So it will be homologated in Europe, the States, and in China.
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"Renault vehicles are not equipped with defeat devices and are homologated in conformity with the regulations in force," the spokesman said.
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"The vehicles that were the focus of the EPA report are not road tested (homologated) or sold in Italy," the Transport Ministry said in a statement.
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"As we are in the same season, our Le Mans car is still homologated according to the 20193 specifications," Rob Leupen, the Toyota team director, said.
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Garella would also become Project Manager for the company's associated racing program, designing the P4/5 Competizione, which was built on a Ferrari F430 Scuderia and homologated to race in the Nurburgring 24 Hours.
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We drove the Aston Martin DB10 last year and, though the car has a working 4.7-liter V8 engine and should be able to get up to 190 mph, you can't actually drive it on public roads as it's not certified or homologated for public use.
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Cars in the Production Car World Rally Championship are limited to production-based cars homologated under Group N rules. Cars in the Super 2000 World Rally Championship are homologated under Super 2000 rules. Most cars in the Junior World Rally Championship are homologated under Super 1600 rules, but Group N and selected Group A cars can also contest the series.
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Vectron DC officially homologated for Italy, www.railcolor.net, 13 July 2015 Since August 2015, the MS version is homologated for Poland.Vectron MS fully approved for Poland, www.railcolor.net, 7 August 2015 The homologation for Croatia and Slovenia was published in September 2015.
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Racing versions of the car were initially fitted with the Ford FE 427 side oiler engine that had been Ford's main racing engine since 1963. Later in the season, the Boss 429 engine was used by many of the teams, after it had finally been declared "officially homologated" by NASCAR president, Bill France. The Boss 429 engine was homologated in the 1969 Ford Mustang Boss 429. In a very unusual move, Ford homologated the engine separately from the car in which it was to race.
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Vectron locomotive receives authorization for Slovakia, www.siemens.com, 12 May 2015 In July 2015, the DC version was homologated for Italy.
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Reproduction of David Pearson's 1969 NASCAR Championship Talladega Racing versions of the car were initially fitted with the FE 427 side oiler engine that had been Ford's main racing engine since 1963. Later in the season, the Boss 429 engine was used by many of the teams, after it had finally been declared "officially homologated" by NASCAR president Bill France. The Boss 429 engine was homologated in the 1969 Ford Mustang Boss 429. In a very unusual move, Ford homologated the engine separately from the car in which it was to race.
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The Insight being homologated as a 2000 vehicle, and hence not Euro 4 compliant, meant it no longer meets the criteria.
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Siemens Vectron homologated for Slovenia and Croatia, www.railcolor.net, 29 September 2015 Since February 2017, the MS version is homologated for Italy.Italy authorizes Vectron MS; MRCE hands over first unit to TX Logistik, www.railcolor.net, 14 February 2017 A Siemens press release on the occasion of 500 sold locomotives revealed that homologations also exist for Bulgaria, Serbia and Switzerland.
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As the Lexus was absent in the yearly FIA Balance of Performance test for Group GT3 cars, the car was not homologated for the 2016 season. As a non-homologated car the Lexus continued in the SPX class of the VLN championship. Lorenz Frey and Stéphane Ortelli started the season at the 41. DMV 4 Hour Race.
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Group 5 would require the car to be derived from a homologated model in Group 3 or 4. Porsche's Group 4 entry was the 934, homologated on 6 December 1975. For Group 5, Porsche would develop one of the most successful racing cars of the time, the 935. The 911 Turbo was put into production in 1975.
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The V8 version was homologated on 1 April 1978. This was homologated as a separate model, the TR8, directly into group 4, but because the TR8 had not yet been launched "as a compromise to keep the BL marketing people happy, it was called the TR7V8 instead." At that time, appendix J required 400 cars suitable for "normal sale".
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With the end of the Ford Racing Mustang Challenge, the FR500S has been homologated for competition in the SCCA World Challenge GTS class.
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On 15 October 2009 the SRO Motorsports Group announced changes to the structure of the 2010 season including a wider variety of circuits, with races broadcast on Channel 4 and viewable again on 4oD. The race coverage was also available on Motors TV. It was also announced that emphasis was placed on the avoidance of clashes with other prominent racing series. For the 2010 season, the GT3 class had more homologated cars available to compete because homologated models of superseded FIA GT3-spec cars were eligible to race along with the Nationally homologated Mosler. Thirteen marques were available to race.
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The Ford EB Falcon and Holden VP Commodore were both homologated with new aerodynamic packages, the Falcon gaining controversial protrusions from its front splitter.
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This car was FIA homologated and as such was eligible for the international Southern Cross Rally, but deemed to be ineligible for the ARC.
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The MS version was homologated for the Netherlands in September 2017.Vectron MS certified for the Netherlands, www.siemens.com, 4 October 2017 The diesel engined version Vectron DE is homologated for use in Germany since September 2014,Vectron DE receives authorization for Germany and TSI certificate, www.siemens.com, 24 September 2014 for use in Turkey since November 2014 and for use in Austria since August 2015.
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Swedish championship team Polestar Racing and driver Robert Dahlgren raced once again at Brands Hatch, and also raced in Japan, in a nationally-homologated Volvo C30.
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A homologated 1500 cc 115 bhp (86 kW) Indica with sporting suspension and capable of was prepared jointly by Tata Motors and J. Anand of Jayem automotives.
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Historically it was decided by the organisers that only TKM homologated, British made, chassis should be used for the class. This was opened up, however, to try to compete with the image of the Rotax Max class. MSA homologated chassis from across Europe have been permitted since 2010. Several manufacturers produce a TKM- specific chassis; these include the Tal-Ko Veloce, Tony Kart Viper, BirelArt TKM and Klaassen ARC.
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A Ferrari 360 Modena shared by Charles Kwan and Matthew Marsh in the 2004 FIA GT Championship. The Group N-GT (also known as Series Grand Touring Cars) was a motor racing category launched by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in 2000. The first cars were homologated on 1 March, 2000 by Porsche and Ferrari. A total of eight different models from six marques were homologated throughout the class existence.
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In June 2019, Great Wall start the export in Italy of the H2 Red Label with 1.6 Turbo 146 HP petrol or bifuel LPG homologated Euro 6D-Temp.
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He and his father commissioned the building of the Franco di Suni National Raceway, the only FIA Circuit homologated by CSAI (Cars) and the IMF (Motorcycles), in Sardinia.
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It was homologated by decree of 15 April 1998. Creation of an indigenous territory with 22 different ethnic groups was justified in part by their practice of linguistic exogamy.
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The floodlights were also replacing, equipping its facilities of all the necessary equipment, everything homologated by the Spanish Rugby Federation. The price of the works was calculated in € 775,589.
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The class structure remains unchanged from 2016. However, cars homologated to the FIA- certified Group GT4 regulations are eligible to race in the GS category alongside original GS cars.
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With the cancellation of the B Class, the race was the first in the history of Le Mans to lack any homologated class entries. The hiatus would last until 1993.
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T4 trucks may provide assistance during the special stages, but must be homologated vehicles. T5 trucks do not have to be homologated. The T4 Group has been composed of vehicles manufactured by Tatra, LIAZ, Volkswagen, Kamaz, Hino, UD Trucks, MAN, DAF, MAZ, ZiL, Mercedes-Benz Unimog, Renault Kerax, Scania, Iveco and GINAF. In the 1980s, a strong rivalry between DAF and Mercedes-Benz led to vehicles which had twin engines and more than 1000 hp (750 kW).
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This was followed by a PRO version, with enhanced suspension components. In 2008, AJP introduced a homologated PR3 mode weighing 99 kg with a 12.3 bhp 125cc engine, followed by 19 bhp 200cc models in 2009.AJP brochure by Armitt Leisure Supplies Also in 2009, AICEP Capital Global became a partner of the project, to aid AJP's expansion plans. In 2009 AJP released the PR5, a homologated fuel-injected 4-valve 24.7 bhp 250 cc model weighing 115 kg.
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The ester methyl α‐phenylglycinate is used to convert carboxylic acids into homologated unsaturated ketones. These reactions proceed via cyclization of phenylglycinamides to oxazolones, which can be reductively cleaved with chromous reagents.
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They drove the newly homologated Ford Sierra RS500, which proved much faster and far more reliable than the Ford Sierra RS Cosworths the team had been using to that point of the season.
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The 2000s pony car revival also saw a renewed focus on motor racing, beginning with the NASCAR Xfinity Series (then called the "Nationwide Series") in 2010, where the Dodge Challenger and Ford Mustang silhouette racing cars were introduced. Modern pony cars have also competed in the Rolex Sports Car Series, SCCA World Challenge, and the Michelin Pilot Challenge. The Ford Mustang and Chevrolet Camaro have been homologated for Group GT3 racing, and the Ford Mustang was homologated in 2017 for GT4 European Series.
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A variant based on Mustang FR500C, homologated for GT4 European Cup competition. Essentially the same car as the FR500C, it has a few changes (none are aerodynamic) to make it legal for GT4 competition.
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Abarth 124 Spider Rally The Abarth 124 Spider Rally is a rally version of the 124 homologated in the FIA R-GT category. It has a 1.8 litre turbocharged engine with at 6,500 rpm.
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The design of the RESS is free but must be homologated by the FIA. Part of the RESS is the traction batteries and the Battery Management System, these are supplied by Williams Advanced Engineering.
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Homologated for the 2007 season, the Mustang FR500GT is designed to compete in the FIA GT3 European Championship series. The 5.0L V8 engine is rated to produce at 7200 rpm and at 6000 rpm torque.
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It will be homologated to FIA E II-SH regulation. More details are to be released in September 2018, and it is expected to go on sale in November 2018 at a price of €89,000.
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In benzo-homologated purines (xA and xG), the benzene ring is bound to the nitrogenous base through nitrogen-carbon (N-C) bonds. Benzo-homologated pyrimidines are formed through carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds between the base and the benzene. Thus far, x-nucleobases have been added to strands of DNA using phosphoramidite derivatives, as traditional polymerases have been unsuccessful in synthesizing strands of xDNA. X-nucleotides are poor candidates as substrates for B-DNA polymerases as their size interferes with binding at the catalytic domain.
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Chassis Tatuus FA010 Carbon composite monocoque FIA F3-2010 safety homologated. Engine FPT 414TF, volume 1400 sm3, turbo, 200 h.p., torque: ~ 250 Nm with 3500 turnovers per minute. Gearbox Sadev sequential six-speed gearbox — LSD differential.
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Twizy with charging wire out The lithium-ion battery is located underneath the front seat. Both motor variants carry the same weight of , including batteries of . The range is homologated at . In real conditions, Renault announces around .
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For the 2011 season, the GT3 class was brought right up to date with the inclusion of new FIA homologated cars. This gave teams the options to run the new Ferrari 458 Italia or the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 as well as the currently homologated cars. New to 2011 season was the introduction of the GT3B class catering for older, GT3 spec cars which do not conform to the latest FIA homologations. This should allow the running of cars such as the Dodge Viper Competition Coupe or Ferrari F430.
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Having developed the Ford Mustang GT4 with support from its parent division Multimatic Engineering, Multimatic Motorsports currently constructs, sells and provides support for the globally homologated Mustang GT4 for Ford Performance from Multimatic Technical Centre in Markham, Ontario.
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The GT4 class is a merger of Supersport-spec cars and GT4 homologated cars, such as the Ginetta G50 and cars currently used in the Maserati Trofeo and Ferrari Challenge series, based on the Maserati Coupé and Ferrari F430 road cars.
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The ALMS has now introduced "GTE-PRO" and "GTE-AM" for endurance races. Oreca 07 of JDC-Miller Motorsports in 2017 Petit Le Mans In 2014, American Le Mans Series and Rolex Sports Car Series were merged into United SportsCar Championship, with IMSA as its sanctioning body. Fox Sports 1 (successor of Speed Channel) was returned as main broadcaster of the unified series. Daytona Prototype was replaced in 2017 by Daytona Prototype International (DPi), which based on the four ACO homologated LMP2 chassis made by Dallara, Onroak (Ligier), Oreca, and Riley-Multimatic, with brand bodywork and homologated engines.
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The contract between the Polish operator PKP Intercity and Alstom called for the first eight Pendolino ED250 trainsets to be delivered on 6 May 2014, tested ('homologated') for operation at using European Train Control System Level 2 signalling. The tests had not been performed by May, and PKP announced that Alstom had failed to meet the contract terms and would be charged penalties as of May 6. Alstom responded that homologation in Poland at 250 km/h using ETCS Level 2 was impossible, since ETCS Level 2 was not operational anywhere in Poland, and the Central Rail Line (Poland) where the first ED250 Pendolino had reached 293 km/h in testing was equipped with ETCS Level 1, not Level 2. On 26 June 2014 a compromise was reached between PKP and Alstom under which the Pendolinos would be delivered under a two-stage homologation, first homologated for operation using ETCS Level 1 and eventually to be homologated for ETCS Level 2.
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Stages of World and European championships is being conducted on circuits homologated by UIM. Number of boats in a heat should not exceed number of boats in homologation of race course. Participants of main heats are selected by qualification. Maximum straight is 600m.
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The Ferrari GTO (often referred to as Ferrari 288 GTO)(Type F114) is an exotic homologation of the Ferrari 308 GTB produced from 1984 to 1987 in Ferrari's Maranello factory, designated GT for Gran Turismo and O for Omologata (homologated in Italian).
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Each VR extension is a set of homologated parts and modifications, designed and sold (as a kit or as a complete car) by the manufacturer. As part of its structure, the Group R regulations have a provision for GT cars, known as R-GT.
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Since it was a standard factory part it did not have to be homologated under T/A rules, and was not used in the 2501 "Mark Donohue" Javelins built to homologate the "duck tail" spoiler. Those received standard 360 or 390 engines, buyers choice.
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The circuit is 2.4 km (1.49 mi) long in distance with the width between 12m – 20m. It is a FIA Class 4 Homologated Circuit with 2 grandstands and 25 pit garages. The circuit has a very smooth surface and very little grip on several sections.
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The Asian Formula Renault Series changed its name to the Formula Renault AsiaCup, commencing in 2020. Formula Renault AsiaCup aligned with the Formula Renault Eurocup running the Tatuus F3R-Spec car with a Renault engine (Formula Renault FR-19) and the FIA F3/2018 homologated chassis.
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The chassis was fabricated from laminated 3 mm thin sheets of marine plywood, giving the cars a strong monocoque and low weight (the GT was internationally homologated with 475 kg), so they performed well in sportscar competition. Most early Marcos models competed in national and international events.
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All cars have an aerodynamics package consisting of a front spoiler and splitter, side skirts and a rear wing. The aerodynamics package for each manufacturer is homologated after a series of tests which ensure that the different body styles produce near-identical downforce and drag numbers.
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In addition, Dutchman Kevin Abbring will be the main test driver for the new Hyundai i20 WRC. He will be entered on selected WRC events later in the year. Rally Portugal. For 2016, Hyundai re-homologated the i20 to compete with the five-door version of the model.
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The lift system supports a varied ski terrain with a vertical drop of 1,000 m or more and 33 km of ski runs. The Lauchernalp ski area has FIS homologated race courses in all disciplines of Alpine skiing and was the venue for the Swiss National Championships in 1974.
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The Mitsubishi Lancer WRC is a World Rally Car built by Ralliart, Mitsubishi Motors' motorsport division, to compete in the World Rally Championship. The previous Lancer Evolution series were homologated for the Group A class, and their competitiveness against World Rally Cars from other manufacturers was therefore limited.
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The arrival of the monofin in the early 1970s lead to the breaking of all world records by the end of the decade due to the improved performance possible when used in lieu of bi-fins. In 2007, the first Bi Fin races using CMAS homologated fins were held.
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In today's marketplace, for instance, products must often be homologated by some public agency to assure that they meet standards for such things as safety and environmental impact. A court action may also sometimes be homologated by a judicial authority before it can proceed, and the term has a precise legal meaning in the judicial codes of some countries. The equivalent process of testing and certification for conformance to technical standards is usually known as type approval in English-language jurisdictions. Another usage pertains to the biological sciences, where it may describe the similarities used to assign organisms to the same family or taxon, similarities they have jointly inherited from a common ancestor.
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The AER P14 is a V6 engine developed from a production Nissan VQ engine. The P14 was homologated for use in sportscars fitting in the SR2 category of the FIA Sportscar Championship. Engines in this series were required to be at a maximum of 3.0 liters and based on production units.
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Francisco Morato was part of allotment 3, along with Jaraguá. On 18 March 2005, the final result was published, being homologated the Setepla/Pedro Taddei/Outec consortium, by the cost of R$ 1,281,520.12 (US$ ) The project was present publicly in June 2007, during public audiences for the hiring of the works.
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The adoption of fuel injection brought no performance increase. On some cars, a DOHC 16-valve head was fitted to the engine, but it proved unreliable. Chassis modifications, such as the usage of the A310's double wishbone rear suspension, homologated with the A110 1600SC, also failed to increase performance.
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For the 2017 Mexico City ePrix he made a guest appearance as an analyst for Channel 5 coverage. On 10 October 2018, Coulthard was announced as a spokesperson and advisory board member of the forthcoming W Series, a racing championship for women based on Formula 3-homologated Tatuus T-318 chassis.
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Carbon monoxide is found to react with trialkylboranes. What follows is a 1,2-rearrangement whereby an alkyl substituent migrates from boron to the carbon of the carbonyl group. Homologated primary alcohols result from the treatment of organoboranes with carbon monoxide and a hydride.Rathke, M. W.; Brown, H. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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KB-46 was never homologated but the prototype stayed in use of the Defence Forces. The military personnel got frustrated at repairing the vehicle which was repeatedly broken and deliberately procrastinated its repairing in the 1970s until it was, after standing useless for a few years at the depot, taken to a museum.
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In rallying, there were classes for Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 cars. The Lancia Beta Coupe, was homologated into both Group 3 and Group 4, with the Group 3 car running the mass-produced 8-valve engine, and the Group 4 version running the more powerful 16-valve.
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Fins are also regulated by international rules. Monofins have a maximum size which can be checked by the use of a template while bi-fins must be one of the brands certified (i.e. homologated) by CMAS. Underwater breathing apparatus is restricted to open circuit scuba using compressed atmospheric air as the breathing gas.
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Homologated primary alcohols result from the treatment of organoboranes with carbon monoxide and a hydride.Rathke, M. W.; Brown, H. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 2740. center Tertiary alcohols with two identical groups attached to the alcohol carbon may be synthesized through a double migration reaction of alkynylborates in the presence of acid.
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The FIA World Rally Championship-3, or WRC-3 was a companion rally series to the World Rally Championship, and was driven on the same stages. The series began in 2013 and was limited to production-based cars homologated under the R1, R2 and R3 rules, until its cancellation at the end of 2018.
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The second round was hosted in Milton. The racing was held on three full days between 26 and 28 October 2018 at the Mattamy National Cycling Centre. The venue was built for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games held in Toronto. It is the only UCI Class 1 homologated indoor velodrome in Canada.
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The FIA World Rally Championship-3 or WRC-3 is a companion rally series to the World Rally Championship, and is driven on the same stages. Entry into the World Rally Championship-3 is limited to privately-entered crews competing with cars that are based on production models and homologated under Group R5 rules. The series began in 2020.
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The Kia Cee'd has been homologated for TCR-specification series and is manufactured and supplied by Austrian company STARD. Kia will run a factory-supported team in the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship in 2017. The Pro Cee'd serves as an official safety car in Poland's Kia Lotos Race, a racing organization created by Kia Motors Polska and Grupa Lotos.
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The Circuit de Dakar Baobabs is a racing circuit located near the village of Sindia in Senegal. It is the first permanent racing circuit of West Africa and homologated by the FIA in 2009. The track is used mainly for local races and championships, including the Dakar 6 hours race, organised for the 30th time in 2010.
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BMW began development, design and construction of the M8 GTE in mid-2016. The first chassis was assembled in June 2017, with the first vehicle completed in July. The M8 GTE is the first car manufactured by BMW Motorsport from the ground up as a LM GTE homologated vehicle, rather than based on an existing design.
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Franz Engstler made it through to Q2 and finished 11th fastest. Franz Engstler was one place ahead of Björk who was ineligible to score points in the nationally homologated Volvo and was therefore required to sit out Q2. After qualifying, Björk's Volvo was found to be underweight and he was given a five–place grid penalty.
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Ford GT GT3 The Ford GT was also homologated for the FIA GT3 rules by Matech Concepts. The Ford GT GT3 is involved in numerous championships including the FIA GT3 European Championship, FIA GT1 World Championship, Blancpain Endurance Series, and others. The GT3 version is slower than the GT1 version (rated at around instead of ) and features different bodywork.
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The GranTurismo MC was unveiled at the Paul Ricard Circuit in France. It went on sale in October, 2009 through the Maserati Corse programme. 15 GranTurismo MC racecars were developed, homologated for the European Cup and National Endurance Series, one of which was taken to be raced by GT motorsport organization Cool Victory in Dubai in January, 2010.
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On April 21, 1950, astronomers of the La Plata Astronomical Observatory discovered an asteroid that they baptized 4756 Asaramas – Asociación Argentina Amigos de la Astronomía –, for having provided this institution the first contact of numerous professional astronomers of the platense observatory with astronomical science. The name was later homologated and by the International Astronomical Union on 1 September 1993 ().
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After losing the Drivers Championship title to Jamie Whincup in the last race of the 2017 season, Scott McLaughlin won the Drivers Championship in 2018 in Car No. 17 after a closely contested season-long battle with Shane van Gisbergen. In 2019, the team along with Tickford Racing homologated the Ford Mustang GT, replacing the retiring Falcon.
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The 6Q was homologated in 1936; 1700 were built before the war and 1660 during it. Post-war, production was resumed. The majority of pre-war 6Qs were used in Caudron C.440 Goélands, during the war in Goélands and post-war in Nord's Messerschmitt Bf 108 derived Nord Pingouin, in the Nord Noralpha and Ramier Bf 108 developments.
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Mazda MX-5, the world's highest selling sports car 1996 Porsche GT2- a model homologated for sports car racing A sports car is a car designed with an emphasis on dynamic performance, such as handling, acceleration, top speed, or thrill of driving. Sports cars originated in Europe in the early 1900s and are currently produced by many manufacturers around the world.
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In towed water sports, tournaments must adhere to homologation requirements set by the International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation in order to qualify as ranking. In speed climbing, in order for world, continental or national records to be recognised by the International Federation of Sport Climbing, an official homologated wall must be used, and each event must be approved through a homologation visit.
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Ford introduced the Mustang as a replacement for the FG X Falcon. The sixth generation Ford Mustang, the Mustang GT, was homologated for the 2019 championship. The Mustang was a replacement for the FG X Falcon, which was used between 2015 and 2018. Tickford Racing and DJR Team Penske oversaw the development of the car, with Ford Performance providing additional technical support.
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The party's earliest achievements involved the foundation of the first internationally homologated Galician Think Tank, known as GALIDEM, within the European Liberal Forum. GALIDEM emphasises social research, economic studies and the knowledge society from a Liberal point of view. GALIDEM hosted the 2012 Iberian Liberal Encounter. The current First Secretary is known for his articles in several media over the Internet.
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FIM International Standard of Road Racing Circuit Homologated. Length: 2.5 Kilometers Width: 12 - 15 Meters Corner: 13 Turns 6 Right Turns 4 Left Turns 2 Chicane Turns Applicable for: Motorcycles Road Racing (Stock Bikes, Supersports, Superbike), Cars Circuit Racing (Stock Cars, Supercars, Sports cars), Trackday / Club Meeting, Motorsports Education, Safety Driving Education, Driving / Riding Experience, Media Test Drive, Gathering Event, Products Launching & Event.
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The 16-valve engined TR7 rally car was homologated for group 4 in October 1975, well before any 16-valve TR7 Sprints are known to have been produced.RAC TR7 Homologation papers number 3071. This was possible at the time using the "100-off rule", as John Davenport called it, in the FIA's appendix J to the International Sporting Code 1975.
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Compression ratio was 12.5:1 and ran on special racing fuel. Exhaust manifold was a 4-2-1 design and was made from Inconel alloy. Clutch was made by AP Racing. Transmission was either a 6-speed Sadev manual or 6-speed RST Hewland sequential gearbox (7-speed sequential gearbox from the Megane Maxi can be retrofitted, but is not homologated).
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The itinerary by horse has a specific signaling and a special path adapted to horses and homologated by the Royal Spanish Equestrian Federation (RFHE) and their code is IE-001. It is the first route in Spain and the second in Europe to be approved as equestrian route. The itinerary starts in the Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba, near Gandia.
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Production three-wheelers turned out to have S&S; engines. The kerb weight was originally estimated to be less than , but the final weight was tested at 550 kg (1,212 lb). The acceleration from zero to was estimated by Morgan as 4.5 seconds, with an (estimated) top speed of . The three-wheeler is to be homologated as a motorcycle in the United States.
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The kerb weight was originally estimated to be less than , but the final weight was tested at . The acceleration from zero to was estimated by Morgan as 4.5 seconds, with an (estimated) top speed of . The three-wheeler is to be homologated as a motorcycle in the United States. The company states that 850 deposits have been taken since the announcement in 2011.
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The Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix was a motorcycling road racing event that was part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. The event was held once in 1987 at Jarama. It returned to Portugal in 2000 after the Estoril Circuit was homologated for international motorcycle racing, and was last held in 2012, with the event returning at Algarve International Circuit in 2020.
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Engine outputs of this race car produced approximately , enabling it to reach with suitable gearing. It was also equipped with a specially homologated Holinger six-speed transmission, and their homologated racing weight was , down from the VL SV's . The SS Group A SV — as was the rest of the field that included Ford Sierra RS500 and the BMW M3 Evolution teams — was outclassed in the 1991 ATCC by the Gibson Motor Sport built Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R' of reigning champion Jim Richards and his teammate, Mark Skaife. Major complaints by Holden drivers included that the VN SS Group A SV lacked downforce compared to the VL series SV. Reportedly, this was a consequence of Holden demanding that the car be more eye pleasing to its predecessor, which was given various nicknames including the "plastic pig".
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He was taken to hospital for precautionary checks, but sustained no serious injuries. Newey was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to motorsport. On 10 October 2018, Newey was announced as an advisory board member of the forthcoming W Series, a racing championship for women based on Formula 3-homologated Tatuus T-318 chassis.
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Audax Australia was formed in 1981. The first officially homologated Australian ride took place at Easter of that year, following near-simultaneous letters to the ACP by Alan Walker and Russell Moore. Riders started simultaneous 600 km rides from Melbourne and Sydney finishing in Albury. The club offers a calendar of events in all states and the Australian Capital Territory, and (until 2010) in New Zealand.
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When the first ICE 1 power cars were commissioned in late 1989, the intermediate cars were not yet available. Instead, they were coupled to retired couchette cars (type yl) that were homologated for 200 km/h. These were fitted with special couplings for compatibility to the power cars. Usually, Class 110 locomotives served as Angstlok as well as for pulling the train on the return trip.
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This is one of the reasons the ICE 1 is not homologated for the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line, which has grades of up to 4%. The intermediate cars sit on type MD 530 bogies with steel suspension and an axle base of 2500 mm. New wheels have a diameter of 920 mm. They are replaced when they reach a diameter of 860 mm.
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Autodromo di Mores. In the Province of Sassari is the Mores motor racing circuit, the only FIA Circuit homologated by CSAI (Cars) and the IMF (Motorcycles), in Sardinia. Cagliari hosted a Formula 3000 race in 2002 and 2003 on a 2.414-km street circuit around Sant'Elia stadium. In 2003, Renault F1's Jarno Trulli and former Ferrari driver Jean Alesi did a spectacular exhibition.
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As of 2016 all had been homologated by the federal government apart from Cué-Cué / Marabitanas, which had only been declared. The Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory is 96.24% in the Rio Negro basin and 3.6% in the Japurá River basin. The Rio Negro defines the southwest boundary. Major tributaries of the Rio Negro in the reserve include the Xié, Içana and Uaupés rivers.
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For 1991 the VN Commodore was homologated with Win Percy driving in all ATCC rounds except Lakeside where Allan Grice substituted while Percy competed in an event in Europe. Percy again finished eighth in the championship. At the Bathurst 1000, Percy and Grice teamed together to finish second, with the second car of Neil Crompton and Brad Jones not finishing after running out of fuel.
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002/Department of Civil Aviation/6 January 1971 its opening to the public air traffic homologated, and the authoritative order was updated by the Decree of the Department of Civil Aviation no.097/Operations Subdepartment, of 5 March 1996. The private airport was expropriated by the state government in 1949. The municipality of São Pedro received from the state government the airport as a donation in 1996.
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The reaction yields a 1:1 mixture of the homologated acid and the corresponding methyl ester. This method can also be used with primary diazoalkanes, to produce secondary α-diazo ketones. However, there are many limitations. Primary diazoalkanes undergo azo coupling to form azines; thus the reaction conditions must be altered such that acid chloride is added to a solution of diazoalkane and triethylamine at low temperature.
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Under strict Brazilian regulations, telecommunications products that are sold and used in Brazil must have a Certificate of Conformity issued by a Designated Certification Body, indicating that they comply with Brazilian regulatory requirements. Products must also be approved and homologated by Anatel, the Brazilian National Telecommunications Agency (Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações). In 2013, Blue Sky Network announced that its HawkEye 5300 received Homologation Certification from ANATEL.
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Production of the Jesko will be limited to 125 units, with 40-50 units being produced each year. Unlike its predecessors, the Jesko will be homologated worldwide. It was later announced that the entire build slots of the Jesko were sold out. The Jesko will be offered in either a high-downforce or low- drag Absolut configuration, with subtle differences between the two variants.
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During the 1980s Mitsubishi continued to participate in the WRC, first with the Lancer EX2000 Turbo and the Starion. It then scored its first outright Group A victories with a Galant VR-4 in the late '80s, Mitsubishi homologated the Lancer Evolution, and in the hands of Finland's Tommi Mäkinen, winner of the drivers' title for four consecutive years (1996–1999), they won the manufacturers' championship in 1998.
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Several competition and homologated versions of the Palio have been produced, such as the A6 class rally car, multiple Brazilian and South American champion of the A6 class with Brazilian Luis Tedesco as the driver, and the Turkish Fiat Rally Team-created Palio Super 1600 Abarth rally car, with a 215-hp 1.6-L 16-valve engine and a six-speed sequential transmission. Turkey also boasts an N2 Palio.
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Throughout its history, Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One, sportscar racing and touring car racing, both as a works team and through private entrants. Notable drivers include Juan Manuel Fangio and Prince Bira of Siam. Maserati developed fifteen GranTurismo MC racecars, homologated for the European Cup and National Endurance Series, one of which was raced by GT motorsport organization Cool Victory in Dubai in January, 2010.
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The replacement for the Sierra RS Cosworth was not a Mondeo however, but the Escort RS Cosworth. Based on the Sierra Cosworth platform, the Escort went on sale in May 1992, more than a year after the first pre-production examples were shown to the public, and was homologated for Group A rally in December, just as the Sierra RS Cosworth was retired. It continued in production until 1996.
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Many of these liberal reforms that would shape the country were promoted by followers of Costa Rican Freemasonry. This would cause that for the 20th century Freemasonry would be homologated with liberalism and they would be seen as consubstantial with one another. On this would say the archbishop of San José Monsignor Víctor Manuel Sanabria Martínez: However, during the nineteenth century relations between the Church and Masonry were always complex.
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This increased total weight by over the earlier Gr.4 cars. The 308 was homologated under Group B rules three separate times in October 1982, January 1983 and April 1983. This allowed Michelotto to incorporate additional Ferrari-made performance parts into their Gr.B cars, including engine parts, lightweight windows and body panels. The Group B specification 308s did not see as much competition use as the more numerous Gr.4 cars.
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For the 2012 season, Campeonato Brasileiro de GT will contain three key classes. The GT3 class allows FIA homologated GT3 cars, such as the Ferrari 458 Italia. New to 2012 season is the introduction of the GT Premium class caters for older, such as the Dodge Viper Competition Coupe or Lamborghini Gallardo LP520. The pairs that have some driver with graduation A, no scored points in the class.
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The Nissan R390 GT1 was a racing car built in Atsugi, Japan. It was designed primarily to gain a suitable racing entry in the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1997 and 1998. It was built to race under the grand touring style rules, requiring a homologated road version to be built. Therefore, the R390 was built originally as road car, then a racing version of the car was developed afterwards.
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There is a FIA homologated driving simulation cockpit line which SKU is LPSK standing for Logicool PlayStation Sparco Kit. Official kits are the Logicool and auto part maker Sparco joint designed Sparco Racing Cockpit/Seat, and the official wheels are GT Force wheels. Although GT Force wheels are supported by the professional oriented PlaySeats compatible kits line.PlaySeats official website The PlaySeats are based upon a different design, e.g.
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The Tatuus F4-T014 was the first racing car homologated according to the FIA Formula 4 rules. The car was first used in the 2014 Italian F4 Championship, won by Lance Stroll. As of 2015 the chassis is also used in the ADAC Formula 4 and the SMP F4 Championship. The Italian manufacturer also got competition with Mygale and Dome entering the FIA Formula 4 market in separate championships.
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Radical RXC GT3 Also introduced in 2016 was the Radical RXC GT3, a modified version of the RXC Turbo homologated to FIA GT3 standards. Homologation was achieved with the RXC Turbo's 3.5 L EcoBoost engine, detuned to produce around depending on individual championship rules, and a 6-speed semi-automatic transmission. Other differences from the RXC Turbo road car include a redesigned splitter, front canards, and a modified rear wing.
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The central engine was a nine-cylinder, Gnome-Rhône 9Ady Jupiter, with five cylinder, Gnome-Rhône 5Bc Titan engines on the wings. The designers would have preferred about 225 kW (300 hp) from each of three identical engines but early in 1929 there were no available homologated types of this power. The Bernard 60 flew for the first time at the end of August 1929, piloted by Antoine Paillard.
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This meant that the new engine proved highly successful at competing against BMW in the 1973 Season of the European Touring Car Championship where the engine was installed in Ford's newly homologated Capri RS 3100. Ford Motorsport also sold 100 Cosworth GA V6 engines, most of them ending up in Formula 5000 cars. The GA/GAA V6 is a very rare, and extremely expensive engine, with rebuilt units fetching around £50.000.
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The 1970 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 38th Grand Prix of Endurance and took place on 13 and 14 June 1970. It was the eighth round of the 1970 World Sportscar Championship season. Once again Porsche had a dominant year in the championship and arrived as strong favourites to get their first outright victory. Their main opposition would come from Ferrari, now armed with the homologated 512S model.
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In September 2014, David Brabham announced the reformation of the Brabham Racing team under the name Project Brabham, with plans to enter the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship and 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans in the LMP2 category using a crowdsourcing business model. In January 2019, Brabham Automotive announced its intention to enter the 2021 FIA World Endurance Championship using a homologated BT62 in the GTE class.
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The Panoz Avezzano is an American front-engine, rear-drive, V8-powered sports car manufactured in Georgia by Panoz, LLC. Intended for sale both as a road car and as a homologated racing vehicle, the racing-configured Avezzano GT4 was first entered in competition in 2017 in the Pirelli World Challenge, while the street version of the automobile was first offered for sale during the summer of 2017.
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Porsche 914-6 GT On 1 March 1970 the 914/6 was homologated by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) for Group 4, Special Grand Touring cars. That same month two cars were sent to the Targa Florio for testing, not as competitors. These were the first two 914/6 GT cars built. Externally the cars were distinguished by squared fender flares that were the full depth permitted by FIA rules.
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Robson G., The Works Triumphs: 50 Years in Motorsport, 1993, J H Haynes & Co Ltd, . This 100-off rule described a list of "Optional equipment which may be recognized with a minimum production of 100 units per year to equip 100 cars" and requirements for their use. However, it did not require that any cars actually be so equipped, just that 100 of the "bolt-on option kits" be produced, listed, and made available for sale. As well as alternative cylinder heads with different numbers of cams and valves, this list of optional equipment also included many other engine, suspension, and transmission components, and so covered the use of the 4-speed, close-ratio gearbox and overdrive from the Triumph Dolomite Sprint (the heavy duty axle from the 5-speed TR7 was initially homologated for group 3 by another, less clear, route, though re-homologated later, presumably on production of 5-speed TR7s).
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Renault refused and the investors subsequently cut off funding for the company. In April 1971, the Manic GT made two important appearances in the United States. In Detroit, a GT was successfully homologated for sale in the US. In New York a GT was put on display at that city's 1971 Auto Show. An order for 1000 cars was received from an American distributor, but this came too late to change the company's fortunes.
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Alkyllithium reagents deprotonate thioanisole at the methyl group to afford C6H5SCH2Li, a strong nucleophile that can be alkylated to form more complex chains and structures. The resulting homologated thioether can be manipulated in a variety of ways.Bailey, Simon "Thioanisole" e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2001, John Wiley & Sons. Oxidation of sulfur via addition of a single oxygen atom gives methyl phenyl sulfoxide, a reaction useful for titration of oxidants such as dimethyldioxirane.
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Military R 2087 truck version The military version of the vehicle was homologated as the R 2087. It came with even greater ground clearance than the standard vehicle and was built, featuring four-wheel drive, from 1952. A variety of vans, with or without extra side-windows, and truck variations was produced. The military ambulance version was produced until 1969, several years after Renault had stopped offering civilian versions of the van.
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The circuit, designed by Hermann Tilke in association with teams, was deliberately designed to be one of the fastest on the calendar, with projected lap times of less than one minute and twenty seconds. The circuit was officially homologated on 1 September 2011. At 1060 metres, the circuit's main straight was among the longest in Formula One. The pit lane had also been described in similar terms at over 600 metres in length.
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The Holden ZB Commodore was homologated, making it eligible to compete in the championship. All existing Holden teams commenced the season with the new car, either new chassis or reskinned VF Commodores. Triple Eight Race Engineering, who oversaw the development and homologation of the ZB chassis were also developing a V6 twin-turbocharged engine for Holden cars ahead of a full introduction in 2019. However, the programme was put on indefinite hold in April 2018.
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The formyl group A formylation reaction in organic chemistry refers to organic reactions in which an organic compound is functionalized with a formyl group (-CH=O). The reaction is a route to aldehydes (C-CH=O), formamides (N-CH=O), and formate esters (O-CH=O). A reagent that delivers the formyl group is called a formylating agent. A particularly important formylation process is hydroformylation which converts alkenes to the homologated aldehyde.
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In the end of 2004, CPTM published the bidding no. 8292402011, with the objective to make architectural and engineering projects to subsidize the reform/rebuilt of 39 stations, divided in 10 allotments. Baltazar Fidélis was in allotment 1, along with Piqueri, Pirituba, Perus and Caieiras. On 12 April 2005, the bidding had its result homologated. Allotment 1 was won by a consortium formed by Figueiro Ferraz/Toscano companies, by the cost of R$ 1,040,439.58 (US$ ).
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Procar veterans Hans-Joachim Stuck and Nelson Piquet shared the car. That same year, BMW officially met FISA's requirements by having built approximately 400 cars. The M1 was therefore homologated for Group 4 on December 1, 1980, allowing BMW to enter the Championship for Makes in 1981. As BMW shifted towards Formula One, the company ended their plans to enter the Group 5 category after the construction of only two race cars.
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Kaplan bought some time by countering the challenge that they would have to tear down the Camaros and Mustangs too. That was not going to happen, so they were allowed to run. It was clear, however, that the problems with the SCCA were not going away, at least until the parts could be homologated. AMC did eventually assign a part number (after the SCCA program) and two blocks were later sold to customers.
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When the car went into production as the Luton Gullwing many examples were bought for racing. In 1962 Stephen Minoprio was the Autosport 1000cc GT Champion in his Gullwing – setting 7 lap records in the process. The Gullwing in turn evolved into the GT Fastback, also known as the 'Breadvan'. All 18 fastbacks made in 1963 went into racing, and like the Xylon and Gullwing they were FIA homologated in the GT category.
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The engine traces its history to the "Generation 2" Chevrolet Big-Block engines of the 1960s. In 1969, General Motors adapted the engine to use a new aluminum block and pistons, rather than cast iron, creating the ZL1. Originally, only 50 examples were produced in 1969 so they could be homologated for the Can-Am race series. Additional copies were produced to equip high-end versions of the Corvette, bringing the total production to 71.
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Race drivers In Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile sanctioned events must wear balaclavas made of fire-retardant material underneath their crash helmets. In racing events, hill-climbs, special stages of rallies and selective sections of cross-country events entered on the International Sporting Calendar, all drivers and co-drivers must wear overalls as well as gloves (optional for co- drivers), long underwear, a balaclava, and shoes homologated to the FIA 8856-2000 standard.
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As spectacular as Formula Off Road appears, there have been very few serious accidents. The drivers are protected by a roll cage, a full-face helmet with neck support, five-point harnesses, a homologated bucket seat, flame resistant overalls, shoes and gloves, special arm restrainers and other safety measures that are required by the rules. Spectators can sometimes be pelted with sand, earth or small stones kicked up by the rear tires.
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Following the race, the third-place overall finisher No. 13 Rebellion Oreca was disqualified by race officials after it was found that the team had modified the rear bodywork by cutting a hole to allow them to hit a faulty starter motor. This modification was deemed as an unnecessary modification of a homologated part of the bodywork. The disqualification promoted the second Jackie Chan DC Racing car to third place overall and second in class.
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Daniel Solà driving a SEAT Córdoba WRC at the Rallye de tierra de Cangas del Narcea. The Córdoba WRC was SEAT's official rally car in the World Rally Championship from to . It featured a 2.0 litre turbocharged engine. The Córdoba WRC competed in the top category of the championship, as SEAT had homologated a World Rally Car version of the Córdoba 16v for competition in the FIA World Rally Championship and other international rallies.
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In 1926 Lorraine introduced a series of V-12 and W-12 engines with steel cylinders screwed into aluminium alloy engine blocks. There were two W-12s which shared the name Courlis (Curlew), the first of them was the 12E which provided from a swept volume of . This was followed by the larger 12F, giving from . The 12F was officially homologated on 21 August 1929 and displayed at the 1930 Paris Salon.
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The V8 engine now used twin superchargers. Power output was now (and homologated at ), and the torque was equally high at 555 lb·ft (745 N·m) at 4,000 rpm. Top speed was , with acceleration to 97 km/h (60 mph) taking 4.6 seconds. Customers cars could be returned to Works Service starting in 1998 to be converted to V600 specifications, where the engine was upgraded to at 6,200 rpm and of torque at 4,400 rpm.
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Abarth 500 Rally R3T. In relation to motorsport governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, Group R refers to a set of regulations providing production-derived vehicles for rally competition. The Group R regulations were created in 2008 as a gradual replacement for Group A and Group N rally cars. To comply with Group R regulations, a car must be homologated in Group A (or in some cases Group N) and receive one or more VR extensions.
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For the second year in a row, the GT4 class was a merger of Supersport-spec cars and GT4 homologated cars. Despite an unsuccessful return the previous year, the Cup class is to be continued. The cars eligible are the cars currently used in the Porsche Supercup and Ferrari Challenge series, based on the Porsche 997 and Ferrari F430 road cars. It is hoped that the Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain's using updated cars will increase entries.
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The team started development of the Jaguar racing car in 2011. While Lorenz Frey and Fredy Barth built the racing team, the car was built by Bemani Motorenbau AG. In spring 2012 the car ran for the first time at the Anneau du Rhin circuit. The Swiss team launched a Jaguar XKR based racecar built to GT3 specifications in 2012. However, as GT3 regulations allow little in season development the car was homologated into the RACB G3 class.
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Biela gave Audi another crown in 1991, but was unable to defend the title in 1992. For the 1992 season, Audi had changed their engines to use a 180° flatplane crankshaft, which they said had been re-forged and bent from the original 90° crossplane part as used in production model. The DTM organisers found this highly modified crankshaft deviated from original homologated standard crankshaft, and therefore deemed it illegal. Audi subsequently withdrew from the championship.
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Courage LC75 of Julien Schell at Hockenheimring After 2007 Courage created the LC75 LMP2 chassis to replace the C65. Acura officially bought three for the American Le Mans Series, although they have extensively modified the bodywork and the cars have been re-homologated as the Acura ARX-01a. Other former C65 teams in the Le Mans Series also changed to the newer LC75. Courage ended their collaboration with Mugen Motorsports and utilized AER power in the factory cars.
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This final version of the 3.0 CSL was homologated in July 1973 along with an aerodynamic package including a large air dam, short fins running along the front fenders, a spoiler above and behind the trailing edge of the roof, and a tall rear wing. The rear wings were not installed at the factory, but were left in the boot for installation after purchase. This was done because the wings were illegal for use on German roads.
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Group R consists of six classes, designated R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R-GT; some of these groups contain their own sub-groups, with cars allocated to each group based on their weight, engine size and powertrain. The first batch of rules, which were introduced in 2008, featured the R1, R2 and R3 classes. These were restricted to two-wheel drive cars with atmospheric engines up to 2000cc. Supercharged engines were allowed only in R3T (petrol) and R3D (diesel) sub-classes. Since 2015 the R1, R2 and R3 classes allow supercharged engines with a 1.5 equivalency factor for displacement. Additional regulations were issued in 2011 which covered the R4 and R-GT classes; the R4 was conceived as an evolutionary step for previously- homologated Group N4 cars, turbocharged, all-wheel drive cars based on production models. The R4 class is for cars competing under Group N regulations for production cars prior to 2013. No new models would be homologated under R4 regulations, with the FIA taking the long-term view that these would be replaced by bespoke kit cars.
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Guzzi V85 TT - First Ride Reviewaccessed on April 20th, 2019.. The power is transmitted to the rear wheel via 6-gear transmission and a shaft drive. The Shaft drive is unique to the V 85 TT, which is the only middleweight adventure bike to feature it (as of April 2019). The motorcycle is homologated to the Euro-4 emission standard and has a fuel consumption of 4,9 L /100 km according to the WMTC cycle, which equals 118 g CO2 per kilometre.
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Since then every season awards two different drivers' titles, one for the International Series and one for the Italian Championship. Points are gained for the Italian Championship at each Italian and one European race meeting. With the 2010 season a new series was added, the International GTSprint Series allowing GT2, GT3 and nationally-homologated GTs. Uniquely, however, it has two 25 minute sprint events per weekend rather than the usual two-driver, long-distance runs that are the norm in GT competition.
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With guest driver Dahlgren running inside the top ten during the practice sessions and Q1 in his nationally-homologated Volvo C30, the stewards decided to allow the fastest 11 drivers through into Q2, rather than the usual ten. In the end, Dahlgren could only managed 12th in Q1, allowing 11th-placed Tom Coronel through to Q2. Muller was quickest in Q1, ahead of Chevrolet teammates Huff and Menu. Muller took pole position in Q2, with Huff and Menu second and third once again.
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The first homologated four-axle lorry in Finland was Sisu M-168 of which second steering axle was the same as used in Sisu T-108 mobile crane.Mäkipirtti: Sisu M-168 8×2. p. 174–177. All M-series lorries were produced in the Karis factory apart from a 30 units’ series of four-axle M-168CEV and M-168BEV lorries which were assembled in Hämeenlinna factory due to lack of capacity in Karis.Blomberg: Nostovoimaa ja tuhatjalkaisia. p. 296–298.
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Turkington competed with WSR in the Brands Hatch and Macau rounds of the World Touring Car Championship in 2007. At Brands Hatch, he finished 3rd in the first race on and then finished 4th in the second race, but as his car was not homologated because of its sequential gearbox, Turkington did not collect championship points. In Macau, he finished 13th and 8th in the two races. In 2008, he was joined at WSR by Formula Three driver Stephen Jelley.
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The team is set to undergo another rebrand, this time due to it being sold to Lisheng Racing. On 10 September 2019, the definitive entry list was revealed, in which the team was listed under the name NIO 333 FE Team. The team will not be using its own powertrains and it instead acquired last year's powertrain from GEOX Dragon. NIO, however, keep their manufacturer status due to their new powertrain being homologated as such by the FIA in late August.
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It was through that during this time he became interested in broadcasting. While still broadcasting Smith raced in several British Touring Car Championship races as well, driving a newly homologated Sierra Cosworth in 1987, and then alongside Frank Sytner in 1988 with whom he often clashed in a BMW M3. He also won the Willhire 24 Hour at Snetterton in 1986, driving a Ford Escort RS Turbo. Veteran commentator Murray Walker remarked that Smith "guaranteed action by the bucket-load".
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It was slightly different from the version that would be launched two years later: it didn't have a vibration dampener and the cooling fan came from the standard 2500, with four blades instead of six. The Opala was now much faster than the Maverick GT, and Ford did not waste time. It quickly homologated a version of the Maverick with a four-barrel carburetor. On the racetrack, the determining factor for victory was the driver's skill and the pit crew's organization.
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The Buchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction is the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with aliphatic diazoalkanes to form homologated ketones. It was first described by Eduard Buchner and Theodor Curtius in 1885 and later by Fritz Schlotterbeck in 1907. Two German chemists also preceded Schlotterbeck in discovery of the reaction, Hans von Pechmann in 1895 and Viktor Meyer in 1905. The reaction has since been extended to the synthesis of β-keto esters from the condensation between aldehydes and diazo esters.
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Early reviews of the 280ZX were mixed. Some lamented the transformation the Z-car had made to a grand tourer, while others appreciated the improvements in refinement, comfort, and overall market appeal. The sales figures soon proved the Nissan designers right, with the 280ZX becoming a sales success. In 1979 Datsun homologated a high-downforce "whale-tail" type spoiler for the Datsun 280ZX by producing 1,001 280ZX-R cars; this allowed for use of this aerodynamic aid in IMSA and SCCA racing.
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Opel Manta 400 engine In the early 1970s Opel announced a new DOHC engine project intended to be used in Formula 2 (F2). The engine was designed in-house, and was unveiled in 1975. Homologated in Group 4 rallying, the engine suffered a series of failures, which prompted Opel to contact Cosworth engineering. With the basic design of the engine already frozen, Cosworth's work included revising the port and camshaft shapes and extensive development work with a focus on reliability.
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Coinciding with the release of the fifth generation Viper road car in 2012, Chrysler returned to motorsports competition under the SRT Motorsports banner in the American LeMans Series with the SRT Viper GTS-R race car. After winning the GTLM Class of the Tudor United Sportscar Championship in 2014, factory support was again terminated. Nevertheless, private racing teams can still compete with the 2013 release of the Dodge Viper SRT GT3-R which is FIA GT3 homologated as GT3-036.
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Ferrari 250 GTO : The 250 GTO was produced from 1962 to 1964 for homologation into the FIA's Group 3 Grand Touring Car category. GTO stands for "Gran Turismo Omologato", Italian for "Homologated Grand Tourer". When new, the GTO sold for $18,500 in the United States, and buyers had to be personally approved by Enzo Ferrari and his dealer for North America, Luigi Chinetti. In May 2012, the 1963 Ferrari 250 GTO chassis number 3505GT sold by an auction for US$38,115,000.
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In , Troy Bayliss finished fourth riding once again a Ducati 999. Even though production of the 999 ended in 2006 and the bike was replaced by the Ducati 1098, Ducati produced 150 limited edition 999s to satisfy homologation requirements. For , Ducati raced a homologated version of the 1098R. The FIM, the sanctioning body for the Superbike World Championship, raised the displacement limit for 2 cylinder engines to 1,200 cc. Bayliss won his third world championship and retired at the end of the 2008 season.
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Many experts think this may have been done in order to get the bodywork of the Talladega officially homologated at the beginning of the 1969 race season, as the Boss 429 was not yet in production in sufficient numbers to homologate it. All production Talladegas were actually equipped with the new 428 Cobra Jet, which, while very powerful and reliable, was intended as a street engine for Ford's muscle cars, as it developed high torque at low RPMs, rather than being a high-revving race engine.
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The Ford EF Falcon and Holden VR Commodore were both homologated for competition. The changes were largely cosmetic, allowing teams to reskin their existing EB Falcons and VP Commodores. With no material gain in performance expected, many of the privateer teams elected to retain their cars in EB and VP trim. In January 1995 Dunlop, who supplied tyres to Dick Johnson Racing, Perkins Engineering and Wayne Gardner Racing as well as all of the privateer teams, had their factory in Kobe destroyed in the Great Hanshin earthquake.
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Because only two dozen or fewer chassis were built, with only a dozen complete cars, the Cheetah was never homologated for competition beyond prototype status; its production ended in 1966. A variety of literature mentions the cheetah. In 1969 author Joy Adamson, of Born Free fame, wrote The Spotted Sphinx, a biography of her pet cheetah Pippa. Hussein, An Entertainment, a novel by Patrick O'Brian set in the British Raj period in India, illustrates the practice of royalty keeping and training cheetahs to hunt antelopes.
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A limited-slip differential and heavier clutch plate are also available. A competition brake package consisting of Mintex pads gripping vented front brake rotors and stronger rear drums is homologated for Rally Ka. Replacing the original shock absorbers is a set of four remote-reservoir Proflex coil-over struts adjustable for compression and rebound damping. These are allied to a lowering kit and adjustable spring platforms to give Ka competitors a wide range of suspension settings including ride height. Inside the Rally Ka is all business.
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The 2016 Junior World Rally Championship was the fifteenth season of the Junior World Rally Championship, an auto racing championship recognized by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, running in support of the World Rally Championship. The Junior World Rally Championship was open to drivers under the age of twenty-eight. All teams contested six nominated European events, with all of their scores counting towards their final championship position. The drivers competed in identical Citroën DS3 R3Ts with the 2014 homologated MAX Kit, using Michelin tyres.
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The territory was declared by ordinance 2.364 of 15 December 2006. It was formally approved ("homologated") by president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva by decree on 22 December 2009. The decree recognized the overlap with the Pico da Neblina National Park created in 1979 and Morro dos Seis Lagos Biological Reserve created in 1990, but did not comment on the implications. This was one of nine indigenous lands recognized by the president on the same date, the largest being the Trombetas Mapuera Indigenous Territory with almost .
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They included Ascari, Aston Martin, Audi, BMW Alpina, Chevrolet, Dodge, Ferrari, Ford, Jaguar, Lamborghini, Morgan, Mosler and Porsche. The G4 class also featured more cars because of the introduction of Supersport-spec cars from last year to the class such as Lotus, KTM and Donkervoort. In addition to the new Supersport cars into the G4 class, most GT4 homologated cars were eligible to race, including Aston Martin, BMW, Chevrolet, Ford, Gillet, Ginetta, Maserati, Nissan, Opel and Porsche. The Cup class was reintroduced after a two-year absence.
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Mexican Ricardo Triviño was disqualified during the second day of the event for using non-homologated driving gloves; he was able to complete the rally after deciding to appeal his case to higher jurisdiction. His request was later rejected and Triviño was excluded from the event, which resulted in Sebastien Ogier, WRC debutant, to score one point in drivers' championship. It was the first time in World Rally history that JWRC driver driving Super 1600 front- wheel drive rally car scored points in overall classification.
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When Ford Australia pulled out of racing in 1973 designer Wayne Draper saw an opportunity to provide Falcon racing teams with aerodynamic kits. He set up an aftermarket body styling company with Bob McWilliam, but remained a silent partner to avoid conflicts with Ford management. Between 1976 and 1978 they produced front splitters and rear spoilers for XB and XC Falcon Hardtop race cars. Draper, who was a Senior Designer for the XD-XF Falcon, purchased the rights to the "HO" nameplate, as "homologated options".
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The construction was hired through the bidding no. 8334090011, which aimed to Francisco Morato and Franco da Rocha stations. The bidding result was published and homologated on 3 October 2009, being the winner the Consbem/TIISA/Serveng consortium, by the cost of R$65,697,942.51 (US$ ) After the beginning of the works, CPTM and the consortium companies entered in a contestation about the cost of the contract. Later, the companies Consbem, TIISA, and Serveng abandoned the Francisco Morta contract, leaving the works on hold in 2011.
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A further six units were built for the Swiss private railway the Mittelthurgaubahn in 2000 where they were designated Re 486; after the company's bankruptcy in 2002 the locomotives were sold to SBB Cargo, working as Re 481. The locomotives were not homologated for operations in Switzerland - only Germany - being operated by the Swiss federal railways' German subsidiary. This continued until 2005 when they were sold to the leasing company MRCE and subsequently operated for various private operators in Germany.ex MThB/SBB Cargo electrics railcolor.
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Fans invited to tour starting grid before 2011 season race In 1990, the series was officially named World Challenge and was restructured to adopt rules similar to the European Group A for homologated production cars. The higher- cost "sports" classes were dropped after 1996, leaving the class format as it would stand until 2010. Speed TV network began sponsoring the series in 1999. With fields growing, the series began separate races for the GT and Touring classes in 2000, which would remain until 2010.
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The championship is open to LMP3 cars which are Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO)-homologated, each carrying an ACO-issued technical passport to ensure all cars meet the correct specifications. Engines are supplied by Nissan, utilising the VK50VE V8 engines. The championship regulations initially stated that one of the drivers must be of Bronze designation, as specified by the FIA, though this was changed mid-season to allow Silver/Silver pairings, in an attempt to open up the number of competitors in the series.
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Larger air intakes on the rear, NACA ducts near the doors and air intakes from the Diablo SV improved engine cooling. The car utilised scissor doors and tail lights from a regular Diablo further increasing its resemblance with the road going model. Other features included purpose built race interior, plexiglass windows, 18-inch centre-lock OZ racing wheels and an integrated roll-cage. The car was presented in 1997 to the factory in the presence of FIA representatives who approved and homologated the car for racing.
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The ACO opened its entry list to IMSA-category cars as well as NASCAR racers to encourage American participation. For their own part, the ACO continued with its GTX non-homologated class – a counterpoint to Group 5. Significantly, this year it also introduced its new GTP (Grand Touring Prototype) class – a counterpart of Group 6. These cars were closed-topped cars at least 110 cm high, 850 kg minimum weight (heavier than Group 6) and without wings, nominally as prototypes for new GT designs.
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The R4 class itself was gradually phased out. In 2015, the FIA realigned the rally classes yet again, finalizing the phase-out of R4. A new class, NR4 was added, identical to the previous Group N class, just with a new name to fit in with the other "R" names. R4 cars were then not allowed in FIA sanctioned rallies in Europe, but since R4 was basically a transition group for old Group N, many of those could likely be re-homologated as NR4.
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Both of these reagents can be improved upon by using 2-ethylapopinene in place of α-pinene, 2-ethylapopinene has an ethyl group in place of the methyl in α-pinene. The additional steric bulk improves the stereoselectivity of the reduction. Diisopinocampheylborane reacts with methanol to give diisopinocampheylmethoxyborane, which in turn reacts with an allyl or crotyl Grignard reagent to give B-allyldiisopinocampheylborane. This can then undergo an asymmetric allylboration to give a chiral homologated alcohol, which is a useful building block in a chiral synthesis.
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The wheel covers were banned from use in F1 from 2010 after incidents where they broke loose in races. To get around the ban, Ferrari used a detachable integral aero device made from the same magnesium material as the wheel itself, which consisted of double concentric rings of different diameter. As parts of cars now have to be homologated, its rivals were unable to copy this device. Its use became eliminated when the FIA revised the regulations for 2011 to prohibit wheel materials in certain exclusion zones.
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Still intent on thriving, Chaya took to the high seas. After years of planning, preparation and training he set off from Geraldton, Western Australia on June 9, 2013 aboard his rowboat "tRIO". Along with his two crewmates from the Faroe Islands and Great Britain they reached Mauritius 57 days later on August 5. The trio were awarded two Guinness World Records when the Ocean Rowing Society homologated their time as the fastest row across the Indian Ocean in 57 days 15 hours 49 minutes.
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A Subaru Impreza WRX STI at the 2006 Acropolis Rally In Rallying, the Production World Rally Championship was run under Group N rules until 2012. The cars used were modified road cars, often based on turbocharged, four wheel drive versions of standard small cars such as the Subaru Impreza WRX and the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, although a wide range of vehicles were homologated by the FIA for use in Group N. In the reform of the support category in 2013 season, the Group N4's car was one of the eligible cars in WRC-2 Category, considering its competitiveness to the other type of cars like Super 2000 and Group R cars in the category, there will also be a FIA Production Car Cup among N4 cars in WRC-2, (although, under new group R rules, no new Group N cars will be homologated by FIA and will be phased out in the future.) Apart from FIA sanctioned events, many rallies at national levels are run under Group N. Some local variants of Group N have been created to allow other marques to compete where Group N is the national formula.
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The R5 Turbo was conceived with dual intent, promoting the sales of the common R5 and being homologated in the FIA group 3 and 4 categories of the rally championship (today WRC). All the motorsport derivatives were based on the Turbo 1. The factory pushed the engine output up to for the Critérium des Cévennes, for the Tour de Corse, and by 1984 as much as in the R5 Maxi Turbo. Driven by Jean Ragnotti in 1981, the 5 Turbo won the Monte Carlo Rally on its first outing in the World Rally Championship.
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Having competed with a Group A Subaru Legacy RS and Toyota Celica Turbo 4WD in the 1990s. Apart from the Safari Rally, he competed in WRC rallies only a few times. The best result was finishing 8th overall and winning the Group N class in a Subaru Legacy RS at the 1990 Acropolis Rally in Greece, navigated by Yvonne Mehta (the wife of Shekhar Mehta).37th Acropolis Rally, Rallybase.nl Later he was running a non-homologated Toyota Hilux with a turbocharged 4.5 L engine in the Kenyan National Rally Championship (KNRC).
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Sonic air restrictors would be used for Naturally Aspirated engines, but turbocharged engines would operate without restrictors, with boost levels being RPM-based to balance the acceleration advantages of turbocharged engines compared to Naturally Aspirated engines. On 1 October 2015, IMSA confirmed the release of engine and bodywork guidelines, and announced the name of the then unnamed class - Daytona Prototype International. It was also announced that DPi would be homologated for a minimum of four years, from 2017 through 2020, with the aim of allowing competitors to maximise their investments.
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Nasser Al-Attiyah driving a Subaru Impreza WRX STI at the 2006 Acropolis Rally. The FIA Production World Rally Championship, or PWRC, was a companion rally series to the World Rally Championship, contested by Group N rally cars. The series started in 1987 as FIA Cup for Production Rally Drivers and obtained the world championship status in 2002. With the introduction of Group R, the PWRC was cancelled at the end of 2012 and was replaced by the World Rally Championship-3 open to 2WD based cars homologated in R1, R2 and R3 classes.
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Driver requirements to include one driver from Asia were expanded to include any nationality from the Australasia region. In 2015 the season format was changed to a winter one spanning two calendar years. The LMP3 class was added and the GT class was split in GT and GT Am. In 2016 GT Cup replaced GT Am. In 2017 CN was dropped and GT Am was back. In 2018 the new LMP2 cars homologated after 2017 were eligible for the LMP2 class and the old LMP2 cars were eligible for the new LMP2 Am class.
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The 2021 FIA World Rally Championship will be the forty-ninth season of the World Rally Championship, an auto racing competition recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) as the highest class of international rallying. Teams and crews are due to compete for the World Rally Championships for Drivers, Co-drivers and Manufacturers. Crews are free to compete in cars complying with World Rally Car and Group R regulations; however, only manufacturers competing with World Rally Cars homologated under regulations introduced in 2017 are eligible to score points in the Manufacturers' championship.
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Superbike racing Superbike racing is the category of motorcycle road racing that employs modified production motorcycles, as with touring cars. Superbike racing motorcycles must have four stroke engines of between 800 cc and 1200 cc for twins, and between 750 cc and 1000 cc for four cylinder machines. The motorcycles must maintain the same profile as their roadgoing counterparts. The overall appearance, seen from the front, rear and sides, must correspond to that of the bike homologated for use on public roads even though the mechanical elements of the machine have been modified.
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Due to an apparent clerical error, Ferrari did not report to the FIA that the production 275 GTB had a six carburetor option, so only a three carburetor engine could be homologated. In order to make up the loss of power from using only 3 carburetors, Weber constructed the 40 DF13 carburetor. These replaced the six Weber 38 DCN carburetors used on the 250 LM and were unique to the 275 GTB/C. A dry sump lubrication system was also added, allowing the engine to sit lower in the chassis.
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These were the Alto Rio Negro, Médio Rio Negro 1, Médio Rio Negro 2, Balaio, Cué-Cué/Marabitanas, Rio Apapóris and Rio Tea. Most were decreed in the 1990s and all had been homologated apart from the Cué-Cué/Marabitanas. The Cué-cué/Marabitanas adjoins the Balaio and Yanomami indigenous territories to the east, the Médio Rio Negro I Indigenous Territory to the south and the huge Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory on the other side of the Rio Negro to the west. The Cué-cué/Marabitanas lies in the Rio Negro basin.
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Gianni Morbidelli competing in the 1998 British Touring Car Championship in a Volvo S40 The S40 was homologated for racing in the Super Touring category on 1 January 1997. It competed in the British Touring Car Championship with Tom Walkinshaw Racing between 1997 and 1999 with Rickard Rydell winning the 1998 title. In Australia, Rikard Rydell and Jim Richards won the 1998 AMP Bathurst 1000. The S40 also competed in the Australian Super Touring Championship with Volvo Dealer Racing in 1998 and 1999, with Volvo winning the Manufacturers Championship in its second year.
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The factory building in Ängelholm, Sweden The company was founded in 1994 in Sweden by Christian von Koenigsegg, with the intention of producing a "world-class" sports car. Many years of development and testing led to the CC8S, the company's first street- legal production car which was introduced in 2002. In 2006, Koenigsegg began production of the CCX, which uses an engine created in-house especially for the car. The goal was to develop a car homologated for use worldwide, particularly the United States whose strict regulations didn't allow the import of earlier Koenigsegg models.
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Simona de Silvestro at the 2018 Newcastle 500. In 2012, Kelly Racing announced that it would enter four custom Nissan Altima race cars into the 2013 International V8 Supercars Championship. The car was revealed in October 2012 and was the first car to be homologated for the New Generation V8 Supercar regulations, which were to be used in the V8 Supercars Championship from 2013 onwards. It was the first time Nissan had raced in the series since 1992, when Nissan's Skyline GT-R was forced out of racing due to regulation changes.
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Oxidative carbonylation, using palladium-based catalysts, allows certain alkenes to be converted into homologated esters: :RCH=CH2 \+ CO + 1/2 O2 \+ MeOH → RCH=CHCO2Me + H2O Such reactions are assumed to proceed by the insertion of the alkene into the Pd(II)-CO2Me bond of a metallacarboxylic ester followed by beta-hydride elimination (Me = CH3). Arylboronic acids react with Pd(II) compounds to give Pd(II)-aryl species, which undergo carbonylation to give Pd(II)-C(O)aryl. These benzyl-Pd intermediates are intercepted by alkenes, which insert. Subsequent beta-hydride elimination gives the arylketone.
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At the start of his campaign with Mäkinen and Toyota, Katsuta would participate in selected rallies while practicing full-time in Finland, under Mäkinen's supervision. Katsuta's first rallies with Tommi Mäkinen Racing were in local Finnish and Latvian events, driving a Subaru Impreza WRX. Beginning in 2016, Katsuta would be rallying with a very experienced co-driver, Daniel Barritt. Katsuta experienced intermediate success in local Finnish rallies, before being supplied with a Ford Fiesta R5 for the Rally Estonia, his first major long- distance rally in FIA-homologated 4-wheel drive machinery.
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Maserati MC12 The Maserati MC12 is a two-seat mid-engine sports car that is a derivative of the Enzo Ferrari developed by Maserati while under the control of Ferrari. It was developed specifically to be homologated for racing in the FIA GT Championship, with a minimum requirement of 25 road versions to be produced before the car could be allowed to compete. Maserati built 50 units, all of which were presold to selected customers. A track-only variation, the MC12 Corsa was later developed, similar to the Ferrari FXX.
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In order to ensure short-term commercial viability they started out producing a quadricycle, but in 1900 their "first true automobile", the "Chenard et Walcker Type A" was homologated with the authorities. This had a two-cylinder, engine of their own design which drove the rear wheels through a four-speed gearbox and an unusual transmission system. From the gearbox there were two drive shafts, one to each rear hub, with the hubs driven by gear teeth cut on the inside. The car was shown at the 1901 Paris Salon.
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The GT World Challenge America is a North American auto racing series launched in 1990 by the Sports Car Club of America. It is managed by the Stephane Ratel Organisation since 2018, and is sanctioned by the United States Auto Club since 2017. The series consists of four driver classifications and five classes of vehicles: GT3, GT4, (Sprint, SprintX, East and West), and Touring Car, consisting of TCR homologated cars, as well as separate TC and TCA classes featuring modified production vehicles, such as the BMW M235iR and the Mazda MX-5 Cup car.
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The Iso Rivolta is a grand tourer introduced in 1962 by Italian automobile manufacturer Iso Automotoveicoli S.p.A.. Company chairman Renzo Rivolta and his colleague, former Ferrari engineer Giotto Bizzarrini, saw it as a gran turismo in the original sense of the term, designed for long and memorable journeys. It was the first luxury automobile introduced by the company which formerly specialised in affordable motor vehicles. For motor racing, an entirely different variant was made which bore a strong resemblance to the Ferrari 250 GT "Breadvan" and was homologated as a touring car.
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Farfus scored no wins, however he won race 2 at Okayama on the road, but he and teammate Priaulx were disqualified by running a non-homologated gearbox that did not conform to the technical regulations. On 5 December 2010, BMW announced it was withdrawing from the WTCC, but would continue to supply customer teams with its 320TC car. On 25 January 2011, it was announced that Farfus would contest the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup with BMW, which would also include its former WTCC drivers Andy Priaulx, Jörg Müller and Dirk Muller.
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The next day, Rost reached an average speed of 210 km/h while de Romanet had an aircraft failure. On 15 October, Sadi-Lecointe flew a first circuit at 223 km/h, and then a second lap at 246.9 km/h and thus became the title holder. On 21 October 1919, de Romanet reached an average speed of 268.631 km/h which was insufficient to be homologated, because this performance was less than 110% of Sadi-Lecointe's performance. He followed it the next day with an average speed of 285.600 km/h which did count.
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Richard Burns in his Subaru Impreza WRC after a Finnish stage. Peugeot 307 WRC and Ford Focus RS WRC 07 on a road section during the 2008 Monte Carlo Rally. For the 1997 World Rally Championship, the World Rally Car regulations were introduced as an intended replacement for Group A (only successive works Mitsubishis still conforming to the latter formula; until they, too, homologated a Lancer Evolution WRC from the 2001 San Remo Rally). After the success of Mäkinen and the Japanese manufacturers, France's Peugeot made a very successful return to the World Rally Championship.
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As the 440 was less expensive to produce, the "street" version of the 426 Hemi engine used in competition was homologated by producing the minimum number required. On the street, the nose cone and wing were very distinctive, but the aerodynamic improvements hardly made a difference there or on the drag strip. In fact, the 1970 Road Runner was actually quicker in the quarter mile and standard acceleration tests due to the increased weight produced by the Superbird's nose and wing. Only at speeds in excess of did the modifications begin to show any benefit.
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Reasons the track was not fully homologated included extending the safety walls and location to store the sleds and equipment at the women's start house. According to Germany's Klaus Bonsack, a member of the FIL Track Construction Commission, brickwork has already been completed for a hotel near the track. The track will debut by hosting the first two Luge Junior World Cups on 7–12 December 2009. (17 September 2009 article accessed 18 September 2009.) Homologation for the track was given for this event on 8 December 2009.
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BMW Z4 (E89) in Portimão 1000km do Algarve Race of the Le Mans Series 2009 The 100,000 capacity Algarve International Circuit (), commonly referred to as Portimão Circuit, is a race circuit located in Portimão, Portugal. With a total cost of €195 million (approximately $250 million), the project includes a karting track, technology park, five-star hotel, sports complex and apartments. Construction was finished in October 2008 and the circuit was homologated by both the FIM on 11 October 2008 and the FIA two days later. The circuit was designed by Ricardo Pina, Arquitectos.
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The ate complex undergoes a 1,2-metallate rearrangement to give the homologated product, which is then further oxidised to a secondary alcohol.Iterative Stereospecific Reagent-Controlled Homologation of Pinacol Boronates by Enantioenriched -Chloroalkyllithium Reagents Paul R. Blakemore and Matthew S. Burge J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2007; 129(11) pp 3068 - 3069; (Communication) :Insertion of carbenoid into C-B bond The enantiopurity of the chiral sulfoxide is preserved in the ultimate product after oxidation of the boronic ester to the alcohol indicating that a true carbene was never involved in the sequence.
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In his debut in a World Rally Car in Finland, Hänninen was excluded for not wearing the correct fireproof underwear. At the season-ending Rally GB, Hänninen competed in a Super 1600 -class Citroën C2 and finished 19th overall, ahead of all the Junior World Rally Championship contestants. Lancer WRC 05 at the 2007 Rally Finland. In the 2007 season, Hänninen did a full six-event Production World Rally Championship (PWRC) programme in the Lancer Evolution IX. He initially won the Swedish Rally but was later disqualified for non-homologated fuel pumps.
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But when the 16-valve TR7 was homologated for Group 4 in October 1975, the 100-off rule did not require the production of any 16-valve engined road cars, only the kits needed to equip them. However, the 100-off rule also required that the kits could be fitted "without it being necessary to machine or modify the remaining mechanical parts" and therefore "it must be possible to reassemble the whole unit with all its original parts", and they "must be mentioned in the manufacturer's catalogue of spare parts for the model concerned".
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No less than 7 Sebring Sprites contested the long-distance races at Sebring in 1961. Five Healey-prepared BMC works cars were driven by Ed Leavens, Briggs Cunningham, Dick Thompson, Bruce McLaren and Walt Hansgen. There were also two of John Sprinzel's striking coupes, piloted by one of the top-rated Grand Prix drivers of all time, Stirling Moss, together with his sister Pat Moss, Britain's most successful woman rally driver. The Sebring Sprites finished in six of the top eight places in the 4-hour race for one- litre homologated GT cars.
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The cockpit was raised and moved forward a little to improve the pilot's view. A second attempt on the speed record was made on 11 December 1924, when an average speed of 448 km/h (279 mph) was achieved. After a short delay whilst the FAI rules were debated, this was homologated as the absolute world speed record and stood for almost three years. Later that December a full size replica of the V.2 appeared at the Paris Aero Show claiming, in anticipation of homologation, that it was the record holder.
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Group 5 was an FIA motor racing classification which was applied to four distinct categories during the years 1966 to 1982. Initially Group 5 regulations defined a Special Touring Car category and from 1970 to 1971 the classification was applied to limited production Sports Cars restricted to 5 litre engine capacity. The Group 5 Sports Car category was redefined in 1972 to exclude the minimum production requirement and limit engine capacity to 3 litres. From 1976 to 1982 Group 5 was for Special Production Cars, a liberal silhouette formula based on homologated production vehicles.
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Lancia Beta Montecarlo contesting the 1980 World Championship for Makes in the Group 5 category. For the 1976 season the FIA introduced a new Group 5 "Special Production Car" category, allowing extensive modifications to production based vehicles which were homologated in FIA Groups 1 through 4. These cars would contest the World Championship for Makes series from 1976 through to 1980 and then the World Endurance Championship in 1981 & 1982\. The FIA rules restricted the width of the car, therefore cars were built with standard body widths but wide mudguard extensions.
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Broadley managed to release himself from this contract after a year and started developing his own cars again, starting off in sports cars with the Lola T70 and its successors (T16x, T22x) which were used successfully all over the world from the World Championship for Makes to the CanAm series, until 1973. In 2005, Lola announced that a new batch of T70 coupés, to the original specifications, would be released. These were to be homologated for historic racing and there was talk of a one-make series for the cars.
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Heterocycles (dihydrofuran, dihydrothiophene, dihydropyrrole, tetrahydropyran) give the alcohols in ≥99% ee; the high ee's reflect their constrained conformations. It adds to alkynes to form the corresponding vinyldiisopinocampheylboranes :600px In a highly stereoselective reaction, allyldiisopinocampheylboranes converts aldehydes to the homologated alcohols, rapidly even at -100 °C.Raj K. Dhar, Kanth V. B. Josyula, Robert Todd “Diisopinocampheylborane” in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2006, John Wiley & Sons, New York. . Article Online Posting Date: September 15, 2006 The alkyldiisopinocampheylboranes, which result from the addition to alkenes, usefully react with a range of different reagents.
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In October 1979, the B.F. Goodrich tire company sponsored a pair of AMXs in the annual FIA Group One 24-hour race (for mildly modified production cars) held at Germany's legendary Nürburgring track. The 1979 V8-powered Spirit AMX was already homologated for European FIA Group One Touring Car races. The cars were the first-ever American entries in this grueling race (the Nürburgring is a circuit with 176 turns). They would compete against smaller-engined, but more agile competitors from BMW, Ford, Opel, VW, Renault, and Audi.
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The non-French models did not have the Solex carbs but the GT's Weber carb and head set up and produced . Competition-spec Visa Mille Pistes The Visa "Mille Pistes" was a four wheel drive version of the Visa homologated for the group B B/10 class. The production versions were known as the Visa 1000 Pistes 4 x 4 of which 200 were built for homologation in 1984. The production version was essentially a 4WD Chrono with the same 1360 cc engine but on twin Weber 40 DCOE carbs and producing .
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Richards had finished the race in second place behind Nissan team driver Gary Scott, but the Nissan was later disqualified for having oversize brake. Although the paperwork for the Nissan's new brakes had been put through, they had not yet been homologated which led to Scott's DQ. Series regular Allan Grice missed the 1986 ATCC (he had also missed the 1985 championship) as he was racing his Les Small prepared Group A Commodore in the 1986 FIA Touring Car Championship (ETCC). Peter Brock missed some early rounds due to also racing his Commodore in Europe.
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Estonian Weapons Act stipulates that pneumatic weapons of a caliber of up to 4.5 mm (inclusive) and irrespective of muzzle energy are in unrestricted commerce for persons of at least 18 years of age. Field Target in Estonia is shot in two international categories - PCP and Springer of up to 16.3 Joules for PCP and spring/piston rifles accordingly - and in one national HP category for pneumatic weapons with muzzle energy of up to 27 Joules. WFTF Core Rules are followed as far as the European homologated Rulebook and ENFTA shooting rules permit it.
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Their good run came to an end when the gearbox broke on lap 126. Like all Commodore runners, McLeod upgraded to the newly homologated Holden VK Commodore SS Group A for 1986. He competed in only two rounds of the 1986 ATCC at Sandown and Oran Park, and finished 19th in the championship. He did not have a good Endurance Championship. He failed to finish the Castrol 500 at Sandown and after qualifying 15th at Bathurst, McLeod crashed the Commodore heavily at the 160 km/h right hand McPhillamy Park on lap 48 of the race.
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After retiring from racing following the death of his friend Jo Schlesser, Guy Ligier decided to found his own team and had engineer Michel Tétu develop a sports car named the JS1 (Schlesser's initials). The Cosworth-powered JS1 took wins at Albi and Monthlery in 1970, but retired at Le Mans and from the Tour Automobile de France. For 1971, Ligier had the JS1 developed into the JS2 and JS3. The JS2 was homologated for road use and used a Maserati V6 engine, while the JS3 was an open-top sports- prototype powered by a Cosworth DFV V8 engine.
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General homologation reaction, Arndt-Eistert has R2 = H, RXH=H2O In the most basic form, where R2= H, RXH=H2O, the reaction lengthens the alkyl chain of a carboxylic acid by a methylene. However, there is great synthetic utility in the variety of reactions one can carry out, by varying the diazoalkyl and weak acid. The migrating group, R1 migrates with complete retention. A very useful application of the Arndt-Eistert homologation forms the homologated aldehyde by either trapping the ketene with N-methyl aniline and reducing with lithium aluminum hydride, or trapping the ketene with ethanethiol and reducing with Raney nickel.
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When Ferrari was able to enter a homologated car for 1970, the class they competed in was dominated by the Porsche 917. Several cars of the original 24-hours race have survived and have been restored to their former glory. The crowd-pleasing Mini Marcos was club raced, rallied and hill climbed, road registered twice and repainted five times only to be stolen in the night of 30 October 1975 from beneath a flat in Paris. Three days earlier Marcos-boss Harold Dermott had made a deal to buy the car with the intention to restore it and put on museum display.
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In August 1987, the Sierra RS500 Cosworth was homologated with a larger turbo, new rear deck spoiler and an extra 100 horsepower. Fords took pole position in all the remaining six 1987 World Touring Car Championship events, and was first over the finish line in four of them. Disqualification of the works Eggenberger Motorsport cars from the 1987 Bathurst 1000 in Australia for wheel arch panel irregularities deprived Klaus Ludwig and Klaus Niedzwiedz of the world championship. The Eggenberger Motorsport team did however claim the entrants' prize.Autosport, January 14, 19881987 WTCC Cars index Eggenberger won the 1989 Spa 24 Hours.
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However, it was necessary to add 75 kg for the 24 volt batteries in order to power the ½ hp engine lurking somewhere under the bodywork. Rubber and tires being unavailable, the unsprung wheels were wrapped around with multiple layers of bandage which made for a firm ride. The vehicle could move only slowly, and managed a range of very roughly 20 kilometers (12 miles) between charges. These were troubled times, and Lambert was able to have his cycle car homologated for sale, but he soon rejected the idea, ostensibly because he could not bring himself to produce such a slow and ugly “car”.
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The MGP3O, liveried in red and white, featured a tubular steel frame and an aluminium swing arm. It weighed 83 kg and had a Mahindra-homologated 250cc, single-cylinder, four stroke liquid-cooled DOHC engine developed by Mahindra's Engines Engineering and Oral Engineering. The motorcycle was developed by Mahindra's Engines Engineering and Oral Engineering together. Danny Webb and Marcel Schrötter raced for the team in the first eight rounds of the Moto3 World Championship. The team scored its first Moto3 points at Le Mans on May 20, 2012, when Schrötter finished on a strong 12th position.
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In this form they were rallied with moderate success in 1975, winning the Elba and Costa Brava rallies overall, as well as winning the Group 2 category in the World Rally Championship's Tour de Corse. In 1980 the Alfetta GTV Turbodelta was already homologated in FIA Group 4, since the required number of production cars had been built. A racing version was campaigned in rallies, but once more the effort was abandoned after a single season, despite scoring a win at the Danube Rally. In 1986 Alfa Romeo GTV6 was one of the fastest Group A rally cars.
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A sports prototype, sometimes referred to as simply a prototype, is a type of race car that is used in the highest level categories of sports car racing. These purpose-built racing cars, unlike street-legal and production-based racing cars, are not intended for consumer purchase or production beyond that required to compete and win races. The Jaguar XJR-8, Group C, produced over 700 horsepower. Prototype racing cars have competed in sports car racing since before World War II, but became the top echelon of sports cars in the 1960s as they began to replace homologated sports cars.
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After retiring from racing following the death of his friend Jo Schlesser, Guy Ligier decided to found his own team and had engineer Michel Tétu develop a sports car named JS1 (Schlesser's initials). The Cosworth-powered JS1 took wins at Albi and Monthlery in 1970, but retired at Le Mans and from the Tour Automobile de France. For 1971, Ligier had the JS1 developed into the JS2 and JS3. The JS2 was homologated for road use and used a Maserati V6 engine, while the JS3 was an open-top sports-prototype powered by a Cosworth DFV V8 engine.
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This coincided with the launch of the Wira 1.3 GL MT variant and introduction of diesel powered Wira variants. Wira 1.3's are not equipped with a rev counter. In 1996, the Wira 1.8 EXi joined the range available with an automatic transmission, available with sedan or Aeroback bodywork and a single overhead cam engine. The 1.8 EXi automatics also came standard with ABS brakes. There was also a limited edition Wira 1.8 EXi DOHC with a manual transmission dubbed "FIA Homologated Special Edition", built to meet the homologation requirement of at least 2,500 units set by the World Rally Championship.
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John Sears went over the guard rail and end over end to terminate his night. The vehicle used by the winner was a 1968 Ford Torino machine homologated for use by the general public but modified to increase both speed and safety. A prize amount of $2,150 ($ when adjusted for inflation) was given out to the winner of the race while last place paid out $150 ($ when adjusted for inflation) for only fifteen laps of work by driver G.C. Spencer. When all the winnings for this racing event are consolidated together, the total prize purse was $13,485 ($ when adjusted for inflation).
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The coefficient of drag of was considered the best in its class. Ray's original intention was to create an endurance racing car which could emerge victorious at LeMans, just like the GT40. In order to achieve this feat, a limited number of road going examples of the car were required to be produced in order for the car to be homologated for racing. Development of the car began in late 1992 and a scale model was built for wind testing along with a running prototype. The R42 was first shown at the 1993 London Motor Show held in October.
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Renault R8 Gordini sports sedan The term was originally introduced in the 1930s and early examples include the Sports Saloon versions of the Rover 14 and Rover 16. From the 1960s, the term sports sedan was increasingly applied by manufacturers to special versions of their vehicles that allowed them to enter production cars in motor races. These cars contained modifications not normally permitted by the regulations which therefore required cars to be homologated typically by selling them in minimum numbers to the public. Some of the earlier examples were the Alfa Romeo 1900, Renault R8 Gordini (1964), Triumph Dolomite and Lotus Cortina.
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The car is a result of the bid made by Dallara, for one of the four licenses to build the new for 2017 Le Mans Prototype 2 cars. It is also the first LMP constructed by Dallara since the original Audi R18 TDI. The car was first spotted testing at the Autodromo Riccardo Paletti in Northern Italy in late early October, by the Italian magazine Autosprint. During the 2017 racing season, the car was discovered to have a fundamental issue with a critical element of the sprint kit which was firmly homologated and carried over in the Le Mans low-drag kit.
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In 1974, Staffordshire based Aston Martin specialist, Robin Hamilton began competing a lightly modified 1969 DBS V8 (DBS/10038/RC) in Aston Martin Owners Club events. The first major alterations that were made to 10038/RC were made to make the car conform to Group 4 regulations and bring the car into line with the then current production AM V8 by fitting the latter's single headlight AM V8 front end. To make the Le Mans dreams possible the Aston Martin V8 was homologated for racing, which involved registering the car with both the RAC MSA (now MSA) and the FIA.
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Unlike the Aventador SVJ, the gearbox is a 6-speed non-synchromesh sequential unit which also serves as a stressed member of the chassis by supporting the rear pushrod suspension. The car has a rear-wheel-drive layout, as opposed to Lamborghini's current V12 powered offerings. The car is lighter than the Aventador SVJ and features a FIA approved carbon composite crash structure and a carbon fibre monocoque which is the first to be homologated without the use of metal. The Essenza SCV12 is also the first car to be developed according to the FIA prototype safety rules.
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Starting in mid-1993, a newly developed bogie with air suspension was tested in a first class intermediate car (801 088-6) in scheduled service. The two-year trial was to prove that the bogie that was homologated for 300 km/h was ready to go into production for the ICE 2. Since 1995, two ICE 1 trainsets have been used as so-called idea trains ("Ideenzüge") on services from Hamburg to Basel and Stuttgart. These trainsets were used to test cellular repeaters, returnable bottles in the restaurant car and different concepts for in-train Internet access.
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Rally officials determined the headlamp bulbs were not homologated, following a last minute rule change. The winner therefore became Toivonen's Citroën DS. As a result, Toivonen did not brag about his victory in the prestigious Monte Carlo rally because he felt he had not deserved the victory. However, when his son, Henri came in first at the same event twenty years later — this time in a convincing manner — Toivonen said, "Now the name of Toivonen has been cleared." Toivonen was European Rally champion in 1968 and won four other events for Porsche in the same year.
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The ski jump is still homologated and was recently used by the Altius Ski Club of Calgary. Today the Mount Norquay Ski Resort is a popular ski destination and one of the most important ski resorts supporting alpine ski racing in Canada. The ski hill hosts many local events as well as major international ski races. Well- known Canadian ski champions who are members of the Banff Alpine Racers, the home ski club for the resort, are Thomas Grandi and Cary Mullen, as well as current Canadian Alpine Ski Team members Paul Stutz and Erik Read.
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The Renault 4 GTL was homologated in Group A. Jacky Cesbron raced one in the Monte Carlo Rally in 1993 and the Tour de Corse in 1991. Pinto dos Santos raced a Group N 4 GTL in visiting every round of the WRC though not all during the same season. To celebrate the car's 50th birthday, Renault entered the R4 in the Monte Carlo Rally in 2011. Standard Renault 4s has taken part in a drag race at Santa Pod Raceway, Northamptonshire since 2004, and covered the quarter mile in 21.438 seconds with a terminal speed of 59.14 mph.
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Subsequently, numbers of other Sprites were modified as period replicas of the original Speedwell GTs and Sprinzel Sebring Sprites, built to the same homologated specification. One such car is the "Lumbertubs" Sprite, built in 1963 by brothers Brian and Ken Myers and named after the lane where they lived. The alloy roof was crafted by Alan Thompson of Aston Martin and a fibreglass Williams & Pritchard's Sebring bonnet was fitted. In 1965 it acquired a Ford engine and gearbox, gaining some success in sprints and hillclimbs and winning its class at the St. John Horsfall meeting at Silverstone on 24 June 1967.
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In 1995 McLaren Cars entered sports car racing using their McLaren F1 GTR in grand touring series like the BPR Global GT Series as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The McLaren F1s were powered by a S70 V12, leading to McLaren and BMW signing an agreement to both develop their racing teams with the assistance of BMW Motorsport. This combination was successful in winning the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans. However, by 1997 the F1 GTRs were no longer competitive against newer breeds of specially homologated supercars from Mercedes-Benz and Porsche.
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The F.250 first flew in 1931; in September Farman's chief test pilot Lucien Coupet took it to Villacoublay for official tests, During these it achieved a range of flying speeds between 60 km/h and 245 km/h (37-152 mph). Homologated in January 1932, it became part of STGA's fleet but only flew for 31 hours and did not fly any commercial flights because of a general lack of stability. It passed to Air France in the summer of 1933 when this airline was formed by the merger of several French airlines, including STGA.
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The project was officially launched on December 28, 2015 and is scheduled to be completed at the end of June 2017. The 4.015 km track has been homologated to FIA Grade 2 standards, allowing it to host all bar Formula One competition. Geely is not scrimping on its investment, with the whole facility set to cost around 900 million yuan. As well as the main course (which can be split into a shorter circuit and a club racing variants, which can be run simultaneously), the 1,1130-acre facility also will boast a separate 9.85 km kart track and commercial and amusement facilities.
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The JDM GTX model featured four-wheel drive, viscous limited slip differentials and a turbocharged 1.8 L BP engine. In the U.S. the Protegé came with a 1.8 L SOHC non-turbocharged engine, along with 4WD. The JDM GT-R rally homologation version was added in 1992, featuring a number of enhancements over the GTX model: an aggressive front bumper, grill and bonnet vents, updated rear bumper, wheel flares, stiffer suspension and anti-roll bars with thicker cross members, and homologated five-stud wheel hubs with larger brakes. The interior was fitted with leather and suede seats, and had the option of replacing the cupholder with a 3 gauge cluster.
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Some sports cars are released to the public for the express purpose of meeting the homologation guidelines of a particular series or several series. In such cases, numbers manufactured are often just enough to meet the minimum requirement for homologation by the racing series for which the vehicle was designed. And, the manufacturer often designates the car's status in the name, for instance the 1962-1964 Ferrari 250 GTO, "GTO" being the acronym for (in Italian) Gran Turismo Omologata, that is, a homologated grand touring sports car. This term is also used to describe various auto racing sanctioning bodies using the same set of rules for a certain class of cars.
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The IOC evaluation report praised the support by both Swedish government and the Östersund residents (the poll showed 70% support). The overall games and transport concept were considered excellent, as many venues were already homologated by the FIS, and the competitions would have been staged in two main zones one an hour by road from the other, or just 40 minutes by train. The airport is located just 15 minutes away. Other issues rated favorably were: a single Olympic Village which would form part of an urban development project on the lakeside, excellent facilities planned for the media, and US$780 million budget guaranteed by the Swedish government.
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The vehicle featured a light metal ohc four-cylinder water-cooled engine of (initially) 1,995 cc and, by the standards of the time, a sophisticated suspension system. The four-speed gear box featured synchromesh on all four speeds. During the second half of 1950 the French army tested it extensively and declared themselves impressed. With only very minor modifications, they homologated the VLR for army use and placed an order for slightly more than 4,000. The company's postwar production model, the Delahaye 175 had fared disastrously in the marketplace, with just 521 produced between 1947 and 1950, so the military order secured for the VLR was more than welcome.
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The Chevrolet Cruze 1.6Ts continue to be the benchmark cars, retaining their 40 kg maximum ballast to set them at 1,190 kg. The Honda Civic WTCCs gained 10 kg after their strong showing in the United States to take them up to 1,170 kg. The Honda of Takuya Izawa was set at the base weight of 1,150 kg on its first appearance of the season, this was the test car previous used by Tiago Monteiro in 2012 which was homologated under 2012 Scandinavian Touring Car Championship regulations. Both the SEAT León WTCCs and BMW 320 TCs dropped to the minimum weight of 1,130 kg, the same as the Lada Granta WTCCs.
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It allowed carbon fibre chassis to be introduced in the LMGTS class and permitted original automatic and semi- automatic gearboxes to be retained in a homologated road vehicle entered in the LMGTS and LMGT categories. Air restrictors were installed on every engine and boost pressures were altered in an attempt to create a parity of performance within all four categories. Drivers were told at a public meeting that they were barred from putting two wheels of a car over the white line denoting the boundaries of the circuit and onto the kerbing; otherwise, they would incur a stop-and-go penalty that would increase in severity if the transgression was repeated.
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After parting with Ford, Shelby moved on to help develop performance cars with divisions of the two other Big 3 American companies: Dodge, and Oldsmobile. In the intervening years, Shelby had a series of ventures start and stop relating to production of "completion" Cobras — cars that were allegedly built using "leftover" parts and frames. In the 1960s, the FIA required entrants (Shelby, Ford, Ferrari, etc.) to produce at least 100 cars for homologated classes of racing. Shelby simply ordered an insufficient number of cars and skipped a large block of Vehicle Identification Numbers, to create the illusion the company had imported large numbers of cars.
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The 2019 Santiago ePrix was confirmed to be taking place as part of the 2018-19 FIA ABB Formula E Championship, on 9 October 2018, with a new circuit in Parque O'Higgins, replacing the previous track in the Parque Forestal following opposition from residents. The new Parque O'Higgins Circuit layout was also revealed on the day itself, with it being planned to be a 2.4 km long track, subjected to FIA Homologation. The track utilised roads in the Parque O'Higgins, with feedback from local residents being sought to minimize any disruption to them during the race. Ultimately, the track was successfully homologated according to its original design.
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3) was victim of a radiator leak, and made a forced landing at Étampes and was unable to finish the race, as was also the case for Brack- Papa's Fiat R.700 which had a fuel pump failure. The first lap made by the Italian pilot at 288 km/h (179 mph) was not homologated since the aircraft had flown behind the time-keepers at the starting point, but he was offered a second attempt. Brack-Papa started a second time but retired when he realized he would not be able to beat Lasne, ) who won the competition with an average speed of 289.90 km/h.
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The second year of Group A in Australia saw the domination of the JPS Team BMW team fade with several other teams pushing forwards. Most spectacularly was the return of Nissan Motorsport Australia (now under the leadership of former Bathurst winner Fred Gibson) with the newly homologated Nissan Skyline DR30 RS turbo. Led by long time Nissan lead driver George Fury they were the main rival for another new team, the John Sheppard run Volvo Dealer Team, a factory supported team which succeeded the Mark Petch Motorsport Volvo team of 1985. The Touring Car Championship became a two horse race between Volvo's Robbie Francevic and Fury.
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After experimenting with an 8-valve twin cam cylinder head, Vauxhall began development of a 16-valve, twin cam head for the Slant-4 in the early 1970s. The first test engine, 'Old Number 1', was running by 1973. The cylinder head was similar to the Lotus head in principle, but different in detail; in particular the cam carriers on the Vauxhall engine were angled upwards so that the covers were both horizontal (those on the Lotus engine were equal about the cylinder centreline). The 16-valve was announced for use in the Chevette 2300 HS, which was immediately homologated for racing by the RAC MSA.
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Heeding the calls of race promoters worried about diminishing fields, the FIA sought to fix things by reducing the minimum production figure to run in Group 4 from 50 to 25. Even though they had an unlimited engine capacity, it was reasoned that it would not be a difference as the cars were not usually as competitive as the Group 6 Prototypes. This however, left a large flaw in the system for big manufacturers with the resources to exploit the regulations. Porsche were able to construct 25 chassis of their new 917 prototype, with its 4.5-litre engine, to get it homologated for Group 4.
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Each year ELME produces a rules booklet for every racing class, with specific directives regarding maximum and minimum dimensions, weight, homologated motors, batteries, fuel etc. These terms make sure the races organized are fair and no members shall have advantage against others, promoting the sports spirit and fair play. Membership costs €30 per year and all members have the right to vote in the annual general meeting, have access to all events the federation is organizing if they pay their entry fee and are invited to the annual party together with their families. Entry fee for all races for 2013 was set at €20.
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The variant debuted in 1972, and although it wasn't very popular in the 1000, it continued to be used in various Simca and Talbot models. It was famous in racing circles, by being used to power the Simca Rallye 2, a sporty version of the 1000 introduced in 1972, with two double-barrel carburetors and a maximum power of . Racing versions could be tuned well in excess of , and the three generations of the Simca Rallye using this engine are still used throughout Europe, especially France, in various national rally championships for classic cars and non-homologated cars. The variant was first used in 1975 in the Simca 1307/Chrysler Alpine.
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Each race consists of a field of grand touring-style cars. Eligible models include all homologated FIA GT4 cars such as the Mercedes AMG GT4 and the Audi R8 LMS GT4 as well as one-make category cars such as the Lamborghini Huracán Super Trofeo and the Porsche 991 Carrera Cup. The series has three sub-categories for the Drivers' Championships: Silver, for driver pairings consisting of two Silver ranked drivers; Pro-Am, for driver pairings consisting of one Gold or Silver driver and one Am driver; and Am, for two Am rated drivers or a solo Am rated driver. No other driver combinations are allowed.
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The EZ series of flat-6-cylinder engines, used in current Legacy products, replaced the EG series found in the Subaru SVX. Subaru has produced high-performance versions of the Legacy with a Bilstein suspension and tuned turbocharged engines equivalent to the homologated rally version WRX STI (generating 205 kW (275 hp) on manufacturer's figures for the 2.0 L equivalent engine with manual transmission). Recent 3.0 L engines move close to the 2.0 L turbo output and share the Bilstein suspension. 2.0 L-engined turbocharged models with the Bilstein suspension were named either the GT-B (for wagons), or Spec B, or B4-RSK (for sedans).
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The main difference is that the R model has an overhead shower-injector arrangement compared to the 748E and S model's traditional throttle bodies, titanium connecting rods, titanium valves and more extreme valve timing. As such, the 748R has a larger, two-part airbox and thus the frame was also different in order to accommodate this. The suspension choice was Ohlins for both the rear shock and front forks, although the very first models in 2000 used Showa titanium nitride (TiN) front forks and a Showa shock absorber. The engine included a very basic slipper clutch to ensure that this would then be homologated for use in racing, as well as an oil cooler.
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The cars used an aluminium block tuned version of the production 3.8-litre Jaguar engine with output rather than the 265 bhp (198 kW) produced by the "ordinary" version. Factory-built lightweights were homologated by Jaguar with three 45DCOE Weber carburettors in addition to a Lucas mechanical fuel injection system. Early cars were fitted with a close-ratio version of the four speed E-Type gearbox, with some later cars being fitted with a ZF five speed gearbox. The cars were entered in various races but, unlike the C-Type and D-Type racing cars, they did not win at Le Mans or Sebring but were reasonably successful in private hands and in smaller races.
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The M3s had initially passed through post race scrutineering, but a privateer BMW team protested when their M3, which had been built by BMW Motorsport, was found to be 50 kg heavier than the works cars.1987 World Touring Car Championship R1 Monza The leading car eligible for championship points was the Alfa Romeo 75 of Walter Voulaz and Marcello Cipriani which finished 7th outright, some 7 laps behind Moffat and Harvey. The expected challenge from the Eggenberger Motorsport team and their brand new Ford Sierra RS Cosworth turbo's failed to materialise. The Texaco sponsored, Swiss built Ford's failed to pass scrutineering when they appeared with a non-homologated engine management system.
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Kawasaki has positioned the bike as a "sport bike for the real world." As the model will not be homologated for racing purposes, the designers were free to make compromises for street performance. The Ninja 1000 thus has an upright seating position, large fuel tank, and adjustable windscreen among its features, as well a transmission geared for street-riding as opposed to racing. Nevertheless, it retains the large engine and aggressive styling of a sport bike, and its performance characteristics remain on the sport end of the spectrum, placing its sports-touring type more in competition with bikes like the Honda VFR1200F or Triumph Sprint GT as opposed to the Kawasaki's Concours or Yamaha FJR1300.
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From September 1965 the cars could be ordered with the 1,682 cc engine from the newly-introduced Glas 1700 TS sedan, which had a maximum power output of 74 kW (100 PS) and a top speed of 185 km/h (115 mph). The longer stroke of the 1,682 cc engine made the unit slightly taller than the smaller engine fitted in the 1300 GT which necessitated a ridge along the center of the bonnet/hood. Matters were simplified by specifying the same bonnet/hood ridge for all GT models regardless of engine size from the September 1965. The 1700 GT was also homologated for sale in the US, which was then a lucrative market for European sports cars.
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Corvette Racing avenged their loss at Sebring, but Aston Martin managed their own victories later in the season. The two teams were close in the points championship throughout the season, before Corvette Racing managed to earn a three-point margin in the last race and won their second straight championship. At Le Mans, the Aston Martins once again faltered with reliability problems after leading the event, allowing a Corvette C6.R to finish the race fourth overall and win the GT1 class. The Aston Martin - Corvette duel at Le Mans saw both rivals finishing with a record-breaking pace for homologated GT cars, with the distance record set by Corvette Racing unbroken as of 2019.
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The 2022 FIA World Rally Championship will be the fiftieth season of the World Rally Championship, an auto racing competition recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) as the highest class of international rallying. Teams and crews are due to compete for the World Rally Championships for Drivers, Co-drivers and Manufacturers. Crews are free to compete in cars complying with World Rally Car and Group R regulations; however, only manufacturers competing with World Rally Cars homologated under regulations introduced in 2017 are eligible to score points in the Manufacturers' championship. A significant change to the regulations is planned to be introduced in 2022 as the sport adopts the use of hybrid drivetrains for the first time.
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The sport of cross-country skiing encompasses a variety of formats for cross- country skiing races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the International Ski Federation and by various national organizations, such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA) and Cross Country Ski Canada. International competitions include the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, the FIS Cross-Country World Cup, and at the Winter Olympic Games. Such races occur over homologated, groomed courses designed to support classic (in-track) and freestyle events, where the skiers may employ skate skiing. It also encompasses cross-country ski marathon events, sanctioned by the Worldloppet Ski Federation, and cross-country ski orienteering events, sanctioned by the International Orienteering Federation.
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Three hours after the race, it was announced by the FIA stewards that Abt's car was not compliant with the Formula E technical regulations. They discovered that the FIA security stickers on the car's inverter and the motor-generator unit did not match those declared on the vehicle's technical passport provided to the team for the ePrix. Audi team principal Allan McNish suspected an administrative error and announced the team's intention to file an appeal with the FIA International Tribunal in Paris to clarify the details surrounding the mix-up. The next day, Audi scrutinised all documents and processes and determined that Abt gained no advantage as a result and all parts of the car were fully homologated.
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The AMA Grand National Championship Class C rules, introduced in 1933 and revised in 1954, had an equivalency formula limiting flathead, or sidevalve, engines to displacement, while more modern overhead valve (OHV) engines could be a maximum of only . Over time, this displacement advantage kept the older flathead technology on the track and discouraged a broader field of competitors. At least 200 homologated examples of a model had to be built and made available to the public. The flathead Harley-Davidson KR series had dominated Class C racing, but by the late 1960s BSA, Norton and Triumph had little market for 500 cc OHV motorcycles, and there was increasing pressure for a single displacement, without reference to valve configuration.
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The first locomotives of the type were AC and multisystem locomotives presented at the Test and validation centre, Wegberg-Wildenrath in June 2010. AC, DC, multivoltage electric system and a diesel engined version were officially launched at the 2010 Innotrans trade fair. The Vectron design received certification to operate in Romania in 2012, the DC Vectron version also was homologated for use in Poland in 2012, and the design received European community certification for inter-operability on high-speed rail systems. (EC Decisions 2002/735/EC and 2008/232/CE) Certification for use of the AC version in Germany was obtained in December 2012, as part of joint certification procedure between Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and the Netherlands.
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The 4WD, twin-turbo cars nicknamed "Godzilla" were producing approximately , though CAMS made the cars carry an extra 15 kg to bring them to a total of 1360 kg, the heaviest car on the grid. Although the Ford Sierra's had lost numbers with the Brock and Longhurst teams now driving Holden and BMW's respectively, the 4 cyl turbo Ford's were still one of the fastest cars on the grid. The leading Sierra's were producing approximately , and for 1991 CAMS reduced their minimum weight from 1990's 1185 kg to the cars original (1987) homologated weight of just 1100 kg. Like the Commodore's, the Sierra's would also benefit from a mid-season homologation of a 6-speed gearbox.
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Group GT3 allows for a wide variety of car types to be homologated with almost no limit on engine sizes and configurations or chassis construction or layout. GT3 cars must be based on production road car models in production. Performance of all the Group GT3 cars are regulated, either by the GT Bureau of the FIA or by a series' specific ruling body, through Balance of Performance formulae that adjusts limits on horsepower, weight, engine management, and aerodynamics to prevent a single manufacturer from becoming dominant in the class. The cars in GT3 are designed to have a weight between 1200 kg and 1300 kg (2645 lbs and 2866 lbs) with horsepower between 500 hp and 600 hp.
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The car is powered by a 3.7-litre Duratec 37 V6 engine also powering the JS P4 generating a maximum power output of coupled with a 6-speed sequential manual transmission with paddle shifters mounted on the steering column. The car utilises a Brembo braking system with 4 piston calipers front and aft with front brake discs and rear brake discs, double wishbone suspension with actuated push-rods at the rear along adjustable anti-rollbars and dampers and a driver focused interior designed to accommodate tall drivers with a heated windscreen as standard equipment. The JS2 R is designed to have low running costs and easy maintenance. The car can be homologated for FIA Group E category.
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Between April 1973 and August 1973, Ford Australia built 250 XA Falcon GTs fitted with the RPO 83 package, 130 of these being sedans and 120 being hardtops.Mark Oastler, RPO 83 - Ford's secret Falcon GT, Australian Muscle Car, Issue 20, July/Aug 2005, pages 40-79 RPO 83 comprised three variations from the standard XA Falcon GT, these being of a Holley 780 carburettor, 2.25 inch exhaust headers and a clutch slave cylinder hydraulic pipe heat shield. Pricing and external appearance did not vary from the standard models. The 2.25 inch exhaust headers were subsequently homologated for the XA Falcon GT for Group C Touring Car racing, including the 1973 Hardie-Ferodo 1000.
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While the danger of a Napoleonic restoration still existed, days before the Battle of Waterloo, which took place on the territory of the new state, the formation of that state was homologated, that is, certified, by the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna on 9 June 1815. After Napoleon's defeat on 18 June the process of approving the constitution by the Belgians was finally forced by the expedient of counting abstentions, and the no-votes that were cast because of religious concerns, in a plebiscite on 18 August, as "tacit approval." This allowed William to be inaugurated formally as King of the new kingdom on 21 September 1815.Edward et al.
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The Goblet d'Alviella family is an old family from Tournai and originally from the high Portuguese nobility dating back to 1668, it has been recognised in the Belgian nobility. On June 21, 1838, it received from Queen Mary II of Portugal, the hereditary title of "Count of Alviella" and "Grandesse" (see Grandesse of Spain) in favor of Albert Goblet. On November 20, 1838, King Leopold I of Belgium homologated the letters patent and authorized the family to hold this same title in Belgium. On February 22, 1845, Count Louis Goblet d'Alviella and his descendants were allowed to wear a crown of Marquis on their coats of arms instead of a crown of count, by King Leopold I of Belgium.
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FR500 race cars vary greatly depending on what racing series they were designed for. Additionally, different sanctioning bodies have required changes to be made to the FR500 original "spec." For example, an FR500C variant was homologated into, the now defunct, Grand Am series While parts may be sourced to convert an S197 chassis Mustang into an FR500 "S" or "C" specification race car, Ford Racing moved to the newer Boss 302 "S" and "R" variants in 2012. Regardless, many FR500-based cars are still found competing in all levels of road racing competition, with NASA American Iron, SCCA Touring Class, Trans Am Series, and SCCA World Challenge Pro Racing, to name a few.
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Holden Racing Team logo As part of the joint venture established in 1987 between Tom Walkinshaw and Holden to form Holden Special Vehicles, Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR) was to run Holden's motor sport programme. TWR were responsible for designing the Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV, which was homologated for racing in August 1988 after Holden Special Vehicles completed the required 500. For 1988 it was decided to contract out the racing programme to Perkins Engineering although a car built by TWR in England was raced by Tom Walkinshaw at the RAC Tourist Trophy and Bathurst 1000. For 1989 it was planned for TWR to run the full season with two cars.
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Fiat also introduced a low emission version called EcoJet available with a 1.3 diesel engine with manual or semi-automatic gearbox (called Comfort-Matic, an evolution of the previous Dualogic); the EcoJet has low rolling impact tires and a variable displacement oil pump. Trim levels include Cargo, Combined and Panorama versions, which also includes the Adventure set-up (available in all three versions) with raised trim and suspension, M+S tires, specific alloy wheels, additional bumper bands and Traction+ differential lock electronic system. The PSA brand versions, on the other hand, were not updated and went out of production in December 2017. In July 2018, the Fiat Fiorino engines were re- homologated Euro 6D-Temp.
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This allowed a new team known as "Racing Point Force India" to apply for a late entry and start their participation in the championship from the Belgian Grand Prix. The team was required to keep "Force India" as part of their constructor name as their chassis had been homologated under the Force India name and Formula One sporting regulations required the constructor name to include the chassis name. The new team began with zero points in the Constructors' Championship, though their drivers retained the points they had scored in the Drivers' Championship. The other teams later agreed to allow the Racing Point Force India team to retain prize money accrued by Sahara Force India in the preceding years.
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The Citroën product development department had the first prototype running by the Autumn of 1937, and on 12 May 1939 the van was homologated for sale in the French market. Although low floored vans with the driver set well forwards and sliding side-door on the pavement side would have become relatively mainstream twenty years later, in the 1930s the radical new van was quite unlike anything else available. The van took its 4-cylinder engine, initially of 1628 cc, from the company's Traction 7C. In the car the engine sat comfortably just behind the front wheels, but in the van most of the engine's weight, along with the driver's feet, was ahead of the front wheels.
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In order to homologate their WRC car, Peugeot needed to sell road going versions of the 206 that were at least 4.0 metres long (the minimum length stipulated by the FIA for WRC cars). The WRC car was homologated with the 206 Grand Tourisme, similar to the standard 206 but with front and rear body extensions to bring the car from the standard road car's 3.83 meters to the rally car's 4 metre length. 4000 cars in total were produced, each with a unique number on a plaque on the door pillar both sides. 600 right-hand drive cars were produced for the UK. The mechanicals fitted to the Grand Tourisme were what was fitted to the upcoming 206 GTI, not yet released.
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To prepare for his next attempt at Le Mans, Cunningham bought the Frick-Tappet Motors company and relocated the operation from Long Island, New York to West Palm Beach, Florida, renaming it the "B.S. Cunningham Company". The first product of the new company was the Cunningham C-1, powered by a Cadillac V8. Only one was built. Very similar to the C-1 were the three subsequent C-2Rs, all built to racing specifications. Cunningham substituted a Chrysler FirePower V8 for the Cadillac in the C-1. The C-2R first appeared at Le Mans in 1951. 1953 Cunningham C-3 Cabriolet To be homologated as a manufacturer for Le Mans, Cunningham undertook to build 25 examples of the C-3 road car.
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Many experts think this may have been done in order to get the bodywork of the Mercury Cyclone Spoiler II officially homologated at the beginning of the 1969 race season, as the Boss 429 was not yet in production in sufficient numbers to homologate it. A prototype of the Cyclone Spoiler II had exposed headlights where the front nose resembled the one based on the Datsun 240Z. The Mercury Cyclone Spoiler II was very successful on the racing circuit: winning 8 Grand National races during the 1969 and 1970 NASCAR seasons - matching the total number of wins recorded by the 1970 Plymouth Superbird. One important footnote: 1969 was Ford's last year of factory involvement, and/or support, in racing of any kind for several years.
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This saw the car not debuted until Round 5 in Adelaide in the hands of Seton. Seton and Fury alternated driving the car while the team built its second, and it would not be until Round 8 at Amaroo Park before that second car appeared. Despite the new cars tendency to be unreliable, especially with its transmission, Seton and Fury showed enough speed in the ATCC to give hope to an end of the Ford Sierra domination, though in reality the team was playing catch-up all year having to develop the car as they raced it. The car was also homologated with only a small capacity turbo which limited its power output, with power peaking at around in 1990.
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The No. 8 Audi R10 TDI at Goodwood Festival of Speed This race marked the first Le Mans win for a diesel engined sports car, the Audi R10 TDI, and the second time that a diesel- powered sports car won a major international motorsports event, following the Audi R10 TDI's win at the 2006 12 Hours of Sebring. This race also marked the first time since the 1991 24 Hours of Le Mans that Porsche (or a Porsche- powered prototype) did not win at least one class. A Panoz Esperante was successful in upsetting the contingent of Porsches in the GT2 class. Corvette Racing's 355 lap pace in their GT1 class win became the record for a homologated GT vehicle.
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Porsche 993 Turbo A Turbocharged version of the 993 was launched in 1995 and became the first standard production Porsche with twin turbochargers and the first 911 Turbo to be equipped with permanent all- wheel-drive (the homologated GT2 version based on the Turbo retained RWD). The similarity in specification and in performance levels inspired several comparison road tests with the 959.(f.e. Car and Driver, July 1997, p. 63) The 3.6 L twin-turbocharged M64/60 engine is rated at 408 PS (300 kW / 402 hp). The performance was outstanding at the time, as 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) has been measured at 3.2 seconds, and the braking was even more impressive in 2.3 seconds from the same speed.
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The vehicle has three wheels, two at the front, each containing an electric wheel-motor, and one at the rear, batteries are fitted underneath the vehicle in a reinforced composite battery box. The performance announced in 2008, was 0- mph in 5.7 seconds, with a top speed of mph and a range of . Supposed to go into production in 2009, the first Alias pre-production was unveiled at NADA 2009. During the 2010 North American International Auto Show(NAIAS) in Detroit, Michigan from 11 to 24 January, the company revealed the revised specifications for the Alias prototype, powered by AC induction motor at 216 volts, 0- in 7.8 seconds, with a top speed of and a range up to , homologated as a motorcycle.
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The 155 was very successful in touring car racing, using the Supertouring-homologated GTA and the V6 TI for the DTM. Between 1992 and 1994, the 155 managed to take the Italian Superturismo Championship, the German DTM championship (both with Nicola Larini at the wheel), the Spanish Touring Car Championship (with Adrián Campos), and the British Touring Car Championship (with Gabriele Tarquini). The 155 remained competitive until it was replaced with the 156, finishing third in the DTM (then known as the International Touring Car Championship, or ITC) in 1996 with Alessandro Nannini and winning the Spanish championship again in 1997 with Fabrizio Giovanardi. In 1993, Larini in an Alfa 155 placed second in the FIA Touring Car Challenge behind Paul Radisich in a Ford Mondeo.
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Rear view of 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO (chassis 3451GT) The Ferrari 250 GTO is a GT car produced by Ferrari from 1962 to 1964 for homologation into the FIA's Group 3 Grand Touring Car category. It was powered by Ferrari's Tipo 168/62 Colombo V12 engine. The "250" in its name denotes the displacement in cubic centimeters of each of its cylinders; "GTO" stands for Gran Turismo Omologato, Italian for "Grand Touring Homologated." Just 36 of the 250 GTOs were manufactured between 1962 and 1964. This includes 33 cars with 1962-63 bodywork (Series I) and three with 1964 (Series II) bodywork similar to the Ferrari 250 LM. Four of the older 1962-1963 (Series I) cars were updated in 1964 with Series II bodies.
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FIA regulations in 1962 required at least one hundred examples of a car to be built in order for it to be homologated for Group 3 Grand Touring Car racing.1962 FIA Regulations Retrieved from www.sovren.org on 22 July 2010 Ferrari built only 39 250 GTOs (33 of the "normal" cars, three with the four- litre 330 engine sometimes called the "330 GTO"—recognizable by the large hump on the bonnet—and three "Type 64" cars, with revised bodywork). It became a popular myth that when FIA inspectors showed up to confirm that 100 examples had been built, Enzo Ferrari shuffled the same cars between different locations, thus giving the impression that the full complement of 100 cars was present.
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DR1 in Italy DR1 in Italy (rear quarter) The M1 was produced in CKD by DR Motor in Italy at the Macchia d'Isernia plant and renamed DR1. Production starts at the end of 2009 with presentation at the Bologna Motor Show 2009DR1, la scommessa italiana Made in China and compared to the Chinese version the DR1 presents a new redesigned bumper with a rectangular grille and better finished interiors, moreover all the safety devices have been re-homologated according to European standards. Also the structure had been revised to better fit the European driving, moreover the body had been reinforced for the homologation in the crash tests. Initially it was proposed with the same 1.3 16V of the Chinese Riich M1.
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The final incarnation of the road car, the F1 GT was meant as a homologation special. With increased competition from homologated sports cars from Porsche and Mercedes-Benz in the former BPR Global GT Series and new FIA GT Championship, McLaren required extensive modification to the F1 GTR in order to remain competitive. These modifications were so vast that McLaren would be required to build a production road-legal car on which the new race cars would be based. The F1 GT featured the same extended rear bodywork as the GTRs for increased downforce and reduced drag, yet lacked the rear wing that had been seen on the F1 LM. The downforce generated by the longer tail was found to be sufficient to not require the wing.
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The mission of the museum is centered first of all on the study and the diffusion of the Jorge Rando work, as well as on the investigation about poetics of Expressionism, a movement which started at the end of the 19th century and is still pretty active in our times, and thanks to it some of the most fecund contributions to the contemporary western culture, in the wider sense, originated.:es:Expresionismo The study and the representation of the different artistic facets, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, philosophy, literature, cinema, and music, are included among its priorities. Social inclusion through Art with CEAR. It is a museum which is meant to be the reflection of Jorge Rando's work, originating a cultural philosophy homologated to his thinking.
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Probably also due to the economic crisis, the number of entries is much lower than in previous years, with only 170 cars starting the race. Surprisingly, the pole was set by a Ford GT, followed closely by the four factory-entered Audi R8 LMS and two Porsche GT3 of the Manthey team. They have decided to enter their well-known RSR, which is basically a GT2 car, but now has about 70 hp less due to new air restrictors, and also a 997 GT3 Cup S, the version Porsche homologated for FIA GT3. For the first 19 hours, two of the Audis and the two Manthey Porsche battled for the lead within a lap, the pace likely to result in a new distance record.
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After Fiat wound up their works rally team, Alén moved to the related Lancia team. In 1982 he debuted the marque's first of two Group B category homologated models, the Lancia 037, a rear-wheel drive car which was, in consequence, a particular performer on the championship's asphalt rounds. Alén's several wins with it in 1983 helped Lancia narrowly pip Audi and their four-wheel drive long wheelbase Quattro to that year's constructors' championship. Indeed, it was Alén who was responsible for the car's final victory, on the 1984 Tour de Corse, in a year in which Audi retook both of the title honours, before it was replaced by the four-wheel drive Lancia Delta S4 from the final round, in Great Britain, of the 1985 season.
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Probably also due to the economic crisis, the number of entries is much lower than in previous years, with only 170 cars starting the race. Surprisingly, the pole was set by a Ford GT, followed closely by the four factory-entered Audi R8 LMS and two Porsche GT3 of the Manthey team. They have decided to enter their well-known RSR, which is basically a GT2 car, but now has about 70 hp less due to new air restrictors, and also a 997 GT3 Cup S, the version Porsche homologated for FIA GT3. For the first 19 hours, two of the Audis and the two Manthey Porsche battled for the lead within a lap, the pace likely to result in a new distance record.
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Chevrolet Vectra JL G-09 The FIA Land Speed Records Commission has regulations governing series- production cars attempting land speed records under its 2014 Appendix D - Regulations for Land Speed Record Attempts. Series-production cars fall under rule D2.3.2 and state that they must be: > Category B: Series-production Automobiles in production at the time of the > application for the Record Attempt and either homologated by the FIA, or for > which an application for homologation has been made to the FIA or recognised > by the ASN of the country in which they are manufactured for National > Records. The high level of modification allowed under these FIA's rules would tend to indicate that the cars are production based, rather than straight from an assembly line.
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Former motorcycle racer and longtime Allan Moffat co-driver Gregg Hansford had joined to team to co-drive at Sandown and Bathurst. After the domination of the two Ford teams in the 1993 championship (which despite making up only four of the 14 current-shape models on the grid won the first seven rounds of the championship consecutively) the aerodynamic package for both the EB Falcon and VP Commodore was re-homologated for the 1994 season. Although this allowed Mark Skaife to win the championship, it is possible that by increasing the amount of downforce and drag on the Commodore over Falcon relative to the year prior, that the 1994 specification VP was less suited to the endurance races at Sandown and Bathurst.
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In 1988, Nissan launched a limited 10,000-unit run of its homologated (certified) Nissan 1989 Micra Super Turbo (EK10GFR/GAR). Both this and the 1988 Micra R (EK10FR) featured the same highly advanced sequential compound charged (supercharger plus turbocharger) engine in an all-aluminium straight-four 930 cc eight-valve MA09ERT unit that produced at 6400 rpm. This car came with either a 3-speed automatic or 5-speed manual gearbox with viscous limited slip differential, as well as options such as air conditioning and electric mirrors. The Micra Super Turbo still holds the crown for the fastest production Micra in Nissan's history, with factory performance figures of 7.7 seconds to go from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) and 15.5 seconds to run a quarter mile.
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This concave rear window was duplicated on all Tempest/LeMans four-door intermediates in 1964-1965. For 1964, the Tempest and LeMans' transaxle design was dropped and the cars were redesigned under GM's new A-body platform - frame cars with a conventional front-engined, rear-wheel drive layout. The most important of these is the GTO, short for "Gran Turismo Omologato," the Italian for "Grand Touring, Homologated" used by Ferrari as a badge to announce a car's official qualification for racing. In spite of a GM unwritten edict against engines larger than 330 Ci in intermediate cars, DeLorean (with support from Jim Wangers from Pontiac's ad agency), came up with the idea to offer the GTO as an option package that included a 389 Ci engine rated at 325 or .
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Group B The Starion was not very successful off-road, but found victory in Group A World Rally Championships and Asia Pacific Rally Championships during 1987 and 1988. An all wheel drive version of the Starion was also produced for Group B specifications (one of the few Japanese automobile manufacturers to enter this class), but after an encouraging start as a prototype, it was not homologated before the FIA banned Group B cars for safety reasons. The Starion was converted to all wheel drive by adding a strengthened transfer case from a Pajero behind the transmission. This configuration allowed the engine to be situated well back in the chassis, for improved front/rear weight distribution compared to the Audi Quattro, whose configuration required the engine to be far forward in the car.
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360 GTC The Ferrari 360 GTC has been developed to replace the previous 360 GT. With a kerb weight of (with ballast), it was built since 2004 by Ferrari Corse Clienti department in collaboration with Michelotto Automobili to compete in the N-GT class. It made use of recent evolutions successfully race tested on the Ferrari 360 GT, with a sequential six-speed gearbox and a further improved Magneti Marelli electronics package. The aerodynamics are substantially different from the 360 GT, given that the 360 GTC had been newly homologated by FIA/ACO from the Challenge Stradale, taking up from its basic elements: front bumper, side skirts, engine cover and double rear end. Wind tunnel research has led to a new system for the rear wing, with a notable improvement in vertical downforce.
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The Jules Verne Trophy is awarded to the skipper who breaks the outright record, starting from an imaginary line between the Créac'h lighthouse on Ouessant (Ushant) Island, France, and the Lizard Lighthouse, UK. The records are homologated by the World Sailing Speed Record Council (WSSRC).round the world records According to the WSSRC, for around the world sailing records, there is a rule saying that the length must be at least 21,600 nmi calculated along the shortest possible track from the starting port and back that does not cross land and does not go below 63°S. The great-circle distance formulas are to be used, assuming that the great circle length is 21,600 nmi. It is allowed to have one single waypoint to lengthen the calculated track.
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Andreas Mikkelsen driving a VW Polo R WRC during the 2013 Rally de Portugal Holden V8-powered 1980 Mercedes at the 2010 Targa Tasmania Rallying at international and most national championship levels involves two classes of homologated road-legal production-based cars; Group N production cars and more modified Group A cars. Cars compete on closed public roads or off-road areas on a point-to-point format where participants and their co-drivers "rally" to a set of points, leaving in regular intervals from start points. A rally is typically conducted over a number of "special stages" on any terrain, which entrants are often allowed to scout beforehand at reduced speeds compiling detailed shorthand descriptions of the track or road as they go. These detailed descriptions are known as pace notes.
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Starting in 2013, a new category of rally cars known as Group R were introduced as a replacement to the Group A and Group N rally categories, with cars classified under one of six categories based on their engine capacity and type, wheelbase, and drivetrain. As a result, no cars will be homologated under Group A and Group N regulations and instead will be reclassified under Group R. Parallel to this, the Super 2000 and Production Car World Championships were restructured; Super 2000 and Group N cars were merged into a single championship known as World Rally Championship-2 alongside R4 and R5 cars, whilst the Production Car World Championship was completely reimagined as the World Rally Championship-3 for two-wheel drive cars complying with R1, R2 and R3 regulations.
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The principle is that unless an aircraft-like extended tail is incorporated, which is not practical for an automobile, there is little, if any, increase in drag and a marked decrease in lift or even some downforce by simply chopping off a portion of the tail. Zagato had previously proved the success of this tail treatment in their Sprint Zagato sports-racing cars, and it was a natural evolution to adapt this to the Giulia TZ. The car debuted at the 1963 FISA Monza Cup, where TZs took the first four places in the prototype category. At the beginning of 1964 the TZ was homologated (100 units were needed for homologation) to the Gran Turismo category. After homologation it started to take more class wins in Europe and North-America.
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In 1976, at the instigation of new chairman Bob Price, Vauxhall decided to increase their profile in international rallying. They developed a rally version of the Chevette in conjunction with Blydenstein Racing, which ran Dealer Team Vauxhall, the nearest equivalent to a 'works' (manufacturer run) competition team that GM policy would allow. In order to compete in international rallying, the car had to be homologated; for Group 4, the class the HS was to compete in, this meant building 400 production vehicles for public sale. Vauxhall created a far more powerful Chevette variant by fitting the 2.3 litre slant-four engine, using a 16-valve cylinder head which Vauxhall was developing - though the rally cars used the Lotus 16-valve head until a rule change by the FIA banned them in 1978.
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Limone Piemonte is one of the oldest ski resorts in Italy. The Riserva Bianca (eng: White Reserve) consists in about 80 kilometres of trails, served by 1 gondola lift, 10 chairlifts, 3 ski lifts and 2 carpets: it connects three different ski areas (Limone-Sole, Tre Amis, Limonetto) while a forth one (Limone-Cros), too far from the other three, was abandoned in 1998. The resort hosted several editions of the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup and the FIS Snowboard World Cup. Before the beginning of the 2006 Winter Olympics its trails had been chosen as an alternative location for skiing and snowboarding training and competitions, in case of lack of snow in the Susa Valley, so they had been homologated to the standards and equipped with newer chairlifts.
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Formula Xtreme was a professional racing class sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association. Formula Xtreme was part of the AMA's road racing series, which also included AMA Superbike Championship, AMA Supersport Championship, and AMA Superstock. Motorcycles were homologated and had to be of a model type that was designed and legal for street use in the United States and was available from retail dealerships in the U.S. Although liberal by the standards of other classes AMA road racing series, Formula Xtreme rules still limited the modifications that may have been made. The rules specified what changes were and were not permitted, including modification or replacement of various engine internals, transmission components, and other non-powertrain components of the vehicle such as the suspension, wheels, frame, swingarm, bodywork, wheels, etc.
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The Dino road cars came to be because of Enzo Ferrari's need to homologate a V6 engine for Formula 2 racing cars. In 1965 the Commission Sportive Internationale de la FIA had drawn up new rules, to be enacted for the 1967 season. F2 engines were required to have no more than six cylinders, and to be derived from a production engine, from a road car homologated in the GT class and produced in at least 500 examples within 12 months. Since a small manufacturer like Ferrari was in the mid 60s did not possess the production capacity to reach such quotas, an agreement was signed with Fiat and made public on 1 March 1965: Fiat would produce the 500 engines needed for the homologation, to be installed in a GT car which remained to be specified.
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The 2019 FIA World Rally Championship was the forty-seventh season of the World Rally Championship, an auto racing championship recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) as the highest class of international rallying. Teams and crews competed in fourteen events for the World Rally Championships for Drivers, Co-drivers and Manufacturers. Crews were free to compete in cars complying with World Rally Car and Group R regulations; however, only Manufacturers competing with World Rally Cars homologated under regulations introduced in 2017 were eligible to score points in the Manufacturers' championship. The series was once again supported by the World Rally Championship-2 category at every round, which was split into 2 classifications: the World Rally Championship-2 Pro for manufacturer entries and the World Rally Championship-2 for private entries, and by the Junior World Rally Championship at selected events.
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In 1995 the series would expand to twelve rounds and the amount of manufacturer interest was increased as new supercars such as the McLaren F1 GTR, Ferrari F40 GTE, and Jaguar XJ220 would appear, as well as lower class competitors like the Porsche 911 GT2 and De Tomaso Pantera. By 1996, manufacturer involvement had driven out most of the smaller cup cars, leading to the series slimming down to a mere two classes. The manufacturer interest in the series reached a high point when Porsche launched their 911 GT1, a homologated supercar that was intended first as a racing car. Due to the amount manufacturer involvement, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) decided that the series would be best managed by themselves, leading to the series being reformed into the FIA GT Championship, where it continues till 2009.
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1953 Cunningham C-3 Cabriolet To have his namesake cars homologated as a manufacturer for Le Mans, Cunningham undertook to build 25 examples of the C-3 road car. The C-3 also used the Chrysler FirePower V8, but with a new intake manifold with four Zenith 1-bbl carburetors, and a dual exhaust system. Power was raised to from the factory version's . Two different transmissions were offered; a three-speed manual from Cadillac, or Chrysler's Presto-Matic semi-automatic fluid-coupled two- speed with electric overdrive, for an effective selection of four forward ratios. The C-3's large-diameter tube chassis was similar to that of the earlier C-2, but the C-2's De Dion tube gave way to a coil-spring live axle located by upper and lower trailing arms on each side.
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The 1750 GTV could race under FIA rules with aluminum doors and boot lid. The 1750 GTV was allowed to have aluminum doors and boot lid in one of two ways. The first way was to use any 1750 GTV LHD car (starting from body number AR 1350001) or 1750 GTV RHD car (starting from body number AR 1450001) and then use homologation FIA 1565 Group 2 plus the FIA rules of 1st Jan 1970 and have them installed to run in FIA Group 2 in 1970/71. The second way was to use any 1750 GTV USA LHD car (starting from body number AR 1350001) that had been homologated as a GTAm and this time use the homologation FIA 1576 Group 2 variation 3/2V and have them installed to run in FIA Group 2 in 1970/71.
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In April 1988 after working with Melbourne-based Harrop Engineering (run by former racer / engineer Ron Harrop), DJR successfully homologated a modified version of the Ford 9-inch differential for the RS500 Sierra. Although the Sierra was a European car, the near bullet proof differential was seen as vital to Sierra runners in Australia due to the standing starts used in Australian racing rather than the rolling starts used overseas. Later in 1988, Ford also released their own official, lighter version of the 9-inch diff, but the DJR unit would prove to be popular due to its lower cost. During 1988 Johnson also managed to homologate the Australian designed and built Hollinger gearbox for the cars which proved more reliable than the German built Getrag gearboxes that were common in most Group A cars at the time.
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Sir Wilfrid Lawson c1895 In October 1891, the Liberal Party held their annual conference in the city of Newcastle, where delegates thrashed out a radical agenda to take them through the next General Election, and beyond to the new century. Immediately but reluctantly endorsed by Gladstone, the Newcastle Programme as it became popularly known was a grandiose scheme that enshrined the majority of Lawson's outstanding reforms.National Liberal Federation, Fourteenth Annual Conference 1891 Lawson had waited a lifetime for the realisation of these enactments, and boasted: "If the chartists could rise from their graves they would not believe that the Liberal party had absolutely homologated those great reforms."The West Cumberland Times, 20 June 1892 The election issue was no longer simply Home Rule; it was the full Newcastle programme, and Lawson was anxious to settle the Irish question to secure further domestic reforms.
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SEAT's first serious attempt at a World Rally Championship (WRC) was in the 1977 season, when SEAT took part with its SEAT 1430/124D Especial 1800 race car, and in its debut rallying event at the Montecarlo Rally, the SEAT team finished in the third and fourth places with the official 1430-1800 cars being driven by Antonio Zanini and Salvador Cañellas. In recent years, the consignment was placed on the small SEAT Ibiza, a 1.6-L, normally aspirated, front wheel-drive car with its roots in the Volkswagen Polo. The Ibiza allowed the company to further evolve its rallying experience, and was officially engaged in some European national championships. The years went by until a 2-L version of the Ibiza was homologated as a kit car, and extra wide tracks, larger wheels, brakes, etc.
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There were eight teams promoted from Championnat de France amateur 2, while eighteen teams were relegated from the 2012–13 Championnat de France amateur. These teams were also joined by SAS Épinal, AS Cherbourg and US Quevilly from the 2012–13 Championnat National. The original plan was to have FC Bourg-Péronnas, ES Uzès Pont du Gard and Paris FC also relegated from the Championnat National, but due DNCG rulings, FC Rouen, Le Mans FC and CS Sedan-Ardennes were relegated to lower divisions, and Bourg-Péronnas, Uzès Pont du Gard and Paris FC stayed on Championnat National. On August 6, 2013, FCA Calvi, which ended on 7th on Group A, announced that they would renounce to participate the CFA because their stadium couldn't be homologated, which would force them to play in another stadium and that would be dangerous to their finances.
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VW Golf 5-door. The second-generation Volkswagen Golf (also known as the Typ 19E until the 1991 model year, and Typ 1G thereafter) was launched in Europe at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1983, with sales beginning in its homeland and most other left-hand drive markets soon after. It debuted in March 1984 on the right-hand drive British market, and it was introduced as a 1985 model in the United States. It featured a larger bodyshell, and a wider range of engine options, including a GTD turbodiesel (in Euro markets, later using the 1.6 "umwelt" (ECO) diesel engine), a DOHC 1781 cc (1.8) 16-valve version of the straight-four GTI (as well as the tried and tested 1781cc (1.8) 8v GTI), the supercharged 8v "G60" with front- and four-wheel drive options, and a racing homologated variant of this, the "Rallye Golf".
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In November 2006 Duncan won the Guru Nanak Rally, becoming the first driver to win a KNRC round for the tenth time."Duncan zooms to victory in Guru", Samson Ateka, The Standard, 20 November 2006 He was imposed a four percent time penalty due to his non-homologated vehicle. He extended the record in 2007 by winning the Guru Nanak Rally again."Tundo crowned as Duncan wins Guru Nanak", Ochieng’ Ogodo, The Standard, 22 October 2007 Duncan has won the Rhino Charge off-road event in 1998, 2006 and 2007."Ian Duncan retains Rhino Charge crown", Samson Ateka, The Standard, June 5, 2007 He has competed in motorcycling. In 2003, he was the runner up of the Kenyan enduro, motocross as well as rally championships.Rose takes over KNRC, Daily Nation, 29 December 2003 He introduced his newest rally car, a Nissan Patrol pick-up, in October 2008.
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The Lamborghini Essenza SCV12 is a track-day, one-off supercar built by Lamborghini under close collaboration with their motorsport division, Squadra Corse, featuring design and aerodynamics inspired by racing prototypes, developed for exclusive track use. When it was unveiled online to the public on July 29, 2020, the Essenza SCV12 became the most powerful purely, naturally-aspirated car, pushing out a maximum power output of achieved by a horizontally-mounted 6.5-litre naturally-aspirated V12 from the Aventador SVJ and a ram air induction system, the latter serving as the aspiration. The Essenza SCV12 is lighter than the Aventador SVJ and features an FIA-approved carbon composite crash structure and a carbon-fibre monocoque which is the first to be homologated without the use of metal. The Essenza SVC12 is also the first car to be developed according to the FIA prototype safety rules.
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Polo Mk2 GT G40 The Mark 2 Polo was used extensively by Volkswagen to develop future innovations, for example supercharging. The supercharger- equipped GT G40 version was introduced in 1987, in LHD Coupe form only, first as a limited batch of about 500 cars, most of which were sold to VW workers (as a homologated version of the car for the G40 Cup race series) and later as a normal production version. This model featured the 1272 cc engine with a small bore G-Lader supercharger, giving at 6000 rpm, as well as modified suspension and the bodywork of the "normal" GT Coupé. The car could reach in 8.1 secs from and had maximum speed of it was used by VW to set a number of world endurance speed records — such as the 1300 cc class records for speed over 24 hours and speed over a distance of 5000 km.
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A total of 13 teams, 24 cars of the makes BMW, McLaren, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Ferrari, Lamborghini and Chevrolet participated during the City Challenge event on the 2,144-metre-long racetrack that was homologated with FIA grade 3. Among the drivers were five times DTM champion Bernd Schneider, former Formula 1 driver and 2008 Le Mans class winner Jos Verstappen, 1997 F1 World Champion and Indy 500 winner Jacques Villeneuve and Mathias Lauda, son of three-time F1 World Champion Niki Lauda. The City Challenge GT main race was won by drivers Frédéric Makowiecki and Stef Dusseldorp, driving the McLaren MP4-12C GT3 for HEXIS Racing. Frank Kechele and Mathias Lauda driving the BMW Z4 GT3 for Vita4One Racing Team were ranked second and the podium was concluded by Yelmer Buurman and Nicolaus Mayr- Melnhof, also driving a BMW Z4 GT3 for Vita4One Racing Team.
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A variant of the TR7 powered by the Dolomite Sprint engine (dubbed the TR7 Sprint) was developed, but never put into full production; though British Leyland had the 16-valve engined TR7 homologated for use in competition. These cars can be identified by a different chassis number to the production 8-valve model: prefixed ACH rather than ACG, etc. The original engines are also numbered with the format CHnnnHE, rather than the VAnnnnHE format of Dolomite 16-valve engines. Production records at the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust (BMIHT) cover 58 prototype and pre-production cars, all Fixedheads, built between February and October 1977. Another car, without production records, is identified by DVLA details, and the possible existence of two more has been inferred from the commissioning number sequence; making a possible maximum of 59 to 61 cars, of which several still exist in the UK and elsewhere.
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With Citroën engineers working alongside Ricardo specialists at Shoreham, progress was swift, and soon prototypes were running on the road, reportedly to the "complete satisfaction" of M. Citroën. The model was homologated under the name Rosalie in late 1934 and a pre-production run of some 50 or 75 units were loaned to taxi drivers for in-service evaluation. When these were sold, the Rosalie became the first-ever production diesel passenger car to be marketed commercially, pre-dating the Mercedes 260D by nearly a year, though historians continue to dispute the actual figures. The Rosalie's career would have been more glorious but for the death of André Citroën in 1935, the subsequent financial difficulties of his company and the German occupation of France: in the event, several hundred were built, along with a much larger number of engines for vans and other commercial vehicles.
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However, the use of not yet homologated engine heads on the cars saw him disqualified from all but two rounds of the championship. The matter between CAMS and the HDT ended in court with Brock agreeing to the loss of points and the championship in order to avoid a three-month suspension for himself and the team which would have actually excluded them from competing in the James Hardie 1000 at Bathurst. Allan Moffat's win in Round 5 at Lakeside with a Mazda RX-7 was the first ever ATCC race win by a Mazda and the first ever ATCC race win by a Japanese car. It was also the first ATCC race to be won by a car not powered by a V8 engine since Peter Brock's victory in Round 4 of the 1974 championship at Amaroo Park driving a 6 cylinder, Holden LJ Torana GTR XU-1.
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SEAT Cordoba WRC SEAT's first serious attempt at a World Rally Championship (WRC) was back in the 1977 season when SEAT took part with its 'SEAT 1430/124D Especial 1800' race car, and already in its debut rallying event at the Monte Carlo Rally the SEAT team finished in the third and fourth place with the official 1430-1800 cars being driven by Antonio Zanini and Salvador Cañellas. In the recent years the consignment was burdened on the small SEAT Ibiza, a 1.6L normally aspirated front-wheel drive car with its roots in the Volkswagen Polo. The Ibiza allowed the company to start building its rallying experience, and was officially engaged in some European national championships. The years went by and little success followed until a 2L version of the Ibiza was homologated as a kit-car, and extra wide tracks, larger wheels, brakes, etc.
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This was intended for privateer teams and small manufacturers and it limited cars to a minimum weight of 700 kg and a maximum fuel capacity of 55 liters. With competitors limited to five refueling stops within a 1000 kilometer distance, the cars were effectively allowed 330 liters per 1000 kilometers. As in Group C, engines had to be from a recognized manufacturer which had cars homologated in Group A or Group B. Although it was originally expected that C Junior cars would use two-litre normally aspirated engines, in practice most cars used either the 3.5l BMW M1 engine or the new 3.3l Cosworth DFL, but, like in the main class, a variety of solutions was employed by each individual manufacturer. Alba with a small, lightweight turbo, Tiga, Spice and Ecurie Ecosse with Austin-Rover and later Cosworth-powered cars were among the most competitive in this class.
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Ford Sierra RS500 Group A touring car For touring car competition, vehicles such as the BMW 635 CSi and M3, Jaguar XJS, various turbo Ford Sierras the V8 Ford Mustang, the turbo Volvo 240T, Rover Vitesse, various V8 Holden Commodores, various turbo Nissan Skylines, including the 4WD, twin turbo GT-R, Mitsubishi Starion Turbo, Alfa Romeo 75 (turbo) and GTV6, various Toyota Corollas and the Toyota Supra Turbo A were homologated. In the European Touring Car Championship, Group A consisted of three divisions, Division 3 – for cars over 2500cc, Division 2 – for car engine sizes of 1600–2500cc, Division 1 for cars that are less than 1600cc. These cars competed in standard bodykits, with the production-derived nature required manufactures to release faster vehicles for the roads in order to be competitive on the track. Tyre width was dependent on the car's engine size.
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Meanwhile the Finn, for his part, continued to struggle with a newly homologated version of the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution World Rally Car he had been entrusted with, which had only been introduced by his team a few rounds earlier in San Remo. A four- way title decider, also including nine-point adrift outsider, Ford driver Carlos Sainz, thus beckoned on the final round of the series in Great Britain. There, all three of Burns' rivals were to have suffered retirement from the event by the end of the second leg proceedings on Saturday. On Sunday, 25 November 2001, therefore, Burns' third-place finish behind Peugeot duo Gronholm and Harri Rovanpera enabled him to become the first Englishman to win the World Rally Championship, with 44 points, he was world champion with the lowest points total since the Formula 1-styled point system was introduced in 1997.
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As with previous production-based Mustang race cars, Multimatic Engineering was approached by Ford Performance to develop a complete race-only version of the S550 Shelby GT350R. The resulting competition derivative, the GT350R-C, has safety equipment and roll-over protection homologated to FIA and IMSA specifications; Bosch MS5.0 ECU and ABS controller; MoTeC instrumentation and datalogging; adjustable anti-roll bars; Multimatic DSSV spool-valve dampers and other competition upgrades. Though delayed until the third race of the 2015 Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge, the GT350R-C was competitive right away: having earned pole position for its debut race, the GT350R-C won the next two rounds, and took three wins overall in its debut season. Success continued into 2016 as privateer team C360R finished behind the sole entry of factory-supported team Multimatic Motorsports for a 1–2 GT350R-C finish in the season-opener at Daytona.
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The Group N Proton Satria Neo rally cars will be based on stock standard road-registered 1600cc showroom models acquired by CUSCO, homologated according to FIA regulations for competition use, and retrofitted with CUSCO-developed aftermarket performance and race components. With the Satria Neo, CUSCO is essentially Proton's customer – they buy the body shells, equip them with CUSCO-developed race components, and then sell the completed Group N rally-going Neos to customers who will compete in Junior Rally Championships in Japan and Asia Pacific. Veteran Malaysian rally driver, Karamjit Singh piloted a CUSCO-tuned Proton Satria Neo 2WD in which he crossed the line to finish first in the overall 2011 APRC 2WD category on May 2011 Rally of Queensland as well as first in the N2 category. Three Satria Neos were fielded in the 2011 Japan Rally Championship in JN-3, one unit for the CUSCO Team and two for the CUSCO Junior Rally Team respectively.
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On 24 November 2013 the final day of tests on the CMK Central Rail Line the Pendolino reached .'Bariera 300 km/h nie padła. Na koniec testów 293 km/h,' Rynek Kolejowy, 2013 11 24, The contract between the Polish operator PKP Intercity and Alstom called for the first eight Pendolino ED250 trainsets to be delivered on 6 May 2014, tested ('homologated') for operation at using European Train Control System Level 2 signalling. The tests had not been performed by May, and PKP announced that Alstom had failed to meet the contract terms and would be charged penalties as of May 6. Alstom responded that homologation in Poland at 250 km/h using ETCS Level 2 was impossible, since ETCS Level 2 was not operational anywhere in Poland, and the Central Rail Line (Poland) where the first ED250 Pendolino had reached 293 km/h in testing was equipped with ETCS Level 1, not Level 2.
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Facelift Tata Telcoline single-cab 4WD In August 2002 a more substantial facelift was introduced: new front and rear bumpers make their debut, new bonnet and front grille that houses the new Tata logo, moreover changes are made to the mechanics and the new 3,0 diesel engine is introduced (the same used in the Tata 407). With the new engine Tata changed the name in the Indian market from Tatamobile to Tata 207 DI. The 3.0 litre (2956 cc) naturally aspirated diesel produced 58 HP but had more torque than the outgoing 2.0 litre Peugeot, while the turbocharged version produced 87 HP and was homologated to meet Euro 4 regulations. In September 2003 a joint venture was signed between Tata Motors and Phoenix Venture Holdings (MG Rover group) for the distribution and sale of the Tata 207 DI in the United Kingdom. In 2006 Tata introduced to the Indian market the 207 DI EX, a single cab version with flat load body and long wheelbase.
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In 1981 Aston Martin created an engineering service subsidiary and chose the name 'Aston Martin Tickford', rekindling the specialist service available to all vehicle makers, which had been the Tickford philosophy for the first half of the century. With the changing fortunes of Aston Martin, the company moved into a purpose-built facility in Milton Keynes under the separate ownership of CH Industrials plc and despite carrying out a lot of unseen, “back-room” engineering projects for major manufacturers, gained most publicity from adding engineering and tuning to its coachbuilder roots allowing it to develop special products like the 140 mph, turbocharged Tickford Capri for Ford. After the Capri, Tickford worked with among others, MG to create the Maestro Turbo and Ford to create the road-going Sierra Cosworth RS500 and the homologated version of the RS200. These vehicles were made in a factory set up near Coventry and a railway division was set up in Nuneaton to design interiors for underground and mainline train carriages.
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1974 also saw Dick Johnson make his one and only start for the HDT when he drove the team's spare LJ GTR XU-1 Torana (#2) in Round 6 of the ATCC at Surfers Paradise on 19 May. Johnson, who in the 1980s would become a Ford folk hero and one of the Dealer Team's chief rivals, finished third in the race won by Brock with Bob Morris finishing second. At the end of the 1974 season Brock left the HDT team, whilst Colin Bond continued on as the team's sole circuit racing driver. The L34 option was homologated for racing in 1975 which cured the V8's oil surge problems and Bond went on to win the 1975 Australian Touring Car Championship whilst also competing in rally events for HDT in a LH Torana SL/R 5000 L34. While the L34 solved the engine problems, the Torana still had one major weak spot in that the axles on the car were easily broken.
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The reason for this misconception probably stems from the state of tune of their respective engines as well as the difference in the gearing of the two cars. The official Maserati website quotes a top speed of for the Bora 4.7 and for the Bora 4.9, although many sources give differing top speeds. The first Boras were delivered to customers in late 1971, and only minor production changes were gradually phased in thereafter. About early 1974, front lids became hinged at front instead of rear, pop-up headlights showed rounded inside corners, and a rectangular black air-exit grille was added across the hood (similar to Pantera). From 1973, as the 4.7-litre engine had not been homologated in North America, US Bora models had air-pump emissions-equipped Super-Ghibli engines similar to those found in US-bound Ghiblis. Output was at 6,000 rpm, or less than the Euro-spec' derivative.
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To homologate the car for Group 2 Touring Car racing, 1000 were required to be built in 1963, and the car was duly homologated in September 1963. In the same month, in the car's first outing, in the Oulton Park Gold Cup, the car finished 3rd and 4th behind two Ford Galaxies, but beat the 3.8-litre Jaguars which had been dominant in saloon car racing for so long. Soon Ford were running cars in Britain, Europe, and the USA, with Team Lotus running cars in Britain for Ford, and Alan Mann Racing running cars in Europe, also on behalf of Ford. The Cortina Lotus was able to beat almost anything except the 7-litre V8 Ford Galaxies, and later, Ford Mustangs. In 1964, a Cortina Lotus leading around a bend with its inside front wheel in fresh air became a familiar sight, as the cars were set up with soft rear suspension and a hard front end.
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With each engine manufacturer on the 2015 grid being granted some limited scope to develop their engines, McLaren and Honda were given some leeway to develop the RA615H power unit before it was required to be homologated despite having had eighteen months of uninterrupted development prior to the first race. Under the 2015 regulations, the power units were divided into thirty-two areas for development, and Honda were given permission to develop nine over the course of the season. The first engine updates were introduced at the , aimed at improving the reliability of the motor generator units, but by mid-season, the engine was reported to be producing less power than the Mercedes PU106B Hybrid engine, the benchmark of the 2015 grid. During preparations for the , Ron Dennis, the McLaren CEO and Chairman, noted that the team was encouraged by the aerodynamic data they had collected on the chassis, particularly its mid-corner speeds which he claimed were similar to those produced by other teams.
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It eliminated the production breaker-point ignition allowing greater spark energy and more stable ignition timing at all engine speeds including idle. This was one of the least talked about yet most transformative and comprehensive performance and durability upgrades of its time. Many of the 302s off-road service parts were the development work of racers like Roger Penske. Every part in a SCCA Trans-Am engine had to be available through local Chevrolet parts departments to encourage their use by anyone who wanted them. While the 302 became a strong Limited Sportsman oval track racing engine in the hands of racers like Bud Lunsford in his 1966 Chevy II, its bore/stroke and rod/stroke geometries made it a natural high-rpm road-racing engine and were responsible for its being among the more reliable production street engines homologated for full competition across all the American makes, winning back-to-back Trans-Am Championships at the hands of Mark Donohue in 1968 and 1969.
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In recent years however, rule changes in both GT500 and GT1 (aimed at eventually allowing both classes to compete with each other in the future) have brought the cars closer to each other, although GT500 cars still have a notable advantage in terms of aerodynamics and cornering performance (enough to compensate for GT1 cars greater power). In Europe, although most national championships (British, French, German and the Spanish-based International GT Open) run under FIA/ACO GT regulations with some modifications to ensure closer racing and lower costs, some championships are open to non-homologated GT cars. The Belcar series in Belgium allows silhouettes and touring cars to race alongside GTs, while the VdeV Modern Endurance allows small prototypes from national championships such as the Norma, Centenari and Radical to race alongside GT3 class cars. Britcar permits a wide range of touring and GT cars to compete in endurance races, and Britsports permits various kinds of sports racer.
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In the Middle Ages, during the Judicates period, the architecture of the churches were enriched with capitals, sarcophagi, frescoes, marble altars and later embellished with retables, paintings by important artists such as the Master of Castelsardo, Pietro Cavaro, Andrea Lusso, and the school of the so-called Master of Ozieri who was headed by Giovanni del Giglio and Pietro Giovanni Calvano, of Senese origin. La madre dell'ucciso (the mother of the killed) by Francesco Ciusa (1907) In the nineteenth century and in early twentieth century originated the myths of an uncontaminated and timeless island. Recounted by the many travelers who visited Sardinia in that period, like D. H. Lawrence, such myths were celebrated mainly by Sardinian artists such as Giuseppe Biasi, Francesco Ciusa, Filippo Figari, Mario Delitala and Stanis Dessy. In their works they highlighted the autochthonous values of the agro-pastoral world, not yet homologated to the modernity that was pressing from the outside.
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It was the first time in the races history that the race had been declared short of the required distance. Johnson won the touring car championship again in 1982 in the Tru Blu XD Falcon, though he had actually finished second in points behind Peter Brock. However, Brock was disqualified for the use of yet to be homologated engine parts and the subsequent loss of points gave Johnson his second ATCC championship win. At Bathurst, DJR had the new model Ford XE Falcon, but they had been overtaken in speed by the lighter Holden Commodore SS'. Despite running strong all day and having no major troubles other than a broken front sway bar late in the race which slowed the car by approximately one second per lap, the No. 17 Falcon finished in 4th place on the road (although three laps down on race winners Peter Brock and Larry Perkins in their Holden Dealer Team Commodore), but was disqualified after post race scrutineering for illegal engine modifications.
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A Ford Sierra RS500 Cosworth that was campaigned by DJR throughout 1990, 1991 and 1992, pictured in 2015. In 1987 the team switched to the Ford Sierra RS Cosworth and began a 17-year run of naming rights sponsorship with petrochemical company Shell. It expanded to a two-car effort for the first time with Gregg Hansford becoming Johnson's first full-time teammate. The new , turbocharged Sierra's were plagued with reliability problems, usually blown turbos (according to Johnson in a 2015 interview with Australian Muscle Car magazine, DJR went through some 37 turbochargers in testing and race meetings in 1987), and this let the team down considerably, with only one win recorded in the 1987 Australian Touring Car Championship at the Adelaide International Raceway (Dick's first ATCC win since 1984), though significantly this was the first Group A win anywhere in the world for the RS Cosworth. Following the ATCC, the Ford Sierra RS500 was homologated which addressed most of the car's shortcomings.
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The range of modifications allowed was quite narrow - few mechanical engine modifications were allowed (save for lightening within set limits and baffled sumps) although the choice of ECU was free, and this could liberate some extra power itself, and most of the modifications allowed were to promote longevity rather than increased performance, although the boundaries of these two areas were blurring towards the end of the group's lifespan. Furthermore, cars with forced induction engines were fitted with a restrictor in front of the charger to limit power.Subaru parts lists for the Group N base car (PDF) Originally, Group N meant that all the interior trim had to be present (including the rear seat), but it later changed to allow removal of the trim aside from the dashboard and replacement of the door trim. The springs and dampers were free, as are the internals of the gearbox and the final-drive ratio, providing that the homologated gear ratios and gear change pattern were respected.
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Peugeot 306 Maxi Under Group A in the World Rally Championship, the cars used were modified road cars, often based on turbocharged, four wheel drive versions of small cars such as the Lancia Delta Integrale, Ford Escort RS Cosworth, Toyota Celica GT-Four, Nissan Pulsar GTI-R, Subaru Impreza WRX and the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. In order to be homologated, manufacturers were required to produce 5,000 units worldwide, and then in 1993 this number was reduced to 2,500. The cars are further modified for greater power and torque, and fitted with suspension and tyres specifically suited to the conditions of the specific rally, which may take place entirely on asphalt roads, different consistencies of gravel and dirt roads and even snow/ice- covered roads on some rallies held in northern Europe. By 1990, Group A cars exceeded the performance of the Group B cars on many events, because although they had far less power they had better handling and traction.
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Mood wavers for "Soy Un Loco Sincero", a melody with which Camilo, on the precarious edge of 40, appears to need to be homologated with the music of the most youthful. Another tune that merits a mindful ear is "Cuando Digo Que No", a song in the typical style of the artist, however all around deciphered and with a decent instrumental execution behind an elucidation that helps us to remember the huge Camilo of his first years of solo vocation. It is likewise important to cite that "Mientras Mi Alma Sienta", Free and libertine adaptation of the proverb of the extravagant writer Albinoni and a standout amongst other known bits of established music ever. Camilo tries to put letter and voice to a prominently instrumental piece, acquiring an epic pen and an absence of thought with the great one of Wear Tomaso Albinoni, that nothing terrible had done to him nor, we assume, to his predecessors.
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Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC) sought to improve its image through the established path of participation in motorsport. The Lancer 1600 GSR and Pajero/Montero/Shogun both achieved great success in rallying and rally raid events,Lancer 1600GSR , Mitsubishi Motors' Web Museum"Pajero - King of the Desert" , Mitsubishi Motors' Web Museum and eventually the company planned an attempt on the Group B class of the World Rally Championship with a four-wheel drive version of its Starion coupé. However, the class was outlawed following several fatal accidents in 1985 and '86, and Mitsubishi was forced to reassess its approach. It instead homologated the recently introduced sixth generation of its Galant sedan for the Group A class, using the mechanical underpinnings from its aborted Starion prototype. Between 1988 and '92, it was campaigned by the official factory outfit, Mitsubishi Ralliart Europe, winning three events in the hands of Mikael Ericsson (1989 1000 Lakes Rally),39th 1000 Lakes Rally, Final classification, Rallybase.
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When the first "official" factory Holden team commenced for the 1988 season as Holden Special Vehicles, it was actually a re-branding of Perkins Engineering, combined with HSV owners Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR) out of England. The team ran the 1987 HDT VL during the 1988 Australian Touring Car Championship while the evolution car was homologated and prepared for later in the season. In the 1988 ATCC, the Commodore's were really just making up the numbers against the Ford Sierra RS500's and the best Perkins could manage was a 3rd at Sandown (during the season, Perkins had actually been testing one of the new fuel injected Commodore's and became increasingly frustrated at the delays in debuting the car). Jeff Allam and Armin Hahne, both with long associations with TWR, joined the team for the Sandown 500, with Perkins and Hulme sharing a brand new Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV while Allam and Hahne drove Perkins old VL updated to TWR specs.
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Formula Mondial was an international motor racing category which was introduced to replace both Formula Atlantic and the similar Formula PacificThe Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring, 1986, page 171 in 1983.Australian Motor Racing Yearbook, 1982/83, page 11 The regulations specified a single-seat, open-wheeled chassis with a flat bottom, thus excluding any ground effects designs. Engines had to be 1.6-litre four-cylinder units sourced from a production touring car although only the Ford Cosworth BDA engine was actually homologated for the category.CAMS Manual of Motor Sport 1985, page 262 CAMS Manual of Motor Sport 1986, page 264 The FIA World Cup Commission issued regulations for the staging of various zone competitions throughout the world with competitors intended to come together for a World Cup final. The Southern Pacific Zone series was staged in New Zealand and Australia in early 1983 and was won by Australian Charlie O’BrienAustralian Motor Racing Yearbook, 1983/84, page 233 and the Formula Mondial North American Cup series was won by American Michael Andretti.
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The Lancer Evolution is unique among its competitors in the World Rally Championship in that it was a homologated Group A car slightly modified to be able to race competitively against the then newly formed World Rally Car (WRC) regulations from the 1997 season. Mitsubishi continued to adhere to Group A regulations until the San Remo Rally in 2001, World Rally Car class cars. Lancer Evolutions were successful in WRC Rallies from 1996 to 1999, mostly in the hands of Finnish driver Tommi Mäkinen, clinching driver's titles in four-consecutive seasons from 1996 to 1999 (in Evolutions III, IV, V, and VI), and with the help of teammate Richard Burns in clinching the constructors' championship for the first, and thus far only time in 1998. The Evolution however was replaced in late 2001 by the firm's first World Rally Car, named simply the Lancer Evolution WRC, which was driven by Makinen, Freddy Loix, Alister McRae and Francois Delecour with relatively limited success, until Mitsubishi took a sabbatical from the championship at the end of 2002.
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The program for the V8 Supercar version of the VF was headed up by Holden Motorsport technical manager Peter Harker, with the aero package designed by Triple Eight Race Engineering's Ludo Lacroix in conjunction with Doug Skinner from the Holden Racing Team. The VF Commodore race car prototype, fitted with VE Commodore body panels, ran for the first time on 13 October 2012 at Holden's Lang Lang Proving Ground as part of the series' aerodynamic validation. The homologated version of the VF Commodore V8 Supercar was first shown by Garry Rogers Motorsport on 11 February 2013; this was followed by an official unveiling by the Holden Racing Team at Holden's headquarters later in the day. The VF was the first Holden model built to New Generation V8 Supercar regulations, a formula designed to decrease the cost of building and repairing cars. The V8 Supercar version features a 5-litre V8 engine, 18-inch control wheels, a specially designed aerodynamics kit, a polycarbonate windscreen as well as many category control parts.
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In 1986, Moffat joined long-time rival Peter Brock's Holden Dealer Team to race a Holden VK Commodore SS Group A in the European Touring Car Championship and the late season Australian Endurance Championship races which included Sandown and Bathurst. Following an off-season split between Brock and Holden in February 1987, Moffat left the team and hurriedly reassembled Allan Moffat Racing for the inaugural World Touring Car Championship with a Holden VL Commodore SS Group A purchased covertly from Brock. Complete with sponsorship from Rothmans, the team competed in the opening three rounds with Moffat and John Harvey winning the opening Monza 500 race, after the leading six factory BMW M3s were disqualified, before returning for round 5 to finish fourth outright and first in class at the Spa 24 Hour. Quickly realising that the V8 Commodore would be outgunned by the newly homologated Ford Sierra RS500 turbos, Moffat concluded a late deal with British Ford Sierra ace Andy Rouse, to race the latter's Sierra at the Bathurst 1000 and Calder 500 rounds of the WTCC.
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At the end of the 1975 season, Autodelta also rallied an Alfetta GTV with a 3.0-litre V8 engine, derived from the 2.6-litre V8 of the Alfa Romeo Montreal coupé and sharing the same mechanical fuel injection by SPICA. This version was driven by Ballestrieri in the relatively minor Valli Piacentine Rally, but development of the V8 Alfetta as a competition machine was not pursued when the plan to produce 400 roadgoing units of this model for homologation was abandoned. Around twenty 2.6-litre V8-engined Alfetta GTVs were built by Autodelta at the request of the German Alfa importer in 1977, where they were sold for DM50,000, considerably more than the DM20,990 charged for an Alfetta GTV2000. (click "Montreal GTV" in the Index) In 1980 the Alfetta GTV Turbodelta was already homologated in FIA Group 4, since the required number of production engines had been built and fitted to Alfetta Turbodelta Stradale and Nuova Giulietta Turbodelta models. A racing version was campaigned in rallies and developed during 1979 and 1980 seasons: entries backed by Jolly Club were driven by Pregliasco, Ormezzano and Verini.
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Spurring 2011, p.174 Fuel tank sizes were also limited in size.Clausager 1982, p.167-9 These, however, put it out of step with the CSI (Commission Sportive Internationale - the FIA’s regulations body) and the FIA therefore removed the Le Mans 24 Hours from the World Championship calendar. This had happened before when the FIA had excluded Le Mans in 1956 because of their stricter safety requirements.Clausager 1982, p.167-9Wimpffen 2007, p.158 It can also be pointed out that Le Mans races prior to 1960 had run to refuelling restrictions.Clausager 1982, p.167-9 For its part, the CSI had postponed the introduction of its new Group 5 “silhouette” rules until 1976.Spurring 2011, p.180 The ACO also introduced a new “GTX” (Le Mans Grand Touring Experimental) class for GT cars to use non-homologated equipment. It also opened up its entry list to Group 3 GTs, alongside the Group 5, 4 and 2 cars. Finally, the ACO allowed teams to replace any pieces of equipment during the race, but the defective parts had to be given to the ACO technical team.Spurring 2011, p.
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The 250 LM thus had to run in the prototype class until it was homologated as a Group 4 Sports Car for the 1966 season. 1964 Ferrari 250 LM (chassis 6321) owned by Ralph Lauren at the 2014 Lime Rock Concours d'Élegance 32 total 250 LM chassis were built from 1963 to 1965, with all but the first chassis (s/n 5149, the Paris Auto Show car with a 250 P engine) powered by 3.3-litre 320 bhp (238 kW) engines as used in the 275 P. According to Ferrari naming convention, the 3.3 litre cars should have been designated "275 LM", however Enzo Ferrari insisted that the name remain 250 LM in order to facilitate the homologation process. The 250 LM shared fully independent double wishbone suspension, rack and pinion steering, four wheel disc brakes and 5-speed transaxle with the 250 P, however the tubular space frame chassis was significantly strengthened with the roof structure, additional cross-bracing and heavier gauge tubing. The interior was trimmed out as a nod to the ostensible production status of the car, but ultimately it was little different from a prototype racer.
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After the war, Letourneur et Marchand found themselves one of numerous auto-businesses far too small to feature significantly in the government's vision for an export led French auto-industry dominated by a handful of large manufacturers. Between 1947 and 1952 the company produced only 67 car bodies, equivalent to about one car per month. Immediate financial collapse was averted in 1953 thanks to a contract signed with Renault for the production of a cabriolet version of the Renault Frégate which had been homologated with the authorities and could be sold and serviced through one of France's largest dealership networks. Unfortunately the Frégate itself had got off to a slow start in the market place, being beset by teething problems and reliability issues, and although sources indicate that during the second half of the decade it became a much more dependable vehicle, in terms of sales volumes it was hopelessly out competed by the Simca Vedette and the Citroën DS. The Frégate struggled on till 1960 when it was withdrawn without direct replacement, and during this time 70 Letourneur et Marchand cabriolet variants were produced.
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The Mk.II and IV were both obsolete after the FIA had changed the rules to ban unlimited capacity engines, ruling out the Ford V8. However, the Mk.I, with its smaller engine, was legally able to race as a homologated sports car because of its production numbers. In 1968 competition came from the Porsche 908 which was the first prototype built for the 3-liter Group 6. The result of the 1968 was resounding success at the 24 Hours of Le Mans with Pedro Rodríguez and Lucien Bianchi having a clear lead over the Porsches, driving the almighty #9 car with the 'Gulf Oil' colors. The season began slowly for JW, losing at Sebring and Daytona before taking their first win at the BOAC International 500 at Brands Hatch. Later victories included the Grand Prix de Spa, 21st Annual Watkins Glen Sports Car Road Race and the 1000 km di Monza. The engine installed on this car was a naturally aspirated Windsor V8 engine with a compression ratio of 10.6:1 fuel feed by four 2-barrel 48 IDA Weber carburetors, rated at at 6,000 rpm and a maximum torque of at 4,750 rpm. 31 Mk I cars were built at the Slough factory in "road" trim, which differed little from the race versions.
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Despite only one win during the 1985 season in the cars Australian debut which saw Brock win Round 2 of the 1985 ATCC at Sandown (the team missed the opening round at Winton as the car was still in transit from NZ), Brock nearly pulled off an upset podium at Bathurst, retiring due to a broken timing chain three laps from the end of the race while running a strong second behind the much more powerful, V12 Jaguar XJS, driven by 1974 Bathurst winner John Goss and German Armin Hahne entered by European Touring Car Championship winners Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR). The single-row timing chain had been shown up throughout the year as a weak point of the Commodore's, something which would not cause a problem with the upgraded 1986 car which would have the more durable double-row timing chain. By 1986, a homologated SS Group A version of the VK Commodore, originally intended to be released in 1985 but delayed due to the unavailability of parts which prevented HDT Special Vehicles from making the required 500 before 1 August homologation date, made the Commodore much more competitive, and Brock was able to sign longtime rival Allan Moffat to the team.
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The Porsche 956 was a dominant car in its many factory and customer built forms in the early 1980s. The roots of the Group C category lie in both FIA Group 6 and particularly in the GTP category introduced by the ACO at Le Mans in the mid-1970s. GTP was a class for roofed prototypes with certain dimensional restrictions, but instead of the more usual limits on engine capacity, it placed limits on fuel consumption. The FIA applied the same concept in its Group C rules. It limited cars to a minimum weight of 800 kg and a maximum fuel capacity of 100 litres. With competitors restricted to five refueling stops within a 1000 kilometer distance, the cars were effectively allowed 600 litres per 1000 kilometers. The FIA hoped this would prevent manufacturers from concentrating solely on engine development; in the late 1970s, a few manufacturers (especially Porsche and Lancia) had dominated sports car racing by simply increasing turbocharger boost pressure, especially in qualifying trim — the 3.2 L Porsche 935 was capable of more than 800 hp. Engines had to be from a recognized manufacturer which had cars homologated in the FIA's Group A Touring Car or Group B GT Car categories.
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As long as the car had two seats, bodywork enclosing the wheels, and met basic safety standards, it was allowed. Group 7 had arisen as a category for non- homologated sports car "specials" in Europe and, for a while in the 1960s, group 7 racing was popular in the United Kingdom as well as a class in hillclimb racing in Europe. Group 7 cars were designed more for short-distance sprints than for endurance racing. Some group 7 cars were also built in Japan by Nissan and Toyota, but these did not compete outside their homeland (though some of the Can-Am competitors occasionally went over to race against them). SCCA sports car racing was becoming more popular with European constructors and drivers, and the United States Road Racing Championship for large-capacity sports racers eventually gave rise to the group 7 Can-Am series. There was good prize and appearance money and plenty of trade backing; the series was lucrative for its competitors but resulted, by its end, in truly outrageous cars with well over 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) (the Porsche team claimed for its 917/30 in qualifying trim), wings, active downforce generation, very light weight and unheard of speeds.
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