You realize all the changes your body goes through hormonally.
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By my 52nd birthday, I was socially, hormonally and legally male.
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But I didn't mean for it to be hormonally related in any way.
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Industrial pollution causes widespread and sometimes hazardous exposure to myriad hormonally active compounds.
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In a study, the team described how hormonally shifted the male walrus' window to coincide with the female's.
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Another risk is a logistical one: Putting hormonally charged colts and fillies too close together can spell trouble.
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As a hormonally radioactive teenager, the emotional investment in appearing "on" and active and beautiful on Instagram or Snapchat is great.
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Like the Hackers soundtrack played back in amid hormonally unbalanced rage, it feels at once cooly cybernetic, intensely human, and totally unstable.
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And being privy to the same ups and downs hormonally and the mood element that you would when you have a cycle.
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The excitable, sometimes hormonally charged kids let things get a little out of hand one night and, oops, they kill the cow.
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Maneka Gandhi, the minister for women, has decried curfew protests, saying that young women are "hormonally challenged" and so must be protected from themselves.
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The medications that transgender people take in order to hormonally transition genders impact their reproductive capacity, but the effects of HRT varies from person to person.
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They're all teenagers — or, to be specific, teenage girls, a thin-skinned, hormonally saturated species that tends to exist at the tips of its nerve ends.
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If you're pretty typical hormonally (not coming off of just having a baby, or going through something like perimenopause), you will likely drop a couple of pounds.
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However, due to the delay of proper treatment and the many procedures and medications military doctors prescribed for problems she did not have, Lipe had become hormonally depleted.
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Also, he adds that mindfulness is potentially indirectly linked to adrenaline and endorphins because you're allowing yourself to pay attention to those bodily changes that are hormonally-driven.
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In the case of BPA, it was commonly replaced with bisphenol S or F, which are as hormonally active as BPA, and have the same endocrine-disrupting effects.
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Women who have premenstrual symptoms earlier in life are likely to be hormonally sensitive and have a higher risk for migraines later, Martin told Reuters Health by phone.
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Having a hormonally regulated cycle is worse than having a natural cycle: This is a personal choice, but there is no scientifically proven negative consequence to regulating your period.
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The star celebrated life as a new mom of three on Mother's Day, writing that she was "hormonally crying" as she read Mother's Day cards written for her by Johnson and their children.
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"Mother's Day 2019: fresh milk and hormonally crying reading my Mother's Day cards," the star, 38, wrote on her Instagram story, sharing a photo of the flowers and gifts she received from her family.
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"It has been seen in a lot of studies, especially for hormonally driven breast cancers, but what's confusing is that when women are obese after menopause, they do have a higher risk," Ligibel said.
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The tiny tubes pump fluid that acts like blood, "feeds" the various cells, and helps these mini-organs communicate hormonally with each other, says study co-author Hunter Rogers, a doctoral candidate at Northwestern University.
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None of us could have really honestly understood what it meant physiologically, what it meant hormonally, how we would handle it, how we would handle younger children, how we would handle dying parents or aging parents.
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The mammoth had lost many of the olfactory genes that underlie the sense of smell, as well as receptors in the vomeronasal gland, which detects pheromones, hormonally active scents that influence the behavior of other individuals.
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As a South Asian-American used to chickens that are (at least in Pakistan) not hormonally enhanced, the sheer size of the turkey is enthralling, as is the idea of transforming it into a spicy and delectable dish.
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Mounting evidence indicates that hormonally active compounds from industrial pollution in our water and food supply are disrupting human hormonal regulation, with possibly dangerous consequences like a potential decrease in human fertility and an increase in cancer risk.
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"All of these diseases are hormonally driven, and we really don't know how to treat them except for surgery," Joanna E. Burdette, a researcher with the University of Illinois, said in the Northwestern University report on the research.
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Becoming a better athlete is working with the tools and body that you were given and learning how to fuel it properly, stay hormonally healthy, and create a mindset of a abundance surrounding what it is CAPABLE of doing.
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If the memories from your hormonally charged teenage years are anything like ours, they involve velour track suits, dial-up internet, and hours spent on AIM chatting to the same friends you'd just spent the day with at school.
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" The newer version of that describes the exact opposite: "Having women in the room causes men to become so hormonally imbalanced that the overwhelming fatigue caused by trying to exercise dick control gets in the way of being creative and funny.
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That increased association is most pronounced among Black women, most likely due to the fact that the products they typically use contain more hormonally-active compounds that can disrupt endocrine function and lead to the formation of breast cancer cells.
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You needn't look further than American Pie – an entire franchise about hormonally frenzied high schoolers and their potholed quest for third base – to see the difference between what was marketed towards teenage boys and what was marketed towards teenage girls at the time.
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"He is so levelheaded about everything, and when I was dealing with everything, not just emotionally but hormonally, when you're going on that roller coaster of pregnant, not pregnant, pregnant, not pregnant, I was probably not very easy to love, to be honest," she says.
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The traditional birth control pill wouldn't be advisable for trans men who are hormonally transitioning, because it is generally comprised of a cocktail of drugs that include estrogen, but for guys who aren't taking Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), the standard pill works just fine.
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She uses exercise to appreciate her body's tremendous resilience; acknowledges that she is anatomically, psychologically and hormonally changed; experiments with solo sex and also extended foreplay with her partner; and samples the shared stimulation of movies, concerts and travels to create a sense of closeness.
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As evidenced by the IOC panel that convened last November, and a study released in 2015, which found trans female runners have no advantage over cisgender female runners, medical experts agree that trans women who have hormonally transitioned do not posses an unfair advantage over other female athletes.
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Not that any of this matters in the end to Mark Hunt, who made his name in Japan's notoriously PED-plagued Pride FC and fought in the hormonally lawless days of an earlier UFC, who has built his entire life around fighting regardless of circumstance or niceties like fairness and purity.
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It can harm your ability to get pregnant after you come off of the pill: There is no evidence of that taking the pill even for long amounts of time has any effect on a woman's ability to become pregnant once she stops taking it and her body resumes a non-hormonally regulated cycle.
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Granted all kinds of concessions and exemptions and leeway from the UFC and their anti-doping partner, USADA, so that he could make the transition from the hormonally suspect world of professional wrestling to the newly fumigated world of MMA in time for UFC 200, Lesnar's return was probably destined to blow up in the promotion's face.
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If only ... Every aspect of the fighting game is being affected by the return of Brock Lesnar, from the fight media (ask Ariel Helwani about the dangers of breaking news about Lesnar too soon) to the UFC's new anti-doping partner, the US Anti-Doping Agency, around which the UFC has all but managed to steer their impossible physical specimen, a man who's spent the last 20 years in the hormonally questionable world of professional wrestler, no less.
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Because coumestrol is an estrogen mimic, it is an endocrine disruptor with the potential to affect all organ systems that are regulated hormonally via estrogens.
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The second single from Hormonally Yours, "Stay" was the group's first and only number 1, staying at the top position for 8 weeks. The song also reached number 1 in Ireland and Sweden, and peaked within the top 5 in several other territories. Hormonally Yours peaked at number 3 in the UK and was certified double platinum, and reached similar success in international territories.
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In late 1991, Shakespears Sister released the first single from their second album Hormonally Yours, "Goodbye Cruel World", which was also a commercial failure, failing to peak within the UK top 50. The second single however, "Stay", marked Shakespears Sister's first and only number one, staying at the top of the UK charts for eight consecutive weeks, and also found similar success in international charts. Hormonally Yours was released the following month, and was certified 2× Platinum by the BPI. The duo continued to enjoy success with further singles from Hormonally Yours; "I Don't Care" peaked at number seven, "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" at number 14, and a re-release of "Goodbye Cruel World" at number 32.
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27 March 2016. Similarly, salivary nuclei are signaled to decrease saliva secretion. Hypoglossal and thalamic connections aid in oral-related movements. Hypothalamus connections hormonally regulate hunger and the digestive system.
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The grey matter reductions endured for at least 2 years post-pregnancy. The profile of brain changes is comparable to that taking place during adolescence, another hormonally similar transitional period of life.
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These systems work together to maintain the proper functioning of the body through its entire life cycle. Sex steroids such as estrogens and androgens, as well as thyroid hormones, are subject to feedback regulation, which tends to limit the sensitivity of these glands. Hormones work at very small doses (part per billion ranges). Endocrine disruption can thereby also occur from low-dose exposure to exogenous hormones or hormonally active chemicals such as bisphenol A. These chemical can bind to receptors for other hormonally mediated processes.
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Hormonally Yours was released the following month, and sold well on the strength of "Stay", eventually being certified double platinum by the BPI. The duo continued to enjoy success with further singles from Hormonally Yours; "I Don't Care" peaked at No. 7, "Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" at No. 14, and a re- release of "Goodbye Cruel World" at No. 32. However, during 1992 tensions between Fahey and Detroit became overt, with backstage infighting and arguments marring the band's tour. A fifth single, "My 16th Apology", was released in early 1993, reaching No. 61.
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Letrozole, sold under the brand name Femara among others, is an aromatase inhibitor which is used in the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer after surgery. It was patented in 1986 and approved for medical use in 1996.
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They may also be called estrogen-responsive, hormonally-responsive, or hormone- receptor-positive. Aromatase is an enzyme that synthesizes estrogen. Aromatase inhibitors block the synthesis of estrogen. This lowers the estrogen level, and slows the growth of cancers.
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Glycogenolysis is regulated hormonally in response to blood sugar levels by glucagon and insulin, and stimulated by epinephrine during the fight-or-flight response. Insulin potently inhibits glycogenolysis. In myocytes, glycogen degradation may also be stimulated by neural signals.
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Menotropin (also called human menopausal gonadotropin or hMG) is a hormonally active medication for the treatment of fertility disturbances. Frequently the plural is used as the medication is a mixture of gonadotropins. Menotropins are extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women.
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The procedure, performed by transgender surgeon Marci Bowers, was documented on his second appearance of The Doctors, in 2012. The procedure, called a ring metoidioplasty, included transfer of tissue, elongation of the hormonally enlarged phallus, as well as urethral construction and lengthening.
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This hormonally controlled progression in development is responsible for the fruit's change of color from green to yellow upon ripening. The internal region of the flavedo is rich in multicellular bodies with spherical or pyriform shapes, which are full of essential oils.
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Her particular interest was the Heterochromic iris that she had examined since 1938. Magnussen used the scientific method to lead her to the conclusion that the eye is not only genetically, but also hormonally-determined. While there, she initially undertook studies on rabbit eyes.
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The psychological effects of feminizing hormone therapy are harder to define than physical changes. Because hormone therapy is usually the first physical step taken to transition, the act of beginning it has a significant psychological effect, which is difficult to distinguish from hormonally induced changes.
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This puffing pattern is related to the development of the pupa and is not hormonally controlled. After the pupa is fully developed and after eclosion has occurred, the cuticle of the newly emerged fly is darkened, which requires a hormonal cue that is delivered by the emergence.
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The exact cause of Fowler's syndrome is not yet known. The probable cause is an abnormality in muscle membrane, possibly due to a hormonally dependent channelopathy. This may cause an excessive excitability of the external urethral sphincter which prevents the adequate relaxation of the muscle necessary for voiding .
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Glucose is also used to replenish the body's glycogen stores, which are mainly found in liver and skeletal muscle. These processes are hormonally regulated. In other living organisms, other forms of fermentation can occur. The bacterium Escherichia coli can grow on nutrient media containing glucose as the sole carbon source.
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Sex reversal can occur naturally, by mutations, or can be induced artificially. Sex reversal can be genetically or hormonally induced in laboratory. It can also occur artificially by exposure to endocrine disruptors such as pollutants, including herbicides, which can act as estrogen promoters or inhibitors, for instance by altering aromatase expression.
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They may be hormonally active, i.e. secrete testosterone. Adrenomyeloneuropathy is another example of a disease affecting the Leydig cell: the patient's testosterone may fall despite higher-than-normal levels of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Lateral electrical surface stimulation therapy has been found to cause proliferation of Leydig cells in rabbits.
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Intersex infants and children, such as those with ambiguous outer genitalia, may be surgically and/or hormonally altered to fit perceived more socially acceptable sex characteristics. However, this is considered controversial, with no firm evidence of good outcomes. Such treatments may involve sterilization. Adults, including elite female athletes, have also been subjects of such treatment.
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Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, abbreviated as DHEA sulfate or DHEA-S, also known as androstenolone sulfate, is an endogenous androstane steroid that is produced by the adrenal cortex. It is the 3β-sulfate ester and a metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) that circulates in far greater relative concentrations. The steroid is hormonally inert and is instead an important neurosteroid and neurotrophin.
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During follicular development, primordial follicles undergo a series of critical changes in character, both histologically and hormonally. First they change into primary follicles and later into secondary follicles. The follicles then transition to tertiary, or antral, follicles. At this stage in development, they become dependent on hormones, particularly FSH which causes a substantial increase in their growth rate.
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Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. 1995. Print. This idea was revolutionary when first published in 1959 because no other previous experiment had demonstrated that adult behaviors could be determined hormonally during early development. Wallen, Kim. “The Organizational Hypothesis: Reflections on the 50th anniversary of the publication of Phoenix, Goy, Geral, and Young (1959).” Hormones and Behavior. 561. Web.
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"Goodbye Cruel World" is a song by the British pop act Shakespears Sister, released in 1991 as the lead single from their second album Hormonally Yours. Initially, the song had little commercial impact, reaching #59 on the UK Singles Chart. Following the success of the album, the song was re-released as a single in July 1992, slightly remixed, this time reaching #32.
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This article is about the discovery and development of antiandrogens, or androgen receptor (AR) antagonists. In the 1960s, the first antiandrogen was discovered. Antiandrogens antagonise the androgen receptor (AR) and thereby block the biological effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Antiandrogens are important for men with hormonally responsive diseases like prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP), acne, seborrhea, hirsutism and androgen alopecia.
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The first documented reference to a hormonally based negative emotional reaction while breastfeeding was found online in a forum in June 2004.Strange Feeling Prior to the launch of D-MER.org the phenomenon was unknown, unnamed, misunderstood and rarely mentioned or talked about. The term dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) came from Alia Macrina Heise who described it in 2007.
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During this period however, tensions began to arise between the two. A concert at The Royal Albert Hall was cancelled due to Fahey's own personal issues at the time, and the two decided to put Shakespears Sister on hiatus for Detroit to release her new solo album, which she had been working on at the time, and also for Fahey to "take that time off to be with her family." During this period, the fifth and final single from Hormonally Yours was released; "My 16th Apology", and due to both members being unable to promote it, it was a commercial failure, reaching number 63 on the UK charts. Detroit found out that Fahey had ended her partnership with her at the 1993 Ivor Novello Awards ceremony through Fahey's publisher when Hormonally Yours won "Best Contemporary Collection of Songs".
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Variations in pairings of inherited chromosome, other genetic aspects, and pre- and postnatal physical development at subcellular to organ levels mean some people are not unambiguously female or male. Fetuses start out as undifferentiated, then the SRY gene ( which is usually—but not always—located on the Y chromosome) turns on a variety of hormones that differentiate by the time of birth the newborn as a male baby. But sometimes this differentiation does not occur while other times the SRY gene is located on a different chromosome: People with two X chromosomes can develop hormonally or phenotypically as a male; and people with an X and a Y can develop hormonally or phenotypically as a female. Testosterone testing is not a valid form of testing because they can have certain levels and still be a different sex.
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This shift has been controversial since the label was introduced. Intersex people face stigmatization and discrimination from birth, or from discovery of an intersex trait, such as from puberty. This may include infanticide, abandonment and the stigmatization of families. Globally, some intersex infants and children, such as those with ambiguous outer genitalia, are surgically or hormonally altered to create more socially acceptable sex characteristics.
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Research on pregnant women has documented the differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on the expression of CYPs in response to cigarette smoke. Using hepatic cells, Choi et al., (2012) found that progesterone and estradiol altered drug metabolism but only when hormone concentrations reach that which is normal for pregnancy. Changes in xenobiotic metabolism in women using birth control also suggest hormonally mediated influences.
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The endometrial and uterine expression of TRPV6 has been reported in mammals. The expression of TRPV6 in the uterus is thought to be hormonally regulated by 17β-estradiol and progesterone in rodents. In rodents, TRPV6 mRNA is expressed in the labyrinth and spongy zone as well as placenta-unattached areas of the uterus. The stage of pregnancy is an important regulator of TRPV6 expression.
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This gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. In some tissues its expression is hormonally regulated. The expression pattern of a similar mouse protein in murine developing teeth supports a role for the protein in the degradation of enamel proteins. Alternate splice variants for this gene have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined.
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Arthropods are known to regenerate appendages following loss or autotomy. Regeneration among arthropods is restricted by molting such that hemimetabolous insects are capable of regeneration only until their final molt whereas most crustaceans can regenerate throughout their lifetimes. Molting cycles are hormonally regulated in arthropods, although premature molting can be induced by autotomy. Mechanisms underlying appendage regeneration in hemimetabolous insects and crustaceans is highly conserved.
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Although steroid sulfates do not bind to steroid hormone receptors and hence are hormonally inert, they can be desulfated by steroid sulfatase and in this way serve as precursors and circulating reservoirs for their active unsulfated counterparts. In addition, some steroid sulfates have biological activity in their own right, for instance acting as neurosteroids and modulating ligand-gated ion channels such as the GABAA and NMDA receptors among other biological targets.
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When feral dogs are removed feral cats can thrive and they feed on small marine iguanas. In 2012, the last black rats were eradicated from Pinzón Island. Studies and research have been done on marine iguanas that can help and promote conservation efforts to preserve the endemic species. Monitoring levels of marine algae, both dimensionally and hormonally, is an effective way to predict the fitness of the marine iguana species.
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One site where gender is performed and socialized is in sport. Violent sports such as football are fundamental in naturalizing the equation of maleness with violence. Displays of strength and violence, through sports like football, help to naturalize elements of competition and hierarchy as inherently male behaviour. There is considerable evidence that males are hormonally predisposed to higher levels of aggression on average than females, due to the effects of testosterone.
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Woman with MRKH, in this case exhibiting vaginal agenesis A female with this condition is hormonally normal; that is, the person will enter puberty with development of secondary sexual characteristics including thelarche and pubarche (pubic hair). The person's karyotype will be 46,XX. At least one ovary is intact, if not both, and ovulation usually occurs. Typically, the vagina is shortened and intercourse may, in some cases, be difficult and painful.
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Marcella Levy (born June 21, 1952), known professionally as Marcella Detroit, is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. She co-wrote the 1977 Eric Clapton hit "Lay Down Sally" and released her debut album Marcella in 1982. She joined Shakespears Sister in 1988 with ex-Bananarama member Siobhan Fahey. Their first two albums, Sacred Heart (1989), and Hormonally Yours (1992), both reached the top 10 of the UK Albums Chart.
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Determination of sex is believed to be set during the first two weeks of incubation. The average amount of time it takes for a newborn to hatch is anywhere between 35 and 89 days, although it is usually closer to the latter. Females born in the higher temperatures differed from those who were born in the lower temperatures hormonally and behaviorally. Those born in the warmer temperatures expressed more aggressive behavior.
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High-affinity specific androgen and estrogen receptors are present in the cytosol and nuclear fractions. The LNCaP line is hormonally responsive, shown by in vitro 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone modulation of cell growth and acid phosphatase production. LNCaP cells also express Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). In vivo, Male mice develop tumors earlier and at a greater frequency than do females and hormonal manipulations show that the frequency of tumor development correlates with serum androgen levels.
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"Hello (Turn Your Radio On)" is a song by the British-based pop duo Shakespears Sister, and was released as the fourth single from their second album Hormonally Yours. The single peaked at #14 and spent 6 weeks on the UK singles chart. Internationally, the single peaked at #27 in Ireland, #12 in Germany, #9 in Switzerland, #33 in the Netherlands, #20 in Sweden, #97 in Australia, and #43 in New Zealand.
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Sex differences in human physiology are distinctions of physiological characteristics associated with either male or female humans. These can be of several types, including direct and indirect, direct being the direct result of differences prescribed by the Y-chromosome (due to the SRY gene), and indirect being characteristics influenced indirectly (e.g., hormonally) by the Y-chromosome. Sexual dimorphism is a term for the phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species.
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This is thought to be a form of hypomorphosis (earlier ending of development) that is both hormonally and genetically driven. The entire metamorphosis that would allow the salamander to transition into the adult form is essentially blocked by both of these drivers. Paedomorphosis may play a critical role in avian cranial evolution. The skulls and beaks of living, adult birds retain the anatomy of the juvenile theropod dinosaurs from which they evolved.
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Browne will not hormonally transition until the end of his professional playing career, as the hormones involved in female-to-male gender transition violate anti-doping regulations. Playing for Team Kessel, Browne scored two goals at the 2nd NWHL All-Star Game. On March 14, 2017, Browne announced he would be retiring from the NWHL at the end of the season to begin hormone replacement therapy and continue his gender transition in privacy.
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Haptotaxis plays a role in organizing cells to form tissues and specific regions of those tissues. Fibronectin and laminin both play a role in adrenocyte mutation into distinctive distribution in the adrenal gland.[ Feige, J. J., Keramidas, M., & Chambaz, E. M. (1997). Hormonally regulated components of the adrenocortical cell environment and the control of adrenal cortex homeostasis. Hormone and metabolic research= Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung= Hormones et metabolisme, 30(6-7), 421-425.
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There are numerous theories as to the exact cause and mechanism in type 2 diabetes. Central obesity is known to predispose individuals for insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called adipokines that may possibly impair glucose tolerance. But adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, which is found in lower concentration in obese and diabetic individuals has shown to be beneficial and protective in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
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A 3-year-old gelding A gelding is a castrated horse or other equine, such as a donkey or a mule. Castration, as well as the elimination of hormonally driven behavior associated with a stallion, allows a male horse to be calmer and better-behaved, making the animal quieter, gentler and potentially more suitable as an everyday working animal. The gerund and participle "gelding" and the infinitive "to geld" refer to the castration procedure itself.
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Tamoxifen is also used to treat hormonally-responsive breast cancer, but it does so by interfering with the estrogen receptor. However, letrozole is effective only in post-menopausal women, in whom estrogen is produced predominantly in peripheral tissues (i.e. in adipose tissue, like that of the breast) and a number of sites in the brain. In pre-menopausal women, the main source of estrogen is from the ovaries not the peripheral tissues, and letrozole is ineffective.
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"Stay" is the only Shakespears Sister song that features Siobhan Fahey less prominently on vocals than Marcella Detroit, with Detroit singing the verses and lead chorus and Fahey singing the bridge. Detroit sings in whistle register before the last chorus of the song, going up to a high F (F6). The piano, synth and bass guitar were performed by Ian Maidman, and the drums by Steve Ferrera, both musicians whose contributions featured throughout the 'Hormonally Yours' album.
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The Y chromosome is smaller in size and contains fewer genes. This distinction may contribute to the discrepancy between men and women's life expectancy, as the additional X chromosome in females may counterbalance potential disease producing genes from the other X chromosome. Since males don't have the second X chromosome, they lack this potential protection. Hormonally, testosterone is a major male sex hormone important for a number of functions in males, and to a lesser extent, females.
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Shakespears Sister initially parted in 1993, shortly after the release of their million-selling album Hormonally Yours and following tensions between Fahey and Detroit. Fahey intermittently revived the name Shakespears Sister as a solo act, releasing albums online. In May 2019, it was formally announced that Fahey and Detroit would reunite on stage later in the year. A UK tour, titled Shakespears Sister Ride Again, to open in Nottingham on 31 October 2019, was announced during the same month.
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In humans, this is called the ovulatory cycle, or menstrual cycle. The period of high fertility is also called the fertile window, and is the only time during the cycle when sex can result in conception. Females of most mammalian species display hormonally-induced physical and behavioral signals of their fertility during the fertile window, such as sexual swellings and increased motivation to mate. Some species will not—or cannot—engage in sex at all outside of this window.
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Mares have a notorious, if generally undeserved, reputation for being "marish", meaning that they can be cranky or unwilling when they come into season. While a few mares may be somewhat more distractible or irritable when in heat, they are far less easily distracted than a stallion at any time. Solid training usually minimizes hormonal behavior. For competitive purposes, mares are sometimes placed on hormone therapies, such as the drug Regumate, to help control hormonally based behavior.
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The apical plasma membrane displays compositional variations that change at the time of implantation. The apical domain is specialized for the initial interaction with the embryo as well as controlling secretory and absorptive processes including endocytosis and pinocytosis. The apical surface of the uterine epithelial cells is covered with microvilli that are under hormonal control and vary in length and number with the oestrous cycle and during pregnancy. A hormonally dependent glycocalyx is found outside the microvilliBucci, M., & Murphy, C. R. (2001).
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"My 16th Apology" is a song by UK pop act Shakespears Sister, released in early 1993 as the fifth and final single from their studio album Hormonally Yours. Due to both members being on hiatus at the time, the single performed poorly from lack of promotion.Marcella-Detroit.com - FAQ The three b-sides, live performances from their 1992 concert broadcast on BBC Radio, were later included on their 2011 album Live 1992. This was the group's last release until 2019, to feature Marcella Detroit.
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They disturbed the function of the endocrine system, resulting in reproductive, developmental, and behavioral problems. The endocrine disrupters reduced the fertility and increased the occurrence of still births, birth defects, and hormonally dependent Cancers such as breast, testicular, and prostate cancers. The effects on the developing nervous system can include impaired mental and psychomotor development, as well as cognitive impairment and behavior abnormalities. Studies like these led the people of Thoothukudi to protet for the closing of the Sterlite plant in May 2018.
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Sabo played on Martyn Ware's 1991 British Electric Foundation album Music of Quality and Distinction, Vol. 2, which included recordings with Tina Turner, Chaka Khan, Terence Trent D'Arby, Billy Preston, and others. In 1992 he played on Tashan's 1992 album For the Sake of Love, produced by Ware. He toured with Shakespears Sister and played on their album Hormonally Yours as well as Right Said Fred's album Up. In 1993 he was the session drummer on Take That's album Everything Changes.
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Allosteric regulation of 1-phosphofructokinase is facilitated hormonally to help the liver to maintain blood glucose levels. This is achieved in part by increasing or decreasing rates of glycolysis. When blood glucose levels are low, the secretion of glucagon leads to the phosphorylation of phosphofructokinase 2 which inhibits formation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Therefore, when glucagon inhibits phosphofructokinase 2, cellular levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate decrease, and reduce activation of 1-phosphofructokinase, ultimately reducing the rate of glycolysis within the cell.
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Although this article focuses on the effects of xenoestrogens and reproductive function in females, numerous animal studies also implicate environmental estrogens' and androgens' adverse effects on the male reproduction system. Administration of estrogens to developing male animals reduces testicular weight and decreases sperm production. The small phallus size of male alligators has been linked to contamination of their natural Florida habitat with DDT. Data from animal research is abundant demonstrating the adverse effects on reproduction of hormonally active compounds found in the environment.
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This ratio can be highly altered by mutations in chain shortening proteins, demonstrating that the chain shortening step is important for determining the ratio of pheromones in the final blend. As a species, the cabbage looper does not hormonally regulate pheromone production. Stage specific proteins correspond to the development of the pheromone gland. The immature gland lacks numerous enzymes crucial to pheromone biosynthesis, such as fatty acid synthetase and acetyltransferase, which is why the looper cannot produce pheromones prior to the adult stage.
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Extramammary Paget’s Disease (EMPD), is a rare and slow-growing malignancy which occurs within the epithelium and accounts for 6.5% of all Paget’s disease. The clinical presentation of this disease is similar to the characteristics of mammary Paget’s disease (MPD). However, unlike MPD, which occurs in large lactiferous ducts and then extends into the epidermis, EMPD originates in glandular regions rich in apocrine secretions outside the mammary glands. EMPD incidence is increasing by 3.2% every year, affecting hormonally-targeted tissues such as the vulva and scrotum.
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Gierach studies of the etiology of hormonally-related female cancers, particularly in the molecular mechanisms underlying breast carcinogenesis. Her interdisciplinary research program has a special emphasis on the molecular epidemiology of mammographic density, one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. Gierach's lab is conducting several investigations designed to address the role of genes in mammographic density. In collaboration with DCEG’s Clinical Genetics Branch, they are examining whether mammographic density and computer-extracted mammographic texture pattern features differ by BRCA1/2 mutation status.
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Far from being hormonally inert, adipose tissue has, in recent years, been recognized as a major endocrine organ, as it produces hormones such as leptin, estrogen, resistin, and cytokine (especially TNFα). The two types of adipose tissue are white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores energy, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which generates body heat. The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled in part by the adipose gene. Adipose tissue – more specifically brown adipose tissue – was first identified by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1551.
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"I Don't Care" is a song by British-based female duo Shakespears Sister, released in May 1992 as the third single from their second studio album Hormonally Yours. The song reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart and had similar success internationally, reaching the top 20 in Australia, Ireland and New Zealand. It also charted on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 55. Like several of Shakespears Sister's previous singles, it was heavily remixed for its release as a single, including re-recorded vocals, added instrumentals, and a new jazz track.
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Whilst the defensins share common structural features, cathelicidin-related peptides are highly heterogeneous. Members of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial polypeptides are characterized by a highly conserved region (cathelin domain) and a highly variable cathelicidin peptide domain. Cathelicidin peptides have been isolated from many different species of mammals. Cathelicidins were originally found in neutrophils, but have since been found in many other cells including epithelial cells and macrophages after activation by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or the hormone 1,25-D, which is the hormonally active form of vitamin D.
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At ultrasound, the undescended testis usually appears small, less echogenic than the contralateral normal testis and usually located in the inguinal region. With color Doppler ultrasonography, the vascularity of the undescended testis is poor. A karyotype can confirm or exclude forms of dysgenetic primary hypogonadism, such as Klinefelter syndrome or mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Hormone levels (especially gonadotropins and AMH) can help confirm that hormonally functional testes are worth attempting to rescue, as can stimulation with a few injections of human chorionic gonadotropin to elicit a rise of the testosterone level.
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Furthermore, since endogenous hormones are already present in the body in biologically active concentrations, additional exposure to relatively small amounts of exogenous hormonally active substances can disrupt the proper functioning of the body's endocrine system. Thus, an endocrine disruptor can elicit adverse effects at much lower doses than a toxicity, acting through a different mechanism. The timing of exposure is also critical. Most critical stages of development occur in utero, where the fertilized egg divides, rapidly developing every structure of a fully formed baby, including much of the wiring in the brain.
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Although DHEA-S itself is hormonally inert, it has been thought that it can be converted back into DHEA, which is weakly androgenic and estrogenic, and that DHEA in turn can be transformed into more potent androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as well as estrogens like estradiol. As such, it has been thought that DHEA-S is a prohormone with the potential for androgenic and estrogenic effects. However, a 2005 study found that DHEA could be converted into DHEA-S but found no evidence of conversion of DHEA-S into DHEA.
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Individuals that are physically and hormonally more masculine tend to have brothers that are fairly more attractive than their sisters, while more feminine individuals have sisters that are more attractive than their brothers. This suggests that intralocus sexual conflict can mediate and determine the fitness of an individual. Human hips are another example, where females need larger hips for childbirth as opposed to smaller hips (optimal for walking) for males. The genes that affect hip size must reach a compromise that is at neither the male optimum nor the female optimum.
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"Stay" is a song by UK-based pop act Shakespears Sister, released by London Records in January 1992 as the second single from their album Hormonally Yours. The single is written by Siobhan Fahey, Marcella Detroit and Dave Stewart, and became a global hit. It is the duo's first and only number-one single in numerous territories, including the UK, where it topped the UK Singles Chart for eight consecutive weeks and was the fourth-biggest-selling single of 1992. "Stay" also reached No. 1 in Sweden and in band member Siobhan Fahey's birthplace, Ireland.
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Far from hormonally inert, adipose tissue has in recent years been recognized as a major endocrine organ[1], as it produces hormones such as leptin, resistin, and the cytokine TNFα. Moreover, adipose tissue can affect other organ systems of the body and may lead to disease. Obesity or being overweight in humans and most animals does not depend on body weight but on the amount of body fat – to be specific, adipose tissue. Two types of adipose tissue exist: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT).
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WW domain-containing proteins are found in all eukaryotes and play an important role in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions such as protein degradation, transcription, and RNA splicing. This gene encodes a protein which contains 2 WW domains and a short- chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain (SRD). The highest normal expression of this gene is detected in hormonally regulated tissues such as testis, ovary, and prostate. This expression pattern and the presence of an SRD domain suggest a role for this gene in steroid metabolism.
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Hormonal therapy is used for several types of cancers derived from hormonally responsive tissues, including the breast, prostate, endometrium, and adrenal cortex. Hormonal therapy may also be used in the treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes or to ameliorate certain cancer- and chemotherapy-associated symptoms, such as anorexia. Perhaps the most familiar example of hormonal therapy in oncology is the use of the selective estrogen-response modulator tamoxifen for the treatment of breast cancer, although another class of hormonal agents, aromatase inhibitors, now have an expanding role in that disease.
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He quipped that Max "deserves a Logie" for his "attempts" to awaken a comatose Boyd, by withholding the outcome of a football match. Michael Idato writing for The Sydney Morning Herald disliked Max and described his appearance stating: "Max who, for the record, looks young enough to be hanging out with the gang rather than claiming fatherhood to at least two of them is dealing with the precociously slappable Summer and the hormonally simmering Boyd." In 2015, a writer for Tvnz.co.nz included Max in their list of the top 30 Neighbours' characters.
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Despite his age, and the fact his father has been mostly absent most of his life, Rallo acts much like Robert, behaving at times very articulate, yet hormonally charged. He seems to get along fairly well with his mother Donna and has a normal love/hate relationship with Roberta, who at times seems to neglect him, yet at other times speaks to him as if an intellectual equal. Rallo frequently runs errands for his mother but never remembers to get the change. As a result, he is able to save enough money to buy a 1967 Mustang on eBay.
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Finally, if fat growth exceeds its blood vessel supply, then the lack of oxygen delivery by the blood may also result in pathologic responses from fat tissue. In summary, it has been known for decades that adverse changes in fat cell and fat tissue anatomy result in sick fat which causes metabolic disease. More recently, an additional event that has prompted the concept and term of "adiposopathy" is the evolving recognition of the profound hormone and immune importance of fat tissue. In the past, fat cells and fat tissue were considered by many as being inert, or hormonally and immunologically inactive.
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After his residency, he became chief resident at Boston Children's Hospital. In 1952, Kennell moved to Cleveland as attending pediatrician in the neonatal unit of Case Western Reserve University Hospital. In this role, Kennell noticed how babies were being separated from their mothers promptly after birth and in the 1960s began researching how mothers bond with their babies along with Dr. Marshall H. Klaus. In 1976, the pair published “Maternal-Infant Bonding” which claimed that in the first few hours of birth, mothers and their infants were hormonally primed to form crucial bonds as a survival technique.
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Irrfan Khan plays the cop investigating a series of mysterious killings, and Divya Dutta his wife. At 90 minutes it's mercifully short, but watch it only if you're not easily disgusted." Anupama Chopra from NDTV gave it 1/2 star out of five and stated that "Hisss has marginally better special effects and much more nudity but the script is so deliriously inept that, in comparison, the average Ramsay horror film looks like a class act." Mayank Shekhar from Hindustan Times gave it 1 star out of five and stated that "This is pornography for the hormonally demented teen.
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This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled.
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The potential magnitude, frequency and longevity of the increased status from a hormonally driven risk-taking success depends on opportunities, which increases rapidly with societal complexity. Other proponents of this theory posit that because of a woman's biology, she is more fit to perform roles such as anonymous child-rearing at home, rather than high-profile decision-making roles, such as leaders in battles. Through this basis, "the existence of a sexual division of labor in primitive societies is a starting point as much for purely social accounts of the origins of patriarchy as for biological." Hence, the rise of patriarchy is recognized through this apparent "sexual division".
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In 1971, two independent teams of researchers (Yoshio Masui and Clement Markert, as well as Dennis Smith and Robert Ecker) found that frog oocytes arrested in G2 could be induced to enter M phase by microinjection of cytoplasm from oocytes that had been hormonally stimulated with progesterone. Because the entry of oocytes into meiosis is frequently referred to as oocyte maturation, this cytoplasmic factor was called maturation promoting factor (MPF). Further studies showed, however, that the activity of MPF is not restricted to the entry of oocytes into meiosis. To the contrary, MPF is also present in somatic cells, where it induces entry into M phase of the mitotic cycle.
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Infertility can be a result of this condition and is the most discussed problem resulting from it, but there are additional health implications of the problem, and studies are ongoing. For example, osteoporosis (decreased bone density) affects almost all women with POI due to an insufficiency of estrogen. There is also an increased risk of heart disease, hypothyroidism in the form of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease, and other autoimmune disorders. Hormonally, POI is defined by abnormally low levels of estrogen and high levels of FSH, which demonstrate that the ovaries are no longer responding to circulating FSH by producing estrogen and developing fertile eggs.
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Live 1992 is an audio recording for BBC Radio of a European Shakespears Sister concert from 1992, featuring tracks from Sacred Heart and Hormonally Yours."Siobhan Fahey & Shakespears Sister" on Facebook (Blocked URL) Although the concert was recorded in full, the radio broadcast in the same year omitted performances of "Break My Heart (You Really)", "Moonchild", "Heaven Is in Your Arms", "The Trouble With Andre", the opening theme from Pscyho, "I've Written A Letter To Daddy" from What Ever Happened To Baby Jane?, and "Emotional Thing". The live performances of "Hot Love", "Catwoman" and "Dirty Mind" were included on the 1993 single "My 16th Apology".
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Subsequently, bone pain resulting from cytokine release at the site of lesions, bone-associated nerve compression and stretching of the periosteum may be reduced. Treatment with 89Sr has been particularly effective in patients with hormonally-resistant prostate cancer, often leading to a decreased requirement for opioid analgesics, an increase in time until further radiation, and a decrease in tumour markers. It is an artificial radioisotope which is used in treatment of bone cancer. In circumstances where cancer patients have widespread and painful bony metastases, the administration of 89Sr results in the delivery of beta particles directly to the area of bony problem, where calcium turnover is greatest.
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Jean-Baptiste Mondino (born Aubervilliers, France on July 21, 1949) is a French fashion photographerM+B : Past and future exhibitions and music video director. He has directed music videos for Madonna, David Bowie, Sting, Björk, Don Henley, Neneh Cherry, Axel Bauer and Les Rita Mitsouko. Mondino has also photographed the covers and album packaging for the Marianne Faithfull albums Before The Poison (2005) and Easy Come, Easy Go (2008), Shakespear's Sister's Hormonally Yours (1992), Alain Bashung's Osez Joséphine (1991), Chatterton (1994), Mylène Farmer's Désobéissance (2018) and Prince's Lovesexy (1988). The video for Don Henley's "The Boys of Summer", which Mondino directed,Credits for the "Boys of Summer" video.
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Hormone therapy may, however, reverse some characteristics, such as distribution of body fat and muscle, as well as menstruation in trans men. Generally, those traits that are easily reversible will revert upon cessation of hormonal treatment, unless chemical or surgical castration has occurred, though for many trans people, surgery is required to obtain satisfactory physical characteristics. But in trans men, some hormonally-induced changes may become virtually irreversible within weeks, whereas trans women usually have to take hormones for many months before any irreversible changes will result. As with all medical activities, health risks are associated with hormone replacement therapy, especially when high hormone doses are taken as is common for pre-operative or no-operative trans patients.
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In fact, clinicians often recommend, and patients often expect that weight reduction efforts will improve, if not cure these metabolic diseases. However, many clinical scientists and even medical organizations continue to resist what is obvious to others, and that is that fat cells and fat tissue are hormonally and immunologically active. Many refuse to acknowledge the scientific and clinical evidence that too much body fat can cause or worsen metabolic disease, if the fat becomes sick. In order to give greater recognition to the "adipocentric" (fat tissue as a central cause) paradigm of metabolic disease, a "Adiposopathy Working Group" was assembled to develop a consensus regarding whether adipospathy was truly an endocrine disease.
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A comparison of the structures of the natural estrogen hormone estradiol (left) and one of the nonyl-phenols (right), a xenoestrogen endocrine disruptor Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, endocrine disrupting chemicals, or endocrine disrupting compounds are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems. These disruptions can cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders. Found in many household and industrial products, endocrine disruptors "interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body that are responsible for development, behavior, fertility, and maintenance of homeostasis (normal cell metabolism)." Any system in the body controlled by hormones can be derailed by hormone disruptors.
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The discography of American recording artist Marcella Detroit consists of seven studio albums, two compilation albums, sixteen singles (including three as a featured artist), and ten other appearances. Detroit released her debut studio album Marcella in 1982 under her birth name Marcy Levy, which went largely unnoticed. She became a member of pop group Shakespears Sister in 1989, who released two studio albums in her time with the band, the second, Hormonally Yours, peaked at No. 3 on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified double platinum by the BPI. After leaving the band in 1993, Detroit released her second studio album Jewel in March 1994, which peaked at No. 15 on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified silver.
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During the time immediately after birth, both the mother and the baby are hormonally cued to bond, the mother through the release of oxytocin, a hormone also released during breastfeeding. Studies show that skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn immediately after birth is beneficial for both the mother and baby. A review done by the World Health Organization found that skin-to-skin contact between mothers and babies after birth reduces crying, improves mother–infant interaction, and helps mothers to breastfeed successfully. They recommend that neonates be allowed to bond with the mother during their first two hours after birth, the period that they tend to be more alert than in the following hours of early life.
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The use of combined hormonal contraceptives (combined oral contraceptives, the contraceptive patch, and the contraceptive vaginal ring) are methods of contraception that contain both a synthetic estrogen and a synthetic form of progesterone. These methods have traditionally been used in a cyclic fashion, with three weeks (21 days) of hormones, followed by a 7-day hormone-free interval (with combined oral contraceptives, often with a week of placebo pills) during which time withdrawal bleeding or a hormonally-induced menstrual period occurs, mimicking an idealized spontaneous menstrual cycle. When these methods are taken without the hormone-free week, the withdrawal bleeding is reduced or eliminated. Thus extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives are commonly used for menstrual suppression, although breakthrough bleeding is common in the initial months of use.
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Unlike the case of estradiol, in which there is a rapid rise in its levels and which remain elevated in a plateau-like curve for many hours, levels of EE fall rapidly after peaking. This is thought to be because estrone and estrone sulfate can be reversibly converted back into estradiol and serve as a hormonally inert reservoir for estradiol, whereas the EE sulfate reservoir for EE is much smaller in comparison. In any case, due to the formation of EE sulfate, enterohepatic recirculation is involved in the pharmacokinetics of EE similarly to estradiol, although to a lesser extent. The contribution of enterohepatic recirculation to total circulating EE levels appears to be 12 to 20% or less, and is not observed consistently.
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Mandibular gland extracts inhibit workers from constructing queen cells in which new queens are reared which can delay the hormonally based behavioral development of workers and can suppress ovarian development in workers. Both behavioral effects mediated by the nervous system often leading to recognition of queens (releaser) and physiological effects on the reproductive and endocrine system (primer) are attributed to the same pheromones. These pheromones volatilize or are deactivated within thirty minutes, allowing workers to respond rapidly to the loss of their queen. The levels of two of the aliphatic compounds increase rapidly in virgin queens within the first week after eclosion (emergence from the pupal case), which is consistent with their roles as sex attractants during the mating flight.
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Although Fahey and Detroit seemed at first to have resolved their immediate differences, it became apparent that Fahey was struggling with personal issues, leading to the cancellation of what would have been the band's highest profile concert (at the Royal Albert Hall) and for her temporary hospitalization with depression. The duo decided to put Shakespears Sister on hiatus, and Detroit began working on a solo album (something which had already been agreed and scheduled around band work). During this time Fahey decided to end her partnership with Detroit, but did not choose to discuss this with her directly. Instead, Detroit was publicly dismissed at the 1993 Ivor Novello Awards ceremony, at which Hormonally Yours won "Best Contemporary Collection of Songs" (and which Detroit attended, although Fahey did not).
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An antigonadotropin is a drug which suppresses the activity and/or downstream effects of one or both of the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). This results in an inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, and thus a decrease in the levels of the androgen, estrogen, and progestogen sex steroids in the body. Antigonadotropins also inhibit ovulation in women and spermatogenesis in men. They are used for a variety of purposes, including for the hormonal birth control, treatment of hormonally-sensitive cancers, to delay precocious puberty and puberty in transgender youth, as a form of chemical castration to reduce the sex drives of individuals with hypersexuality or pedophilia, and to treat estrogen-associated conditions in women such as menorrhagia and endometriosis, among others.
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This view is seen in the Y model of the cost of reproduction, where resources may be allocated to either reproduction or soma. Evidence for this can be seen in G. firmus, where short-winged females have as much as a 400% increase in ovarian growth and a 30% to 40% reduction in somatic triglyceride reserves (used for movement) compared to long-winged females. Short-winged females also divert less resources (in the form of fatty acids and amino acids) to synthesizing triglycerides and more resources to the production of ovarian proteins. Differential allocation of resources may be hormonally mediated; a juvenile hormone analog given to long-winged females reduced triglyceride synthesis and increased egg production, indicating how hormones and differential allocation of resources may work in tandem.
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The surge lasts about 24 to 36 hours and triggers ovulation, the rupture of the dominant ovarian follicle and the release of the egg from the ovary into the oviduct. This estrogen-mediated gonadotropin surge effect has also been found to occur with exogenous estrogen, including in transgender women on hormone therapy and pre-hormone therapy transgender men acutely challenged with a high dose of an estrogen, but does not occur in men, pre- hormone therapy transgender women, or transgender men on hormone therapy, hence indicating a hormonally-based sex difference. A sufficient amount of progesterone (corresponding to levels greater than 2 ng/mL) or a progestin prevents the mid-cycle estradiol-induced surge in gonadotropin levels in women. This is how progestins prevent ovulation and in part mediate their contraceptive effects in women.
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The discography of UK-based pop-rock act Shakespears Sister consists of four studio albums, five compilation albums, one EP, and seventeen singles. Originally a solo act consisting of ex-Bananarama member Siobhan Fahey, it eventually evolved into a duo between Fahey and Marcella Detroit. They released their debut studio album Sacred Heart in 1989, which reached number 9 on the UK Albums Chart and was certified gold by the BPI. The album's lead single, double A Side "Break My Heart / Heroine" did not chart, the second single however, "You're History", reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart, and managed similar top 20 success internationally. Their next three singles, "Run Silent", "Dirty Mind", and "Goodbye Cruel World" (the lead single from their second album Hormonally Yours), all failed to peak within the UK top 50.
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TV Guide called the film a "predictable, if well-produced, urban thriller". They write that John Quinn directs "with occasional verve", and the acting is fine, including that of veteran leads Hubley and Nouri, and "there are some spunky bit parts", but it was felt "Lynn Dahlgren and Quinn's convoluted screenplay is tiresomely familiar". In Thrilling Detective relates "Michael Nouri is almost interesting as low-key Los Angeles private eye", and toward the film writes it was not "a bad film, but really pretty standard, run-of-the-mill fare", and of Michael Nouri's character, "Murphy's soft-spokeness, and easy- going spin on things might have been developed a bit more, but there's not much else really interesting going on, except maybe for catching Jeff Conaway as the aforementioned DA." VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever describes the film as "total idiocy involving unclad babes and hormonally imbalanced men in blackmail and murder".
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At least one way that they do this is by reducing the expression of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue. In the absence of androgenic activity, such as in women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), modest levels of estrogen (50 pg/mL) are capable of mediating significant breast development, with CAIS women showing breast volumes that are even above-average. The combination of much higher levels of androgens (about 10-fold higher) and much lower levels of estrogen (about 10-fold less), due to the ovaries in females producing high amounts of estrogens but low amounts of androgens and the testes in males producing high amounts of androgens but low amounts of estrogens, are why males generally do not grow prominent or well-developed breasts relative to females. Calcitriol, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, acting through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), has, like the androgens, been reported to be a negative regulator of mammary gland development in mice, for instance, during puberty.
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As a result, sublingual estradiol has been found to result in estradiol levels and a ratio of estradiol to estrone that are substantially higher than oral estradiol. Maximal circulating levels of estradiol are as much as 10-fold higher with sublingual administration than with oral administration, and the absolute bioavailability of estradiol is approximately 5-fold higher. On the other hand, levels of estradiol fall rapidly with sublingual administration, whereas they remain elevated for a prolonged period of time with oral administration. This is due to the large circulating pool of hormonally inert estrogen conjugates with long half-lives that is reversibly generated with oral estradiol during first-pass metabolism, which serves as a metabolism-resistant and long-lasting reservoir for continuous reconversion back into estradiol. It is also responsible for the differences in ratios between sublingual estradiol and oral estradiol in terms of maximal estradiol levels (10:1) achieved and absolute bioavailability (5:1).
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Maidman's work as a musician, producer or writer, has since featured on hundreds of recordings, working with artists including Joan Armatrading, David Sylvian, The Penguin Cafe Orchestra, Ian Dury, Shakespears Sister, The Proclaimers, Paul Brady, Sam Brown, Gerry Rafferty, Annie Whitehead, Robert Wyatt, Sniff 'n the Tears, Loudon Wainwright, and Murray Head amongst others. Notable successes include the Shakespears Sister double platinum album 'Hormonally Yours', (which spawned the single 'Stay', number one in several countries and certified gold in the US), The Proclaimers' 'Letter from America' (certified gold), and producing Paul Brady's 'Back to the Centre' (featuring Eric Clapton, and voted best Irish album of the year by the readers of Hot Press) and the follow up 'Primitive Dance' (featuring Mark Knopfler). She co-wrote, arranged and recorded a number of songs with Boy George and Bobby Z (of Prince and the Revolution), which appeared on the albums 'Hi Hat' and 'Tense Nervous Headache' and went on to work again with Z on the album 'Gobe' by French artist Guesch Patti, on which she arranged and played all instruments. Maidman has also written for Sam Brown, Eurovision entrants Bardo, and Murray Head.
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Due to high first-pass metabolism in the intestines and liver, only 1% of an oral dose of an EE appears in the circulation as EE itself. During first-pass metabolism, EE is extensively conjugated via glucuronidation and sulfation into the hormonally inert ethinylestradiol glucuronides and ethinylestradiol sulfate (EE sulfate), and levels of EE sulfate in circulation are between 6- and 22-fold higher than those of EE. For comparison, with oral administration of 2 mg micronized estradiol, levels of estrone and estrone sulfate are 4- to 6-fold and 200-fold higher than those of estradiol, respectively. In contrast to estradiol, EE, due to steric hindrance by its C17α ethynyl group, is not metabolized or inactivated by 17β-HSD, and this is the primary factor responsible for the dramatically increased potency of oral EE relative to oral estradiol. Aside from sulfate conjugation, EE is mainly metabolized by hydroxylation into catechol estrogens. This is mainly by 2-hydroxylation into 2-hydroxy-EE, which is catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4. Hydroxylation of EE at the C4, C6α, and C16β positions into 4-, 6α-, and 16β-hydroxy-EE has also been reported, but appears to contribute to its metabolism to only a small extent.
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