1000 Sentences With "High German" | Random Sentence Generator

Now he's hoping that New Yorkers will take to his High German sangfroid.

S. President Donald Trump will therefore continue his vehement criticism of the high German trade surplus.

German couples adopted Claire's droll mix of colloquial dialect and hapless High German, as their private language.

Meanwhile Swiss-German dialects and even many dialects within Germany are more different from High German than Slovenian is from Croatian.

"If you go into the kitchen between operations to have a coffee you always, always, hear someone speaking high German," said Bueter.

The word "holy" dates back to the Old English "halig," the Old Saxon "helag" and the Old High German "heilag," all words for holy.

It grew out of Middle High German and acquired elements of Hebrew and Aramaic, as well as significant Slavic, Latin/Romance, and even Turkic elements.

The majority of his writings were in Early New High German, a form of the language that was starting to gel in southern Germany at that time.

The name originated from the Middle High German world schillern, meaning to "radiate with color," and they do, ranging from an orangish-onion tinge to dark ruby.

European shares rebounded from their worst day in two months, also helped by well-received earnings reports for Volvo and Ericsson and high German producer-price inflation numbers.

But works like Mozart's Requiem or Orff's "Carmina Burana," with its sections in Middle High German, sprang from the same cultural soil that gave birth to their texts.

In "Castle Gripsholm," it is Lydia's use of Missingsch, a customizable blend of High German and the earthy Platt dialect of northern Germany, that reveals her no-nonsense character.

The GMS is, as suggested by its title, a globally focused resource, with plans for medieval texts translated from Arabic, Chinese, Old Spanish, Latin, Middle High German, Old English, and Old French.

ING strategists suggested the high German inflation print was merely the trigger for a much needed correction given that German government bond yields dropped as much as 17 bps in the second half of December.

Similar situations arise in many parts of Europe, such as the German-speaking parts of Switzerland — where school children may only feel comfortable to talk about school subjects in High German, but switch to Swiss-German for everyday conversation.

His own research focussed on Middle High German, Old High German, Germanic folklore and religion.

Old Franconian developed into a huge variety of dialects, including most of Middle High German and later Luxembourgish, while Old Low Franconian developed into Middle Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans and others. Old High German developed into New High German and Modern German. So Old Colognian was already influenced by High German in the Middle Ages.Wrede: Neuer Kölnischer Sprachschatz.

The appearance of the German language begins in the Early Middle Ages with the High German consonant shift. Old High German, Middle High German, and Early New High German span the duration of the Holy Roman Empire. The 19th and 20th centuries saw the rise of Standard German and a decrease of dialectal variety. The 20th century brought around the German catastrophe.

Kienleiten is a district of the municipality. mundartlich: khüi (s) laitn / kinleitn since'1555. Earlier Placenames: Khuenleuthen or Khienleiten Statement by the city name: Old High German hilta, Lita, Middle High German lite the Leite, the mountain slope. The word chien (Old High German) means pine resin, pine, which Kienföhre.

In the Middle Ages, it occurred in a wider area, covering Romance languages spoken throughout France, Portugal, and Spain, as well as Old High German and Middle High German.

Nickname from Middle High German zæhe, zæch ‘tenacious’.

For example, Old Low Franconian, ancestral phase of Dutch, is not related to the Franconian dialects of Old High German. Moreover, Middle Franconian is not related to Middle High German.

Middle High German (MHG, German Mittelhochdeutsch) is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350. It is preceded by Old High German and followed by Early New High German. In some older scholarship, the term covers a longer period, going up to 1500.

The Latin had been Old High German shortened from the beginning. Minnich / Minnix was the lengthened form similar to Monachus. 3\. Old High German graphemic shift from -ich to -ix when applied to Münch / Münnich became Minnicks / Minicks / Minnix / Menix. The Old High German dialect was different because it was the written classical Church Latin and spoken Alemanni German.

The situation was similar in High German, where the retracted sibilants derived largely from Proto-Germanic , while the non-retracted sibilants derived from instances of Proto-Germanic that were shifted by the High German sound shift. Minimal pairs were common in all languages. Examples in Middle High German, for example, were "to know" (Old English , cf. "to wit") vs.

It became dominant in the High German dialects (as ENHG , which could also refer to the modern Netherlands), while remained the most widespread term within MLG. The equivalent of 'Low German' (NHG ) seems to have been introduced later on by High German speakers and at first applied especially to Netherlanders. Middle Low German is a modern term used with varying degrees of inclusivity. It is distinguished from Middle High German, spoken to the south, which was later replaced by Early New High German.

Middle High German (abbreviated MHG, , abbr. ') is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High German and into Early New High German. High German is defined as those varieties of German which were affected by the Second Sound Shift; the Middle Low German and Middle Dutch languages spoken to the North and North West, which did not participate in this sound change, are not part of MHG.

The Middle High German vowels and developed into the modern Standard German diphthong , whereas and developed into . For example, Middle High German and ('hot' and 'white') became Standard German and . In some dialects, the Middle High German vowels have not changed, e.g. Swiss German and , while in other dialects or languages, the vowels have changed but the distinction is kept, e.g.

The word gribenes is related to German Griebe (plural Grieben) meaning 'piece of fat, crackling' (from Old High German griobo via Middle High German griebe), where Griebenschmalz is lard from which the cracklings have not been removed.

The Old Norse word ' is derived from a word for singing incantations, ' (Old High German and Old English: ') with an Indo-European -tro suffix. In Old High German the ' suffix produced ' instead.Hellquist, E. (1922). Svensk etymologisk ordbok.

Middle High German nouns were declined according to four cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative), two numbers (singular and plural) and three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), much like Modern High German, though there are several important differences.

Middle High German was velarised and appears as . For example, Strooss ‘street’.

According to the Germanist Thomas Klein (Bonn), Veldeke used neutral rhymes. This means Veldeke consciously selected rhyme couples that were possible both in Maaslandic and Middle High German. Wapen / slapen in Maaslandic becomes wafen / slafen in Middle High German; the Maaslandic rhyme couple jare / mare on the other hand becomes jâre / mære in Middle High German. Klein believes Veldeke applied the same technique in his Servatius.

The word skald is perhaps ultimately related to (). Old High German has , and . The Old High German variant stem etymologically identical to the skald- stem () means "to scold, blame, accuse, insult". The person doing the insulting is a or .

Wirnt von Grafenberg was a Middle High German poet of the thirteenth century.

This shift is traditionally seen to distinguish the High German varieties from the other West Germanic languages. The impact of the High German consonant shift increases gradually to the South. The Benrath line does not mark the northernmost effect of the High German consonant shift, since the Uerdingen line, the ik–ich isogloss, lies slightly further north; and some of the peripheral changes associated with the shift did affect Low German.

Early New High German (ENHG) is a term for the period in the history of the German language, generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 to 1650. The term is the standard translation of the German (Fnhd., Frnhd.), introduced by Scherer. The term Early Modern High German is also occasionally used for this period (but the abbreviation EMHG is generally used for Early Middle High German).

The High German languages or High German dialects () comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and eastern Belgium, as well as in neighbouring portions of France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), the Czech Republic (Bohemia), and Poland (Upper Silesia). They are also spoken in diaspora in Romania, Russia, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and Namibia. The High German languages are marked by the High German consonant shift, separating them from Low German and Low Franconian (Dutch) within the continental West Germanic dialect continuum.

Old High German evolved from about 500 AD. Around 1200 the Swabian and East Franconian varieties of Middle High German became dominant as a court and poetry language (Minnesang) under the rule of the House of Hohenstaufen. The term "High German" as spoken in central and southern Germany (Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria) and Austria was first documented in the 15th century. Gradually driving back Low German variants since the Early modern period, the Early New High German varieties, especially the East Central German of the Luther Bible, formed an important basis for the development of Standard German.Russ, Charles.

From the Old French chamberlain, chamberlenc, Modern French chambellan, from Old High German Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Medieval Latin cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Italian camerlingo; Spanish camerlengo, compounded of Old High German Chamara, Kamara [Latin camera, “chamber”], and the German suffix -ling.

The mid-11th century is widely accepted as marking the transition to Middle High German.

Matten is a native field name, going back to the Old High German matta- ("meadow").

South Marchian (High German: Südmärkisch) is an East German dialect of Lusatian-New Marchian German. The Berlin dialect is affected by this dialect. The peculiarity of this dialect is the fact that it combines Low German and High German characteristics in a large area. This can be explained by the transformation of the Middle Low German dialect, which was also spoken in Frankfurt (Oder), by the High German influence into an East Central German dialect.

Gries likely arose sometime around 1100. The name zuom ’griß (as it was originally recorded) meant in Middle High German “gravelly, sandy ground”; the Modern High German word Grieß – pronounced the same way as “Gries” – still means “grit”, and is cognate with that English word.Etymology of “grit” The addition of zuom (Modern High German: zum; meaning: “at the”) may be taken to mean that the locality was an outlying rural area belonging to another municipality.

Middle High German had two numbers, singular and plural, and three persons. The language had two simple tenses: present and preterite (or "simple past"). In addition, there were also three tenses that made use of auxiliary verbs: perfect, pluperfect, and future, all much less frequently used than in the modern language. Middle High German had three moods, indicative, imperative, and subjunctive mood (used much more frequently in Middle High German than in the modern language).

Roman limes and modern boundaries. The German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc (from diot "people"), referring to the Germanic "language of the people". It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German. Used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of "a German" emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. e.g.

Cyril William Edwards (8 August 1947 – 15 July 2019) was a British medievalist and translator. Teaching in London and Oxford, he published extensively on the medieval German lyric and Old High German literature, and translated four of the major Middle High German verse narratives.

Strudel is an English loanword from German. The word derives from the German word Strudel, which in Middle High German literally means "whirlpool" or "eddy".Oxford English Dictionary, second edition. 1989.From Old High German stredan "to bubble, boil, whirl, eddy", according to etymonline.

Nikolaus von Jeroschin translated the Vita Sancti Adalberti into Middle High German in the 14th century.

The name Schilcher originates from the Middle High German word schillern meaning to radiate with colour.

Unicode offers ȥ "z with hook" as a grapheme for Middle High German coronal fricative instead.

Koblarji was first attested in written sources under its German name, as Koflern or Koflein. The Slovene name is derived from the German name. The German name is derived from Middle High German kofeler 'hill dweller', from Middle High German kofel 'wooded hill'.Simonič, Ivan. 1935.

There was no standard Early New High German, and all forms of language display some local or regional characteristics. However, there was increasing harmonisation in the written and printed word, the start of developments towards the unified standard which was codified in the New High German period.

Present plural of verbs features the suffix -en. Lack of negative determiner nên ('no' (attr.)), instead: keyn, similar to High German. The past participle retains the prefix ge-. Lack of gaderen ('to gather') and tőgen ('to show'); instead of them, forms close to High German, i.e.

New and old forms of umlaut Illustration of the development of umlaut: schoen → schoͤn → schön ('beautiful'). The Sütterlin script used here is a later development, however. German phonological umlaut was present in the Old High German period and continued to develop in Middle High German. From the Middle High German period, it was sometimes denoted in written German by adding an e to the affected vowel, either after the vowel or, in small form, above it.

By the end of the century the linguists understood that between "Low Dutch" and "High Dutch" was a partially altered continuum, which they called Middle, or Central, German. It had been grouped with Upper, or High, German. This "Middle" was between low and high, as opposed to the Chronological Middle High German, between old and new. In 1890 Ernest Adams defined Old Franconian as an Old High German dialect spoken on the middle and upper Rhine; i.e.

It is especially this trait which distinguishes Limburgish from Western Low Franconian. In the past, all Limburgish dialects were therefore sometimes seen as West Central German, part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. It is nevertheless most common in linguistics to consider Limburgish as Low Franconian.

The lyrics of Helium Vola are created from medieval texts using a large variety of old languages comprising mainly Old High German, Middle High German, Latin, Galician, Provençal, and Italian.Manuela Ausserhofer (March, 2013) “Liebelei, Gebete und Kriegsgeschrei!”, Orkus Magazin 3/2013, p. 103. Here, Horn associates some languages with specific types of music, such as Provençal for love songs, while Latin appears strict and angular, and Old High German with its archaic character is combined with electronic experiments.

Development of the umlaut (anachronistically lettered in Sütterlin): schoen becomes schön via schoͤn 'beautiful'. The German phonological umlaut is present in the Old High German period and continues to develop in Middle High German. From the Middle High German, it was sometimes denoted in written German by adding an e to the affected vowel, either after the vowel or, in the small form, above it. This can still be seen in some names: Goethe, Goebbels, Staedtler.

The word aigen, Old High German eigan, means to own and as a noun refers to the (inherited) property or the freedom to own property. Eigentuom is a Middle High German word and stands for the free right of possession. An Aigner is therefore a free, non-assessable farmer.

Variant dialects of two basic languages were spoken in Germany: High German in the highlands to the south and Low German in the lowlands to the north. Luther translated the Bible into a dialect of High German that was spoken in Saxony. As each part of his High German translation was published, a Low German translation was soon prepared and published by his associates, among whom was Johannes Bugenhagen. Martin Luther's last translation of the Bible was made in 1545.

Old Dutch reflects an intermediate stage between Old Saxon and Old High German. Like Old High German, it preserved the three different verb endings in the plural (-on, -et and -unt) while the more northern languages have the same verb ending in all three persons. However, like Old Saxon, it had only two classes of weak verb, with only a few relic verbs of the third weak class, but the third class had still largely been preserved in Old High German.

The Hochspeyerbach's medieval name of Hospira Hochspeyer was documented as early as the 10th century. It was possibly derived from Spira or Spiraha, the name of the SpeyerbachWilhelm Ludt: Hochspeyer – Die Geschichte eines Dorfes, p. 18 ff Another theory posits that the word Spiraha may be derived from the Old High German spiwan ("spew"). The Middle High German form spiren suggests that an alternative Old High German form might have been spiran, although there are no references for this form.

Old Saxon did not participate in the High German consonant shift, and thus preserves stop consonants p, t, k that have been shifted in Old High German to various fricatives and affricates. The Germanic diphthongs ai, au consistently develop into long vowels ē, ō, whereas in Old High German they appear either as ei, ou or ē, ō depending on the following consonant. Old Saxon, alone of the West Germanic languages except for Frisian, consistently preserves Germanic -j- after a consonant, e.g. "savior" (, , ).

Upper German (German: ) is a family of High German dialects spoken primarily in the southern German-speaking area ().

Linguistic map of Old High German (Alemannic and Bavarian), Old Frankish, Old Saxon and Old Frisian at the time of Otto I, 10th centuryThe High German consonant shift at this time was in its final phase, and would generate the so-called Rhenish fan of Franconian dialectal division and the division into Upper German, Central German and Low German in conventional use for modern German dialects. A Thuringian dialect is not indicated as there is no documentary evidence for a separate Thuringian variant of Old High German (Thuringia is subsumed under Old Frankish in the map). The division of Old High German into Alemannic and Bavarian is also conventional, as clear dialectal features dividing the two branches emerge only in the Middle High German period. The derivation of the German people from a number of German tribes (Deutsche Stämme; Volksstämme) developed in 18th to 19th century German historiography and ethnography.

The varieties of German are conventionally grouped into Upper German, Central German and Low German; Upper and Central German form the High German subgroup. Standard German is a standardized form of High German, developed in the early modern period based on a combination of Central German and Upper German varieties.

Mittelnkirchen (in High German, in Low Saxon: Mittelskark) is a municipality in the district of Stade, Lower Saxony, Germany.

The Middle High German period is generally seen as ending when the 1346-53 Black Death decimated Europe's population.

It is therefore often referred to as ("written German") rather than the usual term ("High German" or "Standard German").

The High German consonant shift (or second Germanic consonant shift) was a phonological development (sound change) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases, probably beginning between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, and was almost complete before the earliest written records in the High German language were made in the 9th century. The resulting language, Old High German, can be neatly contrasted with Low Franconian, which for the most part did not experience the shift.

The Leiden Willeram is the name given to a manuscript containing a Low Franconian version of the Old High German commentary on Song of Solomon by the German abbot Williram of Ebersberg (ultimately by Isidore of Seville). Until recently, based on its orthography and phonology the text of this manuscript was believed by most scholars to be Middle Franconian, that is Old High German, with some Limburgic or otherwise Franconian admixtures. But in 1974, the German philologist Willy Sanders proved in his study Der Leidener Willeram that the text actually represents an imperfect attempt by a scribe from the northwestern coastal area of the Low Countries to translate the East Franconian original into his local vernacular. The text contains many Old Dutch words not known in Old High German, as well as mistranslated words caused by the scribe's unfamiliarity with some Old High German words in the original he translated, and a confused orthography heavily influenced by the Old High German original.

Krummendeich (in High German, in Low Saxon: Krummendiek) is a municipality in the district of Stade, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Ihlienworth (in High German, in Low Saxon: Helmworth) is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Lamstedt (in High German, in Low Saxon: Loomst) is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Geuss has also published two collections of translations/adaptations of poetry from Ancient Greek, Latin and Old High German texts.

He wrote a Weltchronik (history of the world) and a Fürstenbuch (history of Vienna), both in Middle High German verse.

Anno was the subject of two important literary works, the Latin Vita Annonis Minor, and the Middle High German Annolied.

But in 1974, the German philologist Willy Sanders proved in his study Der Leidener Willeram that the text actually represents an imperfect attempt by a scribe from the northwestern coastal area of the Low Countries to translate the East Franconian original into his local Old Dutch vernacular. The text contains many Old Dutch words not known in Old High German, as well as mistranslated words caused by the scribe's unfamiliarity with some Old High German words in the original he translated, and a confused orthography heavily influenced by the Old High German original. For instance, the grapheme is used after the High German tradition where it represents Germanic t shifted to /ts/. The Leiden Willeram contains 136 words with the oldest date in Dutch.

The interface was the resultant language. The Old High German Period was from 800-1050AD. The Old High German spoken language was first written in Classical and Church Latin, was preserved years after the period. The Latin written language was used by the Roman Catholic Church to enhance the suppression of paganism and spread Christianity.

The Yiddish word "Shpitzel" is related to the grammatical diminutive of the high- German word "Spitze" which can either mean "point" or "lace"; the latter translation is most likely the right one in the context of this article. (It must not be confused with the high-German "Spitzel" which is a spy or a snitch.) The term shpitzel may also be used to refer to the ends of a loaf of bread in some dialects. In this case, the above-mentioned translation "Spitze" = (end)point/peak is applicable, with its High German grammatical diminutive "Spitzchen".

Area in which Old Dutch was spoken Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the prime ancestor of a separate Dutch language. The "Low" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Low Countries, where Frankish was only minimally influenced by the High German consonant shift and the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law. The High German consonant shift, moving over Western Europe from south to west, caused a differentiation with the Central and High Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve (along with Alemannic, Bavarian and Lombardic) into Old High German.

The various forms of the Middle High German verb include the infinitive, the present participle, the past participle, and the gerund.

The name Langstone comes from Lang (compare the High German "lang") meaning "Long", and Stone with the same current-day usage.

The Bavarian Muspilli is the sole survivor of what must have been a vast oral tradition. Other important works are the (Gospel harmony) of Otfrid von Weissenburg, the short but splendid and the 9th century . The boundary to Early Middle High German (from ) is not clear-cut. An example of Early Middle High German literature is the .

Likewise, the spelling was used for in Old High German prior to the completion of the High German consonant shift, again by analogy with the way Latin represented the Greek sound. It also appeared in early modern Swedish before a final shift to /d/. The history of the digraphs for and for Scots, Welsh or German is parallel.

The former Old High German city name 'Hasalaha' means something like 'water flowing through hazel bushes'. 'Hasal' is the Old High German term for the hazel bush, 'aha' means something like 'water' or 'stream'. Due to sound shifts and changing the spelling, the name 'Haselach' first emerged (documented around 900) and finally the present place name 'Haßloch'.

Luxembourgish belongs to the West Central German group of High German languages and is the primary example of a Moselle Franconian language.

The name Helmstadt consists of the first name Adalhalm and the Old High German word stat. It thus means dwelling of Adalhalm.

Völsung is also the subject matter of the Middle High German epic poem and is mentioned as in the Old English epic Beowulf.

Ljubljana: Modrijan and Založba ZRC, p. 192. An alternative but less likely theory derives the name from Middle High German kobeler 'hut dweller'.

Neuhaus an der Oste (in High German, in Low Saxon: Neehuus) is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

The name Niehues etymologically comes from West Low German (here: Westphalian) dialects, being a compound word meaning "new house" (the High German variant of the name is Neuhaus). The pronunciation of the name () does not entirely follow High German pronunciation rules. The second vowel sound is written like the alternative High German spelling of an umlaut-ü sound (), but it is pronounced like a normal u sound (, as in English pool). Due to the non- standard German origin of the name, it is often misspelled or mispronounced even by Germans, if they are unfamiliar with the dialect.

The Rosengarten zu Worms, on the other hand, demonizes Kriemhild thoroughly, while the late-medieval Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid takes her side even more strongly. As the first Middle High German heroic poem to be written, the Nibelungenlied can be said to have founded an entire genre of Middle High German literature. As a result, other Middle High German heroic poems are sometimes described as "post-Nibelungian" ("nachnibelungisch"). The majority of these epics revolve around the hero Dietrich von Bern, who plays a secondary role in the Nibelungenlied: it is likely that his presence there inspired these new poems.

During the Early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Old and Middle English on one hand, and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other. The High German consonant shift distinguished the High German languages from the other West Germanic languages. By early modern times, the span had extended into considerable differences, ranging from Highest Alemannic in the South (the Walliser dialect being the southernmost surviving German dialect) to Northern Low Saxon in the North. Although both extremes are considered German, they are not mutually intelligible.

Düwel and Gebühr (1981) suggest that the inscription contains four runes, reading (left to right) hiwi, which they interpret as meaning "for the spouse" or "mater familias". Attested cognates and related words would include: Old Saxon and Old High German hīwa, "spouse"; Old Saxon and Old High German hīwiski, "family"; Old Saxon hīwian and Old High German hīwan, "to marry"; Gothic heiwa- in heiwa-frauja, "master of the house" or "husband". This interpretation gained renewed attention with the discovery of Wijnaldum B, a small golden pendant of possibly Mediterranean origin dated to ca. 600 CE, in Leeuwarden, Friesland in 1990.

The Werner books are known for their anarchic humour, often based on Northern German dialects and puns. Standard High German is rarely spoken in the books, when it is used it is usually to portray the speaker as overtly formal and square, whereas most characters employ accents and dialects placed in a lingual continuum between the common modern Northern pronunciation of High German.

The first written reference to Morschwiller's name was in 771 A.D., when it was called Moraswilari. Other historical names for the village include: Moresheim (840), Morinsheim (870), Morswilre (1372), Morsweyler (1666), and Morschweiler/Morschwiller by the 18th and 19th centuries. The willer/weiler (English: hamlet) suffix of Morschwiller comes from Middle High German wīler, from Old High German wīlāri, from Latin villa (“estate”).

Cven was attested in written sources in 1445 as Wyenn and circa 1500 as Wienn. The Slovene name Cven is borrowed from the Middle High German prepositional phrase ze Wienn, literally 'at Wienn'. The name Wienn refers to a manor built in the 14th century by a military commander named Aman. It may be derived from the Middle High German noun win 'acquisition'.

The heaviest external contribution, nearly one third of the vocabulary, comes from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.Liin, Helgi 1968. Alamsaksa laensõnadest 16.

Saint Grobian (Medieval Latin, Sanctus Grobianus) is a fictional patron saint of vulgar and coarse people. His name is derived from the Middle High German grob or grop, meaning coarse or vulgar. The Old High German cognate is gerob, gerop. The word "grobian" has thus passed into the English language as an obscure word for any crude, sloppy, or buffoonish person.

Since 1497, the village's name has taken its current spoken form (namely ), although there have been variant spellings. There is no great puzzle as to the name's meaning. The ending —kirchen obviously comes from the root of the German word Kirche (“church”; Old High German Kirihha or Kirihhum in the dative singular; Middle High German Kirche or Kirchen in the dative singular).

The first part of the name is from Middle High German ', ', ', and has something to do with the Modern High German word '. Although this word's modern meaning is "balcony", it is meant to be understood as "loft". Thus, the name as a whole is to be taken to mean "house with a loft". Originally, the provost's tithe barn may have stood here.

Agathenburg (in High German, in Low Saxon: ) is a municipality in the district of Stade, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was formerly known as Leith.

The original term came from the Latin Districtus et bannus though Middle High German (' meaning force or violence and ban meaning command or prohibition).

Dollnstein is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany. The Name Dollnstein has its origins in Middle High German "Tollunstein".

Kunigunde of Rapperswil (died in early 4th century AD) is a Christian saint. In Old High German her name means fighter for her clan.

The other groupings are Istvaeonic, from the Istvaeones, including Dutch, Afrikaans and related languages; and Irminonic, from the Irminones, including the High German languages.

Nevertheless, about 10%, or , of Swiss residents speak High German (also called Standard German) at home, but mainly due to the presence of German immigrants.

In Old High German a huntari is a division of a gau; but the OED believes that the link between the two is not established.

As a given name, Wulfbert (Old High German Wolfbert, Wolfbrecht, Wolfpert, Wolfperht, Vulpert) is recorded from the 8th to 10th centuries.Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch (1856) 1345.

As the Frankish Kingdom expanded under the reigns of Charles Martel and Pepin the Short, becoming the earliest Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne, the common language differentiated into a number of mutually incomprehensible languages of Europe. The main division was between High German and Low German. The dividing zone was the Rhenish Fan. The Ripuarian and Carolingian Franks came to speak a form of Old High German.

Wolfgang is a German male given name traditionally popular in Germany and Austria. The name is a combination of the Old High German words wolf, meaning "wolf", and gang, meaning "path", "journey", "travel". Besides the regular "wolf", the first element also occurs in Old High German as the combining form "-olf". The earliest reference of the name being used was in the 8th century.

Compared to North Germanic and, to a lesser extent, Anglo-Saxon mythology, examples of Continental Germanic paganism are extremely fragmentary. Besides a handful of brief Elder Futhark inscriptions the lone, genuinely pagan Continental Germanic documents are the short Old High German Merseburg Incantations. However, pagan mythological elements were preserved in later literature, notably in Middle High German epic poetry, but also in German, Swiss, and Dutch folklore.

Bavarian and , Ripuarian and (however the Colognian dialect has kept the original [ei] diphthong in ), Yiddish ' and ' . The Middle High German diphthongs , and became the modern Standard German long vowels , and after the Middle High German long vowels changed to diphthongs. Most Upper German dialects retain the diphthongs. A remnant of their former diphthong character is shown when continues to be written in German (as in 'love').

The title was originally spelled in Old High German as sculdheizo and in Middle High German as schultheize; it was latinised as scultetus or sculteus. Alternative spellings include Schultheis, Schulte or Schulze, or in Switzerland Schultheiss. It also appears in several European languages: In Hungarian as soltész, in Italian as scoltetto and sculdascio, in Medieval Latin as sculdasius, in Polish as sołtys and Romanian as șoltuz.

The name Kellenbach is believed to derive from the Old High German word kela – the Modern High German form is Kehle, meaning “channel”, “gorge” or “groove”, among other thingsTranslation of Kehle – and it is further believed that the meaning has been transferred to mean “narrow dale”.Gustav Schellack, Willi Wagner: Der Hunsrück zwischen Rhein, Mosel und Nahe; 1984; S. 8. The German word Bach means “brook”.

The Old High German speaking area around 950. During the Migration Period, the High German-speaking tribes settled in what became Alamannia, the Duchy of Bavaria and the Kingdom of the Lombards. At the same time the Franconian- speaking tribes settled the area between those two rivers before crossing the Rhine to conquer Northern Gaul, where, under the Merovingians, they created the Frankish kingdom, Francia, which eventually stretched down to the Loire. Old High German comprises the dialects of these groups which underwent the Second Sound Shift during the 6th Century, namely all of Elbe Germanic and most of the Weser-Rhine Germanic dialects.

The name Weitnau is derived from the earliest names given to settlements in the valley. Such names can be traced back to the 8th century A.D. when a settlement in the Weitnau valley was referred to as "Witunavia", possibly an Old High German name. The prefix "witun" might be traced back to Old High German "wittan" meaning "to widen" or "make wider"; the suffix "avia" might be traced back to the Old High German "awia" meaning "land by the water". Thus Witunavia can roughly be translated to "broad pastures by a stream", a term which certainly does justice to a small stream settlement in a wide valley.

The placename ending —born, cognate with the English “bourne” (although without quite the same meaning), most likely means the springs found around the village (the Modern High German word for one of these is Brunnen). Prefixed to this is the syllable Börs—, which is not at all easy to interpret. It might refer to an old name for one of the brooks that rise near the village. However, it is not altogether absurd to relate it to the meanings “remote” and “humble/mean/poor”, meanings borne by the Old High German word boese (in Modern High German, böse means “evil”, “nasty”, “angry” or simply “bad”).

The oldest known texts in Alemannic are brief Elder Futhark inscriptions dating to the sixth century (Bülach fibula, Pforzen buckle, Nordendorf fibula). In the Old High German period, the first coherent texts are recorded in the St. Gall Abbey, among them the eighth century Paternoster, : : : : : : : : : : Due to the importance of the Carolingian abbeys of St. Gall and Reichenau Island, a considerable part of the Old High German corpus has Alemannic traits. Alemannic Middle High German is less prominent, in spite of the Codex Manesse compiled by Johannes Hadlaub of Zürich. The rise of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the fourteenth century led to the creation of Alemannic Swiss chronicles.

Berchtesgaden, Upper Bavaria (Achental), earlier Perchterscadmen, Perhtersgadem, Berchirchsgadem, Berchtoldesgadem; the word underwent a Latin distortion of Old High German parach, Romance bareca 'hay shed'. After the basic meaning was forgotten, they added a variant word of Old High German gadem ‘room, one-room hut’, implying the same meaning: ‘hay shed’. Cf. Old High German muosgadem ‘spice room’. There was a folk etymology that supported a derivation based on the legendary figure of Frau Perchta (Berchta), a woman (Holle < Holda ‘well disposed, dear’) with good and bad changing features, who was venerated on Perchtertag (= Three Kings Day) and at Shrovetide was sworn to during the Perchta procession.

It took until the middle of the 18th century to create a standard that was widely accepted, thus ending the period of Early New High German.

Gottschalk or Godescalc (Old High German) is a male German name that can be translated literally as "servant of God". Latin forms include Godeschalcus and Godescalcus.

The present participle of the verb in Middle High German is formed by adding "-de" to the infinitive. Thus, the present participle of "gëben" is "gëbende".

His preliminary work on a collection of Middle High German words was edited and published by Wilhelm Müller and Friedrich Zarncke after his death ("Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch").

The name Sievert is the low German version of the name Siegward. Both names descend from the old high German terms "sigu" (victory) and "wart" (guardian).

The battle is celebrated in the Old High German poem Ludwigslied. The hamlet of Saucourt is between Valines and Fressenneville, around 10 miles west of Abbeville.

Loxstedt (in High German, in Low Saxon: Lox) is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated south of Bremerhaven.

In continental languages, the term became Old High German wih "village", Modern German Weichbild "municipal area", Dutch wijk "quarter, district", Old Frisian wik, Old Saxon wic "village".

Some dialects are not intelligible to people who know only Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to the dialect continuum of High German and Low Saxon.

OHG wīr habem, īr habet, siu habent. In the modern languages, this distinction remains an important isogloss separating Low German from Dutch and the High German languages.

Artviže was attested in written sources in 1443 as Hertwisekh. The name is derived from the Middle High German personal name Hartwig via a denominal adjective form.

Lützelau (Old High German: little island) is an island located, with the neighbouring island of Ufenau, in Lake Zürich in Switzerland between Rapperswil ( away) and Freienbach ( away).

The Central German dialects Franconian dialects (Low Franconian, Central- and Rhine Franconian, and High Franconian) The High German dialects consist of the Central German, High Franconian, and Upper German dialects. The High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects between Central and Upper German. The High German varieties spoken by the Ashkenazi Jews have several unique features and are considered as a separate language, Yiddish, written with the Hebrew alphabet.

Note the 1st family members surname derived from monk were Monachus. Dominus Hugo Monachus I, 1185 AD, Dominus Cunrat Monachus I, de Basilea, 1191 and Hugo Monachus II, 1221 AD were the first family members with the Latin surname Monachus. In Old High German language, the surname Münch is the equivalent for the Latin word Monachus meaning Monk. In the beginning church Latin was the only written Old High German language.

One theory suggests that the surname is derived from the German name, "Liebetraut", which comes from the Old High German , meaning "beloved" or "dear" and trut, meaning "a friend" or "sweetheart". The combination could mean "dearly loved" or "beloved friend". The variants "Liubtrut" and "Liebtrut" are sometimes used in Germany today as women's given names. In the Middle High German dialect, the name became "Lieptrut", "Lieptraut", and occasionally "Lieptrap".

562 Following this explanation, some early English writers translated his name as "Number Nip" (that is, "turnip numberer"), including the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. Another proposed etymology is Riebezagel, from a combination of the personal name Riebe and the Middle High German zagel, meaning "tail", from his pictorial representation as a tailed demon. According to the etymologist Friedrich Kluge, the name is a contraction of Middle High German Ruobezagel, ‘turnip-tail’.

Old town hall The communal land of Flein already was settled during the linear pottery culture of the neolithic. The village was first mentioned in 1188 within an imperial document as Flina. The name presumably comes from the Old High German term flins respectively the Middle High German vlins, meaning something like "pebble" or "hard stone". In 1385 the free imperial city Heilbronn bought the village from the Lords of Sturmfeder.

Allerheiligenstriezel or simply Strietzel (regional names include Allerseelenzopf, Seelenspitze, Seelenbrot, or Allerseelenbreze) is a braided yeast pastry. Its name means "All Saints' braid" in English and it consists of flour, eggs, yeast, shortening or butter, raisins, milk, salt, and decorating sugar or poppy seeds. Some regional variations also include rum or lemon juice. The word Strietzel is derived from Middle High German strutzel, strützel, in turn from Old High German struzzil.

The German word ganerbe appears in the Middle High German romance, Parzival, written by Wolfram von Eschenbach around 1200. The legal term Ganerbschaft appears from textual evidence to go back at least to the second half of the 9th century. In Old High German, gan meant "common", "joint" or "commoner". The first historically verifiable Ganerbschaft arrangement appears in the 13th century in Alsace at the castle of Haut-Kœnigsbourg.

East Central German () is the eastern, non-Franconian Central German language, part of High German. Present-day Standard German as a High German variant has actually developed from a compromise of East Central (especially Upper Saxon promoted by Johann Christoph Gottsched) and East Franconian German. East Central German dialects are mainly spoken in Central Germany and parts of Brandenburg, and were formerly also spoken in Silesia and Bohemia.

Hinnerk is a Low German given name for boys.Hamburger Abendblatt, Apr 14th, 1978 (PDF, german) The name is the Low German version of the name Heinrich. Therefore it also succeeds the old high German name Heimrich which is composed of the old high German terms heim (home, house) and rîhhi (powerful, prince). Accordingly, Heinrich as well as Hinnerk mean the same as "landlord", "the lord of the house".

The Old High German and Old Saxon corpus of Stabreim or alliterative verse is small. Fewer than 200 Old High German lines survive, in four works: the Hildebrandslied, Muspilli, the Merseburg Charms and the Wessobrunn Prayer. All four are preserved in forms that are clearly to some extent corrupt, suggesting that the scribes may themselves not have been entirely familiar with the poetic tradition. Two Old Saxon alliterative poems survive.

High Franconian () is a part of High German consisting of East Franconian and South Franconian.Noble, Cecil A. M. (1983). Modern German dialects New York [u.a.], Lang, p. 119.

The Münch family (zweigs/twigs/branches) of Basel connected to the family Münch of Huningue since 1517. The Münch family spoke both Old High German-Swiss and French.

The name is probably derived from the Old High German word Kranawitu or chranawita ("croaker timber," another name for juniper) and from the Rotwelsch word Blamp (alcoholic drink).

711 Marmulla is an asteroid belonging to the Flora family in the Main Belt. The name is derived from the Old High German word 'marmul', which means 'marble'.

The distinctive feature of the High Alemannic dialects is the completion of the High German consonant shift, for instance chalt 'cold' vs. Low Alemannic and standard German 'kalt' .

The surname Heiden has a number of different spellings including Haydn, Heide, Heid, Heidling, Heideling, Heidt, Heyde. The toponym exists as Heiden in a number of places in Germany and Switzerland.. This webpage is a partial transcription of .. As a nickname, it comes from the Middle High German heiden meaning "Heathen". The Middle High German heiden in turn comes from the Old High German heidano, a derivative of heida, "heath". Many have taken the name Haydn as a given name, after the composer Joseph Haydn, whose name comes from the use of heiden as a nickname to mean "heathen".. As an Ashkenazi Jewish name it may be a shortened form of placenames with the compound Heide, such as Heidenberg.

In Germany, it is common to consider the Limburgish varieties as belonging to the Low Franconian language varieties; in the Netherlands and Belgium, however, all these varieties are traditionally considered to be West Central German, part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: linguists of the Low Countries define a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. In German sources, the dialects linguistically counting as Limburgish spoken east of the river Rhine are often called "Bergish" (after the former Duchy of Berg). West of the river Rhine they are called "Low Rhenish", "Limburgish" or "Ripuarian".

The Wheel of Fortune" from the Codex Buranus In 1934, Orff encountered the 1847 edition of the Carmina Burana by Johann Andreas Schmeller, the original text dating mostly from the 11th or 12th century, including some from the 13th century. was a young law student and an enthusiast of Latin and Greek; he assisted Orff in the selection and organization of 24 of these poems into a libretto, mostly in secular Latin verse, with a small amount of Middle High GermanMore precisely, Bavarian- colored Middle High German. Reconstructions of the pronunciation of the Middle High German texts in the Carmina Burana in John Austin (1995). "Pronunciation of the Middle High German Sections of Carl Orff's 'Carmina Burana'.

Gebhard (Gebhart) is a German given name, recorded at least from the 9th century. It is composed of the Old High German elements geb "gift" and hard "brave, hardy".

The name Glažuta is relatively common in Slovenia and is ultimately derived from Middle High German glashütte 'glassworks'.Bezlaj, France. 1977. Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, vol. 1 (A–J).

These Southwestern Meuse-Rhenish dialects are more-or-less mutually intelligible with the Ripuarian dialects, but have been influenced less by the High German consonant shift (R. Hahn 2001).

It is also supported by recent geogenetics research. The Dalimil was translated three times into Middle High German (including the recently identified translation by Merbort), and once into Latin.

The name Trata occurs several times in Slovenia. It is derived from the Slovene common noun trata 'small treeless meadow', which was borrowed from Middle High German trat 'meadow'.

Wade (Old English Wada ), is the English name for a common Germanic mythological character who, depending on location, is also known as Vadi (Norse) and Wate (Middle High German).

The name of the location could be derived from the Middle High German "Hübel" for "hill" or from the tool "Hippe" for billhook. The interpretations are complex and ambiguous.

The Middle Low German language () is an ancestor of modern Low German. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1600. The neighbouring languages within the dialect continuum of the West Germanic languages were Middle Dutch in the West and Middle High German in the South, later substituted by Early New High German. Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League, spoken all around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.

The Old High German period is reckoned to run until about the mid-11th century; the most famous works are the Hildebrandslied and a heroic epic known as the Heliand. Middle High German starts in the 12th century; the key works include The Ring (ca. 1410) and the poems of Oswald von Wolkenstein and Johannes von Tepl. The Baroque period (1600 to 1720) was one of the most fertile times in German literature.

Old English ' and its cognate Old High German ' (glossing ' and '; also ') may be related to the verb ' "to create, form" (Old Norse ', Old High German '; Modern English shape), from Proto-Germanic ' "form, order" (from a PIE ' "cut, hack"), perfectly parallel to the notion of craftsmanship expressed by the Greek ' itself;suggested e.g. by Alexander 1966 Köbler (1993, p. 220) suggests that the West Germanic word may indeed be a calque of Latin '.

Old English, like Gothic, had a second term of similar meaning, wēoh "holy", with a substantive wīh or wīg, Old High German wīh or wīhi (Middle High German wîhe, Modern German Weihe). The Nordendorf fibula has wigiþonar, interpreted as wīgi-þonar "holy Donar" or "sacred to Donar". Old Norse vé is a type of shrine. The weihs group is cognate to Latin victima, an animal dedicated to the gods and destined to be sacrificed.

It was the predominant language in Northern Germany, and several translations of the Bible were printed in Low German. That predominance changed in the 16th century. In 1534, the Luther Bible was printed by Martin Luther, and that translation is considered to be an important step towards the evolution of the Early New High German. It aimed to be understandable to an ample audience and was based mainly on High German varieties.

Letuš was attested in written sources in 1340 as Lieccz and Liwz (and as Leutsa in 1350, Lewcz in 1457, and Lewtsch in 1419, among other forms). Despite some accentual and phonological complications, the Slovene name is believed to be borrowed from a Middle High German form based on lîthûs 'tavern' (< Middle High German lît 'distilled drink' + hûs 'house'). The monastery in Gornji Grad formerly had a ferry and tavern in Letuš.

The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the city's name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the city's name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from vedunia, meaning "forest stream", which subsequently produced the Old High German uuenia (wenia in modern writing), the New High German wien and its dialectal variant wean.Peter Csendes: Das Werden Wiens – Die siedlungsgeschichtlichen Grundlagen, in: id.

The name Argenschwang is made up of the Old High German root word wang, meaning “field”, “meadow” or “grazing land” (this is also seen in the name Feuchtwangen), and another Old High German word arin, which might be taken either to mean “eagle” or to be a short form of a man's name, perhaps Arinbald or Arinfried. It could therefore be that the village of Argenschwang arose as a small grazing farm on Arin's meadows.

While many toponyms of German etymology in Lorraine were adapted to the High German standard (i.e. GermanisedSuch as replacing French pronunciation spellings of the local dialects to standard High German orthography, e.g. …bourg to …burg, …house to …hausen, …troff to …dorf, …ange to …ingen etc.) a number of genuine Francophone toponyms remained untouched. During the Nazi occupation between 1940 and 1944, however, its government imposed arbitrary German translations to replace all French names.

An archaic form of the comune's name, Waidepruk (1264), reveals its origins from Old High German. Waid means "meadow" and pruk means "bridge". Hence also the Italian name, "Ponte Gardena".

Various gods and men appear as Sons of Odin or Sons of Wodan/Wotan or Sons of Woden in old Old Norse and Old High German and Old English texts.

Nifl ("mist"; whence the Icelandic nifl) is a cognate to the Old English nifol ("dark, gloomy"), (Middle) Dutch nevel, Old High German nebul ("fog") and Ancient Greek νεφέλη, nεˈfε.li, ("cloud").

The name Zweibrücken means 'two bridges'; older forms of the name include Middle High German Zweinbrücken, Latin Geminus Pons and Bipontum, and French Deux-Ponts, all with the same meaning.

A large number were college graduates. It is likely that all knew and on occasion spoke the Pennsylvania German dialect and that most could read and speak standard High German.

Ethnologue, Languages of the World: Hunsrik, Hunsriker, Rio Grand Hunsriker (ISO 639-3 hrx). Population: 3,000,000. Classification: Indo- European, Germanic, West High German, German. Website accessed on October 27, 2017.

In Middle High German, the stream and the village named after it were called Muosbach, meaning something like swampy brook, because natural streams meander and cause a high groundwater level.

Especially the elderly population is still able to speak Schwelm's original Westphalian tongue, called Schwelmer Platt, which is quite different from standard high German and bears a certain resemblance to Dutch.

Gödeke Michels (Low Saxon; died 1402), also known as Gottfried Michaelsen in High German, was a German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeeler, a combination of former Vitalienbrüder.

First page of Kudrun. Ambraser Heldenbuch, Austrian National Library Cod. ser. nova 2663 fol. 140t. Kudrun (sometimes known as the Gudrunlied or Gudrun), is an anonymous Middle High German heroic epic.

Ratpert of St Gallen (c. 855 - c. 911) was a scholar, writer, chronicler and poet at the Abbey of Saint Gall. He wrote in Medieval Latin and in Old High German.

The traditional distribution area of Western Upper German (Alemannic) dialect features in the 19th and 20th centuries The German spoken today over the range of the former Alemanni is termed Alemannic German, and is recognised among the subgroups of the High German languages. Alemannic runic inscriptions such as those on the Pforzen buckle are among the earliest testimonies of Old High German. The High German consonant shift is thought to have originated around the 5th century either in Alemannia or among the Lombards; before that the dialect spoken by Alemannic tribes was little different from that of other West Germanic peoples. Alemannia lost its distinct jurisdictional identity when Charles Martel absorbed it into the Frankish empire, early in the 8th century.

The adjective hochdeutsch, meaning Southern German, is most commonly used in the context of language: High German refers to all dialects of the German language spoken south of the Benrath line. However, since the standard German language grew mostly out of a High German dialect, modern colloquial German often uses the word Hochdeutsch to mean official language as opposed to any dialect (even those dialects which linguists call "high German"). As a result, the nouns Hochdeutscher and Hochdeutschland can occasionally be heard in German used jokingly to refer to the political establishment, or to the region around Hannover which is often associated with the standard language, despite belonging to the traditional Low German area and having an appropriate Northern regiolect.

It is common to consider the Limburgish varieties as belonging to the Low Franconian languages; in the past, however, all these Limburgish dialects were sometimes seen as West Central German, part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. Limburgish is also spoken in a considerable part of the German Lower Rhine area, in what could be called German-administered Limburg: from the border regions of Kleve, Aachen, Viersen, Heinsberg stretching out to the Rhine river. At the Rhine near Duisburg, it adjoins a smaller strip of other Low Franconian varieties called Bergisch.

Hartmut von St. Gallen († 23 January after 905 in Saint Gall) was abbot of the Abbey of Saint Gall. Hartmut (Old High German "of powerful courage and spirit"), was monk, pupil of Rabanus Maurus at the Princely Abbey of Fulda, and became Grimald's successor as Abbot of Saint Gall in 872. Otfrid of Weissenburg dedicated his Old High German "Liber evangeliorum", a kind of diatessaron in southern Rhenisch Franconian dialect, i. a. to his friend and fellow student Hartmut.

Hayden is a given name in the English language. The name is variant of the given name Haydn, which is derived from the surname Haydn in honour of composer Joseph Haydn (1732–1809). The surname Haydn originated as a respelling of the nickname Heiden, meaning "". The name is derived from the Middle High German heiden, and from the Old High German heidano. The form Haydn was generally considered a masculine given name up until the mid 20th century.

34), and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est, such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central- and Upper Franconian (no. 32) dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian – no. 29). After these High German dialects, standard German is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g. Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift.

The term gambeson is a loan from Old French gambeson, gambaison, originally wambais, formed after the Middle High German term wambeis "doublet", in turn from Old High German wamba "stomach" (cognate to womb). The term aketon, originally medieval French alcottonem, might be a loan from Arabic al-qutn "cotton" (definite article – "the cotton"). In medieval Norse, the garment was known as vápntreyja, literally "weapon shirt", or panzari/panzer. Treyja is a loan from (Middle) Low German.

The word knight, from Old English cniht ("boy" or "servant"), is a cognate of the German word Knecht ("servant, bondsman, vassal"). This meaning, of unknown origin, is common among West Germanic languages (cf Old Frisian kniucht, Dutch knecht, Danish knægt, Swedish knekt, Norwegian knekt, Middle High German kneht, all meaning "boy, youth, lad"). Middle High German had the phrase guoter kneht, which also meant knight; but this meaning was in decline by about 1200.William Henry Jackson.

The charts show the vowel and consonant systems of the East Franconian dialect in the 9th century. This is the dialect of the monastery of Fulda, and specifically of the Old High German Tatian. Dictionaries and grammars of OHG often use the spellings of the Tatian as a substitute for genuine standardised spellings, and these have the advantage of being recognizably close to the Middle High German forms of words, particularly with respect to the consonants.

The spirant law was originally active in Central Franconian dialects of High German, a proof that it was not entirely restricted to Ingvaeonic. Compare for example Luxembourgish eis (“us”), Gaus (“goose”, now archaic). Modern Standard German is based more on eastern varieties which are not affected by the shift. The standard language does, however, contain a number of Low German borrowings with it. For example Süden (“south”, ousting Old High German sundan), or sacht (“soft, gentle”, alongside native sanft).

The categorization of the Low German dialects into an Eastern and a Western group is not made by all linguists. In the South, it fades into East Central German. The difference is that the East Low German varieties have not been affected by the High German consonant shift. The areas affected by the High German consonant shift are still expanding today, especially the Berlinerisch dialect that is gaining ground on the Brandenburgisch dialect by which it is surrounded.

A sculpture of a valkyrie on a horse by Stephan Sinding (1908) The Gefion Fountain in Copenhagen, Denmark by Anders Bundgård, 1908. Freyja, depicted in a painting by J. Penrose. The Old English ides, Old High German itis and Old Norse dís are cognates that all mean "lady",The article Dis in Nordisk familjebok (1907). and idisi appears as the name of the Valkyries in the only surviving pagan source in Old High German, the Merseburg Incantations.

Friar Rush (', ', ') is the title of a medieval Low German legend, surviving in a 1488 edition in verse form. During the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous High German, Scandinavian (Danish and Swedish), Dutch and English translations and adaptations in Volksbuch or chap book form were printed. The first High German edition dates to 1515, printed in Strassburg. The story along with those of Till Eulenspiegel, Faust and Marcolf was among the most successful popular literature in 16th-century Germany.

Central German () is a group of High German dialects spoken from the Rhineland in the west to the former eastern territories of Germany. Central German divides into two subgroups, West Central German and East Central German. Central German is distinguished by having experienced only the first and fourth phases of the High German consonant shift. It is spoken in the linguistic transition region separated from Northern Germany (Low German/Low Franconian) by the Benrath line isogloss.

Edeltraud is a Germanic feminine given name derived from two Old High German elements: "aþalaz" ("adal") meaning "noble", and "þrūþiz" ("trud") meaning "strength". Edeltraud is most commonly found in German-speaking countries.

Simek (2007:355) and Orchard (1997:173). An alternative word for "sanctuary" is alhs (Gothic alhs, Runic Norse alh, Old High German alah, Anglo-Saxon ealh); for this etymology see Alu (runic).

The name is of Old High German origin, meaning "man from the forest", "bosk" or "brushwood". In modern German, "Horst" is also the equivalent of English aerie, the nest of an eagle.

The name Habkern comes from the Old High German word habuh (“hawk”) and the ending -arra, indicating that something is in large numbers. Habkern is thus “”the place where there are many hawks”.

Of course this came at the expense of local Italian languages, most of which are now endangered. Success was enjoyed in similar circumstances by High German, standard Czech, Castilian Spanish and other languages.

With urbanisation in the recent decades this crisscross of dialects and national sentiment has faded, High German becoming the first choice everywhere, but often some South Jutlandic words are retained in the vocabulary.

Walther von der Vogelweide. See Lexer, Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch (1872–1878), s.v. "Diutsche". The Middle High German Song of Roland (ca. 1170) has in diutisker erde (65.6) for "in the German realm, in Germany".

The early part of the period saw considerable missionary activity, and by 800 the whole of the Frankish Empire had, in principle, been Christianized. All the manuscripts which contain Old High German texts were written in ecclesiastical scriptoria by scribes whose main task was writing in Latin rather than German. Consequently, the majority of Old High German texts are religious in nature and show strong influence of ecclesiastical Latin on the vocabulary. In fact, most surviving prose texts are translations of Latin originals.

Low German, being at the crossroads between High German, Anglo-Frisian, Low Franconian and the South Jutlandic dialect of Danish, has a less clear-cut linguistic history, epitomizing that the West Germanic group is really a dialect continuum. Low German was strongly influenced by Anglo-Frisian in Early Medieval times, and by High German during the duration of the Holy Roman Empire. After the end of the Hanseatic League in the 17th century, Low German was marginalized to the status of local dialects.

The Middle Low German language is an ancestor of the modern Low German. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1500, splitting into West Low German and East Low German. The neighbour languages within the dialect continuum of the West Germanic languages were Middle Dutch in the West and Middle High German in the South, later substituted by Early New High German. Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League, spoken all around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.

The Ambraser Heldenbuch ("The Ambras Castle Book of Heroes") is a 16th-century manuscript written in Early New High German, now held in the Austrian National Library (signature Cod. ser. nova 2663). It contains a collection of 25 Middle High German courtly and heroic narratives along with some shorter works, all dating from the 12th and 13th centuries. For many of the texts it is the sole surviving source, which makes the manuscript highly significant for the history of German literature.

17) and huitte (l.66) (Modern German heißen and weiß) are mistakes for Old Saxon spellings with a single . They suggest a scribe who does not realise that Old High German zz, resulting from the High German consonant shift, corresponds to t in Old Saxon in these words, not tt, that is, a scribe who has limited first-hand knowledge of Old Saxon. The origin of the Dietrich legend in Northern Italy also suggests a southern origin is more likely.

Horb was first documented as or , meaning "swamp" in Old High German, in 1090. But since Old High German was nearly extinct at that time, it is assumed that Horb is even older than that. The swampy land along the Neckar forced the builders of the town to lay it out among the foothills of the mountain called Schütteberg. Today the townscape is characterised by the location of the whole historic city on top of a hill, making it visible from any direction.

Several German translations were made during the 15th century (viz., in the period corresponding to the final phase of Middle High German or the formative phase of Early New High German). There is a surviving version in Alemannic German, possibly written in the Old Swiss Confederacy, dated to between 1440 and 1460, and another version in Moselle Franconian, probably written in the region of Trier. Another translation of the French text was made by Eleanor, Archduchess of Austria (1433–1480).

Frederick Norman, "Hildebrand and Hadubrand", in Three Essays on the 'Hildebrandslied' , London 1973, p. 47. He is associated with the cycle of legends about Theodoric the Great, called Dietrich in German, to whom he is a companion. Hildebrand appears in many works, most prominently in the Old High German Hildebrandslied, the Middle High German Nibelungenlied, in the Old Norse song "Hildebrand's Death" in Ásmundar saga kappabana (called Hildibrandr), and in the late medieval Jüngeres Hildebrandslied. He also appears as Hildiger in Gesta Danorum.

Volkwin von Naumburg zu Winterstätten (also Wolquin, Folkwin, Folkvin, Wolguinus, Wolgulin, Middle High German: Volkewîn; died 22 September 1236) was the Master (Herrmeister) of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword from 1209 to 1236.

Bayerischer Forstverein. 1998. Sträucher in Wald und Flur: Bedeutung für Ökologie und Forstwirtschaft: natürliche Vorkommen in Wald- und Feldgehölzen: Einzeldarstellungen der Straucharten. Landsberg: Ecomed, p. 335. (from Middle High German liele) + pargəl 'little mountain'.

Ougenweide was a German progressive rock band. They are notable for being pioneers of the medieval folk rock subgenre. (In German) The name comes from Middle High German ougenweide (Augenweide - feast for the eyes).

The name means "lower Ried near Interlaken." There are two explanations for the origin of the name Ried: from the Old High German , ("clearing") or the Swiss German Ried (land growing reeds and swampgrass).

The name Knape is derived from the Slovene noun knap 'miner', a borrowing from Old High German knappe 'boy, squire, servant'. Iron ore was formerly mined in the Jablenovica Valley east of the village.

' () is a type of Low-German-coloured dialect or sociolect of German. It is characterised by Low-German-type structures and the presence of numerous calques and loanwords from Low German in High German.

Its name may come from the Middle High German helde, meaning a hill with steep slopes. Hell is known to have been a dialectal word used on into the 20th century for steep mountain slopes.

Walther is a masculine given name and a surname. It is a German form of Walter, which is derived from the Old High German Walthari, containing the elements wald "power", "brightness" and hari—"army, warrior".

Rüdiger (English Ruediger, Rudiger, Roger) is a German given name. The meaning comes from Old High German: hruod (fame) and ger (spear). The name became popular because of the character Rüdiger von Bechelaren from Nibelung.

This is complicated in that in most Low Franconian varieties, including standard Dutch, the original second-person plural form has replaced the singular. Some dialects, including again standard Dutch, innovated a new second-person plural form in the last few centuries, using the other plural forms as the source. To the South, Low German blends into the High German dialects of Central German that have been affected by the High German consonant shift. The division is usually drawn at the Benrath line that traces the – isogloss.

Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian-Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian and Bavarian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects, belonging to the Irminonic High German dialect group (nos. 29–34). German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects – no. 29), and Yiddish. Also closely related to Standard German are the Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries, such as Swiss German (Alemannic dialects – no.

Two major streams of interpretation of Angelbert's poem exist. The first sees it as a "ballad of victory" rooted in vernacular Germanic poetry. Angelbert is assumed to have spoken Old High German, and the imagery of birds and beasts consuming the corpses of the dead has been assumed to be borrowed from Old High German literature. There is no such surviving literature with such imagery and it is supposed to have existed on analogy with Old English and Old Norse traditions of the same.

Etymologically, the word burgrave is the English and French form of the German noble title Burggraf (compounded from Burg: castle, fortress or equally fortified town and Graf: count) from Middle High German burcgrâve. The feminine form is burgravine, in German Burggräfin (from Middle High German burcgrâvin).Duden; Definition of Burggräfin (in German). From the early High Middle Ages, the German Burggraf (burgrave) was the military governor or commander of a castle, similar to that of the Anglo-Norman French "castellain" and Middle English "castellan" (from ).

The spelling of sz for the voiceless alveolar fricative (), continuing Proto-Germanic , originates in Old High German, contrasting with the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (), continuing Proto-Germanic , spelled ss. The spelling survives in Middle High German even after the merger of the two phonemes and . In the Gothic book hands and bastarda scripts of the high medieval period, is written with long s and tailed z, as ſʒ. The development of a recognizable ligature representing the sz digraph develops in handwriting in the early 14th century.

Loden ladies coat A loden cape is an overcoat of Tyrolean origin, made of a thick, water-resistant woolen material with a short pile known as loden cloth, first produced by peasants in Austria. This fabric is derived from the coarse, oily wool of mountain sheep and has a traditional earthy green colour. The name is derived from Middle High German "lode" or from Old High German "lodo", meaning "coarse cloth". It is a cloth of traditional Tracht worn in both Austrian and German Tyrol.

"Illustrious Highness" is used to translate the Middle High German word Erlaucht () eventually borne by Imperial counts, similar to the later Durchlaucht ("Serene Highness") which was reserved for the Reichsfürsten (Princes of the Holy Roman Empire).

Among his students were Walafrid Strabo and Otfrid of Weissenburg. Towards the end of the Old High German period, Notker Labeo (d. 1022) was among the greatest stylists in the language, and developed a systematic orthography.

Map of Alamannia and Upper Burgundy in the 10th to 11th centuries. The following is a list of ' (the Latin term glossing Old High German ', corresponding to English shire) of the Frankish duchy of Alamannia (Swabia).

Letzi comes from Middle High German and means a hindrance, obstacle, bulwark or frontier fortifications. The Letzi Mülenen was built at Mülenen to protect and control access to the alpine pass into the Canton of Valais.

Fresco from the Iwein-Cycle at Castle Rodenegg: Iwein fights Aschelon (Askalon). Iwein is a Middle High German verse romance by the poet Hartmann von Aue, written around 1203.McDonald, William (2006). "Iwein". The Literary Encyclopedia.

Statt w sagen sie b und statt b sagen sie p. «Berka» heißt Werke, «Basa» heißt Wasser und «Perg» heißt Berg.»” The dialect of Hopgarten distinctively shifts Middle High German /l/, in all positions, to 'u'.

5 volumes. Ljubljana: SAZU. ebehtnik (< Middle High German ebennaht 'equinox'), gregorščak (< Gregor '(Saint) Gregory'), marcij, postnik (< post 'Lent'), traven (< trava 'grass'), and tretnik (< tretji 'third'). The name sušec was first written in the Škofja Loka manuscript.

Verbs in Middle High German are divided into strong or weak verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a vowel, while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

Schaeffer is a German surname. It comes from schäfer meaning shepherd according to Ancestry.com. However, HouseofNames.com says it is derived from Middle High German Schaffaere, meaning the manager or steward of the head of the household.

Another explanation is that the "c" comes from a mannerism in High German officialese of writing unnecessary letters, a so- called Letternhäufelung (lit.: letter accumulation, as was done sometimes in English with words such as "doubt").

Willehalm is an unfinished Middle High German poem from the early 13th century, written by the poet Wolfram von Eschenbach. The poem's subject matter is in both the chivalric romance genre and the chanson de geste genre.

In his poem on King Philip's Magdeburg Christmas celebrations, the minnesinger Walther von der Vogelweide described Irene as rose ane dorn, ein tube sunder gallen (Middle High German for "rose without a thorn, a dove without gall").

Aerial view (1953) Seewen is first mentioned in 1147 as Sewin. The village's name means "at the lakes" in Old High German, a reference to the former Lake Seewen that was drained in the late 16th century.

The German term "Grinde" comes from Old High German and is related to the Swabian-Alemannic word "Grind", which means something like "bald head". This term was used to refer to the treeless summits of the region.

Widdershins comes from Middle Low German weddersinnes, literally "against the way" (i.e. "in the opposite direction"), from widersinnen "to go against", from Old High German elements widar "against" and sinnen "to travel, go", related to sind "journey".

The name Aura originates from the Old High German Uraha. The word ur meant Aurochs, and the word aha meant stream,Wolf-Armin Reitzenstein:Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. meaning it was a river where Aurochs lived.

The linkage of the word "wittum" with "widow" is considered folk etymology and incorrect.Duden, Etymology, s.v. widmen, Wittum, Witwe; particularly clear: H. Paul, German Dictionary, s.v. widmen, as well as: M. Lexer, Middle High German Dictionary, s.v.

Lambiel lives in Lausanne, Switzerland and received his "maturité" (matura) in biology and chemistry in June 2004. A native speaker of French, Lambiel also speaks Portuguese, High German (not Swiss German), and English and is learning Italian.

The name Lastadie is derived from the Medieval Latin Lastagium, referring specifically to sailing ballast and generally to loading docks.Mühlpfordt, p. 88 In Old High German it became ladastat and in Middle Low German Lastadie.Frischbier II, p.

The Old High German period is reckoned to run until about the mid-11th century, though the boundary to Early Middle High German (second half of the 11th century) is not clear-cut. The most famous work in OHG is the Hildebrandslied, a short piece of Germanic alliterative heroic verse which besides the Muspilli is the sole survivor of what must have been a vast oral tradition. Another important work, in the northern dialect of Old Saxon, is a life of Christ in the style of a heroic epic known as the Heliand.

Viereth lies in the northeast outliers of the Steigerwald (forest) and right on the Main’s south bank. The community had its first documentary mention in 911 under the name Fihuriod, from the Old High German words corresponding with the Modern High German words Vieh (“livestock”) and Ried (“boggy brook”). This makes the Viehbach, a brook (Bach) running through the village, Viereth’s namesake. Until the Bishopric of Bamberg was founded, Viereth was part of the Volkfeldgau (a mediaeval Gau lying between Bamberg and the Main Triangle), and thereby also part of the Bishopric of Würzburg.

The largest historical dictionary of German is the Deutsches Wörterbuch originally compiled by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm and completed after their death in 1961. A second edition of the letters A–F was completed in 2016. There is also the Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch which exclusively covers words loaned into German from other languages, which were largely (though not entirely) omitted from the Grimm dictionary. There is also a Frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch covering Early Modern German, the Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch covering Middle High German, and an Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch covering Old High German.

When spoken in their purest form, Low German, most Upper German, High Franconian dialects and even some Central German dialects are unintelligible to those versed only in Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to the dialect continuum of High German and Low German. In the past (roughly until the end of World War II), there was a dialect continuum of all Continental West Germanic languages, as nearly any pair of contiguous dialects were perfectly mutually intelligible. The German dialect continuum is typically divided into High German and Low German.

The second part of the name, —öllen, developed out of the Middle High German word helde (Modern High German: Halde), meaning “heap” or “mound”, referring to the steep slope between the village and the Lauter valley. The first part of the name, Hohen—, is a declined form of the adjective hoch (“high”). Thus, the village's name can be taken to mean “Settlement behind the steep slope”. The link with the earlier form, helde, can be seen in some of the name's earlier forms: Hohenhelde (1268), Hoynhelden daz Ampt (1387), Honellen (1565).

Like other High Alemannic varieties, Bernese German shows monosyllabic lengthening in comparison to Middle High German, in words such as ('bath'), ('speech'). However, there is normally no open syllable lengthening, so the corresponding disyllabic words have a short vowel, such as ('to bathe'), ('to speak'). Open syllable lengthening occurs only in a few cases, mainly before and , for example ('to drive') or ('valleys'). A distinctive trait of Bernese German that sets it apart from other High Alemannic varieties is the occurrence of vowel shortening in comparison to Middle High German.

When the coat of arms was bestowed upon the town at the beginning of the 13th century, people wrongly believed that their town's name, "Vorchheim" originates from the Old High German word vorhe (“trout”). This resulted in the coat of arms showing two trout (above). Although the rivers around the town were certainly home to a great number of trout in those days, it seems likelier that the town's name was actually derived from the Old High German word vorha, forha( Föhre=“pine”). Hence, the name means “pine home” with a probability bordering on certainty.

In 1603, Melchior Goldast made the first edition of Middle High German poetry, Tyrol and Winsbeck, including a commentary which focused on linguistic problems and set the tone for the approach to such works in the subsequent centuries. He later gave similar attention to the Old High German Benedictine Rule. In England, Cotton's studies of the manuscripts in his collection marks the beginnings of work on Old English language. The pace of publication increased during the 17th century with Latin translations of the Edda (notably Peder Resen's Edda Islandorum of 1665).

In the north, the boundary ran along the old stone road. In Mutterschied’s municipal area, it seems to have reached the Rinkenbach. Here lay what in the 1614 tithe report was called “Herrenfeld” (“Lords’ Field”, but perhaps a corruption of Hirzenfeld, from Middle High German Hirz, meaning “hart”; the Modern High German word is Hirsch), from which, along with a few other fields, the parish drew two thirds of the tithes. The parish priest was also entitled to tithes in parts of Riesweiler, Argenthal, Altweidelbach, Wahlbach and Mörschbach.

Foreign Equivalents: :German and Ashkenazic Jewish: Speiser – a steward. This is a derivative of the Middle High German spise, meaning food or supplies via the Old High German—in turn derived from Late Latin expe(n)sa (pecunia), or "(money) expended". :Greek: Economos – the anglicised surname derived from the Greek oikonomos ("oi" in Greek pronounced as a long E.) Oiko- (English = ēco-) is a root meaning "house" in classical Greek. This surname has the same occupational derivation as Spencer but, like the surnames Stewart and Stuart, has a different etymology.

Handschriftencensus (manuscript census), is a research project which gathers information regarding the entirety of German language manuscripts of the Middle Ages and presents it to the research community in the form of an online database. The database consists of inventory listings of more than 5,600 works and 23,000 manuscripts written in Old High German and Middle High German discovered in 34 different countries. The physical documents themselves are presently dispersed throughout over 1,400 libraries, archives, museums and private collections. The manuscripts date from the 8th into the 16th century.

Die Nibelungenklage or Die Klage (English: the lament; Middle High German: Diu Klage) is an anonymous Middle High German heroic poem. The poem describes the laments for and burial of the dead from the Nibelungenlied, as well as the spread of the news of the catastrophe that ended the other poem, as well as the fates of the various characters who survived. It was likely written at around the same time as the Nibelungenlied (c. 1200), and is appended to it as though it were another episode (âventiure).

The Bavarians as a group formed in the early medieval period, as the population of the Duchy of Bavaria, forming the south-eastern part of the kingdom of Germany. The Old High German documents from the area of Bavaria are identified as ("Old Bavarian"), even though at this early date there are few distinctive features that would divide it from Alemannic German. The dialectal separation of Upper German into East Upper German (Bavarian) and West Upper German (Alemannic) becomes more tangible in the Middle High German period, from about the 12th century.

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including Standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Swedish and Russian are the other two important sources of borrowings.

In 1328, he translated the Vita Sancti Adalberti of Johannes Canaparius into Middle High German. From 1331–1335, he did the same for Peter of Dusburg's Chronicon terrae Prussiae on behalf of Grand Master Luther of Brunswick, translating 27,738 verses. His work is reckoned among the best of High and Late Medieval Middle High German verse. Nikolaus's Di Kronike von Pruzinlant (The Chronicle of Prussian land) was dedicated to the patron saint of the Teutonic Knights, the Virgin Mary, and expanded upon the earlier work of Peter of Dusburg.

Goodwin, p. 78 The metallic chyak call may be the origin of the jack part of the common name, but this is not supported by the Oxford English Dictionary. Daw, first used for the bird in the 15th century, is held by the Oxford English Dictionary to be derived from the postulated Old English dawe, citing the cognates in Old High German tāha, Middle High German tāhe or tāchele, and modern German Dahle or Dohle, and dialectal Tach, Dähi, Däche and Dacha. Names in English dialects are numerous.

In that case, all the other Low German varieties in the Netherlands are categorized as Westphalian. Dutch linguists in particular classify Gronings as Dutch Low Saxon, in Germany also called Westplatt. In this case the Dutch influence is crucial, while the dialects on the other side of the national border are strongly influenced by High German languages. These influences concern especially the vocabulary, like the Dutch word "voorbeeld" (example) which is "veurbeeld" in Gronings while the East Frisian dialects use "biespööl", which is related to the High German word "beispiel".

As with most German cities, towns and villages, Andernach has its own local dialect – the "Andernacher Platt" ("Andernachian dialect") in which "Andernach" and the local dialect itself is named "Annenach" and "Annenache Platt". It belongs to the Moselle Franconian language subgroup and considerably differs from High German, e. g. the Rhine river is named "Rhein" in High German (pronounced similar to English "Rhine" except for the "r"), but "Rhäin" in the dialect; except for the "r", it sounds similar to English "rain" with a stretched "a". Another examples are words like "Wind" (engl.

Munsterbilzen: Wachtendonck Psalms 5. Egmond Willeram 6. West Flanders: Hebban olla vogala 7. Werden: Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible Old Dutch texts are extremely rare and much more limited than for related languages like Old English and Old High German.

He was known as Ēarendel in Old English, as Orentil in Old High German, and probably as Auriwandalo in Lombardic and as auzandil in Gothic (𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻; translating the Koine Greek , 'dawnbringer' and referring to the morning star, Venus).

The 98-line verse prologue is always in High German. The Weltchronik is the oldest historical work in German prose. The Kaiserchronik is earlier, but in verse. The Weltchronik of Rudolf von Ems is contemporary, but also verse.

Meister is derived from the Greek word "μήστωρ" (adviser, counselor, adept, scientist),Liddell & Scott, Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache: L - Ō, Volume 2. the Latin word "magister" (teacher), the German "meister" from Old High German "meistar", and the Yiddish "mayster".

Ringstedt (in High German, in Low Saxon Ringst, literally in Ring Stead) is a village and a former municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2015 it is part of the town Geestland.

In 1336, Arbach had its first documentary mention as Arrebarre or Arrebach, in which the prefix Arre – cognate with the English “ear” in the same meaning – referred to ears of cereal grains (this is Ähre in Modern High German).

Cvišlerji was recorded in the land registry of 1574 as Zwisslern. The Slovene name Cvišlerji is an adaptation of German Zwischlern, derived from Middle High German zwisele (= Germ. Zwiesel) 'forked tree', referring to a local landscape feature.Simonič, Ivan. 1935.

Krumlov has its origin in Middle High German Krumme Aue, which can be translated as crooked meadow, after a bend of the Vltava. The town's name begins with Český ("Bohemian") to differentiate it from Moravský Krumlov in south Moravia.

Kuppe comes from the Middle High German language of the 18th century, probably deriving from the Late Latin/Common Roman word cuppa = "beaker", which then became commonly used in the sense of Haube ("helmet" or "covering") for a summit.

Freck Langsam is a German no-budget Gangster Comedy film. Written by Jürgen Becker and directed by Michael Schu, the spoken language is a Rhenish dialect of High German from the city of Trier, where the film is set.

Also strongly influenced by High German early on. Some features: Old long ê and ô were diphthongised into [iə] and [uə], written i and u. Old Germanic coda /n/ is restored, contrary to Ingvaeonic sound changes, e.g. gans 'goose'.

Low and High German manuscripts are among the most numerous. Among them is Daz buch von guter spise ("The Book of Good Food") written c. 1350 in Würzberg and Kuchenmeysterey ("Kitchen Mastery"), the first printed German cookbook from 1485.

Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies writing in The Myth of the Eastern Front said: "Franz Halder embodies better than any other high German officer the dramatic difference between myth and reality as it emerged after World War II".

The name "Weiberbrunn" is derived from the Weibersbach, a contributory of the Hafenlohr. It rises at the western end of the village. The Middle High German Brunn refers to a well or spring. Weibers probably derives from the proper name "Wibert".

Klavže was attested in written sources in 1763–87 as Klausa. The name is derived from the Slovene common noun klavže 'logging sluice' (< German Klause < Middle High German klûse < Medieval Latin clūsa 'barrier'), referring to logging activity in the area.

Beginning of Biterolf und Dietleib. Austrian National Library Cod. ser. nova 2663 fol. 166r Biterolf und Dietleib (Biterolf and Dietlieb) is an anonymous Middle High German heroic poem concerning the heroes Biterolf of Toledo and his son Dietleib of Styria.

Examples of pressure- driven sintering are the compacting of snowfall to a glacier, or the forming of a hard snowball by pressing loose snow together. The word "sinter" comes from the Middle High German sinter, a cognate of English "cinder".

Krumlov has its origin in Middle High German Krumme Aue, which can be translated as crooked meadow after a meander of the Rokytná River. Moravský means "Moravian" to differentiate it from Český Krumlov ("Bohemian Krumlov") in the South Bohemian Region.

The surname Keith has several origins. In some cases it is derived from Keith in East Lothian, Scotland. In other cases the surname is originated from a nickname, derived from the Middle High German kīt, a word meaning "sprout", "offspring".

After Martin Luther's translation of the Bible in 1534, Low German began disappearing as a written language as High German became more standard in schools. The 1614 Low German Bible has a place in the history of Low German literature.

A character named Sir Daniel appears in other Arthurian romances as well, often as the brother of Sir Dinadan and Sir Le Cote Mal Taile. An edition of the Middle High German lines, with facing English translation, was published in 2003.

Linguistic "Old Dutch" had already become "Low Dutch", the contemporary language, and "High Dutch", or High German. On the other hand, "Old Dutch" was a popular English adjective used in the 18th century with reference to people, places and things.

Weibel comes from the Old High German weibôn, meaning to go back and forth. There are variations on feldwebel, such as Oberstabsfeldwebel ("Superior Staff Field Usher"), which is the highest non-commissioned rank in the German army and air force.

Bruno is a male given name. It is derived from the Old High German name Brun meaning Brown (modern Standard German: braun). It occurs in continental Europe, United States, Canada, Brazil and Oceania as a given name for men and boys.

The word angst has existed since the 8th century, from the Proto-Indo- European root ', "restraint" from which Old High German developed. It is pre- cognate with the Latin , "tensity, tightness" and , "choking, clogging"; compare to the Ancient Greek () "strangle".

Aachen is at the western end of the Benrath line that divides High German to the south from the rest of the West Germanic speech area to the north.. Aachen's local dialect is called and belongs to the Ripuarian language.

An Old High German version of the gospel of Matthew dates to 748. Charlemagne in ca. 800 charged Alcuin with a revision of the Latin Vulgate. The translation into Old Church Slavonic was started in 863 by Cyril and Methodius.

For example, all the Germanic languages use a similar neuter noun to denote pagan gods: Gothic guþ, Old English god, Old High German got, and Old Norse guð. Proto-Germanic, therefore, surely had a similar word with a similar sense.

Rüti bei Lyssach is first mentioned in 1341 as Ruiti. The name comes from the Old High German word meaning clearing. In the Middle Ages, the village belonged to the Count of Kyburg. In 1406, Bern gained control of it.

The name of the Bavarian town of Passau descends from the Roman Batavis, which was named after the Batavi. The town's name is old as it shows the typical effects of the High German consonant shift (b > p, t > ss).

"Low" refers to the flat plains and coastal area of the northern European lowlands, contrasted with the mountainous areas of central and southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, where High German (Highland German) is spoken.Cf. the definition of high in the Oxford English Dictionary (Concise Edition): "[…] situated far above ground, sea level, etc; upper, inland, as […] High German". Etymologically however, Platt meant "clear" in the sense of a language the simple people could understand. In Dutch, the word can also mean "improper", "rude" or "too simple" which is why the term is not popular in the Netherlands.

At Goldsmiths he was responsible for organizing three conferences devoted to Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies, which brought together historians, literary scholars and linguists. He published over 30 journal articles and book chapters, with a particular focus on Minnesang and the Arthurian Romance. A number of his papers on Old High German literature were collected in the volume The Beginnings of German Literature: comparative and interdisciplinary approaches to Old High German. A characteristic feature of his scholarship was a concern with examining the original manuscripts of medieval texts, which led to visits to a wide range of libraries and archives in continental Europe.

A depiction of Máni and Sól (1895) by Lorenz Frølich Sól (Old Norse "Sun")Orchard (1997:152). or Sunna (Old High German, and existing as an Old Norse and Icelandic synonym: see Wiktionary sunna, "Sun") is the Sun personified in Norse mythology. One of the two Old High German Merseburg Incantations, written in the 9th or 10th century CE, attests that Sunna is the sister of Sinthgunt. In Norse mythology, Sól is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.

Portrait of Walther von der Vogelweide, the most celebrated of all medieval German lyric poets, from the Codex Manesse The most impressive example of Early Middle High German lyric poetry is the Annolied or Song of Anno. Towards the beginning of the twelfth century A.D., the poetess Ava became the first woman to write poetry in German. During the Middle High German period, Minnesänge, songs about courtly love, were very popular. The most notable of all the Minnesänger was Walther von der Vogelweide, whose most famous Minnesang is the poem "Unter der Linden", but there were also many others.

Old High German (OHG, , German abbr. ) is the earliest stage of the German language, conventionally covering the period from around 750 to 1050. There is no standardised or supra-regional form of German at this period, and Old High German is an umbrella term for the group of continental West Germanic dialects which underwent the set of consonantal changes called the Second Sound Shift. At the start of this period, the main dialect areas belonged to largely independent tribal kingdoms, but by 788 the conquests of Charlemagne had brought all OHG dialect areas into a single polity.

Even secular works such as the are often preserved only because they were written on spare sheets in religious codices. The earliest Old High German text is generally taken to be the Abrogans, a Latin–Old High German glossary variously dated between 750 and 780, probably from Reichenau. The 8th century Merseburg Incantations are the only remnant of pre-Christian German literature. The earliest texts not dependent on Latin originals would seem to be the and the Wessobrunn Prayer, both recorded in manuscripts of the early 9th century, though the texts are assumed to derive from earlier copies.

Einöllen was once known as Eynet (1432), or Einheit (1438). The latter form is worthy of note, not only because in Modern High German it means “unit” or “oneness”, but also because it is a form of Einod, an old word meaning “personal property”, here referring to the Veldenzes’ allodial holding. Beginning about 1550, however, especially in the Meisenheim visitation protocols, the village was called Ainot or Ainöt. Thereafter, the name seems to have assimilated somewhat to the neighbouring village's name, Hohenöllen, which evolved from Hoenhelden (Modern High German: hohe Halde, meaning “high heap” or “high dump”), eventually becoming today's Einöllen.

First page of the St. Gall Codex Abrogens (Stiftsbibliothek, cod. 911) Heading: INCIPIUNT CLOSAS EX VETERE TESTAMENTO ("Here begins the commentary on the Old Testament") Abrogans, also German Abrogans or Codex Abrogans (St Gall, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 911), is a Middle Latin–Old High German glossary, whose preserved copy in the Abbey Library of St Gall is regarded as the oldest preserved book in the German language. Dating from the 8th century , the glossary contains approximately 3,670 Old High German words in over 14,600 examples and is therefore a valuable source for the knowledge of the oldest Upper German language.

The word Daus as a description of the two pips on a die has been in use since the 12th century.Belege für die Verwendung in mittelhochdeutscher Sprache im Wörterbuch der Grimms It comes from the Late Old High German, later Middle High German word, dûs, which was borrowed from the North French word, daus. This corresponds to the French word for "two", deux, which in turn came from the Latin duos and duo. On the introduction of playing cards into the German language area at the end of the 14th century, the word was also transferred to the cards with the value 2.

The Nibelungenlied, like other Middle High German heroic epics, is anonymous. This anonymity extends to discussions of literature in other Middle High German works: although it is common practice to judge or praise the poems of others, no other poet refers to the author of the Nibelungenlied. Attempts to identify the Nibelungenlied-poet with known authors, such as Bligger von Steinach, to whom a lost epic is attributed by Gottfried von Strassburg, have not found wide acceptance. The poem is nevertheless believed to have had a single author, possibly working in a "Nibelungen workshop" ("Nibelungenwerkstatt") together with the author of the Nibelungenklage.

The Suebi are generally believed to have spoken a Germanic language and classical sources refer to a Suebian language. In particular, the Suebi are associated with the concept of an "Elbe Germanic" group of early dialects spoken by the Irminones, entering Germany from the east, and originating on the Baltic. In late classical times, these dialects, by now situated to the south of the Elbe, and stretching across the Danube into the Roman empire, experienced the High German consonant shift that defines modern High German languages, and in its most extreme form, Upper German. pages 194-5.

When historians suspect that a document is actually a translation from another language, back-translation into that hypothetical original language can provide supporting evidence by showing that such characteristics as idioms, puns, peculiar grammatical structures, etc., are in fact derived from the original language. For example, the known text of the Till Eulenspiegel folk tales is in High German but contains puns that work only when back-translated to Low German. This seems clear evidence that these tales (or at least large portions of them) were originally written in Low German and translated into High German by an over-metaphrastic translator.

Its etymology is not clear, but it is usually compared to atta "father" (cf. the name Attila, ultimately baby talk for "father"). There is an apparent, but debated, etymological connection of Odal to Adel (Old High German adal or edil), meaning nobility, noble family line, or exclusive group of superior social status; aristocracy, typically associated with major land holdings and fortifications.:de:Adel The term oþal (Old High German uodal) is a formative element in some Germanic names, notably Ulrich and variants;, the stem aþal is more frequent, found in Gothic names such as Athalaric, Ataulf, etc.

In many varieties of High and Low German, pronouncing syllabic consonants may be considered a shibboleth. In High German and Tweants (a Low Saxon dialect spoken in the Netherlands, more Low Saxon dialects have the syllabic consonant), all word-final syllables in infinite verbs and feminine plural nouns spelled -en are pronounced with syllabic consonants. The High German infinitive ' (to walk) is pronounced or (in some accents) even and its Tweants counterpart ' is pronounced . Tweants scholars even debate whether or not this feature should be incorporated in spelling, resulting in two generally accepted spelling forms (either loopn or lopen).

Middle Low German, spoken across the whole of Northern Germany north of the Benrath Line in the Middle Ages, was a distinct West Germanic language. From the start of the 16th century, however, High German came increasingly to be used in this area not only in writing, but also in the pulpit and in schools. By the end of the ENHG period Low German had almost completely ceased to be used in writing or in formal and public speech, and had become the low status variant in a diglossic situation, with High German as the high status variant.

In the West, at the Zuiderzee, the forests of the Veluwe and close to the Lower Rhine, MLG bordered on closely related Low Franconian dialects whose written language was mainly Middle Dutch. In earlier times, these were sometimes included in the modern definition of MLG (cf. Terminology). In the South, MLG bordered on High German dialects roughly along the northern borders of Hesse and Thuringia. The language border then ran eastwards across the plain of the middle Elbe until it met the (then more extensive) Sorb-speaking area along the upper Spree that separated it from High German.

About the derivation of the name “Bärenbach” there is no consensus. There are two other villages in Rhineland-Palatinate alone with this same name (this one, for one). If interpreted as a Modern High German word, its meaning would be “Bear’s Brook”, but the modern spelling may not be indicative of the name's etymology. Decisive for the interpretation is the first syllable, which – as also with the village of Bärweiler – was originally Ber— (Berenbach/Berwilre). In Middle High German usage, this syllable had several meanings and was applied to not only the bear (Bär in Modern High German) but also the breeding boar (in which case it was cognate with the still current English word boarEtymology and cognates of “boar”) and even barley (in which case it was cognate with the Old English word bere, which helped give rise to the modern word barleyEtymology and cognates of “barley”), now called Gerste in German.

The name Meiselberg is probably a reference to the hill’s steep ridge and most likely derives from the Middle High German meizel (meaning chisel). Today, the hill is sparsely settled, but in contrast to the surrounding hills, is not used for viticulture.

Wulfgar, Wolfgar and Wolfger are variants of an Old High German masculine given name meaning "wolf-spear".Wilfried Seibicke, Historisches Deutsches Vornamenbuch, Vol. 4: Sc–Z (De Gruyter, 2003), p. 495.Beate Varnhorn, Das grosse Lexikon der Vornamen (Bertelsmann, 2008), p. 309.

1614 Low German Bible The 1614 Low German Bible is a rare, illustrated edition in Low German of Martin Luther's High German translation of the Bible. Illustrations in the bible are woodcuts from the Hans Stern publishing family in early Lüneburg, Germany.

Historical documents dated 1354 mentioned Vossem as Voishem. In 1460 its name changed to Voyssem. The word Vossem bases on the Middle High German word voss (=fox). Attractions of Vossem are a roadside cross dated 1888 and the cultural heritage Eckarts Hof.

The Livonian Rhymed ChronicleThe Livonian Rhymed Chronicle Published 1977, Indiana University () is a chronicle written in Middle High German by an anonymous author. It covers the period 1180 – 1343 and contains a wealth of detail about Livonia — modern South Estonia and Latvia.

Otto is a masculine German given name and a surname. It originates as an Old High German short form (variants Audo, Odo, Udo) of Germanic names beginning in aud-, an element meaning "wealth, prosperity".Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch (1856), s.v. "Aud" (161-180).

Snoj, Marko. 2009. Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Ljubljana: Modrijan and Založba ZRC, p. 265. Petschauer suggests that the German name Kerndorf may be derived from a surname, Kern, or that it may derive from Middle High German kurn (dialect kirn) 'quern'.

Oberst is a surname of Germanic origin, having originated as a topographic name for someone who lived in the highest part of a village or on a hillside, from Middle High German obrist, meaning ‘uppermost’ (later oberst), the superlative form of ober.

The origin of the name is not known, it possibly originated with the Celts who lived there before the Germans came. An alternative idea is that it comes from the old high German word daha meaning clay, and ouwe, water overflown land.

The origin of the first part of the name, Bern, is the Old High German word, bero, which meant "bear". Bears lived in the Northern Black Forest until the Late Middle Ages. Stein ("rock") refers to block of rock that forms the summit.

A 14th-century baselard (Swiss National Museum) Topcliffe (died 1365) (Dillon 1887). The baselard (also basilard, baslard, in Middle French also and variants, latinized etc., in Middle High German ) is a historical type of dagger or short sword of the Late Middle Ages.

14 sqq. The origin of the name is derived from the roots ov- and -akara meaning “upper” (cf. New High German ober-) and “onward rushing” (rendered in German as “Vorwärtsdrängende”) as distinct from its tributary, the Ecker, whose name means only “onward rushing”.

Peter von Staufenberg is a Middle High German verse novella in 1,192 lines. It was written around 1310 by Egenolf von Staufenberg. Egenolf was a member of an Alsatian noble family. Egenolf can be traced in documents from 1273, 1285 and 1320.

Portrait of Walther von der Vogelweide from the Codex Manesse (Folio 124r) "Elegie" is a poem written by the German lyric poet Walther von der Vogelweide. It is written in Middle High German and is a lament to the passage of the years.

The term is derived from Middle English ambassadour, Anglo-French ambassateur, ultimately of Latin origin from the word Ambaxus-Ambactus, meaning servant or minister; akin to Old High German ambaht, "service". The first known usage of the term was recorded around the 14th century.

The German (Early Modern German , , in e.g. in Spelling from the 17th century. Middle High German ) is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe "wetland". Romanian differs from other surrounding languages in designating the river with a feminine term, .

Most of the inscriptions are engraved but some are raised above the surface. Various styles of writing are employed. The oldest examples are written primarily in the High German (Hochdeutsch) employed in religious services, even though Amrum belonged for centuries to Denmark.Renate Preuss: Sprechende Steine.

At the time of founding, Eschwege was known as Eskiniwach, meaning “Settlement near the ash trees at the water”. Older people living in town and nearby also say Eschewei or Ischewei. These names may stem from High German and come from Eschwege's original Germanic name.

Der von Kürenberg (Codex Manesse, 14th Century) Der von Kürenberg or Der Kürenberger (fl. mid-12th century) was a Middle High German poet and one of the earliest Minnesänger. Fifteen strophes of his songs are preserved in the Codex Manesse and the Budapest Fragment.

Heinrich von Freiberg was a Middle High German narrative poet at the court of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia. He is mainly noted for his continuation of Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan in about 1290. The work is preserved in three complete manuscripts and five fragments.

Elias von Steinmeyer described the Muspilli in 1892 as "this most exasperating piece of Old High German literature",'[D]ies verzweifeltste stück der ahd. litteratur' (Müllenhoff & Scherer, Denkmäler II 40). a verdict frequently echoed in 20th- century research. On many issues, agreement is still lacking.

Daniel von dem blühenden Tal (Daniel of the Flowering Valley) is an Arthurian romance composed around 1220 by the Middle High German poet Der Stricker,Gürttler, Karin R. (1991). "Der Stricker". In Lacy, Norris J., The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 434. New York: Garland. .

Munich manuscript cgm 10 Williram of Ebersberg (died 3 January 1085) was a Benedictine Abbot. He is best known for his 'Expositio in Cantica Canticorum', a complex commentary of the Song of Songs which includes an Old High German translation and a Latin verse paraphrase.

This minor planet was named for Walther von der Vogelweide (c. 1170 – c. 1230) a German minstrel of the 13th century and popular lyric poet of Middle High German. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 1999 ().

Livold was first attested in 1490 under its German name, Lienfeld. Judging from medieval sources, the Slovene name Livold is derived from Middle High German Lînfeld, literally 'flax field' (from lîn 'flax' + feld 'field'). The name thus refers to local agricultural production.Snoj, Marko. 2009.

The name Alsace can be traced to the Old High German or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation is from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill",Roland Kaltenbach: Le guide de l’Alsace, La Manufacture 1992, , page 36 a river in Alsace.

This very old word derives from Anglo-Saxon spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. Medieval High German Sporn, modern German Sporn, Dutch spoor, Frisian nilller. The generalized sense of "anything that urges on, stimulus" is recorded in English from circa 1390.

Trata was attested in historical sources as Tratarn in 1291 and as Traten before 1392. The place name Trata occurs several times in Slovenia. It is derived from the Slovene common noun trata 'small treeless meadow', which was borrowed from Middle High German trat 'meadow'.

Gernot is a German masculine given name, derived from Old High German "ger" (spear) and "khnoton" (to brandish). It is rare, but still in use in German speaking countries today. Gundomar I, King of the Burgundians c. 407–411 is named Gernot in the Nibelungenlied.

Hildegard is a female name derived from the Old High German hild ('war' or 'battle') and gard ('protection'), and means 'battle guard'. Variant spellings include: Hildegarde; the Polish, Portuguese, Slovene and Spanish Hildegarda; the Italian Ildegarda; the Hungarian Hildegárd; and the ancient German Hildegardis.

Although some specialist gymnasia have English or French as the language of instruction, most lessons in a typical gymnasium (apart from foreign language courses) are conducted in High (Standard) German. This is true even in regions where High German is not the prevailing dialect.

The content is in insular script, apparently scribal practice by an Irish monk. It contains mainly Latin hymns and grammatical texts, with added glosses in Old High German, but also Greek declination tables, astronomical tables and notably Old Irish poems, among them Pangur Bán.

The Hebrew name (Yərūšālayim) for Jerusalem is rendered as (Hierosóluma) in, e.g., Matthew 2:1. The first part corresponds to the Ancient Greek prefix (hiero-), meaning "sacred, holy". Old High German widarlōn ("repayment of a loan") was rendered as widerdonum ("reward") in Medieval Latin.

Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius 10.1. Much more lasting than the ephemeral month names of the post-Augustan Roman emperors were the Old High German names introduced by Charlemagne. According to his biographer, Charlemagne renamed all of the months agriculturally into German.Einhard, Life of Charlemagne, 29.

There are different uses of the term "Low German": # A specific name of any West Germanic varieties that neither have taken part in the High German consonant shift nor classify as Low Franconian or Anglo-Frisian; this is the scope discussed in this article. # A broader term for the closely related, continental West Germanic languages unaffected by the High German consonant shift, nor classifying as Anglo-Frisian, and thus including Low Franconian varieties. In Germany, native speakers of Low German call their language , , , , , (South-Westphalian), (Eastphalian), (Low Prussian), or . In the Netherlands, native speakers refer to their language as , , , or the name of their village, town or district.

The word mummer is sometimes explained to derive from Middle English mum ("silent") or Greek mommo ("mask"), but is more likely to be associated with Early New High German mummer ("disguised person", attested in Johann Fischart) and vermummen ("to wrap up, to disguise, to mask one's face"),Brüder Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, s.v. Mummen which itself is derived from or came to be associated with mummen (first attested already in Middle High German by a prohibition in Mühlhausen, Thuringia, 1351)Matthias Lexer, Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch, s.v. mummen and mum(en)schanz, (Hans Sachs, Nuremberg, 16th century), these latter words originally referring to a game or throw (schanz) of dice.Brüder Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, s.v.

One of them is an adjective, either gahi from Old High German or gaehe or gah from Middle High German, both meaning "sudden" and "suddenly", with the connotation of "steep slope". The other is the word Stätte, the German word for "place". Gahesteti or Jestaedt therefore means a place on a steep slope, which describes the actual location of Jestädt today. It was spelled as "Gestede" in 1324 and "Jestade" in 1414 but its present spelling did not come until 1664. Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen [ Historical Information System of the State of Hesse ], "Jestädt, Werra-Meißner-Kreis", Historisches Ortslexikon [ Historical Dictionary of the Places ], retrieved 2 January 2014.

During the 16th century, the influence of the New High German language increased in Cologne and along the Rhine River, changing the way of writing used by the monasteries, authorities, and printers. But it did not affect the spoken language of the ordinary citizens. This is evident from the written accounts of the 18th Century, when Colognian was revived for the literature, and they show the development of Old Colognian into Modern Colognian, at least in its spoken form. Towards the end of the 16th century, the Low Franconian writing system was gradually abandoned by printers and offices in favor of the developing New High German writing system.

The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch, Yiddish, Afrikaans, and others. The Germanic languages in Europe Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf-Benrath and Krefeld-Uerdingen, respectively) serve to distinguish the Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects (nos. 29–34 on the map), while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German/Low Saxon (nos.

Old High German is generally dated, following Willhelm Scherer, from around 750 to around 1050. The start of this period sees the beginning of the OHG written tradition, at first with only glosses, but with substantial translations and original compositions by the 9th century. However the fact that the defining feature of Old High German, the Second Sound Shift, may have started as early as the 6th century and is complete by 750, means that some take the 6th century to be the start of the period. Alternatively, terms such as ("pre-OHG") or ("pre-literary OHG") are sometimes used for the period before 750.

Old High German literacy is a product of the monasteries, notably at St. Gallen, Reichenau Island and Fulda. Its origins lie in the establishment of the German church by Saint Boniface in the mid 8th century, and it was further encouraged during the Carolingian Renaissance in the 9th. The dedication to the preservation of Old High German epic poetry among the scholars of the Carolingian Renaissance was significantly greater than could be suspected from the meagre survivals we have today (less than 200 lines in total between the Hildebrandslied and the Muspilli). Einhard tells how Charlemagne himself ordered that the epic lays should be collected for posterity.

In 1888, after his return from Germany, Wright was offered a post at Oxford University by Professor Max Müller, and became a lecturer to the Association for the Higher Education of Women and deputy lecturer in German at the Taylor Institution. From 1891 to 1901, Wright was Deputy Professor and from 1901 to 1925 Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford. Wright specialised in the Germanic languages and wrote a range of introductory grammars for Old English, Middle English, Old High German, Middle High German and Gothic which were still being revised and reprinted 50 years after his death. He also wrote a historical grammar of German.

Middle High German and Maaslandic rhymes are used indifferently. Undoubtedly this is because the rhyme scheme in the lyric has higher demands than the coupled rhyme in story texts such as the Servatius and the Eneas Romance; in one strophe, more than two rhyming words must be found. Veldekes lyrics have been preserved in three Middle High German manuscripts from the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century: the Kleine Heidelberger Liederenhandschrift (Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Codex Palatinus Germanicus 357), the Weingartner Liederhandschrift (Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Codex HB XIII 1) and the Groβe Heidelberger Liederenhandschrift, better known as the Codex Manesse (Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Codex Palatinus Germanicus 848).

Distribution of Germans in Wisconsin according to US Census 1890. These German speakers were from many different regions and states, such as Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Pomerania, Posen, Rhineland, Westphalia, Switzerland, Bavaria, Luxembourg, Baden, Saxony, Hesse, Württemberg, and Austria. Each group brought its own dialect, which it continued to use in the home, community and even in local Wisconsin businesses. In addition, a form of Wisconsin High German, a koiné of Standard German with dialectal features, was used parallel to the community's dialect, such as in churches, and elementary and secondary schools; this meant that many Wisconsinites were trilingual, speaking their heritage dialect, Wisconsin High German and English.

One of the most puzzling features of the Hildebrandslied is its language, which is a mixture of Old High German (with some specifically Bavarian features) and Old Saxon. For example, the first person pronoun appears both in the Old Saxon form ik and the Old High German ih. The reason for the language mixture is unknown, but it seems certain it cannot have been the work of the last scribes and was already present in the original which they copied. The Old Saxon features predominate in the opening part of the poem and show a number of errors, which argue against an Old Saxon original.

It appears that the etymology of the name Welsh is derived from the Anglo-Saxon adjective or , an adjective derived from the noun , a term for a Roman or Roman subject. These terms were used by many ancient Germanic peoples to describe inhabitants of the former Roman Empire over the Alps, Rhine, and North Sea, who spoke Latin or Celtic languages. The Old High German walh became walch in Middle High German and the adjectival walhisk became MHG welsch. In present-day German, Welsche refers to Romance peoples, the Italians in particular, but also the French and the Romanic neighbours of the German-speaking lands in general.

During its history, the village has had numerous variations of its current name: Hultshusin prope Ribesangin, Holtshusen bi Ribesangen, Holtzhusen prope Lympurg, Hulzhusen zo der lynden and Lynnenholzhausen. The name Lindenholzhausen is a compound noun comprising the nouns Holz, Hausen, and Linde. Holz, meaning timberBrE/lumberAE, probably originates from the Old Saxon "holt" meaning forest, wood, timber/lumber and the Old High German "hulta" also meaning timber/lumber. The noun Hausen which in standard German is only found as a suffix in place names (the verb hausen means to dwell, to reside) probably originates from the Old High German "husen" meaning hamlet or settlement.

A number of recensions of the Diatessaron are extant. The earliest, part of the eastern family of recensions, is preserved in 4th century theologian Ephrem the Syrian's Commentary on Tatian's work, which itself is preserved in two versions: an Armenian translation preserved in two copies, and a copy of Ephrem's original Syriac text dated to the late 5th or early 6th century, which has been edited by Louis Leloir (Paris, 1966). Many other translations have been made, sometimes including substantial revisions to the text. There are translations into Arabic, Latin, Old Georgian, Old High German, Middle High German, Middle English, Middle Dutch and Old Italian.

During late antiquity, the Greek phoneme represented by the letter mutated from an aspirated stop to a fricative . This mutation affected the pronunciation of , which began to be used to represent the phoneme in some of the languages that had it. One of the earliest languages to use the digraph this way was Old High German, before the final phase of the High German consonant shift, in which and came to be pronounced . The Old English Latin alphabet adapted the runic letter (thorn), as well as (eth; in Old English), a modified version of the Latin letter , to represent this sound, but the digraph gradually superseded these letters in Middle English.

Its name derives from the Yiddish word beygal from the German dialect word beugel, meaning "ring" or "bracelet". Variants of the word beugal are used in Yiddish and in Austrian German to refer to a similar form of sweet-filled pastry (Mohnbeugel (with poppy seeds) and Nussbeugel (with ground nuts), or in southern German dialects (where beuge refers to a pile, e.g., holzbeuge "woodpile"). According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, 'bagel' derives from the transliteration of the Yiddish 'beygl', which came from the Middle High German 'böugel' or ring, which itself came from 'bouc' (ring) in Old High German, similar to the Old English bēag "ring" and būgan "to bend, bow".

Huldrych Zwingli's bible translation of the 1520s (the 1531 Froschauer Bible) was in an Alemannic variant of Early Modern High German. From the seventeenth century, written Alemannic was displaced by Standard German, which emerged from sixteenth century Early Modern High German, in particular in the wake of Martin Luther's bible translation of the 1520s. The 1665 revision of the Froschauer Bible removed the Alemannic elements, approaching the language used by Luther. For this reason, no binding orthographical standard for writing modern Alemannic emerged, and orthographies in use usually compromise between a precise phonological notation, and proximity to the familiar Standard German orthography (in particular for loanwords).

Opinions on the status of the Old High German translation have varied: Thoma (1958) judged them as wholly dependent on the Latin text and not forming a coherent German text of its own. Sonderegger (1964) by contrast argued that the interlinear version in certain passages does represent a grammatical Old High German text with a poetic quality and "surprising eloquence" (mit erstaunlicher Sprachgewalt). Haubrich (1988) likewise admitted a "literary and poetic ambition" on the part of the author of the interlinear version. Andreas Kraß, "Murbacher Hymnen" in: Joachim Heinzle, L. Peter Johnson (eds.), Wolfram-Studien XIV: Übersetzen in Mittelalter Cambridger Kolloquium 1994 (1996), 89-91.

Kromberk was attested in written sources circa 1200 as In Lite and circa 1370 as in Strania. During the Middle Ages, the settlement was known as Stran or Stranje 'side (of a hill), ridge', reflected in the medieval transcriptions (Middle High German lite 'ridge, (mountain) side', Slovene stran). The current Slovene name is derived from the noble surname Kronberg, which is the German version of the Italian surname Coronini. The Italian surname was interpreted as derived from corona 'crown' and then translated as Middle High German krôn(e), to which the suffix -berc, -berg 'mountain' was added, which is frequent in names of castles and the settlements surrounding them.

Various etymologies were offered for the name, including derivation from the Middle High German word sûfen ("drinking to excess"),Wright 44; Shay 297. which led to Stuffo being associated with drunkenness.Löffler 3. Graf's Gardenstone, which accepts Stuffo's existence, lists Becher ("drinking cup") as a possible etymology.

The Jüngeres Hildebrandslied ("Younger Lay of Hildebrand") is a fifteenth-century heroic ballad, much like Ermenrichs Tod. Dietrich plays only a small role in this poem; it is an independent version of the same story found in the Old High German Hildebrandslied, but with a happy ending.

Eilhart von Oberge was a German poet of the late 12th century. He is known exclusively through his Middle High German romance Tristrant, the oldest surviving complete version of the Tristan and Iseult story in any language.The Arthurian Handbook, pp. 100–101.Kalinke, Marianne E. (1991).

Lagunen-Deutsch is a variety of High German spoken in Chile. Most speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch live around Lake Llanquihue. Lagunen-Deutsch has integrated elements of the Spanish language. This includes the integration of false cognates with the Spanish language, transferring the Spanish meanings into Lagunen-Deutsch.

Irminonic or Elbe Germanic is also therefore a term for one of the unattested dialect groups ancestral to the West Germanic language family, especially the High German languages,Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hünenburg. which include modern Standard German.

The Nightmare, by Henry Fuseli, 1781 A Mare (, , ; in Old High German, Old Norse, and Swedish) is a malicious entity in Germanic and Slavic folklore that rides on people's chests while they sleep, bringing on bad dreams (or "nightmares").Bjorvand and Lindeman (2007), pp. 719–720.

Eversen belongs to the Low German language area and the Northern Low Saxon dialect group. Since the end of the Second World War, however, High German has largely superseded it. However, Low German continues to be used colloquially especially amongst the older members of the village.

Hassel lies within the Low German language region and Northern Low Saxon dialect group. Since the end of the Second World War, High German (i.e. standard German) has become widespread and largely superseded Low German. However, amongst the older villagers Low German is still used colloquially.

Teuthonista is a phonetic transcription system used predominantly for the transcription of (High) German dialects. It is very similar to other Central European transcription systems from the early 20th century. The base characters are mostly based on the Latin alphabet, which can be modified by various diacritics.

Breitscheid lies in the Hunsrück between Koblenz and Bad Kreuznach. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Rhein-Nahe, whose seat is in Bingen am Rhein, although that town is not within its bounds. The placename comes from the Middle High German breit and -scheid: “wooded ridge”.

"Mässmogge" and its spelling variants "Mässmögge", "Mässmocke" or "Messmocken" are words in Basel German, the local dialect. "Mäss-" refers to the Messe, the fair at which the candy is sold, while "Mogge" is derived from the Middle High German word Mocken, meaning "big piece" or "lump".

In Old Polish rogal meaning horns/ horned and in Old High German, Kipfa means "carriage stanchion", referring to the stanchions or "horns" of a cart. From the 13th century this usage refers to a bread shape of pagan origin. In Hungarian, kifli means "twist" or "crescent".

The text is aimed at young nobles lecturing on courtesy, courtly love (minne), and chivalry, based on contemporary scholastic works on ethics, philosophy, and the liberal arts. The adoption of (Bavarian) Middle High German by a non-native speaker is a valuable contemporary source for linguistic researchers.

The coat of arms shows a pitchfork crossed by a rake. Nevertheless, the placename has nothing to do with "Heu" (hay), but is the written high German form of the old name "Hainwiller" (grove hamlet), meaning "village in the grove" or in the "Hau" (cut forest).

In Middle High German the infinitive usually ends in "-en" or simply "-n". The stem of the infinitive is the basic form from which all other verb forms are derived. The stem can be derived by simply taking the "-(e)n" ending off of the infinitive.

Becklingen belongs to the Low German language area and the Northern Low Saxon dialect group. Since the end of the Second World War, however, High German has largely superseded it. However, Low German continues to be used colloquially especially amongst the older members of the village.

Its name, given in 1393 as mazen, and later as meze or mätze, translates into high German as Weideberg or "willow mountain". The watershed between the North Sea and the Black Sea runs over the Hohe Matze, as does the 50th parallel and the Höhenweg walking trail.

He also composed various vernacular texts in Middle High German (24 are known, though at times doubt has been cast on the veracity of the attribution). The most notable of these are The Seven Stages of Prayer, and Concerning the Manifestation and Salvation of the Human Race.

The ' was first mentioned in a 1330 border charter issued in . Etymologists are inconclusive about the origin of its name. It may go back to ', hunter's jargon for "border". In Old High German, a ' is a narrow footpath or bridleway in contrast to a ' or military road.

Torka was attested in historical sources in 1501 as Am Thorekh. The name is believed to be a compound of German origin, from Middle High German tor 'gate' + egge 'hill, peak', thus meaning 'mountain gate' and referring to access through the village to the Ratitovec Ridge.

Aerial view of Hasliberg Hohfluh (1949) Brünig-Hasliberg rail road station Hasliberg is first mentioned in 1358 as Hasle an dem berge. The name is derived from the Old High German hasal "hazel". After 1834 it was known as Hasleberg. Since 1923 the spelling has been Hasliberg.

The name derives from minne, the Middle High German word for love, as that was Minnesang's main subject. The Minnesänger were similar to the Provençal troubadours and northern French trouvères in that they wrote love poetry in the tradition of courtly love in the High Middle Ages.

Meister Rumslant, Codex Manesse Meister Rumelant or Rumslant (' c. 1273after 1286 or 1287) was a Middle High German lyric poet. His origin is uncertain, although in his poems he referred to himself as a "Saxon". His name ("quit the land") suggests the life of a touring minstrel.

English spade is from Old English ' (f.) or ' (m.). The same word is found in Old Frisian ' and Old Saxon '. High German ' only appears in Early Modern German, probably loaned from Low German. In the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Norway the word is spade as well.

There is no organized neopagan group in Switzerland, the Eldaring catering also to Swiss and Austrian members. A loose network centered around interest in Alpine paganism has been active in Switzerland under the name Firner Situ (the Old High German translation of Forn Sed) since 2006.

This process started in the 11th century, and all the East Central German dialects are a result of this expansion. "Judeo-German", the precursor of the Yiddish language, sees attestation in the 12th–13th centuries, as a variety of Middle High German written in Hebrew characters.

The name Franking comes from the Old High German name "Franko or Francho". The name was first mentioned in 1150, when a Ulricus von franchingen is named in a document. Till 1779 Franking was part of Bavaria, after the Treaty of Teschen it became part of Austria.

It was also during this period that castles and courts replaced monasteries as centers of culture. Growing out of this courtly culture, Middle High German literature reached its peak in lyrical love poetry, the Minnesang, and in narrative epic poems such as Tristan, Parzival, and the Nibelungenlied.

Volla (Folla) is attested in the "Horse Cure" Merseburg Incantation, recorded anonymously in the 10th century in Old High German, in which she assists in healing the wounded foal of Phol and is referred to as Frigg's sister. Scholars have proposed theories about the implications of the goddess.

Bliedersdorf (in High German, in Low Saxon: Bliersdörp) is a municipality in the district of Stade, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is east of Nottensdorf, southwest of Horneburg, and northwest of the simple dolmen megaliths of Grundoldendorf. Like the rest of Stade, it is part of the Elbe-Weser Triangle.

A minority opinion holds that the historical name of the town, Sarabrucca, derived from the Old High German word Brucca, meaning bridge, or more precisely a Corduroy road, which was also used in fords. Next to the castle, there was a ford allowing land-traffic to cross the Saar.

Rembrandt is a Dutch given name of Old Dutch and Old High German origin. Variants are Rembrand and Rembrant. An old form was Ragemprand with Ragem, Rem (advice) and prand, brand (sword).Behindthename.com Rembrandt In 2014, there were 203 persons with Rembrandt as a given name in the Netherlands.

Aachen Town HallAachener Chronik is a town chronicle dated to the late 15th century.Aachen. Stadtbibliothek (1834) p476. The chronicle is written in High German, although some portions of the earlier chapters use Low German references. The document is anonymous but was probably commissioned by the Aachen town council.

Rieckenberg, "Bolko I.", in Neue Deutsche Biographie, p. 431. He was a patron of literature. An 8000 line poem in Middle High German on the exploits of Ludwig III, Count of Thuringia, was composed by an unnamed priest at Bolko's instigation.Garland and Garland, Oxford Companion to German Literature, p.

The Beginnings of German Literature: Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Old High German. Rochester NY: Camden House. . There are many conjectural readings, some of them crucial to modern interpretation of the work.As standard references on this text (all with select bibliographies) see Steinhoff 1987; Staiti 2002; Hellgardt 2013.

The Kleine Heidelberger Liederhandschift ("Small Heidelberg Song-manuscript") is a collection of Middle High German Minnesang texts. In Minnesang scholarship it is referred to as MS. A. It is held by the Heidelberg University Library with the signature Cod.Pal.germ. 357 (Cpg 357). Along with the Weingarten Manuscript (MS.

First page of Alpharts Tod. Staatsbibliothek Berlin Ms. germ. fol. 856 fol. 2r. Alpharts Tod (The Death of Alphart) is an anonymous late medieval Middle High German poem in the poetic cycle of the hero Dietrich von Bern, the legendary counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great.

Both Reichartsweiler and Rehweiler have the placename ending —weiler. As a standalone word, this means “hamlet” in Modern High German (but originally “homestead”). It can be traced to the Latin word villa (“estate”) and the German loanword villare. In both cases, the foregoing syllables come from personal names.

1st century BC). During the Early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Old English (Anglo-Saxon) and related Old Frisian, the High German consonant shift, and the relatively conservative (in respect to common West Germanic) ancestors of Low Saxon and Old Dutch.

Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Ljubljana: Modrijan and Založba ZRC, p. 237. Another theory derives the name from Middle High German leim 'mud, silt', connected with regular flooding of the Rinža River. A third theory relates the name to branching vegetation such as bindweed, ivy, and traveler's joy.

Heidelberg manuscript, mid 13th century Thomasin von Zirclaere, also called Thomasîn von Zerclaere or Tommasino Di Cerclaria (c. 1186 – c. 1235) was an Italian Middle High German lyric poet. The epic poem Der Wälsche Gast (original: Der welhische gast, "The Romance stranger") is the only preserved work by him.

Otto Behaghel (May 3, 1854 in Karlsruhe – October 9, 1936 in Munich) was a germanist and professor in Heidelberg, Basel, and Gießen. He added theoretical contributions to the German and Middle High German language. He formulated Behaghel's laws. His work is still important in Theme and rheme research.

The epic tale is written in a mixture of Low and High German. It seems to be for a Bavarian audience and was perhaps written by a Bavarian priest. The reason for this is because the writer mentions two noble Bavarian families, the Tengelingen and the Diessen.Gibbs, p.

In earlier medieval law, especially in Germanic law, two types of pledge existed, being either possessory (cf. Old English wed, Old French gage, Old High German wetti, Latin pignus depositum), i.e., delivered from the outset, or nonpossessory (cf. OE bād, OFr nam, nant, OHG pfant, L pignus oppositum), i.e.

The medieval place name of the modern Melibokus was Mons Malscus, and there is a settlement in the region, Malchen. One possible etymology derives the name from Old High German , "conceited", which Julius Pokorny reports is from Indo-European mel- "grind" in the sense of "ground down" or "weak".

Cross-section of a wooden gedackt pipe Gedackt (also spelled gedeckt) is the name of a family of stops in pipe organ building. They are one of the most common types of organ flue pipe. The name stems from the Middle High German word gedact, meaning "capped" or "covered".

Weitmar-Mark is a suburb of the city of Bochum in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Bochum is in the Ruhr area. The population used to speak Westphalian, but now High German is the norm. Weitmar-Mark is not far from the center of Bochum, between Weitmar-Mitte and Stiepel.

In total, Ruysbroeck wrote twelve books, seven epistles, two hymns and a prayer. All were written in Middle Dutch. Around 1340, Ruysbroeck wrote his masterpiece, The Spiritual Espousals. The 36 surviving Dutch manuscripts, as well as translations into Latin and Middle High German, are evidence of the book's popularity.

This is from the 1498 edition published in Lübeck, one of the major Hanseatic cities. The typeface is typical for the blackletter used in MLG printing. Middle Low German or Middle Saxon (autonym: Sassisch, i.e. "Saxon", Standard High German: ', Modern Dutch: ') is a developmental stage of Low German.

Other spells recorded in Old High German or Old Saxon/Old Low German noted for similarity, such as the group of wurmsegen spells for casting out the "Nesso" worm causing the affliction. There are several manuscript recensions of this spell, and Jacob Grimm scrutinizes in particular the so- called "Contra vermes" variant, in Low German from the Cod. Vidob. theol. 259 (now ÖNB Cod. 751). The text is Old High German, with a Latin title: > Contra vermes (against worms) Gang ût, nesso, mit nigun nessiklînon, ût > fana themo margę an that bên, fan themo bêne an that flêsg, ût fana themo > flêsgke an thia hûd, ût fan thera hûd an thesa strâla.

43r In legends about Theodoric the Great that spread after his death, the Gothic king Theodoric became known as Dietrich von Bern, a king ruling from Verona (Bern) who was forced into exile with the Huns. The differences between the known life of Theodoric and the picture of Dietrich in the surviving legends are usually attributed to a long-standing oral tradition that continued into the sixteenth century. The majority of legendary material about Dietrich/Theodoric comes from high and late medieval Holy Roman Empire and is composed in Middle High German or Early New High German. Another important source for legends about Dietrich is the Old Norse Thidrekssaga, which was written using German sources.

Isoglosses on the Faroe Islands High German subdivides into Upper German (green) and Central German (blue), and is distinguished from Low Franconian and Low German (yellow). The main isoglosses, the Benrath and Speyer lines, are marked in black. An isogloss, also called a heterogloss (see Etymology below), is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or the use of some morphological or syntactic feature. Major dialects are typically demarcated by bundles of isoglosses, such as the Benrath line that distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages and the La Spezia–Rimini Line that divides the Northern Italian languages from Central Italian dialects.

The story of Eneas is, after all, also the story of the foundation of Rome; the German emperors considered themselves the heirs of the Roman Empire. Medieval royal houses quite often had falsified family trees made that went back to the Trojans. That the Eneas Romance has only been preserved in Middle High German versions has given rise to the question whether the part of the romance Veldeke showed to the countess of Cleves was originally written in Maaslandic (Middle Dutch) or Middle High German. Germanists such as Otto Behaghel (in his 1882 edition) and Theodor Frings and Gabriele Schieb (in their edition of 1964-1970) believed Veldeke wrote the Eneas in his mother tongue, Maaslandic.

The first syllable of the municipality's name, Jettenbach, refers to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), which still grows along the village brook today. It comes from the Old High German root jetto, which was used either as a word for "weed" or as the name for the plant perennial ryegrass (in Modern High German, however, it is called Deutsches Weidelgras or Wiesenlolch). Whether, in fact, there was a person whose name was connected with this jetto is unknown. It is thus assumed that whoever the first settlers were, they had to weed (German: ausjäten – here the root does show up) the land of this ryegrass so that they could use it as farmland.

In German dialects, a large amount of forms of "theodiscus" existed throughout the Middle Ages and which all referred to either the broader Romance/Germanic dichotomy in the West and South or the Slavic/Germanic bipartition in the East. In Old High German both diutisk and diutisc are known, that developed in Middle High German as diutsc. In Middle Low German it was known as ' and Modern Low German as '. However, in German, the use of the term referring to Germans specifically as opposed to people speaking Germanic languages in general evolves during the Early Modern Period and it is in the late 17th and 18th century that the modern meaning of ' is established.

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins and the vocabulary is considered quite different from that of the Indo-European family, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'.

In 1325, Königsau had its first documentary mention as Kunigesauwe. Later spellings of the name, in modern times, render it Königß Auen (1601) or Kinzau (1766), the latter of which is preserved to this day in the name for the village used in the local speech, “Kinze”. The mediaeval name goes back to the Old High German cuning (meaning the same as and cognate with the English word “king”;Etymology of “king” it is König in Modern High German), which has led to the conclusion that the Königsau-Kellenbach area was once a royal or Imperial estate. Fitting this interpretation would be the Lords of Stein (Steinkallenfels), who exercised jurisdiction as Imperial ministeriales at the high court of Kellenbach.

The literary theorist Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700–1766), who spent most of his adult life in Leipzig, considered Saxony's upper-class speech as the guiding form of standard German. When Johann Christoph Adelung (1732–1806) published his High German dictionary (Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart), he made clear that "High German"—to him—meant the parlance of educated Upper Saxons. He claimed that the Upper Saxon variety was to the German language what Attic was to Greek and Tuscan to Italian. One motive of the parents of German national poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749–1832; a native of Frankfurt) to send him to study in Leipzig was to adopt a more sophisticated language.

Sometimes, Mecklenburg is pronounced . This is because the digraph marks a preceding short vowel in High German. Mecklenburg however is within the historical Low German language area, and the "c" appeared in its name during the period of transition to Standard, High German usage (Low German authors wrote the name Meklenborg or Męklenborg, depicting proper Low German pronunciation, which itself was a syncope of Middle Low German Mekelenborg). The introduction of the "c" is explained as follows: Either the "c" signals the stretched pronunciation of the preceding "e" (Dehnungs-c), or it signals the pronunciation of the subsequent "k" as an occlusive [k] to prevent it from falsely being rendered as a fricative [χ] following a Low German trend.

The monks had a strong relationship with the famous school at Cashel. Honorius Augustodunensis (died ca. 1151), a highly influential medieval theologian, spent the last years of his life in the monastery. It is also possible that the 12th-century Middle High German Kaiserchronik was written here, though this is disputed.

The past tense was conjugated with suffix -nō-, e.g. Gothic fullnōda, fullnōdēs, etc. This class vanished in other Germanic languages; however, a significant number of cognate verbs appear as Class II verbs in Old Norse and as Class III verbs in Old High German. This class has fientive semantics, i.e.

While this led to some degree of Frankish linguistic influence, the language of both the administration and the Church was Latin, and this unification did not therefore lead to any development of a supra-regional variety of Frankish nor a standardized Old High German; the individual dialects retained their identity.

Innenheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. Among speakers of the local language, the village is often called "Enle" or "Inle" according to the speaker's accent. The suffix "..le" is an Alsatian affectionate diminutive, and equivalent to "..lein" in modern high German.

Grčarice was first attested in written sources in 1498 as Masern. The German name Masern is derived from the Old High German root maser 'knotty growth on a tree'. This semantically corresponds to the Slovene root grča 'knot', which may be the basis of the Slovene name Grčarice.Snoj, Marko. 2009.

Paul Derks: Der Ortsname Essen, in: Essener Beiträge 103 (1989/90), pp. 27–51 The Old High German word for fireplace, Esse, is also commonly mentioned due to the industrial history of the city, but is highly unlikely since the old forms of the city name originate from times before industrialization.

Rafolče was attested in written sources in 1332 as Rauelsdorf (and as Raffolstorff in 1351, Rapholczdorff in 1362, and Raffelsdorf in 1458). Locally, the village is known as Rahovče. The name is originally a plural demonym derived from the Old High German name Rapholt and thus means 'residents of Rapholt's village'.

72 of the New Hymnal.Helmut Gneuss, Hymnar und Hymnen im englischen Mittelalter (1968). The hymn has 12 strophes of 4 verses each as originally recorded;in modern translations it is often reduced to 11 or fewer strophes. The Old High German interlinear version in Bodleian Junius 25 begins Tagarod leohtes lohazit.

Still, there are notable differences in pronunciation, even among North German speakers such as the lengthening of vowels and differences in accentuation. There are also some North German expressions that are in use even in Standard High German but are seldom heard in Southern Germany, such as "plietsch" for "intelligent".

Each character was given a specific grammatical or geo-phonetical profile which the German language allows without leaving the relatively tolerant scope of modern High-German. In toto, Mitte is a postmodern mix of genres: an autobiography, a comedy, a work of fiction, an urban phantasy and a love-story.

The plural name of the settlement thus literally means 'residents of Fučko's village'. The name Fučko itself could be derived from the verb fučkati 'to whistle', but is probably a hypocorism of the personal name Fuk (until recently also a Slovene surname), likely derived from the Old High German name Fucco.

The Slovene name Onek is derived from German Hohenegg. The German name Hohenegg and the Gottscheerish name Wrneggə are derived from hohen Eck 'high hillside, high slope', with the common southern German reflex -egg (< Old High German ekka),Heintze, Albert. 1882. Die Deutschen Familiennamen: Geschichtlich, geographisch, sprachlich. Halle: Buchh. d.

Visitation Church: ad Rosoletum Collem (at Rožnik Hill) Rožnik Hill was attested in written sources in 1326 as Rosenberch. The Slovene name is a translation from the German name Rosenberg, originally a compound of Middle High German rôse 'rose' and berc 'mountain, hill'.Snoj, Marko. 2009. Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen.

Herdrich (her-jrik) is derived from the Old High German "hart", meaning "strong" or "powerful", and the Germanic word "rik", denoting a "king". "prince", or "ruler". The earliest recorded date of the family name Herdrich was in 1296. The origin of the family name Herdrich is Northern Germany and Southern Denmark.

Kramer is an occupational surname of Dutch or Low German origin () or it is derived from the High German surname Krämer ( or ). In Middle Low German in the Late Middle Ages, Kramer only referred to a traveling merchant. The meaning later changed to "merchants trading with different, rather small things".

The geographical names were transcribed differently from today. For example, today's é was written ee, today's ö was ew. It is also noted that c is sometimes written tz, which is a characteristic of the Old High German orthography. These may be created by contributors, who prepared the work for printing.

J. R. R. Tolkien interpreted his own surname as derived from the Low German equivalent of dull- keen (High German ') which would be a literal equivalent of Greek oxy- moron.see e.g. Adam Roberts, ^The Riddles of The Hobbit (2013), p. 164f; J.R. Holmes in J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia (2007), p. 53.

After cinema distribution, the film was broadcast on West German television (WDR). For this broadcast, the film needed to be subtitled in High German. In 1988, the “Filmmakers' Distribution Association” re- released Herbrich's films in the edition "Fiction - Non-Fiction". In the same year, he shot his third feature film Earthbound.

The feature that distinguishes Low Alemannic from High Alemannic is the retention of Germanic /k/, for instance kalt 'cold' vs. High Alemannic chalt. The feature that distinguishes Low Alemannic from Swabian is the retention of the Middle High German monophthongs, for instance Huus 'house' vs. Swabian Hous or Ziit 'time' vs.

The modern English word loaf is derived from Old English hlaf, bread, which in turn is from Gothic hlaifs. Old High German hleib and modern German Laib derive from this Proto-Germanic word, which was borrowed into Slavic (Polish chleb, Russian khleb) and Finnic (Finnish leipä, Estonian leib) languages as well.

In various sources it is maintained that the name Acker is derived from the Middle High German word Agger which means "crest" or "embankment". However, there is no definite source for this theory. On the other hand, Agger is a Latin word and means "earth embankment", see Agger (ancient Rome).

Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch s.v. BUD (289) connects the Old High German short name Bodo (variants Boto, Boddo, Potho, Boda, Puoto etc.) as from the same verbal root. The name also occurs in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, s.a. 501, as Bieda, one of the sons of the Saxon founder of Portsmouth.

Hildebrand warns the Burgundians Hildebrand is a character from Germanic legend. Hildebrand is the modern German form of the name: in Old High German it is Hiltibrant and in Old Norse Hildibrandr. The word hild means "battle" and brand means "sword". The name itself is very likely of Lombardic origin.

Tannhäuser, from the Codex Manesse (about 1300). Tannhäuser (; Middle High German: Tanhûser) was a German Minnesinger and poet. Historically, his biography is obscure beyond the poetry, which dates between 1245 and 1265. His name becomes associated with a "fairy queen"-type folk ballad in German folklore of the 16th century.

It was commented upon copiously: by John Scotus Erigena, Hadoard, Alexander Neckham, and Remigius of Auxerre.For a digital edition of the glosses in Carolingian manuscripts of Martianus Capella, see Teeuwen (2008) and Isépy & Posselt (2010). In the eleventh century the German monk Notker Labeo translated the first two books into Old High German.

Freiburg (in High German, officially Freiburg an der Elbe; short: Freiburg/ElbeThus Freiburg is differentiated from Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg (officially: Freiburg im Breisgau) and Freiburg, Fribourg, also distinguished as Freiburg im Üechtland., Freiborg/Elv (in Low German), or Freiborg (in Low Saxon) is a municipality in the district of Stade, Lower Saxony, Germany.

One of the two Old High German Merseburg Incantations call upon female beings—idisi—to bind and hamper an army. The incantation reads: > :'Once the Idisi sat, sat here and there, :some bound fetters, some hampered > the army, :some untied fetters: :Escape from the fetters, flee from the > enemies.'Simek (2007:171).

Old High German Strödu means 'boggy thicket' and un- is a prefix to intensify the meaning, and so the Unstrut region was a very swampy area. In 575, the river was attested as the Onestrudis, in the 7th century it was referred to as the Unestrude, and in 994 as the Vnstruod.

By way of historical linguistics and comparative mythology, comparisons to other attested branches of Germanic mythology (such as the Old High German Merseburg Incantations) may also lend insight., and . Wider comparisons to the mythology of other Indo-European peoples by scholars has resulted in the potential reconstruction of far earlier myths., and .

Van Musschenbroek attended Latin school until 1708, where he studied Greek, Latin, French, English, High German, Italian, and Spanish. He studied medicine at Leiden University and received his doctorate in 1715. He also attended lectures by John Theophilus Desaguliers and Isaac Newton in London. He finished his study in philosophy in 1719.

Mount Mangart was attested in historical sources in 1617 as Monhart. The name is of German origin, derived from the personal name Mainhart (from Old High German Maganhard). In addition to serving as the name of the mountain, this German name has also developed into Slovene surnames such as Manhart and Menart.

A balcony (from , scaffold; cf. Old High German balcho, beam, balketta; probably cognate with Persian term بالكانه bālkāneh or its older variant پالكانه pālkāneh;Dehkhoda Persian Dictionary) is a platform projecting from the wall of a building, supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade, usually above the ground floor.

Middle High German mysticism, often called "Rhineland mysticism," is a key prose genre. Three fourteenth-century Dominican authors are particularly important: Meister Eckhart, Henry Suso (also known as Heinrich Seuse), and Johannes Tauler. Female religious writers also made significant contributions, particularly Mechthild von Magdeburg (The Flowing Light of the Godhead) and Margareta Ebner.

Wolfdietrich attacking the dragons on the first page of Ortnit. From Heidelberg, Universitätsbiblothek, Cpg 365, folios 1v and 2r. Ortnit is the eponymous protagonist of the Middle High German heroic epic Ortnit. First written down in strophic form in around 1230 by an anonymous author, it circulated in a number of distinct versions.

Woodward and Burnett, p. 37. Early mention of heraldic shields in Middle High German literature also dates to the 12th century. Shield designs are described in the Kaiserchronik (c. 1150-1170), such as the boar carried by the Romans, as well as, in isolated cases, in the Rolandslied (c. 1115), König Rother (c.

According to one theory, it was derived from a spoofed Arab word bearing a connection to the Second Crusade in which Henry participated in 1147. According to popular etymology, it is derived from the Middle High German form of the oath joch sam mir got helfe (meaning: "Yes, so help me God").

The name Riegsee derives from the personal name Ruodgis and the Old High German word for "lake", sê(o). Attested historical forms of the name include Ruodgise (1050–c. 1065), Rvodgisisse (1052–55), Roueggese (c. 1065–75), Ruodkisesse/Rotkisesse (1152–53), Ruetgisse (1193–95), Ruggessê (1193–95), Roͮikisse (12th century), Rovchse (c.

In addition to wishes and other unreal conditions, it is used after imperatives, after indefinite pronouns (such as swaȥ and swer), and after comparatives. In addition, it often occurs in subordinate clauses where there is otherwise no evident need for a subjunctive. Two voices are exhibited in Middle High German: active and passive.

Haguna or Hagana is a historical Germanic name. It is attested in the form Hagano in Old High German (8th century) and as Haguna and Hagena in Old English. Old West Norse has Hǫgni, presumably loaned from the character in German legend. Old Danish has Haghni and Hoghni; Old Swedish Haghne and Høghne.

Binkelj was attested in written sources in 1300 as in dem Winchel (and as ze Alten Lak zu Winkhel in 1392, am Puhel before 1492, and im Winkhel in 1500). The name is derived from Middle High German winkel 'corner, secluded area, hiding place'. In the past the German name was Winkel.

In 1992, she received her doctorate for a dissertation on the Middle High German romance Parzival. In 1993, Ulrike Draesner quit her academic career in order to work as a full-time author. She has lived in Berlin since 1994, writing both poetry and prose. Her novel Vorliebe (2010) is a romance novel.

The Burggraf von Rietenburg in the Codex Manesse. The Burggraf von RietenburgFor other spellings, see and (died after 1185) was a Middle High German lyric poet in the Minnesang tradition. He was probably the younger brother of the Burggraf von Regensburg. All seven of his surviving stanzas are concerned with courtly love.

OS Explorer Map 230 - Diss & Harleston. . The place-name 'Quidenham' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as 'Cuidenham', and means 'Cwida's ham or village'. The name 'Cwida' corresponds to the Old High German name 'Quito'.Eilert Ekwall, Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place- names, p.377.

Qntal I is the debut album of the German Darkwave/Gothic rock/Industrial band Qntal. The album features a mix of medieval lyrics in languages like Latin, Middle High German and Middle French combined with electronic music of the late 1980s Dark Scene. In 2007 it was re-released on Noir Records.

The Physiologus had an impact on neighboring literatures: medieval translations into Latin, Armenian, Georgian, Slavic, Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic are known. Translations and adaptations from the Latin introduced the "Physiologus" into almost all the languages of Western Europe. An Old High German (Alemannic) translation was written in Hirsau in ca. 1070 (ed.

The English word finger stems from Old English finger, ultimately from Proto-Germanic ' ('finger'). It is cognate with Gothic ', Old Norse ', or Old High German '. Linguists generally assume that ' is a ro-stem deriving from a previous form ', ultimately from Proto-Indo-European ' ('five'). The name pinkie derives from Dutch , of uncertain origin.

The name Rovt is derived from the common noun rovt 'glade, clearing', referring to a meadow on cleared land in a hilly area. The Slovene word rovt is derived from Old High German rût 'clearing'. Like other places with similar names (e.g., Rovte, Rut), this name refers to a local geographical feature.

However, non-scientifically, Hochdeutsch (unlike its English equivalent "High German") is the common word for "Standard German". Scientific German term for Standard German are Neuhochdeutsch ("New High German") or Standarddeutsch ("Standard German"). pointing out that Ivar Aasen, the creator of Nynorsk orthography, had especially valued the dialects of the mountainous areas of middle and western Norway, as opposed to the dialects of the lowlands of eastern Norway, which Hannaas called flatnorsk (Flat Norwegian, like Plattdeutsch). The written High Norwegian language is a tradition originating from the first version of the New Norwegian written language (then called Landsmål), as it was built by Ivar Aasen and later used by classical New Norwegian authors as Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, Arne Garborg, Olav Nygard and Olav H. Hauge.

These are written in rhyming couplets, and again draw on French models such as Chrétien de Troyes, many of them relating Arthurian material, for example, Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach. The third literary movement of these years was a new revamping of the heroic tradition, in which the ancient Germanic oral tradition can still be discerned, but tamed and Christianized and adapted for the court. These high medieval heroic epics are written in rhymed strophes, not the alliterative verse of Germanic prehistory (for example, the Nibelungenlied). The Middle High German period is conventionally taken to end in 1350, while the Early New High German is taken to begin with the German Renaissance, after the invention of movable type in the mid-15th century.

In bygone days, the local Birkenfeld dialect was marked by the peculiarity of often replacing the sounds /d/ and /t/ – and sometimes /r/ as well – with /l/, a shift known as lambdacism. For example, a Birkenfelder in those days would have said Fulerlale where Standard High German would have Futterladen (“fodder shop”). A full-sentence example can be seen in a remark made by the Birkenfeld sexton “Fuchs Karl” to the church councillor and parish priest Haag: Jo, jo, Herr Kirjerot, pririje kann e jela, awa noch lang net loule!, or in Standard High German, Ja, ja, Herr Kirchenrat, predigen kann ein jeder, aber noch lange nicht läuten! (“Yes, yes, Mr. Church Councillor, preaching is something anyone can do, but bellringing, not for long”).

This "Old Frankish" period, then, beginning in the Proto-Germanic period and lasting until the 10th century, is meant to include Old High German, Old Dutch and the language that split to form Low German and High German. A second term in use by Van Vliet was oud Duijts, "Old Dutch", where Duijts meant "the entire Continental Germanic continuum". The terms Nederlandsch and Nederduijts were coming into use for contemporary Dutch. Van Vliet used the oud Duijts ambiguously to mean sometimes Francks, sometimes Old Dutch, and sometimes Middle Dutch, perhaps because the terms were not yet firm in his mind.. Duijts had been in general use until about 1580 to refer to the Dutch language, but subsequently was replaced by Nederduytsch.

In this reading, the rapid changes undergone by Irish around the fifth to sixth centuries also reflected the adoption of the language by speakers of Ireland's former language (which is known to have given Irish some loan-words but is otherwise now lost). Chapter 3, 'The Origin of High German', focuses on the High German consonant shift. It argues that the way the shift manifested in Old Low Franconian in the Rhineland and in Langobardic in Italy is so similar to the manifestation of affrication in Late Spoken Latin in those areas that there must be a causal connection. Thus the chapter argues that the shift reflects Latin-speakers switching to German and carrying features of their own pronunciation over to it.

Based on the fact that Langobardic, extinct around 1000, has undergone the High German consonant shift completely, it is also often classified as Upper German. However, if the High German consonant shift occurred late (7th/8th century), which now seems to be the prevalent view, it would seem to be anachronistic to do so. On the other hand, if Langobardic was still essentially identical to Bavarian or Alemannic at the time, the anachronism would disappear, and in fact, what is attested in Langobardic cannot really be shown to be systematically different in any particular point from the earliest attested form of Bavarian in the 8th century, apart from a few rather minor divergent phonological developments, which, however, seem to postdate the sound shift.

In 762, during a dangerous illness, he introduced among his priests a confraternity of prayer known as the League of Attigny. Saint Chrodegang was well versed in Latin and the native early Old High German. He died at Metz on 6 March 766 and was buried in Gorze Abbey, the site of his principal shrine.

Schaefer is an alternative spelling and cognate for the German word "Schäfer", meaning shepherd, which itself descends from the Old High German scāphare. Variants "Shaefer", "Schäfer" (a standardized spelling in many German-speaking countries after 1880), the additional alternative spelling "Schäffer", and the anglicised forms "Schaeffer", "Schaffer", "Shaffer", "Shafer", and "Schafer" are all common surnames.

Ertel is a surname originating from South Germany: from a personalized form of a name beginning with Ort-, from Old High German "ort": "point (of a sword or lance)." Ertel may also mean "Steel Smith." Ertel may be a derivation of other surnames, including "Ertl" and "Ertle." This surname of ERTEL has two origins.

The most popular theory states that the historical name of the town, Sarabrucca, derived from the Celtic word briga (hill, or rock, big stone), which became Brocken (can mean rock or boulder) in High German. The castle of Sarabrucca was located on a large rock by the name of Saarbrocken overlooking the river Saar.

The project absorbed Luther's later years.Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, Minneapolis: Fortress, p. 46. Thanks to the then recently invented printing press,Mark U. Edwards, Jr., Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther (1994). the result was widely disseminated and contributed significantly to the development of today's modern High German language.

It was drained in the late 16th century. The lake was formed 8000 years ago following a rockslide that ponded the village's brook behind it. It had a length of about 2 km when full. The name of the village, "Seewen" (Old High German for "at the lakes"), comes from its location near the lake.

The name is recorded in an Icelandic form as Óðalríkr only in the later medieval period.Skálholtsbók; see Guðrún P. Helgadóttir, Hrafns Saga Sveinbjarnarsonar (1987), p. 87. In the Middle High German period the name generally commemorated Saint Ulrich, Bishop of Augsburg (c. 890 – 4 July 973), who twice defended Augsburg from attacks by Magyars.

213 In 1897 the youngest sister Alicia married Friedrich Schönburg-Waldenburg, a high German aristocrat and owner of many estates in Saxony. Just after giving birth to their only son she abandoned her husband, got the marriage annulled by the Church and in 1903 married an Italian officer Lino del Prete.Melgar 1940, pp. 213–214.

Margaret Armour (10 September 1860 – 13 October 1943) was a Scottish poet, novelist, and translator. She translated the Nibelungenlied from Middle High German into English prose, first published in 1897 as The Fall of the Nibelungs. In 1910 she translated The Ring of the Nibelung by Richard Wagner, and in 1928 she translated Gudrun.

He may have left it unfinished. The chronicle of Berthold of Zwiefalten takes up the project. Berthold wrote later and makes use of Ortlieb's text, but Ortlieb also cites him as a source. Ortlieb provides the correct etymology of Zwiefalten (Zwivaltaha): from Middle High German zwivalt (twofold) and aha (creek), or in Latin duplex fluvius.

The word bank was taken Middle English from Middle French banque, from Spanish banca,from Old Italian banca, meaning "table", from Old High German banc, bank "bench, counter". Benches were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during the Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths.

Siegfried cuts the dragon in half while Kriemhild watches. Woodcut from an early modern printing of Hürnen Seyfrid. Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid (the song of horn-skinned Siegfried), or Hürnen Seyfrid for short, is an anonymous Early New High German heroic ballad. The poem concerns the adventures of young Siegfried, hero of the Nibelungenlied.

Because of the high German losses the German High Command demanded General Fritz Schlieper to present a detailed report regarding combat at Brest 22–29 June 1941. It was made on July 8, 1941.The German text is published in Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer], Irina Yelenskaya, Yelena Pashkovich [et al.] (ed.): Brest. Leto 1941 g.

Reicherts research focuses on Middle High German and Old Norse literature, Germanic names, runology and early Germanic culture. He is a known authority on the Nibelungenlied. His 1984 habilitation, ', is considered the standard reference work on Germanic names. Reichert has written a large number of books and articles, and was formerly a editor of '.

The name Bauland goes back to the word Ponland which meant a "strip of land in which beans are cultivated" (from the Middle High German pône). The Bauland is colloquially known as Baden Siberia (Badisch Sibirien) due to its climate.Zentrum und Provinz – die Entstehung von „Badisch Sibirien“ at www.erfatal-museum.de. Retrieved 10 Mar 2019.

The name Kirnbach comes from the Middle High German word Kürn (= mill). It was first mentioned in 1275 as Kurnbach or Kurenbach. Kirnbach was part of the territory of the Lords of Hornberg. The village went by marriage to Duke Reinhold of Urslingen and, after his death, to the line of Geroldseck from Sulz.

Vincarje was first attested in written sources in 1291 as Weinzůrl (and as Weinzurl in 1318 and Weintzurl in 1500). The name (now a feminine plural) is originally a masculine accusative plural of the common noun vincar 'day laborer in a vineyard', borrowed from Middle High German winzer.Snoj, Marko. 2009. Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen.

The name Dorfarje was first attested in 1291 as in Dorfern. It is derived from Middle High German Dorfern, originally a plural form of the common noun dorfære 'villager' (< dorf 'village'). The name therefore literally means 'villagers' and refers to early German colonization of the Sora Plain. In the past the German name was Dörfern.

Krampus The word Krampus originates from the Old High German word for claw (Krampen). In the Alpine regions, the Krampus is a mythical horned figure represented as accompanying Saint Nicholas. Krampus acts as an anti–Saint Nicholas, who, instead of giving gifts to good children, gives warnings and punishments to the bad children.Billock, Jennifer.

Hermann Fressant was a 14th-century town clerk in the German city of Ulm. He was probably born in Augsburg. His claim to fame is the late Middle High German verse tale of marital fidelity, Der Hellerwertwitz (A Ha'porth of Good Sense). A philandering merchant is advised to pretend that he has become a pauper.

In German, some verbs which display a back vowel in the past tense undergo umlaut in the subjunctive mood: singen/sang (ind.)→sänge (subj.) ("sing/sang"); fechten/focht (ind.)→föchte (subj.) ("fight/fought"). Again, this is due to the presence of a following i in the verb endings in the Old High German period.

Sathmar Swabian is an Upper Swabian dialect of High German spoken in Romania in Satu Mare by the Sathmar Swabians,Helmut Berner, Die Mundart der Sathmarer Schwaben nebst einigen ihrer Besonderheiten who are among the few Danube Swabians who are in fact Swabian. Many speakers now live in Germany but some remain in Transylvania, Romania.

Straub is a Germanic surname that literally means "one with bushy or bristly hair". Its original meaning in Middle High German is "rough" or "unkempt". It may also refer to people who come from Straubing in Germany. Spelling variations of Straub include Straube, Strauber, Straubinger, Strauble, Strob, Strobel, Strube, Strub, Strufe, Struwe, and Struwing.

It is a popular misconception that the term "woman" is etymologically connected to "womb". (Originally published in two volumes, 1895 and 1898, by The European Publishing Company.) "Womb" derives from the Old English word wamb meaning "belly, uterus" (modern German retains the colloquial term "wamme" from Old High German wamba for "belly, paunch, lap").

They are descended from Masovians (; ), who were Polish settlers from Mazovia. These settlers moved to the Duchy of Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. They spoke the Masurian dialect. Since the middle 19th century, High German was increasingly used among Masurians as opposed to Low German used by most of East Prussia's German population.

The name of the brook, Ems, is from Old High German Ohm. Both these name elements point to a settlement period lasting more than 2,000 years. Also pointing to such a thing is the Celtic circular rampart on the nearby Taunus peak, Burg. In 1806, the municipal area belonged to the Duchy of Nassau.

De Mulder at familienaam.be The surname Mulder is also an occupational name of German origin, meaning "the maker of wooden bowls", from Middle High German mulde "bowl", "trough", or "tub" + the agent suffix -er.Mulder Name Meaning Mulder Family History (ancestry.com) However, the majority of people with this last name are of the Dutch name origin.

Waldemar, Valdemar or Woldemar is an Old High German given name. It consists of the elements wald- "power", "brightness" and -mar "fame". The name is considered the equivalent of the Russian name Vladimir, or Ukrainian name Volodymyr. The Old Norse form Valdamarr (also Valdarr) occurs in the Guðrúnarkviða II as the name of a king of the Danes.

Maurice II de Craon is the central character of the anonymous Middle High German verse romance Moriz von Craûn dated between 1187 and 1250. This, in turn, derives from a French fabliau: Du chevalier qui recovra l'amour de sa dame. The story tells of Maurice's attempts to woo "Isabel", depicted as the wife of his neighbour, Richard de Beaumont.

There are also various sermons attributed to Suso, although only two appear to be authentic. A treatise known as the Minnebüchlein (Little Book of Love) is sometimes, but probably incorrectly, attributed to Suso. Suso was very widely read in the later Middle Ages. There are 232 extant manuscripts of the Middle High German Little Book of Eternal Wisdom.

The Low German/Low Saxon (yellow) and Low Franconian (orange) dialects Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League. It was the predominant language in Northern Germany until the 16th century. In 1534, the Luther Bible was published. The translation is considered to be an important step towards the evolution of the Early New High German.

Together with Bernhard Heinrich Overberg, he worked out a reorganization of elementary schools in the 1780s. On his initiative, a school experiment began in 1780 at the Gymnasium Paulinum: High German became a school subject. He initiated a reform of the Gymnasium, and founded the University of Münster and a seminary. Fürstenberg was also an important stenographer.

Northern Low Saxon (in High German: ') is a subgroup of West Low German dialects of Low German (also known as Low Saxon). As such, it covers a great part of the West Low German-speaking areas of northern Germany, with the exception of the border regions where Eastphalian and Westphalian are spoken, and Gronings dialect in the Netherlands.

Veržej was attested in historical sources as Schepfendorf in 1280–95, Wernse in 1354, and Werensee in 1445, among other transcriptions. The name may be derived from Middle High German Wernsee, a compound of were 'entrenchment' and sê 'lake'. A less likely hypothesis connects the name with a Balto-Slavic root related to Lithuanian viržis 'heather'.

"Unter den Linden auf der Heide", illustration by Wilhelm von Kaulbach "Under der linden" is a famous poem written by the medieval German lyric poet Walther von der Vogelweide. It is written in Middle High German. The song may have originally been sung to the surviving melody of an old French song, which matches the meter of the poem.

A Westphalian variety of high German is spoken in Schwelm (Westphalian: from old Saxon Westfal = "western land"). The Westphalian dialect belongs to the low Saxon dialects, which is a part of the family of low German dialects. Compared to other German regions (e.g., Bavaria or Swabia) the dialect does not have a strong influence on the everyday speech.

The name of the town was mentioned in 1254 as "Zwisel", soon after in 1301 as "Zwiseln", in 1738 as "Zwisl" and in 1832 as "Zwiesel" or "Zwisel". The Middle High German word "zwisel" means "fork" and refers to the merging of the rivers Großer Regen and Kleiner Regen as well as to a junction of streets.

The genetic classification of the language depends entirely on phonology. Since there is evidence that Lombardic participated in, and indeed shows some of the earliest evidence for, the High German consonant shift, it is usually classified as an Elbe Germanic or Upper German dialect.Marcello Meli, Le lingue germaniche, p. 95. Lombardic fragments are preserved in runic inscriptions.

The Latin Tundalus was swiftly and widely transmitted through copies, with 172 manuscripts having been discovered to date. During the Middle Ages, the text was also a template for Middle Low German and Middle High German adaptations such as the rhymed version of "Tundalus" by Alber of Kloster Windberg (around 1190), or the "Niederrheinischer Tundalus" fragments (around 1180/90).

Benedictine abbess Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179) wrote several influential theological, botanical, and medicinal texts, as well as letters, liturgical songs, poems, and arguably the oldest surviving morality play, while supervising brilliant miniature Illuminations. About 100 years later, Walther von der Vogelweide (c. 1170 – c. 1230) became the most celebrated of the Middle High German lyric poets.

The objectives were mutual protection in a time of high German immigration and anti-German sentiment in the U.S., and preservation of German language and culture.Joseph Anderson, Sarah Johnson Prichard, Anna Lydia Ward, The Town and City of Waterbury, Connecticut from the Aboriginal Period to the Year 1895, 3 vols. New Haven: Price & Lee, 1896, vol. 3, p. 1158.

Dietrich fights against the Wunderer, who has begun to eat the maiden (Frau Saelde). SLUB Dresden Mscr. Dresd. M. 201 fol. 240v. Der Wunderer (the monster), or Etzels Hofhaltung (Etzel's holding of court) is an anonymous Early New High German poem about the legendary hero Dietrich von Bern, the legendary counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great.

Wolfdietrich attacking the dragons. From Heidelberg, Universitätsbiblothek, Cpg 365, folios 1v and 2r. Wolfdietrich is the eponymous protagonist of the Middle High German heroic epic Wolfdietrich. First written down in strophic form in around 1230 by an anonymous author, it survives in four main versions, widely differing in scope and content, and largely independent of each other.

For instance, the grapheme is used after the High German tradition where it represents Germanic t shifted to . Sanders also proved that the manuscript, now in the University Library of Leiden University, was written at the end of the 11th century in the Abbey of Egmond in modern North Holland, whence the manuscript's other name Egmond Willeram.

The name Chiemgau and Chiemsee together with the place name Chieming allegedly go back to the Old High German personal name Chiemo (7th/8th century). At the end of the 8th century the name Chiemgau appeared for the first time in documents as Chimigaoe but it stood at that time for a smaller area around the village of Chieming.

By 1326, he had finished expanding upon the now-lost work of a Latinist who had written about the campaigns of the early Prussian Crusade. That version was subsequently revised to include events up to 1330. In 1331-35, Nikolaus von Jeroschin translated Peter's chronicle into Middle High German on behalf of Grand Master Luther von Braunschweig.

The name Chieming, Chiemsee and the name of the area Chiemgau go back to the Old High German personal name Chiemo (7th/8th century). At the end of the 8th century the name Chiemgau appeared for the first time in documents as Chimigaoe but it stood at that time for a smaller area around the village of Chieming.

The Fabian and Sebastian Church in Sülze, built in 1754 Sülze belongs to the Low German language area and the Northern Low Saxon dialect group. Since the end of the Second World War, however, High German has largely superseded it. However, Low German continues to be used colloquially especially amongst the older members of the village.

Originally written in Middle High German rhymed prose, the work combined actual accounts with legends, folk tales, and myths. Out of an estimated length of 17,000 lines, only about 500 have survived to the present day. However, in 1464, the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz ordered a translation of his work to Latin, which has survived almost intact.

Illuminated manuscript page of Parzival. Green was a known authority on Parzival and other pieces of Medieval German literature. Green's The Carolingian Lord (1965) was a semantic study of forms of address for sovereign authority in Old High German. It drew upon a wide array of sources, including Old Saxon, Old English, Gothic, Old Norse and Latin.

David Robert McLintock (17 November 1930 – 16 October 2003) was a British academic and translator. A pre-eminent scholar of Old High German language and literature, who taught in Oxford and London, he later became a prize-winning translator, noted for helping to establish the reputation of the Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard in the English-speaking world.

Der Katzenturm Notgeld der Stadt Bad Salzuflen The first mention of the settlement of Uflon comes in the middle of the eleventh century and of a place of salt nearby. In Old High German "Uflon"means The Woods/Forest. This later evolved into Uflen, Mitteluflen and Dorf Uflen. Therefore the entire name means The salt baths in the woods.

Seal of Godwin the thegn (minister), first half of 11th century. British Museum. Old English ' (, "servant, attendant, retainer") is cognate with Old High German and Old Norse ("thane, franklin, freeman, man").Northvegr - Zoëga's A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic The thegn had a military significance, and its usual Latin translation was miles, meaning soldier, although minister was often used.

Einstein (; ): 1. German: habitation name from various places named with a Middle High German derivative of the verb ' ‘to enclose, surround with stone’. 2. Jewish (Ashkenazic): adaptation of the German name or else an ornamental name using the ending -stein ‘stone’.Modified from P. Hanks, F. Hodges: A dictionary of surnames, New York/Oxford, 1997, Oxford University Press.

Continental Germanic mythology is a subtype of Germanic paganism as practiced in parts of Central Europe during the 6th to 8th centuries, a period of Christianization. It continued in the legends, and Middle High German epics of the Middle Ages. Traces of these stories, with the sacred elements largely removed, may be found throughout European folklore and fairy tales.

The name means "higher Ried on Lake Brienz." In this and several other place names, the word Ried can be given two meanings: as Old High German , ("clearing") or Swiss German ("land growing reeds and swampgrass"). The first historical mention of the site with this meaning, from 1364, used the phrase "die von Obriede" ("those from the Ried area").

Cajus Schmiedtlein (ca. 1555–1611) was a German Renaissance composer and organist and is best known for his time as the organist at St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk. His name appears in different spelling variants in the Low German dialect (Caj Schmedeke, Key Schmedeke, Schmedecke, Smedeke, Schmedcke, Schmiedeke) and in Standard High German (Cajus Schmiedlein, Caius Schmitlein, Schmidtlein, Schmittlein).

A German Standard German speaker, recorded in South Africa for Wikitongues. German Standard German, Standard German of Germany, or High German of Germany is the variety of Standard German that is written and spoken in Germany. It is the variety of German most commonly taught to foreigners. It is not uniform, which means it has considerable regional variation.

Baden: the Woogsee near Rastatt Hesse: the Großer Woog in Darmstadt Rhineland- Palatinate: the Eiswoog in the Palatine Forest Saarland: the Möhlwoog near Jägersburg A woog (from wâc, a Middle High German hydronym) is the local name for a body of still water in parts of southwest Germany. A woog may be of natural origin or manmade.

The language border around 1630. Franconian languages area: Central Franconian dialects in green. Lorraine Franconian (Lorraine Franconian: Plàtt or lottrìnger Plàtt; or platt lorrain; ) is an ambiguous designation for dialects of West Central German (), a group of High German dialects spoken in the Moselle department of the former north-eastern French region of Lorraine (See Linguistic boundary of Moselle).

Centre of Eppendorf Eppendorf (; Westphalian: Eppendörp) is a district of Bochum in the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It lies between Höntrop and Weitmar. The population used to speak Westphalian, but now High German languages are the norm. Eppendorf belongs to the Stadtbezirk (district of the town) of Wattenscheid, which was a town until 1974.

The second name for Saturday in German is Sonnabend, which derives from Old High German sunnunaband, and is closely related to the Old English word sunnanæfen. It means literally "Sun eve", i.e., "The day before Sunday". Sonnabend is generally used in northern and eastern Germany, and was also the official name for Saturday in East Germany.

The first mention is from 1352 under the name Lutwinow. The word is made up of two Old High German words, liut – "people" and wini – „friend“. Originally the town consisted of two settlements – Horní Litvínov and Dolní Litvínov with forts. In 1715, count Jan Josef Valdštejn founded a large cloth factory, one of the first in the Czech lands.

The original name Elsapha is descended from the Old High German word Els for alder and the Indogermanic word Ap what meant water. As an explanation "watercourse surrounded by alders" arises from it. The river gave the municipality Elsenfeld the name. The river Aschaff flowing nearby (from Ascapha meaning "ash water") has also the same name origin.

He wrote the poem Diu Crône, which has about 30,000 lines. The edition of the original text in Middle High German has completed recently by the Viennese Germanists Fritz Peter Knapp, Manuela Niesner (Part I, Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, Tübingen 2000), Alfred Ebenbauer and Florian Kragl (Part II, Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, Tübingen 2005), who are preparing a translation to Modern German.

The prefix Ober- ("Upper Hasli") first appears in the 16th century for disambiguation with Hasle bei Burgdorf, Oberhasli is in official use since 1798. The origin of the name is likely Old High German hasal "hazel". The upper parts of the Haslital are part of the World Heritage Site of the Jungfrau–Aletsch–Bietschhorn as defined in 2007.

Prinz Heinrich-Baude Typical for the Krkonoše are its numerous mountain huts, which are called bouda in Czech and Baude in German. Both names are derived from the Middle High German word Buode, which means booth or building. The Polish name is schronisko. These were mostly named either for the location or for their constructor or occupant.

Mosan Romanesque art has been described by art historians as the first golden age of Netherlandish art (before early Netherlandish painting and Dutch Golden Age painting). Usually the term Mosan art does not include Medieval literature although Heinrich von Veldeke may be considered the first poet writing in Middle Dutch (as well as Middle High German).

Lenna is a female given name. It is the English and Estonian female form of the Old High German male name Leonhard containing the prefix levon ("lion") and the suffix hardu ("brave" or "hardy"). The name has come to mean "lion strength", "lion-strong", or "lion-hearted". It may also be from the Latin Leo ("lion").

The border was never a sharp one, rather a continuum. The modern convention is to use the pronunciation of northern maken vs. southern machen ('to make') for determining an exact border. Along the middle Elbe and lower Saale rivers, Low German began to retreat in favour of High German dialects already during Late Medieval times (cf.

This is standard or "high" German, although the Scheer grave carries an inscription "De Heer is myn Herder" (The Lord is my shepherd) in Platt Deutsch, the dialect that was spoken at home although seldom written. The graves are arranged in clearly definable family plots. Until comparatively recently. these were each bordered by a neat fence.

Bruce M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament (Oxford 1977), p. 335. It served as the source text for vernacular harmonies in Old High German and Old Saxon. According to Malcolm Parkes, glosses to James are in Boniface's own handwriting. Codex Sangallensis 56 was copied, in the 9th century, from the Diatessaron of the Codex Fuldensis.

He begs his half-brother to cover his body, and to bury him properly. Although associated with historical characters from the 5th and 6th centuries, Theodoric and Odoacer, Hildebrand himself has not been identified as a historical personage.J. Knight Bostock, A Handbook on Old High German Literature, 2nd edn, revised by K.C.King and D.R.McLintock, (Oxford 1976) , pp. 64f.

In Early New High German, the word eidgnoßschaft was often simplified to eidgnoschaft. In early modern Swiss usage, Eidgenossenschaft was used without geographic qualifier, but in the 16th century it was often the epithet loblich "praiseworthy", as lobliche eidgnoschaft.Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch s.v. 'Eidgenossenschaft', citing Johannes Stumpf (1550) and Josias Simler (1576, von dem regiment loblicher eidgnoschaft zwei bücher).

The name Podboršt is a fused prepositional phrase that has lost case inflection, from pod 'below' + boršt 'woods', referring to the wooded slope of Kob Hill, which rises above the former village. The common noun boršt is a borrowing from Middle High German for(e)st 'woods, forest', and is found in other Slovene toponyms such as Boršt.

The name Javorniški Rovt literally means 'Javornik meadow', referring to the geographical location of the settlement. The common noun rovt 'glade, clearing', refers to a meadow on cleared land in a hilly area and is derived from Old High German rût 'clearing'. The noun occurs in various other settlement names in Slovenia (e.g., Rovt, Rovte, Rut).

The Germanic-speaking area of the Holy Roman Empire around AD 962 \---- While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as the Ostsiedlung). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature.

The Leiden Willeram or Egmond Willeram, is the name given to a manuscript containing an Old Dutch version of the Old High German commentary on Song of Solomon by the German abbot Williram of Ebersberg. The translation, since 1597 in the Leiden University Library, was done at the end of the 11th century by a monk of the Abbey of Egmond in the present day Netherlands. The literary text would be seen as the start of Dutch literature, were it not for the fact that the manuscript probably never left the abbey, so it couldn't have influenced later works. Until recently, based on its orthography and phonology the text of this manuscript was believed by most scholars to be Middle Franconian, that is Old High German, with some Limburgic or otherwise Low Franconian admixtures.

This group of dialects has a complicated history due to the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift as it developed during the medieval period. Dutch remained unaffected by the consonant shift compare the name "Dutch", which until the 18th century was used of German in general; see "The language of the Germans is High Dutch, of which there are many dialects, so different, that the people of one province scarce understand those of another." while Central and Rhenish and High Franconian form a dialect continuum within High German. Since these dialects are all derived from the early medieval language of the Franks, linguistic terminology in English varies between the names "Frankish" and "Franconian", the Germanic language of Merowingian Francia being variously known as "Old Frankish", "Old Franconian" or simply "Frankish".

In the most general sense, "old" means "not the present", and "Frankish" means anything claimed to be related to the Franks from any time period. The term "Old Frankish" has been used of manners, architecture, style, custom, government, writing and other aspects of culture, with little consistency. In a recent history of the Germanic people, Ozment used it to mean the Carolingian and all preceding governments and states calling themselves Franks through the death of the last admittedly Frankish king, Conrad I of Germany, in 919, and his replacement by a Saxon. This "Old Frankish" period, then, beginning in the Proto-Germanic period and lasting until the 10th century, is meant to include Old High German, Old Dutch and the language that split to form Low German and High German.

''''' (, "forested sites") is the Stätte (singular: Statt, "sites"), or later Ort (plural: Orte, "lieu") or Stand (plural: Stände, "estate") of the early confederate allies of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden in Central Switzerland. From 13th to 19th centuries, the term Waldstätte also synoptically referred to the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden; later, the term was gradually replaced by the term Urschweiz. The term Wald ("forest; woods") is to be understood in contrast to Forst, the former in Middle High German terminology referring to cultivated land of alternating pastures, fields and woods, while the latter referred to deep, uncultivated forests (silva invia et inculta). So Wiget (2014); but Konrad von Würzburg has the Middle High German term as a common noun referring to a forest wilderness in Der trojanische Krieg v.

There may have been parallel developments in the two regions, seeding the Western and Eastern dialects of Modern Yiddish. Dovid Katz proposes that Yiddish emerged from contact between speakers of High German and Aramaic-speaking Jews from the Middle East. The lines of development proposed by the different theories do not necessarily rule out the others (at least not entirely); an article in The Forward argues that "in the end, a new 'standard theory' of Yiddish’s origins will probably be based on the work of Weinreich and his challengers alike." Paul Wexler proposed a model in 1991 that took Yiddish, by which he means primarily eastern Yiddish, not to be genetically grounded in a Germanic language at all, but rather as "Judaeo-Sorbian" (a proposed West Slavic language) that had been relexified by High German.

Ulrich and the first line of Lanzelet in the Codex Palatinus Germanicus Ulrich von Zatzikhoven was the author of the Middle High German Arthurian romance Lanzelet. Ulrich's name and his place of origin (Zezikon in Switzerland) are only known definitively from the work itself. However, it is generally accepted that Ulrich is the same person as a lay priest ("Leutpriester") from Lommis in the canton of Thurgau by the name of Uolricus de Cecinchoven, who occurs as a witness to a deed of gift dated March 29, 1214, executed by the family of the Counts of Toggenburg in favor of the monastery of St. Peterzell. The Middle High German verse romance Lanzelet is Ulrich's only known work, and is an imitation of an unknown Old French Arthurian romance.

The Habsburg dominions around 1200 in the area of modern-day Switzerland are shown as , among the houses of , and The progenitor of the House of Habsburg may have been Guntram the Rich, a count in the Breisgau who lived in the 10th century, and forthwith farther back as the medieval Adalrich, Duke of Alsace, from the Etichonids from which Habsburg derives. His grandson Radbot, Count of Habsburg founded the Habsburg Castle, after which the Habsburgs are named. The origins of the castle's name, located in what is now the Swiss canton of Aargau, are uncertain. There is disagreement on whether the name is derived from the High German Habichtsburg (hawk castle), or from the Middle High German word hab/hap meaning ford, as there is a river with a ford nearby.

In Cologne, it is actively spoken by about 250,000 people, roughly one quarter of the population. Almost all speakers are also fluent in standard or high German. It is widely understood in a region inhabited by some 10 million people (a conservative estimate). There is a community of people who speak a variety of Kölsch in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States.

Nürburg () is a town in the German district of Ahrweiler, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is also the name of the local castle, Nürburg Castle, which was built in the High Middle Ages. The name is derived from Latin niger, meaning "black", and High German burg, meaning "castle". The castle is made of basalt which usually has black color.

Király is a Hungarian surname, meaning king. The name is predominantly found in communities across Hungary, followed by Austria, Slovenia, and Switzerland in terms of frequency per million of citizens. Origins of the surname include the Slavonic word of the late 1600s meaning "king". It is also a middle high German word, used as a term of endearment, for curly headed individuals.

Gerald Bonner married Jane Hodgson in 1967. Jane was a philologist educated at Bedford College, London and taught Early and Middle High German at the University of Sheffield.During their marriage she assisted Bonner, a self-taught reader of German, in his understanding of theological German and was instrumental in organising the Bedan Conference of 1973. They had two children, Jeremy and Damaris.

The library held approximately 2000 manuscripts. It preserved works such as Tacitus' Annales, Ammianus Marcellinus' Res gestae, and the Codex Fuldensis which has the reputation of serving as the cradle of Old High German literature. Its abundant records are conserved in the state archives at Marburg. the Fulda manuscripts have become widely dispersed; some have found their way to the Vatican Library.

Konrad Münch, the Old High German surname, married Katharina von Löwenberg in 1371. Löwenberg means Lion Mountain. The Münch Dynasty acquired and ruled Muttenz, Switzerland and other properties acquired from the Laufenberg branch of the Habsburg Dynasty for Münch family military service. Following the marriage of Konrad and Katharina, the Münch Dynasty and Löwenberg, Lion Castle, Dynasty (inherited by Katharina) merged.

However, the Banzendorfers had to render their socages to the counts of Ruppin. An appointed village mayor (Schultheiß in High German, Dorfschulze, i.e. village bailiff, in the local tradition) in Banzendorf is recorded the first time for the year 1420.N.N., „Historische Daten im Überblick“, in: 636 Jahre „casa Banzendorp“: 1365–2000, Banzendorf: Gemeinde Banzendorf, 2000, pp. 6–16, here p. 6.

Muta was first attested in written sources in 1255 as Muttenberch (and as Můtenberch in 1265–67, Moutenberch in 1279, Maeut in 1349, Mautenberch in 1405, and Mawt in 1459). The Slovene name is derived from the Slovene common noun muta 'toll (payment)', derived from Middle High German mûte 'toll (payment)'. It therefore refers to a place where tolls were collected.

Thomas of Britain's twelfth century romance Tristan, reworked into Middle High German by Gottfried von Strassburg, contains a lot of episodes where Tristan assumes a disguise, both before and after Isolde becomes the queen to King Mark of Cornwall, Tristan's uncle.Hatto, A. T., 1960, reprinted with revisions, 1967. Gottfried von Strassburg: Tristan. With the surviving fragments of the Tristran of Thomas.

German chandelier sculpture, ca. 1430, possibly depicting Frau Minne as queen Frau Minne (vrowe minne) is a personification of courtly love in Middle High German literature. She is frequently addressed directly in Minnesang poetry, usually by the pining lover complaining about his state, but she appears also in the longer Minnerede poems, and in prose works. A rare allegorical painting of ca.

The ortolan (Emberiza hortulana), also called ortolan bunting, is a bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a passerine family now separated by most modern scholars from the finches, Fringillidae. The genus name Emberiza is from Old High German , a bunting. The specific hortulana is from the Italian name for this bird, . The English ortolan is derived from Middle French , "gardener".

157–200 (pp. 181–82). About 150 survive in Middle High German, mostly quoted in other literary contexts.Jeffrey Scott Love, The Reception of Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks from the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century, Münchner Nordistische Studien, 14 (München: Herbert Utz Verlag, 2013), p. 198.Tomas Tomasek, Das deutsche Rätsel im Mittelalter, Hermea: Germanistische Forschungen, Neue Folge, 69 (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1994).

Janzhe written in the Bohorič alphabet Janče was first attested in written sources as Iance in 1581. The name is derived from the personal name Jan, from Middle High German Johann 'John'. The morphology of the demonym Jančar indicates that the settlement likely originally had a longer name, such as Janče selo/brdo/polje (literally, 'John's village/hill/field').Snoj, Marko. 2009.

Portrait of Ulrich from the Codex Manesse Ulrich von Liechtenstein (ca. 1200 – 26 January 1275) was a German minnesinger and poet of the Middle Ages. He wrote poetry in Middle High German and was author of noted works about how knights and nobles may lead more virtuous lives. Ulrich was a member of a wealthy and influential ministerialis family from Liechtenstein in Styria.

Mengeš was first attested in written sources in 1154–56 as Meingosburg (and as Mengospurch in 1214–20, Mengozesburc in 1226, and Meingospurch in 1243). The Slovene name is a clipped form of Middle High German Meingos(purch), which is a compound of Meingoz (a personal name) + purch 'castle', thus meaning 'castle belonging to Meingoz'.Snoj, Marko. 2009. Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen.

The strung-out village is situated west of the federal road Bundesstraße 30. The river Rot runs through it. Achstetten lies approximately north of the city of Laupheim and approximately south of the city of Ulm. The name Achstetten is derived from the Old High German words aha meaning water, and stet, meaning place; the name meaning thus place close to water.

Jakob Dauber (b. 1829 in Osterbrücken, d. 1886 in Kusel) A teacher and a spare-time writer, Dauber composed many poems in both High German and the local speech, some of which he published under the pseudonym Freimund Jakob von Rechtenbach. In line with the events and outlooks of his time, these poetic works were to a great extent marked by patriotic pathos.

Meister Frauenlob in the Codex Manesse Heinrich Frauenlob (between 1250 and 1260 – 29 November 1318), sometimes known as Henry of Meissen (Heinrich von Meißen), was a Middle High German poet, a representative of both the Sangspruchdichtung and Minnesang genres. He was one of the most celebrated poets of the late medieval period, venerated and imitated well into the 15th century.

Another version of the romance is a Middle High German version known from a few fragments and references. In the 15th century, an unknown Burgundian author created a prose version of Chrétien's Cligès, under the title Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz.Colombo Timelli, Maria. Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz.

Mungo William MacCallum was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Mungo MacCallum, merchant, and his wife Isabella, née Renton. He studied at the University of Glasgow and at Berlin and Leipzig. In Germany MacCallum concentrated on medieval literature, he published several articles in the Cornhill Magazine in 1879-80. In 1884 he published Studies in Low German and High German literature.

Alternatively, the name lost 'Δ' or letter 'd' like "Spreavdje", where "Spre/ Shapire" means KNOWLEDGE, "a" means ABOUT, "vd/Veda" means VISION/ SIGHT and "je/γie" refers to LIFE (Latin Vadoγia). The Germanized form, Sprewanen, may have been influenced by the German verb wohnen (in Old High German, wonen), meaning "to dwell", but is also correct German plural of singular Sprevan.

The Kasseturm is a relic of the former city wall at Goetheplatz. The oldest records regarding Weimar date to 899. Its name changed over the centuries from Wimares through Wimari to Wimar and finally Weimar; it is derived from Old High German wīh- (holy) and -mari (standing water, swamp).Gitta Günther, Wolfram Huschke, and Walter Steiner, Weimar (Böhlau, 1993), p. 494.

The first page of the Hildebrandslied manuscript. The second page of the Hildebrandslied manuscript. The Hildebrandslied (; Lay or Song of Hildebrand) is a heroic lay written in Old High German alliterative verse. It is the earliest poetic text in German, and it tells of the tragic encounter in battle between a father (Hildebrand) and a son (Hadubrand) who does not recognize him.

The surname Knott has several origins. The English-language surname is derived from the Middle English personal name Knut, a cognate of the Old Norse personal name Knútr, which is in turn derived from knútr ("knot"). The surname Knott is also a variant spelling of the German-language surname Knoth, which is derived from the Middle High German knode, knote ("knot").

Hot springs such as those at Aquae Granni (today's Aachen) are thought to have been dedicated to Grannus. Grand, dedicated to Apollo. The name of Grand has been linked to Grannus. One of the god's most famous cult centres was at Aquae Granni (now Aachen, Germany). Aachen means ‘water’ in Old High German, a calque of the Roman name of "Aquae Granni".

The Carolingian dynasty takes its name from Carolus, the Latinised name of Charles Martel, de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. The name "Carolingian" (Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German word karling or kerling, meaning "descendant of Charles" cf. MHG kerlinc)Babcock, Philip (ed). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged.

The second part, "kirchen" (German for church), refers, according to the unanimous opinion, to the St. Lubentius church. The problem is in the interpretation of the syllable "diet." Some historians speculate that it comes from Old High German, and means "the people." The village’s name then meant "people's church" and refers to the prominent position of the Archdeaconate as a central church.

The second recorded use of "theodisca" as a reference to a Germanic language was Old High German. In 788, the Annals of the Frankish Kingdom report the punishment of a Bavarian duke: "quod theodisca lingua herisliz dictum", meaning "known in the language of the people as herisliz". Herisliz is a German word now obsolete: the "slicing", i.e. tearing apart of the "Heer" (Desertion).

Hedwig is a German feminine given name, from Old High German Hadwig, Hadewig, Haduwig. It is a Germanic name consisting of the two elements hadu "battle, combat" and wig "fight, duel". The name is on record since the 9th century, with Haduwig, a daughter of Louis the German. The name remained popular in German high nobility during the 10th and 11th centuries.

The poem has about 14,750 lines and is written in the Middle High German language with distinct Bavarian elements. According to Thomasin's own accounts he put it down within ten months in 1215/16. The poem became exceptionally popular and is rendered by 24 preserved medieval illuminated manuscripts. It seems that the miniature illustrations were also conceived by Thomasin himself.

Jan Goossens defines the northwest boundary of South East Limburgish at the lijk-lich isogloss. The area between this line and the Benrath line is called Ripuarian-Limburgish. The area between the Benrath line and the aat-alt isogloss is then called Aachens or Limburgish-Ripuarian. In Germany, it is consensus to class it as belonging to High German varieties.

The English word "flan", and the earlier forms "flaune" and "flawn", come from the Old French flaon (modern French flan), in turn from the early Medieval Latin fladōn-em, derived from the Old High German flado, a sort of flat cake, probably from an Indo-European root for "flat" or "broad".Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition (1989); Petit Robert 1973.

Sigenot destroys the forest fighting Hildebrand. Cpg. 67 fol. 77v. Sigenot is an anonymous Middle High German poem about the legendary hero Dietrich von Bern, the legendary counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. It is one of the so-called fantastical (aventiurehaft) Dietrich poems, so called because it more closely resembles a courtly romance than a heroic epic.

Portrait of Gottfried von Strassburg from the Codex Manesse (Folio 364r). Gottfried von Strassburg (died c. 1210) is the author of the Middle High German courtly romance ', an adaptation of the 12th-century Tristan and Iseult legend. Gottfried's work is regarded, alongside the Nibelungenlied and Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival, as one of the great narrative masterpieces of the German Middle Ages.

In the German linguistics the Benrath line (or Benrather-Linie) is the borderline between the Low German and Middle German dialects, although on both side of the line there is a Rhenish dialect. It is also called maken- machen-line, since south of it speakers say machen and north of it maken, as is described in the High German consonant shift.

While in the region around Bautzen a good deal of High German is spoken, in the south the Upper Lusatian dialect of German (Oberlausitzisch), is common. In the east, Silesian is still spoken by some. The greatest density of population can be found in the German-Polish twin city of Görlitz/Zgorzelec. Currently 91,000 inhabitants, 33,000 in the Polish part, live there.

The term minni is the exact cognate of the Middle High German minne. The German word had the same meaning of "remembrance of absent or departed loved ones", but acquired the meaning of "romantic longing for an unattainable woman of higher status" in courtly culture, giving rise to the genre of Minnesang, and the personification of "remembrance" as Frau Minne.

A little further inland Frisians and Danes were mixed. With the reformation in the 16th century the national language was installed in church instead of Latin. In Slesvig this meant not the language of the peasantry, but that of the dukes and gentry, being first Low German and later High German. German was the language of administration in all of Slesvig.

The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: East (now extinct), West, and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is part of the West Germanic group, which also includes English, Scots, Frisian, Low German (Old Saxon) and High German. It is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North or East Germanic.

Almost exclusively German services were conducted until the early 1940s. The school dedication booklet dated 1953 lists the services for each Sunday as German service at 9:30 a.m. and English service at 10:45 a.m. While High German is seldom used today, a number of parishioners are still very fluent in speaking Low German and often speak it in their homes.

Rošpoh was attested in written sources in 1250 as am Rosspach (and as im Rospach in 1352, am Rosspach again in 1418, and am Rospach in 1445). The name is originally a hydronym that was transferred to the adjacent settlement. It is derived from the Middle High German compound Rosbach (from ros 'horse' + bach 'creek'). In the past the German name was Rossbach.

Together these distinct varieties, now often combined with the Kleve dialects (Kleverländisch) as Meuse-Rhenish ('Rheinmaasländisch'), belong to the greater Low Franconian area between the rivers Meuse and Rhine (A. Welschen 2002). Limburgish straddles the borderline between 'Low Franconian' and 'Middle Franconian' varieties. They are more-or- less mutually intelligible with the Ripuarian dialects, but show fewer 'High German shifts' (R.

Günnigfeld is a district of Bochum, a city in the Ruhr area of North Rhine- Westphalia, western Germany. Günnigfeld belongs to the Stadtbezirk (district of a town) of Wattenscheid, Germany, which was a town until 1974 and is now part of Bochum. Günnigfeld is the northernmost part of Wattenscheid. The population used to speak Westphalian, but now High German is the norm.

Bochum-Linden is a district of the City of Bochum in the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. The population's main language was once Westphalian, but it has since been replaced by High German. Bochum-Linden is located in the south west of Bochum, between Dahlhausen and Stiepel. It shares a border with Hattingen, a city of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis.

Walther von der Vogelweide (Codex Manesse, ca. 1300) 'Minnesang (, "love song") was a tradition of lyric- and song-writing in Germany that flourished in the Middle High German period. This period of medieval German literature began in the 12th century and continued into the 14th. People who wrote and performed were known as Minnesänger (, minnesingers), and a single song was called a '.

"Redefining the Center: Verse and Prose Charrette." In A Companion to the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, edited by Carol Dover. Boydell & Brewer 2003, pp. 95–106. alt= Lancelot's passion for Arthur's wife Guinevere is entirely absent from another early work, Lanzelet, a Middle High German epic poem by Ulrich von Zatzikhoven dating from the very end of the 12th century (no earlier than 1194).

Preceding the Old High German text is a line in Hebrew, , a list of seven words from a glossary. On the back of the parchment is another line in Hebrew, , a fragment of two verses of Proverbs (the end of 3:13 and the beginning of 6:6). These appear to be pen trials. Based on this Zappert surmises (p.

Florence gulden (1341) Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German gulden, originally shortened from Middle High German guldin pfenninc "gold penny". This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the Holy Roman Empire for the Fiorino d'oro (introduced 1252). Hence, the name has often been interchangeable with florin (currency sign ƒ or ƒl.).

"The Middle High German dictionary [of Matthias Lexer] is noted for its admirably comprehensive coverage of the language of courtly literature.... [It has some] gaps in its medical and scientific vocabulary, and the coverage of legal terminology."Graeme Dunphy, "Matthias Lexer", in: Albrecht Classen (ed.), Handbook of Medieval Studies, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010, pp. 2471–74 (quoted from page 2474).

Sommervogel enumerates about ninety writings of his, chiefly in Flemish. The "Kerckelycke Historie van de gheheele werelt" (Ecclesiastical history of the whole world), 4 vols. (Antwerp, 1667–71) was translated into High German and enlarged by other Jesuits, under the title "Kirchengeschichte, das ist katholiches Christendum, durch die ganze Welt verbreitet". All of Hazart's writings are apologetic and polemical in character.

Spreading out there are mainly grain and potato fields. Through the municipality, coming from the neighbouring district, the Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis (which is known as "Germany’s Vegetable Garden"), runs a branch of the Deutsche Grumbeer- und Gemüsestraße. This means "German Potato and Vegetable Road", although Grumbeer is a dialect word for the potato (the standard High German word is Kartoffel).

The name Hafenlohr is derived from the Middle High German determiner word Havenaere (relating to Hafner or "potter"). Lohr is derived from the Celtic Lär meaning "broad" and "shallow".Wolf-Armin Reitzenstein:Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung (German) The river gives the town Hafenlohr its name, which has for centuries been a centre of the pottery trade using locally found clay.

Videm was first attested in written sources in 1355 as ze dem Wydem (and as zu dem Widem in 1436 and an dem Widem in 1444). The name comes from the Slovene common noun videm 'church property', borrowed from Middle High German videme 'church property' (originally, 'property left by the deceased to the church').Snoj, Marko. 2009. Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen.

The Ronneburg castle. The castle and the surrounding town were first mentioned in a historical context in the year 1258, and other sources may refer to it as early as 1231. The castle's earlier names, Raneburg, and also Roneburg, likely derive from the old High German word "Rone," which means a fallen tree. This is likely a reference to the castle's attached palisades.

It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a High German-based vernacular fused with elements taken from Hebrew and Aramaic, as well as Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages.Aram Yardumian, "A Tale of Two Hypotheses: Genetics and the Ethnogenesis of Ashkenazi Jewry". University of Pennsylvania. 2013. Yiddish writing uses the Hebrew alphabet.

There are High Alemannic dialects that have preserved the ending -n which has been dropped in most Upper German dialects. The Highest Alemannic dialects are considered to be the most conservative dialects of German. The dialect of the Lötschental, for instance, preserved the three distinct classes of weak verbs (as in Old High German) until the beginning of the 20th century.

Segen is a German word translating to "blessing, benediction; charm; prayer; spell, incantation". It is in origin a loan from Latin signum sīgnāre "to make a sign", viz. the Sign of the Cross used to confer a Christian blessing, The term is attested as Old High German seganōn from as early as c. AD 800, resulting in a modern segnen "to bless".

Middle High German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker; those of the second person refer to an addressed person; and those of the third person refer to person or thing of which one speaks. The pronouns of the third person may be used to replace nominal phrases. These have the same genders, numbers and cases as the original nominal phrase.

Arguably, the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, by ending religious wars and creating a Germany of many small sovereign states, brought about the essential political conditions for the final development of a universally acceptable standard language in the subsequent New High German period. Alternative periodisations take the period to begin later, such as the invention of printing with moveable type in the 1450s.

In the north, the sparsely populated Lunenburg Heath forms something of a natural border. Main cities: Hanover, Hildesheim, Brunswick, Goslar, Göttingen, Magdeburg, Halle (early times). The area within the Elbe's drainage was established by colonisation and is in many ways special. The southern part of this Elbe Eastphalian (HG: Elbostfälisch) area switched to High German already in Late Medieval times.

Pillows have been historically made of a variety of natural materials and many cultures continue to use pillows made from natural materials in the world. The word pillow comes from Middle English pilwe, from Old English pyle (akin to Old High German pfuliwi) and from Latin pulvinus. The first known use of the word pillow was before the 12th century.

Verd was attested in written sources in 1260 as Werde (and as Werd in 1369 and 1370). The name is of German origin, derived from the Middle High German common noun wert 'island, peninsula, higher dry land in or near a wetland'. The name thus refers to the geographical location of the settlement. In the past the German name was Werd.

Dietrich and Fasold. Woodcut from the printed Eckenlied by von Hans Schaur, Augsburg, 1491. Fol. 70v. Staatsbubliothek zu Berlin Inc. 321 8° Das Eckenlied or Ecken Ausfahrt (The Song of Ecke or Ecke's Quest) is an anonymous 13th- century Middle High German poem about the legendary hero Dietrich von Bern, the legendary counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great.

Mainard (also spelled Maynard) is an English and French given name derived from the Old High German form Maganhard, from magan (power, strength) and hart (strong, hard). The medieval German form is Meginhard; the modern form Meinhard. It is a distinct name from Meinrad.. The Dutch form of the name is Meindert. There are many Italian variants: Maghinardo, Maginardo, Meinardo and Mainardo.

The Kahl is a river in the northern Spessart in Bavaria and Hesse, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Main and is long. The name Kahl comes from the Old High German word kaldaha, which means cool and clear. The Kahl rises from two sources left and right of the road at the foot of the Spessart hills, near Kleinkahl.

100px Weißenborn is a village in the municipality Gleichen (district of Göttingen), east of the city of Göttingen, Germany and between Bischhausen and Glasenhausen, near the border of Thuringia. The population is about 260 people. The Garte creek originates in the village. In addition to High German, the Elbe Eastphalian dialect of West Low German is spoken in the town.

Gregorius or The Good Sinner is a Middle High German narrative poem by Hartmann von Aue. Written around 1190 in rhyming couplets, it tells the story of a child born of the incestuous union of a brother and sister, who is brought up in a monastery, ignorant of his origins, marries his mother, repents of his sins and becomes pope.

Lambert is an English and FrenchAlbert Dauzat, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille et prénoms de France, Larousse, 1980, édition revue et commentée par Marie-Thérèse Morlet, p. 361a given name and surname. It is from the Low German form of the anthroponymic name Landberht from the Old High German land "(home) land" and beraht "bright".Hans Bahlow: Deutsches Namenlexikon.

Except for the Southeast Limburgish dialect, Modern Limburgish descends from some of the dialects that formed the offspring of Old Dutch in the Early Middle Ages, its history being at least as long as that of other Low Franconian languages, of which some eventually yielded Standard Dutch. Being a variety of Franconian descent, Limburgish can today be considered as a regional language overarched by two succeeding Dachsprachen, which are Dutch in Belgium and the Netherlands and German in Germany. Under the influence of the Merovingian and especially the Carolingian dynasty, Eastern Low Franconian underwent much influence from the neighbouring High German languages. This resulted among other things in the partial participation of Eastern Low Franconian in the High German consonant shift in the 10th and especially the 11th century, which makes the Limburgish-speaking area also part of the so-called Rhenish fan.

Writing manuals that include it include Edward Cocker's The Pen's Triumph of 1658 and engravings of the roundhand calligraphy of Charles Snell and sometimes George Bickham. See also Florian Hardwig's gallery of images of its use in the German-speaking countries. The shift from the digraph to the distinct ligature is thus gradual, and is only apparent in abecedaria, explicit listings of all individual letters. It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in both Middle English and Middle German orthography, although it remained an outsider, not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed by Valentin Ickelshamer in the 16th century, who complained that: In Middle High German (and possibly already in late Old High German), the West Germanic phoneme became realized as ; this is why, today, the German represents that sound.

By c. 1140 the name Alderbach was in common use and a latinized form, Adalogeriopagus, appears in records from the early 16th century. The name derives from the name of a person, Althar or Aldar and the Old High German word for a stream: pah or pach. Aldersbach fell under the financial stewardship of Landshut and the jurisdiction of Vilshofen district court in the Electorate of Bavaria.

Bahlow (1982) derives the German surname Trump from a Bavarian word for "drum" (Middle High German trumpe).Bahlow: Deutsches Namenslexikon (1982). MHG trumpe, trumbe, trume could mean either "trumpet" or "drum". Lexer, Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch (1872-1878) records variants in d- (drumme, drume, drumpe) under the meaning "drum", It is on record since the early modern period, with immigration to colonial North America from the 1730s.

The first surviving record of the village dates from 1317 when it was named as Kintwilre, the residence of a family of that same name. The area was at that time owned by Haguenau. The High German name "Kindweiler" emerges later. During the wars of religion that spilled into Alsace in the sixteenth century, the village became protestant in 1545 but reverted to Catholicism in 1561.

"Idise" (1905) by Emil Doepler. In Germanic mythology, an idis (Old Saxon, plural idisi) is a divine female being. Idis is cognate to Old High German itis and Old English ides, meaning 'well-respected and dignified woman.' Connections have been assumed or theorized between the idisi and the North Germanic dísir; female beings associated with fate, as well as the amended place name Idistaviso.

Collegiate Church of St. Arnual Tomb in the Collegiate Church of St. Arnual Elizabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont, Countess of Nassau-Saarbrücken (also known as Isabella of Lotharingen; in Lorraine - 17 January 1456 in Saarbrücken) was a pioneer of the novel in Early New High German language. Around 1437, she translated and edited four French romances () by Odo Arpin of Bourges, Sibille, Loher & Maller and Hug Chapler.

The animal's name alludes to pigs in many European languages. The German word for them is Meerschweinchen, literally "little sea pig", in Polish they are called świnka morska, in Hungarian as tengerimalac, and in Russian as морская свинка. This derives from the Middle High German name merswin. This originally meant "dolphin" and was used because of the animals' grunting sounds (which were thought to be similar).

The name "Tägermoos" is derived from the Old High German Tëgar = "big" and Moos = "marsh". So it means "big marsh", a common name in southern Germany for wetlands or marshes. In fact, geologically speaking, it is not a peat bog, but a "anmoor", a mineral soil with a very high proportion of undecomposed organic matter. The nearby Thurgau Hills are glacial moraines, which consist of till.

Etymology revealed that the Latin de minax, dominax, dominus Monachus evolved to Old High German-Swiss derMünch/Münich. The umlaut ü was pronounced ae, e and i, not u and the surname Münch was dialect lengthened to Münich/Muenich/Muennich/Muennick. Members of the family follow: [95. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Familiennamen by ,1967] German-Swiss Münch was derived from church Latin Monachus, meaning 'monk'.

The name Geroda comes from the Middle High German Ger, meaning speer, and Rod (modern German Rodung) and describes a wedge-shaped clearing. The first church in the area was built in the 12th century. The town was divided between the Bishop of Fulda and the Bibra family. Because it lay on a major commercial route, it was repeatedly plundered during the 30-Years' War.

19–24) and Low Franconian (no. 25) dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian can be further distinguished historically as Irminonic, Ingvaeonic, and Istvaeonic, respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by the Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser-Rhine group).

As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are the Frisian languages—North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland – no. 28), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland – no. 27), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland – no.

The etymological origin of the word is unclear. There are theories about it being derived from Middle High German or Latin, or even from a Greek word brought back from the Crusades.Pehla (1974), pp. 203–242. A theory that is often stated in older texts, that the bergfried took its name from the phrase "weil er den Frieden berge" ("because it keeps the peace"), i.e.

Drulovka was mentioned in written sources in 1436 as Drwlawitz (and as Drollewckg and Drolebck in 1439, and Drullweg in 1444). It is probably derived from a personal name, borrowed in turn from the Old High German name Drullo, thus meaning 'Drullo's (village)'. The name is less likely to be derived from a Slovenian root referring, for example, to the gorge of the Sava River.Snoj, Marko. 2009.

"Strudel" a German word, derives from the Middle High German word for "whirlpool" or "eddy".Oxford English Dictionary, second edition. 1989. The apple strudel variant is called "Strudel di mele" in Italian, “strudel jabłkowy” in Poland, "Ștrudel de mere" in Romanian, "jabolčni zavitek" in Slovenian, "štrudla od jabuka" or "savijaca sa jabukama" in Croatia, Almásrétes in HungarianJune Meyers Authentic Hungarian Heirloom Recipes Cookbook and Apfelstrudel in German.

Cited in Schoeps (2009), pp. 60-61 To this end Mendelssohn undertook his German translation of the Pentateuch and other parts of the Bible. This work was called the Bi'ur (the explanation) (1783) and also contained a commentary, only that on Exodus having been written by Mendelssohn himself. The translation was in an elegant High German, designed to allow Jews to learn the language faster.

In Belgium, the south- eastern boundary between Meuse-Rhenish or (French) francique rhéno-mosan and Ripuarian is formed by the Low Dietsch language area. If only tonality is to be taken as to define this variety, it stretches several dozen kilometers into Germany. In Germany, the consensus is to class it as belonging to High German varieties. But this is a little over-simplified.

The title of kvater among Ashkenazi Jews is for the person who carries the baby from the mother to the father, who in turn carries him to the mohel. This honor is usually given to a couple without children, as a merit or segula (efficacious remedy) that they should have children of their own. The origin of the term is Middle High German gevater/gevatere ("godfather").

Encyclopædia Britannica (14th ed.), Vol. 6, p. 106 Less likely, it is a High German loan word, which was borrowed from Italian in the 17th century, from the sizable minority of German settlers in the initial European colonization of South Africa. The officer commanding an Afrikaans kommando is called a kommandant, which is a regimental commander equivalent to a lieutenant-colonel or a colonel.

The name Boršt is a relatively frequent name for settlements, regions, and hills in Slovenia. It is derived from the common noun boršt 'woods, forest', borrowed from Middle High German for(e)st 'woods, forest'. Boršt was formerly known as Sveta Marjeta 'Saint Margaret' after the former church in the village. The church was mentioned in 1334 but fell into disrepair and was razed in 1925.

Polish version is szafran. The surname has also existed in various forms in Hebrew (שפרן), Old French, Hungarian, and Middle High German. The name is most common among Jewish and Russian families. It is known to be ornamental, used to describe someone with saffron-colored (yellow- red) hair, occupational, used to describe a merchant of the spice, and topographic, for someone who lived where saffron grew.

Hans Schiltbergers Reisebuch Tübingen, Litterarischer Verein in Stuttgart, 1885, p. 111 in High German sources it can be found under such variations as Sotschen,Peter Kosta (Hrsg.): Eine russische Kosmographie aus dem 17. Jahrhundert: sprachwissenschaftliche Analyse mit Textedition und Faksimile, Otto Sagner, 1982. Sutschawa, or Suczawa, in Hungarian as Szucsáva () or Szőcsvásár, in Polish as Suczawa, in Ukrainian as Сучава (Sučava), while in Yiddish as שאָץ ().

High German is by now the dominant language but Low German in its Holsteinisch version still has a place in informal conversation. Until the 1960s Low German was the prevailing language of everyday communication. Most Ditmarsians born before 1960 still consider Low German their mother tongue. Low German is more common in rural regions than in urban regions and more likely to be spoken by older Ditmarsians.

The hymns contained in the Ausbund were generally written in what is referred to as Early New High German, a predecessor to modern Standard German. Singing is usually very slow, and a single hymn may take 15 minutes or longer to finish. In Old Order Amish services, scripture is either read or recited from the German translation of Martin Luther. Worship is followed by lunch and socializing.

The town of Dieburg was first named in 1492 in the tax books of the archbishopric of Hessen-Nassau. The city's name is derived from the Middle High German words diot, meaning "people," and burg, meaning "castle." Dieburg therefore refers to the castle of the people, located in the center of the medieval town. The town's centre largely consists of historical timber-framed houses from medieval times.

The symbolism of the male lover as hunting bird reoccurs in the troubadour lyricBernart Marti, Bel m'es lai latz la fontana (I like it near the fountain). and in the Middle High German Minnesang,Der von Kürenburc, Ich zôch mir einen falken (I trained a falcon). beginning a century later. The apposition of joy (joi) and grief (dolor) would become a mainstay of the troubadours.

Fulda is a community in Saskatchewan, Canada, located north of Humboldt on Highway 20. It is named after the city of Fulda, Germany which many of the early settlers had come from. The name Fulda is derived from the old high German word Fultaha which means water land. The name is appropriate for the area surrounding it because there are also numerous lakes and creeks.

The text contains many Old Dutch words as well > as mistranslated words since the scribe must have been unfamiliar with some > Old High German words in the original. It could nevertheless be regarded as > the first book written in Old Dutch. However, since the book never left the > abbey, it cannot be regarded as the start of a Dutch literature and did not > influence later works.

The extraction of salt by the saltworks was vital to the village for many centuries. The inhabitants secured their living by working as salt boilers (Sieder), salt driversPresumably those who drove animals carrying the salt (Salzfahrer or Sölter) or craftsmen. The actual name of the village comes from these Salzfahrer, which in Low German is slurred to sult. This became the High German word Sülze.

Hell, Norway, comes from the old Norse word hellir, which means "overhang" or "cliff cave". In modern Norwegian the word ' means "hell", while the Norwegian word hell can mean "luck". One can also cite the mountain named Wank in Bavaria, Germany, which in German derives from Middle High German wanken, which means "to stagger". A street in Gosford was named 'Curly Dick Road' after the road's founder.

The municipality lies in the Hunsrück some 3 km south of the town of Kirchberg, on the edge of the Kyrbach valley. The name Hecken derives from the Old High German word hag, meaning a hedged field or wood. Hecken's area is 3.89 km² and its elevation ranges from roughly 390 to 420 m above sea level. Roughly half the municipal area is wooded.

Feucht is a market town and municipality southeast of Nuremberg in the Middle Franconia of Bavaria, Germany. The name Feucht is derived from the Old High German noun "viuhtje" - "fichta", which is the tree spruce (vernacularly Féichdn). As of 31 July 2005, had a population of 13,590. Hermann Oberth (1894–1989), one of the early fathers of space travel, lived for many years and died in Feucht.

The settlements Uetigen (Utingun), Gomerkinden (Comirichingun), Bigel (Pigiluna) and further hamlets were first mentioned as soon as 894 in a bestowment to the Abbey of St. Gall. Hasel, however, was only mentioned in 1225 as Hasela. The village has since been called Hasle (1261), Hassly (1531), and Hassle (1574). The name can be traced back to the Old High German word hasal, meaning hazel bush.

According to the Nibelungenlied (1859) by Peter von Cornelius, Gunther orders Hagen to drop the hoard into the Rhine. Gundaharius or Gundahar (d. 437), better known by his legendary names Gunther (Middle High German Gunther) or Gunnar (Old Norse Gunnarr), was a historical king of Burgundy in the early 5th century. Gundahar is attested as ruling his people shortly after they crossed the Rhine into Roman Gaul.

Paul of Tarsus presents the resurrection of Christ as a victory over Death and Sin (1 Corinthians 15:55). The Latinate English-language word victory (from the 14th century) replaced the Old English equivalent term sige (cognate with Gothic sigis, Old High German sigu and Sieg in modern German), a frequent element in Germanic names (as in Sigibert, Sigurd etc.), cognate to Celtic sego- and Sanskrit sahas.

Abandoned quarries are evidence of the ancient craft of stonemasons. The oldest known document dates to 1317 and refers to the mountain as the Kurnberg. According to Professor Dr. Adolf Gütter, in Middle High German Kurn means 'mill', so it meant 'mill mountain'. On its northwest slopes there was once a village called Mühlhausen but it had been abandoned by the end of the 14th century.

The name Turn is used for several castles in Slovenia. It is derived from the world turen 'tower', borrowed from Middle High German turn 'tower' (in turn from Latin turris 'tower, castle' from Greek τύρσις 'fortified settlement'). The alternate name Šrajbarski turn (literally, 'Šrajbar's Tower') distinguishes this from other castles named Turn. The origin of the epithet Šrajbarski is unknown; it may derive from an early owner.

In Bouyei, is used for plain , as stands for is used in the orthography of the Taa language for the murmured vowel . In the Wade-Giles transliteration of Mandarin Chinese, it is used for after a consonant, as in yeh . In German alphabet, represents , as in Reh This digraph was taken over from Middle High German writing systems, where it represented . It usually represents a diphthong.

Aurach is a river in the Bavarian Landkreise (districts) of Ansbach and Roth, Germany. The Aurach at Barthelmesaurach The Aurach at Veitsaurach The name means "river, where the Aurochs' graze" (Old High German ūr = Auerochs and aha = flowing water). The Aurach originates about west of Petersaurach, Middle Franconia at an altitude of above sea level. It flows almost eastward until it flows into the Rednitz.

One of his first Norse purchases was the Völsunga saga. While a student, Tolkien read the only available English translation of the Völsunga saga, the 1870 rendering by William Morris of the Victorian Arts and Crafts movement and Icelandic scholar Eiríkur Magnússon. The Old Norse Völsunga saga and the Old High German Nibelungenlied were coeval texts made with the use of the same ancient sources.Evans, Johnathan.

From 1657 to 1738 Merseburg was the residence of the Dukes of Saxe-Merseburg, after which it fell to the Electorate of Saxony. In 1815 following the Napoleonic Wars, the town became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony. Merseburg is where the Merseburg Incantations were rediscovered in 1841. Written down in Old High German, they are hitherto the only preserved German documents with a heathen theme.

Behr is a given name and surname that derives from the German Bär (bear). Older forms of the name, Bela and Belo (related to the old High German Belo), occur in the Memorbuch. The diminutive forms Baeril and Baerush are used among Polish and Russian Jews. An additional origin of the name is from Middle Dutch baer meaning naked or bare, possibly indicating someone who wore rags.

Vink, W., 2010. Creole Jews: negotiating community in colonial Suriname. BRILL. Identity can be used to exclude persons from a community, but it can also be used to force people to be part of community against their will. During the 17th and 18th centuries forced inclusion was commonplace in both the Portuguese and High German Jewish communities and the rigid identity boundaries were often supported by legislation.

Spuhlja was attested in written sources in 1294 as ze Puhel (and as Puͤhel in 1299 and Puhel in 1320). The name comes from the Bavarian Middle High German prepositional phrase ze puhel 'at the hill' (cf. MHG büchel 'hill'), referring to the local terrain. For similar Slovene geographical names based on foreign-language prepositional phrases of location, compare Cmurek, Crngrob, Cven, Dragonja, and Sostro.

The settlement was attested in written sources in 1387 as Vreytof (and as Freithoff in 1447). The Slovene common noun britof was borrowed from Middle High German vrîthof, both meaning 'cultivated fenced area'. The denotation of the common noun in both languages later developed from this original meaning to 'churchyard' and then to 'cemetery'. The settlement was known as Freithof in German in the past.

Léopoldville itself was named for Leopold II of Belgium upon its founding in 1881. Leopold's own name derives from Latin leo ("lion") or Old High German liut ("people") and OHG bald ("brave"). ::Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo-Kinshasa, alternate names: As above, following the renaming of Léopoldville after the nearby native settlement of Kinshasa or KinchassaGreat Britain Naval Intelligence Division. Geographical Handbook Series, Vol. 515.

Photographic reproduction of the manuscript as published by Zappert (1859). The discovery of an Old High German lullaby' (''''') was announced in 1859 by Georg Zappert (1806–1859) of Vienna, a private scholar and collector of medieval literature. Ostensibly a 10th-century poem full of surviving pre- Christian mythology, it is considered a literary forgery of Zappert by many experts who have commented on it.

Crescentia is an Early Middle High German chivalric romance, written in Kaiserchronik about 1150. Other versions appeared in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, in prose and verse. Numerous romances, such as Le Bone Florence of Rome, are classified as belonging to the "Crescentia cycle" because of the common plot; it is the oldest known variant of it.Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p.

Lajta (or Leitha in German) refers to the Leitha River, which the region of Lajtabánság was East of. Leitha originated from Old High German lît, which was possibly derived from the Pannonian word for mud. Bánság refers to the lands held by a Ban (regional administrator), a word generally seen to be borrowed from Turkic languages by Slavs and used in Hungary and Croatia.Matasović et al.

Saint Andrew’s Well (Andreasbrunnen in High German, or Ennerschbure in the local speech) lies towards the west end of the municipal area. In bygone times, healing effects were always ascribed to the well’s water. Those seeking health were still coming here, and giving thanks for their healing in the form of at least three white things: an egg, a silver coin and a white child’s shirt.

The second myth is that the blitzkrieg campaign he so strongly advocated would have resulted in the capture of Moscow and won the war for Germany. The historians Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies writing in The Myth of the Eastern Front said "Franz Halder embodies better than any other high German officer the dramatic difference between myth and reality as it emerged after World War II".

Prien am Chiemsee (official: Prien a.Chiemsee, High German [], Bavarian (local) dialect []) is a municipality in the Upper Bavarian district of Rosenheim in Germany. The town is a certified air and Kneipp spa on the western shore of the lake of Chiemsee, 16 km (9.3 mi) east of Rosenheim. The name of Prien is derived from the Celtic denomination of the river Prien (Brigenna – "Coming from the Mountains").

The Harz () is a highland area in northern Germany. It has the highest elevations for that region, and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. The name Harz derives from the Middle High German word Hardt or Hart (hill forest), Latinized as Hercynia. The Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with an elevation of above sea level.

First page of the hymnal (fol. 122v). Beginning of hymn 22 (Aeterna christi munera), fol. 116r. The Murbach hymns (, also "Murbach hymnal") are a collection of 27 early medieval Latin hymns with interlinear Old High German translation. The hymns are intended to be sung at certain times of the day in the course of the year, being introduced with the header Incipiunt hymni canendae per cirulum anni.

Lopata was attested in historical sources in 1423 as Schauffell (and as Schawfell in 1430 and Schawffell auff der Dueren Krain 'Schaufel in Dry Carniola' in 1463). These Middle High German names are believed to be translations of the Slovene name, which is derived from the common noun lopata (now 'shovel' but originally 'flat part/area'), referring to the level terrain of the village surrounded by hills.

Paul Glasser, Yale University Press/ YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 2008 p.336. There, they encountered and were influenced by Jewish speakers of High German languages and several other German dialects. Both Weinreich and Solomon Birnbaum developed this model further in the mid-1950s. In Weinreich's view, this Old Yiddish substrate later bifurcated into two distinct versions of the language, Western and Eastern Yiddish.

Albrecht von Scharfenberg (fl. 1270s) was a Middle High German poet, best known as the author of Der jüngere Titurel ("The Younger Titurel") since his two other known works, Seifrid de Ardemont and Merlin, are lost. Linguistic evidence suggests he may have been from Bavaria and worked in Thuringia or elsewhere in northern Germany. Der jüngere Titurel survives in eleven complete manuscripts and about fifty fragments.

The ambling horse was prized in the Middle Ages Ambling was described as early as the Hittite writings of Kikkuli.Bennett, p. 34 The amble was particularly prized in horses in the Middle Ages due to the need for people to travel long distances on poor roads. The Old High German term for a gaited horse was celtari (Modern German Zelter), cognate to Icelandic tölt.

John had due debts with burghers of Hamburg. On a visit there under safe conduct granted by the Hamburg's senate (the city government), his creditor (later in modern standard High German also: Hein Brand[t]) took the defaulting duke to task and dunned him in a way the duke considered insulting.Tim Albrecht and Stephan Michaelsen, Entwicklung des Hamburger Stadtrechts , note 36, retrieved on 14 May 2013.

The surname Vinther dates back to 1221 England and derives from the Anglo-French word Vintner, meaning a person engaged in winemaking. It was an occupational name for wine sellers during the 13th century. In Denmark and Norway, it was originally given to people considered to possess a frosty or gloomy temperament, the corresponding Old English and Old High German words being Winter and Wintar.

' (, "stage German") or ' (, "stage pronunciation") is a unified set of pronunciation rules for the German literary language used in the theatre of the German Sprachraum. Established in the 19th century, it came to be considered pure High German. An artificial standard not corresponding directly to any dialect, Bühnendeutsch is mostly based on the Standard German as spoken in Northern Germany. For example, the suffix -ig is pronounced .

The name Walchen comes from Middle High German and means "strangers". All Roman and romanized peoples of the Alps south of Bavaria were known to the locals as Welsche or even Walche. This is also true of the etymology of the Swiss Lake Walen and the Salzburg Wallersee. Another possible interpretation is that it comes from the Latin Lacus vallensis, meaning "lake in a valley".

The Codex Manesse, Manesse Codex, or Große Heidelberger Liederhandschrift, Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg Library, Codex Palatinus Germanicus 848 is a Liederhandschrift (book of songs/poetry), the single most comprehensive source of Middle High German Minnesang poetry, written and illustrated between c. 1304 when the main part was completed, and c. 1340 with the addenda. The codex was produced in Zürich, for the Manesse family.

"Tannhauser", Catholic Encyclopedia 1911 edition, "Literary or Profane Legends". "Mortal visits the Otherworld" (Thomas the Rhymer, Rip van Winkle), ATU 470B, 471. The Venusberg legend has no counterpart in Middle High German literature associated with Tannhäuser. Venusberg as a name of the "Otherworld" is first mentioned in German in Formicarius by Johannes Nider (1437/38) in the context of the rising interest in witchcraft at the time.

Frederick (Middle High German: Friderich, Standard German: Friedrich; 21 September 1371 - 20 September 1440) was the last Burgrave of Nuremberg from 1397 to 1427 (as Frederick VI), Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from 1398, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach from 1420, and Elector of Brandenburg (as Frederick I) from 1415 until his death. He became the first member of the House of Hohenzollern to rule the Margraviate of Brandenburg.

Old High German was derived from Latin. 350. In the reference that follows, Jacob Ulrich Mischler surname was also identified in records, when Germanized, Mock, Minach, Meier and Myers or Mockkmeier, Minachmyers, because the family descended from the ancient noble Basel, Switzerland, Münch Dynasty, Münch von Münchenstein-Muttenz von Löwenberg de Meier, the complete, lengthy, compound surname. The middle class title, after the Münch Dynasty's descent for nobility was de Meier, which stood for government official, minister official, bailiff, mercenary soldier and then written Münchmeier, Münchmayer, Münch de Meier, Münch-la-Meier, Messmer. The place of residence von Münchenstein, the monks stone fortress, and Muttenz diminutive surnamese were Münich, Monochon, Stein meaning stone, Menzinger (Münchensteiner) Diminutives were single or compound in Old High German; z often denoted an abbreviation of the rest of the diminutive core name Münch and Muttenz to Mantz, Munz, Menz and many others listed in reference below.

Within Middle Dutch five large groups can be distinguished: #Flemish, (sometimes subdivided into West and East Flemish), was spoken in the modern region of West and East Flanders; #Brabantian was the language of the area covered by the modern Dutch province of North Brabant and the Belgian provinces of Walloon Brabant, Flemish Brabant and Antwerp as well as the Brussels capital region; #Hollandic was mainly used in the present provinces of North and South Holland and parts of Utrecht; #Limburgish, spoken by the people in the district of modern Limburg and Belgian Limburg; # Low Saxon, spoken in the area of the modern provinces of Gelderland, Overijssel, Drenthe and parts of Groningen. The last two of the Middle Dutch dialects mentioned above show features, respectively, of Middle High German and Middle Low German, since these two areas border directly onto the areas of Middle Low and High German.

It is now thought that terms like Old High German schar-lachen, Middle Low German scharlaken, and the Scandinavian derivatives (Danish skarlagen, Swedish skarlakan, Icelandic skarlak, skarlakan) originally referred to highly sheared cloth produced on the horizontal treadle loom that came into use in northern Europe around the eleventh century. Meanwhile, Germanic words like Old Norse skarlat, Middle High German scharlât, and early modern Flemish schaerlat are all now thought to have been borrowed from the Romance words which themselves derived from Arabic siklāt. It has long been claimed that scarlet cloth was produced in red, white, blue, green, and brown colors, among others, with carmine red being merely the most common colour. However, recent work has argued that this is a misunderstanding of the use of colour-terms in medieval cloth production, and that references to other colours in scarlet production refers to their colour before dyeing with kermes.

The name Sif is the singular form of the plural Old Norse word . only appears in singular form when referring to the goddess as a proper noun. is cognate to the Old English and modern English (meaning "affinity, connection, by marriage") and in other Germanic languages: Gothic (), Old High German , and modern German . appears not only in ancient poetry and records of law, but also in compounds ( means "to marry").

Puńców () is a village in Gmina Goleszów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, on the border with the Czech Republic. It has a population of 1,508 (2008). The village lies in the Silesian Foothills and in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. The name is probably of possessive origin derived from personal name Puńc (such a name was probably derived from Middle High German word punze, ponze, later a nickname?).

Schmeller edited the Old High German Evangelienharmonie (1841);Heliand: oder die altsächsische Evangelien-harmonie Volumes 1-2 (1840) J. G. Cotta, Germany (Google eBook) (German) the Muspilli (1832);Muspilli Bruchstück einer althochdeutschen illiterierenden Dichtung vom Ende der Welt (1832) George Jaquet, Munich (Google eBook) (German) Lateinische Gedichte des 10. und 11. Jahrhunderts (1836); and Hadamar von Laber's Jagd (1850). His Cimbrisches Wörterbuch was edited by Bergmann in 1855.

Speaking six languages (Latin, Sicilian, Middle High German, Langues d'oïl, Greek and ArabicCronica, Giovanni Villani Book VI e. 1. (Rose E. Selfe's English translation)), Frederick was an avid patron of science and the arts. He played a major role in promoting literature through the Sicilian School of poetry. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, beginning around 1220, saw the first use of a literary form of an Italo- Romance language, Sicilian.

Mullett, 148–50. Two of the earlier translations were the Mentelin Bible (1456) and the Koberger Bible (1484). There were as many as fourteen in High German, four in Low German, four in Dutch, and various other translations in other languages before the Bible of Luther. Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans.Wilson, 183; Brecht, 2:48–49.

The middle high German word ‚drum’ means endpiece. In the case of Trumau it could mean the end of the meadowlands. In ancient documents, Trumau appears in the following versions: between 1137-1340: Trumowe, 1139 Drumau, 1178 Drumawe, between 1233 and 1294 Drumowe, between 1303 and 1306 Drumbuowe, 1340 Drumenaw, 1380 Drumpnaw, 1388 Drumpnow, 1463 Thrumbaw. Rumor has it that it was often referred to as ‚ drumðo’ among the inhabitants.

The Swiss variety of Standard German, aka High German, however is also used to a certain extent in school and church practices. Swiss Standard German is mostly restricted to being a written language, as spoken Swiss Standard German is merely used in more formal situations such as news broadcasts and serious programmes of the public media channels, public speeches, parliamentary sessions, official announcements, school instruction, and interactions with non-Swiss speakers.

The terms used in various European languages derive from a general Latin term for any person called upon () to stand for another. Apart from the English terms "advocate" and "advowee", German terms are sometimes mentioned in English accounts of the Holy Roman Empire, and these include ' (, from Old High German, also or ; plural '; The territory or area of responsibility of a is called a (from ). Related terms include ; ; ; ; ; ; Lithuanian: vaitas; and .

The Guards Rifles Battalion (German: Garde-Schützen-Bataillon; French: Bataillon des Tirailleurs de la Garde; nicknamed: Neuchâteller in High German; Neffschandeller in Berlin German dialect) was an infantry unit of the Prussian Army. Together with the Guards Ranger Battalion (German: Garde-Jäger- Bataillon) it formed the light infantry within the 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade in the 2nd Guards Division of the Guards Corps. The battalion consisted of four companies.

Westsouthwest view of Gemeinlebarn Gemeinlebarn is an Austrian village in the community of Traismauer in the district of Sankt Pölten-Land, Lower Austria. Its population is about 1000 inhabitants. Its Old High German name is Lewary and so most of the native "Gemeinlebarner" (=citizen of Gemeinlebarn in German) call it Lewing. The village is placed in the west of "Tullner Becken" (=the lowland around the city of Tulln and its surrounding).

The name Britof is shared with other settlements in Slovenia and is derived from the Slovene common noun britof 'cultivated fenced area'. This was borrowed from Middle High German vrîthof, also meaning 'cultivated fenced area'. The denotation of the common noun in both languages later developed from this original meaning to 'churchyard' and then to 'cemetery'. In the past, the settlement was known as Freithof bei Tabor in German.

Title page of the Jüngeres Hildebrandslied. Valentin Newber, Nuremberg, 1570. Staatsbibliothek Berlin Yf 8215 R. The Jüngeres Hildebrandslied (the younger lay of Hildebrand) or Das Lied von dem alten Hildebrand (the song of old Hildebrand) is an anonymous Early New High German heroic ballad, first attested in the fifteenth century. The ballad features the same basic story as the much older Hildebrandslied, but was composed without knowledge of that text.

The name of Hildebrand's son in the Thidrekssaga matches that found in the Jüngeres Hildebrandslied ("Alebrand"), as opposed to the Old High German form "Hadubrand". In the Norse text as in the Younger Lay, moreover, Hildebrand accuses his son of having been taught to fight by a woman after receiving a powerful blow with a sword—these aspects of presumably oral story-telling were thus relatively stable over time.

The village's name sprang originally from a field name, ze dem hohen berge. In Modern High German this would be rendered zu dem (or zum) hohen Berg(e), which means “at the high hill (or mountain)”. Homberg was a relatively late founding in the 10th or 11th century. The Schönbornerhof, an historic farm in Homberg, had its first documentary mention in 1290, while Homberg itself was first noted in 1319.

Der Stricker is the pseudonym of a 13th-century Middle High German itinerant poet whose real name has been lost to history. His name, which means "The Knitter," may indicate he was a commoner; he was likely from Franconia but later worked in Austria. His works evince a knowledge of German literature and practical theology, and include both adaptations and works with no known sources.Gürttler, Karin R. (1991).

If only tonality is to be taken as to define this variety, both Southeast Limburgish and Ripuarian belong to a broader class of Meuse-Rhenish varieties in a wider sense. This tonal language group stretches rather deep into Germany, even across the Rhine up to Siegen. In Germany, it is consensus to class both varieties as belonging to High German varieties. But this is a little over-simplified.

Hüffler is a linear village – by some definitions, a “thorpe” – that lies in the Bledesbach valley (Standard High German name: Bledesbachtal; locally customary name: Saubeeredaal or Saubeeretal) along Landesstraße (State Road) 360 and one other, parallel road. One road links Kusel with Glan-Münchweiler. Running almost parallel to the village is the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier). The elevation on the valley floor is 310 m above sea level.

According to researchers Dolch and Greule, the prefix Offen— goes back to a personal name, Offo or Uffo. The name would therefore suggest that the village was originally one founded on Offo’s (or Uffo’s) brook (the ending —bach means "brook"). It apparently has nothing to do with the Modern High German word offen, meaning "open". The village’s name had its first documentary mention in an 1150 document in its current spelling.

Idise (1905) by Emil Doepler One of the two Old High German Merseburg Incantations call upon female beings—Idisi—to bind and hamper an army. The incantation reads: > Once the Idisi sat, sat here and there, some bound fetters, some hampered > the army, some untied fetters: Escape from the fetters, flee from the > enemies.Simek (2007:171). The Idisi mentioned in the incantation are generally considered to be valkyries.

German Wenceslas Bible made for King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia in the 1390s An Old High German version of the gospel of Matthew dates to 748. In the late Middle Ages, Deanesly thought that Bible translations were easier to produce in Germany, where the decentralized nature of the Empire allowed for greater religious freedom. However, these translations were seized and burned by inquisitors whenever they were found.Deanesly (1920), pp. 54-61.

The Wachtendonck Psalms are a collection of Latin psalms, with a translation in an eastern variety of Old Dutch (Old Low Franconian). It contains a number of Old High German elements, because it was probably based on a Middle Franconian original.M.C. van den Toorn, et al., Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal (1997), 41, with reference to Gysseling 1980; Quak 1981; De Grauwe 1979, 1982 Very little remains of them.

Stud is an ancient word related to similar words in Old English, Old Norse, Middle High German, and Old Teutonic generally meaning prop or support."Stud". def. 1. Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009 Other historical words with similar meaning are quarter and scantling"Scantling" def. 3.a. Oxford English Dictionary (one sense meaning a smaller timber, not necessarily the same use).

This article is about the phonology of Bernese German. It deals with current phonology and phonetics, including geographical variants. Like other High Alemannic varieties, it has a two-way contrast in plosives and fricatives that is not based on voicing, but on length. The absence of voice in plosives and fricatives is typical for all High German varieties, but many of them have no two-way contrast due to general lenition.

Kandrše was attested in written sources in 1350 as Kandres (and as Kandes in 1400 and Kannders in 1444). The name is of unclear origin, but is presumably based on a personal name such as Old High German Chunrad or Chuonrad 'Conrad' in the genitive form as part of a compound name: Chunrades- dorf 'Conrad's village' or Chunrades-hof 'Conrad's farm'.Snoj, Marko. 2009. Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen.

Geologically interesting is the Goldberg, a local mountain whose name, like Ormont's own, means “Gold Mountain”, but in Modern High German. The former volcano is the Vulkaneifel's westernmost outlier. Its name comes from the many biotite crystals that glitter in the sun. In the local folkspeech, these have been given the name Katzengold (“cat gold”), although this is actually a name given several minerals in German, including fool's gold.

The charge below the line of partition is likewise canting. It stands for the name “Kalenborn”, which is held to have come from words meaning “cold well” or “cool spring” (the old form, Caldebrunna, is closer to the Modern High German words for this: kalter Brunnen). The blue well is meant to represent this graphically.Description and explanation of Kalenborn-Scheuern’s arms – Click on Gemeinde, and then on Wappen.

The name comes from Old High German and means "[female] guardian of the people" (German: Beschützerin des Volks). This derives, in its older form, Liutgard, from liut which means "people" (Modern German: Leute), "member of a people",Entry LEUTE, pl. homines in Grimm: Deutsches Wörterbuch (online: dwb.uni-trier.de). and gard which means "protection" or "guardianship" from when the German word Garten and our word "garden" are also derived.

Two of his well-known students in Berlin were Wilhelm Scherer and Elias von Steinmeyer. In 1863 he introduced a theory involving the continuity of written language dating from the era of Old High German. From around 1875, he resided at Schellingstraße 7 (Berlin-Tiergarten), a few years later, moving to a house on Lützowufer in the same district. He was buried in the Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof in Berlin-Schöneberg.

Modern German remains moderately inflected, retaining four noun cases, although the genitive started falling into disuse in all but formal writing in Early New High German. The case system of Dutch, simpler than that of German, is also simplified in common usage. Afrikaans, recognized as a distinct language in its own right rather than a Dutch dialect only in the early 20th century, has lost almost all inflection.

Bourbon Stockyards, built in 1836, was the first stockyard to locate in Butchertown. A bank is in portions of the original building. Due to the high German population, and resentment of them by supporters of the Know Nothing party, Butchertown was where the "Bloody Monday" riots of August 1855 began as Know Nothings tried to prevent Germans and Irish from voting in an election. The riots killed 22 people.

The river's name was first mentioned in 834 AD, the former municipality Jona was named much later. It is assumed that the name originates as either Celtic Jauna (the cold one) – the Jona is still largely determined by forest area – or, as Indo-European yamam, meaning stream. Latest interpretations say that the Indo-European word jeu roughly means to move, followed by the Old High German name Jouna .Website detten.

The name Brunhild in its various forms is derived from the equivalents of Old High German (armor) and (conflict). The name is first attested in the sixth century, for the historical Brunhilda of Austrasia, as . In the context of the heroic tradition, the first element of her name may be connected to Brunhild's role as a shieldmaiden. In the Eddic poem , the valkyrie from is identified with Brunhild.

Sign greeting visitors to Nordhastedt, Schleswig-Holstein. Moin, moi or mojn is a Low German, Frisian, High German ( or )Duden: moin [moin, Moin, [Moin , Danish ()Den Danske Ordbog: mojn and Kashubian (mòjn) greeting from East Frisia, Southern Schleswig (including North Frisia and Flensburg), Bremen, Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the eastern and northern Netherlands, Southern Jutland in Denmark and parts of Kashubia. It means "hello" and, in some places, "goodbye" as well.

Stephen Bungay states that in early August the Channel "was German" by day but that fact did not threaten Fighter Command. Bungay argues that the had to advance well beyond the Channel to win an aerial campaign and that Hugo Sperrle, the commander of Luftflotte 3, was already alarmed at high German losses. Albert Kesselring, the Luftflotte 2 commander, could ill-afford losses at the rate suffered in July 1940 either.

Jerova Vas was attested in written sources in 1305 as Phapphendorf (and as ' in 1496, ' in 1634, and ' in 1685). The Slovene name literally means "priest's village" (from Slovene ' 'priest'), and thus referred to an estate owned by the clergy. This explanation is confirmed by the medieval German name Phapphendorf, which has the same meaning (from Middle High German pfaffe "priest" + dorf "village"). In the past the German name was Irrdorf.

He eventually discovers who is his father, and marries a powerful lady. Other versions of the story include the Middle High German romance Wigalois (1204–1209) by Wirnt von Gravenberc. The "Fair Unknown" story has parallels in the tale of La Cote Male Taile, Chrétien de Troyes' Conte du Graal, Sir Thomas Malory's Tale of Sir Gareth from Le Morte d'Arthur, and the 14th century Italian epic Carduino.

Despite differences in dialect and denomination, linguists consider Catalan and Valencian two varieties of the same language. They feature relative uniformity in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology and phonology. Mutual intelligibility ranges from 90 to 95%, which is considerably higher than between dialects of an assumed single German language (High German). Furthermore, there is a dialect continuum where speakers at the Catalan–Valencian border share the same dialect.

Gunther appears as a legendary character in Latin, Middle High German, Old Norse, and Old English texts, as well as in various pictorial depictions from Scandinavia. Most significantly, he plays a role in the German Nibelungenlied, the medieval Latin Waltharius, and the Old Norse Poetic Edda and Völsunga saga. He also plays an important role in Richard Wagner's operatic Ring cycle, which is based on the medieval legends of Sigurd.

These landscapes are restricted to, or concentrated on, those regions where the Eastphalian and Westphalian dialects are spoken. There are two opposing explanations for the name. According to one, the term is connected with the Old High German word giburida ("judicial district") or the plattdeutsch word bören ("to bear"). The börde in this context is seen as a district in which the inhabitants had to "bear" public charges, i.e.

Heavy persecution in The Netherlands in the 16th century forced Mennonites to flee for the Vistula Delta and Danzig areas of Prussia, where they were welcomed and allowed to follow the tenets of their faith. Here they developed an ethnic identity. Eventually Plautdietsch became the everyday working language, and High German replaced Dutch in the churches. The swampy marshes were turned into fertile farmland, and flourishing communities evolved.

106 The name Rother may have a connection to a king of the Lombards, Rothari. There is a possibility, however, the name Rother may have come from the Norman king, Roger II of Sicily. The epic story is notable for its combination of Byzantine and Germanic story elements. The poem has between 5200 and 5300 lines of verse and is from the period of Middle High German literature of adventure novels.

Austrian German (), Austrian Standard German (ASG), Standard Austrian German (), or Austrian High German (), is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria. It has the highest sociolinguistic prestige locally, as it is the variation used in the media and for other formal situations. In less formal situations, Austrians tend to use forms closer to or identical with the Bavarian and Alemannic dialects, traditionally spoken – but rarely written – in Austria.

There is also evidence associating elves with illness, specifically epilepsy. In a similar vein, elves are in Middle German most often associated with deceiving or bewildering people in a phrase that occurs so often it would appear to be proverbial: ("the elves/elf are/is deceiving me"). The same pattern holds in Early Modern German.In Lexer's Middle High German dictionary under alp, alb is an example: Pf. arzb.

Kandrše was attested in written sources in 1350 as Kandres (and as Kandes in 1400 and Kannders in 1444). The name is of unclear origin, but is presumably based on a personal name such as Old High German Chunrad or Chuonrad 'Conrad' in the genitive form as part of a compound name: Chunrades-dorf 'Conrad's village' or Chunrades-hof 'Conrad's farm'. In the past the German name was Kandersche.

Der Pleier is the pen name of a 13th-century German poet whose real name is unknown. Three of his works survive, all Middle High German romances on Arthurian subjects: Garel, Tandareis und Flordibel, and Meleranz. Little else is known of him, but he was an important figure in the revival of Arthurian literature in Germany in the mid-13th century, after decades of declining interest in the subject.

In Middle High German heroic poetry, most dwarfs are portrayed as having long beards, but some may have a childish appearance. In some stories, the dwarf takes on the attributes of a knight. He is most clearly separated from normal humans by his small size, in some cases only reaching up to the knees. Despite their small size, dwarfs typically have superhuman strength, either by nature or through magical means.

Already in 1231, Frederick had issued the Constitutions of Melfi, a book of codified law and inquisitorial system applying to his Kingdom of Sicily. The Mainz Landfriede, now applicable for an indefinite period of time, was a constitutional act and became one of the basic laws that applied to the whole Empire. For the first time this document was bilingually drafted, i.e. written in both Latin and Middle High German.

Several members were decorated with high German military awards, including one Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oaks Leaves and Swords awarded to SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS Otto Kumm when he was the divisional commander. Divisional recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross included the first commander of the division, Artur Phleps and five others, all regimental or battalion commanders. One was awarded posthumously.

First mentioned as Werdse in an 1143 deed, the lake's name originates from the islands in the lake, most notably Maria Wörth, a peninsula since the building of the Glanfurt outlet in 1770. Other islands are Schlangeninsel and Kapuzinerinsel; the former island of Maria Loretto is today also a peninsula. Until the 19th century the lake was called "Werdersee" (cf. Old High German weride: "island" or "ait"), i.e.

In 1275, Schauren had its first documentary mention. In 1279, it was called Schuren; the name stems from the Old High German Scura. Even so, Schauren existed long before its first documentary mention. As with most villages on the slopes of the Idar Forest, several prehistoric graves unearthed within Schauren's limits bear witness to very early settlers here, even as far back as the early Celtic Iron Age.

As a West Germanic language, Dutch is related to other languages in that group such as West Frisian, English and German. Many West Germanic dialects underwent a series of sound shifts. The Anglo- Frisian nasal spirant law and Anglo-Frisian brightening resulted in certain early Germanic languages evolving into what are now English and West Frisian, while the Second Germanic sound shift resulted in what would become (High) German.

The Dutch Army of Frederic-Henry, totaling over 15,000 footmen and 4,000 cavalry, traveled by foot and boat via the Rhine and unloaded behind Emmerich. As was common practice in those days, the army consisted mainly of mercenaries from all over Europe, including Scottish, English, High-German, Frisian and French troops. English forces were under the command of Edward Cecil. The army arrived at Grol on 20 July 1627.

These works have enormous significance for our understanding of the ancient religious traditions. However, these sources were recorded after Christianity became dominant in Iceland by writers who themselves were Christians. Some traces of Germanic religion are preserved in other works by medieval Christians like the Middle High German Nibelungenlied and the Old English Beowulf. Medieval and post- medieval folklore has also been used as a source for older beliefs.

Though the campaign was devastating to the Austro-Hungarian Army, Russian losses were very high. German forces were sent to reinforce, and the initial Russian advantages waned. Though Russian attacks continued for months, their cost in Russian men and materiel increased while gains diminished. In the end, much like the bold French tactics of la percée at the Second Battle of Artois, these tactics were too costly to maintain.

The song was first printed in Low German in 's Geystlyke leder in Rostock in 1531. The first print in High German appeared in a hymnal in Leipzig in 1539. It was distributed in German-speaking regions. The melody appeared with the text first in 's hymnal Kirchengesenge Deudtsch, published in Magdeburg in 1545, but had appeared in a slightly different version a few years earlier in a Strasbourg hymnal.

In Dirmstein a variety of Vorderpfälzisch (Eastern Palatine German) belonging to the Palatine German dialect group is spoken. The fostering of the local speech is taken very seriously in the municipality: several writers who were born here or who have settled here are among the prizewinners at the Palatine dialectal poetry contests and are continually giving readings in the Council Chamber, where there are also literary events dealing with High German.

Ansgar (Latinized Ansgarius; Old Norse Ásgeirr) is a Germanic given name, composed of the elements ans "god", and gar "spear". Ansgar is the Old High German form of the name. The form Asger was in use in Denmark in the medieval period.Eva Villarsen Meldgaard: Den store navnebog (2004) The Old English cognate of the name is Ōsgār (the given name Oscar is however etymologically unrelated, being of Irish origin).

His Die Gedichte Reinmars von Zweter ("Poetry of Reinmar von Zweter") formed the basis for research involving the history of Middle High German Sangspruchdichtung (epigrammatic poetry). From 1908 onward, he was tasked with reorganization of the "Deutsches Wörterbuch" of the Brothers Grimm. From 1891 to 1926, with Edward Schröder, he was editor of the "Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur". In 1921 he was named president of the Goethe Society.

Gehlenbeck is a village in the East Westphalian borough of Lübbecke in the county of Minden-Lübbecke in North Germany. The former clustered village (Haufendorf) is the second most populous village today in the borough. A stream flows through the village, the Gehle Beke (High German: gelber Bach; English: "Yellow Brook"), that once gave its name to the village. The village's parish has an area of around 11 km².

First page of manuscript P of the Rabenschlacht. UBH Cpg 314 fol. 162r. Die Rabenschlacht (The Battle of Ravenna) is an anonymous 13th-century Middle High German poem about the hero Dietrich von Bern, the legendary counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. It is part of the so-called "historical" Dietrich material and is closely related to, and always transmitted together with, a second Dietrich poem, Dietrichs Flucht.

Ladja was attested in historical sources in 1318 as Schaph (and as zum Scheff in 1439, Schepph in 1444, and Naladia and Naladi in 1763–1787). Both the modern Slovenian name and the Middle High German names mean 'ship', probably referring to a place on the Sora River where a ferry operated. The settlement may be the same as one attested in 973 under the name Stressoubrod (presumably 'Stres's ferry').

As a result of an exhibition organized by the Cochem-Zell district administration named On de Geman gien (in Standard High German In die Gemeinde gehen, meaning “Go into the Community”) at which were shown old communication methods and technology, the Alflen Local History Museum (Heimatmuseum Alflen) came into being. It was set up on the attic floor of the old school, which is now the kindergarten and youth group building.

Meaning "the act of searching for someone or something" is from about 1600. The verb, Old English huntian "to chase game" (transitive and intransitive), perhaps developed from hunta "hunter," is related to hentan "to seize," from Proto-Germanic huntojan (the source also of Gothic hinþan "to seize, capture," Old High German hunda "booty"), which is of uncertain origin. The general sense of "search diligently" (for anything) is first recorded c. 1200.

Like Frisian, English, Dutch and the North Germanic languages, Low German has not undergone the High German consonant shift, as opposed to German, which is based upon High German dialects. Low German evolved from Old Saxon (Old Low German), which is most closely related to Old Frisian and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). The Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands are mostly referred to as Low Saxon, those spoken in northwestern Germany (Lower Saxony, Westphalia, Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen, and Saxony-Anhalt west of the Elbe) as either Low German or Low Saxon, and those spoken in northeastern Germany (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Saxony-Anhalt east of the Elbe) mostly as Low German. This is because northwestern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands were the area of settlement of the Saxons (Old Saxony), while Low German spread to northeastern Germany through eastward migration of Low German speakers into areas with a Slavic-speaking population (Germania Slavica).

Old Dutch is divided into Old West Low Franconian and Old East Low Franconian (Limburgian); however, these varieties are very closely related, the divergence being that the latter shares more traits with neighboring historical forms of Central Franconian dialects such as Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian. While both forms of Low Franconian were instrumental to the framing of Middle Dutch, Old East Low Franconian did not contribute much to Standard Dutch, which is based on the consolidated dialects of Holland and Brabant. During the Merovingian period, the Central Franconian dialects were influenced by Old Low Franconian (Old Dutch), resulting in certain linguistic loans which yielded a slight overlap of vocabulary, most of which relates to warfare. In addition is the subsumption of the High German consonant shift, a set of phonological changes beginning around the 5th or 6th century that partially influenced Old Dutch, and extensively influenced Central Franconian and other Old High German dialects.

The spelling Widimbach used in this document, out of which first Widelbach and then Weidelbach developed, yields a clue as to the name's origin. Linguists believe that it derives from the Old High German word wida (“willow tree”; Weide in Modern High German), and explain the name's meaning as “Brook With Willow Trees”. Only since the 16th century has the municipality used the prefix Alt— (“Old”) to distinguish itself from another, nearby place called Weidelbach, itself now called Kleinweidelbach (an outlying centre of Rheinböllen). In 1006, the village was under the lordship of the founder of the Mörschbach church, Thidrich von Mörschbach, who also held the office of Vogt. Later in the 11th century, the village passed to the Bertholde regional comital family (Gaugrafen), and in 1074 it was annexed to the Ravengiersburg Monastery, which had been raised to a canonical foundation, although for the time being, it kept its own court of Schöffen (roughly “lay jurists”) with its own judicial district.

Oktober 2002 Colloquially, surname variants for women continue to appear in some German dialects. In Bavarian dialect surnames of women sometimes are formed by adding the ending "-in", used in standard High German to indicate noun variants for women or items of grammatical feminine gender, such as Näherin (seamstress), with Näher (seamster) being the male form. In West Low German parlance the ending "…sch(e)" is sometimes added to surnames of women, related to the standard High German adjective ending "…isch" (cognitive to English "…ish"), suffixed to nouns or adjectives indicating belonging / pertaining to, being of the kind described by the suffixed word: for example, de Smidtsche, is Ms Schmidt (Smith), but literally about the Smithian (the woman pertaining to a man/family named Schmidt).This usage of the possessive suffix "-isch(e)" then also caused its more general perception as feminine ending for professions, such as in "de Kööksch" (literally the "cookee").

The date of these additions, and of the Versus, is of no importance, as their statements are incredible. That the author of the Heliand was, so to speak, another Caedmon – an unlearned man who turned into poetry what was read to him from the sacred writings – is impossible according to some scholars, because in many passages the text of the sources is so closely followed that it is clear that the poet wrote with the Latin books before him. Other historians, however, argue that the possibility that the author may have been illiterate should not be dismissed because the translations seem free compared to line-by-line translations that were made from Tatian's Diatessaron in the second quarter of the 9th century into Old High German. Additionally, the poem also shares much of its structure with Old English, Old Norse, and Old High German alliterative poetry which all included forms of heroic poetry that were available only orally and passed from singer to singer.

Amish churches are generally not evangelistic, nor do they generally embrace doctrines like the assurance of salvation, and on these points they are also different from the Weavertown congregation. Church services at the Weavertown Amish Mennonite Church had been conducted exclusively in High German and Pennsylvania Dutch until 1966; since then services have been conducted in English. Congregational singing has always been unaccompanied by musical instruments. Youth generally attend high school and occasionally college.

Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig (Gdańsk) in Poland. Before World War II, the Kursenieki language was a sociolect of Curonian fishermen of the Curonian Spit. In other spheres of everyday life, Kursenieki used the Low German and High German languages. The events of the first half of the 20th century, including the Soviet and German occupations of the Baltic states and later East Prussia, led to the near extinction of the language, making it severely endangered.

The English word company has its origins in the Old French term compagnie (first recorded in 1150), meaning a "society, friendship, intimacy; body of soldiers",12th century: which came from the Late Latin word companio ("one who eats bread with you"), first attested in the Lex Salica (English: Salic Law) ( 500 CE) as a calque of the Germanic expression gahlaibo (literally, "with bread"), related to Old High German galeipo ("companion") and to Gothic gahlaiba ("messmate").

In its modern form it is of comparatively recent origin. It developed from Historic Colognian, but has been under the influence of New High German since the 17th century. It was also influenced by French during the occupation of Cologne under Napoleon Bonaparte from 1794 to 1815, and therefore contains some more words from and expressions pertaining to French than does Standard German. There are also phonological similarities with French, which however may be coincidental.

Simpson enrolled at the University of Chicago in 1907, and received a bachelor of arts degree in German in 1911. To avoid the pervasive racism on campus, she finished her studies mainly through summer and correspondence courses. She completed her master's degree in 1920 with her thesis, The Phonology of Merigarto which examined an early Middle High German poem. Simpson was also teaching at Dunbar High School in Washington, D.C. during her post-graduate career.

Der arme Heinrich (Poor Heinrich) is a Middle High German narrative poem by Hartmann von Aue. It was probably written in the 1190s and was the second to last of Hartmann's four epic works. Combining courtly and religious narrative patterns, it tells the story of a noble knight who has been stricken by God with leprosy and can be cured only by the heart's blood of a virgin who willingly sacrifices herself for his salvation.

The first feature that is shared by this group is the palatalization of Middle High German (MHG) -s- to -sch-. This is very typical of Walser German dialects in general. For Pomattertitsch, however, this doesn't apply to every word that contains -s-: su 'son', sunna 'sun', and si 'to be'. The second feature is a change from -nk- to -ch- or -h-: German denken to Pomattertitsch teche 'think', German trinken to Pomattertitsch triche 'drink'.

Illustration by Otto Ubbelohde, 1909 Illustration by Otto Ubbelohde, 1909 Grimm's text follows exactly the one in the Hannoversches Volksblatt No. 51 of April 26, 1840, a copy of which Karl Georg Firnhaber made available to them in November 1840. Only a few spellings of the dialect were changed or provided with a translation in brackets. Only the title is now High German and short.Heinz Rölleke (Hrsg.): Grimms Märchen und ihre Quellen.

Officially, Low German is called or (Nether or Low German language), or (Nether or Low German) in High German by the German authorities, (Nether or Low German language), or (Nether or Low German) in Low German by the German authorities and (Nether or Low Saxon) by the Dutch authorities. , and , are seen in linguistic texts from the German and Dutch linguistic communities respectively. In Danish it is called , or, rarely, . Mennonite Low German is called .

German offices in Schleswig-Holstein are obliged to accept and handle applications in Low German on the same footing as Standard High German applications.Sprachenchartabericht of the regional government of Schleswig- Holstein for 2016, p. 14 f. The ruled in a case that this was even to be done at the patent office in Munich, in a non–Low German region, when the applicant then had to pay the charge for a translator,Cf.

Titurel is a fragmentary Middle High German romance written by Wolfram von Eschenbach after 1217. The fragments which survive indicate that the story would have served as a prequel to Wolfram's earlier work, Parzival, expanding on the stories of characters from that work and on the theme of the Holy Grail. Titurel was continued by a later poet named Albrecht, who tied the story together in a work generally known as Jüngere Titurel ("Younger Titurel").

The Irish clan (fine, compare with the Old High German word wini, "friend"Wolfgang Meid: Die Kelten. pp. 105.) was patrilineal and the relatives of the mother had only a few rights and duties relating to the children.Bernhard Maier: Lexikon der keltischen Religion und Kultur. p. 227. Thus they received only a seventh of the weregild if a child was killed and the male relatives had a duty to seek vengeance for the deed.

Nynorsk is backed by 27 percent of municipalities. The main language used in primary schools, chosen by referendum within the local school district, normally follows the official language of its municipality. Standard German emerged from the standardized chancellery use of High German in the 16th and 17th centuries. Until about 1800, it was almost exclusively a written language, but now it is so widely spoken that most of the former German dialects are nearly extinct.

The town charter is one of many granted by early Wittelsbach dukes as part of a planned foundation of towns. Neustadt was first mentioned by that name in a document of Abbot Conrad of Weltenburg from 1277. The settlement of Wöhr, just outside the city gate on the bank of the Danube, is actually older than Neustadt. The name derives from the Middle High German Wert, signifying an island of elevated dry land.

As to the name's origin, there is no agreement. The Old High German word guza (“pour”) could refer to Gießbach, but since the neighbouring community of Hohengüßbach does not lie on a brook (Bach means “brook” in German), the name might also have come from the names Gosbert or Götz. The name in its current form crops up only in 1750, and only in the mid-19th century did it gain legal legitimacy.

The actual meaning comes from the indogermanic oid for swelling and the old high German aha for water and hof for farmyard. Therefore, the meaning of the name can be interpreted as estate at the swelling stream, which shows the reference to the Aiterach River. Approximately in the first quarter of the 13th century, the romanic parish church St. Margaretha has been constructed. Within resides the oldest bell in lower bavaria (1325).

"Pfister" comes from the Latin word for "baker": pistor, via the High German Consonant Shift that transformed the "p" into "pf". The name is found principally in those parts of ethnic Germany that were part of the Roman empire, while the native German word "Bäcker" is found elsewhere. The etymology is evident in old towns throughout these parts where a "Pfisterngasse" (Baker Street) is commonly found, and still containing bakeries, such as Pfisterngasse in Solothurn.

Siegfried's Departure from Kriemhild, by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, c. 1843 Sigurd (Old Norse: ) or Siegfried (Middle High German: Sîvrit) is a legendary hero of Germanic mythology, who killed a dragon and was later murdered. It is possible he was inspired by one or more figures from the Frankish Merovingian dynasty, with Sigebert I being the most popular contender. Older scholarship sometimes connected him with Arminius, victor of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

Konsum-Genossenschaft, watercolor by Heinrich Zille, 1924 Berlin German, or Berlin dialect (High German: Berliner Dialekt, Berliner Mundart, Berlinerisch or Berlinisch), is the dialect of Lusatian-New Marchian German spoken in the city of Berlin as well as its surrounding metropolitan area. It originates from a Brandenburgisch dialect. However, several phrases in Berlin German are typical of and unique to the city, indicating the manifold origins of immigrants, such as the Huguenots from France.

The Germanic calendars were lunisolar, the months corresponding to lunations. Tacitus writes in his Germania (Chapter 11) that the Germanic peoples observed the lunar months. The lunisolar calendar is reflected in the Proto-Germanic term "month" (Old English , Old Saxon , Old Norse , and Old High German , Gothic Month Online Etymology Dictionary), being a derivation of the word for "moon", — which shares its ancestry with the Greek mene "moon", men "month", and Latin mensis "month".

The focus on collective terms for groups of animals emerged in the later 15th century. Thus, a list of collective nouns in Egerton MS 1995, dated to c. 1452 under the heading of "termis of venery &c.;", extends to 70 items,David Dalby, Lexicon of the Mediaeval German Hunt: A Lexicon of Middle High German Terms (1050–1500), Associated with the Chase, Hunting with Bows, Falconry, Trapping and Fowling, Walter de Gruyter, 1965, , p. xli.

The name Arbesbach hearkens back to the Middle High German erbiz or arwis (pea). This is a reference to the plants that used to grow along the banks of the stream, which were for the most part wild peas. In the past, the untamed Arbesbach frequently caused flooding in Sievering as a result of the geology of the Wienerwald. The streams in the Wienerwald were also often used to dispose of refuse and sewerage.

The name of the dish comes from the Middle High German meaning 'sphere, globe, ball'; thus the Yiddish name likely originated as a reference to the round, puffed-up shape of the original dishes (compare to German —a type of ring-shaped cake). Nowadays, however, kugels are often baked in square pans. While Litvaks (Jews from Lithuania, northeastern Poland and northern Russia) call the pudding , Galitzianers (Jews from southeastern Poland and western Ukraine) call it .

Southern Bavarian, or Southern Austro-Bavarian, is a cluster of Upper German dialects of the Bavarian group. They are primarily spoken in Tyrol (i.e. the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and the Italian province of South Tyrol), in Carinthia and in the western parts of Upper Styria. Due to the geographic isolation of these Alpine regions, many features of the Old Bavarian language from the Middle High German period have been preserved.

Auch is a family name which has two possible origins, one originating in southern Germany and the other in France. The name Auch is common in Southern Germany as an occupational surname for those who watched livestock at night, from the Middle High German Uhte, which means "night watch", "night pasture", or "the time just before dawn". The second origin is as a habitational name from the southern French town of Auch.

Ulrich (), is a German given name, derived from Old High German Uodalrich, Odalric. It is composed of the elements uodal- meaning "(noble) heritage" and -rich meaning "rich, powerful". Attested from the 8th century as the name of Alamannic nobility, the name is popularly given from the high medieval period in reference to Saint Ulrich of Augsburg (canonized 993). The surname Ulrich is most prevalent in Germany and has the highest density in Switzerland.

Documents record the Old High German name Oadalrich or Uodalrich from the later 8th century in Alamannia.Oadalrich (791, 808), Hoadalrich (805), Uadalricus (803), Uodalrich (Annales Alamannici), Udalrich (Annales Fuldenses) E. Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch (1856), 980f. The related name Adalric (Anglo-Saxon cognate Æthelric) is attested from the 6th century (Athalaric King of the Ostrogoths; Æthelric of Bernicia). The name of Agilolfing duke Odilo (fl. 709-748) may represent a short form of the name.

German Geist (masculine gender) continues Old High German geist, attested as the translation of Latin spiritus. It is the direct cognate of English ghost, from a West Germanic gaistaz. Its derivation from a PIE root g̑heis- "to be agitated, frightened" suggests that the Germanic word originally referred to frightening (c.f. English ghastly) apparitions or ghosts, and may also have carried the connotation of "ecstatic agitation, furor" related to the cult of Germanic Mercury.

Engelbrecht (or Englebrecht, Engelbrekt) is a common family name (surname) of Germanic origin. The name Engelbrecht has multiple translations, including "Angel Glorious" and "Bright Angel". The Surname Database says the name is a Dutch variant of an Old High German given name sometimes spelled Ingelbert or Engelbert.Surname Database: Engelbrecht Last Name Origin, Accessed September 10, 2010 Engel can translate as "Angle" (the name of a German folk hero), a person from Angeln, or "angel".

The Pennsylvania Dutch (German American) population gave the state of Pennsylvania a high German cultural character. French descent, which can also be found throughout the country, is most concentrated in Louisiana, while Spanish descent is dominant in the Southwest and Florida. These are primarily Roman Catholic and were assimilated with the Louisiana Purchase and the aftermath of the Mexican–American War and Adams–Onís Treaty, respectively. Some Russians remained in Alaska for missionary.

Another important source for Old Dutch is the so-called Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible (Dutch: Rijnlandse Rijmbijbel and German: Rheinische Reimbibel). This is a verse translation of biblical histories, attested only in a series of fragments, which was composed in a mixed dialect containing Low German, Old Dutch and High German (Rhine-Franconian) elements.David A. Wells, The "Central Franconian Rhyming Bible" ("Mittelfränkische Reimbibel"): An early-twelfth- century German verse homiliary. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2004.

Inscription of the early 15th century On the south side of the parish church, there is an exact copy of the original building inscription by Hans Lutz in local sandstone. The original is located in the openwork spire of the church. The inscription is in late Gothic minuscule and in Early New High German: Anno domini 1501 anfang / des paws am 18. tags winne / monet durch maister hanns / lutz stainmetz von schusenriet / volent des 16.

Moste was attested in written sources in 1324 as Prukke (and as dorf ze Pruk in 1330). The name is derived from the Slovene common noun most 'bridge', corresponding to the Bavarian Middle High German root pruk 'bridge' seen in medieval attestations of the name, referring to a settlement with a bridge. Structurally, the name may be based on the old locative form mostě '(at the) bridge' and later reanalyzed as a feminine plural noun.

In general, high German unemployment and the unpopularity of the national SPD and the Hartz IV reforms appeared to have taken a toll. Polls did indicate that SPD state leader Steinbrück was personally more popular than CDU state leader Jürgen Rüttgers, though. This election marked the debut of Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative, a left-wing party including many former SPD members who opposed perceived neoliberalism within the federal Schröder government.

The eldest of nine children, Susan Blow was the daughter of Henry Taylor Blow and Minerva Grimsley Blow. Henry owned various lead-mining operations, was president of the Iron Mountain Railroad, was a state senator, and was a minister to Brazil and Venezuela. Minerva was the daughter of a prominent manufacturer and local politician. The Blow children grew up in a deeply religious family surrounded by comfort, wealth, and high German culture.

Swiss Standard German (), or Swiss High German ( or Schweizerhochdeutsch), referred to by the Swiss as Schriftdeutsch, or Hochdeutsch, is the written form of one of four official languages in Switzerland, besides French, Italian and Romansh. It is a variety of Standard German, used in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. It is mainly written, and rather less often spoken. Swiss Standard German is not a German dialect, but a variety of standard German.

The principal source used by Grillparzer was the Middle High German piece Steirische Reimchronik ("Rhymed Chronicle of Styria") written in 1306–20 by Ottokar of Styria (Otacher ouz der Geul). It is likely that he also used various periodicals Including Österreichische Plutarch von Josef von Hormayr in order to build up a fuller understanding of the historical context.Notes on Grillparzer's "Konig Ottokars Gluck und Ende", The Modern Language Review, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Oct.

In German folklore, the linden tree is the "tree of lovers." The well-known Middle High German poem Under der linden by Walter von der Vogelweide (c. 1200) describes a tryst between a maid and a knight under a linden tree. Hohenlinden (translated as "High linden") is a community in the upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg in which the Battle of Hohenlinden took place; Thomas Campbell wrote the poem Hohenlinden about said battle.

Förstemann calls the element "excessively frequent" (Ein unendlich häufiger wortstamm). Spelling variants listed for the short form are: Audo, Auto, Oudo, Outo, Outho, Aoto, Aotto, Oato, Odo, Odda, Oddo, Oto, Otto (8th century), Otho, Ottho, Odto, Hodo, Hoto, Hotto, Hottho, Ootto, Ocdo, and Octto. The surviving signatures of the Ottoian kings mostly read Otto, sometimes Odo or Oto. Listed as variants surviving into Modern High German are: Hoth, Hotho, Oette, Ott, Otte, Otto, and Otho.

Folio Page from "The Golden Legend" printed by Anton Koberger, 1488. The image depicts a saintly woman being anointed, possibly St. Mary or any number of other female saints. Of Koberger's many different printed editions which he produced from the late 15th century to the early 16th century, three stand out in particular. He printed an illustrated edition of the Bible in High German in 1483, complete with many remarkable woodcut illustrations.

In early Old High German and Old Saxon, this had been reduced to five vowels (i, e, a, o, u, some with length distinction), later reduced further to just three short vowels (i/e, a, o/u). In Old Norse, likewise, only three vowels were written in unstressed syllables: a, i and u (their exact phonetic quality is unknown). Old English, meanwhile, distinguished only e, a, and u (again the exact phonetic quality is unknown).

In some cases the English and German name is derived from the Middle High German Polan, which means "Poland". The surname originally signified a person with Polish connections. In some cases, particularly in New England, the English Poland is an Americanized form of the French Poulin. This French surname originated from an occupational name of a poultry breeder, or from a fearful person; it is derived from the Old French poule, which means "chicken".

The elder son and fourth child of Kenneth Escott Kirk (Bishop of Oxford 1937 - 1954), he was educated at Marlborough and at Trinity College, Oxford, where he obtained an MA in modern history having first studied languages (including a period at the University of Bern studying Old High German). He attended the congress in the Hague in 1948 from which the European Movement sprang, and was President of the Oxford Union Society in 1949.

"Aleyne God yn der Höge sy eere" is the first Low German version of the later "" published in 's Geystlyke leder (Rostock, 1531). The first print in High German appeared in a hymnal by Valentin Schumann in Leipzig in 1539. Text and melody of the hymn were published together for the first time in 's Kirchengesenge Deudtsch (Magdeburg 1545), although a slightly different version had already appeared a few years earlier in a Strasbourg hymnal.

The following is a list of bacon dishes. The word bacon is derived from the Old French word bacon, and cognate with the Old High German bacho, meaning "buttock", "ham", or "side of bacon". Bacon is made from the sides, belly, or back of the pig and contains varying amounts of fat depending on the cut. It is cured and smoked over wood cut from apple trees, mesquite trees, or hickory trees.

First page of the fragment of Albrecht von Kemenaten's Goldemar. Deutsches Nationalmuseum Ms. 80 fol. 6v. Goldemar is a fragmentary thirteenth-century Middle High German poem by Albrecht von Kemenaten about the legendary hero Dietrich von Bern, the legendary counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. It is one of the so-called fantastical (aventiurehaft) Dietrich poems, so called because it more closely resembles a courtly romance than a heroic epic.

In 1281 the town was recorded as Schowenfliet which later changed into the High German Schönfliess. In the 14th century the town gained additional rights such as the one to a free market and the exemption from customs within the New March. From 1373 the town was part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (or Czech Lands), ruled by the Luxembourg dynasty. In 1402, the Luxembourgs reached an agreement with Poland in Kraków.

During his travels, he acquired the Codex Manesse, the single most comprehensive source of Middle High German Minnesang poetry, written and illustrated between ca. 1304 and 1340. He got into a dispute over inheritance with his brother Johann Albrecht, whose son Georg Ulrich 1596 mortally wounded him in Salez. His body was in 1730 found incorrupt in the family vault in Sennwald, where it was exhibited until the 1970s as a "mummy of Sennwald".

The town received its name, according to old sources, when Charlemagne in the late 8th century resettled Saxons, in order to bring them under his control. One of the centre of these settlements was in the area of Diekirch. In order to convert the pagan Saxons to Christianity, a church was built, which gave the settlement its name: "Diet-Kirch" ("people's church"). In Old Franconian, thiuda (Old High German: "diot" - the people).

Today, Saturday is officially called Samstag in all German-speaking countries, but there it has two names in modern Standard German. Samstag is always used in Austria, Liechtenstein, and the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and generally used in southern and western Germany. It derives from Old High German sambaztac, which itself derives from Greek Σάββατο, and this Greek word derives from Hebrew שבת (Shabbat). However, the current German word for Sabbath is Sabbat.

Planina was attested in written sources in 1300 as Mounç in foro (and as Renç miles de Albinus in 1321, czu der Alben in 1333, and pey der Albn in 1341). The Slovenian name of the settlement is derived from the common noun planina 'treeless mountain; mountain pasture', referring to the local geography and semantically corresponding to Middle High German albe in the medieval transcriptions of the name.Snoj, Marko. 2009. Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen.

German loanwords entered Romansh as early as the Old High German period in the Early Middle Ages, and German has remained an important source of vocabulary since. Many of these words have been in use in Romansh for long enough that German speakers no longer recognize them as German, and for morphological derivations of them to have appeared, in particular through the suffix -egiar ~ iar, as in Surs. baghegiar, sut. biagear, Surm.

In Middle Low German, amber was known as berne-, barn-, börnstēn (with etymological roots related to "burn" and to "stone"). The Low German term became dominant also in High German by the 18th century, thus modern German Bernstein besides Dutch barnsteen. In the Baltic languages, the Lithuanian term for amber is gintaras and the Latvian dzintars. These words, and the Slavic jantar and Hungarian gyanta ('resin'), are thought to originate from Phoenician jainitar ("sea-resin").

The usual access to the castle is via Burgstrasse ending in front of the sandstone ridge. A wide footpath leads into the outer courtyard through the Heavenly Gate (Himmelstor) situated next to the Hasenburg tower (named after the Bohemian Hasenburg family). The Sinwell Tower built in the 2nd half of the 13th century was the major keep of the Castle. It is named after its cylindrical form: in Middle High German sinwell means perfectly round.

Michel is originally a French name. It can be both a given name and a surname ultimately of Hebrew origin, derived from , meaning Who Is Like God? The name is particularly common in French (from where the standard English pronunciation is derived), German (already in Middle High German), Dutch, and Afrikaans. In these instances Michel is equivalent to the English personal name Michael, although in Dutch the name Michaël is also common.

Franciscan monastery Wschowa was originally a border fortress in a region disputed by the Polish dukes of Silesia and Greater Poland. After German colonists had established a settlement nearby, it received Magdeburg rights around 1250. The Old Polish name Veschow was first mentioned in 1248, while the Middle High German name Frowenstat Civitas first appeared in 1290. Despite forming part of Poland over centuries, the town was shaped by its German-speaking populace until 1945.

Freidank (Vrîdanc) was a Middle High German didactic poet of the early 13th century. He is the author of Bescheidenheit ("practical wisdom, correct judgement, discretion"Matthias Lexer, Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch (Leipzig, 1872-1878), s.v. "bescheidenheit".), a collection of rhyming aphorisms in 53 thematic divisions, extending to some 4,700 verses. The work was extremely popular in the German Middle Ages and is transmitted in numerous manuscripts, as well as in a Latin translation (Fridangi Discretio).

Gutknecht studied German studies, English studies, philosophy, and education at the University of Hamburg, Germany. He received a Ph.D. for his linguistic thesis Die mittelhochdeutsche Versnovelle 'Von zwein koufmannen' des Ruprecht von Würzburg about the work in Middle High German by Ruprecht of Würzburg in 1966.Catalogue entry of the British Library, retrieved on 26 September 2019. From 1972 until 2001, Gutknecht was a professor for English studies at the University of Hamburg.

High German: , both from Proto-Germanic 'popular, vernacular') which could also be used for Low German if the context was clear. Compare also the modern colloquial term (from 'plain, simple') denoting Low (or West Central) German dialects in contrast to the written standard. Another medieval term is (lit. 'East-ish') which was at first applied to the Hanseatic cities of the Baltic Sea (the 'East Sea'), their territory being called ('East-land'), their inhabitants ('Eastlings').

A number of phonological processes affected Old English in the period before the earliest documentation. The processes affected especially vowels and are the reason that many Old English words look significantly different from related words in languages such as Old High German, which is much closer to the common West Germanic ancestor of both languages. The processes took place chronologically in roughly the order described below (with uncertainty in ordering as noted).

The modern English word blue comes from Middle English bleu or blewe, from the Old French bleu, a word of Germanic origin, related to the Old High German word blao (meaning shimmering, lustrous).Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, (1970). In heraldry, the word azure is used for blue. In Russian and some other languages, there is no single word for blue, but rather different words for light blue (голубой, goluboy) and dark blue (синий, siniy).

An expression in a language is considered an idiom when its commonly understood figurative meaning is separate from its literal meaning.e.g. "The Oxford companion to the English language" (1992:495f.). Colognian has idioms, and they are as frequent as in all central European languages. Many coincide with idioms of the languages close to Colognian, such as Dutch, Limburgish, Low German, and High German, or with other Ripuarian varieties, but quite many are also unique to Colognian.

The Old Norse name Skaði, along with Sca(n)dinavia and Skáney, may be related to Gothic skadus, Old English sceadu, Old Saxon scado, and Old High German scato (meaning 'shadow'). Scholar John McKinnell comments that this etymology suggests Skaði may have once been a personification of the geographical region of Scandinavia or associated with the underworld.McKinnell (2005:63). Georges Dumézil disagrees with the notion of Scadin-avia as etymologically 'the island of the goddess Skaði.

In Old High German and Old Norse sources, she is specifically connected with Fulla, but she is also associated with the goddesses Lofn, Hlín, Gná, and ambiguously with the Earth, otherwise personified as an apparently separate entity Jörð (Old Norse "Earth"). The children of Frigg and Odin include the gleaming god Baldr. Due to significant thematic overlap, scholars have proposed a connection to the goddess Freyja. The English weekday name Friday (ultimately meaning 'Frigg's Day') bears her name.

Merseburg Incantations manuscript (Merseburger Domstiftsbibliothek, Codex 136, f. 85r, 10th Cy.) The Merseburg charms or Merseburg incantations () are two medieval magic spells, charms or incantations, written in Old High German. They are the only known examples of Germanic pagan belief preserved in the language. They were discovered in 1841 by Georg Waitz, who found them in a theological manuscript from Fulda, written in the 9th century, although there remains some speculation about the date of the charms themselves.

199 Fart is a word in the English language most commonly used in reference to flatulence that can be used as a noun or a verb. The immediate roots are in the Middle English words ferten, feortan and farten, kin of the Old High German word ferzan. Cognates are found in Old Norse, Slavic and also Greek and Sanskrit. The word fart has been incorporated into the colloquial and technical speech of a number of occupations, including computing.

Since the middle of the 5th Century, Cologne was under the rule of the Franks, who took over after almost 500 years of Roman rule. The Franks brought their own language, which gradually replaced Latin as the common language of the residents. The Old Colognian language developed later than the 12th Century,Wrede: Neuer Kölnischer Sprachschatz, Volume 2, page 74, top. evolving from a mixture of the then old fashioned Ripuarian and Low Franconian dialects and Old High German.

Basel German is characterised by aspirates which are absent or at least less common in other dialects. Compare Basel German Khind (usually spelled Kind), pronounced more or less as Standard German Kind, with Chind with initial , used in all other Swiss German dialects, with the exception of the dialect of Chur. Thus, Basel German did not complete the second Germanic sound shift (High German consonant shift). Nowadays, many speakers pronounce the (or [χ], to be more exact), however.

In the general election campaign, Harding faced Democratic nominee Timothy Hogan and Progressive candidate Arthur Garford. Hogan was subject to anti-Catholic sentiment among voters, which Harding himself did not exhibit during the course of the election. Harding's supporters accused Hogan of wanting to "deliver Ohio to the Pope." Harding downplayed the issue of World War I, despite the fact that the election took place just after the outbreak of the war, due to the high German immigrant population.

The early Germanic calendars were the regional calendars used among the early Germanic peoples before they adopted the Julian calendar in the Early Middle Ages. The calendars were an element of early Germanic culture. The Germanic peoples had names for the months that varied by region and dialect, but they were later replaced with local adaptations of the Julian month names. Records of Old English and Old High German month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively.

Cransberg Castle around 1625 The original Kransberg castle was constructed around 1170, presumably based on a fortification that dates back to the 11th century. The first documented owner (in 1250) was Erwinus de Cranichesberc (Middle High German for Kranichsberg = crane mountain). In 1310 the castle was sold to Duke Philipp IV. von Falkenstein. It was inherited by the nobility of Eppstein in 1433, and briefly fell to the Königstein line in 1522 when Gottfried X. von Eppstein died.

The German name for Austria, , derives from the Old High German , which meant "eastern realm" and which first appeared in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996. This word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin into a local (Bavarian) dialect. Another theory says that this name comes from the local name of the mountain whose original Slovenian name is ('sharp mountain'), because it is very steep on both sides. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976.

Wolraad is a version of the German name Vollrad (from "Volkrat"), sometimes also spelled Wolrad, and means "councillor of the people". Woltemad(e) is the spelling variation used by Thunberg for the Low German family name Woltemate ("Wohlgemut" in High German, meaning "light-hearted", or more literally "of a good disposition"), and a familiar connection with the Woltemate family of artists from the same region in Germany in which the name "Wolrad" occurs is a possibility.

The Huy (, from the Old High German for Höhe = "heights") or Huywald is a ridge, up to 314.8 metres high, in western Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. It lies in the northern part of the district of Harz, about 10 kilometres northwest of Halberstadt and a few kilometres west of Schwanebeck. It is chiefly composed of bunter sandstone and muschelkalk and has been designated a protected area. Towards the north and northwest the terrain falls away into the Großes Bruch.

He dramatized Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. Luther's German translation of the Bible was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to Modern Standard. His bible promoted the development of non- local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area.

Otfrid memorial in Wissembourg Otfrid of Weissenburg (; ; 800 - after 870 AD) was a monk at the abbey of Weissenburg (modern-day Wissembourg in Alsace) and the author of a gospel harmony in rhyming couplets now called the Evangelienbuch. It is written in the South Rhine Franconian dialect of Old High German. The poem is thought to have been completed between 863 and 871. Otfrid is the first German poet whose name we know from his work.

Low German, also called Low Saxon, is a language that has been spoken mainly in the lowlands (plains and coastal areas) of northern Germany (including Pomerania, West Prussia and East Prussia), northeastern Netherlands and some parts of Denmark. High German has traditionally been a language of the more mountainous areas of Germany south of the Uerdingen line, Switzerland and Austria. Variant dialects are still characteristic to the Low German language. Low German has a history as a language.

The word kêr or gêr is attested since the 8th century (Lay of Hildebrand 37, Heliand 3089). Gar and cognates is a frequent element in Germanic names, both male and female. The term survives into New High German as Ger or Gehr (Grimm 1854) with a generalized meaning of 'gusset' besides 'spear'. In contemporary German, the word is used exclusively in antiquated or poetic context, and a feminine Gehre is used in the sense of 'gusset'.

Translation of the Act into Early New High German by Ralph Glücksmann. Retrieved 26 Oct 2013 In theory, at least, the use of violence to resolve disputes was replaced by settlements in the courts of the empire and its territories, even if the establishment of this principle took several further generations. In a modern sense, the Ewiger Landfriede formally gave the monopoly on violence to the state or the public sector. Der Ewige Landfriede von 1495 at www.wasistwas.de.

She supported herself financially with conducting research, proofreading, teaching, and translation. She undertook significant work on Albrecht Dürer for Pearson's friend Martin Conway for which she was credited on the title page of his book. Eckenstein's family were German, but she also knew French and Italian, Middle High German, Middle English, and classical and medieval Latin and European history. This scholarly achievement made her overqualified to be a governess, but she became the governess to Margery Corbett.

High German dictionaries began in the 16th century and were at first multi-lingual. They were preceded by glossaries of German words and phrases on various specialized topics. Finally interest in developing a vernacular German grew to the point where Maaler could publish a work called by Jacob Grimm "the first truly German dictionary", Joshua Maaler's Die Teutsche Spraach: Dictionarium Germanico-latinum novum (1561). It was followed along similar lines by Georg Heinisch: Teütsche Sprache und Weißheit (1616).

Berchtold (also Berthold, Bertold, Bertolt) is a Germanic name, from the Old High German beruht "bright" or "brightly" and waltan "rule over". The name comes into fashion in the German High Middle Ages, from about the 11th century. The cognate Old English name is Beorhtwald, attested as the name of an archbishop in the 8th century. Berchtold appears also as the name of the leader of the Wild Hunt in German folklore of the 16th century.

At one point in his writing they were referred to as "Old High German" speakers, at another, "Old Dutch" speakers, and at another "Old French" speakers. Moreover, he hypothesized at one point that Frankish was a reflection of Gothic. The language of the literary fragments available to him was not clearly identified. Van Vliet was searching for a group he thought of as the "Old Franks", which to him included everyone from Mainz to the mouth of the Rhine.

Scheitholz A small fruit crate made of wood and hardboard; in this case for strawberries Scheitholz is a German term for any log sections that have been split lengthways with an axe or log splitter and that are primarily used for firewood or the manufacture of wood shingles. The individual pieces of timber are called Holzscheite (obs.: Holzscheiter), derived from the Old High German word scît = "piece". Scheitholz boilers are used to burn quantities of Scheithölzer.

Gadmen is a former municipality in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Gadmen merged into the municipality of Innertkirchen.Nomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz accessed 13 December 2014 The name Gadmen comes from the Old High German "gadum," meaning barn or small house, and was first mentioned in 1382. The municipality is in a municipal partnership with Volketswil in the Canton of Zürich.

Die Nibelungen is a remake of the eponymous 1924 silent film directed by Fritz Lang. Lang's film had also been released in two parts (Siegfried and Kriemhilds Rache) and was based on a screenplay written by Lang and his wife, Thea von Harbou. The original source for the story was the Middle High German epic poem Das Nibelungenlied, likely written around the year 1200. This in turn was based on motifs from even older Germanic myths.

Difficulties in reading some of the individual letters and identifying errors made by the scribes mean that a definitive edition of the poem is impossible. One of the most puzzling features is the dialect, which shows a mixture of High German and Low German spellings which cannot represent any actually spoken dialect. In spite of the many uncertainties over the text and continuing debate on the interpretation, the poem is widely regarded as the first masterpiece of German literature.

The surname Wilhoite is of German origin. This Americanized surname was derived from the German surname Willeit or Wilheit, which is a variant form of Willeitner. The Wilhoite name can trace its origin back to the northern part of the German state of Bavaria. Willeitner, is a habitational name from a more recent adaptation of the place named Weillitnen in northern Bavaria. Willeit is probably a toponymic name from Middle High German wil ‘small settlement’ + leite ‘slope’.

Two examples of Guisarmes Illustration of a scene from Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, showing an axe-shaped "giserne". A guisarme (sometimes gisarme, giserne or bisarme) is a pole weapon used in Europe primarily between 1000 and 1400. Its origin is likely Germanic, from the Old High German , literally "weeding iron". Like many medieval polearms, the exact early form of the weapon is hard to define from literary references, and the identification of surviving weapons can be speculative.

According to them, "Franconian ceases to be applied to this language; it is then called Netherlandish (Dutch)...." Only the English ever applied Franconian anywhere; moreover, Netherlandish had been in use since the 17th century, after which Dutch was an entirely English word. The error had been corrected by the time of Wright's An Old High-German Primer two years later, in 1888. Wright identifies Old Low Franconian with Old Dutch, both terms used only in English.

At one point in his writing they were referred to as "Old High German" speakers, at another, "Old Dutch" speakers, and at another "Old French" speakers. Moreover, he hypothesized at one point that Frankish was a reflection of Gothic. The language of the literary fragments available to him was not clearly identified. Van Vliet was searching for a group he thought of as the "Old Franks", which to him included everyone from Mainz to the mouth of the Rhine.

Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Adelslexikon Band XIV, Band 131 der Gesamtreihe, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 2003, Coat of arms, Augsburg 1515 - 1650, in German, web access 10/2008 Derived from high German nobilityGerhard Köbler: Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder. C.H. Beck, München 2007; . they were related with the Herren von Kürnbach and mentioned as early as the 12th century. A Cunradus liber de Sterrenvils Württemberger Urkundenbuch 3, S. 305 took over the realm of Kürnbach as well.

The surname Ames is usually either French or German in origin. The French name comes from the noun amie, meaning a friend or a beloved. The surname also derives from the Old French and Middle English personal name Amys or Amice, the Latin amicus, or from a Late Latin derivative of this, Amicius. The German roots of the name could have come from the Old High German word amazzig, meaning "busy," as a nickname for an active person.

C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, Lund. p. 177 The Old English forms were ', ', ' "spell, enchantment, witchcraft", and the verb ' meant "sing, chant". It is contained in nightingale (from '), related to ', the verb ancestral to Modern English yell; compare also the Icelandic verb ' "to sing, call out, yell" and Dutch ' "to yell, scream". The German forms were Old High German ' and MHG ' "song, enchantment" (Konrad von Ammenhausen Schachzabelbuch 167b), surviving in (obsolete or dialectal) Modern German ' (witchcraft) and ' (witch).

During a reannexation by Germany (1940–1945), High German was reinstated as the language of education. The population was forced to speak German and 'French' family names were Germanized. Following the Second World War, the 1927 regulation was not reinstated and the teaching of German in primary schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree, which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground. The teaching of German became a major issue, however, as early as 1946.

After September 8, 1943, the German invasion army was ordered by the highest authorities not to obey the Geneva Convention nor normal rules of war, and to show no mercy towards the civilian population. The high German command promised to give complete protection against all accusations of brutality. A specific order was issued to torture and kill everyone found with weapons and to terrorize the unarmed civilian population. For every German killed, ten Italian civilians were to be killed.

The Old High German mund originally meant "hand", but came to mean "protection". This etymology suggests that the name originated in the Early Middle Ages, possibly from Latin. Despite the German and French origins of the English name, some of its early uses in English documents appear in Latinized form. As a surname, its first recorded appearance in Britain appeared in 1086, during the reign of William the Conqueror, in the Domesday Book, with a reference to Giraldus Reimundus.

King Rother or König Rother is the earliest Spielmannsdichtung known to historians.The Columbia Encyclopedia: "könˈĭk rōtˈər, earliest heroic minstrel epic from the precourtly period of Middle High German literature."Luscombe, p. 682 The earliest, and one of the most successful, is König Rother...Famous First Facts International Edition (2000), , item 3442 The first minstrel tale known to historians was King Rother, a medieval German romance dating from circa 1160 that was popular among wandering minstrels of central Europe.

The dialect spoken in Bukovina, Gründlerisch in origin, was characterized by the shift of original (Middle High German) /v/ to /b/ and of original /b/ to /p/.І. Я. Яцюк, Тернопільський національний педагогічний університет ім. Володимира Гнатюка, Наукові записки. Серія “Філологічна”, УДК 81’282.4:811.112.2(477): Lexikalische Besonderheiten Deutscher Dialekte in Galizien- und der Bukowina: “Die Siedler in den ursprünglichen Bergwerksgemeinden im Südwesten der Bukowina sprachen Zipserisch und zwar Gründlerisch, wie es in der Unterzips gesprochen wurde.

From the beginning of 1990, high German interest rates, set by the Bundesbank to counteract inflationary impact of the expenditure on German reunification, caused significant stress across the whole of the ERM. By the time of their own ratifications debates, France and Denmark also found themselves under pressure in foreign exchange markets, their currencies trading close to the bottom of their ERM bands.Aykens, Peter. Conflicting Authorities: States, Currency Markets and the ERM Crisis of 1992–93.

Maribor was attested in historical sources as Marpurch circa 1145 (and later as Marchburch, Marburc, and Marchpurch), and is a compound of Middle High German march 'march (borderland)' + burc 'fortress'. In modern times, the town's German name was Marburg an der Drau (; literally, 'Marburg on the Drava'). The Slovene name Maribor is an artificial Slovenized creation, coined by Stanko Vraz in 1836. Vraz created the name in the spirit of Illyrianism by analogy with the name Brandenburg (cf.

Thirteen years after Linnaeus's description Marmaduke Tunstall recognized the Eurasian birds as a distinct taxon Falco aesalon in his Ornithologica Britannica. If two species of merlins are recognized, the Old World birds would thus bear the scientific name F. aesalon. The name "merlin" is derived from Old French esmerillon via Anglo-Norman merilun or meriliun. There are related Germanic words derived through older forms such as Middle Dutch smeerle, Old High German smerle and Old Icelandic smyrill.

A churl (Old High German ), in its earliest Old English (Anglo-Saxon) meaning, was simply "a man" or more particularly a "husband", but the word soon came to mean "a non-servile peasant", still spelled , and denoting the lowest rank of freemen. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it later came to mean the opposite of nobility and royalty, "a common person". Says Chadwick:H. Munro Chadwick, Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905), p. 77.

Vincke is the name of a Westphalian noble family. First recorded in 1223 in Osnabrück, their name derives from the zoonym finch (Middle High German '). They acquired estates in Melle and Rödinghausen in the 14th century, and in the 18th to 19th centuries further possessions in Rödinghausen and Welver. In the 19th century, Prussia granted the habitual right to the title Freiherr (baron); the predicate von was used only by parts of the family (Freiherren Vincke vs.

However, in the Channel Islands a constable is an elected office-holder at the parish level. Historically, a constable could also refer to a castellan, the officer charged with the defense of a castle. Even today, there is a Constable of the Tower of London. An equivalent position is that of marshal, which derives from Old High German marah "horse" and schalh "servant", and originally meant "stable keeper",Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Leipzig 1854–1960, Vol.

The first mention of the word (996), the word is marked with a red circle. In contemporary Latin sources, the entity was called: ' ("eastern march"), , or . The Old High German name ' first appeared on a famous deed of donation issued by Emperor Otto III at in November 996. The phrase , that is, "the region commonly called ", probably only referred to some estates around the manor of ; nevertheless the term is linguistic ancestor of the German name for Austria, .

Anna von Munzingen was a German prioress of the 14th century, who descended from a well known noble family at Freiburg. In 1318 she wrote a "chronicle" of the mystical experiences of her nuns in the work Adelhausen Schwesternbuch (Sister-book of the Adelhausen Covent). The text was originally composed in Latin, but only a Middle High German translation survives. The chronicle comprises a collection of thirty-seven biographies of the sisters, focussing on visions, theophanies and mystical experiences.

His family became an object of medical inquiry by Ulisse Aldrovandi among others. Gonzalez eventually settled in Italy. The paintings of Gonsalvus by an anonymous German artist were likely created from drawings, rather than a live sitting. The paintings were titled "Der Rauch man Zu Münichen" (the "Wild/Hairy Man from Munich" for an old Middle High German Word rûch meaning wild/hairy) because of the origin of the painting, not because Gonsalvus spent any time in Munich.

Group portrait with (from left to right): Karl Wolfskehl, Alfred Schuler, Ludwig Klages, Stefan George & Albert Verwey. Photo by Karl Bauer (1902) Karl Wolfskehl (17 September 1869 - 30 June 1948) was a German Jewish author and translator. He wrote poetry, prose and drama in German, and translated from French, English, Italian, Hebrew, Latin and Old/Middle High German into German. Karl Wolfskehl was born in Darmstadt, Germany, the son of the banker and politician Otto Wolfskehl (1841–1907).

In 1743, Sauer published the first German- language Bible to be printed in North America (the first in any European language). It was a quarto edition of the Bible in high German, Luther's translation, which was limited to 1,200 copies of 1,284 pages. All pages were hand-set and printed one sheet at a time. It bore the title "Biblia, Das ist: Die Heilige Schrift Alten und Neuen Testaments, Nach der Deutschen Übersetzung D. Martin Luther".

1815 engraving (from Rudolf Ackermann's History of the University of Cambridge) of an Esquire Bedell (left) and a Yeoman Bedell (right) The bedel (from medieval Latin pedellus or bidellus, occasionally bidellus generalis, from Old High German bital, pital, "the one who invites, calls"; cognate with beadle) was, and is to some extent still, an administrative official at universities in several European countries, and often had a policiary function at the time when universities had their own jurisdiction over students.

Bureus, J., Runa ABC boken The uo ligature ů in particular saw use in Early Modern High German, but it merged in later Germanic languages with u (e.g. MHG , ENHG fuͦß, Modern German "foot"). It survives in Czech, where it is called . The tilde diacritic, used in Spanish as part of the letter ñ, representing the palatal nasal consonant, and in Portuguese for nasalization of a vowel, originated in ligatures where n followed the base letter: → .

In 2015, he took a lead role in the crime series Tatort (episode: Ihr werdet gerichtet), which the broadcasting company SRF produced in Swiss German. For broadcasts by ARF and ORF on German and Austrian televisions, his role was subsequently dubbed into High German. Antoine Monot, Jr. received the Schweizer Fernsehfilmpreis at the Solothurn Film Festival on January 24, 2016 for his portrayal of the perpetrator.Julia Emmrich: Antoine Monot ist der charmante Neue beim Bremer „Tatort“, in: derwesten.

The Sister Catherine Treatise takes the form of a series of dialogues in Middle High German between a woman (Sister Catherine) and her Confessor (not named but sometimes said to be Eckhart). Sister Catherine is determined to find "the shortest way" to God and comes to her Confessor for advice. In the first section her Confessor urges her to rebuke sin and seek purity so as to receive God. She leaves with the intention of doing so.

Theodoric is an important figure in medieval German literature as the character, Dietrich von Bern, known also in Icelandic literature as Þiðrekr. In German legends, Dietrich becomes an exile from his native kingdom of Lombardy, fighting with the help of Etzel against his usurping uncle, Ermenrich. Only the Old High German Hildebrandslied still contains Odoacer as Dietrich's antagonist. The Old Norse version, based on German sources, moves the location of Dietrich (Thidrek)'s life to Westphalia and northern Germany.

By the 15th century, the Early New High German variations of the name, Breslau, first began to be used. Despite the noticeable differences in spelling, the numerous German forms were still based on the original Slavic name of the city, with the -Vr- sound being replaced over time by -Br-,Stanisław Rospond, „Dawny Wrocław i jego okolica w świetle nazewnictwa”, Sobótka, 1970. and the suffix -slav- replaced with -slau-. These variations included Vratizlau, Wratislau, Wrezlau or Breßlau among others.

Rauhes Haus was founded at Horn (now a suburb of Hamburg) by the 25-year-old theologian Johann Hinrich Wichern on 12 September 1833 who for a long time was head administrator at the institution. The name of the institution is a corruption of Ruges Haus as the institution started in an old house called by its former occupant Ruges Hus (i.e. Ruge's house), which by a mistranslation into high German became “Rauhes Haus”, i.e. rough house.

As late as in 1851 (in the period of nationalization) the Danish government tried to stop the language shift, but without success in the long run. After the Second Schleswig War the Prussians introduced a number of language policy measures in the other way to expand the use of (High) German as the language of administration, schooling and church service. Today, Danish and North Frisian are recognized as minority languages in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein.

II, Axel Springer Verlag/Hamburger Abendblatt, Hamburg 2010, Plays, some originally written in Platt, others translated from High German and other languages, were performed in cramped circumstances and various locations. In 1920, the theatre was renamed to Niederdeutsche Bühne Hamburg. In 1936, the company moved into the former Kleine Lustspielhaus on the Großen Bleichen. The Nazi regime was sympathetic to the company's aim to stimulate local culture; the brand comedy delivered by Ohnsorg and his company was popular.

Hermann I of Thuringia, his consort Sophia and the contending Minnesingers, Klingesor von Ungerlant, Codex Manesse, c. 1305–15 Heinrich von Ofterdingen is a fabled, quasi-fictional Middle High German lyric poet and Minnesinger mentioned in the 13th century epic of the Sängerkrieg (minstrel contest) on the Wartburg. The legend was perpetuated by Novalis in his eponymous fragment novel written in 1800 and by E. T. A. Hoffmann in his 1818 novella Der Kampf der Sänger.

Galfrid or Galfred (Latinised as ''''' or ''''') is an Anglo-Norman variant of the name Geoffrey. It derives, like German Gottfried (Latinised as ' or ', Anglicised as Godfrey), from Old High German ', Old French ', and Old Norse ', meaning 'God's peace' or 'good protection', depending upon etymological interpretation. Variants, also used as synonymous with Gottfried, include Italian ' and Middle French ' (Latin ). The name is etymologically unrelated to, but was historically used interchangeably with, Welsh ' or ' (anglicized as Griffith) in Wales.

In Kögel's opinion Notker Labeo was one of the greatest stylists in German literature. "His achievements in this respect seem almost marvelous." His style, where it becomes most brilliant, is essentially poetical; he observes with surprising exactitude the laws of the language and created the first systematic orthography of Old High German. Latin and German he commanded with equal fluency; and while he did not understand Greek, he was weak enough to pretend that he did.

The runes a:miþkarþi, Old Norse á Miðgarði, meaning "in Midgard" – "in Middle Earth", on the Fyrby Runestone (Sö 56) in Södermanland, Sweden. In Germanic cosmology, Midgard (an anglicised form of Old Norse ; Old English , Old Saxon , Old High German , and Gothic Midjun-gards; "middle yard", "middle enclosure") is the name for Earth (equivalent in meaning to the Greek term , "inhabited") inhabited by and known to humans in early Germanic cosmology. The Old Norse form plays a notable role in Norse cosmology.

Jacob Grimm proposed that Zisa might be the consort of the God Tyr (in Old High German, Ziu). Grimm also suggested a connection between Zisa and the "Isis" of the Suebi attested by Tacitus in his 1st century CE work Germania based on the similarity of their names. Grimm's connection of Zisa to Isis may have been influenced by similar considerations made by humanists such as Konrad Peutinger. The existence of a goddess Zisa was controversial through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Fala was mentioned in written sources in 1245 as in domo Volmari (and as de Valle in 1279, Vall and Valle in 1289, and Fall in 1495). The name is of unclear origin, although the initial F- indicates a German origin. It could be derived from Old High German falo 'yellowish' (referring to soil or water color) or from valle 'trap' (referring to hunting activity). Derivation from Latin vallis 'valley' is unlikely because the area was not under Romance influence.

The Netherlands has one of the only possible remnants of the older poorly attested Frankish language with Bergakker inscription found in Tiel. Old Dutch remained the most similar to Frankish, avoiding the High German consonant shift. Although few records remain in Old Dutch, Middle Dutch and extensive Middle Dutch literature appeared after 1150, together with many dialects and variants, such as Limburgish, West Flemish, Hollandic or Brabantian. Old Danish appeared around 800 CE and remained "Runic Danish" until the 1100s.

Because both Yiddish and Pennsylvania Dutch are High German languages, there are strong similarities between the two languages and a degree of mutual intelligibility. Pennsylvania Dutch is spoken by some Anabaptists, particularly older Amish people and to a less degree older Mennonites. In Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Dutch and Pennsylvania German Jews have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language. Historically, Pennsylvania Dutch and Pennsylvania German Jews often had overlapping bonds in German-American business and community life.

The word is derived from the Old High German Bahho, meaning "buttock", "ham" or "side of bacon", and is cognate with the Old French bacon. It may also be distantly cognate with modern German Bauche, meaning "abdomen, belly". F. Kluge, Etymological dictionary of the German language s.v. Bauche. Meat from other animals, such as beef, lamb, chicken, goat, or turkey, may also be cut, cured, or otherwise prepared to resemble bacon, and may even be referred to as, for example, "turkey bacon".

Oberon is derived from Alberich (from Old High German alb- "elf" and -rîh-, "ruler", "king"), a sorcerer in the legendary history of the Merovingian dynasty. He is referred to as the otherworldly "brother" of Merowech, whose name is the eponym of the Merovingians. Alberich wins for his eldest son, Walbert, the hand of a princess of Constantinople. In the Nibelungenlied, a Burgundian poem written around the turn of the 13th century, Alberich guards the treasure of the Nibelungen, but is overcome by Siegfried.

Sajevec was attested in written sources in German in 1332 as Růzpach, referring to the creek there (and as Růspach in 1350 and Ruͤzzpach in 1368). The medieval names are a compound of Middle High German element ruoʒ 'soot(y), black' + bach 'creek', probably referring to the dark soil that the creek runs through or its turbid water (cf. also Rußbach, now Blatnik pri Črmošnjicah). The Slovene name Sajevec contains the root saje 'soot', semantically corresponding to the medieval German name.

Cadenberge (in High German, in Low Saxon: Cumbarg) is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2016, the former municipality Geversdorf is part of the municipality Cadenberge. Cadenberge belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712-1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown.

Relief "Siegfried in Xanten" on the Nordwall in Xanten. Continental Germanic traditions about Siegfried enter writing with the Nibelungelied around 1200. The German tradition strongly associates Siegfried with a kingdom called "Niederland" (Middle High German Niderlant), which, despite its name, is not the same as the modern Netherlands, but describes Siegfried's kingdom around the city of Xanten. The late medieval Heldenbuch- Prosa identifies "Niederland" with the area around Worms but describes it as a separate kingdom from king Gibich's land (i.e.

Berlinese pronunciation is similar to that of other High German varieties. Nevertheless, it maintains unique characteristics, which set it apart from other variants. The most notable are the strong contraction trends over several words and the rather irreverent adaptation of foreign words and anglicisms that are difficult to understand for many speakers of Upper German. Also, some words contain the letter j (representing IPA: [j]) instead of g, as is exemplified in the word for good, in which gut becomes jut.

Soviet soldiers march into captivity in Minsk on 2 July 1941. The Soviet troops trapped in the gigantic pockets continued fighting, and concluding operations resulted in high German casualties. An estimated 250,000 Soviet troops escaped because of the lack of German infantry troops' motor transport that slowed the encirclement process. The Polish Institute of National Remembrance claims that withdrawing Soviet troops committed regular crimes against the inhabitants of Białystok and its areas, including cases of whole families being executed by firing squads.

Low Rhenish (, ) is the collective name in German for the regional Low Franconian language varieties spoken alongside the so-called Lower Rhine in the west of Germany. Low Franconian is a language or dialect group that has developed in the lower parts of the Frankish Empire, northwest of the Benrath line. From this group both the Dutch and later the Afrikaans standard languages have arisen. The differences between Low Rhenish and Low Saxon are smaller than between Low Rhenish and High German.

Poems with Dietrich as the main character begin to enter writing afterwards, with the earliest attested being the fantastical poem the Eckenlied (c. 1230).Heinzle 1999, p. 29 The oral tradition continued alongside this written tradition, with influences from the oral tradition visible in the written texts, and with the oral tradition itself most likely altered in response to the written poems. The Middle High German Dietrich poems are usually divided into two categories: historical poems and fantastical (or "fairy tale") poems.

Bible translated into Modern High German by Luther, 1534 The population of Germany reached about twenty million people by the mid-16th century, the great majority of whom were peasant farmers. The Protestant Reformation was a triumph for literacy and the new printing press. Luther's translation of the Bible into German was a decisive impulse for the increase of literacy and stimulated printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. From 1517 onward religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe.

"Zwergenkönig Laurin am Hof des Dietrich von Bern." 1926 Painting by Ferdinand Leeke depicting Laurin at Dietrich's court at the end of the poem. Laurin or Der kleine Rosengarten (The Small Rose Garden) is an anonymous Middle High German poem about the legendary hero Dietrich von Bern, the legendary counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. It is one of the so-called fantastical (aventiurehaft) Dietrich poems, so called because it more closely resembles a courtly romance than a heroic epic.

Fala was mentioned in written sources in 1245 as in domo Volmari (and as de Valle in 1279, Vall and Valle in 1289, and Fall in 1495). The name is of unclear origin, although the initial F- indicates a German origin. It could be derived from Old High German falo 'yellowish' (referring to soil or water color) or from valle 'trap' (referring to hunting activity). Derivation from Latin vallis 'valley' is unlikely because the area was not under Romance influence.

Ried is situated in a hollow of the Alpine foothills, to the north of the Hausruck Forest (Hausruckwald). The name of the city is derived from the Middle High German "Riet" (also: Rieth, Reet, Rohr, and the like), which denotes the reed which grows along the shores of swamps. Ried im Innkreis is above sea level. It measures from the North to the South and from the East to the West and it is 6.7 km² (2.6 sq mi) in area.

The Meistersingers maintained and developed the traditions of the medieval Minnesingers. They belonged to the artisan and trading classes of the German towns, and regarded as their masters and the founders of their guild twelve poets of the Middle High German period, including Wolfram von Eschenbach, Konrad von Würzburg, Reinmar von Zweter, and Heinrich Frauenlob. Frauenlob allegedly established the earliest Meistersinger school at Mainz, early in the 14th century. The schools originated first in the upper Rhine district, then spread elsewhere.

The Landstände first emerged in the 14th century, although the term itself was not used in Middle High German and was probably first translated later from the French word états. But it was not a new concept. The records of the Roman historian, Tacitus, show that co-determination was already being practised in the classical period at important public occasions. And according to the old Germanic law, public meetings and court hearings - the so-called things - were held, in the open.

Minahan, p. 650. Swabian German is traditionally spoken in the upper Neckar basin (upstream of Heilbronn), along the upper Danube between Tuttlingen and Donauwörth, and on the left bank of the Lech, in an area centered on the Swabian Alps roughly stretching from Stuttgart to Augsburg. Many Swabian surnames end with the suffixes -le, -(l)er, -el, -ehl, and -lin, typically from the Middle High German diminutive suffix -elîn (Modern Standard German -lein). Examples would be: Schäuble, Egeler, Rommel, and Gmelin.

A typical Hümmling speciality is the Baukweiten Janhinnerk, a pancake made of buckwheat flour with syrup, apple sauce, cranberries, egg, cheese, bread or rye bread. The 'national anthem' of the Hümmlings is the Hümmelske Bur, a song, which typecasts the characteristics of the local population. There is still a local dialect, the Hümmlinger Platt, which belongs to the Northern Low Saxon group of West Low German dialects. Not until about 1975 were generations born that grew up speaking High German.

Southeast Limburgish (), as spoken around Kerkrade, Bocholtz and Vaals in the Netherlands, Aachen in Germany and Raeren and Eynatten in Belgium, also shows the gradual transition from Limburgish towards Ripuarian. It is adjacent to the southeastern border of the Meuse-Rhenish language area, and is related to Southern Meuse-Rhenish. Limburgish straddles the borderline between Low Franconian and West Central German varieties. They are more-or- less mutually intelligible with the Ripuarian dialects, but show fewer 'High German shifts' (R.

The initial sin- element is here identified as meaning "sinew" or rather "nerves", so that the total phrase comes out as "nervous (or nerve-afflicting) nightmare". Árni's edition also explained Sinmara to be a sort of "night fury" (). also embraced the interpretation half-way, stating the name meant the "the great [night]mare", where the Sin- meaning great can be compared to Old High German sinfluth or sinvlout 'great flood'. Adolfo Zavaroni and Emilia Reggio suggest the interpretation "Perpetual-incubus".

Jews living in the Surb Valley once spoke a dialect of Western Yiddish, traces of which can be still found today in the region. Western Yiddish is mainly a mixture of High German dialects, with Hebrew and Aramaic vocabulary, as well as some influence from Romance languages. It is distinguished from Eastern Yiddish in that it has far fewer Slavic loanwords (see Yiddish). Unlike Eastern Yiddish, which is spoken to some degree by Polish and American Jews, Western Yiddish has almost disappeared.

The term Nibelung (German) or Niflung (Old Norse) is a personal or clan name with several competing and contradictory uses in Germanic heroic legend. It has an unclear etymology, but is often connected to the root nebel, meaning mist. The term in its various meanings gives its name to the Middle High German heroic epic the Nibelungenlied. The most widespread use of Nibelung is used to denote the Burgundian royal house, also known as the Gibichungs (German) or Gjúkings (Old Norse).

In the Nibelungenlied, Sîfrit (the Middle High German version of "Siegfried," the equivalent to Norse Sigurd) discarded Gram in exchange for another magic sword, Balmung (= "destruction"). Wagner's version of the story calls the sword Nothung ("child of necessity/distress"), rather than Balmung. The legendary smith Wayland Smith forged the magic sword Mimung, which appears both in the Anglo-Saxon poem Waldere and in the German/Scandinavian Þiðrekssaga. Beowulf wielded the sword Hrunting that was according to the poem annealed in venom.

Also called the inflected infinitive, the gerund is a verbal noun. That is, it is a verb used in the place of a noun. Middle High German has two special gerund forms, one for the dative case, and one for the genitive case. The former is created by adding "-(n)e" to the infinitive, the latter by adding "-(n)es" to the infinitive: "gëben(n)e/gëben(n)es", "sëhen(n)e/sëhen(n)es", and "tuon(n)e/ tuon(n)es".

Opening in old earthwork marking boundary between Siegerland and Wenden near Hünsborn By the end of the Middle Ages people in the Siegerland fenced off their territory with a combination of trenches, earthworks and dense hedgerows. That part which touches the district of Olpe is called the "Kölsches Heck" ("Cologne hedge"). The "Kölsches Heck" also marks a boundary between two languages High German and Low German. After the Reformation it came to mark the border between areas of different faiths.

Leonard or Leo is a common English, German, Irish, and Dutch masculine given name and a surname. The given name and surname originate from the Old High German Leonhard containing the prefix levon ("lion") from the Greek Λέων ("lion") through the Latin Leo, and the suffix hardu ("brave" or "hardy"). The name has come to mean "lion strength", "lion-strong", or "lion-hearted". Leonard was the name of a Saint in the Middle Ages period, known as the patron saint of prisoners.

Thus Standard Austrian German has the same geographic origin as the German Standard German (Bundesdeutsches Hochdeutsch) and Swiss High German (Schweizer Hochdeutsch, not to be confused with the Alemannic Swiss German dialects). The process of introducing the new written standard was led by Joseph von Sonnenfels. Since 1951 the standardized form of Austrian German for official texts and schools has been defined by the Austrian Dictionary (), published under the authority of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture.

The Audio Tower is laid out as the scriptorium of the narrator. Here, visitors can sit on audio chairs and listen to passages from the original song, spoken in Middle High German and translated simultaneously. Visitors also learn about the contemporary everyday culture and high culture, which have influenced the author of the Song of The Nibelungs. Pictures, which visitors could also see in the Tower of Vision function as illustrations of the text passages and are now explained in more detail.

Assuming that the name of the character goes back to the same period as the Rumpelstiltskin tale, it may be that the relationship of name component Nekke is connected to the old high German , , or , old English , and old Nordic . These mean “water spirit” or “water monster” and are also Niss, Neck, or Nöck and are known in their female form as Nixe, who in turn are not related to the Rumpelstiltskin tale. The name would then play on the onomatopoeia of Ekke.

However, 19th century Germany saw the rise of the categorisation of dialects, and German dialectologists termed the German dialects spoken in the mountainous south of Germany as Hochdeutsch ("High German"). Subsequently, German dialects spoken in the north were designated as Niederdeutsch ("Low German"). The names for these dialects were calqued in the Dutch language area as the exonyms Nederduits and Hoogduits. As a result, Nederduits no longer served as a synonym for the Dutch language, and Nederlands prevailed as sole Dutch endonym.

Creuzburg is a settlement or place name for the town of Creuzburg, Germany, and in particular a medieval castle Burg Cruezburg from the 12th century nearby. The first element of the name, Creuz, is derived from the Old High German word Kruci or Old Saxon word Kruzi, both borrowed from the Latin word crux (cross). The second element of the name refers to a castle, Creuzburg on the Werra, near Eisenach. The lords of Castle Creuzburg took the name von Creuzburg.

The Mark (from Middle High German: Marc, march, brand) is originally a medieval weight or mass unit, which supplanted the pound weight as a precious metals and coinage weight from the 11th century. The Mark is traditionally a half pound weight and was usually divided into 8 ounces or 16 lots. The Cologne mark corresponded to about 234 grams. Like the German systems, the French poids de marc weight system considered one "Marc" equal to half a pound (8 ounces).

The word stork is derived from the Old English word storc, thought to be related to the Old High German storah, meaning "stork", and the Old English stearc, meaning "stiff". From Manas Tiger Reserve, Assam, India. The black stork is a member of the genus Ciconia, or typical storks, a group of seven extant species, characterised by straight bills and mainly black and white plumage. The black stork was long thought to be most closely related to the white stork (C. ciconia).

In recent times Krampus and Perchten have increasingly been displayed in a single event, leading to a loss of distinction of the two. Perchten are associated with midwinter and the embodiment of fate and the souls of the dead. The name originates from the Old High German word peraht ("brilliant" or "bright"). Sometimes, der Teufel is viewed to be the most schiach ("ugly") Percht (masculine singular of Perchten) and Frau Perchta to be the most schön ("beautiful") Perchtin (female singular of Perchten).

More than 170 names are recorded for Odin; the names are variously descriptive of attributes of the god, refer to myths involving him, or refer to religious practices associated with him. This multitude makes Odin the god with the most known names among the Germanic peoples.Simek (2007:248). In his opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, Richard Wagner refers to the god as Wotan, a spelling of his own invention which combines the Old High German Wuotan with the Low German Wodan.

According to Jacob Grimm (1882), Perchta was spoken of in Old High German in the 10th century as Frau Berchta and thought to be a white-robed goddess who oversaw spinning and weaving, like the myths of Holda. He believed she was the feminine equivalent of Berchtold, and was sometimes the leader of the Wild Hunt. However, John B. Smith disagrees and suggests that Perchta represents the personification of the feast of the Epiphany (Perchta's Day), and is therefore not pre- Christian.Hopkin, David.

Nuwa and Fuxi unearthed in Xinjiang Occasionally, serpents and dragons are used interchangeably, having similar symbolic functions. The venom of the serpent is thought to have a fiery quality similar to a fire breathing dragon. The Greek Ladon and the Norse Níðhöggr (Nidhogg Nagar) are sometimes described as serpents and sometimes as dragons. In Germanic mythology, serpent (Old English: wyrm, Old High German: wurm, Old Norse: ormr) is used interchangeably with the Greek borrowing dragon (OE: draca, OHG: trahho, ON: dreki).

Among the first standardization discussions and processes are the ones for Italian ("questione della lingua": Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (standard is based on Parisian), English (standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on: chancellery of Meißen/Saxony + Middle German + chancellery of Prague/Bohemia ["Common German"]). But also a number of other nations began to look for and develop a standard variety in the 16th century.

The death of Frederick Barbarossa as depicted in the Gotha manuscript of the Sächsische Weltchronik The Sächsische Weltchronik ("Saxon World Chronicle") is a universal history written in German prose. It is not clear in which regional form of German the original was written. Of the twenty-four surviving manuscripts, ten are in Low German, nine in High German and five in Central German. These can be divided into three recensions, the earliest dated to 1229 and the latest to 1277.

Kuressaare castle Kuressaare's historic name Arensburg (from Middle High German a(a)r: eagle, raptor) renders the Latin denotation arx aquilae for the city's castle. The fortress and the eagle, tetramorph symbol of Saint John the Evangelist, are also depicted on Kuressaare's coat of arms. The town, which grew around the fortress, was simultaneously known as Arensburg and Kuressaarelinn; the latter name being a combination of Kuressaare—an ancient name of the Saaremaa Island—and linn, which means town.Pospelov, p.

In France, the revanchist movement developed to recover this territory. The Imperial German administration strongly discouraged the French language and culture in favor of High German, which became the administrative language (Geschäftssprache.cf. "Gesetz, betreffend die amtliche Geschäftssprache" (Law concerning the official transaction language) of 31 March 1872, Gesetzblatt für Elsaß-Lothringen (Legal gazette for Alsace-Lorraine), p. 159.) It required the use of German in schools in areas which it considered or designated as German-speaking, an often arbitrary categorisation.

The word also came to be used as a generic term for "witch" in the 16th century (Hans Sachs). The word is attested as Middle High German trute, In early modern lexicography and down to the 19th century, it was popularly associated with the word druid, without any etymological justification. Its actual origin is unknown. Grimm suggests derivation from a euphemistic trût (modern traut) "dear, beloved; intimate", but cites as an alternative suggestion a relation to the valkyrie's name Þrúðr.

Page from the Ambraser Heldenbuch. Fol. 51r. The large initial marks the start of Dietrichs Flucht. Dietrichs Flucht (Dietrich's Flight) or Das Buch von Bern (The Book of Verona) is an anonymous 13th-century Middle High German poem about the legendary hero Dietrich von Bern, the legendary counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. It is part of the so-called "historical" Dietrich material and is closely related to, and always transmitted together with, a second Dietrich poem, the Rabenschlacht.

While the breadroll is known as Zürcher Murren (or Zürimurre in the local dialect) in the canton of Zürich, it is referred to as Berner Weggli or Weggen ("Bernese breadrolls") in the canton of Berne and in the Romandie, and under generic terms such as Spitzweggen ("pointy breadrolls") elsewhere in Switzerland. The etymology of the word Murren is unclear. It may be derived from Middle High German murr ("blunt"), from Spanish or Portuguese morro ("round") or from Dutch murw ("brittle").

The word deer was originally broad in meaning, becoming more specific with time. Old English dēor and Middle English der meant a wild animal of any kind. Cognates of Old English dēor in other dead Germanic languages have the general sense of animal, such as Old High German tior, Old Norse djur or dȳr, Gothic dius, Old Saxon dier, and Old Frisian diar. This general sense gave way to the modern English sense by the end of the Middle English period, around 1500.

The Hanseatic League (; , , ; ; ; ; ) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 1100s, the league came to dominate Baltic maritime trade for three centuries along the coasts of Northern Europe. Hansa territories stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages, and diminished slowly after 1450. is the Old High German word for a band or troop.

The German element Kur- is based on the Middle High German irregular verb kiesenDeutsches Wörterbuch: Kurfürst, Kür and kiesen and is related etymologically to the English word choose (cf. Old English ceosan , participle coren 'having been chosen' and Gothic kiusan). In English, the "s"/"r" mix in the Germanic verb conjugation has been regularized to "s" throughout, while German retains the r in Kur-. There is also a modern German verb küren which means 'to choose' in a ceremonial sense.

Wodan Heals Balder's Horse (1905) by Emil Doepler One of the two Merseburg Incantations (the "horse cure"), recorded in Old High German, mentions Volla. The incantation describes how Phol and Wodan rode to a wood, and there Balder's foal sprained its foot. Sinthgunt sang charms, her sister Sunna sang charms, Friia sang charms, her sister Volla sang charms, and finally Wodan sang charms, followed by a verse describing the healing of the foal's bone. The charm reads: > :Phol and Wodan went to the forest.

The family of Duke Berthold, from the Hedwig Codex. The Duchy of Merania was a fiefdom of the Holy Roman Empire from 1152 until 1248. The dukes of Merania were recognised as princes of the Empire enjoying imperial immediacy at a time when these concepts were just coming into use to distinguish the highest ranks of imperial nobility. The name "Merania" ("sea-land") comes from either the High German word for sea, meer or the Slavic word for the same, morje (both cognate with Latin mare).

In the Roman Catholic tradition, the rochet comes below the knee and its sleeves and hem are sometimes made of lace; in the Anglican tradition, the rochet comes down almost to the hem of the cassock and its sleeves are gathered at the wrist. The word stems from the Latin rochettum (from the late Latin roccus, connected with the Old High German roch, roc and the A.S. rocc; Dutch koorhemd, rochet, French rochet, German Rochett, Chorkleid, Italian rocchetto, Spanish roquete), means an ecclesiastical vestment.

Wintershall was founded on 13 February 1894 by mining entrepreneur Carl Julius Winter, together with mining-industrialist Heinrich Grimberg. It was originally set up as a civil engineering company to mine potash in Kamen. T The name Wintershall (pronounced: Winters·hall) is derived from the surname of Carl Julius Winter and the Old High German word for salt (Hall, see halite, halurgy). Ground was first broken on 23 April 1900 to drill the Grimberg shaft at Widdershausen, and the first Wintershall potash works were built in Heringen.

Low German or Low Saxon (, or , ) is a West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern part of the Netherlands. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in the German diaspora worldwide (e.g. Plautdietsch). Low German is most closely related to Frisian and English, with which it forms the North Sea Germanic group of the West Germanic languages. Like Dutch, it is spoken north of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses, while (Standard/High) German is spoken south of those lines.

The name of the village would therefore be in modern standard High German Gerhardshausen, which suggests that it was owned by a certain "Gerhard", whose identity so far has not been discovered. A document from 974 uses the name Grioz which more closely resembles the current name of the village. Guggenbühl explains that name change as follows: very fast the suffix -hausen of Gerireshausen has been abandoned, the resulting Gerires being transformed over the years first to Grioz, then to Grieze and finally to current Gries.

Wolfger's episcopal travel accounts provide the only contemporary reference to the famous Minnesänger Walther von der Vogelweide outside of the Minnesang itself. He may also have been the patron of the author of the Middle High German Nibelungenlied, since a fictional bishop of Passau plays a prominent role in it.Michael Resler, "Wolfger von Erla", in Francis G. Gentry, Werner Wunderlich, Winder McConnell and Ulrich Mueller (eds.), The Nibelungen Tradition: An Encyclopedia (Routledge, 2002), p. 138. The poet Albrecht von Johansdorf was also associated with his court.

The legend of the Frankenfurt (ford of the Franks) Frankonovurd (in Old High German) or Vadum Francorum (in Latin) were the first names mentioned in written records from 794. It transformed to Frankenfort during the Middle Ages and then to Franckfort and Franckfurth in the modern era. According to historian David Gans, the city was named 146 AD by its builder, a Frankish king named Zuna, who ruled over the province then known as Sicambri. He hoped thereby to perpetuate the name of his lineage.

The name “Oberstaufenbach” ends in the syllable —bach (German for “brook”), as do many other placenames in the region. Prefixed to this is the syllable stauf—, from the Middle High German word Stouf, defined as “towering rock, comparable to an upended beaker without a bottom”. Historical forms of the name are, among others, Stauffenbach (1377), ober Stauffenbach (1393), Stauffenbach (1430), Oberstauffenbach (1567), Ober Stauffenbach (1593) and Oberstaufenbach (1824). The name is drawn from the former melaphyre deposit north of the village, which has now been quarried away.

Tatian's influence can be detected much earlier in such Latin manuscripts as the Old Latin translation of the Bible, in Novatian's surviving writings, and in the Roman Antiphony. After the Codex Fuldensis, it would appear that members of the Western family led an underground existence, popping into view over the centuries in an Old High German translation (c. 830), a Dutch (c. 1280), a Venetian manuscript of the 13th century, and a Middle English manuscript from 1400 that was once owned by Samuel Pepys.

Czechs made up about 20 percent of the students at the time of its founding, and the rest was primarily German. A culturally- significant example of German Bohemian prose from the Middle Ages is the story Der Ackermann aus Böhmen ("The Ploughman from Bohemia"), written in Early New High German by Johannes von Tepl (c. 1350 – 1414) in Žatec (Saaz), who probably had studied liberal arts in Prague. For centuries, German Bohemians played important roles in the economy and politics of the Bohemian lands.

In 1358 he received the prestigious prebend of Saint Catherine's Chapel. His most famous work is his Chronicle, written in High German and connecting the history of his city, its region and its bishops with the wider world of the Empire. He says that he finished this work on 8 July 1362, the same day an earthquake struck Strasbourg. His sources included Martin von Troppau, a version of the Sächsische Weltchronik and the Bellum Waltherianum of his predecessor, Ellenhard of Strasbourg, which he translated and incorporated.

The name of the city is usually interpreted as deriving from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning "by the monks". It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order, who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich. A monk is also depicted on the city's coat of arms. The town is first mentioned as forum apud Munichen in the Augsburg arbitration of June 14, 1158 by Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich I.Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch. Hrsg.

Professor Charles Dowsett pointed to similarities with the Middle High German word roeslin meaning small rose. See: Roslin may have been an offspring of one of the marriages common between Armenians and Franks (any person originating in Catholic western Europe) that were frequent among the nobility but occurred among the lower classes as well. Roslin also names his brother Anton and asks the readers to recall the names of his teachers in their prayers. Hromkla was located in the eastern part of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.

Wodan Heals Balder's Horse (1905) by Emil Doepler One of the two Merseburg Incantations (the "horse cure"), recorded in Old High German, mentions Sunna, who is described as having a sister, Sinthgunt. The incantation describes how Phol and Wodan rode to a wood, and there Balder's foal sprained its foot. Sinthgunt sang charms, her sister Sunna sang charms, Friia sang charms, her sister Volla sang charms, and finally Wodan sang charms, followed by a verse describing the healing of the foal's bone.Lindow (2001:227).

Majšperk was first mentioned as Mannesperch in written documents dating to 1261 (and as Mansperch in 1263 and 1371, and Monsperg in 1426). The name is derived from 13th-century Majšperk Castle ().Gradovi v Sloveniji: Majšperk The castle fell into disrepair in the late 19th century and today only ruins remain.Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number ešd 24672 The castle name is a compound of the genitive form of the Old High German name Manne plus berg 'mountain', originally meaning 'Manno's mountain'.

The Lüneburg manuscript (c. 1440–50) gives an early German account of the event, rendered in the following form in an inscription on a house known as Rattenfängerhaus (English: "Rat Catcher's House" or Pied Piper's House) in Hamelin:Illustrated in Rattenfänger von Hameln According to author Fanny Rostek-Lühmann this is the oldest surviving account. Koppen (High German Kuppe, meaning a knoll or domed hill) seems to be a reference to one of several hills surrounding Hamelin. Which of them was intended by the manuscript's author remains uncertain.

Large numbers of ethnic Germans from Russia have emigrated to North America. Migration to Canada or the United States by Russian Germans (German: Deutsche aus Russland or Russlanddeutsche; Russian: Русские немцы, russkiye nemtsy) peaked in the late 19th century. The upper Great Plains of the United States and southern Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada have large areas populated primarily by descendants of Germans from Russia. Their mother tongues were High German or Low German dialects, despite ethnic German communities having existed in Russia for many generations.

In the long-time quarrels of the Agilolfing duke Tassilo III of Bavaria with his Frankish suzerains, the bishop remained a loyal supporter of King Charlemagne and may have lost his diocese in his later years. Arbeo founded the Freising episcopal library and scriptorium. He is often counted as the first named author in German and is sometimes credited with the composition of the Codex Abrogans, a bilingual vocabulary in Latin and Old High German, often described as the first German book. He is buried in Freising.

Only the latter have traditionally been called Low Rhenish, but they can be regarded as the German extension or counterpart of the Limburgish dialects in the Netherlands and Belgium, and of Zuid-Gelders (South Guelderish) in the Netherlands. Low Rhenish differs strongly from High German. The more to the north it approaches the Netherlands, the more it sounds like Dutch. As it crosses the Dutch-German as well as the Dutch-Belgian borders, it becomes a part of the language landscape in three neighbouring countries.

Dietrich fights the wild man before encountering Sigenot Dietrich von Bern first appears in Middle High German heroic poetry in the Nibelungenlied. There he appears in the exile situation at Etzel's court that forms the basis for the historical Dietrich poems (see below). Dietrich also appears in the Nibelungenklage, a work closely related to the Nibelungenlied that describes the aftermath of that poem. In the Klage, Dietrich returns from exile to his kingdom of Italy; the poem also alludes to the events described in the later Rabenschlacht.

The language of the manuscript is Early New High German with some Bavarian features. Thornton characterises Ried's language as "Tirolean written dialect of the age of Luther". It is consistent with the language of the Habsburg Imperial Chancery, though there are some idiosyncratic spellings. In spite of the fact that Reid's texts must have come from a variety of sources, his orthography is relatively consistent between the individual works: variations between texts are minor, more likely reflecting gradual changes in his own orthography as the project progressed.

The etymology of the word gardening refers to enclosure: it is from Middle English gardin, from Anglo-French gardin, jardin, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German gard, gart, an enclosure or compound, as in Stuttgart. See Grad (Slavic settlement) for more complete etymology. The words yard, court, and Latin hortus (meaning "garden," hence horticulture and orchard), are cognates—all referring to an enclosed space. The term "garden" in British English refers to a small enclosed area of land, usually adjoining a building.

According to John Twyning, the play's plot of four lovers undergoing a trial in the woods was intended as a "riff" on Der Busant, a Middle High German poem. According to Dorothea Kehler, the writing period can be placed between 1594 and 1596, which means that Shakespeare had probably already completed Romeo and Juliet and was still in contemplation of The Merchant of Venice. The play belongs to the author's early-middle period, a time when Shakespeare devoted primary attention to the lyricism of his works.

The significance of Heinrich von Veldeke on German literary history is exceptionally large. This is proven by the fact that his lyrics and the Eneas Romance have solely been preserved in Middle High German manuscripts. Heinrich von Veldeke is also named as a great example by many thirteenth-century writers (Wolfram von Eschenbach, Hartmann von Aue and Gottfried von Straßburg). His influence on Middle Dutch literature appears to have been rather limited, aside from one allusion by Jacob van Maerlant that is difficult to interpret.

In the Arsenal of Venice, the gastaldi endured to the arrival of Napoleon, in the form of confraternities of craftsmen in the shipyards; the sign of the carpenters' guild, painted under the direction of Misier Zacharia d'Antonio in 1517 and renewed in 1753, under the gastaldia of Francesco Zanotto gastaldo and company, is in the Museum of Venetian History, Venice.Illustrated in Fernand Braudel, The Wheels of Commerce, 19 82, vol. II of Civilization and Capitalism p 314. In Old High German, gastaldus came to denote a steward.

In a copy of a 1319 document, the village is described as Cappeln, and in one from 1363 as Capellen. In 1417, the form Udin Capellen cropped up. Other names that the village has borne over time are Vdencapelln by Grunbach gelegen (1457), Vden capell (1562) and Udencapeln (1830 on a general staff map). It is highly likely that the name goes back to a little church at which the village arose (it does, after all, resemble the Modern High German word Kapelle, meaning “chapel”).

As a literary critic, he specialized in the arts of translation and editing. He served as an editor at several journals and publishing houses. Most of Stiller's publications, including some 300 books, are translations of prose and poetry from thirty-odd languages, chiefly English, German, Russian, and Malay, as well as from French, Spanish, Middle High German, Old English, Old Norse, Icelandic, Swedish, Dutch, Yiddish, Hebrew, Latin, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Lusatian, Sanskrit, Chinese, and others. His translations were often accompanied by extensive critical essays and commentaries.

The Ezzolied, also known as the Cantilena de miraculis Christi (Song of the miracles of Christ) or the Anegenge (Beginning), is an early Middle High German poem written by Ezzo, a German scholar and priest of Bamberg. It dates to the 1060s. The subject of the poem is the life of Jesus Christ. Very popular during the later Middle Ages, the Ezzolied had a great influence on the poetry of Southern Germany, and is valuable as a monument of the poetical literature of the time.

The development of a standard German was impeded by political disunity and strong local traditions until the invention of printing made possible a "High German-based book language." This literary language was not identical to any specific variety of German. The first grammar evolved from pedagogical works that also tried to create a uniform standard from the many regional dialects for various reasons. Religious leaders wished to create a sacred language for Protestantism that would be parallel to the use of Latin for the Roman Catholic Church.

He suggests that during mealtimes the knights were read sections of the Bible or the word of God, so that they could 'receive spiritual as well as corporal nourishment'. There was little of this in the Chronicle. There is also the fact that the Chronicle is written in high German, and the majority of the knights who were in Livonia at that time would have spoken low German. This would mean that they would have struggled to have understood what was being read to them anyway.

The cracks started showing in earnest when the Alemanni overran Agri Decumates in 260 and the wars of 353 to 378 AD (thus bringing Old High German into the region). Later, the Alemanni would also expand into Alsace before being conquered by Clovis and the Franks. As Roman central leadership slowly withered and died with the rest of the Empire, the Romans left the region to its own devices. When the Alemanni became the new masters of the region, they began to organize it into territories.

The East Franconian dialect of Fulda was High German, but the monastery was a centre of missionary activity to Northern Germany. It is therefore not unreasonable to assume there was some knowledge of Old Saxon there, and perhaps even some Old Saxon speakers. However, the motivation for attempting a translation into Old Saxon remains inscrutable, and attempts to link it with Fulda's missionary activity among the Saxons remain speculative. An alternative explanation treats the dialect as homogeneous, interpreting it as representative of an archaic poetic idiom.

There is very little definite information about this saint; his earliest biographies (two in Latin and two in German), did not appear until after 1417. The name "Wendelin" means "wanderer" or "pilgrim" in Old High German. The biographies state that Wendelin was the son of a Scottish king who led a pious life as a youth before leaving his home in secret to make a pilgrimage to Rome. On his way back he settled as a hermit at Westrich in the Diocese of Trier.

The Elbe Germanii included the tribes of the Semnones, Hermunduri, Quadi, Marcomanni and the Lombards.Walter Pohl: Die Germanen; Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich, 2004, Historically they are possibly the same as the Irminones or Herminones mentioned by classical authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela. The most notable of these were the Suebic tribes. All or most of the modern languages thought to derive from the languages of these historical peoples are in the High German group of the West Germanic language family.

Rogerius' work was kept relevant by the new edition (1250) made by his pupil Rolando de Parma, a professor at Bologna. Glosses later added include Additiones, Chirurgia Rolandina, First Salernitan Gloss, Roger Marginalia of Erfurt, Four Masters Gloss, Therapeutic Roger Gloss, Chirurgia Jamati and the widely extended Middle High German Roger Complex. Many of these manuscripts include lavish illustrations detailing medical treatment. Rogerius' work maintained the strong tradition of Salerno's medical school, in existence since the ninth century, which pioneered the study of anatomy and surgery.

The English name yarrow comes its Saxon (Old English) name gearwe, which is related to both the Dutch word gerw (alternately yerw) and the Old High German word garawa. In the eastern counties it may be called yarroway. The genus name Achillea is derived from mythical Greek character, Achilles, who reportedly carried it with his army to treat battle wounds. The specific name millefolium as well as the common names milfoil and thousand weed come from the featherlike leaves which appear to be divided into a thousand.

Heinrich der Glïchezäre (i.e. the hypocrite, in the sense of one who adopts a strange name or pseudonym; also called Heinrich der Gleißner) was a Middle High German poet from Alsace, author of a narrative poem, Reinhart Fuchs (Reynard), the oldest German beast epic that we possess. The date of its composition is about 1180. It is based on a French poem, part of an extensive Roman de Renart, but older than any of the branches of this romance that have come down to us.

Regionale und religiöse Unterschiede bei den preußischen Mennoniten (taeufergeschichte.net) Plautdietsch, a mixture of Dutch and the Low Prussian dialect of the Vistula Delta, became the typical language of the Mennonites in this region.Mennonite Low German Dictionary The first German-language sermon in the Mennonite Church of Danzig in 1762 caused protests by community members and led to a return to the Dutch language.Mennonite Low German Dictionary The use of High German language would become one of the basic motivations for subsequent migrations to Russia.

German newspapers in the U.S., 1922. A 1940s-era poster discouraging the use of Italian, German, and Japanese. The first German newspaper in the U.S. was ("the High German-Pennsylvanian story-writer, or collection of important news from the realms of nature and the church"), later known as .Albert Bernhardt Faust, The German Element in the United States It was a German-language paper, that on July 5, 1776, was the first paper to report the American Declaration of Independence, and it did so in German translation.

The Proto-Germanic forms of the compounds are "ragina" (counsel) and "harjaz" or "hariz" (army). The Old High German form is Raginheri, Reginheri, which gave rise to the modern German form Rainer, the French variant Rainier and the Italian variant Ranieri. The Old English form is "Rægenhere" (attested for example in the name of the son of king Rædwald of East-Anglia). The name also existed among the Franks as "Ragnahar" (recorded as Ragnachar in the book "History of the Franks" by Gregory of Tours).

A number of his sermons were clearly delivered there, as indicated by their survival in the Cologne dialect of Middle High German. A credible tradition suggests he visited John of Ruusbroec in Groenendaal at some point in the 1350s. He is credited with composing the words of the Advent song, Es kommt ein Schiff, geladen. The oldest existing text source is a manuscript dated before 1450, found in the Strasbourg Dominican convent of St. Nicolaus in undis, which Tauler was known to have visited frequently.

The pronunciation of the letter v is one of the few cases of ambiguity in German orthography. The German language normally uses the letter "f" to indicate the sound (as used in the English word fight) and "w" to indicate the sound (as in victory). However, the letter "v" does occur in a large number of German words, where its pronunciation is in some, but in some other words. Originally, in Middle High German, the sound had been voiced in some dialects and was therefore written "v".

The older mixed Vulgate/Diatessaron text type also appears to have continued as a distinct tradition, as such texts appear to underlie surviving 13th–14th century Gospel harmonies in Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle French, Middle English, Tuscan and Venetian; although no example of this hypothetical Latin sub-text has ever been identified. The Liège Diatessaron is a particularly poetic example. This Latin Diatessaron textual tradition has also been suggested as underlying the enigmatic 16th century Islam-influenced Gospel of Barnabas (Joosten, 2002).

Some ancient sources as well as modern etymologists derive the word "from a letting in of light" (a lucendo); that is, the lucus was the clearing encompassed by trees.Entry on "Etymology," in The Classical Tradition (Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 343. The Old High German cognate lôh also means "clearing, holy grove." Lucus appears to have been understood in this sense in early medieval literature; until the 10th century, it is regularly translated into OHG as harug, a word never used for the secular silva.

A Crusade song (, , ) is any vernacular lyric poem about the Crusades. Crusade songs were popular in the High Middle Ages: 106 survive in Occitan, forty in Old French, thirty in Middle High German, two in Italian, and one in Old Castilian. The study of the Crusade song, which may be considered a genre of its own, was pioneered by Kurt Lewent. He provided a classification of Crusade songs and distinguished between songs which merely mentioned, in some form, a Crusade from songs which were "Crusade songs".

The Münchner Merkur defines it as "a sometimes experimental mix of folk elements, medieval and traditional music from different epochs and regions as well as modern, even electronic influences". Faun's repertoire ranges from melancholic ballads to exuberant dances like the Brittanic An Dro. Thereby they set historical tunes from various periods and regions to music and on the other hand create a lot of their own compositions as well. Faun combines ancient Perso-Arab melodies with the Swedish nyckelharpa and Middle High German lyrics.

"Snow White" is a 19th-century German fairy tale that is today known widely across the Western world. The Brothers Grimm published it in 1812 in the first edition of their collection Grimms' Fairy Tales and numbered as Tale 53. The original German title was Sneewittchen, a Low German form, but the first version gave the High German translation Schneeweißchen, and the tale has become known in German by the mixed form Schneewittchen. The Grimms completed their final revision of the story in 1854.

According to legend he roamed the Fens, which nowadays covers the parts of the modern counties of Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire and Norfolk, leading popular opposition to William the Conqueror. Hereward is an Old English name, composed of the elements here, "army" and ward "guard" (cognate with the Old High German name Heriwart).Room, Adrian (1992) Brewer's Names, London: Cassell, The epithet "the Wake", first recorded in the 14th century, may mean "the watchful", or derive from the Anglo-Norman Wake family who later claimed descent from him.

Alvina is an English female given name with the meaning "elf friend", "amicable", "friendly". In English it is the feminine form of Alvin, which comes from the Old English name Ælfwine, containing the words ælf meaning "elf" and wine meaning "friend", or from the Old High German name Adelwin / Adalwin, meaning Noble Friend. It is an uncommon name, first attested in mediaeval English records, and was revived in the 20th century. Popularity waned after 1939, and now less than 0.001% of the British population is named Alvina.

In the late Middle Ages, dialects began to develop in Scandinavia because the population was rural and little travel occurred. When the Reformation came from Germany, Martin Luther's High German translation of the Bible was quickly translated into Swedish, Danish, and Icelandic. Norway entered a union with Denmark in 1397 and Danish became the language of the elite, the church, literature, and the law. When the union with Denmark ended in 1814, the Dano-Norwegian koiné had become the mother tongue of many Norwegians.

In Early Modern High German, the duel was known as Kampf, or Kampffechten. The German dueling tradition originates in the Late Middle Ages, within the German school of fencing. In the 15th century, duels were fought between members of the nobility wearing full plate armour. During the late 16th and the 17th century, this tradition was gradually replaced with the modern fencing with the rapier following the Dardi school, while at the same time the practice of dueling spread to the bourgeois classes, especially among students.

Danzig Platt deviated significantly from North German Platt. While Platt has the pronunciations "maken" (to make), "slapen" (to sleep), "seggen" (to say), "vertellen", in Danzig Platt the pronunciations are "moake", "schloape", "saje", "vertalle". mochum Walter Petter, "Vom Danziger Deutsch". In: Danziger Hauskalender 1950 Typical of Danzig Missingsch is Apocope of a final 'e' as in "Katz" (cat) or "Straß" (street), and Entrundung of Umlaute "ü" and "ö" so that "Tier" is (door) is pronounced instead of High German Tür, and "Sehne" (sons) instead of Söhne.

Conrad von Soest, also Konrad in modern texts, or in Middle High German Conrad van Sost or "von Soyst", (born around 1370 in Dortmund;Brigitte Corley dates the birth of Conrad to the 1360s; cp. dies., "Conrad von Soest und seine Werkstatt", in: Brigitte Buberl (ed.): Conrad von Soest : neue Forschungen über den Maler und die Kulturgeschichte der Zeit um 1400, l.c., p. 61 died soon after 1422) was the most significant Westphalian artist and painted in the so-called soft style of International Gothic.

Neidhart portrayed in the Codex Manesse, about 1300 Neidhart von Reuental (Middle High German: Nîthart von Riuwental; also Her Nîthart; possibly born c. 1190 – died after 1236 or 1237)Dates given in New Grove was one of the most famous German minnesingers. He was probably active in the Duchy of Bavaria and then is known to have been a singer at the court of Duke Frederick II of Austria in Vienna. As a minnesinger he was most active from 1210 to at least 1236.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, hello is an alteration of hallo, hollo, which came from Old High German "halâ, holâ, emphatic imperative of halôn, holôn to fetch, used especially in hailing a ferryman". It also connects the development of hello to the influence of an earlier form, holla, whose origin is in the French holà (roughly, 'whoa there!', from French là 'there'). As in addition to hello, halloo,Butler, Mann, A History of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Wilcox, Dickerman & Co., 1834, p. 106.

It is also known as Kinig Artus Hof, an adaptation of the Middle High German romance Wigalois by Wirnt von Gravenberg.Speculum, A Journal of Medieval Studies: Volume 78, Issue 01, January 2003, pp 210–212 Another significant writer is Avroham ben Schemuel Pikartei, who published a paraphrase on the Book of Job in 1557. Women in the Ashkenazi community were traditionally not literate in Hebrew but did read and write Yiddish. A body of literature therefore developed for which women were a primary audience.

This was originally a Spanish-language usage, but the dish is now best known in North America in a Latin American context. Elsewhere, including in Britain, a flan is a type of tart somewhat like a quiche. The Modern English word flan comes from French flan, from Old French flaon, in turn from Medieval Latin fladonem, derived from the Old High German flado, a sort of flat cake, probably from an Indo-European root for 'flat' or 'broad'.Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition (1989); Petit Robert 1973.

The Fritz Reuter Literary Archive (FRLA - Fritz Reuter Literaturarchiv) in Berlin, Germany collects autographs and manuscripts by 19th century authors from Mecklenburg, as well as editions of their works. The collections primarily include Fritz Reuter (1810–1874), who wrote mostly in Low German, and Ida Gräfin Hahn-Hahn (1805–1880), who wrote primarily in High German. During the 19th century these two novelists, with Mecklenburgian roots, were counted among the most widely read authors by the German, as well as the reading public in other countries.

In this chaotic mêlée, kippers were therefore mere foot soldiers of the tournament, and it was not their function or intention to participate in the fighting. In the later Middle Ages, when tournaments no longer resembled actual warfare and the chivalric code became more popular, kippers were frowned upon. Less warlike and more honorable tournament conduct was encouraged. The word kipper is cognate with Icelandic kippa ("to pull, snatch"), Danish kippen ("to seize"), and a Middle High German word that means "to beat or kick".

The settlement was first attested in written sources as Zoll oder Podgweld and Zoll oder Podgwelb in 1763–1787. The Slovene name Col is borrowed from Middle High German zol (modern German Zoll) 'toll' or 'customs duty'.Ajdovščina municipal site Col is located on the border between the historical Habsburg crown lands of Carniola and Gorizia and was a collection point for tolls. Col was originally known as Podvelb (; literally, 'below the arch') in reference to a castle that formerly stood near Saint Leonard's Church.

As early as prehistoric and protohistoric times, the Waldmohr area was settled, as archaeological finds (such as blades, small lacrymatories, remnants of smelting ovens) and barrows bear witness. The first documentary mention dates from AD 830 and is found in a document from Lorsch Abbey, the Lorsch codex (also known as the Reichsurbar, Codex Laureshamensis; kept at the State Archive in Munich), in which the three royal estates of Lutra, Nannenstuol and Mörahha are named (the last one corresponding with the second syllable in “Waldmohr”). The name's meaning comes mainly from the Old High German terms mor for “wetland” (Old English had the same word, and the English “moor” and the German Moor are both still used todayEtymology at Online Etymological Dictionary) and ahha for either “brook” or “water”. A few researchers, however, derive the mör part of the name from the Latin mora, which can mean either a stay or a rhetorical pause (a royal estate as a rest stop?). The word ahha crops up a number of times in Old High German poetry from Carolingian times, spelt with only one H, thus aha, and always means “water”.

South Franconian () is an Upper German dialect which is spoken in the northernmost part of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, around Karlsruhe, Mosbach and Heilbronn. Like closely related East Franconian it is a transitional dialect, which unites elements of Central German and Upper German. The language area is located in the transient zone between Rhine Franconian dialects (Hessian and Palatinate German) in the north and Alemannic German (Low Alemannic and Swabian German) in the south. South Franconian is one of the High German dialects with the lowest number of speakers.

In many of these settlements, people still speak Walser. Because the people who speak Walser German live in the isolated valleys of the high mountains, Walser German has preserved certain archaisms retained from Old High German which were lost in other variants of German. The dialect of the Lötschental, for instance, preserved three distinct classes of weak verbs until the beginning of the 20th century. Walser German dialects are considered endangered, and language shift to the majority language (French, Italian, Standard German) has taken place in the course of the later 20th century.