emperor Meiji (and later Emperor Taishō), and as a member of the House of Peers. He was created ) in the Peerage Act of July 7, 1884.
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One of his most accomplished students was Kijūrō Shidehara who passed the examination to enter the diplomatic service in 1896, and was Foreign Minister in the 1920s and Prime Minister after World War II. Hozumi was appointed to the House of Peers in 1890, and the Privy Council in 1916. He was ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) in 1915 under the kazoku peerage system. He was the father of legal scholar Hozumi Shigeto and brother to constitutional expert Hozumi Yatsuka.
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Born into an established merchant family in Yamanashi, Yamanashi Prefecture, he moved to Tokyo in 1897, and became independently wealthy through stock investments. Nezu was elected as a member of the House of Representatives in the National Diet in 1904 and won three subsequent reelections. He was elevated to the House of Peers in 1926. In 1905 Nezu became President of Tobu Railway and successfully helped to grow the company to one of the largest private rail operators in the Kanto region.
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Pages 176-177 Katō served as superintendent of the Departments of Law, Science, and Literature of Tokyo Imperial University 1877–1886, and again as president 1890–1893, and was head of the Imperial Academy 1905–1909. He was also a special adviser to the Imperial Household Agency. Katō was appointed a member of the House of Peers in 1890, and was ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system in 1900. In addition, he became a Privy Councilor.
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A similar collection of German Authors (translated into English) was begun in 1866 and Students' Tauchnitz Editions of English and American works began to appear in 1886 with notes and introductions in German. In 1860 the title of baron was conferred upon him by the duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and his title was recognized by the king of Saxony in 1861. Tauchnitz was made British Consul General for Saxony in 1872, and a member of the Saxon House of Peers in 1877.
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In December 1926, he was promoted to vice admiral. In 1928, Godō left the navy to accept the post of president of Showa Steel Works, based in Anshan, Manchuria, and the following year became one of the directors of the South Manchurian Railway Company. In 1937, Prime Minister Senjūrō Hayashi asked that Godō accept both the posts of Minister of Commerce and Industry and Railway Minister. He was also granted a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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In October 1890, Matsuoka became head of the Tokyo Appeals Court. In June 1891, he was promoted to the position of Attorney-General, and was given a seat in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan in December of the same year. From 1894 to 1898, under the 2nd and 3rd Itō administrations, Matsuoka served as Vice-Minister for the Home Ministry, participating in numerous committees and bureaus. Under the Saionji administration (1906–1908), Matsuoka was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Commerce.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, modernization transformed the landscape and posed a threat to historic and natural monuments. Societies of prominent men like the "Imperial Ancient Sites Survey Society" or the "Society for the Investigation and Preservation of Historic Sites and Aged Trees" lobbied and achieved a resolution in the House of Peers for conservation measures. Eventually, this led to the 1919 , giving the same protection and cataloging to these properties as temples, shrines and pieces of art had received in 1897.
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From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, page 144 Nevertheless, Sakonji earned the enmity of influential Fleet Faction leader, Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu, and Sakonji was effectively forced into the reserves in March 1934. Subsequently, Sakonji served as president of the North Sakhalin Oil Company from July 1935 to July 1941. Sakonji was selected by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe to become Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1941. He was also granted a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan from January 1943.
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He was born at Hof, in Moravia, and studied at the University of Vienna (1859–63). He was appointed professor of classical philology at Vienna in 1872,Hartel Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon and made a member of the Vienna Academy in 1875. He became a member of the Berlin Academy in 1893, and became a life member of the Austrian House of Peers () in 1890. In 1899 he was for a short time Minister of Education and Public Worship (), to which post he was reappointed in 1900.
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In February 1649, the House voted to abolish both the House of Peers and the monarchy, and Lenthall found himself speaker of a new supreme unicameral parliament. Though holding little real power, Lenthall as its representative became the leading citizen of England. Although the first to take the engagement of loyalty to the new Commonwealth, he remained cautious and conservative in his approach to public affairs. In December 1651 Oliver Cromwell arranged a meeting at the speaker's house to discuss options for future government.
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Itō and his protégé, Saionji Kinmochi finally succeeded in forming a progovernment party—the Rikken Seiyūkai (Constitutional Association of Political Friendship) —in September 1900, and a month later Itō became prime minister of the first Seiyūkai cabinet. The Seiyūkai held the majority of seats in the House, but Yamagata's conservative allies had the greatest influence in the House of Peers, forcing Itō to seek imperial intervention. Tiring of political infighting, Itō resigned in 1901. Thereafter, the prime ministership alternated between Yamagata's protégé, Katsura Tarō and Saionji .
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The final four articles set forth a six-month transitional period between adoption and implementation of the Constitution. This transitional period took place from 3 November 1946, to 3 May 1947. Pursuant to Article 100, the first House of Councillors election was held during this period in April 1947, and pursuant to Article 102, half of the elected Councillors were given three-year terms. A general election was also held during this period, as a result of which several former House of Peers members moved to the House of Representatives.
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He refused to appear before the House of Peers, and was not concerned since Michel de Bourges and Ulysse Trélat, co- signatories, had assumed full responsibility. He was condemned by the Peers to a month in prison and a fine of 200 francs, and was arrested at his house. After serving his term of imprisonment he returned to the Assembly, where he was applauded by his friends. Audry failed to be reelected on 30 October 1837 after the dissolution obtained by the second cabinet of Louis Mathieu Molé.
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De Faÿ returned to France in 1798 and became a member of the Corps législatif (under the Directory), after which he became a member of the Senate in 1804, under the First French Empire. In 1808 he became military governor of Cherbourg, which he helped to become a major port. He was excluded from the House of Peers from the Hundred Days until 1819. Concerned with the management of its inheritance, he took part in financing the industrial activities of Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, scion of the American business family.
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After his time in the army, Yamakawa went into education, becoming school president of the Tokyo Women's Normal School, replacing fellow Aizu native Takamine Hideo. He was ran in the 1890 Japanese general election for a seat in the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Although he lost in the election, he was made a member of the House of Peers by appointment instead. In 1891, he was promoted to the honorific title of Junior Third Court Rank『官報』第2439「叙任及辞令」August 15, 1891.
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On 17 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron McFall of Alcluith, of Dumbarton in the County of Dunbartonshire, and was introduced in the House of Peers on 6 July 2010.House of Lords Business, 22 June 2010 He is currently the Vice-Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Overseas Development (Apgood). In July 2016, he was appointed as Chairman of Committees of the House of Lords with effect from 1 September 2016. He is known as Senior Deputy Speaker while holding the office.
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Takahashi became an employee of the Bank of Japan in 1892, and his talents were soon recognized, as he rose to become vice- president in 1898. During and after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Takahashi raised foreign loans that were critical to Japan's war effort. He met personally with American financier Jacob Schiff, who floated half of Japan's loans in the U.S. He also raised loans from the Rothschild family in Britain. For this success, he was appointed to the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan in 1905.
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Following his return to Japan, Katō was appointed 21st Prime Minister of Japan in recognition of his performance at the Washington Naval Conference. His cabinet consisted mainly of bureaucrats and members of the House of Peers, which proved unpopular with the Imperial Japanese Army. During his tenure as prime minister, Katō implemented the provisions of the Washington Naval Agreement, withdrew Japanese forces from Shantung in China and ended Japanese participation in the Siberian Intervention. Katō succumbed to late-stage colon cancer and died a little over a year into his term.
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In 1931, he was appointed under-secretary for the House of Peers. In 1932, he returned to the Home Ministry as Vice-Minister, overseeing civil service appointment reforms, and enforcement of laws aimed at reducing election fraud issues. He was appointed simultaneously Home Minister and interim Education Minister in 1935 under the Kōki Hirota administration. Ushio was selected for his opposition to the military, lack of political party ties and noted strength at bureaucratic innovation and reform, and for these same reasons his appointment came under criticism from many vested interests.
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He returned to Japan to briefly serve as Vice Foreign Minister in 1932, but returned to Europe in 1933 as Japanese ambassador to Belgium. Arita became Foreign Minister under the cabinet of Prime Minister Kōki Hirota in 1936, and continued to serve in that post under the administrations of Fumimaro Konoe and Kiichirō Hiranuma and Mitsumasa Yonai. He was also a member of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan from 1938. Arita was an opponent of the Tripartite Pact, and continually pushed for better relations with the United States.
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Through the 1930s and 1940s, he faded from the literary world. Encouraged by his older brother Kintomo Mushanokōji, who was the Japanese ambassador to Nazi Germany, he traveled throughout Europe in 1936. In 1946, he was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan. However, four months later he was purged from public office by the American Occupation authorities, due to his (1942), supporting the actions of the Japanese government in World War II. Mushanokōji made a literary comeback with his novel (1949–1950).
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On his return from the island of Elba, Napoleon does not treat him with so much favor. General Curial lost the command of the chasseurs de la Garde, which was entrusted to General Morand, and was ordered to go to Lyons to be employed with his rank in the army of the Alps under the orders of Marshal Suchet. The Emperor does not call him to the House of Peers he had just created. Nevertheless, on the second return of the king, Count Curial finds all his civil and military dignities.
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All the members of the House of Peers also want to marry Phyllis. When Phyllis sees Strephon hugging a young woman (not knowing that it is his mother – immortal fairies all appear young), she assumes the worst and sets off a climactic confrontation between the peers and the fairies. The opera satirises many aspects of British government, law and society. The confrontation between the fairies and the peers is a version of one of Gilbert's favourite themes: a tranquil civilisation of women is disrupted by a male-dominated world through the discovery of mortal love.
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The peers ask the fairies to stop Strephon's mischief, stating that the House of Peers is not susceptible of any improvement ("When Britain really ruled the waves"). Although the fairies say that they cannot stop Strephon, they have become strongly attracted to the peers ("In vain to us you plead"). The fairy Queen is dismayed by this. Pointing to Private Willis of the First Grenadier Guards, who is still on duty, the Queen claims that she is able to subdue her response to the effects of his manly beauty ("Oh, foolish fay").
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In 1906, he was appointed to the House of Peers, and the following year was made a baron (danshaku) within the kazoku peerage system. In politics, he became closely aligned with the faction under the conservative genrō, Yamagata Aritomo, but later broke with Yamagata over issues pertaining to the Siemens scandal. Den was also one of the founders of the Kaishinsha Motorcar Works in 1914. The "D" in the company acronym "DAT" was from "Den". Later changed to "Datsun", the company was acquired by the Nissan zaibatsu in the 1930s.
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Massive riots would be instigated in Tokyo, which would force the government to call out troops and proclaim martial law. 2\. The Imperial Japanese Army would execute a coup d'état and seize power. 3\. A new Cabinet would be formed under the premiership of the then-War Minister, General Kazushige Ugaki. The project was underwritten by a 200,000-yen donation by Yoshichika Tokugawa, ultra-rightist member of the House of Peers, son of the last daimyō of Nagoya, founder of the Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya and Emperor Shōwa's second cousin.
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His political career began in 1908, when he was elected to the House of Peers. He initially supported the Kenkyūkai, but soon switched his allegiance to the Rikken Seiyūkai. He was appointed Justice Minister under the cabinet of Prime Minister Hara, a post which he also held under the succeeding Takahashi administration. The New York Times, June 13, 1922 In 1923, he cooperated with Home Minister Tokonami Takejirō to introduce tightened anti-subversive legislature in response to increasing leftist agitation in the labor disputes, and the public emergence of the Japan Communist Party.Minichiello.
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In 1829 he published De l'origine, de la nature, et des progrés de la puissance écclesiastique en France [On the origin, nature, and progress of ecclesiastical power in France]. In this book, Montlosier claims there were 500,000 affiliated Jesuits in France in the Chamber of Paris, in the Chamber of Deputies, at the court, in the army, in the courts, etc. He had no part in the revolution of 1830, but supported Louis Philippe's government, and entered the House of Peers in 1832. He died on December 9, 1838 at Blois.
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The first titular professor of mathematics at the U. of Tokyo was Kikuchi Dairoku. Fujisawa, who himself attended the seminary of Theodor Reye in Strasbourg, introduced the institution of the research seminary based on the German model early on.. He was a teacher and mentor of several Japanese mathematicians who gained international reputations. His most famous student was Teiji Takagi. In 1921, Fujisawa retired from the University of Tokyo and, beginning in 1925, was twice appointed to the Japanese House of Peers but died in the early part of his second term.
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Prince Takeda Tsuneyoshi was the only son of Prince Takeda Tsunehisa and Princess Masako, Princess Tsune (1888–1940), the sixth daughter of Emperor Meiji. He was, therefore, a first cousin of Emperor Shōwa. Prince Tsuneyoshi became the second head of the Takeda-no-miya house on 23 April 1919. After being educated at the Gakushūin Peers' School, and serving for a session in the House of Peers, he graduated from the 32nd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in July 1930, and received a commission as a sub-lieutenant in the cavalry.
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He later stayed in Germany to study at Heidelberg University (where he studied politics and international law) and Leipzig University (where he studied commercial law). He is the first Japanese with a doctorate degree. Hirata returned to Japan in 1876 and served in a number of posts in the new Meiji government's Ministry of Finance, and later became Documentation Bureau Director of the Grand Council (Daijō-kan) and Legislation Bureau Director. In 1890, he was selected as a member of the House of Peers of the new Diet of Japan by Imperial command.
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He returned to Japan in July 1920 and a seat on the Supreme War Council. In November 1920, he was awarded with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Kite and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun. Ōi was ennobled with the kazoku peerage title of danshaku (baron) in April 1921『官報』第2612号「叙任及辞令」April 19, 1921, and entered the reserves in March 1923. From March 1924, he served as a member of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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Sir William Roberts (1605–1662), of Neasden House at Willesden in Middlesex, was an English Member of Parliament. He entered Gray's Inn in 1622, and was knighted in 1624. At the outbreak of the English Civil War he took the Parliamentary side, and was one of the commissioners named to try the king, although he did not take part in the trial. He became a member of the Council of State in 1653, was elected represent Middlesex in the parliaments of 1654 and 1656, and in 1658 was raised to Cromwell's new House of Peers.
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In 1833, Edouard, Count of Chabrol – Crousol, transformed and extended the chateau; giving it the architectural style it has today. The Count of Chabrol – Crousol was a member of the House of Peers, during the reign of Napoleon III. An art collector and avid book – lover, he was the grandfather of the French composer Vincent d’Indy who died in 1931. Edouard was the prefect of the Seine region of Paris and inaugurated the Palais Brongniart which was built by order of Napoleon Bonaparte to offer a permanent home to the Paris stock exchange in 1826.
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Kujō was born in Kyoto as the daughter of Ōtani Kōson (Myōnyo), the 21st hereditary head of the Jōdo Shinshū branch of Japanese Buddhism. Her elder brother, Ōtani Kōzui was the 22nd head of the sect, and a noted explorer of Central Asia, while another brother, was Ōtani Sonyu, was a politician who served in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. Her mother was a secondary wife, and the daughter of a samurai from Kii Domain. She was educated at the predecessor to the Kyoto Women's University.
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Motomaro Senge was born in Tokyo as the younger son of the Shinto high priest of Izumo-taisha in Shimane Prefecture, who was also a member of the House of Peers. He was a member of the Shirakaba ("White Birch") literary circle, and published many of his poems in their literary magazine. Save for xenophobic poems written during World War II, his poetry reflects the philosophy of humanism with an optimistic perspective on the world. He was a prolific author, publishing as many as 30-40 works per month.
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Komatsu graduated from the 37th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1909 ranked 26th out of 179 cadets. He performed his midshipman training on the cruiser , and after commissioning as an ensign, he served as a crewman on the battleship . As a sub-lieutenant Komatsu attended naval artillery and torpedo schools and served on the in 1912. In 1913, he took time out from the navy to fulfill the obligation of members of his social class to sit for a session in the House of Peers.
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After graduation from the Gakushuin Peers’ School and the Central Military Preparatory School, Prince Higashikuni served for a session in the House of Peers. He graduated from the 49th class of Imperial Japanese Army Academy in June 1937, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of field artillery in August. The following March, he was promoted to lieutenant in the IJA First Artillery Regiment, and was stationed in Manchukuo. During the Nomonhan Incident in summer 1939, he commanded the First Battery, 1st Heavy Field Artillery Regiment of the Kwantung Army.
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He was selected to serve as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce under the 1st Yamagata administration from December 24, 1889 to May 17, 1890. On June 5, 1896, Iwamura was awarded the title of viscount (shishaku) under the kazoku peerage system, and received the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure later the same year. He served as an advisor to Emperor Meiji, and was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers. He was also awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, 1st class on June 23, 1904.
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A Nisei (second-generation Japanese-Canadian), Kanao Inouye was born to immigrant parents in Kamloops, British Columbia. His father, Tadashi Inouye, had emigrated to British Columbia from Tokyo, and had been a decorated Canadian soldier during World War I.Brode P, "Canada's war criminal Kanao Inouye", Esprit de Corps, December 2002. Although his father died in 1926, Inouye at his first trial described his life in Canada as happy. His family nevertheless maintained close ties to Japan, where his grandfather, Chotahara Inouye, was a Member of Parliament in the House of Peers.
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In 1877, Iesato was sent to Eton College in Great Britain to study. He returned to Japan in 1882, and was given the title of kōshaku (公爵, prince) under the kazoku peerage system. He became a member of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan from its creation in 1890, and served as President of the House of Peers from 1903-1933. When the administration of Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe was brought down by the Siemens scandal, there was a strong movement to have Tokugawa Iesato nominated to be his successor as the new Prime Minister.. Japan not only militarily supported her western allies’ in their war efforts, she also aided the Allies’ sick and wounded during and after the war. In 1917, out of empathy for the suffering resulting from the enormous death and destruction in Europe during World War One, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa and his close friend and ally Baron Shibusawa Eiichi (aka Baron Eiichi Shibusawa) along with their other Japanese associates published a condolence booklet honoring their western allies. This 1917 condolence booklet describes the Japanese creating an association that collected a monetary fund that was being gifted to Allied nations to help with their war related health costs.
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In 1641 he was a member of the Lords committee on Religion, and served on the committee to consider Laud's attainder in 1644, finally voting for the ordinance in January 1645. He was placed on the admiralty commission in 1645, and acted as Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire. He was one of the small group of Lords who continued attendance in the House of Peers, and on 19 December 1648, with three others, visited Fairfax, when they "cast down their honors at his Excellency's feet" and protested their desire not to retain any privileges prejudicial to the public interest.Gardiner's Civil War, iv.
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Like the other imperial princes of his generation, Prince Kaya was a career military officer. In 1920, after serving a term in the House of Peers, he graduated from the 32nd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and received a commission as a lieutenant (2nd class) in the cavalry. In August 1925, he became commander of the Tenth Cavalry Regiment (at the rank of captain) and graduated from the 38th class of Army Staff College. The following year, he rose to the rank of major in the cavalry, and was appointed an instructor at the Army Staff College the following year.
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During the Asia-Pacific War, he contributed to encourage and comfort the Japanese troops, as in 1942 and 1943, when he was sent to console the Japanese troops stationed in Singapore. In 1943, he was appointed as Vice- Chairman of Japanese Government-General of Korea's Privy Council. On 3 April 1945, he was elected as a congressman in the House of Peers. Due to his cooperation with the Japanese Empire and the Japanese Governor-General of Korea, he was listed as a Pro-Japanese collaborators in Korea by the Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities in 2008.
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Politics under the Post-war Constitution The constitution establishes a parliamentary system of government in which legislative authority is vested in a bicameral National Diet. Although a bicameral Diet existed under the existing constitution, the new constitution abolished the upper House of Peers, which consisted of members of the nobility (similar to the British House of Lords). The new constitution provides that both chambers be directly elected, with a lower House of Representatives and an upper House of Councillors. The Diet nominates the Prime Minister from among its members, although the Lower House has the final authority if the two Houses disagree.
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After revisions to the ordinance, notably in 1925, the House of Peers comprised: # The Crown Prince (Kōtaishi) and the Imperial Grandson and Heir Presumptive (Kōtaison) from the age of 18, with the term of office for life. # All Imperial Princes (shinnō) and lesser Princes of the Imperial Blood (ō) over the age of 20, with the term of office for life. # All Princes and Marquises over the age of 25 (raised to 30 in 1925), with the term of office for life. # 18 Counts, 66 Viscounts and 66 Barons over the age of 25 (raised to 30 in 1925), for seven- year terms.
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Members of the House of Peers were made up of the Imperial Family, the Kazoku, and those nominated by the Emperor, while members of the House of Representatives were elected by direct male suffrage. Despite clear distinctions between powers of the executive branch and the Emperor in the Meiji Constitution, ambiguity and contradictions in the Constitution eventually led to a political crisis. It also devalued the notion of civilian control over the military, which meant that the military could develop and exercise a great influence on politics. Following the end of World War II, the present Constitution of Japan was adopted.
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Born in Ōita Prefecture, Gotō was a graduate of the Law School of Tokyo Imperial University in 1909. During his early career in the 1920s, he worked in the Home Ministry, and was Director of Administration within the office of the Governor-General of Taiwan. In the 1930s, Gotō was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. He served as Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries between 1932 and 1934 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Makoto Saitō, and was later Home Minister in the cabinet of Keisuke Okada.
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Toshisada Maeda was born in Tokyo, as the eldest son of Maeda Toshiaki, the final daimyō of Nanokaichi Domain in Kōzuke Province, and inherited his father’s kazoku peerage title of shishaku (viscount). His brother, Toshinari, was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army Toshisada Maeda was a graduate of Tokyo Imperial University. He served briefly in the infantry during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, and afterwards assumed his family’s seat in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan. In 1922, he was appointed Communications Minister in the cabinet of Prime Minister Katō Tomosaburō.
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However, Tanaka brought Mizuno a message from Emperor Hirohito asking Mizuno to withdraw his resignation. The incident caused an uproar in the House of Peers and threatened to precipitate a constitutional crisis, as this would mean that the Emperor was violating a long-standing rule of not interfering directly in politics and the action was perceived to be favorable to the Rikken Seiyūkai over their rivals, the Rikken Minseitō. Mizuno was forced to resign once again, and Tanaka fell increasingly out of favor with the Emperor; the incident was a major force in driving Tanaka from office in 1929.Bix. Hirohito.
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In 1891, he was selected as a member of the House of Peers by Imperial nomination. A close ally of Yamagata Aritomo, he was rewarded with numerous cabinet positions, including that of Justice Minister in the second Matsukata and second Yamagata administrations, and Justice, Agriculture and Commerce ministers in the first Katsura administration. In 1902, Kiyoura was elevated to the title of baron (danshaku) in the kazoku peerage system. He received the 1st class of the Order of the Sacred Treasures the following year, and in 1906 was awarded with the 1st class of the Order of the Rising Sun.
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After graduation, Wakatsuki worked in the Ministry of Finance as tax bureau director and later as vice- minister. In 1911 he was appointed to the House of Peers. He then served as Minister of Finance under the 3rd Katsura administration and 2nd Ōkuma administration in the early 1910s and became a leading member of the Rikken Dōshikai political party, and its successor the Kenseikai, in 1914. In June 1924, Wakatsuki was named Home Minister in the cabinet of Prime Minister Katō Takaaki, and worked to enact the Universal Manhood Suffrage Law and the Peace Preservation Law in 1925.
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Born as , the 4th son of Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu, he was the younger brother of Prince Fushimi Hiroyoshi, Prince Kachō Hirotada and Marquis Kachō Hironobu. In October 1932, he served as a member of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. On 1 April 1936, by order of Emperor Hirohito, he was allowed to establish his own household after renouncing his imperial title, and was created a count (hakushaku) under the kazoku peerage system. The same year, he married Tomoko Yanagisawa (29 October 1917 – 14 November 1939), younger daughter of Count Yanagisawa Yasutsugu, with whom he had three daughters.
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Kataoka joined the cabinet during the 2nd administration of Prime Minister Katō Takaaki as Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1924. He later served as Minister of Finance under the 1st cabinet of Wakatsuki Reijirō in 1927. However, his public proclamation during budgetary deliberations on March 14, 1927 that the Tokyo Watanabe Bank had gone bankrupt, when in fact it had not, resulted a bank run and was one of the main factors behind the Shōwa financial crisis and the collapse of the Wakatsuki administration. Kataoka was awarded with a seat in the House of Peers from 1930.
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In 1917, on the death of his father, Kuroda inherited the kazoku peerage title of viscount, and in 1920, was elected to a seat in the House of Peers, the upper house of the Diet of Japan. In 1922, Kuroda was made head of the Imperial Fine Arts Academy. In 1923, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur; this followed numerous other honors from the French government in the years before. Kuroda died at home in Azabukogaicho on July 15, 1924; immediately upon his death the Japanese government conferred upon him the Order of the Rising Sun.
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In 1902, he was reassigned to the Japanese embassy in Peking, China, returning to Japan in 1913. During the First World War, served as Japanese Ambassador to France and was a plenipotentiary at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.Ministry of Foreign Affairs On the successful completion of this mission, he was awarded with the title of baron (danshaku) under the kazoku peerage system. He served as Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs from January 7 to June 11, 1924, under the administration of Kiyoura Keigo and was also appointed a member of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan.
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In this role, he assisted in drafting the reforms to the post-war Constitution of Japan, and served on the Cabinet's committee for dealing with legislative problems. After the enactment of the new constitution, Toshio was appointed to the House of Peers, and two years later he was promoted to Commissioner General of the House of Representatives' Legislative Bureau. He later served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan from 1952-1970, the longest recorded tenure in that office. After his retirement from public office in 1971, Toshio became a lecturer at Komazawa University.
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In 1924, he was appointed as Director of the new Cabinet Legislation Bureau (the first person to hold this post) and he subsequently became Director-General of the Bureau a decade later. He was, however, pressured into resigning only two years later, due to sympathies with the controversial "Emperor Organ" theory proposed by Tatsukichi Minobe. Nevertheless, he remained a respected constitutional scholar, who had published several books on the Meiji Constitution. He was consulted on the wording of the new constitution by Toshio Irie His election to the House of Peers in 1946 marked the start of his return to politics.
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The Ikeda family were originally samurai from Settsu Province, who settled in Dewa Province sometime in the early Edo period, becoming landowners and farmers. By the time of the Meiji restoration, they had amassed a considerable fortune, were noted patrons of the arts, and were regarded as one of the three largest landowners in the Tōhoku region of Japan. Ikeda Jinnosuke (1845-1901) was the 12th head of the family, and was appointed to a seat in the first session of the House of Peers as one of Japan's largest taxpayers. He was also the first chairman of the Bank of Akita.
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This is usually intended to produce a house of experts or otherwise distinguished citizens, who would not necessarily be returned in an election. For example, members of the Senate of Canada are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. In the past, some upper houses had seats that were entirely hereditary, such as in the British House of Lords until 1999 and in the Japanese House of Peers until it was abolished in 1947. It is also common that the upper house consists of delegates chosen by state governments or local officials.
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Baron Mōri Gorō Baron Mōri Gorō of Chōshū (1871–1925) was the fifth son of the former head of the Chōshū clan, Mōri Motonori (1839–1896). After almost three years of study in Hastings he was admitted to Gonville and Caius College in 1892. He graduated in 1895 with an ordinary B.A. after taking the examination in Politics and Economics, and became a director of the 110th Bank among other posts before becoming a member of the House of Peers (Kizokuin). The funds for Mōri Gorō's education were raised with the support of the influential Chōshū man, Kaoru Inoue.
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He also promulgated the Vaccination Law, the comprehensive Medical Law, and established to Tokyo Igakkō, which later became the medical facility of Tokyo Imperial University. 専斎長與先生墓 Grave of Nagayo Sensai After his retirement from medicine in 1891, Nagayo served on the Genrōin and became an appointed member House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. He was ennobled with the rank of danshaku (baron) in the kazoku peerage system. Nagayo also established a hospital for tuberculosis patients in Yuigahama, Kamakura, and publicized the benefits of Kamakura as a health resort for its clean sea air.
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Koo's close links to the Japanese allowed him both to pursue a successful political career (he became the first Taiwanese to be appointed by the emperor to the House of Peers of Japan, in 1934) and to build a collection of businesses that formed the nucleus of today's Koos Group of companies. Koo had four concubines, eight sons and four daughters. His fifth son, Koo Chen- fu, inherited control of his father's business and served as the negotiator for Taiwan during the Wang–Koo summit. His eighth son, Koo Kwang-ming, became a leader of the Taiwan Independence movement.
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The Political Constitution of the Portuguese Monarchy (Constituição Política da Monarquia Portuguesa) of 1838 was the third Portuguese constitution. After the September Revolution in 1836, the Constitutional Charter of 1826 was abolished and in its place the Constitution of 1822 was temporarily restored, while a constituent Cortes was convened to produce a new constitution. This was agreed, and Maria II swore an oath to it on 4 April 1838. It was a synthesis of the previous constitution of 1822 and 1826, with the establishment of an elected Senate rather than a House of Peers also drawn from the 1831 Constitution of Belgium and the Spanish Constitution of 1837.
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Emperor Meiji in a formal session of the House of Peers. Ukiyo-e woodblock print by Yōshū Chikanobu, 1890 In 1869, under the new Meiji government, a Japanese peerage was created by an Imperial decree merging the former Court nobility (kuge) and former feudal lords (daimyōs) into a single new aristocratic class called the kazoku. A second imperial ordinance in 1884 grouped the kazoku into five ranks equivalent to the European aristocrats, prince (or duke), marquis, count, viscount, and baron. Although this grouping idea was taken from the European peerage, the Japanese titles were taken from Chinese and based on the ancient feudal system in China.
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Sir William Roberts, 1st Baronet (21 June 1638 – 14 March 1688), of Willesden in Middlesex, was an English landowner and politician. The son of Sir William Roberts, a Member of Parliament and of Cromwell's House of Peers during the English Commonwealth, Roberts was created a baronet on 4 October 1661. The following year, on his father's death, he inherited considerable property in what is now North London which was, however, much encumbered with mortgages and legacies. Described as a "very careless man", he dissipated his fortune, engaging in litigation against his mother over the disposal of his father's bequests, and falling deeper and deeper into debt.
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She was born in Tokyo the third daughter of Viscount Michitora Umetani, head of a former kuge family and Member of the House of Peers. She enrolled but later left Gakushuin University in 1961. She has been married to Sen'ei Ikenobō (池坊 専永), the Ikenobō family patriarch, since 1963 and has two daughters, Yuki (池坊 由紀), the next head of the family, and Mika (池坊 美佳). She was elected to the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature) for the first time in 1996 as a member of the New Frontier Party, which later split into several parties including the New Komeito Party.
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The article was discovered by ultrarightists and militarists eager to find leverage to embarrass and to bring down the Saito administration. Nakajima was called before the House of Peers, where he was browbeaten by retired General Baron Takeo Kikuchi and others, who forced his resignation on 2 February 1934, a date making the 600th anniversary of the Kemmu restoration.Mass. The Origins of Japan's Medieval World, page 323 In 1937, Nakajima was one of 16 officials arrested on trumped- up charges of corruption in the Teijin Incident. He was subsequently cleared of all charges after a lengthy trial, but withdrew from public service after this event.
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As Home Minister, Yuzawa organized government support for the Taisei Yokusankai, which won a landslide victory in the 1942 General Election, but had to contend with the increasing radicalization of the paramilitary youth wing of the party, the Yokusan Sonendan. Shillony. Page 32–33 He also oversaw the creation of Tokyo Metropolis by the merger of Tokyo City with Tokyo-fu in 1942. From April 1943 until the end of World War II, Yuzawa was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers. After the surrender of Japan, Yuzawa was (along with all other members of the wartime government), purged by orders of the American occupation authorities.
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The domains (han) were abolished in 1871, but Asano was granted the title of Marquis (kōshaku) under the kazoku system of peerage which was instituted at that time. He became a member of the Genrōin (Chamber of Elders) in 1880, was appointed ambassador to Italy two years later, and served in the House of Peers for a time as well. Though living and serving in Tokyo, he worked to support industry and other enterprises in his home area, newly dubbed Hiroshima Prefecture. The Asano Library (now the Hiroshima Central City Library) opened in 1926, and Asano died in 1937 at the age of 96.
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On graduation, Tokonami entered the Ministry of Finance, and later the Home Ministry. He served as Vice-Governor of Miyagi Prefecture, Chief of Police of Okayama Prefecture, and Chief Secretary of Tokyo Prefecture before being assigned the post of Governor of Tokushima Prefecture from 1904-1905, followed by Akita Prefecture from 1905-1906. Appointed vice-minister of the Home Ministry in 1906, he assisted Home Minister Hara Takashi in his efforts to abolish the rural district as an administrative unit over the opposition of the House of Peers. Tokonami was appointed Director of the Karafuto Agency, governing the Karafuto Prefecture from 24 April 1908 to 12 June 1908.
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Shō was then sent to Tokyo as a hostage and partial appeasement as Ryūkyūan officials searched for ways to delay the former king's departure. Following his father's death and his succession as Marquess and head of the Shō family in 1901, Shō and his family gave up the trappings of traditional Ryukyuan royal court life, costume, court language, and ritual, and adopted those of the Japanese peerage. As Marquess, Shō held a hereditary seat in the House of Peers in the Imperial Diet. He was joined in representing Okinawa by a Japanese resident appointed to represent the prefecture's wealthiest taxpayers for the first time in 1918.
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The Senate was first established under the Royal Statute of 1834 approved by Queen Regent Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies under the denomination of House of Peers but it did not last long and in 1837, under the Constitution of that year, the upper house acquired the denomination of Senate. It remained under the regimes of the constitutions of 1845, 1856, 1869 and 1876. It was composed, at that latter time, of three main categories: senators by their own right, senators for life and elected senators. This house, along with the Congress of Deputies, was suppressed after the coup of General Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923.
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While the Getsuyōkai's main purpose was to encourage research into the latest military developments, under Miura the association's journal, Getsuyōkai kiji, published scathing critics of Yamataga and other army leaders, and promoted the concept of a small, defensive army. Stung by the unceasing criticism, Yamagata ordered Miura into the secondary reserves and ordered the Getsuyōkai disbanded in 1889. Miura, who had been elevated to the title shishaku (viscount) under the kazoku peerage system in 1884, was appointed a member of the House of Peers from 1890, and became president of the Gakushuin Peers School from 1892. In September 1895, Miura was appointed Japan’s resident minister in Korea, succeeding Inoue Kaoru.
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SAGE Reference/CQ Press, 2016. He was in command of the Neapolitan army during the Neapolitan War of 1815, where he signed the Treaty of Casalanza after Murat fled to Corsica. From 1815 he was a general in the army of the restored Kingdom of Two Sicilies.Lino Martini, On the Battle of Rieti-Antrodoco 7 March 1821, Rieti 2015, Historical-Critical Study Following a series of scandals in 1823, Carrascosa was again exiled from Naples, this time in England, and did not return until 1848, where he was once more in good standing with the kingdom, and was appointed to the House of Peers.
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After serving as appointed governor of Shimane Prefecture (1893–1895), Yamaguchi Prefecture (1895–1896), Kumamoto Prefecture (1896–1898) and Miyazaki Prefecture (1898), Ōura was appointed Superintendent General of the Police, and was given a seat in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan. One of his proposals while in charge of the police was to relocate impoverished residents of central Osaka to a new planned town in the outskirts, on the theory that poverty was the cause of disease and crime. The plan failed due to strong local opposition. page 124 In 1903, under the 1st Katsura administration, Ōura became Minister of Communications.
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The Kokuhonsha was founded in 1924 by conservative Minister of Justice and President of the House of Peers, Kiichirō Hiranuma.Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, page 164 It called on Japanese patriots to reject the various foreign political “-isms” (such as socialism, communism, Marxism, anarchism, etc.) in favor of a rather vaguely defined “Japanese national spirit” (kokutai). The name “kokuhon” was selected as an antithesis to the word “minpon”, from minpon shugi, the commonly used translation for the word “democracy”, and the society was openly supportive of totalitarian ideology.Reynolds, Japan in the Fascist Era, page 76 The elder statesman Saionji Kinmochi publicly criticized the organization of promoting Japanese fascism.
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Cambacérès disapproved of Bonaparte's accumulation of power into his own hands (culminating in the proclamation of the First French Empire on 18 May 1804) but retained high office under Napoleon: Arch-Chancellor of the Empire and President of the House of Peers from 2 June, to 7 July 1815. He also became a prince of the Empire and in 1808 was made Duke of Parma (French: duc de Parme). His duchy was one of the twenty created as a duché grand-fief (among 2200 noble titles created by Napoleon)—a rare hereditary honor, extinguished upon Cambacérès' death in 1824. He was essentially second in command of France during the Napoleonic era.
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A number of its buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2013, Business Insider named Delta Upsilon one of the "17 Fraternities with Top Wall Street Alumni". Notable members include President of the United States James A. Garfield, president of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, Canadian prime minister Lester B. Pearson, Linus Pauling, Joseph P. Kennedy, Lou Holtz, Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Charles Evans Hughes, Les Aspin, and others. Forty-two brothers of the fraternity have sat in the United States Congress, three in the Parliament of Canada, one in the Imperial House of Peers of Japan, and six on the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.
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On the advent of the new constitutional era, in 1861, he became a member of the Upper Chamber of the Reichsrat and eventually its President. As a representative of the Liberal landed proprietors of the Diet of Bohemia, and afterward as President of the Austrian House of Peers (Herrenhaus), he took a conspicuous part in defending the constitutional system against clerical and feudal reaction and the union of the Empire. He presided over the Austrian ministry as the 1st Minister- President of Cisleithania as a result of the reorganisation of the Empire following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. After the term of his ministry he kept being a zealous supporter of Liberal cabinets.
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He established an institute of Asian studies and insisted on the traditional nationalism of Japan when Taishō democracy was in vogue (1912–1926). While working as an instructor at the Department of Asian Thought, Takushoku University, he wrote books such as Studies on the Japanese Spirit and Studies on Emperors and Government Officials, attracting the attention of some noblemen and military officers. In 1927, he established a private school, Kinkei Gakuen, in the house of Sakai Tadamasa who was a member of the House of Peers (Japan). In 1931, with the help of zaibatsu, Japanese conglomerates, he established a private school in Saitama Prefecture, Nihon Nōshi Gakkō, (or, Japan Farmers' School) to teach Asian thought and his philosophy.
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He was active in various social programmes, including the establishment and support of night school, women's education, farmer's rights, and the rights of the burakumin, and was chairman of a cultural association aimed at improving education and cultural awareness in rural areas. Arima was elected to the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan in 1924 under the Rikken Seiyūkai party. In 1929, after he succeeded his father to the title of hakushaku (count) under the kazoku peerage system, he was nominated to the House of Peers. Arima was a close personal friend of Fumimaro Konoe, and when Konoe became Prime Minister of Japan in 1937, Arima was requested to serve as his Minister of Agriculture.
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Kaneko Kentarō Kaneko Kentarō In 1880, Kaneko was appointed as a secretary in the Genrōin, and in 1884 had joined the Office for Investigation of Institutions, the body organized by the Genrōin to study the constitutions of various western nations with the aim of creating a western- style constitution for Japan. Kaneko worked closely with Itō Hirobumi, Inoue Kowashi and Itō Miyoji, and became personal secretary to Itō Hirobumi when the latter became first Prime Minister of Japan. In 1889, Kaneko became first president of the predecessor to Nippon University, a post he held until 1893. Kaneko was appointed to the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan in 1890, becoming its first Secretary.
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Itō was born into a local samurai administrator's family in Nagasaki, Hizen Province (present-day Nagasaki Prefecture). From his early days, he showed a mastery of foreign languages. In the new Meiji government he worked as a translation official for Hyōgo Prefecture specializing in English, and was later selected to accompany Itō Hirobumi (no relation--the Chinese characters for their names being different) to Europe in 1882 to investigate the constitutions and governmental structures of various European counties, with the aim of creating a constitution for Japan. After his return to Japan, he assisted Inoue Kowashi and Kaneko Kentarō in drafting the Meiji Constitution, and was subsequently nominated to the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan.
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Takahashi was the second Christian Prime Minister in Japanese history. His term lasted less than seven months, primarily due to his inability as an outsider to control the factions in his party, and his lack of a power base in the party. After resigning as Prime Minister, Takahashi still retained the position of president of the Rikken Seiyūkai. He resigned his seat in the House of Peers in 1924, and was elected to a seat in the Lower House of the Diet of Japan in the 1924 General Election. When Katō Takaaki became the prime minister and set up a coalition cabinet in 1924, Takahashi accepted the post of Minister of Agriculture and Commerce.
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However, he did appear to have an aptitude for languages and continued to receive extensive tutoring in French, Chinese, and history from private tutors at the Akasaka Palace; Emperor Meiji gave Prince Takehito responsibility for taking care of Prince Yoshihito, and the two princes became friends. From 1898, largely at the insistence of Itō Hirobumi, the Prince began to attend sessions of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan as a way of learning about the political and military concerns of the country. In the same year, he gave his first official receptions to foreign diplomats, with whom he was able to shake hands and converse graciously.Keene, Emperor of Japan:Meiji and His World.
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Diet members of the Imperial Rule Assistance Young Men's Corps said that they would not participate in the IRAPA or it successor and instead formed the Association of Imperial Assistance Dietmen on 10 March and Kishi's dissidents followed suit on 11 March and formed the Association for Defense of the Fatherland. Observing this situation, the House of Peers also decided to opt out of joining the new party and though the IRAPA finally dissolved on 30 March 1945 and was replaced with the Greater Japan Political Association under President Jiro Minami, the "one country, one party" system of the "Imperial Rule Assistance Parliament" had effectively collapsed and Japan would end up losing the war.
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The Emperor refused to appoint a new prime minister for the next two months, making Sanjō the only Prime Minister of Japan (albeit interim) who also concurrently held the post of Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal.After the Meiji Constitution was adopted in 1890, a new system was established: "In case of death, incapacitation, resignation or removal of the prime minister, a member of the cabinet shall serve as acting prime minister until the next prime minister is formally appointed." Today Sanjō’s government is generally regarded as continuation of Kuroda’s. In 1890, he assumed a seat in the new House of Peers in the Diet of Japan established by the Meiji Constitution.
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The President of the Senate is the highest authority of the Senate of Spain, the upper house of the Cortes Generales, the legislative branch of Spain. The President is elected by and among the incumbent senators. The office was established in 1834 by the Royal Statue which structured the legislature as a bicameral parliament with an upper house called House of Peers, formed by high clerics, grandees, other nobles and relevant members of the civil society. The current name of the upper house is Senate since 1837 and is currently regulated in Part III, Section 69 of the Constitution of 1978 which establishes a chamber with two kind of members: popular-elected senators and senators designated by regional legislatures.
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Yonehara was born in Tokyo. Her father Itaru was a member of the Japan Communist Party and had a seat in the lower house of the Japanese Diet representing Tottori Prefecture, and her grandfather, Yonehara Shōzō, was President of Tottori Prefecture Assembly, and a member of the House of Peers. In 1959, Itaru was sent to Prague, Czechoslovakia as an editor of The Problems on Peace and Socialism, an international communist party magazine and his family accompanied him. Mari initially studied the Czech language, but her father placed her in an international school run by the Soviet Union, where education was conducted in Russian language so that his children were able to continue the language in Japan.
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Ichiki was born is what is now Kakegawa, Shizuoka Prefecture, where his father, an entrepreneur and politician, was a student of the philosophies of Ninomiya Sontoku. Ichiki graduated from the Tokyo Imperial University in 1887 and entered the Home Ministry in the same year. In 1890, he was sent to Germany for further studies, returning to Japan in 1894. On his return, he became a professor of law at Tokyo Imperial University, and in 1906 became a member of the prestigious Imperial Academy. From September 1907 through August 1918, he was appointed to one of the seats in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan which were reserved for the Imperial Academy.
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Not mentioned in the Constitution were the genrō, an inner circle of advisors to the Emperor, who wielded considerable influence. Under the Meiji Constitution, a legislature was established with two Houses. The Upper House, or House of Peers consisted of members of the Imperial Family, hereditary peerage and members appointed by the Emperor. The Lower House, or House of Representatives was elected by direct male suffrage, with qualifications based on amount of tax which was 15 yen or more – these qualifications were loosened in 1900 and 1919 with universal adult male suffrage introduced in 1925.Griffin, Edward G.; ‘The Universal Suffrage Issue in Japanese Politics, 1918-25 ’; The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol.
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Many women came to watch as the House of Representatives discussed amending the Public Peace Police Law of 1900, a petition for higher education for women, a petition for women's suffrage in national elections, and a petition to make changes to the City Code of 1888 and the Town and Village Code of 1888, which would allow women to vote and run for local offices. The House of Peers defeated the bill to amend the Police Law. Through the 1930s feminists believed the best ways to achieve their goals were through protection of laborers, welfare for single mothers, and other activities producing social welfare reforms.Molony, Barbara. "Women’s Rights, Feminism, and Suffrage in Japan, 1870-1925".
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Other feudal monarchies equally held a similar system, grouping high nobility of different rank titles under one term, with common privileges and/or in an assembly, sometimes legislative and/or judicial. Itō Hirobumi and the other Meiji leaders deliberately modeled the Japanese House of Peers on the House of Lords, as a counterweight to the popularly elected House of Representatives (Shūgiin). In France, the system of pairies (peerage) existed in two different versions: the exclusive 'old' in the French kingdom, in many respects an inspiration for the English and later British practice, and the very prolific Chambre des Pairs under the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1848). In Spain and Portugal, the closest equivalent title was Grandee; in Hungary, Magnat.
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The National Diet Library is the successor of three separate libraries: the library of the House of Peers, the library of the House of Representatives, both of which were established at the creation of Japan's Imperial Diet in 1890; and the Imperial Library, which had been established in 1872 under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. The Diet's power in prewar Japan was limited, and its need for information was "correspondingly small". The original Diet libraries "never developed either the collections or the services which might have made them vital adjuncts of genuinely responsible legislative activity". Until Japan's defeat, moreover, the executive had controlled all political documents, depriving the people and the Diet of access to vital information.
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Though named in the commission for the trial of the King he never sat on it, but he subsequently served as assistant to the attorney-general during the Commonwealth. He also represented Taunton in the Short Parliament and Bridport in the Long Parliament, remaining an active member of the Rump, and served as Recorder of Bridport. Hill was appointed a serjeant-at-law in 1655, judge of assize in 1656, a baron of the Exchequer in 1657. In that capacity, he assisted at the ceremony of investiture of the Lord Protector in June 1657; and as one of the judges attendant on Cromwell's House of Peers, he delivered a message from them to the Commons in the following January.
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In 1710, and again in 1713, he was elected one of the Scottish representative peers. Lockhart, who was his son-in-law, states that when he himself proposed to bring in a bill for resuming the bishops' revenues in Scotland, and applying them to the episcopal clergy there, Eglinton gave his support to the measure, and assured Queen Anne that the presbyterians would not actively oppose it. This is corroborated by Wodrow, who asserts that Lockhart, either in the House of Peers or in the privy council, proposed 'that as we are one in civil we should be one in church matters'. Wodrow also states that his speech on patronage and toleration was 'so very good' that it was supposed 'it was done by somebody for him'.
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Abe as the Japanese ambassador signing the Japan- Machukuo-China joint declaration with Wang Jingwei and Zang Shiyi, 30 November 1940 in Nanjing Three months later after his replacement as Prime Minister, Abe was sent by the army as a special envoy to China to advise the Japanese- supported regime of Wang Jingwei in Nanjing, and to negotiate a treaty ensuring Japanese economic and military rights in northern China. However, he did have some sympathy for Wang Jingwei's pro-Japanese "reorganized national government" of China. He remained as the Japanese ambassador to China in Nanjing until December 1940. After his return to Japan, Abe joined the House of Peers in 1942, and accepted the largely ceremonial position as president of the Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association.
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Viscount was a Japanese politician who served as a member of the House of Peers, as Prime Minister of Japan from 1921 to 1922, and as the head of the Bank of Japan and Ministry of Finance. Takahashi made many contributions to Japan's development during the early 20th century, including introducing its first patent system and securing foreign financing for the Russo-Japanese War. Following the onset of the Great Depression, he introduced controversial financial policies which included abandoning the gold standard, lowering interest rates, and using the Bank of Japan to finance deficit spending by the central government. His decision to cut government spending in 1935 led to unrest within the Japanese military, who assassinated him in February 1936.
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Erskine in his parliamentary speech combined the vocabulary of animal rights and trusteeship with a theological appeal to biblical passages opposing cruelty.Cruelty to Animals: The Speech of Lord Erskine in the House of Peers (London: Richard Phillips, 1809) A later attempt to pass anti-cruelty legislation was spearheaded by the Irish parliamentarian Richard Martin and in 1822 an anti-cruelty to cattle bill (sometimes called Martin's Act) became law. Martin's Act was supported by various social reformers who were not parliamentarians and an informal network had gathered around the efforts of Reverend Arthur Broome (1779–1837) to create a voluntary organisation that would promote kindness toward animals. Broome canvassed opinions in letters that were published or summarised in various periodicals in 1821.
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The creation of the Diet of Japan in November 1890 was marked by intense rivalry between the genrō, who reserved the right to appoint the Prime Minister and the members of the cabinets regardless of what the elected government wanted, and the political parties who were powerless because of their inability to unite and thus control the House of Representatives. The Rikken Kaishintō gradually lost support, and was overtaken by the pro-oligarch until it was reformed as the Shimpotō in 1896. None of the political parties, whether pro- or anti-oligarch, had any power in the House of Peers, nor did they have significant power in the countryside, as key local officials were appointed directly by the bureaucracy in Tokyo.
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On July 7, 1869 as part of the reformation of the court nobility under the new Meiji government, Nijō Motohiro became a prince (koshaku) under the new kazoku peerage system. The change was regarded as a demotion by Nijō and many members of the old aristocracy,Lebra, Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility however, Nijō continued to serve Emperor Meiji as a court councilor. From September 1890 until January 1920, Nijō served as a member of the House of Peers. Together with Konoe Atsumarō, Nijō was a leader of the Sanyōkai faction within the upper house, which was critical of Itō Hirobumi’s pro-Jiyutō politics, plans for increased military expenditures after the First Sino-Japanese War, and plans for tax reform.
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This prompted Nyozekan to change to more subdued style, arguing that the Japanese people and national culture were inherently liberal, rational and democratic, and comparable to British classical liberalism. Although he was forced to keep a low profile, he did not compromise his opposition to militarism and totalitarianism. Surprisingly to some, although Hasegawa wrote essays protesting that journalism must remain neutral and above politics, he also wrote in favor of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, in which he saw the potential for the favorable development of Asia economically and culturally under Asian, rather than European influence. In 1946, Hasegawa became a member of the House of Peers for its last session before the abolition of the Meiji Constitution.
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Appointed as ambassador to the Empire of Russia just before the Bolshevik Revolution, Uchida returned to Japan to serve as Foreign Minister again from 1918 to 1923 under the Hara, Takahashi, and Katō administrations. He served as acting Prime Minister of Japan twice – once after the assassination of Prime Minister Hara, and again after the sudden death of Prime Minister Katō, immediately before the Great Kantō earthquake. He was appointed to the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan in 1930, and became President of the South Manchuria Railway company in 1931. Under his third term as Foreign Minister, from 1932 to 1933, during the Saitō Makoto administration, he called for the formal diplomatic recognition of Manchukuo, and later called for Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations.
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By 1938, membership reached 409 seats.p. 109, "Government: The Imperial Diet - House of Peers," Japan Year Book 1938-1939, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo After the addition of seats for the Empire's colonies Chōsen (Japanese colonial name of Korea) and Taiwan (Japanese name of Formosa) during the last stages of WWII, it stood at 418 at the beginning of the 89th Imperial Diet in November 1945,National Diet Library, Reference (レファレンス, an NDL periodical) 2005.5, Hidehisa Ōyama 帝国議会の運営と会議録をめぐって; contains an appended table listing membership by category at the beginning of each Imperial Diet] briefly before Douglas MacArthur's "purge" barred many members from public office. In 1947 during its 92nd and final session, the number of members was 373.
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In 1938, he participated in an anti-Semitic conference in Erfurt in Nazi Germany and met with Julius Streicher the editor of the anti-Semitic newspaper Der Stürmer, in Nuremberg, The June 1939 edition of the paper dedicated a whole page to "General Shiōden , the anti-Semitic Japanese". In July 1941, Shiōden published "The Jews: Their thoughts and movements" (Yudaya shisō oyobi undō), with an introduction by the former Prime Minister Kiichirō Hiranuma. The book described Shiōden's claim that Jews in different countries held excessive behind-the-scenes influence over governments and economics for the secret purpose of world domination. Shiōden was elected to a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan in 1942, and held the seat until the dissolution of that body in 1946.
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The , passed by the House of Representatives and the House of Peers on March 28, 1947National Diet Library, Nihon hōrei sakuin ("Index of Japanese laws and ordinances"): Legislative history of the Local Autonomy bill and promulgated as Law No. 67 of 1947 on April 17,Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, e-gov database of legal texts: Chihōjichihō Ministry of Justice, Japanese Law Translation Database System: Local Autonomy Act is an Act of devolution that established most of Japan's contemporary local government structures and administrative divisions, including prefectures, municipalities and other entities. On July 16, 1999, the law was amended to eliminate administrative functions imposed upon local governments by the central governments and to establish Committee for Settling National-Local Disputes. To promote decentralization the law and relevant laws have been amended after this revision.
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After the 1890 general election for the lower house of the Diet of Japan, the elected members proved much less amenable to government persuasion than had been anticipated by Itō Hirobumi and other members of the Meiji oligarchy. Rather than docilely rubber stamp legislation issued from the House of Peers and the genrō, the leaders of the lower house used the only leverage granted to them under the Meiji Constitution: withholding budgetary approval to show resistance. This stalemate led to earlier than anticipated dissolution of the government and new elections. Emperor Meiji expressed concern that if the same people were elected again, the same problem would recur, and suggested that regional offices encourage good people to run for office.Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his World, p. 460.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, modernization transformed the Japanese landscape and posed a threat to historic and natural monuments. Societies of prominent men such as the "Imperial Ancient Sites Survey Society" or the "Society for the Investigation and Preservation of Historic Sites and Aged Trees" lobbied and achieved a resolution in the House of Peers for conservation measures. Eventually these efforts resulted in the 1919 , protecting and cataloguing such properties in the same manner as temples, shrines, and pieces of art. By 1929, about 1,100 properties had been designated under the 1897 "Ancient Shrines and Temples Preservation Law." Most were religious buildings dating from the 7th to early 17th century. Approximately 500 buildings were extensively restored, with 90% of the funding provided by the national budget.
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Large-scale demonstrations erupted in Tokyo in early February 1914, which turned violent on 10 February and 14 February. Public opinion was further outraged when it was revealed the massive scope of the naval expansion program would have left room for little else in the government budget and that the government was, therefore, planning to raise taxes.Sim, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868-2000, page 115 Although Prime Minister Yamamoto was not directly implicated and took steps to dismiss naval officers in charge of procurement and shipbuilding, public dissatisfaction continued to grow, and he was challenged to explain the bribery allegations before the House of Peers. After both houses of Diet refused to pass the 1914 Navy budget, Yamamoto resigned on 24 March 1914, bringing down his entire cabinet with him.
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The party was established on 29 January 1924 following a split in the Rikken Seiyūkai over Prime Minister Kiyoura Keigo forming a government largely made up of members of the House of Peers. Of the 278 Diet members of Rikken Seiyūkai, 129 remained in the party, which opposed Kiyoura and 149 left to form the Seiyūhontō, which were happy to share power.Haruhiro Fukui (1985) Political parties of Asia and the Pacific, Greenwood Press, pp614–615 Opposition to his government led Kiyoura to call elections in May 1924, in which the Rikken Seiyūkai was reduced to 103 seats. Although the Seiyūhontō won 111, the Kenseikai emerged as the largest party, winning 151 seats; a coalition government was subsequently formed by the Kenseikai's Katō Takaaki together with Rikken Seiyūkai and the Kakushin Club.
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Some of his sermons, which John Evelyn found dull, were printed, including Character of the Last Daies, preached before the king, 1675, and a sermon preached before the House of Peers on 22 December 1680. The Interest of England stated (1659), advocating the restoration of the king, and The Vanity of Scoffing (1674), are also attributed to him. Fell probably had some share in the composition of The Whole Duty of Man, and in the subsequent works published under the name of the author of The Whole Duty, which included Reasons of the Decay of Christian Piety, The Ladies' Calling, The Gentleman's Calling, The Government of the Tongue, The Art of Contentment, and The Lively Oracles given us, all of which were published in one volume with notes and a preface by Fell in 1684.
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As different factions rose to control the government, Konoe supported universal male suffrage during the premiership of Kato Komei and his party the kenseikai, to forestall his government from enaction of serious curtailment of the privileges of the nobility. He committed to universal male suffrage as he believed it was the best way to channel popular discontent into the current political system, thereby reducing the chances of violent revolution. As the house of peers became allied with different political factions in the lower house, Konoe left the kenkyukai in November 1927. Like his position in regard to the nobility, he believed that the emperor should not take political positions as well, since in his eyes it would diminish the imperial prestige, undermine the unifying power of the throne, expose the emperor to criticism, and potentially undermine domestic tranquillity.
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Count Higashifushimi Kunihide was born as Prince , the youngest child of Lieutenant Colonel Prince Kuniyoshi Kuni and his wife, the former Shimazu Chikako (19 October 1879 - 9 September 1956). Prince Kuni's uncle, Admiral Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito, the head of the Higashifushimi-no-miya line, had no heirs; consequently, following consultations with his father, Prince Kunihide was given to the custody of his great-uncle and his wife on 26 October 1919, though not formally adopted.Genealogy Upon attaining his majority in 1930, he sat in the House of Peers as an imperial prince until the following year, when the Emperor, his cousin and brother-in-law, requested him to relinquish his imperial status to perpetuate the Higashifushimi name.Genealogy Upon leaving the imperial family, he was ennobled as Count Higashifushimi and appointed a Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers.
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Xie Jishi, Manchukuo Foreign Minister Ko Ken'ei, member of the House of Peers The second period of Japanese rule is generally classified as being between the end of the 1915 Seirai Temple Incident, and the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, which began Japan's involvement in what would become World War II. World events during this period, such as World War I, would drastically alter the perception of colonialism in the Western world, and give rise to growing waves of nationalism amongst colonial natives, as well as the ideas of self determination. As a result, colonial governments throughout the world began to make greater concessions to natives, and colonial governance was gradually liberalized. Taiwan-born Xie Jishi became a first Foreign Minister of Manchukuo. The political climate in Japan was also undergoing changes during this time.
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Iemasa often allied with his father Prince Tokugawa Iesato (aka Prince Iyesato Tokugawa) in promoting international goodwill projects between Japan and Europe, Canada, and United States. The Art of Peace book cover photo illustration at the right presents Iemasa accompanying his father, as his father receives an honorary doctor of laws degree from the president of the University of Southern California in 1934. During that same year, on May 10th, 1934, Iyemasa was also recognized for his humanitarian and goodwill diplomatic efforts by a prominent North American University and was given an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of British Columbia in Canada. In 1940, on the death of his father, he inherited the title of kōshaku (, "prince") under the kazoku peerage system, and a seat as a member of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan.
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In March 1816 the Duke of Angoulême gave him various missions in the Midi, which he completed - the measures he took, however, undermined the royal family's in that area. De Damas-Crux retired from the upper chamber after the July Revolution, after remaining faithful to the old government and refusing to take an oath to obey the new one. He retired from the army at the rank of lieutenant general on 30 June 1832 and died in Paris fourteen years later. He and his wife had no issue so the Damas-Crux branch (senior branch of the House of Damas) died out with him - he had taken measures to be succeeded in the peerage by Alexandre de Damas, but since Étienne-Charles had been dismissed from the peerage for refusing to take the oath to Louis Philippe his heir could not sit in the House of Peers.
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President of the House of Peers, 1936Despite his tutelage with the liberal leaning Saionji Kinmochi, his study of socialism at university, and his support of universal suffrage, he seemed to have had a contradictory attraction to fascism, which angered and alarmed the ageing genro, for instance he was reported to have dressed as Hitler at a costume party before Saionji's daughter was married in 1937. Despite these misgivings Saionji nominated Konoe to the emperor, and in June 1937 Konoe became Prime Minister. Konoe spent the short time between then and war with China attempting to secure pardons for the ultra-nationalist leaders of the 26 February incident, leaders who had attempted to assassinate his mentor Saionji. Konoe retained the military, and legal ministers from the previous cabinet upon assumption of the premiership, and refused to take ministers from the political parties, he was not interesting in resurrecting party government.
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"Esperanto and the Language Question at the League of Nations" Although the proposal for the League to accept Esperanto as their working language was accepted by ten delegates, the French delegate used his veto power to block the issue. After his retirement from the League of Nations, Nitobe briefly served in the House of Peers in the Japanese Imperial Parliament; and he delivered a speech against militaristic prime minister Giichi Tanaka in the aftermath of the Huanggutun Incident (1928). He held critical views on increasing militarism in Japan in the early 1930s, and was devastated by Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933 over the Manchurian Crisis and the Lytton Report. In October 1933, Nitobe attended a conference in Banff, Alberta, of the Institute of Pacific Relations, where the background and research papers from the Japanese delegation largely defended Japanese expansionist policies.
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Picture of Hirobumi Itō Itō returned to office as prime minister for a fourth term from 19 October 1900, to 10 May 1901, this time facing political opposition from the House of Peers. Weary of political back- stabbing, he resigned in 1901, but remained as head of the Privy Council as the premiership alternated between Saionji Kinmochi and Katsura Tarō. Portrait of Hirobumi Itō in an American book Toward the end of August 1901, Itō announced his intention of visiting the United States to recuperate. This turned into a long journey in the course of which he visited the major cities of the United States and Europe, setting off from Yokohama on 18 September, traveling through the U.S. to New York City (Itō received an honorary doctorate LL.D. from Yale University in late October), from which he sailed to Boulogne, reaching Paris on 4 November.
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Park served briefly as Interior Minister in 1895, playing an important role in opening up Korea. However, following the Gabo Reform and the assassination of Queen Min, Park fled to exile in Japan, where he remained until 1907. On his return, he accepted the post of Royal Household Minister under Ye Wanyong. Following the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910, in which Korea was annexed to the Empire of Japan, Park was awarded with the kazoku title of marquess (koshaku) in the Japanese peerage, and a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. He served as Director of the Bank of Chosen in 1918, Chairman of the Korean Economic Association in 1919, first president of The Dong-a Ilbo newspaper in 1920, president of the Kyungbang Corporation, chairman of the Korea Industrialization Bank in 1921, and advisor to the Government-General of Korea’s Central Institute.
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After the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, the Showa Emperor announced unconditional surrender to allied forces. Over the next two years, Japan and U.S. General Douglas MacArthur cooperated in drafting the new constitution, which was ratified by the House of Representatives on August 24, 1946, by the House of Peers on October 6, and by the Privy Council on October 29, then promulgated by the Emperor on November 3, 1946, the Emperor Meiji's birthday, and came into effect on May 3, 1947. Initially, Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida wanted to observe Constitution Memorial Day on November 3 because it was already a holiday; furthermore, the date of the signing also coincided with the start of trials by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. However, he did not get his way and the Public Holiday Law of 1948 set the date as May 3.
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The following year, he was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers, where he became noted for his ability to arrange for compromise between the political factions and parties. The Rikken Seiyūkai party arranged for Baba to become president of the Nippon Kangyo Bank in 1927. His continued in this post to 1936, and was noted for his efforts to improve on rural finances. Baba returned to the government in 1936 as Finance Minister under the administration of Prime Minister Kōki Hirota. In the aftermath of the February 26 Incident, reformists in the Cabinet Legislation Bureau and a faction within the Imperial Japanese Army led by Colonel Kanji Ishiwara pushed forward a sweeping reform plan calling for a massive reorganization of Japanese society by the nationalization and amalgamation of key industries and the streamlining of government agencies to form a “national defense state”.
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Mitsui: Three Centuries of Japanese Business, pages 312-313, John G. Roberts, Weatherhill, . 1991 Hoshino in 1941 Considered successful in his mission to establish a profitable economy for the Japanese Empire in Manchuria, he was recalled to Japan in 1940 where he was selected to serve as chief of the "Project Department" inside the Finance Ministry to implement the economic reorganization of Japan under the Taisei Yokusankai in the second Konoe Cabinet. In 1941, he became a member of the House of Peers and at the same year he was appointed Chief Cabinet Secretary in the Tōjō administration with the task to remold the Japanese economy onto a war economy footing with a state socialist basis. After the surrender of Japan, he was arrested by the American occupation authorities and tried before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East as a Class A war criminal on counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32 together with other members of the Manchurian administration responsible for the Japanese policies there.
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Hugo Adolf Bernatzik was a son of the Professor of Public Law at the University of Vienna and member of the House of Peers, Edmund Bernatzik (1854–1919). After school in 1915, he volunteered to join the Austro–Hungarian Army and was deployed among other places in Albania. In 1920, he abandoned his medical studies for financial reasons and became a businessman. After the early death of his first wife Margarete Ast (1904–1924), he embarked on extensive travels and expeditions taking photographs, which became his profession and passion: Spain and north–west Africa in 1924; Egypt and Somalia in 1925; Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1927; Romania and Albania between 1926 and 1930; Portuguese Guinea in 1930–1931 (with Bernhard Struck, Museum of Ethnology, Dresden); British Solomon Islands, British New Guinea, as well as Bali in Indonesia in 1932–1933; Swedish Lapland in 1934; Burma, Thailand and French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) in 1936–1937; and, French–Morocco in 1949–1950.
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In September the same year Forbes, who had previously sat in the English House of Commons for the borough of Queenborough, was called to the Irish house of peers under the title of Baron Forbes. In 1729, he was appointed governor and captain-general of the Leeward Islands, a post he resigned at the end of a year. In 1730, he proposed to the government to lead a colony to Lake Erie, where it would form a barrier against French encroachments from Canada. He was to be fettered by no restrictions beyond the ten commandments,’ and was to have an annual grant of 12,000 £ for the use of the colony for seven years. If the government at the end of that time was satisfied to take over the settlement, Forbes was to be created an English peer, with a perpetual pension of 1,000 £ a year out of the revenues of the post office.
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After the expulsion of the Rump, he did not appear in the Barebone's Parliament, but was elected for the Protectorate Parliaments of as one of the four members for the East Riding in 1654 and 1656. He was subsequently summoned to Cromwell’s House of Peers as Lord Strickland. (His younger brother, Walter Strickland, was also a member, and held a number of other senior offices during the Commonwealth.) Strickland sat in the restored Long Parliament in 1659, but apparently took no part in its proceedings and (unlike his brother) seems to have retired entirely from public affairs after the Restoration, though he was not molested by the authorities. From 1642 to 1646, Strickland was Custos Rotulorum of the East Riding of Yorkshire. He was married twice – on 18 June 1622 to Margaret, daughter of Sir Richard Cholmley of Whitby; and, after his first wife’s death in 1629 to Frances Finch, daughter of Thomas Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea.
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Although the projected extension of the Co- Prosperity Sphere was extremely ambitious, the Japanese goal during the "Greater East Asia War" was not to acquire all the territory designated in the plan at once, but to prepare for a future decisive war some 20 years later by conquering the Asian colonies of the defeated European powers, as well as the Philippines from the United States. When Tōjō spoke on the plan to the House of Peers he was vague about the long-term prospects, but insinuated that the Philippines and Burma might be allowed independence, although vital territories such as Hong Kong would remain under Japanese rule.W. G. Beasley, The Rise of Modern Japan, p 204 The Micronesian islands that had been seized from Germany in World War I and which were assigned to Japan as C-Class Mandates, namely the Marianas, Carolines, Marshall Islands, and several others do not figure in this project. They were the subject of earlier negotiations with the Germans and were expected to be officially ceded to Japan in return for economic and monetary compensations.
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Tanaka, before 1929 Tanaka returned as Army Minister in the 2nd Yamamoto administration from September 1923 to January 1924. After retiring from the army, Tanaka was invited to accept the post of party president of the Rikken Seiyūkai political party in 1925, and was made a member of the House of Peers from January 1926. He had been scheduled to be promoted to the rank of Field Marshal at the time of his retirement. However, when news reached the ears of the Army Ministry of a 3 million Yen bonus that Tanaka received on agreeing to join the Rikken Seiyukai, the promotion was denied. Tanaka became Prime Minister of Japan on 20 April 1927, during the Shōwa financial crisis, serving simultaneously as the Foreign Affairs Minister. He later added the posts of Home Minister (4 May 1928 to 23 May 1928), and Colonial Affairs Minister (10 June 1929 to 2 July 1929) to his portfolio. On the domestic front, Tanaka attempted to suppress leftists, Communists and suspected Communist sympathizers through widespread arrests (the 15 March incident of 1928, and the 19 April incident of 1929). On foreign policy, Tanaka differed from his predecessor Shidehara both tactically and strategically.
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Non-Diet members such as Aiichiro Fujiyama occupied a majority of the positions, but at the same time the permanent members who conducted proceedings in the Imperial Diet comprised seven members from each house of the legislature. From the House of Representatives Yonezo Maeda, Tadao Oasa, Ryūtarō Nagai, and Tatsunosuke Yamazaki were among those elected and those from the House of Peers included Fumio Gotō, Takuo Godo, Sotaro Ishiwata, and Nagakage Okabe. Next, in order to accomplish the goal that was held up in the party's platform of establishing an "Imperial Rule Assistance Parliament", broad powers were given to the permanent members of the executive council and Diet members who were critical of the Tojo cabinet including those had just been absorbed from other groups were deprived of their right to speak both within the Diet and within the IRAPA. And yet at the same time, though it was said to preside over an "Imperial Rule Assistance Parliament", the IRAPA also included elements of a "catch-all party", and the Tojo cabinet and the militarists found that it was not always a pliant rubber stamp and would still provoke conflicts with them.
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Holles was an authority on the history and practice of parliament and the constitution, and besides the pamphlets already mentioned above was the author of The Case Stated concerning the Judicature of the House of Peers in the Point of Appeals (1675); The Case Stated of the Jurisdiction of the House of Lords in the point of Impositions (1676); Letter of a Gentleman to his Friend showing that the Bishops are not to be judges in Parliament in Cases Capital (1679); Lord Holles his Remains, being a 2nd letter to a Friend concerning the judicature of the Bishops in Parliament... He also published A True Relation of the unjust accusation of certain French gentlemen (1671), an account of Holles's intercession on their behalf and of his dispute with Lord Chief Justice Keeling; and he left Memoirs, written in exile in 1649, and dedicated "to the unparalleled Couple, Mr Oliver St John ... and Mr Oliver Cromwell ..." published in 1699 and reprinted in Francis Maseres's Select Tracts relating to the Civil Wars, I. 189. Several speeches of Holles were printed and are extant, and his Letter to Van Beuninghen has been already quoted.
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Elsewhere (for example, the 1848 "Statuto albertino" of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which later became the basis of the Italian constitution from 1861) the executive power was notionally vested in the King, but was exercised only by the responsible ministers. He advocated the separation of powers as a basis for a liberal State, but unlike Montesquieu and most of the liberal thinkers, he advocated five powers instead of three. They were: # the Monarch or Moderator, # the Executive, # the Representative Power of Opinion, # the Representative Power of Tradition and # the Judiciary. Thus the Moderating Power was a monarch, a type of judge, who was not part of government, but served as a neutral power to the government, the Executive Power was vested in the ministers that the monarch appointed and they were, collectively, the head of government, the Representative Powers were a separation of the Monstesquieu's Legislative power, with the Representative Power of Opinion being an elected body to represent the opinion of the citizenry and the Representative Power of Tradition was a hereditary House of Peers and the judiciary was similar to the Montesquieu's Judicial Power.
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