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1000 Sentences With "homolog"

How to use homolog in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "homolog" and check conjugation/comparative form for "homolog". Mastering all the usages of "homolog" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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SKIL interacts with SKI protein, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2.
RNF111 has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3.
HOXC8 has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6 and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1.
ANAPC10 has been shown to interact with CDC27, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2.
The homolog in the mouse is located on chromosome 7. A homolog is also known to be present in lizards.
A distant homolog of TMEM222, RTH (RTE1-Homolog), is a homolog of RTE1 (Reversion-to-Ethylene Perception 1), which is known to induce conformational changes in ETR1 (Ethylene receptor 1) that result in negative regulation corresponding with loss of ethylene perception.
PIAS4 has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 and Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK4 also known as polo-like kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLK4 gene. The Drosophila homolog is SAK, the C elegans homolog is zyg-1, and the Xenopus homolog is Plx4.
Achaete-scute homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASCL1 gene. Because it was discovered subsequent to studies on its homolog in Drosophila, the Achaete-scute complex, it was originally named MASH-1 for mammalian achaete scute homolog-1.
Protein asunder homolog (Asun) also known as cell cycle regulator Mat89Bb homolog (Mat89Bb) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the Asun gene.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase subunit ALG13 homolog, also known as asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALG13 gene.
This gene has a homolog located in the nonrecombining region of the Y chromosome. The protein sequence is 91% identical between this gene and the Y-linked homolog.
Transformer-2 protein homolog beta, also known as TRA2B previously known as splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 10 (transformer 2 homolog, Drosophila) (SFRS10), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRA2B gene.
The most distant homolog detectable is in cartilaginous fish (462.5 MYA).
The sea urchin genome has a homolog of VLGR1 in it.
ARL3 has been shown to interact with Protein unc-119 homolog.
In yeast, the fusion of autophagosomes with vacuoles (the yeast equivalent of lysosomes) requires SNAREs and related proteins such as the syntaxin homolog Vam3, SNAP-25 homolog Vam7, Ras-like GTPase Ypt7, and the NSF ortholog, Sec18.
PARD3B has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3.
PSMB4 has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1.
CEBPD has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3.
Crystal Structure of the human Cdk1 homolog, Cdk2 Cdk1 is a small protein (approximately 34 kilodaltons), and is highly conserved. The human homolog of Cdk1, CDC2, shares approximately 63% amino- acid identity with its yeast homolog. Furthermore, human CDC2 is capable of rescuing fission yeast carrying a cdc2 mutation. Cdk1 is comprised mostly by the bare protein kinase motif, which other protein kinases share.
Fox-1 homolog A, also known as ataxin 2-binding protein 1 (A2BP1) or hexaribonucleotide-binding protein 1 (HRNBP1) or RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (Rbfox1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBFOX1 gene.
The PER1 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 1 protein in humans.
This study demonstrated that the GroEL homolog is involved in the virus transmission.
Much like its homolog farnesyl diphosphate synthase, GGPS1 is inhibited by bisphosphonate compounds.
Lymphotoxin beta receptor has been shown to interact with Diablo homolog and TRAF3.
No proteins that interact with KIAA0895L or its homolog have yet been identified.
SUPT7L has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.
IST1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA0174 gene.
NEUROG1 has been shown to interact with CREB-binding protein and decapentaplegic homolog 1.
TAF6L has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.
TAF5L has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.
ARL2 has been shown to interact with Protein unc-119 homolog, TBCD and PDE6D.
FOXH1 has been shown to interact with DRAP1 and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2.
SPT20 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT20H gene.
ESF1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ESF1 gene.
TAF12 has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.
Liver receptor homolog-1 has been shown to interact with the small heterodimer partner.
HGH1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HGH1 gene.
SNED1 has a number of paralogs within the human genome, which cover small portions of the entire peptide sequence. There was no BLAST result that provided a hit that covered 100% of the query. Most hits fell in the 50-70% of query coverage and Max identity did not exceed 65%. Endogenous genes that are similar to the conserved domains in SNED 1 include; neurogenic locus notch homolog isoforms, protein-jagged precursors, protein eyes shut homolog isoforms, protein crumbs homolog isoforms, delta and notch-like epidermal growth factor receptor, sushi von Wilebrand factor A, and slit homolog 3 protein.
NK3 homeobox 2 also known as NKX3-2 is a human gene. It is a homolog of bagpipe (bap) in Drosophila and therefore also known as Bapx1 (bagpipe homeobox homolog 1). The protein encoded by this gene is a homeodomain containing transcription factor.
Protein MAK16 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAK16 gene.
GUF1 homolog, GTPase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GUF1 gene.
Protein Muted homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MUTED gene.
Protein SDA1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDAD1 gene.
Protein TRS85 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA1012 gene.
Protein capicua homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CIC gene.
DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 13, also known as DNAJC13, is a human gene.
Protein CWC15 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CWC15 gene.
Protein cornichon homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNIH gene.
Achaete-scute complex homolog 2 (Drosophila), also known as ASCL2, is an imprinted human gene.
Denticleless protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DTL gene.
Roundabout homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROBO2 gene.
Protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CBY1 gene.
Pecanex homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCNX3 gene.
Roundabout homolog 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROBO4 gene.
Pygopus homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PYGO2 gene.
Protein MIS12 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIS12 gene.
Roundabout homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROBO3 gene.
Protein MON2 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MON2 gene.
Lin-9 homolog is a protein that is encoded by the LIN9 gene in humans.
Finally in Xenopus, it has been demonstrated that the homolog of TEAD regulates muscle differentiation.
Drosophila EGF receptor homolog plays a role in the correct development of these dentricle belts.
CD247 has been shown to interact with Janus kinase 3 and Protein unc-119 homolog.
Disabled homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAB2 gene.
GFER has been shown to interact with COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5 and BNIPL.
Roundabout homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROBO1 gene.
Tribbles homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIB3 gene.
Protein enabled homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ENAH gene.
Studies with the Xenopus homolog suggests an essential role in metaphase chromosome alignment and maintenance.
SF3B3 has been shown to interact with SF3B1, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog and TAF9.
Synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YKT6 gene.
Pumilio homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PUM1 gene.
Crumbs protein homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRB3 gene.
Chromobox protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CBX1 gene.
Protein pellino homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PELI1 gene.
Seizure protein 6 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEZ6 gene.
Protein pellino homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PELI2 gene.
Nanos homolog 1 (Drosophila) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NANOS1 gene.
Protein sprouty homolog 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPRY4 gene.
Protein cornichon homolog 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNIH4 gene.
Protein ariadne-1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARIH1 gene.
Protein Hook homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOOK1 gene.
Protein sprouty homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPRY1 gene.
Homer protein homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOMER3 gene.
Lin-7 homolog C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LIN7C gene.
Seizure threshold 2 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SZT2 gene.
Slit homolog 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLIT1 gene.
Slit homolog 3 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLIT3 gene.
Fermitin family homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FERMT1 gene.
Eyes absent homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EYA2 gene.
Protein atonal homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATOH1 gene.
Protein ariadne-2 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARIH2 gene.
Lin-7 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LIN7B gene.
Translocation protein SEC63 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC63 gene.
Chromobox protein homolog 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CBX8 gene.
Protein MTO1 homolog, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTO1 gene.
Protein prune homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRUNE2 gene.
Fem-1 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FEM1A gene.
Protein Hook homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOOK3 gene.
Spinster homolog 2 (Drosophila) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPNS2 gene.
Pygopus homolog 1 (Drosophila) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the PYGO1 gene.
Kinetochore protein NDC80 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDC80 gene.
Disks large homolog 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLG5 gene.
Protein diaphanous homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIAPH1 gene.
Slit homolog 2 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLIT2 gene.
Partitioning defective 3 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PARD3 gene.
A homolog in archaea performs the same main task, while bacteria use the non-homologous Gre.
Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LOXL2 gene.
MutS protein homolog 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSH4 gene.
Protein diaphanous homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIAPH2 gene.
Lin-7 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LIN7A gene.
Adrenocortical dysplasia protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACD gene.
MutS protein homolog 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSH5 gene.
PMS1 protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMS1 gene.
Notchless protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLE1 gene.
Protein DBF4 homolog A is a protein that is encoded by the DBF4 gene in humans.
Lin-28 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LIN28B gene.
TRNA methyltransferase 13 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRMT13 gene.
Zinc finger protein 106 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFP106 gene.
Partitioning defective 3 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PARD3B gene.
Ribosome biogenesis regulatory protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRS1 gene.
Protein unc-45 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC45A gene.
T-complex protein 11 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCP11 gene.
Protein phosphatase Slingshot homolog 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SSH3 gene.
Intraflagellar transport protein 46 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT46 gene.
Magnesium transporter MRS2 homolog, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRS2 gene.
Copper homeostasis protein cutC homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CUTC gene.
Partitioning defective 6 homolog beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PARD6B gene.
Proteasome-associated protein ECM29 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA0368 gene.
Periodic tryptophan protein 1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PWP1 gene.
Intraflagellar transport protein 88 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT88 gene.
Enhancer of polycomb homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPC1 gene.
Protein bicaudal D homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BICD1 gene.
Speedy homolog E1 (Xenopus laevis) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPDYE1 gene.
Strawberry notch homolog 2 (Drosophila) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SBNO2 gene.
Zinc finger protein 161 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFP161 gene.
Periodic tryptophan protein 2 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PWP2 gene.
Intraflagellar transport protein 57 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT57 gene.
Twisted gastrulation protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TWSG1 gene.
Large subunit GTPase 1 homolog is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LSG1 gene.
Anterior gradient protein 3 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AGR3 gene.
Clustered mitochondria (cluA/CLU1) homolog is a protein in humans that is encoded by the CLUH gene.
Son of sevenless homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOS1 gene.
Defects in this gene are the cause of LIG4 syndrome. The yeast homolog of Lig4 is Dnl4.
Protein Hook homolog 2 (HK2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOOK2 gene.
AlkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALKBH5 gene.
Partitioning defective 6 homolog alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PARD6A gene.
Protein unc-84 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC84B gene.
Radial spoke head 14 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH14 gene.
Protein unc-13 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13B gene.
Nucleolar complex protein 2 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOC2L gene.
Protein sel-1 homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEL1L gene.
Pumilio homolog 2 is an RNA-binding protein that in humans is encoded by the PUM2 gene.
Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT3H gene.
Actin related protein 10 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR10 gene.
ANKRD24 is predicted to interact with disks large homolog 4 (DLG4), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (EEF1A1), unc-119 homolog A (UNC119), replication timing regulatory factor 1 (RIF1), protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons 1 (PACSIN1), nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (NFKB1), cholest-5-ene-3β,7α-diol 3β-dehydrogenase (HSD3B7), lethal giant larvae homolog 2 (L2GL2), and glucocorticoid induced 1 (GLC)CI1. No characterization of these interactions has yet to be observed.
Cell division cycle protein 123 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC123 gene.
RNA polymerase-associated protein CTR9 homolog is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTR9 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC14 gene.
Pseudouridylate synthase 7 homolog-like protein is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PUS7L gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC1 gene.
Nuclear protein localization protein 4 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPLOC4 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC11 gene.
Chromosome transmission fidelity protein 18 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHTF18 gene.
Non-SMC element 4 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NSMCE4A gene.
Ubiquinone biosynthesis protein COQ4 homolog, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COQ4 gene.
Differentially expressed in FDCP 6 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DEF6 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC7 gene.
MMS19 nucleotide excision repair protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MMS19 gene.
Disco-interacting protein 2 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIP2A gene.
Lon protease homolog, mitochondrial is a protease, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LONP1 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJB9 gene.
Small subunit processome component 20 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTP20 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJB2 gene.
Radial spoke head protein 9 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH9 gene.
Unc-13 homolog A (C. elegans) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13A gene.
Unc-13 homolog C (C. elegans) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the UNC13C gene.
Radial spoke head 10 homolog B2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH10B gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC10 gene.
Enhancer of polycomb homolog 2 (Drosophila) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPC2 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJB4 gene.
Telomere length regulation protein TEL2 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TELO2 gene.
Zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZG16B gene.
DDB1 has been shown to interact with Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, GCN5L2, DDB2, CUL4A, CUL4B and P21.
TAF10 has been shown to interact with TAF9, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, TAF13 and TATA binding protein.
DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJA1 gene.
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD51L3 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJB6 gene.
Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TOMM20 gene.
AlkB homolog 3, alpha-ketoglutaratedependent dioxygenase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALKBH3 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJB1 gene.
Cell division cycle protein 27 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC27 gene.
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD51L1 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJB11 gene.
KRR1 small subunit processome component homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRR1 gene.
Cell division cycle protein 16 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC16 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC3 gene.
Eva-1 homolog A (C. elegans) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EVA1A gene.
Nuclear distribution protein nudE homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDE1 gene.
Ubiquitin fusion degradation protein 1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UFD1L gene.
Disco interacting protein 2 homolog C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIP2C gene.
JWH-019 is an analgesic chemical from the naphthoylindole family that acts as a cannabinoid agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. It is the N-hexyl homolog of the more common synthetic cannabinoid compound JWH-018. Unlike the butyl homolog JWH-073, which is several times weaker than JWH-018, the hexyl homolog is only slightly less potent, although extending the chain one carbon longer to the heptyl homolog JWH-020 results in dramatic loss of activity. These results show that the optimum side chain length for CB1 binding in the naphthoylindole series is the five-carbon pentyl chain, shorter than in the classical cannabinoids where a seven-carbon heptyl chain produces the most potent compounds.
GRB2-related adapter protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRAP gene. This gene encodes a member of the GRB2/Sem5 (C. elegans homolog)/Drk (Drosophila homolog) family. This member functions as a cytoplasmic signaling protein which contains an SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains.
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 72 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS72 gene.
Vacuolar protein sorting 53 homolog (S. cerevisiae) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS53 gene.
Ecotropic viral integration site 5 protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EVI5 gene.
Ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRP7A gene.
Proline synthetase co-transcribed bacterial homolog protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PROSC gene.
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS18 gene.
Sorting and assembly machinery component 50 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAMM50 gene.
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS11 gene.
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein VTA1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VTA1 gene.
60S ribosome subunit biogenesis protein NIP7 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NIP7 gene.
Suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUGT1 gene.
The homologous protein (one that performs the same function) in yeast is Vacuolar protein sorting 29 homolog (S. cerevisiae).
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 28 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS28 gene.
Unc-5 homolog C (C. elegans)-like is a protein in humans that is encoded by the UNC5CL gene.
Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDS5A gene.
UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD23A gene.
Apoptotic protease activating factor 1, also known as APAF1, is a human homolog of C. elegans CED-4 gene.
UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD23B gene.
Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DVL1 gene.
Pre-mRNA-processing factor 40 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPF40A gene.
Homeobox protein SIX1 (Sineoculis homeobox homolog 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIX1 gene.
DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC9 gene.
Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog (AGR-2), also known as secreted cement gland protein XAG-2 homolog, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AGR2 gene. Anterior gradient homolog 2 was originally discovered in Xenopus laevis. In Xenopus AGR2 plays a role in cement gland differentiation, but in human cancer cell lines high levels of AGR2 correlate with downregulation of the p53 response, cell migration, and cell transformation. However, there have been other observations that AGR2 can repress growth and proliferation.
Figure 1. A diagram of the UBact Pup homolog. Phyre2 server was used to predict the structure of the UBact Pup homolog from the bacterium Methylacidiphilum infernorum. Given the similarity to Pup, the prediction of a structure is doubtful, as Pup is proven to be instrinsically disordered in solution (see text for references).
Expression of the mouse homolog of this gene was found to be dependent on Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Mice lacking the homolog gene displayed a male-to-female sex reversal phenotype, which suggested a role in testicular embryogenesis. This gene is involved in the patterning of sex determination, lung development, and skeletal development.
U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 15 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTP15 gene.
Double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAU2 gene.
U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 18 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTP18 gene.
Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex chaperone CBP3 homolog is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UQCC gene.
U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 6 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTP6 gene.
Vacuolar protein sorting 26 homolog B (S. pombe) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the VPS26B gene.
Lysyl oxidase homolog 1, also known as LOXL1, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the LOXL1 gene.
Pre-mRNA-processing factor 40 homolog B is a protein that in humans that is encoded by the PRPF40B gene.
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (mutated in multiple advanced cancers 1), pseudogene 1, also known as PTENP1, is a human gene.
DNA-damage inducible 1 homolog 1 (S. cerevisiae) is a protein. In humans it is encoded by the DDI1 gene.
Spindle assembly abnormal protein 6 homolog (SAS-6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SASS6 gene.
Notch homolog 1, translocation-associated (Drosophila), also known as NOTCH1, is a human gene encoding a single-pass transmembrane receptor.
WEE1 homolog (S. pombe), also known as WEE1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the WEE1 gene.
Sprouty homolog 2 (Drosophila), also known as SPRY2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SPRY2 gene.
Fizzy-related protein homolog, also known as hCDH1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FZR1 gene.
RAD52 homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as RAD52, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RAD52 gene.
This binding stabilizes the repair complex during the repair process. A bacterial homolog is called single-strand binding protein (SSB).
Lix1 homolog (mouse)-like also known as LIX1L is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LIX1L gene.
The mouse M33 gene is located on the Chromosome 11, from base pair 119,022,962 to base pair 119,031,270 (Build GRCm38/mm10)(Map). Human homolog of M33, Chromobox homolog 2 (CBX2 ) is located on Chromosome 17, from base pair 79,777,188 to base pair 79,787,650(Build GRCh38.p2 )(Map).Location of the M33 gene on chromosome 11.
Sirtuin 1, also known as NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIRT1 gene. SIRT1 stands for sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 1 (S. cerevisiae), referring to the fact that its sirtuin homolog (biological equivalent across species) in yeast (S. cerevisiae) is Sir2.
Phage-T4 UV endonucleases also catalyze the reaction of the δ-reaction, nicking C5'-O-P bond at AP sites, although this reaction is slow and the enzyme should still be classified as AP lyase. This open ring allows the substitution of the correct base by other enzymes. DNA AP lyase activity is documented to have similar function in both E. Coli and in humans. A homolog of endonuclease III, human endonuclease III homolog 1, or hNTH1 functions similarly in humans as its homolog does in E. Coli.
In addition, casein kinase 1 epsilon does not completely rescue circadian rhythms in fruit fly doubletime knockouts (dbt -/-), suggesting that these enzymes serve similar, but not identical, functions. Another functional homolog, the Drosophila gene for glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), called shaggy and abbreviated sgg, codes for a protein which phosphorylates Timeless (TIM), the fruit fly CRY functional homolog. Like dbt, shaggy is not a sequence homolog to casein kinase 1 epsilon. Conversely, Gsk3 is also found in mammals, and mutants have been implicated in circadian rhythm abnormalities in patients suffering with bipolar disorder.
Zinc finger protein 64 homolog, isoforms 1 and 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFP64 gene.
U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 14 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTP14A gene.
D12, the mouse homolog of MDS032, is a SNARE protein involved with the Golgi secretory apparatus and with endosome-lysosome transport.
RRP1B (ribosomal RNA processing 1 homolog B), also known as KIAA0179, is a human gene which is located on Chromosome 21.
C20orf96 is also known by the alias DJ1103G7.2. Orthologs found in other organisms are known as C20orf96 homolog isoform X [Species].
Sec23 homolog A (S. cerevisiae), also known as SEC23A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SEC23A gene.
A mouse model carrying mutations in ApcΔ716 and Smad4 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4) is characterized with development of invasive adenocarcinomas.
RAD51 homolog C (S. cerevisiae), also known as RAD51C, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RAD51C gene.
Human mitochondria use a nuclear-encoded homolog MTIF3 for translation initiation. Some bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria have multiple copies of IF3.
Vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs homolog 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VTI1B gene.
The most distant detectable homolog is in several viral and bacterial species that diverged from humans over 4.29 billion years ago.
Splicing factor, suppressor of white-apricot homolog is a protein in humans that is encoded by the SFSWAP gene. This gene encodes a human homolog of Drosophila splicing regulatory protein. This gene autoregulates its expression by control of splicing of its first two introns. In addition, it also regulates the splicing of fibronectin and CD45 genes.
As mentioned previously, C. elegans has two genes that encode for partially functionally redundant Notch homologs, glp-1 and lin-12. During C. elegans, GLP-1, the C. elegans Notch homolog, interacts with APX-1, the C. elegans Delta homolog. This signaling between particular blastomeres induces differentiation of cell fates and establishes the dorsal-ventral axis.
Mutations in Vasa homolog, Mvh, cause defects in spermatogenesis but females are fertile. Male sterility may be due to deficiencies in germ cell proliferation and differentiation (the mouse homolog of Droso.). Female fertility may be due to functional redundancy by other DEAD-box family members. Null mutation still allows primordial germ cells to form but have severe defects.
SAR1 gene homolog B (S. cerevisiae), also known as SAR1B, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SAR1B gene.
Transcription factor TFIIIB component B″ homolog also known as TFIIIB150 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BDP1 gene.
Activator of 90 kDa heat shock protein ATPase homolog 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AHSA1 gene.
Mex-3 homolog D (C. elegans), also known as MEX3D, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEX3D gene.
Elongation protein 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as ELP4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ELP4 gene.
Unc-93 homolog B1 (C. elegans), also known as UNC93B1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the UNC93B1 gene.
Elongation factor Ts, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSFM gene. It is an EF-Ts homolog.
COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5 (Arabidopsis), also known as COPS5 or Csn5, is a gene conserved from humans to Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Thus, the CILP gene is thought to encode a protein precursor for 2 different proteins, namely CILP and a homolog of NTPPHase.
Elongation factor Tu, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUFM gene. It is an EF-Tu homolog.
Protein unc-13 homolog D, also known as munc13-4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13D gene.
Protein VAC14 homolog, also known as ArPIKfyve (Associated Regulator of PIKfyve), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAC14 gene.
Protein pigeon homolog also known as gamma-secretase activating protein (GSAP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PION gene.
RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1 also known as Musashi-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSI1 gene.
REX2, RNA exonuclease 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as REXO2, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the REXO2 gene.
Asteroid homolog 1 (Drosophila) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASTE1 gene. The gene is also known as HT001.
Ceramide synthase 1 also known as LAG1 longevity assurance homolog 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CERS1 gene.
Cell division cycle 23 homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as CDC23, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CDC23 gene.
Staufen homolog 2 is a member of the family of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding proteins involved in the transport and/or localization of mRNAs to different subcellular compartments and/or organelles. These proteins are characterized by the presence of multiple dsRNA-binding domains which are required to bind RNAs having double-stranded secondary structures. Staufen homolog 2 shares 48.5% and 59.9% similarity with drosophila and human staufen, respectively. The exact function of Staufen homolog 2 is not known, but since it contains 3 copies of conserved dsRNA binding domain, it could be involved in double- stranded RNA binding events.
The genomes of diploid organisms in natural populations are highly polymorphic for insertions and deletions. During meiosis double-strand breaks (DSBs) that form within such polymorphic regions must be repaired by inter-sister chromatid exchange, rather than by inter-homolog exchange. A molecular-level study of recombination during budding yeast meiosis has shown that recombination events initiated by DSBs in regions that lack corresponding sequences in the non- sister homolog are efficiently repaired by inter-sister chromatid recombination. This recombination occurs with the same timing as inter-homolog recombination, but with reduced (2- to 3-fold) yields of Holliday junction joint molecules.
The genomes of diploid organisms in natural populations are highly polymorphic for insertions and deletions. During meiosis double-strand breaks (DSBs) that form within such polymorphic regions must be repaired by inter-sister chromatid exchange, rather than by inter-homolog exchange. Molecular-level studies of recombination during budding yeast meiosis have shown that recombination events initiated by DSBs in regions that lack corresponding sequences in the homolog are efficiently repaired by inter-sister chromatid recombination. This recombination occurs with the same timing as inter-homolog recombination, but with reduced (2- to 3-fold) yields of joint molecules.
Ribosomal RNA processing protein 1 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRP1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is the putative homolog of the yeast ribosomal RNA processing protein RRP1. The encoded protein is involved in the late stages of nucleologenesis at the end of mitosis, and may be required for the generation of 28S rRNA.
This supports the idea that EBNA2 acts as a functional equivalent of an activated Notch receptor. EBNA2 also interacts with the human homolog of the yeast transcription factor (SNF5 hSNF5/Ini1) as it coelutes with both hSNF5/Ini1 and BRG1. BRG1 is a human homolog of SWI/SNF2. However, this interaction is restricted to a subpopulation of phosphorylated viral EBNA2.
The compound 4,21-dimethyl-5,19-di-(trans)-enoyl- heptatriacontanoic acid is the "structure of the major homolog of free mycobacteric acids" of Mycobacterium brumae.
Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast), also known as TOMM40, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TOMM40 gene.
T-complex protein 10A homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCP10L gene. It is located next to C21orf59.
Protein patched homolog 1 is a protein that is the member of the patched family and in humans is encoded by the PTCH1 gene.
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription, subunit 12 homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as MED12, is a human gene found on the X chromosome.
KIT was first described by the German biochemist Axel Ullrich in 1987 as the cellular homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-kit.
Ubiquinone biosynthesis protein COQ9, mitochondrial, also known as coenzyme Q9 homolog (COQ9), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COQ9 gene.
Of these, only one, C17C3.12, encodes a strong mammalian homolog, a mitochrondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which functions catabolically in mammals in fatty acid oxidation.
DSN1, MIND kinetochore complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as DSN1 or MIS13, is a protein which in humans encoded by the DSN1 gene.
The mouse homolog of this gene exhibits a restricted expression profile predominantly in the myogenic lineage, which suggested a role in muscle regeneration or differentiation.
Mps one binder kinase activator-like 1A, also known as Mob1 homolog 1A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MOBKL1A gene.
Archaea use a simpler homolog of the eukaryotic origin recognition complex to find the origin of replication, at sequences termed the origin recognition box (ORB).
Discovered at Brandeis University in 1998, cloning the mutant Jrk led to the identification of the drosophila homolog of the mammalian Clock gene in DNA.
Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog, also known as FGR, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FGR gene.
PRP31 pre-mRNA processing factor 31 homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as PRPF31, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PRPF31 gene.
BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor homolog (Xenopus laevis), also known as BAMBI, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BAMBI gene.
Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome 6 (HPS6), also known as ruby-eye protein homolog (Ru), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HPS6 gene.
Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein also known as abnormal spindle protein homolog or Asp homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASPM gene. ASPM is located on chromosome 1, band q31 (1q31). The ASPM gene contains 28 exons and codes for a 3477 amino‐acid‐long protein. The ASPM protein is conserved across species including human, mouse, Drosophila, and C. elegans.
The gene Maelstrom, Mael, creates a protein, which was first located in Drosophila melanogaster in the nuage perinuclear structure and has functionality analogous to the spindle, spn, gene class.Findley SD, Tamanaha M, Clegg NJ, Ruohola-Baker H (2003). Maelstrom, a Drosophila spindle-class gene, encodes a protein that colocalizes with Vasa and RDE1/AGO1 homolog, Aubergine, in nuage. Dev. 130:859–871. Its mamallian homolog is MAEL.
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 or SMAD7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD7 gene. SMAD7 is a protein that, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of ligands. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD7 is involved in cell signalling.
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 also known as SMAD9, SMAD8, and MADH6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD9 gene. SMAD9, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD9 is involved in cell signalling.
In Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant model organism, several variants of the core subunits have been identified. Homologs of the Suz12 subunit are: Embryonic flower 2 (EMF2), reduced vernalization response 2 (VRN2), fertilization independent seed 2 (FIS2). There is one Eed homolog, fertilization independent endosperm (FIE). three Ezh1/Ezh2 homologs, curly leaf (CLF), swinger (SWN), medea (MEA), and one RbAp48 homolog, multicopy suppressor of IRA1 (MSI1).
Zinc finger protein 57 homolog (ZFP57), also known as zinc finger protein 698 (ZNF698), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFP57 gene.
Intraflagellar transport protein 80 homolog (IFT80), also known as WD repeat- containing protein 56, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT80 gene.
Protein dachsous homolog 2, also known as protocadherin-23 (PCDH23) or cadherin-27 (CDH27), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCHS2 gene.
Dachshund homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DACH2 gene.Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 also known as SMAD family member 1 or SMAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD1 gene.
Neurogenic locus notch homolog 4 also known as notch 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH4 gene located on chromosome 6.
S100A7 has been shown to interact with COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5, FABP5 and RANBP9. S100A7 interacts with RAGE (receptor of advanced glycated end products).
Homer protein homolog 1 or Homer1 is a neuronal protein that in humans is encoded by the HOMER1 gene. Other names are Vesl and PSD-Zip45.
Mesoderm posterior 1 homolog (mouse) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MESP1 gene. MESP1 is a transcription factor that regulates cardiovascular progenitor specification.
There is, however, a study of the mouse homolog that has identified high levels of expression in developing sensory epithelia so its function may be more generalized.
The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and is caused by a mutation in the nuclear GFER gene (also called ALR; Erv1 homolog in yeast).
COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5 has been shown to interact with Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, GFER, BCL3, Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, S100A7 and C-jun.
Ribosome biogenesis protein BRX1 homolog (BRIX1) also known as brix domain- containing protein 2 (BXDC2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRIX1 gene.
Tametraline is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Indatraline is an indanamine homolog of tetralin-based tametraline, although in the case of indatraline the product is pm-dichlorinated.
Results suggest the chromatin targeting role for JADE1 PHD2. In addition, PHD2 of JADE1 binds the N-terminal tail of histone H3 within chromatin context irrespective of methylation status. Studies analyzing native complexes of INhibitor of Growth (ING) PHD finger family of proteins revealed that ING4 and ING5 proteins are associated with JADE1S and HAT HBO1, while ING3 is associated with EPC1 (JADE1 homolog), TIP60 (HBO1 homolog) and several other partners.
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene. MAD homolog 2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways.
CUL4A's role in modifying chromatin is largely related to DNA repair activities and occurs after DNA damage induction. Both CUL4A and its closely related homolog CUL4B may ubiquitinate histones H2A, H3 and H4. The yeast homolog of CUL4A, Rtt101, ubiquitinates histone H3 and promotes nucleosome assembly and CRL4A complexes perform similar functions in human cells. CRL4 complexes also affect histone methylation events and chromatin structure through regulation of histone methyltransferases.
There are extensive homologs to BTBD9 which allow for the use of animal models in deciphering its functions and interactions. The BTBD9 homolog Btbd9 is extensively expressed in the central nervous system of adult mice including the thalamus, sub-thalamic nuclei, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and caudate nucleus. The Drosophila homolog dBTBD9, was shown to regulate dopamine levels in the Drosophila brain and iron regulation in human cell- lines.
In chemistry, homology is the appearance of homologues. A homologue (also spelled as homolog) is a compound belonging to a series of compounds differing from each other by a repeating unit, such as a methylene bridge −−, a peptide residue, etc. A homolog is a special case of an analog. Examples are alkanes and compounds with alkyl side chains of different length (the repeating unit being a methylene group -CH2-).
In terms of evolution, the oldest physiological role of Ahr is in development. Ahr is presumed to have evolved from invertebrates where it served a ligand- independent role in normal development processes. The Ahr homolog in Drosophila, spineless (ss) is necessary for development of the distal segments of the antenna and leg. Ss dimerizes with tango (tgo), which is the homolog to the mammalian Arnt, to initiate gene transcription.
The 3D-structure of the archaeal homolog of XPB has been solved by X-ray crystallography by Dr. John Tainer and his group at The Scripps Research Institute.
KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 2 (KANSL2) also known as non-specific lethal 2 homolog (NSL2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KANSL2 gene.
Single-minded homolog 1 also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 14 (bHLHe14) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIM1 gene.
Radial spoke head protein 4 homolog A, also known as radial spoke head-like protein 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH4A gene.
Vector diagram of posterior urethral obstruction causing severe bilateral hydronephrosis and bladder trabeculation The female homolog to the male verumontanum from which the valves originate is the hymen.
This gene lies within the male specific region of chromosome Y. Its homolog on chromosome X (thymosin beta-4) escapes X inactivation and encodes an actin sequestering protein.
O-1269 is a drug that is a diarylpyrazole derivative, related to potent cannabinoid antagonist drugs such as rimonabant and surinabant. However O-1269 and several related drugs were unexpectedly found to act as full or partial agonists at the cannabinoid receptors rather than antagonists, and so produce the usual effects expected of cannabinoid agonists in animal tests, such as sedation and analgesic effects. The N-heptyl homolog O-1270 and the N-propyl homolog O-1399 also act as cannabinoid agonists with similar potency in vivo, despite weaker binding affinity at cannabinoid receptors compared to the pentyl homolog O-1269. Agonist-like and atypical cannabinoid activity has also been observed with a number of related compounds.
Lately an actin-like ParM homolog has been found in a gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which assembles into a microtubule-like structure and is involved in plasmid segregation.
Methylpropyltryptamine (MPT; N-methyl-N-propyltryptamine) is a tryptamine. It is a homolog of methylethyltryptamine. An analytical method for its detection has been reported. In 2019, Chadeayne et al.
Sacsin also known as DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 29 (DNAJC29) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SACS gene. Sacsin is a Hsp70 co-chaperone.
Radial spoke head protein 3 homolog (RSPH3), also known as radial spoke head- like protein 2 (RSHL2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH3 gene.
The structure of PglB, the prokaryotic homolog of STT3 has been solved. The high sequence similarity between the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic STT3 suggests that their structures are similar.
Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog has been shown to interact with GCN5L2, TAF6L, TADA3L, TAF5L, SF3B3, SUPT7L, Myc, TAF9, Transformation/transcription domain- associated protein, TAF12, TAF10, TAF4 and DDB1.
Dearth of killing the bacteria appears to explain the persistence of infection in COPD. H. influenzae mutants defective in the rec1 gene (a homolog of recA) are very sensitive to killing by the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide. This finding suggests that rec1 expression is important for H. influenzae survival under conditions of oxidative stress. Since it is a homolog of recA, rec1 likely plays a key role in recombinational repair of DNA damage.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF5B gene. Accurate initiation of translation in eukaryotes is complex and requires many factors, some of which are composed of multiple subunits. The process is simpler in bacteria which have only three initiation factors (IF1, IF2, IF3). Two of these factors are conserved in eukaryotes: the homolog of IF1 is eIF1A and the homolog of IF2 is eIF5B.
Protein unc-84 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC84A gene. This gene is a member of the unc-84 homolog family and encodes a nuclear nuclear envelope protein with an Unc84 (SUN) domain. The protein is involved in nuclear anchorage and migration. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described; however, the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.
DIP2 disco-interacting protein 2 homolog B (Drosophila) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIP2B gene. A member of the disco-interacting protein homolog 2 protein family, it contains a binding site for the transcriptional regulator DNA methyltransferase 1 associated protein 1, as well as AMP-binding sites. The presence of these sites suggests that DIP2B may participate in DNA methylation. This gene is located near a folate-sensitive fragile site.
Ensembl database, using all 587 genes for EZH2 and the species each gene is found in. Enhancer of zeste (E(z)) was originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster, and its mammalian homologs were subsequently identified and named EZH1 (enhancer of zeste homolog 1) and EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2). EZH2 is highly conserved through evolution. It and its homologs play essential roles in development, cell differentiation, and cell division in plants, insects, fish, and mammals.
Protein mago nashi homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAGOH gene. Drosophila that have mutations in their mago nashi (grandchildless) gene produce progeny with defects in germplasm assembly and germline development. This gene encodes the mammalian mago nashi homolog. In mammals, mRNA expression is not limited to the germ plasm, but is expressed ubiquitously in adult tissues and can be induced by serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts.
Peroxidasin homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PXDN gene. Peroxidasin requires ionic bromine as a co-factor, making bromine an essential element for human life.
Radial spoke head protein 6 homolog A (RSPH6A) also known as radial spoke head-like protein 1 (RSHL1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH6A gene.
The most distant homolog is found in Drosophila melanogaster (estimated time of divergence 847 million years ago). The IQ-containing motif and Leucine-rich repeats domains are conserved in Drosophila.
Notch-2 (Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH2 gene. NOTCH2 is associated with Alagille syndrome and Hajdu–Cheney syndrome.
Proscaline is in a class of compounds commonly known as phenethylamines, and is the 4-propoxy homolog of mescaline. The full name of the chemical is 4-propoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.
M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 also known as dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A) gene.
This gene is a homolog of Drosophila mnb (minibrain) gene and rat Dyrk gene. Dyrk1a has also been shown to modulate plasma homocysteine level in a mouse model of overexpression.
Transcription factor Maf also known as proto-oncogene c-Maf or V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the MAF gene.
In neurons, murine ortholog Wwp1 and its homolog Wwp2 control polarity acquisition, formation, and branching of axons, as well as migration of newly born nerve cells into the cortical plate.
Transport and Golgi organization protein 6 homolog also known as transmembrane and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TANGO6 gene.
This gene encodes the human homolog of the yeast Imp3 protein. The protein localizes to the nucleoli and interacts with the U3 snoRNP complex. The protein contains an S4 domain.
Dachshund homolog 1, also known as DACH1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DACH1 gene. DACH1 has been shown to interact with Ubc9, Smad4, and NCoR.
Iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 homolog, mitochondrial is an evolutionarily highly conserved protein for the biogenesis of iron-sulfur cluster across species. In humans it is encoded by the ISCA1 gene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5, also known as cysteine string protein or CSP is a protein, that in humans encoded by the DNAJC5 gene. It was first described in 1990.
ATOH1 is a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster gene atonal. ATOH1 is considered part of the Notch signaling pathway. In 2009, ATOH1 was identified as a "cancer switch-off" gene.
The MRX complex is a heterotrimeric protein complex consisting of Mre11, Rad50, and Xrs2. It is a budding yeast homolog of the mammalian Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) DNA damage repair complex.
The most distant homologs with partial sequences to C16orf86 include marsupial mammals, reptiles, and fish. The furthest homolog for C16orf86 was the whale shark that diverged 465 million ago from humans.
Cell division cycle 73, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as CDC73 and parafibromin, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CDC73 gene.
When translation ends, it interacts with the protein that is a functional homolog of yeast Upf2p to trigger mRNA decapping. Use of multiple polyadenylation sites has been noted for this gene.
ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCG1 gene. It is a homolog of the well-known Drosophila gene white.
Archaea have a preinitiation complex resembling that of a minimized Pol II PIC, with a TBP and an Archaeal transcription factor B (TFB, a TFIIB homolog). The assembly follows a similar sequence, starting with TBP binding to the promoter. An interesting aspect is that the entire complex is bound in an inverse orientation compared to those found in eukaryotic PIC. They also use TFE, a TFIIE homolog, which assists in transcription initiation but is not required.
Protein IWS1 homolog also known as interacts with Spt6 (IWS1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IWS1 gene. IWS1 is a transcription elongation factor. It was first identified during a search for RNA polymerase II- associated elongation factors in yeast; it directly interacts with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and is phosphorylated at casein kinase II (CKII) sites. The human homolog, which physically interacts with protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), is essential for cell survival.
Desert hedgehog, also Desert hedgehog homolog or Dhh, is a protein encoded by the DHH gene, and is a member of the hedgehog signaling pathway. The human homolog (DHH) is on chromosome band 12q13.1. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in cell signaling. The several mammalian variants of the Drosophila hedgehog gene (which was the first named) have been named after the various species of hedgehog; the desert hedgehog is honored by this one.
A KOW domain probably hooks the RNAP up to a ribosome so that translation and transcription happen together. Some archaea have an Elf1 homolog that might also act as an elongation factor.
The Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis possesses an Rhs homolog called Wall-associated protein A (WapA) capable of mediating CDI whilst requiring a cognate immunity protein, WapI, to prevent auto-inhibition.
XLF interacts with DNA ligase IV and XRCC4 and is thought to be involved in the end-bridging or ligation steps of NHEJ. The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) homolog of XLF is Nej1.
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 1 also known as flamingo homolog 2 or cadherin family member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR1 gene.
EH domain-containing protein 1, also known as testilin or PAST homolog 1 (PAST1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EHD1 gene belonging to the EHD protein family.
MAD2L2 is a component of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint that prevents the onset of anaphase until all chromosomes are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. MAD2L2 is a homolog of MAD2L1.
Changes within this p53 induced R2 homolog can cause depletion in mitochondrial DNA and consequently p53R2 serves a major factor in dNTP supply. RNR may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.
H. E. Shannon, E. J. Cone and D. Yousefnejad (1981). "Physiologic effects and plasma kinetics of phenylethanolamine and its N-methyl homolog in the dog." J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 217 379–385.
In addition, fasII has been shown to be involved in synaptic target selection, stabilization and remodeling along with several proteins such as netrins, semaphorins and other Ig-CAMs. The human homolog is STAB2.
FOXH1 encodes a human homolog of Xenopus forkhead activin signal transducer-1. FOXH1 protein binds SMAD2 and activates an activin response element via binding the DNA motif TGT(G/T)(T/G)ATT.
Ribosome-releasing factor 2, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GFM2 gene. Unlike the other EF-G homolog GFM1, GFM2 functions as a Ribosome Recycling Factor in termination.
Radial spoke head 1 homolog (RSPH1), also known as cancer/testis antigen 79 (CT79) or testis-specific gene A2 protein (TSGA2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH1 gene.
ASNA1 is the human homolog of the bacterial arsA gene. In E. coli, arsA ATPase is the catalytic component of a multisubunit oxyanion pump that is responsible for resistance to arsenicals and antimonials.
Chromobox homolog 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CBX7 gene. The loss of CBX7 gene expression has been shown to correlate with a malignant form of thyroid cancer.
The Tefu protein of Drosophila melanogaster is a structural and functional homolog of the human ATM protein. Tefu, like ATM, is required for DNA repair and normal levels of meiotic recombination in oocytes.
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 also known as notch 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH2 gene. NOTCH2 is associated with Alagille syndrome and Hajdu–Cheney syndrome.
Ras homolog gene family, member B, also known as RHOB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RHOB gene. RHOB is a member of the Rho GTP-binding protein family.
Teashirt homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSHZ3 gene. In mice, it is a necessary part of the neural circuitry that controls breathing. The gene is also a homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster teashirt gene, which encodes a zinc finger transcription factor important for development of the trunk. Tshz3-knockout mice do not develop the respiratory rhythm generator (RRG) neural circuit, which is a pacemaker that produces an oscillating rhythm in the brainstem and controls autonomous breathing.
RIP causes G:C to A:T transition mutations within repeats, however, the mechanism that detects the repeated sequences is unknown. RID is the only known protein essential for RIP. It is a DNA methyltransferease-like protein, that when mutated or knocked out results in loss of RIP. Deletion of the rid homolog in Aspergillus nidulans, dmtA, results in loss of fertility while deletion of the rid homolog in Ascobolus immersens, masc1, results in fertility defects and loss of methylation induced premeiotically (MIP).
This gene is the human homolog of mouse BMP-2-inducible kinase. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) play a key role in skeletal development and patterning. Expression of the mouse gene is increased during BMP-2 induced differentiation and the gene product is a putative serine/threonine protein kinase containing a nuclear localization signal. Therefore, the protein encoded by this human homolog is thought to be a protein kinase with a putative regulatory role in attenuating the program of osteoblast differentiation.
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5 also known as SMAD5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD5 gene. SMAD5, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic", based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community."Sonic Hedgehog, DICER, and the Problem With Naming Genes", Sep 26, 2014, Michael White. psmag.com It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of modulators.
Specifically, NDRG1 inhibits the oncogenic RAS, c-Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), WNT, ROCK1/pMLC2, and nuclear factor-light chain enhancer of activated B cell (NF-B) pathways, while promoting expression of key tumor-suppressive molecules including phosphatase and tensin homolog, E-cadherin, and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4). Through its effects on E-cadherin and beta-catenin, which form the adherens junction and promote cell adhesion, NDRG1 also inhibits the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, an initial key step in metastasis.
The human homolog of miR-712 was found on the RN45s homolog gene, which maintains similar miRNAs to mice. MiR-205 of humans share similar sequences with miR-712 of mice and is conserved across most vertebrates. MiR-205 and miR-712 also share more than 50% of the cell signaling targets, including TIMP3. When tested, d-flow decreased the expression of XRN1 in humans as it did in mice endothelial cells, indicating a potentially common role of XRN1 in humans.
They found that the mouse homolog had the properties of a circadian regulator. It had circadian expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), self-sustained oscillation, and entrainment of circadian expression by external light cues.
Vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the VPS37A gene. It is a member of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system.
Protein MCM10 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCM10 gene. It is essential for activation of the Cdc45:Mcm2-7:GINS helicase, and thus required for proper DNA replication.
Protein dachsous homolog 1, also known as protocadherin-16 (PCDH16) or cadherin-19 (CDH19) or cadherin-25 (CDH25) or fibroblast cadherin-1 (FIB1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCHS1 gene.
Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel protein that in humans is encoded by the gene PIEZO1. Piezo1 and its close homolog Piezo2 were cloned in 2010, using an siRNA-based screen for mechanosensitive ion channels.
Disks large homolog 2 (DLG2) also known as channel-associated protein of synapse-110 (chapsyn-110) or postsynaptic density protein 93 (PSD-93) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLG2 gene.
Egl nine homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGLN3 gene. ELGN3 is a member of the superfamily of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases, which are non-haem iron-containing proteins.
In these mice, the mTOR pathway was inappropriately activated, indicating that the mouse homolog of FLCN plays a regulatory role in this pathway. Rapamycin partially rescued the phenotype by regulating mTOR. Homozygotes die in utero.
After solving the etiology of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, Zoghbi began studying animal genes related to balance. As Baylor's Hugo J. Bellen described the role of the atonal gene in balance in fruit flies, Zoghbi chose to study its mammalian homolog. A member of her lab successfully cloned the mouse homolog, Math1, in 1996. Her team went on to find that, in addition to its involvement in balance and coordination, Math1 is also crucial to hearing and the formation of secretory cells in the gut.
The proto-oncogene c-Jun is the cellular homolog of the viral oncoprotein v-jun (). The viral homolog v-jun was discovered in avian sarcoma virus 17 and was named for ju-nana, the Japanese word for 17. The human JUN encodes a protein that is highly similar to the viral protein, which interacts directly with specific target DNA sequences to regulate gene expression. This gene is intronless and is mapped to 1p32-p31, a chromosomal region involved in both translocations and deletions in human malignancies.
A cysteine-rich region located in the N terminus of the HAT domain of MYST proteins is involved in zinc binding, which is essential for HAT activity. Tip60 (Tat-interactive protein, 60 kDa) was the first human MYST family member to exhibit HAT activity. Sas3 found in yeast is a homolog of MOZ (monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein), which is an oncogene found in humans. Esa1 was the first essential HAT to be found in yeast, and MOF is its homolog in fruit flies.
Archaea has the subunit corresponding to Eukaryotic Rpb1 split into two. There is no homolog to eukaryotic Rpb9 (POLR2I) in the S. shibatae complex, although TFS (TFIIS homolog) has been proposed as one based on similarity. There is an additional subunit dubbed Rpo13; together with Rpo5 it occupies a space filled by an insertion found in bacterial β' subunits (1,377–1,420 in Taq). An earlier, lower-resolution study on S. solfataricus structure did not find Rpo13 and only assigned the space to Rpo5/Rpb5.
The PER3 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 3 protein in humans. PER3 is a paralog to the PER1 and PER2 genes. It is a circadian gene associate with delayed sleep phase syndrome in humans.
The encoded protein interacts with discs, large (Drosophila) homolog 4 (DLG4). Mutations in this gene have been associated with autism and Asperger syndrome. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified for this gene.
The encoded protein sequence is 100% identical to the mouse homolog and 98% identical to the frog and zebrafish homologs. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene and they encode distinct isoforms.
Mu-crystallin homolog also known as NADP-regulated thyroid-hormone-binding protein (THBP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRYM gene. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.
In 1998, Hajime Tei, in collaboration with other researchers, identified a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila timeless gene. During this research project, timeless was analyzed in the adult mouse SCN, but only weak oscillations were observed.
There are multiple alpha and beta tubulin genes and they are highly conserved among and between species. This gene encodes an alpha tubulin that is a highly conserved homolog of a rat testis-specific alpha tubulin.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 28 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC28 gene. It's a member of chaperone DnaJ family. The family is also known as Hsp40 (heat shock protein 40 kDa).
Zinc finger protein 280D, also known as Suppressor Of Hairy Wing Homolog 4, SUWH4, Zinc Finger Protein 634, ZNF634, or KIAA1584, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF280D gene located on chromosome 15q21.3.
Basophil function is inhibited by CD200. Herpesvirus-6, herpesvirus-7, and herpesvirus-8 produce a CD200 homolog which also inhibits basophil function. This suggests that basophils may play a role in the immune response to these viruses.
Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit C homolog (bacterial) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GATC gene. The gene is also known as 15E1.2 and encodes part of a Glu-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase enzyme.
Beta-secretase 2 (, also known as Memapsin-1) is an enzyme that cleaves Glu- Val-Asn-Leu!Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe in the Swedish variant of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein. BACE2 is a close homolog of BACE1.
Mitochondrial tRNA modification GTPase is thought to catalyze the formation of 5-taurinomethyluridine (τm(5)U) in the anticodon wobble position of five mitochondrial tRNA. The gene was first discovered yeast where the mutation of the yeast homolog of human GTPBP3, MSS1, is found to elicit respiratory defect in yeast only when the mitochondrial 155 rRNA P(R)454 is present. The latter is equivalent to the human 12 rRNA A1555G mutation which has been found to associate with deafness. Hence GTPBP3 and its yeast homolog function in modification of mitochondrial function.
The frontal eye consists of a pigment cup, a group of putative photoreceptor cells (termed Row 1), three rows of neurons (Rows 2–4), and glial cells. The frontal eye, which expresses the PAX6 gene, has been proposed as the homolog of vertebrate paired eyes, the pigment cup as the homolog of the RPE (retinal pigment epithelium), the putative photoreceptors as homologs of vertebrate rods and cones, and Row 2 neurons as homologs of the retinal ganglion cells. The pigment cup is oriented concave dorsally. Its cells contain the pigment melanin.
Adult proximal tubule cells were directly transcriptionally reprogrammed to nephron progenitors of the embryonic kidney, using a pool of six genes of instructive transcription factors (SIX1, SIX2, OSR1, Eyes absent homolog 1(EYA1), Homeobox A11 (HOXA11) and Snail homolog 2 (SNAI2)) that activated genes consistent with a cap mesenchyme/nephron progenitor phenotype in the adult proximal tubule cell line. The generation of such cells may lead to cellular therapies for adult renal disease. Embryonic kidney organoids placed into adult rat kidneys can undergo onward development and vascular development.
Transformer-2 protein homolog alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRA2A gene. This gene is a member of the transformer 2 homolog family and encodes a protein with two RS domains and an RRM (RNA recognition motif) domain. This phosphorylated nuclear protein binds to specific RNA sequences and plays a role in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described; however, the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.
Marker recognition leads to the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytosis. On a molecular level, recognition of the cell-surface markers leads to the translation of the CED-12 protein in the cytoplasm of the engulfing cell, which then gets localized to the cell membrane. CED-12 binds CED-2 (C. elegans homolog to CrkII in mammals), followed by CED-5 (C. elegans homolog for DOCK180 in mammals) and forms a ternary structure. Transmembrane CED-1 is an example of the cell-surface receptor on the engulfing cell.
This protein is the human homolog of mastermind, a Drosophila protein that plays a role in the Notch signaling pathway involved in cell-fate determination. There is in vitro evidence that the human homolog forms a complex with the intracellular portion of human Notch receptors and can increase expression of a Notch-induced gene. This evidence supports its proposed function as a transcriptional co-activator in the Notch signaling pathway. Details on the activity of the N-terminal domain of Mastermind-like protein 1 may be found under MamL-1.
Assembly of a nucleoprotein filament comprising single- stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the RecA homolog, Rad51, is a key step necessary for homology search during recombination. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Srs2 translocase dismantles Rad51 filaments during meiosis. By directly interacting with Rad51, Srs2 dislodges Rad51 from nucleoprotein filaments thereby inhibiting Rad51-dependent formation of joint molecules and D-loop structures. This dismantling activity is specific for Rad51 since Srs2 does not dismantle DMC1 (a meiosis-specific Rad51 homolog), Rad52 (a Rad 51 mediator) or replication protein A (RPA, a single-stranded DNA binding protein).
Genetic studies have linked the autosomal recessive form of the disorder to the ROR2 gene on position 9 of the long arm of chromosome 9. The gene is responsible for aspects of bone and cartilage growth. This same gene is involved in causing autosomal dominant brachydactyly B. The autosomal dominant form has been linked to three genes - WNT5A, Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 (DVL1) and Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 (DVL3). This form is often caused by new mutations and is generally less severe than the recessive form.
SCO2 cytochrome c oxidase assembly (also known as SCO2 homolog, mitochondrial and SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient homolog 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCO2 gene. The encoded protein is one of the cytochrome c oxidase (COX)(Complex IV) assembly factors. Human COX is a multimeric protein complex that requires several assembly factors. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen, which helps to maintain the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that is necessary for aerobic ATP production.
A homolog of FLCN called DBHD has been discovered in the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Decrease expression of the DBHD results in loss of male germline stem cells (GSC), which suggest that DBHD is required for male GSC maintenance in the fly testis.Singh SR, Zhen W, Zheng Z, Wang H, Oh SW, Liu W, Zbar B, Schmidt LS, Hou SX. The Drosophila homolog of the human tumor suppressor gene BHD interacts with the JAK-STAT and Dpp signaling pathways in regulating male germline stem cell maintenance. Oncogene. 2006 Sep 28;25(44):5933-41.
2C-T-4 is the 2-carbon homolog of aleph-4. The full chemical name is 2-[4-(isopropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]-ethanamine. The drug has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to 2C-T-7 and 2C-T-9.
Protocadherin Fat 4, also known as cadherin family member 14 (CDHF14) or FAT tumor suppressor homolog 4 (FAT4), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAT4 gene. FAT4 is associated with the Hippo signaling pathway.
YIF1A (Yip1 interacting factor homolog A) is also known as YIF1, YIF1P, FinGER7, and 54TM. It has 4,591 base pairs with 8 exons, and it is located on the minus strand of chromosome 11, at 11q13.2, in humans.
The protein has been divided into a few subdomains organized similarly to eukaryotic IF proteins. Not every researcher is convinced that it is a homolog of intermediate filaments, suggesting instead that the similarity might have arose via convergent evolution.
IFT140, Intraflagellar transport 140 homolog, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT140 gene. The gene product forms a core component of IFT-A complex which is indipensible for retrograde intraflagellar transport within the primary cilium.
Mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 also known as MTCH2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MTCH2 gene. MTCH2 resides on the outer mitochondrial membrane where it co-localizes with the apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BID.
A structural but not sequential homolog of the human M1 receptor has been reported in Acanthamoeba castellanii and Naegleria fowleri. Antagonists of human M1 receptors (e.g. atropine, diphenhydramine) have been shown to exert anti-proliferative effects on these amoebae.
U105 belongs to the C/D family of snoRNAs. It is encoded in an intron of the Peter pan homolog gene and is predicted to guide 2'O-ribose methylation of residue U799 of the small 18S rRNA subunit.
GNLY orthologs have been identified in multiple species, including pigs, chicken, and cattle. Cattle has multiple copies of the gene with functional diversification. Mice do not have a granulysin homolog, but transgenic mice expressing human granulysin have been engineered.
Without Arabidopsis SWEET8 (TC# 2.A.123.1.5), pollen is not viable. The corn homolog ZmSWEET4c was shown to be involved in seed filling. Currently classified members of the SWEET transporter family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 (WIPI-1), also known as Atg18 protein homolog (ATG18) and WD40 repeat protein interacting with phosphoinositides of 49 kDa (WIPI 49 kDa), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WIPI1 gene.
ASH1L (also called huASH1, ASH1, ASH1L1, ASH1-like, or KMT2H) is a histone- lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme encoded by the ASH1L gene located at chromosomal band 1q22. ASH1L is the human homolog of Drosophila Ash1 (absent, small, or homeotic-like).
DNA2-like helicase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DNA2 gene. Dna2, a homolog of DNA2KL present in budding yeast, possesses both helicase and nuclease activity, with which it helps catalyze early steps in homologous recombination.
This gene encodes a protein that has four predicted transmembrane domains. The function of this gene has not yet been determined; however, studies in the mouse homolog suggest a role in the transport of small molecules across endosomal and lysosomal membranes.
RhoH (Ras homolog gene family, member H) is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases. It is encoded by the gene RHOH.
Mitochondrial carrier homolog 1 (MTCH1), also referred to as presenilin 1-associated protein (PSAP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTCH1 gene on chromosome 6. MTCH1 is a proapoptotic mitochondrial protein potentially involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Solute carrier family 13 (sodium-dependent citrate transporter), member 5 also known as the Na+/citrate cotransporter or mIndy is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC13A5 gene. It is the mammalian homolog of the fly Indy (gene).
Connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 2, also known as CNK homolog protein 2 (CNK2) or maguin ( _m_ embrane- _a_ ssociated _gu_ anylate kinase- _in_ teracting protein), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CNKSR2 gene.
This gene encodes an actin sequestering protein which plays a role in regulation of actin polymerization. The protein is also involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. This gene escapes X inactivation and has a homolog on chromosome Y (TMSB4Y).
RhoC (Ras homolog gene family, member C) is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases. It is encoded by the gene RHOC.
Authors note defects associated with cortical layers II/III and IV, especially in cortical neuronal migration (with respect to wild-type counterparts), showing that the S140G mutation has value as a model for detailing disease associated with the Human TUBA homolog.
Melanocyte protein PMEL also known as premelanosome protein (PMEL) or silver locus protein homolog (SILV) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMEL gene. Its gene product may be referred to as PMEL, silver, ME20, gp100 or Pmel17.
Single-minded homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIM2 gene. It plays a major role in the development of the central nervous system midline as well as the construction of the face and head.
This protein inhibits T cell proliferation and transcription of cytokines and cyclins. The protein interacts with both mothers against decapentaplegic Drosophila homolog 2 and 4 to enhance their DNA binding activity. This interaction inhibits interleukin 2 transcription in T cells.
Required for meiotic nuclear division 5 homolog B (S. cerevisiae), also known as RMND5B, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RMND5B gene. It has a zinc finger domain and is highly conserved throughout many eukaryotic organisms.
622:175-93 (2010).Kappelhoff R., Overall C.M. The CLIP-CHIP oligonucleotide microarray: dedicated array for analysis of all protease, nonproteolytic homolog, and inhibitor gene transcripts in human and mouse. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 2007 Aug; Chapter 21:Unit 21.19.
The RANBP1 cDNA encodes a 201-amino acid protein that is 92% similar to its mouse homolog. In both mammalian cells and in yeast, RANBP1 acts as a negative regulator of RCC1 by inhibiting RCC1-stimulated guanine nucleotide release from RAN.
DLL1 is a human homolog of the Notch Delta ligand and is a member of the delta/serrate/jagged family. It plays a role in mediating cell fate decisions during hematopoiesis. It may play a role in cell-to-cell communication.
This gene encodes a member of the disco- interacting protein homolog 2 family. The protein shares strong similarity with a Drosophila protein which interacts with the transcription factor disco and is expressed in the nervous system. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008].
Epsin contains various protein domains that aid in function. Starting at the N-terminus is the ENTH domain. ENTH stands for Epsin N-Terminal Homolog. The ENTH domain is approximately 150 amino acids long and is highly conserved across species.
In 1998, researchers identified a mouse homolog and a human homolog of the Drosophila timeless gene. The exact role of TIM in mammals is still unclear,. Recent work on the mammalian timeless (mTim) in mice has suggested that the gene may not play the same essential role in mammals as in Drosophila as an necessary function of the circadian clock. While Tim is expressed in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) which is thought to be the primary oscillator in humans, its transcription does not oscillate rhythmically in constant conditions, and the TIM protein remains in the nucleus.
Furthermore, abundant expression of Csx, the presumptive mouse homolog of tinman, is observed only in the heart from the time of cardiac differentiation. CSX, the human homolog of murine Csx, has a homeodomain sequence identical to that of Csx and is expressed only in the heart, again suggesting that CSX plays an important role in human heart formation. In humans, proper NKX2-5 expression is essential for the development of atrial, ventricular, and conotruncal septation, atrioventricular (AV) valve formation, and maintenance of AV conduction. Mutations in expression are associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) and related ailments.
Progressive ankylosis protein homolog (ANK ilosis H omolog) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKH gene. This gene encodes a multipass transmembrane protein that is expressed in joints and other tissues and controls pyrophosphate levels in cultured cells. Mutation at the mouse 'progressive ankylosis' (ank) locus causes a generalized, progressive form of arthritis accompanied by mineral deposition, formation of bony outgrowths, and joint destruction. The human homolog is virtually identical to the mouse protein and ANKH-mediated control of pyrophosphate levels has been suggested as a possible mechanism regulating tissue calcification and susceptibility to arthritis in higher animals.
Meiotic recombination protein DMC1/LIM15 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DMC1 gene. Meiotic recombination protein Dmc1 is a homolog of the bacterial strand exchange protein RecA. Dmc1 plays the central role in homologous recombination in meiosis by assembling at the sites of programmed DNA double strand breaks and carrying out a search for allelic DNA sequences located on homologous chromatids. The name "Dmc" stands for "disrupted meiotic cDNA" and refers to the method used for its discovery which involved using clones from a meiosis-specific cDNA library to direct knock-out mutations of abundantly expressed meiotic genes.
SD sequences are much rarer, and the initiation factors have more in common with eukaryotic ones. There is no homolog of bacterial IF3. Some mRNAs are leaderless. In both domains, genes without Shine–Dalgarno sequences are also translated in a less understood manner.
Chang et al. published crystal structures of a bacterial homolog, YetJ (TC# 1.A.14.2.3) at 1.9 Å resolution and characterized its calcium leak activity. Its seven-transmembrane-helix fold features two triple-helix sandwiches wrapped around a central C-terminal helix.
Unc-93 homolog A (C. elegans) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC93A gene. Unc93A is a major facilitator superfamily (MFS), and a putative solute carrier in humans. It belongs to the atypical SLCs that was recently listed.
The transcribed human pigeon homolog protein is 854 amino acid residues in length.UniProt: A 16 kDa fragment (GSAP-16K) derived from 121 residues from the C-terminus region of the full length protein is known as the γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP).
MUTYH encodes the adenine glycosylase enzyme which excise the mismatched adenine from 8-Oxoguanine:adenine base pairing, therefore enabling DNA repair mechanisms involving OGG1 (Oxoguanine glycosylase) and NUDT1 (Nudix hydrolase 1, also known as MTH1, MutT homolog 1) to remove the damaged 8-Oxoguanine.
When the 50S subunit joins, it hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and Pi, causing a conformational change in the IF2 that causes IF2 to release and allow the 70S ribosome to form. Human mitochondria use a nuclear-encoded homolog, MTIF2, for translation initiation.
The other homolog did not contain the lethal recessive in the lines that survived. Figure one in the paper illustrates the screen. This new technique allowed recessive screening in 95% of the Drosophila genome. It also greatly improved yields in germ line mutations.
About 65% of protein-coding genes currently lack functional assignment. Leishmania species produce several different heat shock proteins. These include Hsp83, a homolog of Hsp90. A regulatory element in the 3' UTR of Hsp83 controls translation of Hsp83 in a temperature-sensitive manner.
The FAC works to activate genes needed to initiate flowering at the SAM; flowering genes in Arabidopsis include AP1, SOC1 and several SPL genes, which are targeted by a microRNA and in rice the flowering gene is OsMADS15 (a homolog of AP1).
Disks large homolog 3 (DLG3) also known as neuroendocrine-DLG or synapse- associated protein 102 (SAP-102) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLG3 gene. DLG3 is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) superfamily of proteins.
Meitinger, F. and S. Palani. (2016). Actomyosin ring driven cytokinesis in budding yeast. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 53:19-27. In most bacteria and many archaea a homologous structure called the z-ring forms out of FtsZ, a homolog of tubulin.
Transcription factor MafB also known as V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAFB gene. This gene maps to chromosome 20q11.2-q13.1, consists of a single exon and spans around 3 kb.
They bind to, and negatively regulate the function of, CDC42. This protein can interact with CDC42, as well as with the ras homolog gene family, member Q (ARHQ/TC10). Expression of this protein in fibroblasts has been shown to induce pseudopodia formation.
There are a number predicted interacting proteins found in Y2H screens, such as exportin 1 (XPO1), ras homolog family member U (RHOU), deoxyhypusine hydroxylase/monooxygenase (DOHH), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, alpha (HNF4A), leukocyte receptor cluster member 1 (LENG1), and ubiquitin C (UBC).
This hypothesis is supported by studies on the bacterial NRAMP homologues which exhibit extremely high selectivity for Mn2+ over Fe2+, Zn2+ and other divalent cations. Regulation of these transporters in bacteria can occur through Fur, OxyR, and most commonly a DtxR homolog, MntR.
This gene encodes a DEAD box protein, which is a functional homolog of fission yeast Prp8 protein involved in cell cycle progression. This gene is mapped to the MHC region on chromosome 6p21.3, a region where many malignant, genetic and autoimmune disease genes are linked.
Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether has a Ki of 0.60 nM at the κ opioid receptor, and is around five times more potent than salvinorin A in animal studies, although it is still only half as potent as its stronger homolog salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether (symmetry).
Vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs homolog 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VTI1A gene. The protein encoded by the VTI1A gene is a target-SNARE (t-SNARE) protein which is located in the membranes of target vesicle compartments.
This suggests that both Jrk and its mouse homolog have conserved heterodimeric partners. Mammalian mutations in the Clock gene have been found to result in autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder.
Also in May 1998, Rosbash et al. discovered in Drosophila the clock gene cycle, a homolog of the mammalian bmal1 gene. In November 1998, Rosbash et al. discovered the cryb Drosophila mutant, which lead to the conclusion that cryptochrome protein is involved in circadian photoreception.
SRP19 is found in the SRP of eukaryotes and Archaea. Its primary role is in preparing the SRP RNA for the binding of SRP54, SRP68, and SRP72 by properly arranging SRP RNA helices 6 and 8. Yeast SRP contains Sec65p, a larger homolog of SRP19.
NADPH oxidase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOX1 gene. NOX1 is a homolog of the catalytic subunit of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase of phagocytes, gp91phox. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
This protein and another 2 members, E2F1 and E2F2, have an additional cyclin binding domain. This protein binds specifically to retinoblastoma protein pRB in a cell-cycle dependent manner. Alternative gene splicing is found in the mouse homolog, but has not reported in human yet.
Newton, J.M., Orlow, S.J. and Barsh, G.S. (1996). Isolation and characterization of a mouse homolog of the X-linked ocular albinism (OA1) gene. Genomics 37:219. Furthermore, OA1 was found to be stimulated by α-melanocortin stimulating hormone but inhibited by agouti signal protein.
The human homolog is a LAP protein, it contains 16 leucine-rich repeats and four PDZ domains. SCRIB belongs to a protein complex containing betaPIX, an exchange factor for Rac/Cdc42, and GIT1, a GTPase activating protein for ARF6 implicated in receptor recycling and exocytosis.
AH receptor-interacting protein (AIP) also known as aryl hydrocarbon receptor- interacting protein, immunophilin homolog ARA9, or HBV X-associated protein 2 (XAP-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIP gene. The protein is a member of the FKBP family.
FEBS Lett. 294: 198-202. The quest of Changeux for the structure of the nicotinic receptor culminated with the publication of the structure, at atomic resolution, of a bacterial homolog in the openBocquet N., Nury H., Baaden M., Le Poupon C., Changeux J.-P.
Cypenamine is a homolog of tranylcypromine, containing an expanded alicyclic ring that is two methylene units larger than the highly strained/reactive cyclopropane. The cyclohexane homologue has been reported, although the LD50s were all less than for plain amphetamine, it was still a functional stimulant.
AGR2 is the human homolog of XAG-2. It is expressed strongly in tissues that secrete mucus or function as endocrine organs, including the lungs, stomach, colon, prostate and small intestine. Its protein expression has been shown to be regulated by both androgens and estrogens.
Asymbescaline (3,4-diethoxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is a homolog of mescaline. Asymbescaline was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 200–280 mg, and the duration listed as 10–15 hours.
Delta-like 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLL4 gene. This gene is a homolog of the Drosophila delta gene. The delta gene family encodes Notch ligands that are characterized by a DSL domain, EGF repeats, and a transmembrane domain.
Naturally occurring read-through transcripts, resulting from intergenic splicing between this gene and an immediately upstream gene (PPAN, encoding peter pan homolog), have been found. The PPAN-P2RY11 read-through mRNA is ubiquitously expressed and encodes a fusion protein that shares identity with each individual gene product.
Chromobox protein homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CBX2 gene. According to a New Scientist article CBX2 controls human sex even more so than X/Y chromosomes.Ewen Callaway. "Girl with Y chromosome sheds light on maleness ", New Scientist, 2009-04-09.
Allithiamine (thiamine allyl disulfide or TAD) is a lipid-soluble form of vitamin B1 which was discovered in garlic (Allium sativum) in the 1950s along with its homolog prosultiamine. They were both investigated for their ability to treat Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome and beriberi better than thiamine.
This gene encodes a homolog of Drosophila prickle. The exact function of this gene is not known, however, studies in mice suggest that it may be involved in seizure prevention. Mutations in this gene are associated with progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 5. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011].
Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) also known as frequenin homolog (Drosophila) (freq) is a protein that is encoded by the FREQ gene in humans. NCS-1 is a member of the neuronal calcium sensor family, a class of EF hand containing calcium-myristoyl-switch proteins.
The murine homolog of EMR1, F4/80, is a well- known and widely used marker of murine macrophage populations. The N-terminal fragment (NTF) of EMR1 contains 4-6 Epidermal Growth Factor-like (EGF-like) domains in human and 4-7 EGF-like domains in the mouse.
Angio-associated, migratory cell protein, also known as AAMP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the AAMP gene. This protein has been conserved in evolution and is so common to many mammals. and it also has a yeast homolog which is the protein YCR072c.
Intraflagellar transport protein 74 homolog (IFT74), also known as coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 (CCDC2) and capillary morphogenesis gene 1 protein (CMG1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT74 gene. BCMG1 is upregulated by umbilical vein endothelial cells during capillary morphogenesis.
Sfi1 homolog, spindle assembly associated (yeast) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFI1 gene. It localizes to the centriole, and its S. pombe ortholog has been shown to be involved in spindle pole body duplication. SFI1 forms a complex with centrin 2.
Recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBPJ gene. RBPJ also known as CBF1, is the human homolog for the Drosophila gene Suppressor of Hairless. Its promoter region is classically used to demonstrate Notch1 signaling.
The DBT protein plays a noncatalytic role in recruiting additional kinases that phosphorylate CLK indirectly, thus downregulating transcription. A similar pathway exists in mammals due to the mechanistic conservation of the CKI homolog. In 2004, In dbts and dbtl mutants, Drosphila cells has reduced CKI-7 activity.
Xenopus claspin is an essential upstream regulator of checkpoint kinase 1 and triggers a checkpoint arrest of the cell cycle in the presence of DNA templates in Xenopus egg extracts. The human gene appears to be the homolog Xenopus claspin and its function has not been determined.
Musashi-2 protein in homolog 2 in Homo sapiens. Musashi-2, also known as Musashi RNA binding protein 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSI2 gene. Like its homologue musashi-1 (MSI1), it is an RNA-binding protein involved in stemness.
Cells with bbc1 gene deletion are viable. Bbc1 is affinity captured by the Nebulin-family actin filament anchoring protein Cyk3 and the SMARCAD1 family ATP-dependent DNA helicase Fft3. Bbc1 competes with WIP homolog Vrp1 to bind the Myosin 1 tail to regulate actin assembly at endocytic sites.
Spermatogenesis-defective protein 39 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VIPAS39 gene. This protein is involved in the sorting of lysosomal proteins. Mutations in this gene are associated with ARCS2 (arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and cholestasis-2). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
It is a paralog of the release factor eRF1. The Drosophila homolog was first discovered in 1993. Mutants exhibit G2/M arrest in meiosis and large nebenkern form in late spermatocytes. Human, yeast (Dom34), plant, and worm homologs are reported in 1995, followed by one found in archaea.
Transgelin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAGLN2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a homolog of the protein transgelin, which is one of the earliest markers of differentiated smooth muscle. The function of this protein has not yet been determined.
Homer protein homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOMER2 gene. This gene encodes a member of the homer family of dendritic proteins. Members of this family regulate group 1 metabotrophic glutamate receptor function. The encoded protein may be involved in cell growth.
SNX8 has a yeast ortholog protein, the MVP1 encoded by the also homolog gene Mvp1p, which also plays a role by mediating transport of cargo to the vacuolar and lysosomal compartments. For this reason, its investigation can lead to a better understanding of SNX8 functions in human cells.
This disorder is inherited in a recessive X linked fashion. As a result, males are much more commonly affected than females.It is due to a mutation in VMA21 gene - the human homolog of the yeast Vma21p protein. This gene is located on the long arm of chromosome X (Xq28).
Heat shock 10 kDa protein 1 (Hsp10), also known as chaperonin 10 (cpn10) or early-pregnancy factor (EPF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPE1 gene. The homolog in E. coli is GroES that is a chaperonin which usually works in conjunction with GroEL.
Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector b, also known as CIDEB, is a human gene. Recently, CIDEB knockout mice have been generated by homolog recombination technique. The CIDE null mice show decreased lipogenesis. The CIDEB knockout mice are resistant to high fat diet induced obesity and liver steatosis.
As an example, the brachyury gene and the homolog of the PAX2 gene both play a similar role in the development of tunicates as they do in vertebrates. Complex aspects of vertebral development such as the differentiation of the central nervous system can thus be studied in the laboratory.
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Vrp1 interaction with myosin-1 is believed to help position new actin branches near the membrane, enhancing the amount of force against the membrane. This interaction is disrupted by the yeast specific protein Bbc1/Mti1/SPAC23A1.17, which competes with Vrp1 for binding the Myo1e homolog.
This gene and FGF3, another oncogenic growth factor, are located closely on chromosome 11. Co-amplification of both genes was found in various kinds of human tumors. Studies on the mouse homolog suggested a function in bone morphogenesis and limb development through the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway.
Between 2.5 and 3.0 billion years ago, cyanobacteria started using the energy from light to split water, releasing oxygen into the anaerobic, reducing environment. Parts of this ancient cyanobacterial metabolism are still maintained today. Bandyopadhyay et al. 2011 created a phylogenic tree for cyanobacteria using 226 homolog protein groups.
Drosha shares striking structural similarity with the downstream ribonuclease Dicer, suggesting an evolutionary relationship, through Drosha and related enzymes are found only in animals while Dicer relatives are widely distributed, including among protozoans. Both components of Microprocessor are conserved among the vast majority of metazoans with known genomes. Mnemiopsis leidyi, a ctenophore, lacks both Drosha and DGCR8 homologs, as well as recognizable miRNAs, and is the only known metazoan with no detectable genomic evidence of Drosha. In plants, the miRNA biogenesis pathway is somewhat different; neither Drosha nor DGCR8 has a homolog in plant cells, where the first step in miRNA processing is usually executed by a different nuclear ribonuclease, DCL1, a homolog of Dicer.
Given the mass of data available on CXorf26, potential function is likely related to the workings of RNA polymerase II, ubiquitination, and ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The basis of these arguments is on the interaction data of human CXorf26 as well as its yeast homolog, YPL225W. Both homologs show interaction with multiple ubiquinated proteins as well as the transcriptional enzyme RNA polymerase II. For example, ubiquitiation and subsequent degradation of the 26S proteasome serves an important function in regulating transcription in eukaryotes. The yeast protein RPN11, which interacts with YPL225W, has a homolog in humans that is a metalloprotease component of 26S proteasome that also degrades proteins targeted for destruction by the ubiquitin pathway.
Lee et al. showed that the same source of enzymes efficiently make both mevalonate and its 3-ethyl homolog, homomevalonate. Bergot showed that the mevalonate and homomevalonate produced by these enzymes has the same 3S optical isomer configuration as the vertebrate enzymes. Baker showed that isopentenyl diphosphate, and its homolog, 3-ethyl-butenyl diphosphate (homoisopentenyl diphosphate) are metabolized to their corresponding allyic diphosphates, DMAPP and homoDMAPP (3-ethyl-3-methylallyl diphosphate). The latter is required for biosynthesis of JH I, JH II, and 4-methylJH I. 2 units of homoDMAPP are required for JH I and 4methyl JH I biosynthesis, and one for JH II biosynthesis.Baker, F.C., Lee, E., Bergot, B.J., Schooley, D.A., 1981.
In 1997, Hajime Tei, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, and Hitoshi Okamura identified the human and mouse Per homologues of the Drosophila Per gene. They discovered that hPer (the human homolog of dPer) and mPer (the mouse homolog of dPer) encoded PAS- domain-containing polypeptides that are highly homologous to dPer. They also found that mPer showed autonomous circadian oscillation in its expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which acts as the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. They were able to discover this by using a method called intra-module scanning-polymerase chain reaction (IMS-PCR), which allowed them to screen out short stretches of DNA sequences and isolate mammalian homologs of the Drosophila Per gene.
Experiments on human gene function can often be carried out on other species if a homolog to a human gene can be found in the genome of that species, but only if the homolog is orthologous. If they are paralogs and resulted from a gene duplication event, their functions are likely to be too different. One or more copies of duplicated genes that constitute a gene family may be affected by insertion of transposable elements that causes significant variation between them in their sequence and finally may become responsible for divergent evolution. This may also render the chances and the rate of gene conversion between the homologs of gene duplicates due to less or no similarity in their sequences.
Experimental studies show that, with the exception of higher Diptera, treatment of the final instar stage with JH causes an additional immature molt and repetition of that stage. The increased understanding of the hormonal pathway involved in metamorphosis enabled direct comparison between hemimetabolan and holometabolan development. Most notably, the transcription factor Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) which is another important antimetamorphic transducer of the JH pathway (initially demonstrated in D. melanogaster and in the beetle Tribolium castaneum) has been used to compare hemimetabolan and holometabolan metamorphosis. Namely, the Krüppel homolog 1 discovered in the cockroach Blattella germanica (a representative hemimatabolan species), "BgKr-h1", was shown to be extremely similar to orthologues in other insects from holometabolan orders.
Caspase-11 in mice and its human homolog caspase-4 and -5 are involved in the non-canonical pathway and are activated by directly binding cytosolic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) secreted by gram- negative bacteria. Upon activation of these caspases, GSDMD undergoes proteolytic cleavage at Asp-275, which is sufficient to drive pyroptosis.
The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of a bipartite UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase. It heterodimerizes with asparagine-linked glycosylation 14 (ALG14) homolog to form a functional UDP-GlcNAc glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the second sugar addition of the highly conserved oligosaccharide precursor in endoplasmic reticulum N-linked glycosylation.
This gene encodes a protein with an ankyrin repeat region and two BTB/POZ domains, which are thought to be involved in protein-protein interactions. Expression of this gene is activated by the phosphatase and tensin homolog, a tumor suppressor. Alternate splicing results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
PTEN also refers to a member of the class, phosphatase and tensin homolog. This enzyme class participates in 10 metabolic pathways: inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, p53 signaling pathway, focal adhesion, tight junction, endometrial cancer, glioma, prostate cancer, melanoma, and small cell lung cancer. It employs one cofactor, magnesium.
These results led the authors to suggest that N-methylphenylethanolamine was acting on both α and β adrenergic receptors.H. E. Shannon, E. J. Cone and D. Yousefnejad (1981). "Physiologic effects and plasma kinetics of phenylethanolamine and its N-methyl homolog in the dog." J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 217 379-385.
This homolog of vitamin K2 may have enzyme functions distinct from those of vitamin K1. MK-7 and other long-chain menaquinones are different from MK-4 in that they are not produced by human tissue. MK-7 may be converted from phylloquinone (K1) in the colon by Escherichia coli bacteria.
Homo sapiens FAM46C is highly conserved in close orthologs with only small changes in protein AA sequence when comparing to other mammals. FAM46C and specifically the DUF1693 is traceable throughout the known metazoans, with a distant homolog found in Trichoplax adhaerens, a member of the basal multicellular organismal group Placozoa.
261x261px CED-12 (ll eath Abnormality Protein-12) is a cytoplasmic, PH-domain containing adaptor protein found in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. CED-12 is a homolog to the ELMO protein found in mammals. This protein is involved in Rac-GTPase activation, apoptotic cell phagocytosis, cell migration, and cytoskeletal rearrangements.
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 4 (SMC-4) also known as chromosome-associated polypeptide C (CAP-C) or XCAP-C homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMC4 gene. SMC-4 is a core subunit of condensin I and II, large protein complexes involved in chromosome condensation.
RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 3 (Rbfox3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBFOX3 gene. It is related to the alternative splicing factors Rbfox1 and Rbfox2, but instead of its involvement in splicing, it is most well-known as the nuclear biomarker NeuN.
Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DVL3 gene. This gene is a member of a multi-gene family which shares strong similarity with the Drosophila dishevelled gene, dsh. The Drosophila dishevelled gene encodes a cytoplasmic phosphoprotein that regulates cell proliferation.
The SH2 domain interacts with ligand-activated receptors for stem cell factor and erythropoietin, and facilitates the formation of a stable complex with the BCR-ABL oncoprotein. This protein also associates with the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS1 (son of sevenless homolog 1) through its N-terminal SH3 domain.
Taste receptor type 1 member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS1R3 gene. The TAS1R3 gene encodes the human homolog of mouse Sac taste receptor, a major determinant of differences between sweet-sensitive and -insensitive mouse strains in their responsiveness to sucrose, saccharin, and other sweeteners.
The neurogenic locus notch homolog 4 protein is a member of the Notch family. Members of this type 1 transmembrane protein family share structural characteristics. These include an extracellular domain consisting of multiple epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats, and an intracellular domain that consists of multiple, but different, domain types.
Mammalian clocks are reset by light by a nearly identical mechanism, with mPer1 transcripts being induced by short flashes of light outside of the subjective day. The mPer1 mechanism in the mammalian clock draws closer similarities to the mechanism in Neurospora than to the mechanism of its homolog in Drosophila, per.
This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in regulating cellular response to hypoxia.
TFAM is a double box High-mobility group DNA-binding and bending protein. This bending action is important for mitochondrial transcription initiation in mammals, but not in yeasts with the homolog Abf2. TFAM may also participate in the packaging of the mitochondrial genome, as its binding activity is non-sequence-specific.
FGF10 knockout mice die right after birth. The mice showed no developing organs such as lungs, salivary glands, kidney or definitive limbs once autopsied. Studies of the mouse homolog suggested that this gene is required for embryonic epidermal morphogenesis including brain development, lung morphogenesis, and initiation of limb bud formation.
General anesthetic propofol and inhaled anesthetics xeon, chloroform, isoflurane, diethyl ether disrupt lipid raft function including palmitate mediated localization of PLD2 to lipid rafts. Activation of PLD then activates TREK-1 channels. The membrane mediated PLD2 activation could be transferred to an anesthetic insensitive homolog TRAAK, rending the channel anesthetic sensitive.
This gene encodes a DEAD box protein, which is an enzyme that possesses both ATPase and DNA helicase activities. This gene is a homolog of the yeast CHL1 gene, and may function to maintain chromosome transmission fidelity and genome stability. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.
The closest homolog of BTG1 is BTG2, which also controls the proliferation and differentiation of adult neural stem cells; the role of BTG2, however, appears to differ from that of BTG1 being probably more relevant in controlling the terminal differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells in the adult neurogenic niches.
Protein CDV3 homolog also known as carnitine deficiency-associated gene expressed in ventricle 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDV3 gene. CDV3 is a biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. CDV3 has been considered as a potential target for gene therapy. It encodes the protein Histone H4.
The Methylosinus-1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. Methylosinus-1 motif RNAs are found, as of 2018, only in the organism Methylosinus trichosporium strain OB3b. The motif occurs in six locations in this organism. A possible homolog also occurs in Methylosinus rosea SV97.
The hepatic caecum, a single blind-ending caecum, branches off from the underside of the gut, with a lining able to phagocytize the food particles, a feature not found in vertebrates. Although it performs many functions of a liver, it is not considered a true liver but a homolog of the vertebrate liver.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase subunit ALG14 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALG14 gene. Asparagine (N)-glycosylation is an essential modification that regulates protein folding and stability. ALG13 and ALG14 (this protein) constitute the UDP-GlcNAc transferase, which catalyzes a key step in endoplasmic reticulum N-linked glycosylation.
Guo J, Cagatay T, Zhou G, Chan CC, Blythe S, Suyama K, Zheng L, Pan K, Qian C, Hamelin R, Thibodeau SN, Klein PS, Wharton KA, Liu W. Mutations in the human naked cuticle homolog NKD1 found in colorectal cancer alter Wnt/Dvl/beta-catenin signaling. PLoS One. 2009 Nov 24;4(11):e7982.
Noggin and chordin homologue Chordino, binds to a BMP family member, BMP2B, to block it from ventralizing the embryo. Dickkopf binds to a Wnt homolog Wnt8 to block it from ventralizing and posteriorizing the embryo. There is a third pathway regulated by β-catenin in fish. β-catenin activates the transcription factor stat3.
Kexin () is a prohormone-processing protease, specifically a yeast serine peptidase, found in the budding yeast (S. cerevisiae). It catalyzes the cleavage of -Lys-Arg- and -Arg-Arg- bonds to process yeast alpha-factor pheromone and killer toxin precursors. The human homolog is PCSK4. It is a family of subtilisin-like peptidases.
DIS3 mitotic control homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the DIS3L2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is similar in sequence to 3'/5' exonucleolytic subunits of the RNA exosome. The exosome is a large multimeric ribonucleotide complex responsible for degrading various RNA substrates.
The WW domain may mediate specific protein–protein interactions. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. In neurons, murine ortholog Wwp2 and its homolog Wwp1 control polarity acquisition, formation, and branching of axons, as well as migration of newly born nerve cells into the cortical plate.
ROSA26 is a locus used for constitutive, ubiquitous gene expression in mice. It was first isolated in 1991 in a gene-trap mutagenesis screen of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Over 130 knock-in lines have been created based on the ROSA26 locus. The human homolog of the ROSA26 locus has been identified.
Intraflagellar transport protein 81 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT81 gene. Together with IFT74/72 it forms a core complex to build IFT particles which are required for cilium formation. Additionally, it interacts with basal body components as CEP170 which regulates the disassembly of the cilium.
It is homologous to the Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen gp350/220. MuHV-68 is more closely related to the Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) than it is to the Epstein-Barr virus. Glycoprotein K8.1 is the KSHV homolog of MuHV-68 gp150. MuHV-68 is a very close relative of MuHV-72.
By copying and replacing the altered area with a very similar area on the sister homolog chromosome, the gene can be replicated as if nothing was ever wrong on the chromosome. However, when the cell enters this arrested state, levels of p53 may increase. These increased levels of p53 may initiate cell death.
PET117 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PET117 gene. Localized to mitochondria, this protein is a chaperone protein involved in the assembly of mitochondrial Complex IV, or Cytochrome C Oxidase. Mutations in this gene can cause Complex IV deficiency with symptoms including medulla oblongata lesions and lactic acidosis.
Further, DBHD regulates GSC maintenance downstream or in parallel of the JAK/STAT and Dpp signal-transduction pathways, which suggest that BHD regulates tumorigenesis by controlling stem cells in human {Singh SR, Zhen W, Zheng Z, Wang H, Oh SW, Liu W, Zbar B, Schmidt LS, Hou SX. The Drosophila homolog of the human tumor suppressor gene BHD interacts with the JAK-STAT and Dpp signaling pathways in regulating male germline stem cell maintenance. Oncogene. 2006 Sep 28;25(44):5933-41 Singh et al. 2006} A line of rats with hereditary kidney cancer were developed by Japanese researchers. They have a mutation in the FLCN homolog that produces a truncated protein, though they do not develop the cutaneous or pulmonary symptoms seen in humans.
Rutabaga (rut) is the name of the gene encoding calcium-sensitive dependent adenylate cyclase in fruit flies. Rutabaga has been implicated in a number of functions, including learning and memory, behavior, and cell communication. Mutants display defects in olfactory memory, leading to presumably defects in learning to consume rutabaga. Its human homolog is ADCY1.
Kairine is a derivative of tetrahydroquinoline which was first described by Wilhelm Fischer in 1883. Its name comes from the Greek kairos, meaning "the right time". It is an antipyretic, formerly used against typhoid fever, but now largely obsolete due to severe side effects. Both kairine and its N-ethyl homolog show similar antipyretic activity.
The specific function of this protein has not been determined but its yeast homolog is directly required for packaging glycosylated pro-alpha-factor into COPII vesicles. This gene uses multiple polyadenylation sites, resulting in transcript length variation. The existence of alternatively spliced transcript variants has been suggested, but their validity has not been determined.
Condensin complex subunit 1 also known as chromosome-associated protein D2 (CAP-D2) or non-SMC condensin I complex subunit D2 (NCAPD2) or XCAP-D2 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCAPD2 gene. CAP-D2 is a subunit of condensin I, a large protein complex involved in chromosome condensation.
C11orf86 is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 at 11q13.2. It consists of 1732 base pairs, and is found on the plus strand. Gene neighbors of C11orf86 include uncharacterized LOC105369355, microRNA 6860, microRNA 3163, synaptotagmin 12, ras homolog family member D, and pyruvate carboxylase. NCBI Gene diagram showing the genes that neighbor C11orf86.
Mutated patched proteins have been implicated in a number of cancers including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Hereditary mutations in the human patched homolog PTCH1 cause autosomal dominant Gorlin syndrome, which consists of overgrowth and hereditary disposition to cancer including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Mice with mutations in mouse PTCH1 similarly develop medulloblastoma.
Thus the Escherichia coli RNase HI is a homolog of the Homo sapiens RNase H1. In E. coli and many other prokaryotes, the rnhA gene encodes HI and the rnhB gene encodes HII. A third related class, called HIII, occurs in a few bacteria and archaea; it is closely related to prokaryotic HII enzymes.
Protein sprouty homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPRY3 gene. The SPRY3 gene is one of the genes found in the pseudoautosomal regions of the human sex chromosomes (i.e. those 19 genes that are found on both the X and Y chromosome). It is located in the PAR2 region.
The complex locks the RNAP clamp into a closed state to prevent the elongation complex (EC) from dissociating. The Spt5 NGN domain helps anneal the two strands of DNA upstream. The single KOW domain in bacteria and archaea anchors a ribosome to the RNAP. In bacteria, the homologous complex only contains NusG, a Spt5 homolog.
MicroRNA-19, or miR-19, is a member of the OncomiR-1 family, and consists of three sub classifications in both humans and mice: mir-19a, mir-19b1 and miR-19b2. miR-19 has been shown to downregulate phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) effectively increasing activity of the cellular survival-promoting signal pathway PI3K-Akt.
The egl-8 gene encodes a homolog of phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ), an enzyme that cleaves PIP2. When ttx-7 mutants also had a mutant egl-8 gene, the defects caused by the faulty ttx-7 gene were largely reversed. These results suggest that PIP2 signaling establishes polarized localization of synaptic components in living neurons.
One or more SRP proteins bind to the SRP RNA to assemble the functional SRP. The SRP proteins are named according to their approximate molecular mass measured in kilodalton. Most bacterial SRPs are composed of SRP RNA and SRP54 (also named Ffh for "Fifty-four homolog"). The Archaeal SRP contains proteins SRP54 and SRP19.
Adhesion enhancement of cribellate capture threads by epicuticular waxes of the insect prey sheds new light on spider web evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 31 May 2017. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0363 The spider cribellum is a functional homolog of the anterior median spinnerets of Mesothelae and Mygalomorphae, which do not have a cribellum.
Polymorphisms of the p15INK4b/p16INK4a homolog were found to segregate with melanoma susceptibility in the Xiphophorus indicating that INK4 proteins have been involved with tumor suppression for over 350 million years. Furthermore, the older INK4-based system has been further bolstered by the evolution of the recent addition of the ARF-based anti-cancer response.
TERF2 is a homolog to TERF1, exhibiting many functional and biochemical similarities. TERF2, like TERF1 has some relation to the Myb DNA binding motif. It serves as a secondary negative regulator, as overexpression of TERF2 produces a shortened telomere. TERF2 may also conceal the ends of the telomere in order to prevent detection from degradation.
Growth factor, augmenter of liver regeneration (ERV1 homolog, S. cerevisiae), also known as GFER, or Hepatopoietin is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GFER gene. This gene is also known as essential for respiration and vegatative growth, augmenter of liver regeneration, and growth factor of Erv1-like/Hepatic regenerative stimulation substance.
MutH has no eukaryotic homolog. Its endonuclease function is taken up by MutL homologs, which have some specialized 5'-3' exonuclease activity. The strand bias for removing mismatches from the newly synthesized daughter strand in eukaryotes may be provided by the free 3' ends of Okazaki fragments in the new strand created during replication.
Protein SEC13 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC13 gene. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the SEC13 family of WD- repeat proteins. It has similarity to the yeast SEC13 and SEC31 proteins, which are required for vesicle biogenesis from the endoplasmic reticulum during the transport of proteins.
Ceramide kinase has also been demonstrated to regulate localization and level of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) produced from NORPA, a phospholipase C homolog in Drosophila melanogaster. In addition to endosomal and trans-golgi localization, CERK has been found to localize to outer mitochondrial membrane at the site of COX-2 localization in A549 cells.
This locus represents naturally occurring read-through transcription between the neighboring RAB4B (RAB4B, member RAS oncogene family) and EGLN2 (egl nine homolog 2) genes on chromosome 19. The read-through transcript is a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), and is thus unlikely to produce a protein product. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011].
Cell division control protein 42 homolog, also known as Cdc42, is a protein involved in regulation of the cell cycle. It was originally identified in S. cerevisiae (yeast) as a mediator of cell division, and is now known to influence a variety of signaling events and cellular processes in a variety of organisms from yeast to mammals.
11 April 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013. Another use of gallium is as an additive in glide wax for skis, and other low-friction surface materials. A well-known practical joke among chemists is to fashion gallium spoons and use them to serve tea to unsuspecting guests, since gallium has a similar appearance to its lighter homolog aluminium.
The quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius) is separated from the muscles of the first layer by the lateral plantar vessels and nerve. It acts to aid in flexing the 2nd to 5th toes (offsetting the oblique pull of the flexor digitorum longus) and is one of the few muscles in the foot with no homolog in the hand.
Inactive rhomboid protein 1 (iRhom1) also known as rhomboid 5 homolog 1 or rhomboid family member 1 (RHBDF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RHBDF1 gene. The alternative name iRhom1 has been proposed, in order to clarify that it is a catalytically inactive member of the rhomboid family of intramembrane serine proteases.
Despite its cytotoxic effects in human cells, A22 has been used as a research tool to investigate the bacterial cytoskeleton. A22 binds directly to the actin homolog MreB in its nucleotide-binding pocket, blocking simultaneous ATP binding. As a consequence, A22 inhibits MreB polymerization and thus disrupts the cytoskeleton of bacteria, causing defects of morphology and chromosome segregation.
Protein misato homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSTO1 gene. The MSTO1 gene is 5134 base pairs (located in chromosome 1) and the MSTO1 protein is 570 aminoacids in length. It is located in the outer membrane of the mitochondrion, and is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial distribution and morphology.
This protein is a transcription factor that negatively regulates other myogenic family proteins. Studies of the mouse homolog, I-mf, show that it interferes with myogenic factor function by masking nuclear localization signals and preventing DNA binding. Knockout mouse studies show defects in the formation of vertebrae and ribs that also involve cartilage formation in these structures.
Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAPRE3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RP/EB family of genes. The protein localizes to the cytoplasmic microtubule network and binds APCL, a homolog of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene.
Chromobox protein homolog 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CBX5 gene. It is a highly conserved, non-histone protein part of the heterochromatin family. The protein itself is more commonly called (in humans) HP1α. Heterochromatin protein-1 (HP1) has an N-terminal domain that acts on methylated lysines residues leading to epigenetic repression.
HP1α is a highly evolutionary conserved protein, existing in species such a Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a type of yeast, all the way to humans. The N-terminal chromodomain and C-terminal chromoshadow domain appear to be much more conserved (approximately 50-70% amino acid similarity) than the hinge region (approximately 25-30% similarity with the Drosophila HP1 homolog).
In 2004, Shi et al. published their discovery of the histone demethylase LSD1 (later classified as KDM1A), a nuclear amine oxidase homolog. Since then many more histone demethylases have been found. Defined by their mechanisms, two main classes of histone demethylases exist: a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidase, and an Fe(II) and α-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase.
Cdh1 is one of the substrate adaptor protein of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Functioning as an activator of the APC/C, Cdh1 regulates the activity and substrate specificity of this ubiquitin E3-ligase. The human homolog is encoded by the FZR1 gene, which is not to be confused with the CDH1 gene.
The only important role of β-catenin is to activate the transcription of the gene Pmar1. This gene represses a repressor to allow micromere genes to be expressed. The aboral/oral axis (analogous to the dorsal/ventral axes in other animals) is specified by a nodal homolog. This nodal was localized on the future oral side of the embryo.
One key difference between the B virus and the HSVs is that B virus does not have a homolog of the HSV γ134.5 gene, which codes for a neurovirulence factor. This indicates that B virus has different mechanisms from HSV for replicating inside nerve cells, which could explain the drastically different effects of these viruses on humans.
These motifs contain conserved H-C links. Gli family zinc finger proteins are mediators of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and they are implicated as potent oncogenes in the embryonal carcinoma cell. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the cytoplasm and activates patched Drosophila homolog (PTCH) gene expression. It is also thought to play a role during embryogenesis.
Sgs1, also known as slow growth suppressor 1, is a DNA helicase protein found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a homolog of the bacterial RecQ helicase. Like the other members of the RecQ helicase family, Sgs1 is important for DNA repair. In particular, Sgs1 collaborates with other proteins to repair double- strand breaks during homologous recombination in eukaryotes.
Columella (highlighted) in the skull of the extinct therapsid Dicynodon. In the auditory system, the columella contributes to hearing in amphibians, reptiles and birds. The columella form thin, bony structures in the interior of the skull and serve the purpose of an eardrum. It is an evolutionary homolog of the stapes, one of the auditory ossicles in mammals.
Transcription factor MafK is a bZip Maf transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the MAFK gene. MafK is one of the small Maf proteins, which are basic region and leucine zipper (bZIP)-type transcription factors. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee-approved gene name of MAFK is “v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog K”.
The metallocarboxypeptidase family of enzymes is divided into 2 subfamilies based on sequence similarities: the pancreatic carboxypeptidase- like and the regulatory B-type carboxypeptidase subfamilies. Carboxypeptidase D has been identified as a regulatory B-type carboxypeptidase. CPD is a homolog of duck gp180, a hepatitis B virus binding protein. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyadenylation signals exist for this gene.
This protein, like its mouse homolog, is likely a GPI-anchored cell surface molecule. The mouse protein is expressed by the perivascular thymic stromal cells and regulates migration of T-cell progenitors to the thymus. This gene lies in close proximity to, and in same transcriptional orientation as two other vanin genes on chromosome 6q23-q24.
Repeated fertilizations within the ovary are accompanied by maturation of the ovary to form the tomato fruit. Homologs of the recA gene, including rad51, play a key role in homologous recombinational repair of DNA during meiosis. A rad51 homolog is present in the anther of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), suggesting that recombinational repair occurs during meiosis in tomato.
4-Methyl-α-ethylaminopentiophenone (4-MEAP) is a designer drug of the cathinone class. It is a higher homolog of 4-methylpentedrone (4-MPD) with an ethyl group in place of the methyl group. 4-MEAP has been found in samples of drugs sold as 4-MPD. In the United States, 4-MEAP is a Schedule I Controlled Substance.
This has been linked to a range of diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. A major antagonist of PI3K activity is PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), a tumour suppressor which is often mutated or lost in cancer cells. Akt phosphorylates as many as 100 different substrates, leading to a wide range of effects on cells.
Faint little ball (flb) is a Drosophila gene that encodes the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (DER) homolog. The gene is also called torpedo and Ellipse. The gene is located at 3-26 of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. It is named faint little ball because when the gene is mutated the embryo forms a ball of dorsal hypoderm.
It may also involve gains in the expression of MYC and BMI1 (encoding the c-Myc and B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog proto-oncogenes). However, the roles of these gene products is uncertain because there are scores of other genetic abnormalities in MCL that could contribute to the progression of ISMCL to MCL.
Dpp is the Drosophila homolog of the vertebrate bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are members of the TGF-β superfamily, a class of proteins that are often associated with their own specific signaling pathway. Studies of Dpp in Drosophila have led to greater understanding of the function and importance of their homologs in vertebrates like humans.
A likely homolog of the previously discovered mouse gene Clock was identified by Rosbash et al. by cloning of the Drosophila gene defined by the Jrk mutation. This gene was given the name Drosophila Clock. dClock has been shown to interact directly with the per and tim E-boxes and contributes to the circadian transcription of these genes.
Catalysis of protein folding by parvulin. J Mol Biol 273(3):752-62. Parvulin itself contains proline residues and its folding can be accelerated by the presence of cyclophilin; parvulin folding can also be autocatalytic. A eukaryotic homolog of parvulin known as Pin1 is required to execute the transition from G2 phase to M phase in the cell cycle.
The Hippo signaling pathway coordinately regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by inactivating Yorkie, the Drosophila Homolog of YAP. Cell 122, 421-434. and its mammalian homologue YAPDong, J., Feldmann, G., Huang, J., Wu, S., Zhang, N., Comerford, S.A., Gayyed, M.F., Anders, R.A., Maitra, A., and Pan, D. (2007). Elucidation of a universal size-control mechanism in Drosophila and mammals.
The yotari mouse is an autosomal recessive mutant. It has a mutated disabled homolog 1 (Dab1) gene. This mutant mouse is recognized by unstable gait ("Yota-ru" in Japanese means "unstable gait") and tremor and by early deaths around the time of weaning. The cytoarchitectures of cerebellar and cerebral cortices and hippocampal formation of the yotari mouse are abnormal.
Linezolid and quinupristin-dalfopristin also bind to the 23S rRNA, and cross-resistance has been demonstrated between these antibiotics. Compared to 16S rRNA genes, 23S rRNA genes typically have higher sequence variations including insertions and/or deletions. The eukaryotic homolog of the 23S rRNA is the 28S ribosomal RNA, with a region filled by the 5.8S ribosomal RNA.
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a single homolog of both pol λ and pol μ called Pol4. Translesion synthesis is a damage tolerance mechanism in which specialized DNA polymerases substitute for replicative polymerases in copying across DNA damages during replication. DNA polymerase lambda appears to be involved in translesion synthesis of abasic sites and 8-oxodG damages.
There is differential expression of the Xenopus homolog of GADD45G in embryonic development. It plays a large role in neural and brain development with GADD45A. GADD45G and GADD45A knockdowns are related to improper gastrulation, defective head growth, and shorter axes. GADD45G and GADD45A act redundantly to control cell growth, allow the cells to move from pluripotentcy helping cells differentiate.
When p53 itself is mutated, other mutations can survive. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), another tumor suppressor gene, is itself lost or mutated. Epidermal growth factor receptor, a growth factor that normally stimulates cells to divide, is amplified and stimulates cells to divide too much. Together, these mutations lead to cells dividing uncontrollably, a hallmark of cancer.
Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM22 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TOMM22 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. The encoded protein interacts with TOMM20 and TOMM40, and forms a complex with several other proteins to import cytosolic preproteins into the mitochondrion.
Iron-sulfur protein NUBPL (IND1) also known as nucleotide-binding protein-like (NUBPL), IND1 homolog, Nucleotide-binding protein-like or huInd1 is an iron- sulfur (Fe/S) protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NUBPL gene, located on chromosome 14q12. It has an early role in the assembly of the mitochondrial complex I assembly pathway.
Transcription factor MafG is a bZip Maf transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the MAFG gene. MafG is one of the small Maf proteins, which are basic region and leucine zipper (bZIP)-type transcription factors. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee-approved gene name of MAFG is “v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G”.
This gene product is one of the SNARE recognition molecules implicated in vesicular transport between secretory compartments. It is a membrane associated, isoprenylated protein that functions at the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport step. This protein is highly conserved from yeast to human and can functionally complement the loss of the yeast homolog in the yeast secretory pathway.
This gene is a member of KDWK gene family. The product of this gene associates with GMEB2 protein, and the complex is essential for parvovirus DNA replication. Study of rat homolog implicates the role of this gene in modulation of transactivation by the glucocorticoid receptor bound to glucocorticoid response elements. Two alternative spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms exist.
In Drosophila, flamingo mutants were found to have abnormal dendrite branching, outgrowth and routing. Kimura et al. proposed that flamingo regulates dendrite branch elongation and prevents the dendritic trees of adjacent Drosophila sensory neurons from having overlap of dendritic arbors. A study of mammalian flamingo homolog CELSR2 found that it is involved in the regulation of dendrite growth.
However, other biological functions have been proposed. Additionally, at least in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, the RNA is associated with a gene that encodes a homolog of the ivy protein that does not actually inhibit lysozyme. The function of this gene is unknown, but its expression increases in bacterial strains that overexpress the PhrS small RNA and during hypoxic growth.
Thirteen isotopes of lawrencium are currently known; the most stable is 266Lr with a half-life of 11 hours, but the shorter-lived 260Lr (half-life 2.7 minutes) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that lawrencium behaves as a heavier homolog to lutetium in the periodic table, and is a trivalent element. It thus could also be classified as the first of the 7th-period transition metals: however, its electron configuration is anomalous for its position in the periodic table, having an s2p configuration instead of the s2d configuration of its homolog lutetium. This means that lawrencium may be more volatile than expected for its position in the periodic table and have a volatility comparable to that of lead.
Bbc1 (Mti1p) is a protein expressed in yeasts that is thought to associate with actin networks. Bbc1 stands for Bni1 synthetic lethal and Bee1 (las17) complex member. The alternate name, Mti1p, stands for Myosin tail region- interacting protein. Bbc1 is involved in cytoskeletal regulation during endocytosis. Budding yeast Bbc1 inhibits the activator of the Arp2/3 complex Las17 (WASp homolog).
Xkr8 was activated directly by caspases and required a caspase-3 cleavage site for its function. CED-8, the only Caenorhabditis elegans Xk-family homolog, also promoted apoptotic PtdSer exposure and cell-corpse engulfment. Thus, Xk-family proteins have evolutionarily conserved roles in promoting the phagocytosis of dying cells by altering the phospholipid distribution in the plasma membrane. Chen et al.
The vertebrate Robo3/Rig1 homolog is a more distant relative of the Robo gene family, and is thought to play a distinct role in axonal guidance. Robo3/Rig1 is alternatively spliced to generate a protein that inhibits Robo1/2-mediated repulsion, effectively leading to the promotion of midline crossing. The exact mechanism by which Robo3 achieves this anti-repulsive activity is unknown.
Zinc finger protein 91 homolog (mouse), ciliary neurotrophic factor transcription unit, also known as ZFP91-CNTF, is a human gene. The genes ZFP91 and CNTF are adjacent on chromosome 11. In addition to a monocistronic transcript from each locus, a co-transcribed transcript also exists. The co- transcribed mRNA encodes an isoform of ZFP91 but does not appear to encode a CNTF protein.
RELA, or v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A, is also known as p65 or NFKB3. It is located on chromosome 11 q13, and its nucleotide sequence is 1473 nucleotide long. RELA protein has four isoforms, the longest and the predominant one being 551 amino acids. RELA is expressed alongside p50 in various cell types, including epithelial/endothelial cells and neuronal tissues.
Pom1 is a relatively unique protein kinase as its closest homolog in S. pombe is only 55% identical. Homologs in other organisms include Dyrk in rats, Dyrk2 and Dyrk3 in humans, Yak1p in S. cerevisiae,Souza, G.M., Lu, S., and Kuspa, A. “YakA, a protein kinase required for the transition from growth to development in Dictyostelium. Development 125, 2291-2302 (1998).
Miprocin is the 4-hydroxyl analog of the chemical N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine as well as the isopropyl homolog and possible structural analog of 4-HO-DMT. In August 2019, Chadeayne et al. solved the crystal structure of 4-HO-MiPT fumarate. Its systematic name is [2-(4-hydroxy-1Hindol-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)propan-2-ylazanium 3-carboxyprop-2-enoate monohydrate.
Associated CAK is part of the general transcription factor TFIIH. CAK associated with TFIIH phosphorylates proteins involved in transcription including RNA polymerase II. More specifically, associated CAK is involved in promoter clearance and progression of transcription from the preinitiation to the initiation stage. In vertebrates, the trimeric CAK complex is responsible for transcription regulation. In budding yeast, the Cdk7 homolog, Kin28, regulates transcription.
This gene encodes a protein which is a member of family 38 of the glycosyl hydrolases. The protein is located in the Golgi apparatus and catalyzes the final hydrolytic step in the asparagine-linked oligosaccharide (N-linked glycosylation) maturation pathway. Mutations in the mouse homolog of this gene have been shown to cause a systemic autoimmune disease similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus.
SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog B (S. cerevisiae) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the SLX1B gene. This gene encodes a protein that is an important regulator of genome stability. The protein represents the catalytic subunit of the SLX1-SLX4 structure-specific endonuclease, which can resolve DNA secondary structures that are formed during repair and recombination processes.
The human TMPO gene maps to chromosome band 12q22 and consists of eight exons. TMPO alpha is present diffusely expressed with the cell nucleus while TMPO beta and gamma are localized to the nuclear membrane. TMPO beta is a human homolog of the murine protein LAP2. LAP2 plays a role in the regulation of nuclear architecture by binding lamin B1 and chromosomes.
Fpr4 also binds to P32 in H4, though its effects are minimal. In mammalian cells, the isomerization of H3P30 interacts with the phosphorylation of H3S28 (serine in the 28 position of histone H3) and the methylation of H3K27. hFKBP25 is a PPIase that is a homolog for Fpr4 in mammalian cells and is found to commonly be associated with the presence of HDACs.
6-Acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine, is an aroma compound and flavor that gives baked goods such as white bread, popcorn, and tortillas their typical smell, together with its structural homolog 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. 6-Acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline are usually formed by Maillard reactions during heating of food. Both compounds have odor thresholds below 0.06 ng/l.
Autophagy related 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATG12 gene. Autophagy is a process of bulk protein degradation in which cytoplasmic components, including organelles, are enclosed in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. ATG12 is the human homolog of a yeast protein involved in autophagy (Mizushima et al., 1998).
Structures of the Maf family proteins. Transcription factor MafF is a bZip Maf transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the MAFF gene. MafF is one of the small Maf proteins, which are basic region and leucine zipper (bZIP)-type transcription factors. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee- approved gene name of MAFF is “v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog F”.
Evolution of the columella is closely related to the evolution of the jaw joint. It is an ancestral homolog of the stapes, and is derived from the hyomandibular bone of fishes. As the columella is derived from the hyomandibula, many of its functional relationships remain the same. The columella resides in the air-filled tympanic cavity of the middle ear.
Beatrice (also known as MDO-D, MDOM, 2C-D, and 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxymethamphetamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is a substituted methamphetamine and a homolog of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). Beatrice was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the minimum dosage is listed as 30 mg, and the duration listed as 6–10 hours.
HIKESHI is a protein important in lung and multicellular organismal development that, in humans, is encoded by the HIKESHI gene. HIKESHI is found on chromosome 11 in humans and chromosome 7 in mice. Similar sequences (orthologs) are found in most animal and fungal species. The mouse homolog, lethal gene on chromosome 7 Rinchik 6 protein is encoded by the l7Rn6 gene.
Nucleases are components of DNA and RNA metabolism that carry out functions in DNA repair, replication, and recombination and in RNA processing and degradation. SFN is a homolog of Orn, a 3-prime-to-5-prime exoribonuclease of E. coli that attacks the free 3-prime hydroxyl group on single-stranded RNA, releasing 5-prime mono-nucleotides in a sequential manner.
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a tumor suppressor gene encoding a protein PTEN, which possesses lipid and protein phosphatase-dependent as well as phosphatase-independent activities. PTEN protein phosphatase is able to interfere with MET signaling by dephosphorylating either PIP3 generated by PI3K, or the p52 isoform of SHC. SHC dephosphorylation inhibits recruitment of the GRB2 adapter to activated MET.
For the SSH-2 protocol, see Secure Shell#Version 2.x Protein phosphatase Slingshot homolog 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SSH2 gene. The ADF (actin-depolymerizing factor)/cofilin family (see MIM 601442) is composed of stimulus-responsive mediators of actin dynamics. ADF/cofilin proteins are inactivated by kinases such as LIM domain kinase-1 (LIMK1; MIM 601329).
The mouse homolog of this gene was localized to specific sites in the midline structures of the forebrain, the midbrain-hindbrain junction, developing skeleton and developing arteries, which suggests a role in central nervous system, bone and vascular development. This gene was referred to as FGF-13 in reference 2, however, its amino acid sequence and chromosomal localization are identical to FGF17.
Proteins with the DM domain are found in many model organisms. Many C. elegans Mab proteins contain this domain, the best-known one being mab-3. Human proteins containing this domain include DMRT1, DMRT2, DMRT3, DMRTA1, DMRTA2, DMRTB1, and DMRTC2; each of these have a mouse homolog. DMRT1 homologs have an additional common domain C-terminal to the DM domain.
In 1998, Rosbash et al. discovered the novel clock gene cycle, a homolog of the mammalian Bmal1 gene. Homozygous cycle0 mutants are arrhythmic in locomotor activity and heterozygous cycle0/+ flies have robust rhythms with an altered period of rhythmicity. Western blot analysis shows that homozygous cycle0 mutants have very little PER and TIM protein as well as low per and tim mRNA levels.
X-ray structure of YiiP of E. coli represents a homodimer. Coudray et al. (2013) used cryoelectron microscopy to determine a 13 Å resolution structure of a YiiP homolog from Shewanella oneidensis within a lipid bilayer in the absence of Zn2+. Starting from the x-ray structure in the presence of Zn2+, they used molecular dynamic flexible fitting to build a model.
In addition to the complex requirements for a divalent metal and further activation by K+, M. tuberculosis α-isopropylmalate synthase follows a random kinetic mechanism for catalysis. Another feature of the M. tuberculosis homolog is that L-leucine, the feedback inhibitor, inhibits the enzyme in a time-dependent fashion. This was the first demonstration of a feedback inhibitor that displays slow-onset inhibition.
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme (EC 2.1.1.43) encoded by EZH2 gene, that participates in histone methylation and, ultimately, transcriptional repression. EZH2 catalyzes the addition of methyl groups to histone H3 at lysine 27, by using the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Methylation activity of EZH2 facilitates heterochromatin formation thereby silences gene function.
In rice (Oryza sativa), for example, evidence suggests that the CCR1 homolog is an effector of Rac1, a small GTPase important for plant defense response. In this case, the Rac1 protein is proposed to activate CCR upon binding, leading to enhanced monolignol biosynthesis. Because Rac1 also activates NADPH oxidase, which produces peroxides critical for monolignol polymerization, overall lignin biosynthesis is enhanced as well.
This gene is a member of the suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog family and encodes a protein with a chromodomain and a C-terminal SET domain. This nuclear protein moves to the centromeres during mitosis and functions as a histone methyltransferase, methylating Lys-9 of histone H3. Overall, it plays a vital role in heterochromatin organization, chromosome segregation, and mitotic progression.
The WASL gene product is a homolog of WAS protein, however, unlike the latter, it is ubiquitously expressed and shows highest expression in neural tissues. It has been shown to bind Cdc42 directly, and induce formation of long actin microspikes. According to one study, mouse DAB1 regulates actin cytoskeleton through N-WASP. Diseases associated with WASL include Wiskottt-Aldrich Syndrome and Vaccinia.
This feminization can range from ambiguous genitalia to XY sex reversal. The DMRT1 homolog from chicken has been localized on the Z chromosome. Birds have heterogametic females (ZW) and homogametic males (ZZ). The avian Z chromosome is conserved synteny with chromosome 9 of humans. ZZ embryos have a higher dose of DMRT1 and therefore have the potential to have a higher expression.
Several mammalian scaffold proteins have been identified. These include the JNK-interacting protein (JIP) 1 and its closerly-related homolog, JIP2 or the (completely unrelated) JIP3 and JIP4 proteins. Nevertheless, JIP1/2 and JIP3/4 were shown to be capable of direct interaction with each other. Plenty of Src- homology-3 (POSH) has also been shown to be a partner of JIP1/2.
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumour suppressor gene whose actions directly affect the activation of primordial follicles. It does this by negatively controlling the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This particular action of PTEN was initially discovered in an experiment using PTEN knockout mice. The absence of PTEN within the primordial follicles lead to an increase in AKT phosphorylation.
Egl nine homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGLN2 gene. ELGN2 is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase, a superfamily of non- haem iron-containing proteins. The hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is a transcriptional complex which is involved in oxygen homeostasis. At normal oxygen levels, the alpha subunit of HIF is targeted for degradation by prolyl hydroxylation.
Each of these pools contained roughly 3% of the genome. Between the 3% in each pool and the fact that each clone is a random sampling of the diploid genome, 99.1% of the time each pool contains DNA from a single homolog. Amplification and analysis of each pool provide haplotype resolution limited only by the size of the fosmid insert.
Paralogous domain shuffling involves shuffling of entire protein domains from paralogous proteins from the same species. Functional homolog shuffling involves shuffling of non-homologous domains which are functional related. All of these processes being with amplification of the desired exons from different genes using chimeric synthetic oligonucleotides. This amplification products are then reassembled into full length genes using primer-less PCR.
FEN1 removes the 5' flap generated during long patch BER. This endonuclease shows a strong preference for a long 5' flap adjacent to a 1-nt 3' flap. The yeast homolog of FEN1 is RAD27. In addition to its role in long-patch BER, FEN1 cleaves flaps with a similar structure during Okazaki fragment processing, an important step in lagging strand DNA replication.
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein also known as alpha-ketoglutarate- dependent dioxygenase FTO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTO gene located on chromosome 16. As one homolog in the AlkB family proteins, it is the first mRNA demethylase that has been identified. Certain alleles of the FTO gene appear to be correlated with obesity in humans.
Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. At least three of the transcripts code for a protein containing all exons, referred to as full-length (FL). The mouse homolog of FL-Scyl1 is 90% identical and 93% similar in amino acid content to human FL-Scyl1. In Mus Musculus FL-Scyl1 encodes an 806-amino acid polypeptide.
Crystal structure of MSH2:MSH3 heterodimer in complex with DNA (). MSH2 and MSH3 bind to form MutSβ. This crystal structure shows MutSβ bound to DNA containing an insertion loop of three unpaired nucleotides. DNA mismatch repair protein, MutS Homolog 3 (MSH3) is a human homologue of the bacterial mismatch repair protein MutS that participates in the mismatch repair (MMR) system.
Uncharacterized protein C1orf131 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene C1orf131. The first ortholog of this protein was discovered in humans. Subsequently, through the use of algorithms and bioinformatics, homologs of C1orf131 have been discovered in numerous species, and as a result, the name of the majority of the proteins in this protein family is Uncharacterized protein C1orf131 homolog.
Suppressor of fused homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUFU gene. In molecular biology, the protein domain suppressor of fused protein (Sufu) has an important role in the cell. The Sufu is important in negatively regulating an important signalling pathway in the cell, the Hedgehog signalling pathway (HH). This particular pathway is crucial in embryonic development.
This gene encodes a DEAD box protein, and it has a homolog on the X chromosome (DDX3X). The gene mutation causes male infertility, Sertoli cell-only syndrome or severe hypospermatogenesis, suggesting that this gene plays a key role in the spermatogenic process. Alternative splicing of this gene generates 2 transcripts, which differ only in the length of the 3' UTR.
Centromere/kinetochore protein zw10 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZW10 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is one of many involved in mechanisms to ensure proper chromosome segregation during cell division. The encoded protein binds to centromeres during the prophase, metaphase, and early anaphase cell division stages and to kinetochore microtubules during metaphase.
For the SSH-1 protocol, see Secure Shell#Version 1.x Protein phosphatase Slingshot homolog 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SSH1 gene. The ADF (actin-depolymerizing factor)/cofilin family (see MIM 601442) is composed of stimulus-responsive mediators of actin dynamics. ADF/cofilin proteins are inactivated by kinases such as LIM domain kinase-1 (LIMK1; MIM 601329).
There are no other transcript variants for FAM89A. The gene is composed of two exons flanking one large intronic region. FAM89A is neighboring the genes TRIM67 (Tripartite Motif Containing 67), located downstream of FAM89A on the plus strand of chromosome 1, and ARV1 (ARV1 Homolog, Fatty Acid Homeostasis Modulator), located upstream of FAM89A on the plus strand of chromosome 1.
The NURF complex in Drosophila contains four subunits: NURF301, NURF140, NURF55, and NURF38. NURF140 is an ISWI ATPase, distinguishable by its HAND, SANT, and SLIDE domains (SANT-like but with several insertions). The NURF complex in Homo sapiens has three subunits, BPTF, SNF2L, and pRBAP46/48, homologous to NURF301, NURF140, and NURF55, respectively. There is no human homolog for NURF38.
Genomic phylostratigraphy involves examining each gene in a focal species and inferring the presence or absence of ancestral homologs through the use of the BLAST sequence alignment algorithms or related tools. Each gene in the focal species can be assigned an “age” (aka “conservation level” or “genomic phylostratum”) that is based on a predetermined phylogeny, with the age corresponding to the most distantly related species in which a homolog is detected. When a gene lacks any detectable homolog outside of its own genome, or close relatives, it is said to be a novel, taxonomically restricted or orphan gene, although such a designation is of course dependent on the group of species being searched against. Phylogenetic trees are limited by the set of closely related genomes that are available, and results are dependent on BLAST search criteria.
GC-rich sequence DNA-binding factor homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PAXBP1 gene. Similarity to a transcriptional repressor suggests that this gene's protein product is involved in the regulation of transcription. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length sequences have not been determined.
Chromobox protein homolog 3 is a protein that is encoded by the CBX3 gene in humans. At the nuclear envelope, the nuclear lamina and heterochromatin are adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane. The protein encoded by this gene binds DNA and is a component of heterochromatin. This protein also can bind lamin B receptor, an integral membrane protein found in the inner nuclear membrane.
RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein essential for the repair and maintenance of DNA. A RecA structural and functional homolog has been found in every species in which one has been seriously sought and serves as an archetype for this class of homologous DNA repair proteins. The homologous protein is called RAD51 in eukaryotes and RadA in archaea. RecA has multiple activities, all related to DNA repair.
The periactive zone surrounds the active zone and is the site of endocytosis of the presynaptic terminal. In the periactive zone, scaffolding proteins such as intersectin 1 recruit proteins that mediate endocytosis such as dynamin, clathrin and endophilin. In Drosophilia the intersectin homolog, Dap160, is located in the periactive zone of the neuromuscular junction and mutant Dap160 deplete synaptic vesicles during high frequency stimulation.
The predicted molecular weight of the protein is 175.486 kiloDaltons and its predicted pI is 7.47. Its function is unknown but it may have adenylate cyclase activity and calcium- and calmodulin-responsive adenylate cyclase activity. A homolog has been identified in the frog (Xenopus tropicalis), the mouse (Mus musculus) and the rat (Rattus norvegicus). In the mouse this gene is located on chromosome 13.
Protein pelota homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PELO gene. This gene encodes a protein which contains a conserved nuclear localization signal. The encoded protein may have a role in spermatogenesis, cell cycle control, and in meiotic cell division. In yeasts, the Dom34-Hbs1 complex (with ABCE1) that it forms is responsible for reactivating ribosomes and for recovering those stuck on mRNAs.
Werner syndrome is a condition in humans characterized by accelerated aging. It is caused by mutations in the gene WRN that encodes a protein with essential roles in repair of DNA damage. Mutations in the D. melanogaster homolog of WRN also cause increased physiologic signs of aging, such as shorter lifespan, higher tumor incidence, muscle degeneration, reduced climbing ability, altered behavior and reduced locomotor activity.
This gene encodes a high-affinity dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK1) transmembrane receptor that functionally cooperates with DKK1 to block wingless (WNT)/beta-catenin signaling. The encoded protein is a component of a membrane complex that modulates canonical WNT signaling through lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). It contains extracellular kringle, WSC, and CUB domains. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed for this gene.
When the inhibitory signals are prevented, the motor neurons are more easily activated and the victim will have spastic muscle contractions, resulting in death by asphyxiation.Waring, R. H.; Steventon, G. B.; Mitchell, S. C. Molecules of death, Imperial College Press, 2007 Strychnine binds the Aplysia californica acetylcholine binding protein (a homolog of nicotinic receptors) with high affinity but low specificity, and does so in multiple conformations.
Repressor of RNA polymerase III transcription MAF1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAF1 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is homologous to Maf1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein which is highly conserved in eukaryotic cells. S. cerevisiae Maf1 is a negative effector of RNA polymerase III (Pol III). It responds to changes in the cellular environment and represses Pol III transcription.
SCF(Fbw7) ubiquitin ligase complex. Fbw7 is also a WD repeat protein like Cdh1. (The model for Cdh1 can be found on the webpage of SWISS-MODEL Repository, see the external link at the end of this page) The following structural informations are based on the cdh1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae also named Hct1. Cdh1 is a cdc20 homolog and is Frizzy-related (Drosophila).
The CPT system directly acts on the transfer of fatty acids between the cytosol and the inner mitochondrial matrix. CPT II shares structural elements with other members of the carnitine acyltransferase protein family. The crystal structure of rat CPT II was recently elucidated by Hsiao et al. The human homolog of the CPT II enzyme shows 82.2% amino acid sequence homology with the rat protein.
Biologically, it is produced by Trichoderma species via solid state fermentation. Derivatives of 2-pyrone play a role as signalling molecules in bacterial communication, similar to quorum sensing. Cells with LuxR-type receptors, but lacking its homolog LuxI (and thus unable to produce N-acylhomoserine lactone QS signaling molecules) are known as LuxR "solos", to which pyrones bind as ligands facilitating cell-cell communication.
The CGNL1 gene is conserved in chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, and zebrafish. Cingulin-like 1 and cingulin are homologous proteins with a good degree of similarity in sequence and domain organization. The mouse homolog of CGNL1 has been designated JACOP (junction-associated coiled-coil protein). JACOP is recruited to the junctional complex in epithelial cells and to cell- cell contacts in fibroblasts.
Protein bicaudal D homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BICD2 gene. This gene is one of two human homologs of Drosophila bicaudal-D and a member of the Bicoid family. It has been implicated in dynein-mediated, minus end-directed motility along microtubules. It has also been reported to be a phosphorylation target of NIMA related kinase 8.
A chloride ion binding site has been identified in the region 320DLG323 of the kinase domain in WNK4. The binding of chloride Cl− in this region inhibits the activation of WNK4. The autoinhibitory domain is a homolog of the RFXV-binding PASK/FRAY homology 2 (PF2) domain. Structural studies have revealed that the autoinhibitory domain consists of three β-strands and two α-helices.
TRadial spoke head protein 4 homolog A appears to be a component the radial spoke head, as determined by homology to similar proteins in the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other ciliates. Radial spokes, which are regularly spaced along cilia, sperm, and flagella axonemes, consist of a thin 'stalk' and a bulbous 'head' that form a signal transduction scaffold between the central pair of microtubules and dynein.
StAR is the prototypic member of the START domain family of proteins and is thus also known as STARD1 for "START domain- containing protein 1". It is hypothesized that the START domain forms a pocket in StAR that binds single cholesterol molecules for delivery to P450scc. The closest homolog to StAR is MLN64 (STARD3). Together they comprise the StarD1/D3 subfamily of START domain-containing proteins.
Radial spoke head protein 6 homolog A is similar to a sea urchin radial spoke head protein. Radial spoke protein complexes form part of the axoneme of eukaryotic flagella and are located between the axoneme's outer ring of doublet microtubules and central pair of microtubules. In Chlamydomonas, radial spoke proteins are thought to regulate the activity of dynein and the symmetry of flagellar bending patterns.
Although there is no expression profile of FAM in early embryos in Xenopus, in the zebra fish, FAM homolog is expressed ubiquitously at a two-cell stage but as development proceeds then its only expressed in the cephalic central nervous system.Khut, P.Y., Tucker, B., Lardelli, M., and Wood, S.A. (2007). Evolutionary and expression analysis of the zebrafish deubiquitylating enzyme, usp9. Zebrafish 4, 95-101.
CLEC2D encodes the gene for the Lectin Like Transcript-1 (LLT1) protein which is a functional ligand for the human NKR-P1A receptor, encoded by the KLRB1 gene. In mice, there are many orthologs of the CLEC2D gene, and the presumed homolog is Clr-b/Ocil (Clec2d). Clr-b has been implicated in missing-self recognition by natural killer cells through engagement of the NKR-P1B receptor.
In this study, NDH-2 were identified in 83% of Eukaryotes, 60% of Bacterias and in 32% of Archaeas. It was also observed the absence of NDH-2 in phyla composed of anaerobic organisms. Despite being considered absent (hence being considered as drug targets), in this same study, the presence of a gene coding for a NDH-2 homolog was observed in the human genome.
Innexins form gap junctions found in invertebrates. They also form non-junctional membrane channels with properties similar to those of pannexons. N-terminal- elongated innexins can act as a plug to manipulate hemichannel closure and provide a mechanism connecting the effect of hemichannel closure directly to apoptotic signal transduction from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. The vertebrate homolog pannexin do not form gap junctions.
Figure 1. TATA box structural elements. The TATA box consensus sequence is TATAWAW, where W is either A or T. In molecular biology, the TATA box (also called the Goldberg-Hogness box) is a sequence of DNA found in the core promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes. The bacterial homolog of the TATA box is called the Pribnow box which has a shorter consensus sequence.
Desacetoxyvindoline is a terpene idole alkaloid produced by the plant Catharanthus roseus. Desacetoxyvindoline is a product formed by the methylation of the nitrogen on the indole ring by the enzyme 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine N-methyltransferase (NMT).Liscombe, Usera and O’connor (2010) Homolog of tocopherol C methyltransferases catalyzes N methylation in anticancer alkaloid biosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107(44).
A knockout model for MAEL, the mammalian homolog of Drosophila’s Maelstrom, was created by homologous recombination in mice to create Mael null mice. In the knockout mice, meiotic chromosome synapsis is defective. In addition, spermatogenesis fails due to sperm DNA damage caused by the derepression of transposable elements.Soper SF, van der Heijden GW, Hardiman TC, Goodheart M, Martin SL, de Boer P, Bortvin A (2008).
The maize P gene encodes a Myb homolog that recognizes the sequence CCT/AACC, in sharp contrast with the C/TAACGG bound by vertebrate Myb proteins. In the sorghum, the corresponding yellow seed 1 gene (y1) also encodes a R2R3 type of Myb domain protein that regulates the expression of chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase and dihydroflavonol reductase genes required for the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyflavonoids.
AHSA2 also known as AHA1, activator of heat shock 90kDa protein ATPase homolog 2 (yeast) is a human gene which encodes a protein which acts as co-chaperone of Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90). AHSA2 and the related AHSA1 belongs to the AHA (Activator of Hsp90 ATPase) family of stress-regulated proteins that bind directly to Hsp90 and are required for Hsp90-dependent activation of client proteins.
The Skene's gland, also known as the female prostate, is found in both female humans and rodents. Historically it was thought to be a vestigial organ, but it has been discovered that it produces the same protein markers, PSA and PAB, as the male prostate. It functions as a histologic homolog to the male prostate gland. It has also been described in rabbits, bats, and dogs.
Paired box protein Pax-6 in humans is a transcription factor, which is a main regulatory gene of eye and brain development. Ectopic expression of Drosophila homolog eyeless (ey) has been used to identify roles of Pax-6 in humans. Using tissue specific UAS-Gal4 system, ey can be induced on the legs, wings, halters and antennae of the transgenic flies to demonstrate that functions of ey.
SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD6 gene. SMAD6 is a protein that, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene "mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members SMAD6 is involved in cell signalling.
Meiotic recombination protein REC8 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the REC8 gene. Rec8 is a meiosis-specific component of the cohesin complex that binds sister chromatids in preparation for the two divisions of meiosis. Rec8 is sequentially removed from sister chromatids. It is removed from the arms of chromosomes in the first division - separating homologous chromosomes from each other.
RHEB also known as Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB) is a GTP-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed in humans and other mammals. The protein is largely involved in the mTOR pathway and the regulation of the cell cycle. RHEB is a recently discovered member of the Ras superfamily. Being a relative of Ras, the overexpression of RHEB can be seen in multiple human carcinomas.
1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) is a cyclic urea used as a high-boiling polar aprotic solvent.Leahy, Ellen M. "1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone" e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (2001), It is colourless, highly polar solvent has high thermal and chemical stability. It is a homolog of the related solvent DMPU. It can be prepared from 1,2-dimethylethylenediamine by reaction with phosgene.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 30 (DNAJC30), also known as Williams Beuren syndrome chromosome region 18 protein (WBSCR18), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC30 gene. This intronless gene encodes a member of the DNAJ molecular chaperone homology domain-containing protein family. This gene is deleted in Williams syndrome, a multisystem developmental disorder caused by the deletion of contiguous genes at 7q11.23.
PEPR 1 and PEPR2 (Perception of the Arabidopsis Danger Signal Peptide 1 or 2) are homolog kinases that act as enzymes on other proteins. They attach a phosphate group to specific proteins, called phosphorylation. These reactions can cause the function of the phosphorylated proteins to change. Both PEPR 1 and PEPR 2 can be classified as receptor kinases, which serve an important role in immunity in plants.
In the cell response to stress, the most important is the post-transcriptional control of the important gene expression to cell survival and apoptosis. MiR-19 regulates the Ras homolog B (RhoB) expression in keratinocytes after ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposition. This phenomenon needs the binding of human antigen R (HuR) to the rhoB mRNA 3'-untranslated region. In this case, HuR acts positively on miRNA action.
Known mutations in AIRE include Arg139X, Arg257X, and Leu323SerfsX51. Disruption of AIRE results in the development of a range of autoimmune diseases, the most common clinical conditions in the syndrome are hypoparathyroidism, primary adrenocortical failure and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.OMIM A gene knockout of the murine homolog of Aire has created a transgenic mouse model that is used to study the mechanism of disease in human patients.
Disks large-associated protein 5 (DAP-5) also known as discs large homolog 7 (DLG7) or hepatoma up-regulated protein (HURP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLGAP5 gene. DLG7 is a kinetochore protein that stabilizes microtubules in vicinity of chromosomes. DLG7 controls spindle dynamics, promotes interkinetochore tension and efficient kinetochore capture. DGL7 is a part of Ran-dependent complex.
Mesoderm-specific transcript homolog protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEST gene. This gene encodes a member of the Alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily and has isoform-specific imprinting. The loss of imprinting of this gene has been linked to certain types of cancer and may be due to promoter switching. The encoded protein may play a role in development.
Limb region 1 protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LMBR1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the LMBR1-like membrane protein family. Another member of this protein family has been shown to be a lipocalin transmembrane receptor. A highly conserved, cis-acting regulatory module for the sonic hedgehog (protein) gene is located within an intron of this gene.
It is thought that gene expression changes, being the ultimate response for any genetic changes, are a good proxy for understanding phenotypic differences within biological samples. Comparative studies have revealed a range of differences in the transcriptional controls between primates and rodents. For example, the gene CNTNAP2 is specifically enriched for in the prefrontal cortex. The mouse homolog of CNTNAP2 is not expressed in the mouse brain.
Transcription factor HES1 (hairy and enhancer of split-1) is a protein that is encoded by the Hes1 gene, and is the mammalian homolog of the hairy gene in Drosophila. HES1 is one of the seven members of the Hes gene family (HES1-7). Hes genes code nuclear proteins that suppress transcription. This protein belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors.
Chorion-specific transcription factor GCMa is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GCM1 gene. This gene encodes a DNA-binding protein with a gcm- motif (glial cell missing motif). The encoded protein is a homolog of the Drosophila glial cells missing gene (gcm). This protein binds to the GCM-motif (A/G)CCCGCAT, a novel sequence among known targets of DNA-binding proteins.
Synergistic interaction of the chick homolog and Wnt-8c has been shown to be required for initiation of inner ear development. The orthologous protein in mouse is FGF15, which shares about 50% amino acid identity and has similar functions. Together they are often referred to as FGF15/19. FGF19 has important roles as a hormone produced in the ileum in response to bile acid absorption.
The IL-37 gene is in the human located on the long chromosome arm of chromosome 2. There has not been found any homolog gene in mice genome. IL-37 undergoes alternative splicing with 5 different splice variants: IL-37a-e. IL-37b is the largest and most studied one, it shares the beta barrel structure that is spread within the interleukin-1 family.
This gene encodes a member of the mutS family of proteins that are involved in DNA mismatch repair or meiotic recombination processes. This protein is similar to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein that participates in meiotic segregation fidelity and crossing-over. This protein forms heterooligomers with another member of this family, mutS homolog 4. Alternative splicing results in four transcript variants encoding three different isoforms.
It was hoped that ANGPTL8 or its homolog in humans may provide an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes and perhaps even type I diabetes. Unfortunately, since new data have greatly called into question the ability of ANGPTL8 to increase beta-cell replication, its potential use as a therapy for type 2 diabetes is limited. Inhibition of ANGPTL8 represents a possible therapeutic strategy for hypertriglyceridemia.
The leaves, roots and stem bark contain terpenoids, steroid glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates and the imidazopyrimidine alkaloids alchorneine, alchornidine, and several guanidine alkaloids. The leaves also contain a range of hydroxybenzoic acids: gallic acid and its ethyl ester, gentisic acid, anthranilic acid, protocatechuic acid, and ellagic acid (alizarine yellow). A C20 homolog of vernolic acid named alchornoic acid can be found in the seed oil.
The preproinsulin precursor of insulin is encoded by the INS gene, which is located on Chromosome 11p15.5.. In some mammals, such as rats and mice, there are two insulin genes, one of which is the homolog of most mammalian genes (Ins2), and the other of which is a retroposed copy that includes promoter sequence but that is missing an intron (Ins1). Both rodent insulin genes are functional.
D5 receptor is expressed more widely in the CNS than its close structural homolog dopamine receptor D1. It is found in neurons in amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, cerebellum, and midbrain. Dopamine receptor D5 is exclusively expressed by large aspiny neurons in neostriatum of primates, which are typically cholinergic interneurons. Within a cell, D5 receptors are found on the membrane of soma and proximal dendrites.
Exposure of T. thermophila to UV light resulted in a greater than 100-fold increase in Rad51 gene expression. Treatment with the DNA alkylating agent methyl methane sulfonate also resulted in substantially elevated Rad 51 protein levels. These findings suggest that ciliates such as T. thermophila utilize a Rad51-dependent recombinational pathway to repair damaged DNA. The Rad51 recombinase of T. thermophila is a homolog of the Escherichia coli RecA recombinase.
However, this does not mean that the mechanism of action is similarly conserved. For example, the monocot rice accelerates its flowering in short- day conditions, while Arabidopsis thaliana, a eudicot, responds to long-day conditions. In both plants, the proteins CO and FT are present but in Arabidopsis thaliana CO enhances FT production, while in rice the CO homolog represses FT production, resulting in completely opposite downstream effects.
Colostrinin is incompletely defined chemically. Initially, it was assumed to consist of a single protein with a molecular weight of approximately 17 to 18 kDa. However, subsequent studies showed that Colostrinin largely consists of a mixture of at least 32 peptides ranging in size from 0.5 to 3 kDa. Most of the peptides appear to be derived from proteolytic processing of the milk proteins β-casein and a β-casein homolog.
Caseinolytic peptidase B protein homolog (CLPB), also known as Skd3, is a mitochondrial AAA ATPase chaperone that in humans is encoded by the gene CLPB, which encodes an adenosine triphosphate-(ATP) dependent chaperone. Skd3 is localized in mitochondria and widely expressed in human tissues. High expression in adult brain and low expression in granulocyte is found. It is a potent protein disaggregase that chaperones the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) also known as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MDM2 gene. Mdm2 is an important negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mdm2 protein functions both as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that recognizes the N-terminal trans- activation domain (TAD) of the p53 tumor suppressor and as an inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activation.
Sensory neurons in the uterus of female D. melanogaster respond to a male protein, sex peptide, which is found in semen. This protein makes the female reluctant to copulate for about 10 days after insemination. The signal pathway leading to this change in behavior has been determined. The signal is sent to a brain region that is a homolog of the hypothalamus and the hypothalamus then controls sexual behavior and desire.
Protein NipSnap homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GBAS gene. Chromosomal region 7p12, which contains GBAS, is amplified in approximately 40% of glioblastomas, the most common and malignant form of central nervous system tumor. The predicted 286-amino acid protein contains a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain, and 2 tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The GBAS transcript is expressed most abundantly in heart and skeletal muscle.
In diploid eukaryotic cells, recombination can occur during the process of Meiosis. Homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis before finally splitting, resulting in two haploid daughter cells each with a single copy of every chromosome. While homologous chromosomes are lined up, they are free to exchange corresponding segments of their own DNA with that of their homolog. This results in a chromosomes that carry both maternal and paternal DNA.
SCA8 is an antisense transcript to the KLHL1 gene (homolog to the Drosophila KELCH gene); it does not itself appear to be protein coding. A cytidine, thymidine, guanosine (CTG) trinucleotide repeat expansion that is incorporated into the SCA8 but not the KLHL1 transcript causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 8. When the CTG expansion is present, a polyglutamine mutant protein is produced. Presumably the expansion interferes with normal antisense function of this transcript.
Tubby protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUB gene. This gene encodes a member of the Tubby family of bipartite transcription factors. The encoded protein may play a role in obesity and sensorineural degradation. The crystal structure has been determined for a similar protein in mouse, and it functions as a membrane-bound transcription regulator that translocates to the nucleus in response to phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
This gene is the human homolog of murine plunc, and like the mouse gene, is specifically expressed in the airways and nasopharyngeal regions. Plunc inhibits the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), and also has anti-microbial functions.6 As such, plunc is believed to play a role in innate immune defense in the airways. PLUNC's ability to regulate ENaC is pH- sensitive and fails in acidic cystic fibrosis airways.
Family with Sequence Similarity 203, Member B (FAM203B) is a protein encoded by the FAM203B gene (8q24.3) in humans. While FAM203B is only found in humans and possibly non-human primates, its paralog, FAM203A, is highly conserved. The FAM203B protein contains two conserved domains of unknown function, DUF383 and DUF384, and no transmembrane domains. This protein has no known function yet, although the homolog of FAM203A in Caenorhabditis elegans (Y54H5A.
Further, this translocation requires a driving force that determines the direction of transport. Since polyubiquitination is essential for the export of substrates, it is widely thought that this driving force is provided by ubiquitin-binding factors. One of these ubiquitin-binding factors is the Cdc48p-Npl4p-Ufd1p complex in yeast. Humans have the homolog of Cdc48p known as valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) with the same function as Cdc48p.
This gene encodes a membrane-associated protein that adds the third glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. That is, it transfers the terminal glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc2Man9GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol. The rat protein homolog was shown to specifically modulate the gating function of the rat neuronal ether-a-go-go (EAG) potassium ion channel.
Zinc finger protein GLI3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLI3 gene. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the C2H2-type zinc finger proteins subclass of the Gli family. They are characterized as DNA-binding transcription factors and are mediators of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. The protein encoded by this gene localizes in the cytoplasm and activates patched Drosophila homolog (PTCH1) gene expression.
Unlike most mitochondria located protein, PUS 2 has not been found to have a mitochondrial targeting signal or MTS. PUS 3 is a homolog to PUS 1, but modifies different places of the tRNA (U38/39) in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial. This protein is the most conserved of the TruA family. A decrease in modifications made by PUS 3 was found when the tRNA structure of improperly folded.
When receptors come in contact with cell surface markers on the apoptotic cell, a protein known as CED-6 (homolog for GULP in mammals) is expressed. Both the CED-2/CED-5/CED-12 ternary structure and CED-6 function to activate an effector protein known as CED-10. CED-10 is a RAC-GTPase protein that is directly responsible for the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton that initiates phagocytosis.
Since its initial discovery, Wnt signaling has had an association with cancer. When Wnt1 was discovered, it was first identified as a proto-oncogene in a mouse model for breast cancer. The fact that Wnt1 is a homolog of Wg shows that it is involved in embryonic development, which often calls for rapid cell division and migration. Misregulation of these processes can lead to tumor development via excess cell proliferation.
Cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 is a microtubule-associated protein that in humans is encoded by the CKAP5 gene. It is the homolog of the Xenopus protein XMAP215 and is also known as ch-Tog. It has at least two distinct roles in spindle formation: it protects kinetochore microtubules from depolymerization by MCAK (KIF2C), and ch-Tog plays an essential role in centrosomal microtubule assembly, a function independent of MCAK activity.
For PDI to catalyse the formation of disulfide bonds in unfolded proteins, it must be reoxidized. This is carried out by an ER membrane-associated protein, Ero1p, which is no homolog of DsbB. This Ero1p protein forms a mixed disulfide with PDI, which is resolved by a nucleophilic attack of the second cystein residue in one of the active sites of PDI. As result, oxidized PDI is obtained.
RhoD (Ras homolog gene family, member D) is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases. It is encoded by the gene RHOD. It binds GTP and is involved in endosome dynamics and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and it may coordinate membrane transport with the function of the cytoskeleton.
DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJA2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene shares sequence similarity with Hir1p and Hir2p, the two corepressors of histone gene transcription characterized in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The structural features of this protein suggest that it may function as part of a multiprotein complex. Several cDNAs encoding interacting proteins, HIRIPs, have been identified.
THO complex subunit 5 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THOC5 gene. THOCs is a member of THO complex which is a subcomplex of the transcription/export complex (TREX). THOC5 is evolutionarily conserved in higher eukaryotes, however the exact roles of THOC5 in transcription and mRNA export are still unclear. THOC5 is phosphorylated by several protein kinases at multiple residues upon extracellular stimuli.
Elongation factor G 1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GFM1 gene. It is an EF-G homolog. Eukaryotes contain two protein translational systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial translation is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function and mutations in this system lead to a breakdown in the respiratory chain- oxidative phosphorylation system and to impaired maintenance of mitochondrial DNA.
Protein salvador homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAV1 gene. WW domain-containing proteins are found in all eukaryotes and play an important role in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions such as protein degradation, transcription, and RNA splicing. This gene encodes a protein which contains 2 WW domains and a coiled-coil region. It is ubiquitously expressed in adult tissues.
CXorf26 (Chromosome X Open Reading Frame 26), also known as MGC874, is a well conserved human gene found on the plus strand of the short arm of the X chromosome. The exact function of the gene is poorly understood, but the polysaccharide biosynthesis domain that spans a major portion of the protein product (known as UPF0368), as well as the yeast homolog, YPL225, offer insights into its possible function.
The CXorf26 protein is 56.5% likely to be localized within the cytoplasm while 17.4% likely to localized to the mitochondria. CXorf26's yeast homolog, YPL225W, was GFP tagged and its location was determined to be in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic location instead of transmembrane was supported since no hydrophobic signal peptide sequence and TMAP SDSC BiologyWorkbench: TMAP predicted no potential transmembrane segments in CXorf26 or any of its homologs in other species.
Chromosome 11 open reading frame 54 (C11orf54) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C11orf54 gene. The "Homo sapiens" gene, C11orf54 is also known as PTD012 and PTOD12. C11orf54 exhibits hydrolase activity on p-nitrophenyl acetate and acts on ester bonds, though the overall function is still not fully understood by the scientific community. The protein is highly conserved with the most distant homolog found is in bacteria.
Glucocorticoid modulatory element-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GMEB2 gene. This gene is a member of KDWK gene family. The product of this gene associates with GMEB1 protein, and the complex is essential for parvovirus DNA replication. Study of rat homolog implicates the role of this gene in modulation of transactivation by the glucocorticoid receptor bound to glucocorticoid response elements.
Fermitin family homolog 2 (FERMT2) also known as pleckstrin homology domain- containing family C member 1 (PLEKHC1) or kindlin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FERMT2 gene. Kindlin-2 is the first of the kindlin protein to be discovered in 1994. It was detected in a screen for epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced mRNAs and initially named mitogen-inducible gene 2 (Mig-2) protein.
The first novel structure of a protein solved by MicroED was published in 2019. The protein is the metalloenzyme R2-like ligand-binding oxidase (R2lox) from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The structure was solved at 3.0 Å resolution by molecular replacement using a model of 35% sequence identity built from the closest homolog with a know structure. This work demonstrated that MicroED could be used to obtain unknown structure of protein.
It interacts with a wide variety of proteins, such as apoptosis antigen Fas, centromere protein C, and transcription factor erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1). In the nucleus, the encoded protein functions as a potent transcription repressor that binds to sumoylated transcription factors. Its repression can be relieved by the sequestration of this protein into promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies or nucleoli. This protein also associates with centromeres in G2 phase.
This gene encodes a nuclear envelope protein that appears to be involved in spermatogenesis, either directly or by influencing genes that play a more direct role in the process. This multi-exon locus is the homolog of the mouse and drosophila germ cell-less gene but the human genome also contains a single-exon locus on chromosome 5 that contains an open reading frame capable of encoding a highly related protein.
X-ray crystallographic studies of the N-terminal half of mammalian ZP3 () as well as its full-length avian homolog () revealed that the protein's ZP module consists of two immunoglobulin-like domains, ZP-N and ZP-C. The latter, which contains EHP as well as a ZP3-specific subdomain, interacts with the ZP-N domain of a second molecule to generate an antiparallel homodimeric arrangement required for protein secretion.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L2 also known as ALDH1L2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDH1L2 gene. ALDH1L2 is the mitochondrial isoform of a similar enzyme, ALDH1L1, which converts 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and carbon dioxide.Krupenko NI, Dubard ME, Strickland KC, Moxley KM, Oleinik NV, Krupenko SA. "ALDH1L2 is the mitochondrial homolog of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase." J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 23;285(30):23056-63.
Fam158a is nearly ubiquitously expressed throughout the human body. The homolog in mice also shows expression throughout the entire body. Several micro-arrays demonstrate the variable expression of Fam158a in response to other factors and in various cancer types. None of this information gives any indication of a specific function but the wide expression of the gene and its high conservation indicate that Fam158a plays an important role in cellular function.
Evidence for the function of DUF 3608 has been uncovered in the yeast homolog Iml1p. Imlp1's DUF 3608 is thought to aid in binding to two protein partners, Npr2 and Npr3. Together, these three proteins form the Iml1-Npr2-Npr3 complex and are involved in "non-nitrogen starvation" autophagy regulation. The researchers who uncovered this propose renaming DUF 3608 to RANS (Required for Autophagy induced under Non-nitrogen Starvation conditions).
Studies on HLA-DO transfected fibroblast cells lines and on the HLA-DO mouse homolog, H-2O, provide most of the current knowledge on the protein. In 1985, the α- and β-chains were separately discovered, and in 1990, both chains were found to be co-expressed in one protein in H-2O. In contrast to other molecules of MHC class II, interferon gamma does not induce HLA-DO expression.
DISC1 participates in neurite outgrowth through its interaction with the fasciculation and elongation protein ζ-1 (FEZ1). FEZ1 is a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans UNC-76 protein involved in axonal outgrowth and fasciculation. The C-terminal region of FEZ1 (aa 247-392) is required for interaction with DISC1. A DISC1 region (aa 446-633), containing two stretches with coiled-coil-forming potential is critical for its interaction with FEZ1.
Many of the uses of acetylcholine rely on its action on ion channels via GPCRs like membrane proteins. The two major types of acetylcholine receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, have convergently evolved to be responsive to acetylcholine. This means that rather than having evolved from a common homolog, these receptors evolved from separate receptor families. It is estimated that the nicotinic receptor family dates back longer than 2.5 billion years.
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Yes is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the YES1 gene. This gene is the cellular homolog of the Yamaguchi sarcoma virus oncogene. The encoded protein has tyrosine kinase activity and belongs to the src family of proteins. This gene lies in close proximity to thymidylate synthase gene on chromosome 18, and a corresponding pseudogene has been found on chromosome 22.
The nomenclature for the nude mouse has changed several times since their discovery. Originally they were described as nu and this was updated to Hfh11nu when the mutated gene was identified as a mutation in the HNF-3/forkhead homolog 11 gene. Then in 2000 the gene responsible for the mutation was identified as a member of the Fox gene family and the nomenclature was updated to Foxn1nu.
C/D box snoRNAs associate with four evolutionary conserved and essential proteins—fibrillarin (Nop1p), NOP56, NOP58, and Snu13 (15.5-kD protein in eukaryotes; its archaeal homolog is L7Ae)—which make up the core C/D box snoRNP. There exists a eukaryotic C/D box snoRNA (snoRNA U3) that has not been shown to guide 2'-O-methylation. Instead, it functions in rRNA processing by directing pre-rRNA cleavage.
Eyes absent homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EYA1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the eyes absent (EYA) family of proteins. The encoded protein may play a role in the developing kidney, branchial arches, eye, and ear. Mutations of this gene have been associated with branchiootorenal dysplasia syndrome, branchiootic syndrome, and sporadic cases of congenital cataracts and ocular anterior segment anomalies.
Indian hedgehog homolog (Drosophila), also known as IHH, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IHH gene. This cell signaling protein is in the hedgehog signaling pathway. The several mammalian variants of the Drosophila hedgehog gene (which was the first named) have been named after the various species of hedgehog; the Indian hedgehog is honored by this one. The gene is not specific to Indian hedgehogs.
The majority of knowledge about mitochondrial fission comes from studies with yeast. The yeast homolog of Drp1 is dynamin-1 (Dnm1), which interacts with Fis1 through Mdv1. This interaction causes Dnm1 to oligomerize and form rings around dividing mitochondria at the so-called "constriction point". Drp1 has also been shown to interact with GSK3B. In mammals, Drp1 receptors include Mff, Mid49 and Mid51 Post-translational modifications to Drp1 (e.g.
The neuropeptide VIP is a homolog of PDF instrumental for cellular and behavioral 24-hour rhythms in mammals. It is expressed in 10 percent of neurons in the SCN. In a study of VIP and VIP receptor 2 (VIPR2) knockout mice, both mutants displayed entrained activity rhythms in light-dark cycle. However, in constant darkness both models displayed poor rhythmicity (very short period), and half of the animals tested were arrhythmic.
Rhombotin-2 is thought to either directly affect the activity of the encoded protein or may indirectly modulate the functions of the retinoblastoma protein by binding to this protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. The Drosophila homolog, LID, was found to be an H3K4 histone demethylase that binds to c-Myc. It was recently renamed to Lysine Demethylase 5A (KDM5A).
This gene encodes a member of the tob/btg1 family of anti- proliferative proteins that have the potential to regulate cell growth. When exogenously expressed, this protein suppresses cell growth in tissue culture. The protein undergoes phosphorylation by a serine/threonine kinase, 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase. Interactions of this protein with the v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 gene product p185 interferes with growth suppression.
At the same time, S-Cdks suppress formation of new pre-RCs during S phase, G2 and early M, when S cyclin levels remains high. Cdc7 is activated in late G1 and is required throughout S phase for origin firing. Mutations in this protein in budding yeast, and in its homolog in fission yeast block initiation of replication. Cdc7 is highly conserved – related proteins have been identified in frogs and humans.
Membrane associated proteins travel from the ER to the Golgi bodies, and eventually the plasma membrane. Immune receptors that are related to the plasma membrane are called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Through Arabidopsis protein microarrays the FLAGELIN-SENSITIVE2 (FLS2) receptor, a PRR, was tagged to identify reticulon- like protein RTNLB1 and its homolog RTNLB2. When manipulating the expression levels of RTNLB1 and RTNLB2, signaling of the FLS2 receptor was interrupted.
Instead of SET, non-SET domain-containing histone methyltransferase utilizes the enzyme Dot1. Unlike the SET domain, which targets the lysine tail region of the histone, Dot1 methylates a lysine residue in the globular core of the histone, and is the only enzyme known to do so. A possible homolog of Dot1 was found in archaea which shows the ability to methylate archaeal histone-like protein in recent studies.
Quaking homolog, KH domain RNA binding (mouse), also known as QKI, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the QKI gene. QKI belongs to a family of RNA-binding proteins called STAR proteins for Signal Transduction and Activation of RNA. They have an HNRNPK homology (KH) domain embedded in a 200-amino acid region called the GSG domain. Other members of this family include SAM68 (KHDRBS1) and SF1 .
B. Neritina biosynthetic pathway for bryostatins. In B. Neritina, bryostatin biosynthesis is carried out through a type I polyketide synthase cluster, bry. BryR is the secondary metabolism homolog of HMG-CoA synthase, which is the PKS in bacterial primary metabolism. In the bryostatin pathway, the BryR module catalyzes β-Branching between a local acetoacetyl acceptor acyl carrier protein (ACP-a) and an appropriate donor BryU acetyl-ACP (ACP-d).
Pescadillo homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PES1 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is abnormally elevated in malignant tumors of astrocytic origin. It is a strongly conserved gene containing a BRCT domain that is essential for the activity of this gene product. The gene plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and may be necessary for oncogenic transformation and tumor progression.
UV irradiation of Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1 induces several gene products employed in homologous recombination. For instance, a homolog of the rad51/recA gene, which plays a key role in recombination, is induced 7-fold by UV. Homologous recombination may rescue stalled replication forks, and/or facilitate recombinational repair of DNA damage. In its natural habitat, homologous recombination is likely induced by the UV irradiation in sunlight.
CK1ε and CK1δ are essential in the genetic transcription-translation (and post-translation) feedback loops that generate circadian rhythm in mammals. The previously-characterized CK1ε isoform was first implicated as a clock gene when its Drosophila homolog, double-time (Doubletime (gene)), was discovered in 1998. Double-time is 86% identical to human CK1ε. Kloss et al and Price et al showed that mutations in double-time altered circadian rhythm.
Three different paralogs of HP1 are found in Drosophila melanogaster, HP1a, HP1b and HP1c. Subsequently orthologs of HP1 were also discovered in S. pombe (Swi6), Xenopus (Xhp1α and Xhp1γ) and Chicken (CHCB1, CHCB2 and CHCB3) and Tetrahymena (Pdd1p). In mammals, there are three paralogs: HP1α, HP1β and HP1γ. In Arabidopsis thaliana (a plant), there is one homolog: Like Heterochromatin Protein 1 (LHP1), also known as Terminal Flower 2 (TFL2).
This syndrome is caused by mutations in the establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2 (ESCO2) gene.Kantaputra PN, Dejkhamron P, Intachai W, Ngamphiw C, Kawasaki K, Ohazama A, Krisanaprakornkit S, Olsen B, Tongsima S, Ketudat Cairns JR (2020) Juberg- Hayward syndrome is a cohesinopathy, caused by mutation in ESCO2. Eur J Orthod This gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p21.1). Mutations in this gene also cause Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome.
In 2009, she found mice deficient of the Mecp2 gene (the mouse homolog of human MECP2) had lower levels of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, consistent with her clinical observations of patients of Rett syndrome in 1985. Recently, Zoghbi confirmed that the MECP2 protein also bound 5-methylcytosine not in CpG sites, and that restoring the level of MECP2 protein in a subset of neurons was sufficient to rescue some symptoms of Rett syndrome.
In molecular biology mir-187 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. miR-187 has been found to be expressed at higher levels in ovarian cancers compared with benign tumours. It is known to target DAB2 (disabled homolog-2), a protein encoded by the DAB2 gene, with miR-187's target site at the 3'UTR of the DAB2 gene.
Vici syndrome is caused by mutations in the gene EPG5 (OMIM # 615068), which encodes an important regulator of the autophagy pathway, the ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5, involved in the formation of lysosomes. EPG5 is the human homolog of the C.elegans epg5 gene. The gene EPG5 has been cloned for the first time by Nagase et al. by sequencing clones obtained from a size- fractionated fetal brain cDNA library, and was initially named KIAA1632.
By searching the NCBI BLAST database for protein-protein interactions, it was found that C6orf10 is a protein only found in mammals. The BLAST database found the highest number of homologs in the Primates', Artiodactyla, and Carnivora. There were only a couple of homologs in the taxonomic orders of Rodentia, Chiroptera, and Perissodactyla. In the orders of Scandentia, Eulipotyphyla, Tubulidentata and sirenia there was only one complete homolog, but a few partial sequences do exist.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. The mouse homolog of this gene was found to be preferentially expressed in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle, which suggested a role in hair development.
Lethal(2) giant larvae protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LLGL1 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is similar to a tumor suppressor in Drosophila. The protein is part of a cytoskeletal network and is associated with nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain and a kinase that specifically phosphorylates this protein at serine residues. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17.
2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase (, also known as oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphatase, or (2'-deoxy) ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, or Nudix hydrolase 1 (NUDT1), or MutT homolog 1 (MTH1), or 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine triphosphatase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NUDT1 gene. During DNA repair, the enzyme hydrolyses oxidized purines and prevents their addition onto the DNA chain. As such it has important role in aging and cancer development.
Rev-erbα is transcribed from the opposite strand of the thyroid receptor α (c-erbAα) gene on chromosome 17, with a 269-nucleotide overlap between the two transcripts. The other mammalian isoform of the receptor, Rev- erbβ is encoded by another gene on chromosome 3. In addition, there is one non-mammalian homolog, the ecdysone-regulated gene E75, which is present in Drosophila and C. elegans. The Rev-erbα gene itself has multiple transcripts.
Biosynthesis of the germicidin A,B, and C is achieved through a type III polyketide synthase called germicidin synthase (Gcs). Surugapyrone A is expected to be synthesized similarly utilizing a Gcs homolog. Gcs exhibits high substrate flexibility accepting a variety of acyl groups carried and transferred through a thioester bond by either coenzyme A (CoA) or acyl carrier protein (ACP). Catalytic efficiency is ten fold higher when ACP is the acyl carrier.
The murine homolog of human 15(S)-lipoxygenase-2 (ALOX15B), 8(S)-lipoxygenase, while preferring arachidonic acid over linoleic acid, metabolizes linoleic acid predominantly to (9(S)-HpODE, which in tissues and cells is rapidly reduced to 9(S)-HODE.Mol Carcinog. 1999 Feb;24(2):108-17Oncogene. 2005 Feb 10;24(7):1174-87 However, ALOX15B, similar to human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15), metabolizes linoleic acid to 13(S)-HODE but not to 9(S)-HODEs.Eur.
WD40 repeat proteins are key components of many essential biologic functions. They regulate the assembly of multiprotein complexes by presenting a beta-propeller platform for simultaneous and reversible protein-protein interactions. Members of the WIPI subfamily of WD40 repeat proteins, such as WIPI2, have a 7-bladed propeller structure and contain a conserved motif for interaction with phospholipids. WIPI2 is the mammalian homolog of Atg18, not Atg21, along with the closely related protein, WIPI1.
Protein fosB, also known as FosB and G0/G1 switch regulatory protein 3 (G0S3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (FOSB) gene. The FOS gene family consists of four members: FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, and FOSL2. These genes encode leucine zipper proteins that can dimerize with proteins of the JUN family (e.g., c-Jun, JunD), thereby forming the transcription factor complex AP-1.
3'-5' exoribonuclease CSL4 homolog is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EXOSC1 gene. This gene encodes a core component of the exosome complex. The mammalian exosome is required for rapid degradation of AU rich element- containing RNAs but not for poly(A) shortening. The association of this protein with the exosome is mediated by protein-protein interactions with ribosomal RNA-processing protein 42 and ribosomal RNA-processing protein 46.
Gene conversion is a type of recombination that is the product of DNA repair where nucleotide damage is corrected using an homologous genomic region as a template. Damaged bases are first excised, the damaged strand is then aligned with an undamaged homolog, and DNA synthesis repairs the excised region using the undamaged strand as a guide. Gene conversion is often responsible for homogenizing sequences of duplicate genes over long time periods, reducing nucleotide divergence.
This gene is a member of the MutL-homolog (MLH) family of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. MLH genes are implicated in maintaining genomic integrity during DNA replication and after meiotic recombination. The protein encoded by this gene functions as a heterodimer with other family members. Somatic mutations in this gene frequently occur in tumors exhibiting microsatellite instability, and germline mutations have been linked to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer type 7 (HNPCC7).
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFITM1 gene. IFITM1 has also recently been designated CD225 (cluster of differentiation 225). This protein has several additional names: fragilis (human homolog of the mouse protein), IFI17 [interferon-induced protein 17], 9-27 [Interferon-inducible protein 9-27] and Leu13. IFITM1 is a member of the IFITM family (Interferon-induced transmembrane protein) which is encoded by IFITM genes.
Eyes absent homolog 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EYA4 gene. This gene encodes a member of the eyes absent (EYA) family of proteins. The encoded protein may act as a transcriptional activator and be important for continued function of the mature organ of Corti. Mutations in this gene are associated with postlingual, progressive, autosomal dominant hearing loss at the deafness, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural 10 locus.
Ler positively regulates the LEE genes by competition with its homolog, H-NS. H-NS silences LEE genes via rigid filament structures bound to the DNA that Ler disrupts and replaces through unknown mechanisms. Though little is known of the mechanism of Ler regulation, Ler interacts with DNA in specific ways. Ler binds DNA non-cooperatively, bends DNA in low concentrations, stiffens it in high concentration, and forms toroidal nucleoprotein complexes along DNA in vivo.
Activating receptors have lower affinity for their ligands than do inhibitory receptors. Although the purpose of this difference in affinity is unknown, it is possible that the cytolysis of target cells occurs preferentially under conditions in which the expression of stimulating MHC class I molecules on target cells is high, which may occur during viral infection. This difference, which is also present in Ly49, the murine homolog to KIR, tips the balance towards self-tolerance.
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS6 gene. The protein encoded by this gene contains a SH2 domain and a CIS homolog domain. The protein thus belongs to the cytokine-induced STAT inhibitor (CIS), also known as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) or STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI) protein family. CIS family members are known to be cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling.
In molecular biology, Enhancer of rudimentary homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERH gene. The Drosophila protein enhancer of rudimentary protein is a small protein of 104 amino acids. It has been found to be an enhancer of the rudimentary gene, involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis. From an evolutionary point of view, enhancer of rudimentary is highly conserved and has been found to exist in probably all multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
This proto-oncogene is a Kirsten ras oncogene homolog from the mammalian ras gene family. A single amino acid substitution, and in particular a single nucleotide substitution, is responsible for an activating mutation. The transforming protein that results is implicated in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal cancer. Several germline KRAS mutations have been found to be associated with Noonan syndrome and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome.
Tribbles homolog 2 is an atypical protein kinase that is encoded in human by the TRIB2 gene. TRIB2 is a pseudokinase member of the (pseudoenzyme) class of signaling/scaffold proteins, possessing little vestigial catalytic output in vitro. It is known to signal to canonical MAPK pathways and to regulate the ubiquitination of substrates with important functions in the immune system. It has also been associated with various diseases, especially in vertebrate leukaemia models.
Synaptic vesicle membrane protein VAT-1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAT1 gene. Synaptic vesicles are responsible for regulating the storage and release of neurotransmitters in the nerve terminal. The protein encoded by this gene is an abundant integral membrane protein of cholinergic synaptic vesicles and is thought to be involved in vesicular transport. It belongs to the quinone oxidoreductase subfamily of zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase proteins.
IRF3 is a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. IRF3 was originally discovered as a homolog of IRF1 and IRF2. IRF3 has been further characterized and shown to contain several functional domains including a nuclear export signal, a DNA-binding domain, a C-terminal IRF association domain and several regulatory phosphorylation sites. IRF3 is found in an inactive cytoplasmic form that upon serine/threonine phosphorylation forms a complex with CREBBP.
Runx1 was purified as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that regulated the disease specificity of the Moloney murine Leukemia virus. Furthermore, Ito et al. purified Runx2, the homolog of Runx1. Purified transcription factors consisted of two subunits, a DNA binding CBFα chain (RUNX1 or RUNX2) and a non-DNA-binding subunit called core binding factor β (CBFβ); the binding affinity of RUNX1 and RUNX2 was significantly increased by association with CBFβ.
IFN-ε, -κ, -τ, and -ζ appear, at this time, to come in a single isoform in humans, IFNK. Only ruminants encode IFN-τ, a variant of IFN-ω. So far, IFN-ζ is only found in mice, while a structural homolog, IFN-δ is found in a diverse array of non-primate and non-rodent placental mammals. Most but not all placental mammals encode functional IFN-ε and IFN-κ genes.
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos.Curran, T: The c-fos proto-oncogene. In: Reddy EP, Skalka AM, Curran T (eds.). The Oncogene Handbook 1988 Elsevier, New York, pp 307–327, It was first discovered in rat fibroblasts as the transforming gene of the FBJ MSV (Finkel–Biskis–Jinkins murine osteogenic sarcoma virus) (Curran and Tech, 1982).
Cell division control protein 6 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC6 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc6, a protein essential for the initiation of DNA replication. This protein functions as a regulator at the early steps of DNA replication. It localizes in the cell nucleus during cell cycle phase G1, but translocates to the cytoplasm at the start of S phase.
Protein numb homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUMB gene. The protein encoded by this gene plays a role in the determination of cell fates during development. The encoded protein, whose degradation is induced in a proteasome-dependent manner by MDM2, is a membrane-bound protein that has been shown to associate with EPS15, LNX1, and NOTCH1. Four transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
The other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell to fill the lost role of the parent cell and maintain proliferation. In addition to its role in proliferation and differentiation, Numb has also been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis and the response of neural progenitors to chemotactic cues during migration. In mammals, there are four alternatively spliced forms of the Numb protein. In addition, there is a Numb homolog called “Numb-like,” or NUMBL.
Doubletime (dbt) also known as discs overgrown (dco) is a gene that encodes the double-time protein (DBT) in Drosophila melanogaster. The double-time protein is a kinase that phosphorylates PER protein that regulates the molecularly-driven, biological clock controlling circadian rhythm. The mammalian homolog of doubletime is casein kinase I epsilon. Different mutations in the dbt gene have been shown to cause lengthening, shortening, or complete loss in period of locomotor activity in flies.
Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2 (HIF-PH2), or prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2), is an enzyme encoded by the EGLN1 gene. It is also known as Egl nine homolog 1. PHD2 is a α-ketoglutarate/2-oxoglutarate- dependent hydroxylase, a superfamily non-haem iron-containing proteins. In humans, PHD2 is one of the three isoforms of hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase, which is also known as HIF prolyl-hydroxylase.
The hepatotrophic factor designated augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is thought to be one of the factors responsible for the extraordinary regenerative capacity of mammalian liver. It has also been called hepatic regenerative stimulation substance (HSS). The yeast scERV1 gene had been found to be essential for oxidative phosphorylation, the maintenance of mitochondrial genomes, and the cell division cycle. The human gene is both the structural and functional homolog of the yeast scERV1 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the atrophin family of arginine-glutamic acid (RE) dipeptide repeat-containing proteins. The encoded protein co-localizes with a transcription factor in the nucleus, and its overexpression triggers apoptosis. A similar protein in mouse associates with histone deacetylase and is thought to function as a transcriptional co-repressor during embryonic development. Recent reports also indicate that RERE and its Drosophila homolog associate with histone methyltransferases in regulating gene expression.
In the fruitfly, knock-down of nmr (neuromancer), Drosophila's Tbx20 homolog gene, led to slower heart rate, arrythmias and abnormal myofibrillar architecture. Heterozygous Tbx20 knockout adult mice displayed left ventricle dilation, decreased wall thickness and contractile abnormalities. Homozygous conditional cardiomyocyte Tbx20 knockout adult mice died within 15 days after knockout induction. Mice hearts presented with dilated cardiomyopathy and contraction-related dysfunctions such as abnormal atrioventricular conduction, slower heart rate, altered ventricular depolarization/repolarization and arrhythmias.
Interferon-related developmental regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFRD1 gene. The gene is expressed mostly in neutrophils, skeletal and cardiac muscle, brain, pancreas. The rat and the mouse homolog genes of interferon-related developmental regulator 1 gene (and their proteins) are also known with the name PC4 and Tis21, respectively. IFRD1 is member of a gene family that comprises a second gene, IFRD2, also known as SKmc15.
Protein flightless-1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FLII gene. This gene encodes a protein with a gelsolin-like actin binding domain and an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat-protein protein interaction domain. The protein is similar to a Drosophila protein involved in early embryogenesis and the structural organization of indirect flight muscle. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17.
The gene is responsible for pigmentation in mice which aligns with the human homolog. The mice without the SLUG gene present displayed dysfunction in the neural crest in addition to pigmentation abnormalities . The products of the gene are active in the migratory cells in the neural crest during development. Not only this function is present, but also evidence has shown to interact with the MITF gene that is responsible for various Waardenburg Syndrome types.
The SUMO-1 modification of RanGAP1 (the first identified SUMO substrate) leads to its trafficking from cytosol to nuclear pore complex. The SUMO modification of hNinein leads to its movement from the centrosome to the nucleus. In many cases, SUMO modification of transcriptional regulators correlates with inhibition of transcription. One can refer to the GeneRIFs of the SUMO proteins, e.g. human SUMO-1,SUMO1 SMT3 suppressor of mif two 3 homolog 1 (S.
An important human paralog of FAM89A is FAM89B, located on human chromosome 11 at map position 11q13.1. FAM89B is also known as, Leucine Repeat Adaptor Protein 25 (LRAP25) and Mammary Tumor Virus Receptor Homolog 1 (MTVR1). Orthologs of FAM89A, but not FAM89B, are present in bivalves, crinoids, hemichordates, starfish, and horseshoe crabs. Orthologs of FAM89B, but not FAM89A, are present in brachiopods and priapulids, The paralogs likely split around 736 million years ago.
The RNAP occasionally stops and starts moving backwards when it encounters a roadblock or some difficult sequences. When this happens, the EC gets stuck because the reactive 3' edge of the RNA is out of the active site. The transcript cleavage factor TFS (a TFIIS homolog) helps resolve this issue by generating a cut so that a new 3' end is available in the active site. Some archaeon have up to 4 paralogs of TFS with divergent functions.
Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 has been shown to interact with COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5. UCH-L1 has also been shown to interact with α-synuclein, another protein implicated in the pathology of Parkinson disease. This activity is reported to be the result of its ubiquityl ligase activity which may be associated with the I93M pathogenic mutation in the gene. Most recently, UCH-L1 has been demonstrated to interact with the E3 ligase, parkin.
Meiotic recombination through crossing over is thought to be a mechanism by which a cell promotes correct segregation of homologous chromosomes and repair of DNA damages. Crossing over requires a DNA double-stranded break followed by strand invasion of the homolog and subsequent repair. Initiation sites for recombination are usually identified by mapping crossing over events through pedigree analysis or through analysis of linkage disequilibrium. Linkage disequilibrium has identified more than 30,000 hotspots within the human genome.
Cell death activator CIDE-A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CIDEA gene. Cidea is an essential transcriptional coactivator regulating mammary gland secretion of milk lipids.Cidea is an essential transcriptional coactivator regulating mammary gland secretion of milk lipids This gene encodes the homolog of the mouse protein Cidea that has been shown to activate apoptosis. This activation of apoptosis is inhibited by the DNA fragmentation factor DFF45 but not by caspase inhibitors.
Z-DNA-binding protein 1, also known as DNA-dependent activator of IFN- regulatory factors (DAI) and DLM-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBP1 gene. ZBP1 is also an abbreviation for chicken or rat β-actin zipcode-binding protein 1, a homolog of the human insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IMP-1) and murine CRD-BP, the proteins involved in mRNA transport (RNA-binding proteins, RBPs).
Protein cappuccino homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNO gene. This intronless gene encodes a protein that may play a role in organelle biogenesis associated with melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and lysosomes. A similar protein in mouse is a component of a protein complex termed biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1), and is a model for Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome. The encoded protein may play a role in intracellular vesicular trafficking.
Vesicle mediated protein sorting plays an important role in segregation of intracellular molecules into distinct organelles. Genetic studies in yeast have identified more than 40 vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes involved in vesicle transport to vacuoles. This gene encodes the human homolog of yeast class C Vps18 protein. The mammalian class C Vps proteins are predominantly associated with late endosomes/lysosomes, and like their yeast counterparts, may mediate vesicle trafficking steps in the endosome/lysosome pathway.
Zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZC3HAV1 gene. This gene encodes a CCCH-type zinc finger protein that is thought to prevent infection by retroviruses. Studies of the rat homolog indicate that the protein may primarily function to inhibit viral gene expression and induce an innate immunity to viral infection. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two variants, each encoding distinct isoforms, are described.
Vesicle mediated protein sorting plays an important role in segregation of intracellular molecules into distinct organelles. Genetic studies in yeast have identified more than 40 vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes involved in vesicle transport to vacuoles. This gene encodes the human homolog of yeast class C Vps11 protein. The mammalian class C Vps proteins are predominantly associated with late endosomes/lysosomes, and like their yeast counterparts, may mediate vesicle trafficking steps in the endosome/lysosome pathway.
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the L3MBTL gene. This gene encodes the homolog of a protein identified in Drosophila as a suppressor of malignant transformation of neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells in the optic centers of the brain. This gene product is localized to condensed chromosomes in mitotic cells. Overexpression of this gene in a glioma cell line results in improper nuclear segregation and cytokinesis producing multinucleated cells.
Ceramide synthase 2, also known as LAG1 longevity assurance homolog 2 or Tumor metastasis-suppressor gene 1 protein is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CERS2 gene. Ceramide synthase 2 is a ceramide synthase that catalyses the synthesis of very long acyl chain ceramides, including C20 and C26 ceramides. It is the most ubiquitously expressed of all CerS and has the broadest distribution in the human body. CerS2 was first identified in 2001.
This gene is a member of the BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kd-interacting protein (BNIP) family. It interacts with the E1B 19 kDa protein which is responsible for the protection of virally induced cell death, as well as E1B 19 kDa-like sequences of BCL2, also an apoptotic protector. The protein encoded by this gene is a functional homolog of BNIP3, a proapoptotic protein. This protein may function simultaneously with BNIP3 and may play a role in tumor suppression.
The homeodomain transcription factor EMX2 is critical for central nervous system and urogenital development. EMX1 (MIM 600034) and EMX2 are related to the 'empty spiracles' gene expressed in the developing Drosophila head.[supplied by OMIM]. The EMX2 gene encodes for a transcription factor that is a homolog to Drosophila melanogaster “empty spiracles” gene. The “empty spiracles gene” is needed for the proper head development/formation as well as the development of posterior spiracles in Drosophila melanogaster.
Studies in Drosophila revealed that genetic ablation of Mlp84B, the Drosophila homolog of MLP, was associated with pupal lethality and impaired muscle function. Mechanical studies of Mlp84B-null flight muscles indicate that loss of Mlp84B results in decreased muscle stiffness and power generation. Cardiac-specific ablation of Mlp84B caused decreased lifespan, impaired diastolic function and disturbances in cardiac rhythm. Overall, these animal models have provided critical evidence on the functional significance of MLP in striated muscle physiology and pathophysiology.
Narrow-range ethoxylates (NREs) are fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers with a narrow homolog distribution and are known nonionic surfactants. They can be produced industrially, for example, by the addition of ethylene oxide onto fatty alcohols in the presence of suitable catalysts (layer compounds which have been calcined or hydrophobized with fatty acids).Reviews on this subject are presented, for example, by M. Cox in J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 67, 599 (1990) and by H. Hensen et al.
In either proposed mechanism, at least one water molecule participates in the reaction. Most experimental evidence for the mechanism of RNase H catalysis comes from measurements performed on members of the H1 group, usually the E. coli homolog. According to measurements of this protein, one of the aspartate residues has an elevated pKa, while another has an abnormally low pKa. It is unclear whether any of the active-site residues participates in the reaction as a general base.
Lin-28 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LIN28 gene. LIN28 encodes an RNA-binding protein that binds to and enhances the translation of the IGF-2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) mRNA. Lin28 binds to the let-7 pre-microRNA and blocks production of the mature let-7 microRNA in mouse embryonic stem cells. In pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells, LIN28 is localized in the ribosomes, P-bodies and stress granules.
Zinc finger protein 91 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFP91 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the zinc finger family of proteins. The gene product contains C2H2 type domains, which are the classical zinc finger domains found in numerous nucleic acid-binding proteins. In addition to the monocistronic transcript originating from this locus, a co- transcribed variant composed of ZFP91 and CNTF sequence has been identified.
Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B (PDS5B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDS5B gene. It is a regulatory subunit of the Cohesin complex which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and DNA looping. The core cohesin complex is formed of SMC3, SMC1, RAD21 and either SA1 or SA2. PDS5 associates with WAPL to stimulate the release of cohesin from DNA but during DNA replication PDS5 promotes acetylation of SMC3 by ESCO1 and ESCO2.
Between 1991 and 1992, Tei was a fellow for the Fellowships of the Japan Society for Japanese Junior Scientists at the University of Tokyo’s Institute of Medical Science. He later held the position of assistant professor (1992-2001) and associate professor (2001-2004). During his time as an assistant professor, Tei worked alongside Yoshiyuki Sakaki and Hitoshi Okamura to discover the mammalian period genes Per1, Per2, and Per3. They also discovered the mammalian homolog of the Drosophila gene Timeless.
Studies have suggested that most of the expression is found in the cytoplasm of the cell, but there is also evidence of expression in the nucleus. Expression in the nucleus may be supported by the fact that the rat homolog of the SPATS1 gene was experimentally found to have a probable bipartite nuclear localization signal. In addition, bioinformatic tools have identified a bipartite nuclear localization signal with high probability in the human protein at amino acids 174 - 191.
The closest mammalian homolog to vri is the transcriptional regulator E4BP4 (NFIL3). Although the consensus binding site for vri has not yet been determined, its bZIP domain does share >85% homology with the protein sequence of E4BP4, and it does recognize the E4BP4 site. E4BP4 represses promoter activity in per1, per2, and osteoblasts, suggesting its role as a negative regulator complex of mammalian circadian clocks. It transcriptionally activates interleukin-3, and is implicated in apoptotic pathways.
Homozygous flies lose their circadian rhythm. Furthermore, the same researchers demonstrated that these mutant flies express low levels of PER and TIM proteins, indicating that Clock functions as a positive element in the circadian loop. While the mutation affects the circadian clock of the fly, it does not cause any physiological or behavioral defects. The similar sequence between Jrk and its mouse homolog suggests common circadian rhythm components were present in both Drosophila and mice ancestors.
Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier also known as solute carrier family 25 member 21 (SLC25A21) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A21 gene. It is a homolog of the S. cerevisiae ODC proteins, mitochondrial carriers that transport C5-C7 oxodicarboxylates across inner mitochondrial membranes. One of the species transported by ODC is 2-oxoadipate, a common intermediate in the catabolism of lysine, tryptophan, and hydroxylysine in mammals. Within mitochondria, 2-oxoadipate is converted into acetyl-CoA.
The first high-resolution structure reported for an ABC exporter was that of Sav1866 from Staphylococcus aureus. Sav1866 is a homolog of multidrug ABC transporters. It shows significant sequence similarity to human ABC transporters of subfamily B that includes MDR1 and TAP1/TAP2. The ATPase activity of Sav1866 is known to be stimulated by cancer drugs such as doxorubicin, vinblastine and others, which suggests similar substrate specificity to P-glycoprotein and therefore a possible common mechanism of substrate translocation.
Centrosomal protein of 192 kDa, also known as Cep192, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEP192 gene. It is the homolog of the C. elegans and D. melanogaster gene SPD-2. Cep192 is a major regulator of pericentriolar material recruitment, centrosome maturation, and centriole duplication in mammalian cells. It stimulates the formation of the scaffolding upon which gamma tubulin ring complexes and other proteins involved in microtubule nucleation and spindle assembly become functional during mitosis.
A single amino acid substitution mutation, which is a gain of function mutation of Pdr1p denoted as pdr1-3 (F815S, substitution mutation of Phenylalanine at 815th of the polypeptide by Serine) leads to an over-expression of mRNA of PDR5, which codes for Pdr5p. For cells treated with fluphenazine, Pdr1p was the only transcription factor necessary for PDR response genes induction. But at basal level, Pdr1p can be partially compensated by Pdr3p, a functional homolog of Pdr1p.
The Arctic fox contains advantageous genes to overcome extreme cold and starvation periods. Transcriptome sequencing has identified two genes that are under positive selection: Glycolipid transfer protein domain containing 1 (GLTPD1) and V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2 (AKT2). GLTPD1 is involved in the fatty acid metabolism, while AKT2 pertains to the glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. The average mass specific BMR and total BMR are 37% and 27% lower in the winter than the summer.
SMAD4 is the only known co-SMAD in most metazoans. It also belongs to the Darwin family of proteins that modulate members of the TGFβ protein superfamily, a family of proteins that all play a role in the regulation of cellular responses. Mammalian SMAD4 is a homolog of the Drosophila protein "Mothers against decapentaplegic" named Medea. SMAD4 interacts with R-Smads, such as SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD8 (also called SMAD9) to form heterotrimeric complexes.
Based on sequence analysis, SR proteins are suspected to be intrinsically disordered proteins resulting in an unstructured RS domain. Eight unphosphorylated repeats of arginine and serine in the RS domain take a helical form with arginine on the outside to reduce charge and in a phosphorylated state, the eight repeats of arginine and serine form a 'claw' shape. SR proteins can have more than one RRM domain. The second RRM domain is called the RNA recognition motif homolog (RRMH).
Amphetamine is a methyl homolog of the mammalian neurotransmitter phenethylamine with the chemical formula . The carbon atom adjacent to the primary amine is a stereogenic center, and amphetamine is composed of a racemic 1:1 mixture of two enantiomers. This racemic mixture can be separated into its optical isomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. At room temperature, the pure free base of amphetamine is a mobile, colorless, and volatile liquid with a characteristically strong amine odor, and acrid, burning taste.
Furthermore, U. maydis has a well-established recombinational DNA repair system. This repair system involves a homolog of Rad51 that has a very similar sequence and size to its mammalian counterparts. This system also involves a protein, Rec2 that is more distantly related to Rad51, and Brh2 protein that is a streamlined version of the mammalian Breast Cancer 2 (BRCA2) protein. When any of these proteins is inactivated, sensitivity of U. maydis to DNA damaging agents is increased.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (also protein K) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPK gene. It is found in the cell nucleus that binds to pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) as a component of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles. The simian homolog is known as protein H16. Both proteins bind to single-stranded DNA as well as to RNA and can stimulate the activity of RNA polymerase II, the protein responsible for most gene transcription.
BRAF is a human gene that encodes a protein called B-Raf. The gene is also referred to as proto-oncogene B-Raf and v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, while the protein is more formally known as serine/threonine- protein kinase B-Raf. The B-Raf protein is involved in sending signals inside cells which are involved in directing cell growth. In 2002, it was shown to be faulty (mutated) in some human cancers.
P protein, also known as melanocyte-specific transporter protein or pink-eyed dilution protein homolog, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2) gene. The P protein is believed to be an integral membrane protein involved in small molecule transport, specifically of tyrosine - a precursor of melanin. Certain mutations in OCA2 result in type 2 oculocutaneous albinism. OCA2 encodes the human homologue of the mouse p (pink-eyed dilution) gene.
RanGAP1, is a homodimeric 65-kD polypeptide that specifically induces the GTPase activity of RAN, but not of RAS by over 1,000-fold. RanGAP1 is the immediate antagonist of RCC1, a regulator molecule that keeps RAN in the active, GTP-bound state. The RANGAP1 gene encodes a 587-amino acid polypeptide. The sequence is unrelated to that of GTPase activators for other RAS-related proteins, but is 88% identical to Rangap1 (Fug1), the murine homolog of yeast Rna1p.
Filamin B, beta (FLNB), also known as Filamin B, beta (truncated actin binding protein 278 homolog), is a cytoplasmic protein which in humans is encoded by the FLNB gene. FLNB regulates intracellular communication and signalling by cross-linking the protein actin to allow direct communication between the cell membrane and cytoskeletal network, to control and guide proper skeletal development. Mutations in the FLNB gene are involved in several lethal bone dysplasias, including boomerang dysplasia and atelosteogenesis type I.
This gene encodes a member of the bHLH family of transcription factors and plays a key role in defining the rostrocaudal patterning of somites via interactions with multiple Notch signaling pathways. This gene is expressed in the anterior presomitic mesoderm and is downregulated immediately after the formation of segmented somites. This gene also plays a role in the formation of epithelial somitic mesoderm and cardiac mesoderm. In zebrafish, the homolog mesp-b is critical for dermomyotome development.
The AP endonucleases cleave an AP site to yield a 3' hydroxyl adjacent to a 5' deoxyribosephosphate (dRP). AP endonucleases are divided into two families based on their homology to the ancestral bacterial AP endonucleaes endonuclease IV and exonuclease III. Many eukaryotes have members of both families, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which Apn1 is the EndoIV homolog and Apn2 is related to ExoIII. In humans, two AP endonucleases, APE1 and APE2, have been identified.
Mitochondrial chaperone BCS1 (BCS1L), also known as BCS1 homolog, ubiquinol- cytochrome c reductase complex chaperone (h-BCS1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCS1L gene. BCS1L is a chaperone protein involved in the assembly of Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase (complex III), which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is part of the electron transport chain. Mutations in this gene are associated with mitochondrial complex III deficiency (nuclear, 1), GRACILE syndrome, and Bjoernstad syndrome.
Known genes and mutations found on the human X chromosome. The MED12 gene is found at location q13, highlighted in green. MED12, or mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription, subunit 12 homolog of S. cerevisiae, is one of several subunits in the mammalian mediator complex, which regulates RNA polymerase II during mRNA transcription. The Mediator complex is required for polymerase II transcription and acts as a bridge between the polymerase II enzyme and different gene-specific transcription factors.
The liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) also known as NR5A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR5A2 gene. LRH-1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. LRH-1 plays a critical role in the regulation of development, cholesterol transport, bile acid homeostasis and steroidogenesis. LRH-1 is important for maintaining pluripotence of stem cells during embryonic development.
A mouse homolog has been cloned as well. The complete gene of human CERK contains 4459bp, which consists of a 123bp-5’-untranslated region, a 2772bp 3’-non-coding, and a 1611bp open reading frame. Sequence analysis of CERK putatively suggests that the following post-translational modification sites exist: 4 N-glycosylation sites, 15 phosphorylation sites, 5 prenylation sites, and 2 amidation sites. The complete gene of mouse CERK differed slightly, containing a 1593bp open reading frame.
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD) is a bone dysplasia characterized by overgrowth and sclerosis of the craniofacial bones and abnormal modeling of the metaphyses of the tubular bones. Hyperostosis and sclerosis of the skull may lead to cranial nerve compressions resulting in hearing loss and facial palsy. An autosomal dominant form of the disorder has been linked to chromosome 5p15.2-p14.1 within a region harboring the human homolog (ANKH; TC# 2.A.66.9.1) of the mouse progressive ankylosis (ank) gene.
Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DVL2 gene. This gene encodes a member of the dishevelled (dsh) protein family. The vertebrate dsh proteins have approximately 40% amino acid sequence similarity with Drosophila dsh. This gene encodes a 90-kD protein that undergoes posttranslational phosphorylation to form a 95-kD cytoplasmic protein, which may play a role in the signal transduction pathway mediated by multiple Wnt proteins.
Uncoordinated-119 (Unc-119) is a protein that has been identified in C. elegans, humans, mice, zebrafish, rabbits, pig, calf, monkey, and protozoa. They have been classified in the GMP phophodiesterase, delta superfamily. Unc-119 proteins are categorized into their own family but are shown to be ancestrally related to PrBP (prenyl binding protein) and rhoGDI. It has been given many different names: Retinal Protein 4, HRG4, POC7 Centriolar Protein Homolog A, IMD13, POC7A, and RG4.
CDC48 was discovered in a genetic screen for genes involved in cell cycle regulation in budding yeast. The screen identified several alleles of Cdc48 that affects cell growth at non- permissive temperatures. The mammalian homolog of CDC48 was initially characterized as a 97 kDa protein precursor for the small peptide valosin. It was therefore named as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or p97, but subsequent studies showed that valosin is an artifact of purification unrelated to p97.
ALGS is caused by loss of function mutations in either JAG1 (Jagged1) or NOTCH2 (Notch homolog 2). In the majority of people with ALGS, the gene mutation occurs in the JAG1 gene. The JAG1 mutation is either intragenic and found on chromosome 20p12, or it is a deletion of the entire JAG1 gene. Mutations in NOTCH2 are much less likely to cause Alagille syndrome, but the primary type of ALGS-causing mutation in NOTCH2 is a missense mutation.
A number of elongation factors help with the rate and processivity of the RNAP. Factors of the Spt4/Spt5 family (bacterial homolog of Spt5 is called NusG) stimulate transcription by binding to the RNAP clamp on one side of the DNA channel and to the gate loop on the other. The resultant DSIF locks the clamp into a closed state to prevent the elongation complex (EC) from dissociating. Spt5 also has a NGN domain that helps the two strands separate.
Cytolethal distending toxins are classified as AB toxins, with an active ("A") subunit that directly damages DNA and a binding ("B") subunit that helps the toxin attach to the target cells. CdtB is the active subunit and a homolog to mammalian DNase I, whereas CdtA and CdtC make up the binding subunit. Cytolethal distending toxins are produced by gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria. Many of these bacteria, including Shigella dysenteriae, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Escherichia coli, infect humans.
Etoposide-induced protein 2.4 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EI24 gene. This gene has higher expression in p53-expressing cells than in control cells and is an immediate-early induction target of p53-mediated apoptosis. The protein encoded by this gene contains six putative transmembrane domains and may suppress cell growth by inducing apoptotic cell death through the caspase 9 and mitochondrial pathways. This gene is located on human chromosome 11q24, a region frequently altered in cancers.
Neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like protein also known as close homolog of L1 (CHL1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHL1 gene. CHL1 is a cell adhesion molecule closely related to the L1. In melanocytic cells CHL1 gene expression may be regulated by MITF, and can act as a helicase protein during the interphase stage of mitosis. The protein, however, has dynamic localisation, meaning that it has not only multiple roles in the cell, but also various locations.
Humans have three VAPs: VAPA, VAPB and MOSPD2. All of these share a conserved major sperm protein domain in the cytoplasm anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by a largely unstructured linker leading to a transmembrane domain. MOSPD2 additionally at its amino- terminus has a lipid transfer domain in the CRAL/TRIO domain family. The main yeast homolog is Scs2p, which has the same domain architecture as VAPA and VAPB, and is also an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum.
These daily oscillations in expression are maintained in constant darkness. While CRY has been well established as a TIM homolog in mammals, the role of CRY as a photoreceptor in mammals has been controversial. Early papers indicated that CRY has both light-independent and -dependent functions. A study in 2000 indicated that mice without rhodopsin but with cryptochrome still respond to light; however, in mice without either rhodopsin or cryptochrome, c-Fos transcription, a mediator of light sensitivity, significantly drops.
In 1997, Hajime Tei, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, and Hitoshi Okamura discovered the mammalian period gene PER1 in mice and humans. They also discovered PER2, PER3, and the mammalian homolog of the Drosophila gene timeless. They found that Per1 is light-inducible and can phase shift the circadian clock by light. Okamura worked with Jay Dunlap, a chronobiologist specializing in circadian rhythms in Neurospora, to show that mammalian clocks are similar to neurospora clocks in their use of induction to phase shift.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This gene was shown to be expressed in normal brain, particularly the cerebellum. The rat homolog is preferentially expressed in the brain and able to enhance the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vitro.
This gene encodes a nuclear protein expressed in a variety of tissues. The rat homolog, Rp8, is transiently expressed in immature thymocytes and is thought to be involved in programmed cell death. Expression of the human gene has been shown to be repressed by BCL6, a transcriptional repressor required for lymph node germinal center development, suggesting that BCL6 regulates apoptosis by its effects on PDCD2. This gene is closely linked on chromosome 6 to the gene for TBP, the TATA binding protein.
Overexpression of SIRT1 (mammalian sir2 homolog) does not extend lifespan. Several of Guarente's high profile publications on SIRT1 have been retracted or corrected. Guarente wrote an autobiography in 2003 titled Ageless Quest: One Scientist's Search for Genes That Prolong Youth. Guarente's rivalry with Sinclair, which began in 2002 when Sinclair challenged Guarante's description of how sir2 might be involved in aging at a scientific meeting at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, was the subject of an article in Science in 2004.
As a first non-canonical consensus motif targeted by CK1δ the so- called SLS motif (Ser-Leu-Ser) has been described, which can be found in β-catenin and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT). In several sulfatide and cholesterol-3-sulfate (SCS)-binding proteins the consensus motif Lys/Arg- X-Lys/Arg-X-X-Ser/Thr has been identified and phosphorylation of this motif has been demonstrated for myelin basic protein (MBP), the Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), and tau.
Many pathogenic bacteria have developed mechanisms to prevent apoptosis, not the least to maintain their host environment. For instance, the EPEC/EHEC effectors NleH and NleF block apoptosis. Similarly, the Shigella effectors IpgD and OspG (a homolog of NleH) block apoptosis, the former by phosphorylating and stabilizing the double minute 2 protein (MDM2) which in turn leads to a block of NF-kB-induced apoptosis. Salmonella inhibits apoptosis and activates pro-survival signals, dependent on the effectors AvrA and SopB, respectively.
Serrate RNA effector molecule homolog (SRRT) also known as arsenite-resistance protein 2 (ARS2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRRT gene. The SRRT gene product plays a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by miRNAs. Independently of its activity on miRNAs, it is necessary and sufficient to promote neural stem cell self-renewal, by directly binding the SOX2 promoter and positively regulating its transcription. It does not directly confer arsenite resistance but rather modulates arsenic sensitivity.
BTLA expression is induced during activation of T cells, and BTLA remains expressed on Th1 cells but not Th2 cells. Like PD1 and CTLA4, BTLA interacts with a B7 homolog, B7H4. However, unlike PD-1 and CTLA-4, BTLA displays T-Cell inhibition via interaction with tumor necrosis family receptors (TNF-R), not just the B7 family of cell surface receptors. BTLA is a ligand for tumour necrosis factor (receptor) superfamily, member 14 (TNFRSF14), also known as herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM).
Ras-related protein M-Ras, also known as muscle RAS oncogene homolog and R-Ras3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRAS gene on chromosome 3. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. This protein functions as a signal transducer for a wide variety of signaling pathways, including those promoting neural and bone formation as well as tumor growth. The MRAS gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. Four sequence-related potassium channel genes - shaker, shaw, shab, and shal - have been identified in Drosophila, and each has been shown to have human homolog(s). This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, shaker-related subfamily.
This gene is a member of the SMCY homolog family and encodes a protein with one ARID domain, one JmjC domain, one JmjN domain and two PHD-type zinc fingers. The DNA-binding motif suggest this protein is involved in the regulation of transcription and chromatin remodeling. Mutations in this gene have been associated with X-linked intellectual disability. Alternatively spliced variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described but the full-length nature of only one has been determined.
Wings apart-like protein homolog (WAPL) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WAPAL gene. WAPL is a key regulator of the Cohesin complex which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and DNA looping. Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, RAD21 and either SA1 or SA2. Cohesin has a ring-like arrangement and it is thought that it associates with the chromosome by entrapping it whether as a loop of DNA, a single strand or a pair of sister chromosomes.
GnIH is a neurohormone classified as an RFamide (RFa) or RFamide-related peptide (RFRP), coded by the NPVF gene in mammals. The complete amino acid sequence varies by species, but all RFa and RFRP peptides contain an arginine-phenylalanine-amine sequence at the C-terminal. This is seen in both Coturnix Japonica GnIH RFa (Ser-Ile-Lys-Pro-Ser-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2), and the human homolog, RFRP-3 (Val-Pro-Asp-Leu-Pro-Glu-Arg-Phe-NH2).
Summary of features on the Cxorf26 protein sequence, with conserved polysaccharide biosynthesis domain highlighted in green CXorf26 was found to have conserved domain known as DUF757 within its sequence. NCBI BLAST Assembled RefSeq Genomes The conserved domain spans a majority of the protein sequence, from amino acids 39-159. Conservation of the domain is strong throughout all homologs compared, including mammals, invertebrates such as insects, and even sponges. The yeast homolog, YPL225W, shows 42.4% identity and 62% similarity in this domain.
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC2 gene. This gene is a member of the M-phase phosphoprotein (MPP) family. The gene encodes a phosphoprotein with a J domain and a Myb DNA- binding domain which localizes to both the nucleus and the cytosol. The protein is capable of forming a heterodimeric complex that associates with ribosomes, acting as a molecular chaperone for nascent polypeptide chains as they exit the ribosome.
The basic mechanism by which the hslVU complex undertakes proteolytic substrate degradation is essentially the same as that observed in the eukaryotic proteasome, catalyzed by Nactive-site threonine residues. Both are members of the T1 family.Bogyo M, McMaster JS, Gaczynska M, Tortorella D, Goldberg AL, Ploegh H. (1997). Covalent modification of the active site threonine of proteasomal beta subunits and the Escherichia coli homolog HslV by a new class of inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(13):6629-34.
This gene encodes a member of the WD-40 protein family. The protein is proposed to function as a molecular scaffold for various multimeric protein complexes. The protein associates with several components of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, and promotes ERK activity in response to serum or other signals. The protein also interacts with egl nine homolog 3 (EGLN3, also known as PHD3) and regulates expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, and has been purified as part of the spliceosome.
Jrk is a mutation of a gene (not to be confused with JRKL ) discovered by Michael Rosbash and his colleagues in 1998. A common misconception is that the Jrk mutant gene is the Drosophila homolog of CLOCK (mClock), which disrupts cycling transcription of the per and tim genes. The Jrk mutation was discovered before dClock, but it is a mutation of dClock. Jrk is a semi-dominant third chromosome mutant displaying arrhythmic, or not rhythmic, locomotor behavior in constant darkness.
The M2 protein of influenza B is 109 residue long, homo-tetramer and is a functional homolog of influenza A protein. There is almost no sequence homology between influenza AM2 and BM2 except for the HXXXW sequence motif in the TMS that is essential for channel function. Its proton conductance pH profile is similar to that of AM2. However, the BM2 channel activity is higher than that of AM2, and the BM2 activity is completely insensitive to amantadine and rimantadine.
In the cave cricket Troglophilus neglectus the subgenual organ is fairly simple and is associated with an intermediary organ. Both are innervated either by one or two nerves, depending on the individual animal. In the splay-footed cricket Comicus calcaris, the subgenual organ is associated with a crista acustica homolog and an intermediary organ. This organ system is not suitable for hearing sounds, but it is possible that this organ system formed through reduction of a previously existing hearing organ.
4-Methylpentedrone (also known as 4-MPD and 4-Methyl-α-methylamino- valerophenone), is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is a higher homolog of 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and 4-methylbuphedrone (4-MeMABP), and the p-methyl derivative of pentedrone. It can also be viewed as the methylamino analog of pyrovalerone. A related compound, 4-methyl-α-ethylaminopentiophenone (4-MEAP), has been found to be incorrectly sold as 4-methylpentedrone.
SUI1 is a translation initiation factor that directs the ribosome to the translation start site, helped by eIF2 and the initiator Met-tRNAiMet. SUI1 ensures that translation initiation commences from the correct start codon (usually AUG), by stabilizing the pre-initiation complex around the start codon. SUI1 promotes a high initiation fidelity for the AUG codon, discriminating against non-AUG codons. In E. coli however, it seems that the SUI1 homolog YciH is an inhibitor of translation during stress instead.
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene. SMAD3 is a member of the SMAD family of proteins. It acts as a mediator of the signals initiated by the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines, which regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Based on its essential role in TGF beta signaling pathway, SMAD3 has been related with tumor growth in cancer development.
The cell division cycle protein 20 homolog is an essential regulator of cell division that is encoded by the CDC20 gene in humans. To the best of current knowledge its most important function is to activate the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), a large 11-13 subunit complex that initiates chromatid separation and entrance into anaphase. The APC/CCdc20 protein complex has two main downstream targets. Firstly, it targets securin for destruction, enabling the eventual destruction of cohesin and thus sister chromatid separation.
BMI1 (B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog) has been reported as an oncogene by regulating p16 and p19, which are cell cycle inhibitor genes. Bmi1 knockout in mice results in defects in hematopoiesis, skeletal patterning, neurological functions, and development of the cerebellum. Recently it has been reported BMI1 is rapidly recruited to sites of DNA damage and it sustains for over 8h. Loss of BMI1 leads to radiation sensitive and impaired repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination.
The mir-BHRF1-3 microRNA precursor found in Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus). In Epstein-Barr virus, mir-BHRF1-3 is found in the 3' UTR of the BHRF1 (Bam HI fragment H rightward open reading frame 1) gene, which is known to encode a distant Bcl-2 homolog. The mature sequence is excised from the 5' arm of the hairpin. Two other miRNA precursors were found in this reading frame, namely Mir-BHRF1-1 and Mir-BHRF1-2.
The miR-200 family is highly conserved in bilaterian animals, with miR-8 as the sole homolog in Drosophila. This species has accordingly been used heavily in work looking to uncover the biological function of the miR-200 family. miR-8 has been observed at all developmental stages of the embryo, and is present in cultured S2 cells of D. melanogaster. Its expression has been seen to be strongly upregulated in larvae and this expression then sustained through to adulthood.
Potassium channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. Four sequence-related potassium channel genes - shaker, shaw, shab, and shal - have been identified in Drosophila, and each has been shown to have human homolog(s). This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, shaker-related subfamily.
Potassium channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. Four sequence-related potassium channel genes - shaker, shaw, shab, and shal - have been identified in Drosophila, and each has been shown to have human homolog(s). This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, shaker-related subfamily.
ABL2 has been shown to interact with three proteins: Abl gene, catalase, and SORBS2. The protein Abl gene is also known as abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 and is a protein that is encoded by the human ABL1 gene. Catalase is a common enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. SORBS2 is also known as Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 and is a protein encoded by the SORBS2 gene in humans.
The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to S. cerevisiae DNA damage repair protein Rad18. Yeast Rad18 functions through interaction with Rad6, which is a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme required for post-replication repair of damaged DNA. Similar to its yeast counterpart, this protein is able to interact with the human homolog of yeast Rad6 protein through a conserved ring finger motif. Mutation of this motif results in defective replication of UV-damaged DNA and hypersensitivity to multiple mutagens.
This gene is a homolog of the Drosophila diaphanous gene and belongs to the protein family of the formins, characterized by the formin homology 2 (FH2) domain. It has been linked to autosomal dominant, fully penetrant, nonsyndromic low-frequency progressive sensorineural hearing loss. Actin polymerization involves proteins known to interact with diaphanous protein in Drosophila and mouse. It has therefore been speculated that this gene may have a role in the regulation of actin polymerization in hair cells of the inner ear.
This gene belongs to the RBMY gene family which includes candidate Y chromosome spermatogenesis genes. This gene, an active X chromosome homolog of the Y chromosome RBMY gene, is widely expressed whereas the RBMY gene evolved a male-specific function in spermatogenesis. Pseudogenes of this gene, found on chromosomes 1, 4, 9, 11, and 6, were likely derived by retrotransposition from the original gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified but their biological nature has not been determined.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the AAA protein family (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities), and is the homolog of the yeast Vps4 protein. In humans, two paralogs of the yeast protein have been identified. The former share a high degree of aa sequence similarity with each other, and also with yeast Vps4 and mouse Skd1 proteins. The mouse Skd1 (suppressor of K+ transport defect 1) has been shown to be really a yeast Vps4 ortholog.
Mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (COX) catalyzes the transfer of reducing equivalents from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen and pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. In yeast, 2 related COX assembly genes, SCO1 and SCO2 (synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase), enable subunits 1 and 2 to be incorporated into the holoprotein. This gene is the human homolog to the yeast SCO1 gene. It is predominantly expressed in muscle, heart, and brain tissues, which are also known for their high rates of oxidative phosphorylation.
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS4B gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the AAA proteins family (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities), and is the homolog of the yeast Vps4 protein. In humans, two paralogs of the yeast protein have been identified. The former share a high degree of aa sequence similarity with each other, and also with yeast Vps4 and mouse Skd1 proteins.
Diablo homolog (DIABLO) is a mitochondrial protein that in humans is encoded by the DIABLO (direct IAP binding protein with low pI) gene on chromosome 12. DIABLO is also referred to as second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases or SMAC. This protein binds inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), thus freeing caspases to activate apoptosis. Due to its proapoptotic function, SMAC is implicated in a broad spectrum of tumors, and small molecule SMAC mimetics have been developed to enhance current cancer treatments.
A group of orthologous or homologous genes can be analysed in terms of the presence or absence of group members in the reference genomes; such patterns are called phylogenetic profiles. To find HGT events, phylogenetic profiles are scanned for an unusual distribution of genes. Absence of a homolog in some members of a group of closely related species is an indication that the examined gene might have arrived via an HGT event. For example, the three facultatively symbiotic Frankia sp.
Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), is a small GTPase protein in the Rho family of GTPases that in humans is encoded by the RHOA gene. While the effects of RhoA activity are not all well known, it is primarily associated with cytoskeleton regulation, mostly actin stress fibers formation and actomyosin contractility. It acts upon several effectors. Among them, ROCK1 (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1) and DIAPH1 (Diaphanous Homologue 1, a.k.a.
PET100 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PET100 gene. Mitochondrial complex IV, or cytochrome c oxidase, is a large transmembrane protein complex that is part of the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria. The small protein encoded by the PET100 gene plays a role in the biogenesis of mitochondrial complex IV. This protein localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and is exposed to the intermembrane space. Mutations in this gene are associated with mitochondrial complex IV deficiency.
Mutations in this gene give rise to the floral meristem obtaining an indeterminate fate, and many floral organs keep on getting produced. We have flowers like roses, carnations and morning glory, for example, that have very dense floral organs. These flowers have been selected by horticulturists since long for increased number of petals. Researchers have found that the morphology of these flowers is because of strong mutations in the AGAMOUS homolog in these plants, which leads to them making a large number of petals and sepals.
The cause for Weaver syndrome was identified in 2011 as autosomal dominant mutations in the EZH2 gene on chromosome 7q36. EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste, Drosophila, homolog 2) is the second histone methyltransferase associated with human overgrowth. It encodes the catalytic component of the PRC2 protein complex (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2), which regulates chromatin structure and gene expression, and has been found to repress transcription. EZH2 also has critical roles in stem cell maintenance and cell lineage determination, such as osteogenesis, myogenesis, lymphopoiesis and hematopoiesis.
Sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 5 (S. cerevisiae), also known as SIRT5 is a protein which in humans in encoded by the SIRT5 gene and in other species by the orthologous Sirt5 gene. This gene encodes a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. Members of the sirtuin family are characterized by a sirtuin core domain and belong to the class III of the [histone deacetylase] superfamily, and are dependent on NAD+ as co-factor of enzymatic activities.
BRCA1 associated protein-1 (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BAP1 gene. BAP1 encodes an 80.4 kDa nuclear-localizing protein with a ubiquitin carboxy- terminal hydrolase (UCH) domain that gives BAP1 its deubiquitinase activity. Recent studies have shown that BAP1 and its fruit fly homolog, Calypso, are members of the polycomb-group proteins (PcG) of highly conserved transcriptional repressors required for long-term silencing of genes that regulate cell fate determination, stem cell pluripotency, and other developmental processes.
Bile acid activation of FXR represses the expression of CYP7A1 via, raising the expression of small heterodimer (SHP), a non-DNA binding protein. 317x317px The increased abundance of SHP causes it to associate with liver receptor homolog (LRH)-1, an obligate factor required for the transcription of CYP7A1. Furthermore, there is an "FXR/SHP-independent" mechanism that also represses CYP7A1 expression. This "FXR/SHP-independent" pathway involves the interaction of bile acids with liver macrophages, which finally induces the expression and secretion of cytokines.
Homeobox genes are a group of transcription factors characterized by a homeodomain that initiates gene expression which regulates cell differentiation and development when it binds to a target promoter. tinman was first isolated in Drosophila and many vertebrate homologs have been discovered since and are considered part of a multigene family in vertebrates. The human homolog is Nkx2-5. tinman is dependent upon the JAK- STAT signalling of the precardiac mesoderm to differentiate into a more confined growth pattern for development of visceral mesoderm and the heart.
Typical childhood-onset cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts is caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the conserved telomere maintenance component 1 (CTC1) gene located in chromosome 17p.31. A late-onset phenotype without abnormal eye findings from a CTC1 mutation has been reported.CTC1 is a component of the CST complex, which is additionally composed of oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold containing 1 (coded by OBFC1, also known as STN1) and telomerase capping complex subunit homolog 1 (coded by TEN1). CST complex is evolutionarily conserved.
PLD3 was first characterized as a human homolog of the HindIII K4L protein in the vaccinia virus, having a DNA sequence 48.1% similar to the viral gene. The PLD3 gene in humans is located at chromosome 19q13.2, with a sequence comprising at least 15 exons and is alternatively spliced at the low GC 5' UTR into 25 predicted transcripts. Translation of the 490 amino acid-long PLD3 protein is initiated around exons 5 to 7, and ends at the stop codon in exon 15.
BET1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BET1 gene. This gene encodes a golgi-associated membrane protein that participates in vesicular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex. The encoded protein functions as a soluble N-ethylaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor and may be involved in the docking of ER-derived vesicles with the cis-Golgi membrane. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.
A homolog of DsbA, called protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), is responsible for the formation of the disulfide bonds in unfolded eukaryotic proteins. This protein has two thioredoxine-like active sites, which both contain two cysteine residues. By transferring the disulfide bond between these two cysteine residues onto the folding protein it is responsible for the latter’s oxidation. In contrast to bacteria, where the oxidative and isomerization pathways are carried out by different proteins, PDI is also responsible for the reduction and isomerization of the disulfide bonds.
This gene is the cellular homolog of the fox sequence in the Finkel-Biskis-Reilly murine sarcoma virus (FBR-MuSV). It encodes a fusion protein consisting of the ubiquitin-like protein fubi at the N-terminus and ribosomal protein S30 at the C-terminus. It has been proposed that the fusion protein is post-translationally processed to generate free fubi and free ribosomal protein S30. Fubi is a member of the ubiquitin family, and ribosomal protein S30 belongs to the S30E family of ribosomal proteins.
The oscillator genes and proteins involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator In mammals, circadian clock genes behave in a manner similar to that of flies. CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) was first cloned in mouse and BMAL1 (brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)-like 1) is the primary homolog of Drosophila CYC. Three homologs of PER (PER1, PER2, and PER3) and two CRY homologs (CRY1 and CRY2) have been identified. TIM has been identified in mammals; however, its function is still not determined.
Researchers in the 1960s investigating brown adipose tissue, found that in addition to producing more heat than typical of other tissues, brown adipose tissue seemed to short circuit, or uncouple, respiration coupling . Uncoupling protein 1 was discovered in 1978 by David Nicholls, Vibeke Bernson, and Gillian Heaton and shown to be the protein responsible for this uncoupling effect. UCP1 was later purified for the first time in 1980 and was first cloned in 1988. Uncoupling protein two (UCP2), a homolog of UCP1, was identified in 1997.
Kinetochore-associated protein NSL1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NSL1 gene. This gene encodes a protein with two coiled-coil domains that localizes to kinetochores, which are chromosome-associated structures that attach to microtubules and mediate chromosome movements during cell division. The encoded protein is part of a conserved protein complex that includes two chromodomain-containing proteins and a component of the outer plate of the kinetochore. This protein complex is proposed to bridge centromeric heterochromatin with the outer kinetochore structure.
Additionally, heparin-like glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are released near the oocyte that promote the acrosome reaction. Fusion between the oocyte plasma membranes and sperm follows and allows the sperm nucleus, the typical centriole, and atypical centriole that is attached to the flagellum, but not the mitochondria, to enter the oocyte. The protein CD9 likely mediates this fusion in mice (the binding homolog). The egg "activates" itself upon fusing with a single sperm cell and thereby changes its cell membrane to prevent fusion with other sperm.
Potassium voltage-gated channel, Shal-related subfamily, member 1 (KCND1), also known as Kv4.1, is a human gene. Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. Four sequence-related potassium channel genes - shaker, shaw, shab, and shal - have been identified in Drosophila, and each has been shown to have human homolog(s).
Missense mutations in the 7TM region resulted in loss of signalling. The latrophilin homolog LPHN1 was shown in C. elegans to require a GPS for signaling, but cleavage at the GPS site was not necessary. Furthermore, having a shortened 7 transmembrane domain, but with an intact GPS domain, resulted in a loss of signaling. This suggests that having both the GPS and 7 transmembrane domain intact is involved in signaling and that the GPS site could act as or be a necessary part of an endogenous ligand.
Furthermore, depletion of NusG has no effect on lambda N antitermination in vivo, and unlike nusA, nusB, and nusE, no point mutations in nusG that block N activity have been isolated. A NusG homolog, RfaH, enhances elongation of several transcripts in E. coli and S. typhimurium. The possibility that RfaH and NusG are redundant for N antitermination has not yet been tested, although for several other functions, the two proteins are not interchangeable. Processive antitermination can be mediated by RNA as well as proteins.
Two single-pass membrane proteins, Kar1p and Mps3p, localize to the half-bridge and are required to form and/or maintain the structure. Both proteins bind to Cdc31p, the yeast centrin homolog, which also localizes to the half-bridge and is required for half-bridge integrity. An additional half-bridge component, Sfi1p, shows ability to bind to Cdc31p through multiple conserved Cdc31-binding sites throughout its length. Kar1p is also involved in connecting the half- bridge to the core SPB via its interaction with Bbp1p.
SMAD4, also called SMAD family member 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, or DPC4 (Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer-4) is a highly conserved protein present in all metazoans. It belongs to the SMAD family of transcription factor proteins, which act as mediators of TGF-β signal transduction. The TGFβ family of cytokines regulates critical processes during the lifecycle of metazoans, with important roles during embryo development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and immune regulation. SMAD 4 belongs to the co-SMAD group, the second class of the SMAD family.
This gene encodes for a polypeptide structure that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in the development of certain forms of Parkinson's disease, the regulation of the cellular response to hypoxia and induction of apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in several additional transcript variants, some encoding different isoforms and others that have not been fully characterized.
This function of IKK-α has been shown to be independent of the protein's kinase activity and of the NF-κB pathway. Instead it is thought that IKK-α regulates skin differentiation by acting as a cofactor in the TGF-β / Smad2/3 signaling pathway. The zebrafish homolog of IKK-α has also been shown to play a role in the differentiation of the embryonic epithelium. Zebrafish embryos born from mothers that are mutant in IKK-α do not produce a differentiated outer epithelial monolayer.
PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein 95) also known as SAP-90 (synapse- associated protein 90) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLG4 (discs large homolog 4) gene. PSD-95 is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. With PSD-93 it is recruited into the same NMDA receptor and potassium channel clusters. These two MAGUK proteins may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins.
This gene encodes a member of the beta chemokine receptor family, which belongs to G protein-coupled receptors. The ligands of this receptor include CCL3 (or MIP-1 alpha), CCL5 (or RANTES), CCL7 (or MCP-3), and CCL23 (or MPIF-1). Chemokines and their receptors, which mediate signal transduction, are critical for the recruitment of effector immune cells to the site of inflammation. Knockout studies of the mouse homolog suggested the roles of this gene in host protection from inflammatory response, and susceptibility to virus and parasite.
Cell cycle checkpoint control protein RAD9A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD9A gene.Rad9 has been shown to induce G2 arrest in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage in yeast cells. Rad9 was originally found in budding yeast cells but a human homolog has also been found and studies have suggested that the molecular mechanisms of the S and G2 checkpoints are conserved in eukaryotes. Thus, what is found in yeast cells are likely to be similar in human cells.
The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad50, a protein involved in DNA double-strand break repair. This protein forms a complex with MRE11 and NBS1 (also known as Xrs2 in yeast). This MRN complex (MRX complex in yeast) binds to broken DNA ends and displays numerous enzymatic activities that are required for double-strand break repair by nonhomologous end-joining or homologous recombination. Gene knockout studies of the mouse homolog of Rad50 suggest it is essential for cell growth and viability.
The encoded protein is a homolog of yeast securin proteins, which prevent separins from promoting sister chromatid separation. It is an anaphase- promoting complex (APC) substrate that associates with a separin until activation of the APC. The gene product has transforming activity in vitro and tumorigenic activity in vivo, and the gene is highly expressed in various tumors. The gene product contains 2 PXXP motifs, which are required for its transforming and tumorigenic activities, as well as for its stimulation of basic fibroblast growth factor expression.
The mir-BHRF1-1 microRNA precursor found in Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein–Barr virus) and Cercopithicine herpesvirus 15. In Epstein–Barr virus, mir-BHRF1-1 is found in the 5' UTR of the BHRF1 (Bam HI fragment H rightward open reading frame 1) gene, which is known to encode a distant Bcl-2 homolog. The mature sequence is excised from the 5' arm of the hairpin. Two other miRNA precursors were found in this reading frame, namely Mir-BHRF1-2 and Mir-BHRF1-3.
The mir-BHRF1-2 microRNA precursor found in human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus), cercopithicine herpesvirus 15 and herpesvirus papio. In Epstein-Barr virus, mir-BHRF1-2 is found in the 3' UTR of the BHRF1 (Bam HI fragment H rightward open reading frame 1) gene, which is known to encode a distant Bcl-2 homolog. The mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the hairpin. Two other miRNA precursors were found in this reading frame, namely Mir-BHRF1-1 and Mir-BHRF1-3.
The ribonuclease H domain from the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase protein (blue), with the four active-site carboxylate residues shown in magenta. The domain is superposed on the ribonuclease HI domain from Escherichia coli (tan), illustrating the presence of the C-helix and basic protrusion in the E. coli homolog. The crystal structure of the HIV reverse transcriptase heterodimer (yellow and green), with the RNase H domain shown in blue (active site in magenta spheres). The orange nucleic acid strand is RNA, the red strand is DNA.
Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD21 gene. RAD21 (also known as Mcd1, Scc1, KIAA0078, NXP1, HR21), an essential gene, encodes a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair protein that is evolutionarily conserved in all eukaryotes from budding yeast to humans. RAD21 protein is a structural component of the highly conserved cohesin complex consisting of RAD21, SMC1A, SMC3, and SCC3 [ STAG1 (SA1) and STAG2 (SA2) in multicellular organisms] proteins, involved in sister chromatid cohesion.
In Drosophila melanogaster, SCRIB is involved in synaptic function, neuroblast differentiation, and epithelial polarization. Mechanistically, the human homolog is a scaffold protein linked to cellular differentiation centered on the regulation of epithelial as well as neuronal morphogenesis. Deficiency in SCRIB impairs many aspects of cell polarity and cell movement. SCRIB is also likely involved in establishing apical-basal polarity as well as progression from the G1 phase to S phase in the cell cycle as a result of its relationship with cell proliferation and exocytosis.
Crumbs homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRB1 gene. This gene encodes a protein which is similar to the Drosophila crumbs protein and localizes to the inner segment of mammalian photoreceptors. In Drosophila, crumbs localizes to the stalk of the fly photoreceptor and may be a component of the molecular scaffold that controls proper development of polarity in the eye. Mutations in this gene are associated with a severe form of retinitis pigmentosa, RP12, and with Leber congenital amaurosis.
Salmonella encodes a LuxR homolog, SdiA, but does not encode an AHL synthase. SdiA detects AHLs produced by other species of bacteria including Aeromonas hydrophila, Hafnia alvei, and Yersinia enterocolitica. When AHL is detected, SdiA regulates the rck operon on the Salmonella virulence plasmid (pefI-srgD-srgA-srgB-rck-srgC) and a single gene horizontal acquisition in the chromosome srgE. Salmonella does not detect AHL when passing through the gastrointestinal tracts of several animal species, suggesting that the normal microbiota does not produce AHLs.
Protein delta homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLK1 gene. It is expressed as a transmembrane protein, but a soluble form cleaved off by ADAM17 is active in inhibiting adipogenesis, the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes. It is a member of the EGF-like family of homeotic proteins. Part of the Dlk1-DIO3 imprinting control region, this gene is one involved in the epigenetic process that causes a subset of genes to be regulated based on their parental origin.
SPS- kinase reversibly phosphorylates a serine residue and subsequently deactivates SPS, In spinach and maize, the site of phosphorylation regulation has been identified as Ser158 and Ser162 respectively. While it is currently unclear if this seryl residue homolog in other plant SPSes is phosphorylated to suppress SPS activity, conservation of the neighboring residues has been observed in other plant species. This conserved sequence may potentially aid in recognition of a regulatory SPS-kinase. Once phosphorylated, the inactivated enzyme can be dephosphorylated and reactivated by SPS-phosphatase.
This class of enzyme is part of a larger superfamily of enzymes known as D-2-hydroxy-acid dehydrogenases. Many organisms from Hyphomicrobium methylovorum to humans have some form of the glycerate dehydrogenase protein. There are currently several structures that have been solved for this class of enzyme including those for the two mentioned above with PDB access code , D-glycerate dehydrogenase, and the human homolog Glyoxylate reductase/Hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR), . These studies have yielded a better understanding of the structure and function of these enzymes.
This gene is expressed in the kidney cortical epithelial cells and is upregulated by hyperglycemia. The encoded protein shares a high level of similarity to the rat homolog, and contains 3 C2 domains and a diacylglycerol-binding C1 domain. Hyperglycemia increases the levels of diacylglycerol, which has been shown to induce apoptosis in cells transfected with this gene and thus contribute to the renal cell complications of hyperglycemia. Studies in other species also indicate a role for this protein in the priming step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
The function of PNKD proteins are unknown but the long and medium isoforms of PNKD contain a conserved β-lactamase domain which suggest it may function as an enzyme. The closest mammalian homolog to PNKD is HAGH, an enzyme involves in a two-step reaction to hydrolyze SLG and produce D-lactic acid and reduced GSH. However, the hydrolytic activity of PNKD is minimal. The long form of PNKD is neuronal specific and encodes a synaptic protein that localizes dominantly to the pre- synaptic membrane.
Because OC-17 is expressed by the hen and not the egg, the bird in which the protein first arose, though having hatched from a non-reinforced egg, would then have laid the first egg having such a reinforced shell: the chicken would have preceded this first 'modern' chicken egg. However, the presence of OC-17 or a homolog in other species, such as turkeys, and finches suggests that such eggshell-reinforcing proteins are common to all birds, and thus long predate the first chickens.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PRP4 homolog is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRPF4B gene. Pre-mRNA splicing occurs in two sequential transesterification steps, and the protein encoded by this gene is thought to be involved in pre-mRNA splicing and in signal transduction. This protein belongs to a kinase family that includes serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinases and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). This protein is regarded as a CDK-like kinase (Clk) with homology to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs).
Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNAB1 gene. Potassium channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. Four sequence-related potassium channel genes - shaker, shaw, shab, and shal - have been identified in Drosophila, and each has been shown to have human homolog(s).
The meiotic recombination checkpoint monitors meiotic recombination during meiosis, and blocks the entry into metaphase I if recombination is not efficiently processed. Spo11 catalyzes a double strand break (DSB) in one of the two homologous chromosomes to induce meiotic recombination. The repair of these DSBs are monitored at a DSB-dependent meiotic recombination checkpoint while at the DSB-independent meiotic recombination checkpoint the asynapsis of each homolog pair is examined. Generally speaking, the cell cycle regulation of meiosis is similar to that of mitosis.
Within Mammals, both PAS domains play important roles. PAS A is responsible for the protein-protein interactions with other PAS domain proteins, while PAS B has a more versatile role. It mediates interactions with chaperonins and other small molecules like dioxin, but PAS B domains in NPAS2, a homolog of the Drosophila clk gene, and the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) also help to mediate ligand binding. Furthermore, PAS domains containing the NPAS2 protein have been shown to be a substitute for the Clock gene in mutant mice who lack the Clock gene completely.
The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a member of the casein kinase I protein family, whose members have been implicated in the control of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes, including DNA replication and repair. The encoded protein is found in the cytoplasm as a monomer and can phosphorylate a variety of proteins, including itself. This protein has been shown to phosphorylate proteins of the Period family of circadian rhythm proteins. A homolog of this mammalian protein can be found in Drosophila melanogaster.
C1 protein is also known as the viral replication protein, which makes it essential for virus replication. C2, C3, and C4 proteins have been associated to function as a post-transcriptional gene silencing suppressor, a virus accumulation enhancer, and a symptom induction determinant, respectively. In the insect vector, a study found that TYLCV had a high binding affinity to a GroEL homolog, a molecular chaperon essential for protein folding. Therefore, after feeding B. tabaci with a diet containing antiserum against GroEL, they found TYLCV transmission to be reduced.
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 52 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS52 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is similar to the yeast suppressor of actin mutations 2 gene. The yeast protein forms a subunit of the tetrameric Golgi-associated retrograde protein complex that is involved in vesicle trafficking from both early and late endosomes, back to the trans-Golgi network. This gene is located on chromosome 6 in a head-to-head orientation with the gene encoding ribosomal protein S18.
Chromosome transmission fidelity protein 8 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHTF8 gene. This gene encodes a short protein that forms part of the Ctf18 replication factor C (RFC) complex that occurs in both yeast and mammals. The heteroheptameric RFC complex plays a role in sister chromatid cohesion and may load the replication clamp PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) onto DNA during DNA replication and repair. This gene is ubiquitously expressed and has been shown to have reduced expression in renal and prostate tumors.
One of the subunits that exhibits the TPR motif, CDC27 has been identified to interact with mitotic checkpoint proteins such as Mad2, p55CDC and BUBR1, suggesting that it may have involvement in timing of M phase."Entrez Gene: CDC27 cell division cycle 27 homolog (S. cerevisiae)". Evidence shows that CDC27 is involved in a ternary complex with SMAD2/3 and Cdh1, which is created in response to TGFβ signalling. Because of its interaction with Cdh1 in particular, it has a potential role in determining affinity between APC and its activators Cdc20 and Cdh1.
The first cytological demonstration of crossing over was performed by Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock in 1931. Their research and experiments on corn provided cytological evidence for the genetic theory that linked genes on paired chromosomes do in fact exchange places from one homolog to the other. The probability of chromosomal crossover occurring between two given points on the chromosome is related to the distance between the points. For an arbitrarily long distance, the probability of crossover is high enough that the inheritance of the genes is effectively uncorrelated.
Two functional domains were originally identified, including one which binds to syntaxin, but recent crystallization of the yeast homolog Sro7 revealed that tomosyn likely has three functional domains: one WD40 domain and one syntaxin-binding domain, as previously recognized, but also another WD40 domain. The study also suggested that tomosyn's 'syntaxin binding domain' is not the reason tomosyn is inhibitory for neurotransmitter release, as originally proposed. The Sro7-based structure is currently given on SWISS- MODEL, which includes the WD40 domains but not most of the coiled coil syntaxin-binding domain seen in the infobox.
Transport and golgi organization 2 homolog (TANGO2) also known as chromosome 22 open reading frame 25 (C22orf25) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TANGO2 gene. The gene coding for C22orf25 is located on chromosome 22 and the location q11.21, so it is often associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. But with TANGO2 disorder being autosomal recessive, will not occur in all cases. Mutations in the TANGO2 gene may cause defects in mitochondrial β-oxidation and increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and a reduction in Golgi volume density.
They retained worldwide commercialization rights to Canvaxin and intended to market it through their own sales force or co-promote it in the United States while establishing strategic collaborations abroad. Manufacturing was also conducted at their own biologics manufacturing facility, with plans of expansion in 2004 and 2005 to accommodate commercial demand. In addition to Canvaxin, they planned on using the proprietary specific active immunotherapy, anti- angiogenesis and T-oligonucleotide, or telomere homolog oligonucleotide, technology platforms, as well as on human monoclonal antibody technology.2003 SEC Form 10-K, Accessed 12 October 2008.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. The rat homolog is predominantly expressed in embryonic brown adipose tissue and has significant mitogenic activity, which suggests a role in proliferation of embryonic brown adipose tissue. Mutations in this gene have been found associated to cases of X-linked recessive metacarpal 4/5 fusion.
Lysyl oxidase homolog 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LOXL3 gene. This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function.
Lysyl oxidase homolog 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LOXL4 gene. This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function.
Misshapen-like kinase 1 is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the germinal center kinase (GCK) family. The protein is structurally similar to the kinases that are related to NIK and may belong to a distinct subfamily of NIK-related kinases within the GCK family. Studies of the mouse homolog indicate an up-regulation of expression in the course of postnatal mouse cerebral development and activation of the cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the p38 pathways. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and four transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified.
AKT-interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AKTIP gene. The mouse homolog of this gene produces fused toes and thymic hyperplasia in heterozygous mutant animals while homozygous mutants die in early development. This gene may play a role in apoptosis as these morphological abnormalities are caused by altered patterns of programmed cell death. The protein encoded by this gene is similar to the ubiquitin ligase domain of other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes but lacks the conserved cysteine residue that enables those enzymes to conjugate ubiquitin to the target protein.
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) is originally identified as a tumor suppressor gene. Recent studies found that Pten also suppressed axon regeneration in retinal ganglion cells, corticospinal tract, and DRG neurons. So far 3 Pten isoforms (Pten, PtenJ1, and Pten J2) have been identified and analyzed. Pten J1 is identical in sequence to the conventional Pten isoform except for a difference in TSS and a small shift in the CDS. Pten J2 has a truncated CDS, an alternative transcription start site and a longer 3’ UTR compared to the conventional Pten isoform expressed within neurons.
Casein kinase I isoform epsilon or CK1ε, is an enzyme that is encoded by the CSNK1E gene in humans. It is the mammalian homolog of doubletime. CK1ε is a serine/threonine protein kinase and is very highly conserved; therefore, this kinase is very similar to other members of the casein kinase 1 family, of which there are seven mammalian isoforms (α, β, γ1, γ2, γ3, δ and ε). CK1ε is most similar to CK1δ in structure and function as the two enzymes maintain a high sequence similarity on their regulatory C-terminal and catalytic domains.
There are situations in which it is imperative to determine if a gene homolog from one source is present in another organism. For example, identification of novel DNA polymerases for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reactions which synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides. While human polymerase optimally works at 37 °C (98.6 °F), DNA does not denature until 94–98 °C (201–208 °F). This poses a problem as at these temperatures the human DNA polymerase would denature during the denaturation step of the PCR reaction resulting in a non- functioning polymerase protein and a failed PCR.
Disruption of PDS function can be achieved by bleaching herbicides such as norflurazon and fluridone. These inhibitors occupy the binding pocket of plastoquinone within the enzyme thus blocking it from its function. Due to the clear effect of PDS disruption in plants, the corresponding gene was targeted to showcase successful genome editing in fruit such as apples, grapes or bananas using CRISPR/Cas9 systems. In rice, the natural PDS was supplemented by its bacterial homolog to create Golden Rice and thus increase the β-carotene content of the rice endosperm.
TRPV2 was independently discovered by two research groups and described in 1999. It was identified in the lab of David Julius as a close homolog of TRPV1, known as the first identified thermosensitive ion channel. Itaru Kojima from Gunma University was looking for a protein which is responsible for the entry of calcium into cells in response to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Upon stimulation of cells with IGF-1, it was discovered that TRPV2 translocates towards and integrates into the cell membrane and increases intracellular calcium concentrations.
BACE2 is a close homolog of BACE1 with no reported APP cleavage in vivo. The physiological purpose of BACE's cleavage of APP and other transmembrane proteins is unknown: some studies observed that BACE1 is involved in myelination (it is co-express with neuregulin 1 type III). In a manner analogous to APP processing, the VGSC subunit beta is a substrate for BACE1. However a single residue mutation in APP reduces the ability of BACE1 to cleave it to produce amyloid-beta and reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive declines.
It is currently hypothesized that long range chemorepulsion involves initiation of the Arachidonic acid pathway upon netrin-1 interaction with the DCC/UNC-5 complex. This pathway increases the intracellular levels of 12-HPETE (12-Hydroperoxy-5, 8, 10, 14-Eicosatetraenoic Acid), which induces cGMP signaling and subsequently causes a decrease in the cAMP/cGMP ratio. Reducing this ratio inhibits calcium conductance through the L-type calcium channels (LCC) and ultimately results in growth cone repulsion though a possible activation of Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA).
Luo was born in January 1966 in Shanghai, China. After graduating from the middle school of No.1 High School Affiliated to East China Normal University, he was admitted to the Special Class for the Gifted Young at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1981 and skipped high school. Luo earned his bachelor's degree in molecular biology from the University of Science and Technology of China in 1986. He completed his PhD at Brandeis University in 1992, studying the Drosophila melanogaster homolog of the Amyloid precursor protein.
NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3, mitochondrial also known as SIRT3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIRT3 gene [sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 3 (S. cerevisiae)]. SIRT3 is member of the mammalian sirtuin family of proteins, which are homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. SIRT3 exhibits NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity. Members of the sirtuin family are characterized by a sirtuin core domain and grouped into four classes, and the protein encoded by this gene is included in class I of the sirtuin family.
LAT expression results in changes to Histones, thus converting portions of viral DNA into a non- productive form known as heterochromatin. Simian varicella virus (SVV) is a Varicellovirus (a Genus of Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae) which expresses an HHV LAT homolog known as SVV LAT, and an HHV ICP0 analog known as SVV-ORF61 (Open Reading Frame). SVV LAT is encoded such that it contains an antisense copy of SVV-ORF61 and that expression of SVV LAT during latency downregulates expression of ORF61 and other immediate-early SVV gene products.
Due to a close similarity in the gene sequences, the protein encoded by this gene has traditionally been considered a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. However, recent research has shown that the PTPRN2 mouse homolog, known as phogrin, dephosphorylates the lipid phosphatidylinositol rather than tyrosine. Specifically, phogrin was shown to act upon phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate, whereas it has never been observed acting upon tyrosine.
If crossing over between a balancer chromosome and the balancer's homolog does occur during meiosis each chromatid ends up lacking some genes and carrying two copies of other genes. Recombination in inverted regions leads to dicentric or acentric chromosomes (chromosomes with two centromeres or no centromere). Progeny carrying chromosomes that are the products of recombination between balancer and normal chromosomes are not viable (they die). Dominant markers such as genes for green fluorescent protein or enzymes that make pigments allow researchers to easily recognize flies that carry the balancer chromosome.
The prokaryotic RNase HIII, reported in 1999, was the last RNase H subtype to be identified. Characterizing eukaryotic RNase H2 was historically a challenge, in part due to its low abundance. Careful efforts at purification of the enzyme suggested that, unlike the E. coli RNase H2, the eukaryotic enzyme had multiple subunits. The S. cerevisiae homolog of the E. coli protein (that is, the H2A subunit) was easily identifiable by bioinformatics when the yeast genome was sequenced, but the corresponding protein was found not to have enzymatic activity in isolation.
Tribbles homolog 1 is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the TRIB1 gene. Orthologs of this protein pseudokinase (pseudoenzyme) can be found almost ubiquitously throughout the animal kingdom. It exerts its biological functions through binding to signalling proteins of the MAPKK level of the MAPK pathway, therefore eliciting a regulatory role in the function of this pathway which mediates proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in cells. Tribbles-1 is encoded by the trib1 gene, which in humans can be found on chromosome 8 at position 24.13 on the longest arm (q).
LIN28 is thought to regulate the self-renewal of stem cells. In Caenorhabditis elegans, there is only one Lin28 gene that is expressed and in vertebrates, there are two paralogs present, Lin28a and Lin28b. In nematodes, the LIN28 homolog lin-28 is a heterochronic gene that determines the onset of early larval stages of developmental events in C. elegans, by regulating the self-renewal of nematode stem cells in the skin (called seam cells) and vulva (called VPCs) during development. In mice, LIN28 is highly expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells and during early embryogenesis.
The gene encoding MscL protein is trkA and it is located in the inner membrane of the E. coli. The protein is 17 KDa, and consists of 136 amino acids; mostly hydrophobic residues resulting in two hydrophobic segments, however molecular weight of the functional channel is presumed to be 60-70 KDa from gel filtration experiments, suggesting oligomerization. As a common feature no cysteines residues are present in this channel. In 1998 the homolog MscL from mycobacterium tuberculosis Tb-MscL was elucidated at closed state by X ray crystallography at 3.5 Å resolution.
Following processing by archaeosortase A, the PGF-CTERM region is gone, and a prenyl-derived lipid anchor is present at the C-terminus instead. Exosortase has not itself been characterized biochemically. However, site- directed mutagenesis work on archaeosortase A, an archaeal homolog of exosortases, strongly supports the notion of a Cys active site and convergent evolution with sortase family transpeptidases.. A recent study on Zoogloea resiniphila, a bacterium found in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, has shown that PEP-CTERM proteins (and by implication, exosortase as well) are essential to floc formation in some systems .
Examples of feedback control in the PI3K-Akt Pathway The PI3K-Akt pathway has many downstream effects and must be carefully regulated. One of the ways the pathway is negatively regulated is by reducing PIP3 levels. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) antagonises PI3K by converting PI(3,4,5)P3 into PI(4,5)P2. Loss of PTEN function leads to over-activation of Akt and is common in cancer cells (PTEN is a tumour suppressor). SH2-containing Inositol Phosphatase (SHIP) also dephosphorylates PI(3,4,5)P3, at the 5' position of the inositol ring.
The mouse homolog to the Jrk mutant is the ClockΔ19 mutant that possesses a deletion in exon 19 of the Clock gene. This dominant-negative mutation results in a defective CLOCK-BMAL dimer, which causes mice to have a decreased ability to activate per transcription. In constant darkness, ClockΔ19 mice heterozygous for the Clock mutant allele exhibit lengthened circadian periods, while ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice homozygous for the allele become arrhythmic. In both heterozygotes and homozygotes, this mutation also produces lengthened periods and arrhythmicity at the single-cell level.
This unicellular eukaryote expresses few GPCRs over its cell membrane that serve vital role for the microorganism, structural homology bioinformatics tools have been used to show the presence of a homolog of human M1-muscarinic receptor in A. castellanii. Blocking these muscarinic receptors in past studies has proven to be amoebicidal in Acanthamoeba spp. More recently, voltage-gated calcium channels in Acanthamoeba spp. (CavAc) have been reported to have similarities with human voltage-gated calcium channels such as TPC-1 and L-type calcium channels and respond to Ca-channel blockers such as loperamide.
Pseudopelletierine is the main alkaloid derived from the root-bark of the pomegranate tree (Punica granatum), along with at least three other alkaloids: pelletierine, isopelletierine, and methylpelleteirine (C9H17ON), which yield 1.8, 0.52, 0.01, and 0.20 grams per kilogram of raw bark. It is a homolog of tropinone, and can be synthesized in a manner analogous to the classical Robinson tropinone synthesis, using glutaraldehyde (rather than succinaldehyde), acetonedicarboxylic acid, and methylammonium chloride. It was the starting material for Willstätter's 10-step synthesis of cyclooctatetraene, which was achieved after oxidation and several Hoffman elimination steps.
Following work done by post-doctoral fellow, Paul Hardin, in discovering that period mRNA and its associated protein (PER) had fluctuating levels during the circadian cycle, in 1990 they proposed a Transcription Translation Negative Feedback Loop (TTFL) model as the basis of the circadian clock. Following this proposal, they looked into the elements that make up other parts of the clock. In May 1998, Rosbash et al. found a homolog for mammalian Clock that performed the same function of activating the transcription of per and tim that they proceeded to call dClock.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. N-terminal part of this PTP contains two tandem Src homolog (SH2) domains, which act as protein phospho-tyrosine binding domains, and mediate the interaction of this PTP with its substrates. This PTP is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells, and functions as an important regulator of multiple signaling pathways in hematopoietic cells.
This shows that Pdr1p-DNA interaction isn't dependent on toxic stimulation. This also suggests an involvement of activator(s) or co-activator(s) that induce PDR genes along with Pdr1p. Pdr1p has a functional homolog called Pdr3p encoded by gene called PDR3. Pdr3p is known to be regulated by Pdr3p and Pdr1p. Pdr1p can form a homodimer with itself or heterodimer with Pdr3p. Loss of function studies of both PDR1 and PDR3 revealed that Pdr1p mutant shows lower tolerance (grows less in culture) against organic toxins such as cycloheximide and oligomycin.
In our case, the latter case seems to hold true. The transcription factor slbo which commandeers the transcription of several genes is believed to be central to this phenomenon. slbo was identified in a P-element screen for female sterility several years ago – and since then several proteins downstream of it have come up. The slbo locus encodes the Drosophila homolog of the mammalian CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) – a basic region-leucine zipper transcription factor, and it was thus expected that one or more of its targets would be essential in migration.
Alternative splicing (the re-combination of different exons) is a major source of genetic diversity in eukaryotes. Splice variants have been used to account for the relatively small number of protein coding genes in the human genome. For years the estimate widely varied, with top estimates reaching 100,000 protein coding genes, but now, due to the Human Genome Project, the figure is believed to be closer to 20,000. One particular Drosophila gene (Dscam, the Drosophila homolog of the human Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA.

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