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500 Sentences With "high commands"

How to use high commands in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "high commands" and check conjugation/comparative form for "high commands". Mastering all the usages of "high commands" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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Women were even more common among the high commands of passenger ships.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 602-603\.
Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, p. 760. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, p. 559. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 315; Research Online site biography of Jackson.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 282–283.
Much information on Civil War departments can be found in Eicher & Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
70–82; Gordon, pp. 114–15; Warner, p. 410; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 461.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 197.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 756.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 755.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 715.
Only Adjutant General and Inspector General Samuel Cooper ranked ahead of him.Eicher, Civil War High Commands. p. 807\.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 737.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 760.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 101.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 758.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 762.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 598-599.
They had eight children.Lamers, pp. 11–14; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 461; Find-a-Grave page for Anna.
59-60Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 182Sifakis, Stewart.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 741. Burling married in October 1862.
Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 542. His family relations to Andrew Jackson had secured him an appointment there.Foote, Vol. I, p. 278.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 282. His parents were Jeptha Vining and Sarah (Hunt) Harris.Harris, Gideon Dowse.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 587. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
As he concluded recovering from those injuries, the Civil War began.Lamers, pp. 17–19; Gordon, p. 111; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 461.
Warner, p. 151; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, pp. 315-6; Research Online site biography of Jackson. Jackson was in this role when Gen.
Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 596; Allardice, More Generals in Gray, pp. 86-7; Antietam on the Web site biography of Fiser.Allardice, p.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 596. and Captain George Armstrong Custer.
Eight days later Thomas was appointed assistant inspector general of the brigade, a post he held until that summer.Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 612.
His appointment was never confirmed by the Confederate Congress so his actual highest grade was colonel.Wright, p. 130; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 613.
"Civil War High Commands". www.sup.org. Retrieved 2016-05-10. Eicher collaborated with his son on a number of other Civil War book projects as well.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 136. His parents were John and Margaret (Kee) Boggs. He was the oldest of seven children.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. Hunter was mustered out of the volunteers on June 24, 1865.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 599. His parents were John and Elizabeth (Wright) Hannon.Major General Ambrose R. Wright was Hannon's mother's nephew.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 162 where he organized a brigade of three Alabama regiments and one Mississippi regiment.Boatner, Mark Mayo, III.
Historial Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1789 - 1903; Francis B. Heitman; 1903.Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, p. 559.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 600. His parents were Frederick and Catherine Snelson (Smith) Harris.
Hardeman as lieutenant in 1846. William Polk "Gotch" Hardeman was born on November 4, 1816 in Williamson County, Tennessee.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands.
Nathaniel Harrison Harris was born on August 22, 1834 at Natchez, Mississippi.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Benjamin Jefferson Hill was born on June 13, 1825 in McMinnville, Tennessee.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Clement H. Stevens was born August 14, 1821 at Norwich, Connecticut.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 509.
Allen Thomas was born December 14, 1830, in Howard County, Maryland.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 526.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 720 Devin was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15, 1866.
Alfred Eugene Jackson was born on January 11, 1807, in Davidson County, Tennessee.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
On August 20, 1861, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan formed the Army of the Potomac, with himself as its first commander.Beatie, Birth of Command, p. 480; Eicher, High Commands, pp.
Young Marshall Moody was born on January 23, 1822 in Chesterfield County, Virginia.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Isaac M. St. John was born on November 19, 1827 in Augusta, Georgia.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Julius Adolph De Lagnel was born on July 24, 1827, in Newark, New Jersey.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 489 Not much else is known about his life before the Civil War.
William Henry Harman was born in Waynesboro, Virginia on February 17, 1828.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 281.
James Edward Harrison was born on April 24, 1815 in Greenville District, South Carolina.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
He received his LL.B. in 1861, and was admitted to the New York bar.Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p. 308. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2001. .
Henry H. Walker was born October 15, 1832 at "Elmwood" in Sussex County, Virginia.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 549.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 711 He finally assumed command of a brigade to match his rank when Brig. Gen.
Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1789-1903. Francis B. Heitman. Vol. 1 pg. 811. On February 21, 1866,Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands.
A cousin, Humphrey Marshall, was a U.S. Congressman and a general in the Confederate States Army.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 132.
William H. Blair was born in Milesburg, Pennsylvania on July 16, 1821.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 133. He attended Allegheny College.
He invented a reaper and a mechanical bakery.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 129 His inventions had brought him wealth and international fame.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 761. Winslow was a member of the New York State Senate (21st D.) in 1880 and 1881.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 614.Allardice, 1995, p. 232 says that census records refute an alternate date of birth in 1821 that has sometimes been given for Walker.
Joseph R. Cockerill was born in Loudoun County, Virginia, January 2, 1818.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 179. He attended the public schools.
Scott and Scott, 1979, p.176 To improve capabilities for war at a theatre level, in the late 1970s and early 1980s four high commands were established, grouping the military districts, groups of forces, and fleets.William E Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1998, p.29 The Far Eastern High Command was established first, followed by the Western and South- Western High Commands towards Europe, and the Southern High Command at Baku, oriented toward the Middle East.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 158. He retired from the Regular Army as a colonel on May 18, 1864. On July 17, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated and on July 26, 1866, the United States Senate confirmed the appointment of Cady as a brevet brigadier general in the Regular Army, to rank from March 13, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 732.
Despite mediation attempts by various countries, the increased number of border incidents led the military high commands of Bolivia and Paraguay to prepare for the inevitability of war.Maria Luise Wagner. "The Chaco War". In Hudson & Hanratty.
Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. , p. 742. Colonel and Brevet Brigadier General Cogswell was mustered out of the U.S. Volunteers on July 24, 1865.
Arent Schuyler Crowninshield (March 14, 1843 – May 27, 1908) was a rear admiral of the United States Navy. He saw combat during the Civil War, and after the war held high commands both afloat and ashore.
Joseph E. Johnston surrendered his forces on April 26, 1865, which included the Army of Tennessee. He was paroled from Augusta on May 17 and returned to his civilian life.Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 316.
Hughes, 1991, p. 31. Pillow served as a brigadier general in the Tennessee Militia from 1833 to 1836.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 430.
Banks, United Daughters of the Confederacy, p. 86.; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 596. An account of his actions in the attack follows: While recovering from losing his arm, Fiser was assigned to recruiting duties.
He received promotions to Lieutenant Colonel in February 1887, to Colonel in July 1892,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . and retired in January 1897.
Bintliff was born on November 1, 1824 in Salterhebble, West YorkshireEicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 131Genealogy.com website to Gershom and Maria Hanson Bintliff.Butterfield, Consul Willshire.
John C. C. SandersSanders's name is occasionally erroneously shown as "Saunders." was born on April 4, 1840 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 594Also, di Cesnola's name is not listed in Hunt, Roger D. and Jack R. Brown, Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue.
Thomas N. Waul was born January 5, 1813, in the Sumter District, now Sumter County, South Carolina, near Stateburg.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 557.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 718.His nomination as brigadier general was not confirmed by the U.S. Senate until April 18, 1864. Eicher, 2001, p. 718.
Forney was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina,on November 9, 1823.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 240. He moved with his parents to Alabama in 1835.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 741. He mustered out of the service July 22, 1865, in Chicago, Illinois and engaged in banking from 1867 to 1888.
Lamers, pp. 27–39; Gordon, pp. 113–14; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 461. In late 1861, Rosecrans planned for a winter campaign to capture the strategic town of Winchester, Virginia, turning the Confederate flank at Manassas.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 283–284 Thomas Harrison moved to Brazoria County, Texas in 1843 and studied law, establishing a law practice at Waco.
3: Iss. 1, Article 7. page 40.Civil War High Commands, John Eicher & David Eicher, page 893 In the 30th of April 1864 She was dispatched past the Union blockade to Cuba, loaded with a cargo of cotton.
Pleasonton was born in Washington, D.C., on July 7, 1824.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 431. He was the son of Stephen and Mary Hopkins Pleasonton.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001. , pp. 452, 727 He commanded several brigades in the Army of the Potomac and then the 1st Division of the II Corps during the Peninsula Campaign in mid-1862.
Henry Marshall Ashby was born in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1836.Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. (pbk.). p. 22.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 295-296 At a young age, he moved to Louisiana and lived with an uncle. He was appointed a midshipman in the U.S. Navy on January 23, 1836.
David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, pg.820 In the omnibus promotions at the end of the Civil War in 1865, he was brevetted through the Regular Army grades to that of brigadier general.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 754 On March 29, 1865, in the last weeks of the war, Pearson participated in the Battle of Lewis's Farm in Virginia.
Victor Jean Baptiste Girardey was born on June 26, 1837 at Lauw, France; and emigrated to Georgia with his family in 1842.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Hawley was born on August 19, 1824 in Porter, New York.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 289.Hunt, Roger D. and Jack R. Brown, Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue.
William Montgomery Gardner was born on June 8, 1824 at Augusta, Georgia.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 248–249. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1846.
Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 613. Later in 1863, on the recommendation of Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk, he was promoted to colonel and given command of the 12th Mississippi Cavalry. This new regiment, the reserve cavalry of Brig. Gen.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 600. Just eight days later, he was shot in the head and killed while leading his Tennessee Brigade at the Battle of Fair Oaks.
Stevens was born in Londonderry, New Hampshire on August 9, 1819.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 509.Hunt, Roger D. and Jack R. Brown, Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue.
Farnsworth was born in Eaton, Quebec, now Cookshire-Eaton, Quebec, on March 27, 1820, and moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1834.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 596.
McMillen was born in Hillsboro, Ohio on October 18, 1829.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. p. 382. He graduated from Starling Medical College in 1852, and practiced medicine in Ohio.
Lewis Zahm was born on August 7, 1820 in Zweibrücken, Bavaria.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. p. 586. He moved to New York in 1836 and then on to Ohio.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 553. Ward was appointed colonel of the 17th Ohio Volunteer Infantry on March 1, 1864. He resigned his commission on November 8, 1864.
Eicher, 2001, p. 710 This brevet promotion made him the highest ranking Union Army officer from Stark County. Beatty was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Patrick T. Moore was born on September 22, 1821 in Galway, Ireland.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 395–396Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 724 The President submitted the nomination to the U.S. Senate on December 12, 1864 and the Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1865.
Felix Zollicoffer was born on a plantation in Bigbyville in Maury County, Tennessee,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 586. a son of John Jacob and Martha (Kirk) Zollicoffer.
Benjamin Franklin Gordon was born in Henry County, Tennessee on May 18, 1826.Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. (pbk.). p. 102.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 295. The Second Brigade was a South Carolina brigade commanded by Brigadier General Maxcy Gregg. This famous brigade became known as the Gregg-McGowan Brigade.
West was born in Charlestown, New Hampshire. Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 561. He moved to the Wisconsin Territory in 1845, eventually settling in Monroe, in Green County, in 1846.
Adrian Root was born in Buffalo, New York, on May 6, 1832.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 461.Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R., Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue.
William W. Mackall was born on January 18, 1817 in Georgetown, Washington, D. C.,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 359Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.
Thomas Scott Allen was born in Andover, New York on July 26, 1825.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 102.Hunt, Roger D. and Jack R. Brown, Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue.
29, No. 5, p. 2, 1974 (in Russian) Although Oshchepkov had a good plan for completing his system, he was not allowed to carry this out. In June 1937, the Great Purge swept over the military high commands and the supporting scientific community.
Alexander Welch Reynolds (April 1816 or August 1817 - May 26, 1876)Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 450 and Warner, Generals in Gray, 1959, p. 254 give birth date of April 1816; Wright, General Officers, p. 111, gives birth date of August 1817.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 736. After the war, Robertson returned to his permanent rank of captain in the Regular Army, and earned a promotion to major in June 1874.
David Henry Williams was born in Otsego County, New York on March 19, 1819.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 615.Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders.
Then Elliott commanded the District of Kansas in the Department of the Missouri before being mustered out of the volunteer service on March 1, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 7210 General Davidson assumed command of the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps during the Peninsula Campaign. He fought at the battles of Yorktown and Williamsburg.
John Thomas Averill (March 1, 1825 - October 3, 1889) was a United States Army officer in the American Civil War who later became a U.S. congressional representative from Minnesota.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . He was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service, January 15, 1866.Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .
Reverend Levin Major Lewis was principal of Plattsburg College from 1856 to 1859.Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. (pbk.). pp. 142–143.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
James Monroe Goggin was born on October 23, 1820 in Bedford County, Virginia.Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . p. 108.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
On July 19, 1862, Smith was appointed brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from July 16, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 728. He served under Sherman in the Vicksburg Campaign.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 207. His parents were Henry A. de Saussure, a lawyer, and Susan (Boone) de Saussure.His grandfather was Henry William de Saussure, legislator, jurist and a founder of the University of South Carolina.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 762 He was the Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1867 to 1868, elected in 1866 on the Republican ticket with Governor Reuben E. Fenton.
William H. Young was born January 1, 1838 at Boonville, Missouri.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 586. His family moved to Red River County, Texas in 1841 and later to Grayson County, Texas.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 609. Despite a pre-war reputation for being sympathetic to the South, Sanders remained loyal to the Union. He was promoted to first lieutenant on May 10, 1861.
Engelmann was born in Imsbach, then in the Kingdom of Bavaria, on February 11, 1825.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 227.Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R., Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue.
Justus McKinstry was born in Hudson, New York (Columbia County, New York) on July 6, 1814.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 605.Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 101. Allcock was on detached duty as an invalid from September 1864 to December 2, 1865 when he was discharged due to the end of the war.
Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 450. During the Mexican–American War, Reynolds was a captain in the U.S. Army, serving as the Army's assistant Quartermaster beginning August 4, 1847. He was at this rank on March 15, 1848, when he vacated his line commission.
Mussey was the son of the medical doctor Reuben D. Mussey and his wife Hettie Osgood. He was born in Hanover, New Hampshire on May 30, 1833.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 744. He later participated in the Battle of Wilmington (February 11–22, 1865). After the war, Dodge served as the United States Consul in Bremen, Germany (1866-1869).
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 755. After the war Phelps became a farmer and a miner and later moved to Tacoma, Washington. John E. Phelps died at Pasadena, California on September 17, 1921.
Stevenson was born at Staunton, Virginia on June 8, 1821.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 510. After attending the College of South Carolina, he began practicing law in Franklin County, Missouri, in 1842.
Simon Goodell Griffin (August 9, 1824 - January 14, 1902) was a Union Army brigadier general during the American Civil War, farmer, teacher, lawyer and New Hampshire state legislator.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . p. 269.
Jackson became known for his relentless drilling of his troops; he believed discipline was vital to success on the battlefield. Following raids on the B&O; Railroad on May 24, he was promoted to brigadier general on June 17.Eicher, High Commands, p. 316.
The WNBF lost 1,800 combatants at Yei and Morobo alone, of whom 800 were killed while the rest were captured. The high commands of both WNBF and UNRF (II) were mostly killed or captured in the offensive. In comparison, the SPLA suffered much lighter casualties.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 166. His parents were Simon Carson, a farmer and militia officer, and Martha Williams, daughter of the first owner of Pleasant Green. Carson was an assistant teacher at Winchester Academy when he was 18 years old.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 741. He also received appointments to the brevet grades of major, lieutenant colonel and colonel of volunteers, Quartermaster's Department, to rank from June 9, 1865.Eicher 2001, p. 135.
Anticipating the approach of Union infantry, the Confederate commanders ordered their troops to disengage from the action in the mid-morning. Hampton's cavalry finally withdrew in good order toward Fayetteville. Confederate Brig. Gen. Thomas Harrison,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Orpheus Saeger Woodward (May 1, 1835 – June 26, 1919) was a Union Army officer during American Civil War. Woodward was born in Harbor Creek, Pennsylvania, May 1, 1835.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 581.
He served as the commanding officer of the Union militia in Louisiana until the end of the war. Dennis was mustered out of the volunteer army on August 24, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Eicher, The Longest Night, p. 223. On March 29, 1862, Johnston officially took command of this combined force, which continued to use the Army of the Mississippi name under which it had been organized by Beauregard on March 5.Long, 190.Eicher, Civil War High Commands p.
Thomas J. Williams (1838 – April 10, 1866) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Thomas J. Williams was born at Paterson, New Jersey in 1838.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 572.
Aquila Wiley (February 20, 1835 - June 5, 1910) was a Union Army officer in the American Civil War. Aquila Wiley was born in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania on February 20, 1835.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 569.
Daniel Day Wiley (August 10, 1837 - January 25, 1893) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Wiley was born in Readsboro, Vermont on August 10, 1837.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 569.
John Charles Black was born in Lexington, Mississippi, on January 27, 1839,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 132Hunt, Roger D. and Jack R. Brown, Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue. Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, Inc.
Gibson was born in 1832 at "Spring Hill", Versailles, Kentucky,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 254. the son of Tobias Gibson, a planter and slaveholder. His mother was from a slaveholding family in Lexington, Kentucky.
Warren was born in Brimfield, Massachusetts.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 554. In August 1844, he moved to Burlington in the Iowa Territory where he was a journalist and editorial contributor for the Burlington Hawkeye.
Born in Crawford County, Illinois, near Palestine, Illinois,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 177.Hunt, Roger D. and Jack R. Brown, Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue. Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, Inc., 1990. . p. 118.
Horace Randal was born in McNairy County, Tennessee on January 4, 1833.Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. (pbk.). p. 192.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 608.
40-41 Patton Anderson, the regiments former Colonel, was commanding the brigade since October 1861 and was promoted to brigadier on February 10, 1862.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J.; Civil War High Commands; Stanford University Press; 2001; p. 104; The brigade was part of Ruggles' division.
Samuel was born in Tompkinsville, Kentucky on March 30, 1825.Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . p. 216.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 368.
Levin Major Lewis was born in Baltimore, Maryland on January 6, 1832.Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. (pbk.). pp. 142–143.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 603.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 598.Hagan used this as his birth date in 1887 but two other dates were also given for his birth date. His family moved to a farm near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania when he was still at an early age.
Elias Wright (June 22, 1830 - January 2, 1901) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Elias Wright was born at Durham, New York on June 22, 1830.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 582.
William Herbert Withington (February 1, 1835 - June 27, 1903) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. William H. Withington was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts on February 1, 1835.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 578.
Huger was then sent to the Crimean War as an official foreign observer in 1856. Beginning in 1860, Huger commanded the Charleston Arsenal, holding the post until resigning in the spring of 1861.Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Huger; Wakelyn, p. 242; Eicher, CW High Commands, p.
He spent his youth making tack in his father's small saddlery. A benefactor lent him $400 to attend Yale, where he graduated second in the Class of 1854 at Yale Law School.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 608.
On November 10, 1864, President Lincoln appointed Davis as a brigadier general of volunteers.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 720 Lincoln did not submit Davis's nomination to this grade to the U.S. Senate until December 12, 1864.
George Douglas Wise (December 31, 1816 - March 18, 1881) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. George D. Wise was born December 31, 1816 in Brooklyn, New York.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 576.
Moses N. Wisewell (May 15, 1827 - April 11, 1888) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Moses N. Wisewell was born at Brandon, Vermont, May 15, 1827.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 577.
Adams was born in Frankfort, Kentucky,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 99.Faust, Patricia L. Adams, Daniel Weisiger. In Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War, edited by Patricia L. Faust. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. .
Cooke was born in Leesburg, Virginia, June 13, 1809.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 183 He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1827 and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the infantry.
John Elisha Phelps (April 6, 1839 - September 17, 1921) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. John E. Phelps was born at Springfield, Missouri on April 6, 1839.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 427.
Bingham was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 4, 1841.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 141 He graduated from Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1862, where he became a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity.
Cobb was born in 1823 in Jefferson County, Georgia, to John A. Cobb and Sarah (Rootes) Cobb. He was the younger brother of Howell Cobb. Cobb graduated in 1841 from Franklin CollegeEicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ., p. 592.
After Colonel La Grange assured the women that he would not destroy private property, they backed down and disarmed. La Grange was mustered out of the volunteers on July 19, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
George Nelson Morgan (September 7, 1825 - July 24, 1866) was a Union Army officer in the American Civil War. George N. Morgan was born in Massena, New York, September 7, 1825.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 397.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 233. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1850 to the Thirty-second Congress, being defeated by John Allen Wilcox. He returned home to Houston and resumed his law practice.
Sergey Prokofyevich Denisov (; 6 June 1971) was a Soviet fighter pilot during the Spanish Civil War who went on to hold various high commands during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol, the Soviet-Finnish War, and World War II in addition to being awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union twice.
Allen returned home to Alabama and resumed his agricultural pursuits. He was also involved in the railroad industry and later served as the state's Adjutant General during the administration of President Grover Cleveland.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 102.
Krez joined the Union Army in 1862 during the American Civil War. He helped to form the 27th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment was placed in charge of said regiment. Krez was mustered out of the volunteers on August 29, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Robert Plunket Maclay was born in Armagh, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania on February 19, 1820.Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. (pbk.). pp. 148–149.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 604.
During the Civil War, he was so successful as a recruiter in Connecticut and Rhode Island that President Lincoln made him Superintendent of General Recruiting for the entire Union army at Fort Columbus, New York.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
John Willian, Jr. (1835 - April 25, 1869) was a Union Army colonel and assistant adjutant general during the American Civil War. He was mustered out of the volunteers on July 15, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 572.
As a result, on 17 August both the Greek and the Turkish High Commands ordered units to advance even though the ceasefire had taken place. Several Greek-Cypriot units in the western sector suffered badly from desertions, as poorly disciplined reservists abandoned their units. The Troodos line was thus poorly manned.
Colonel William Wilson by Winslow Homer. 1861 William Wilson (1823 - November 13, 1874) was a native of England who emigrated to New York and was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 574.
William Tecumseh Wilson (October 6, 1823 – June 5, 1905) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. William Tecumseh Wilson was born in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania on October 6, 1823.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 574.
Bowen was born near the present site of Burlington, Iowa, in what was then Missouri Territory, on October 26, 1835.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 138. He attended the public schools and the academy at Mount Pleasant, Iowa.
Winkler served on the staffs of Franz Sigel and future U.S. Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz. He was then assigned to the 26th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment as a captain on September 17, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 575.
Stephen Elliott, Jr. (October 26, 1830 – February 21, 1866) was a Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War. He was a planter, state legislator in South Carolina and militia officer before the Civil War and a fisherman after the war.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands.
Jules C. Webber (August 27, 1838 - January 12, 1872) was a lieutenant colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Jules C. Webber was born in Mayville, New York on August 27, 1838.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 761.
Walter H. Stevens was born August 24, 1827 at Penn Yan, New York.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 510. Stevens graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York fourth in his class of thirty-eight in 1848.
Richard Coulter, Sr. was born in Greensburg, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, a son of Eli Coulter Jr. (1791–1830) and Rebecca Alexander. Eli Coulter was a prominent business man and managed a steam mill in Greensburg. Richard attended Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 177. Clitz was nominated and confirmed for appointment as a brevet brigadier general in the Regular Army (United States) on March 2, 1867 to rank from March 13, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 733.
Lamers, pp. 20–26; Gordon, pp. 111–12; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 461. His plans and decisions proved extremely effective in the Western Virginia Campaign. His victories at Rich Mountain and Corrick's Ford in July 1861 were among the very first Union victories of the war, but his superior, Maj. Gen.
Pleasants was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to an American father and a Spanish mother.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 431. He did not live in the United States until he was 13, when he was sent to school in Philadelphia.
Bee was born in Charleston, South Carolina on February 8, 1824.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 125. He was the son of Barnard E. Bee Sr., and Ann Wragg Fayssoux, both of whom came from prominent Charleston families of English descent.
Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 596. Assistant adjutant general of the 6th Brigade, 1st Division (Center Wing) of the Army of Northern Virginia in 1862. He fought during the Fredericksburg Campaign that winter, part of Brig. Gen. William Barksdale's brigade that defended the Rappahannock River crossing at the town on December 11.
He recovered from his wound and was subsequently assigned as post commander of Lexington, a position he held until the war ended. Price was mustered out of the U.S. volunteers on December 9, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 440.
McCook was born in Steubenville, Ohio on October 10, 1835,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 374. to Dr. John McCook and his wife Catherine. He was one of five brothers, all of whom would serve as officers in the Civil War.
Army General Yevgeni F. Ivanovski (March 7, 1918 – September 22, 1991) served in numerous high commands following the Second World War, including the command of the Moscow Military District from 1968 to 1972, command of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany from 20. July 1972 to 25. November 1980. Nationality - Belarus.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 720 Eventually, President Andrew Johnson submitted the nomination on January 13, 1866 and the U.S. Senate confirmed it on February 23, 1866. Dent was mustered out of the Union Army volunteer force on April 30, 1866.
On March 27, 1861, shortly before the outbreak of the American Civil War, Rodenbough was appointed a second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Dragoons.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 458-459 He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on May 14, 1861.
In June 1937, all of the work in Leningrad on radio- location suddenly stopped. The infamous Great Purge of dictator Joseph Stalin swept over the military high commands and its supporting scientific community. The PVO chief was executed. Oshchepkov, charged with “high crime”, was sentenced to 10 years at a Gulag penal labor camp.
Ginty joined the Union Army in 1864 during the American Civil War as major of the 39th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment on June 3, 1864.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 256 He was mustered out of the volunteers on September 22, 1864.
Mollo, p.83 Below Mussolini was the Supreme Command (Comando Supremo). The Supreme Command featured an organic staff which functioned through its defense ministries and through its various high commands. The defense ministries were based on function and included a Ministry of War, a Ministry of the Admiralty, and a Ministry of the Air.
On January 13, 1866, President of the United States Andrew Johnson nominated Brownlow for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865. The United States Senate confirmed the award on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands.
McCray is referred to as a Confederate general in numerous sourcesAllardice, Bruce S., More Generals in Gray, Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1995, pgs. 137-138. , among them Heitman's Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army. Eicher's "Civil War High Commands" labels him a general, but suggest that the rank was in Arkansas state forces, not Confederate.
Sewell began his Civil War service as a Captain with the 5th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry on August 28, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 479 He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on July 7, 1862 and colonel on January 6, 1863.
Eicher, Civil War High Commands, pp. 578, 592. They fought under Cobb at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December, defending the famous stone wall at the base of Marye's Heights. Cobb was mortally wounded in the battle, and Wofford assumed command of his brigade and was promoted to brigadier general on January 17, 1863.
He led his regiment in Missouri and commanded the 4th Brigade at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, where he was wounded. On April 4, 1863, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from November 29, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
Many engineer officers building defenses south of Washington were assigned to a regiment or division during the First Battle of Bull Run. Alexander received a brevet to major in the regular army for his service during the battle.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, , p. 100.
Maxwell Van Zandt Woodhull in 1865 Maxwell Van Zandt Woodhull (September 17, 1843 - July 15, 1921) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Woodhull was born in Washington, D.C. on September 17, 1843.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 580.
Edward H. Wolfe (September 26, 1834 - August 17, 1916) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War Edward H. Wolfe was born April 26, 1834 at Rushville, Indiana.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 578. He attended Miami University (Ohio) and Hanover College.
Sometime that June he was also commissioned a brigadier in the Virginia Provisional Army, however Huger entered the Confederate volunteer forces on June 17 as a brigadier general. Later on October 7 he was promoted to the rank of major general.Eicher, CW High Commands, p. 308: Huger commanded Norfolk forces on May 21–23, 1861.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 193 On February 21, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Crowninshield for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general to rank from March 13, 1865. The United States Senate confirmed the award on April 10, 1866.
On September 17, 1864, McIntosh's force burned a mill on Abraham's Creek near the Winchester Pike and Jones Mill on Opequon Creek. McIntosh was wounded and lost a leg at the Third Battle of Winchester, two days later.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 379.
President Abraham Lincoln appointed Averell a brigadier general of volunteers on September 26, 1862 to rank from that date.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 717. Lincoln had to nominate Averell three times before the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on March 11, 1863.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 608. He first served as voluntary aide-de-camp to General Pierre G. T. Beauregard and then major from April to July, 1861. Rhett then served as chief of staff to Beauregard's successor, General Joseph E. Johnston.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 127. He resigned that position on August 6, 1861 and became the colonel of the 10th New York Infantry (the "National Zouaves") on September 2, 1861. The regiment served at Fort Monroe in Virginia over the winter.
On April 3, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Cramer for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general, to rank from March 13, 1865 and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on April 8, 1867.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 743.
Spear was born on October 15, 1834 in Warren, MaineEicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 501-502. where he grew up on his family's farm and attended a Presbyterian church Sunday School. Spear received his higher education at Bowdoin College, graduating in 1858.
Promoted to first lieutenant on March 31, 1853,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 530-531. he transferred again, to Company B of the 2nd. He served in the Florida hostilities against the Seminoles, and accompanied an exploring expedition to California in 1853-1854\.
Robert Johnson Henderson was born in Newton County, Georgia on November 12, 1822.Allardice, 1995, p. 127.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. 978-0-8047-3641-1. p. 600.Calhoun, W. L. 'History of the 42nd Regiment, Georgia Volunteers, Confederate States Army'.
Ettore Bastico (9 April 1876 – 2 December 1972) was an Italian military officer before and during World War II. In addition to being a general of the Royal Italian Army, he was also a senator and governor. He held high commands during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War (Ethiopia), the Spanish Civil War, and the North African Campaign.
Egan joined the 40th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, called the Mozart Regiment, in April 1861 at the beginning of the Civil War, as a private.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 223 (The regiment was sponsored by the Democratic Party's Mozart Hall Committee.)Adelman, p. 13.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 518 On December 11, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Sullivan for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865 and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on February 6, 1867.Eicher, 2001, p.
Ward originally enlisted in the Union Army as a first sergeant in the 1st Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment (3 Months). He later re-enlisted and on January 30, 1862 was assigned to the 14th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment as a captain.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 553.
Thomas M. Scott was born in Athens, Georgia in 1829 but moved to Louisiana, Tennessee, back to LaGrange, Georgia and finally back to Louisiana where he was a planter.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 475Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 747. The First Division received word of Gwyn's promotion on October 14, and passed down to Gywn on the 17th. In a letter, Griffin wrote that Gwyn's promotion was "evidence that the gallantry of our little command has been appreciated".
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 427 However, he was later rescued by General Phillip Sheridan's cavalry under the immediate command of Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer. Phelps received the Medal of Honor for valor at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House on May 8, 1864.
During an interval of consciousness, however, Guiney insisted on an operation which saved his life. Guiney was honorably discharged and mustered out of the U.S. Volunteers on June 21, 1864,Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, p. 271. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. just before the mustering out of his old regiment.
John Gibson Wright (1837 - November 2, 1890) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Wright was born in New York in 1837.Sources used for this article do not give a more specific place or exact date.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 583.
Stoughton's brother, Charles B. Stoughton, assumed command of the 4th Vermont Infantry in his stead. Stoughton's appointment was never confirmed by the U.S. Senate and it expired March 4, 1863, less than a week before Mosby's Fairfax Court House Raid.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Willian for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from April 9, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 761.
On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Knefler for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 750.
Alonzo Whitney Adams (March 7, 1820 – February 22, 1887) was an American lawyer, politician and military officer. Born in Caroline, New York, he served in the California legislature. During the Mexican–American War, Adams served as a captain in the U.S. Army.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 98.
During the American Civil War, Reynolds chose to follow his home state and the Confederate cause. He went AWOL from the U.S. Army while serving in TexasEicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 450; Warner, Generals in Gray, 1959, p. 254. Reynolds would be "dropped" from U.S. Army rolls on October 4, 1861, because he "absented himself from duty".
Philip Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah. Often this command has been referred to as the VIII Corps.Eicher does not confirm that the Army of West Virginia was synonymous with the VIII Corps in his book Civil War High Commands. It should not be confused with the official Union Army VIII Corps, which was commanded by Maj. Gen.
8, pp. 216–17; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, pp. 462, 708; Lamers, p. 447. After the war, Rosecrans became a companion of the District of Columbia Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States - a military society of officers who had served in the Union armed forces and their descendants.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 127 On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Benham for the award of the brevet grade of major general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865 and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 12, 1866.
Smith was elected as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives, serving from 1861 to 1863. On April 4, 1862, he was commissioned colonel of the Fourth Regiment of the Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry. He was appointed brigadier general of volunteers on June 12, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
This situation led finally to an "inconclusive" duel between Pike and Roane on July 29, 1847, near Fort Smith, Arkansas.Eicher, John H., aer (2001) Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press. . p. 429 Although several shots were fired in the duel, nobody was injured, and the two were persuaded by their seconds to discontinue it.
On December 11, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Eaton for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general in the regular army, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 23, 1867.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 733.
On June 12, 1957, Eicher married Susan Ann Arne (1923–1983), a sociologist and legal secretary, in Sarasota, Florida. They had two children, Nancy Grace Eicher (1959– ), a journalist and editor, and David John Eicher (1961– ), astronomer and historian. Eicher and his son David together wrote Civil War High Commands (Stanford University Press, 2001).Press, Stanford University.
Lewis B. Parsons, Jr. was born at Perry, New York on April 5, 1818.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 417. Parsons College was named after his father Lewis B. Parsons Sr. His grandfather, Charles Parsons, had been an officer in the American Revolutionary War.
Gilmer was born in Guilford County, North Carolina on February 23, 1818.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 598. He entered the army corps of engineers as a second lieutenant upon his graduation from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York on July 1, 1839.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 413 He briefly served in temporary brigade command in the Army of the Ohio between June 17, 1863 and August 6, 1863. On December 24, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Stokes for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general to rank from March 13, 1865.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 249. His parents were Christopher Garlington and Eliza (Aycock) Garlington. Garlington graduated from the University of Georgia with highest honors in 1842. He moved to South Carolina and became a lawyer in 1844. In 1848, he moved to his wife's home town of Newberry, South Carolina.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 710 On July 17, 1866, President Johnson nominated Allen for the award of the brevet grade of major general, U.S. Army, also to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on July 23, 1866.Eicher, 2001, p.
He commanded Fort Snelling, Minnesota, a training facility. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Morgan for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
During the Mexican War, Harper became a captain in the 1st Virginia Infantry, commanding the volunteer company from Augusta County that served in the northern frontier of Mexico. However he never saw combat and returned home to muster out in August 1848.Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Virginia, p. 271; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 281.
Lee was born at Clermont in Fairfax County, Virginia. He was the grandson of "Light Horse Harry" Lee, a nephew of Robert E. Lee and Samuel Cooper, and cousin of George Washington Custis Lee, W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee, and Robert E. Lee, Jr.Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 343. .
On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Merrill for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general, U.S. Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 753.
Isham Warren Garrott (1816 – June 17, 1863) was a colonel in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Garrott was killed during the Vicksburg Campaign before his commission as a brigadier general was confirmed by the Confederate Senate or delivered and became effective.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 597.
After recovering, Izzat Khan joined enemy camp, and received high commands, titles and territories from Ahmad Shah Abdali. He died of the battle injuries after returning to Kurwai. Izzat Khan's son Hurmut Khan was imprisoned by the Marathas for three years. He was freed after he ceded several villages to them, and agreed to an indemnity of 3 lakhs rupees to the Marathas.
War of the Rebellion, part II, vol. 49, p. 546. On April 10, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Burbank to the rank of brevet brigadier general, U.S.A. to rank from March 13, 1865 and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on May 4, 1866 Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands p. 732. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2001. .
Shaler's regiment became part of Cochrane's brigade in that division. It was present at the Battle of Fredericksburg but not seriously engaged. Alexander Shaler assumed command of the brigade in March 1863, and was appointed to the rank of brigadier general, to rank from May 26, 1862, on May 26, 1863.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, p. 704. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. In addition to the IV Corps, he commanded the Yorktown District, VII Corps, and the division at Suffolk. Among Keyes's other actions were the raid to White House, Virginia, on January 7, 1863, and the expedition to West Point, Virginia, on May 7, 1863.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 271. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Guppey for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, 2001, p. 747.
Haupt died of a heart attack at age 88 in Jersey City, New Jersey, stricken while traveling on the Pennsylvania Railroad in a Pullman car named "Irma" on a journey from New York to Philadelphia. He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.Civil War High Commands His son Lewis M. Haupt was a noted civil engineer and professor.
William D. Wood (December 14, 1822 - February 2, 1867) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. He began the war serving as aide-de- camp to Hamilton Gamble, governor of Missouri, in the Missouri militia. On December 14, 1863, Wood was appointed colonel of the 11th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 766. Soon, Morris took command of a brigade of newly raised Indiana state troops and led them into western Virginia. His troops became known as the "Indiana Brigade" and were attached to the Department of the Ohio under fellow railroader George B. McClellan.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands. p. 276 Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . and was awarded the honorary rank of brevet brigadier general United States Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, by U.S. Senate confirmation on March 12, 1866. Hamlin began his military career as a major in the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment.
Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 612. With the 8th Infantry, Thomas performed garrison duty in New York and then was stationed in the Utah Territory. On January 19, 1859, he was promoted to second lieutenant and assigned to the 5th U.S. Infantry. With the 5th Infantry he was stationed at Fort Union in the New Mexico Territory until resigning in 1861.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 382. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated McMahon for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, 2001, p. 752.
Grover Salman Wormer (August 9, 1821 - January 26, 1904) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Grover Wormer was born at Auburn, New York on August 9, 1821.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 582. His father was a soldier from Massachusetts who fought in the War of 1812.
Hartranft was born in Fagleysville, a village in New Hanover Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, near Pottstown, the son of ethnic German Americans Mary Lydia (Bucher) and Samuel Engle Hartranft.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 284. Hartranft had some local schooling in Norristown, where his family moved when he was a boy.
On December 12, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Stone for appointment as brevet brigadier general, U.S. Volunteers, to rank from September 7, 1864, for "gallant services during the war, and especially at Gettysburg" and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 20, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 758.
Hazard was wounded and his father, by then a general, was killed in the Battle of Chantilly on September 1, 1862. For his contribution to the capture of Fort Huger, Virginia, on April 19, 1863, Stevens received the Medal of Honor on June 13, 1894.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp.
William Stephen Walker was born April 13, 1822 at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania but was raised in Mississippi and Washington, D.C. by his uncle, Secretary of the Treasury (under President James K. Polk) and Senator Robert J. Walker, who also was originally from Pennsylvania.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 551.
In 1862, Harriman was appointed colonel of the 11th New Hampshire,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 281. a newly raised three-years regiment of infantry. He led his regiment from Cincinnati, Ohio, across the rugged Cumberland Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee to join Major General Ambrose Burnside's army in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Edwin Vose Sumner Jr. (August 16, 1835 - August 23, 1912) was a general in the United States Army. Born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania; he was the son of General Edwin Vose Sumner, one of the oldest generals to serve during the American Civil War.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 519.
On May 14, 1861, Steele was appointed major in the 11th U.S. Infantry and fought at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. On September 23, 1861, he became colonel of the 8th Iowa Infantry. On January 30, 1862, Steele was appointed brigadier general of U.S. volunteers, to rank from January 29, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
200px David Ramsay Clendenin (June 24, 1830 - March 5, 1895) was a teacher before the American Civil War and then a career United States Army officer from 1861 to 1891.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 176. David Ramsay Clendenin was born in Little Britain, Pennsylvania on June 24, 1830.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 265.Wright, Marcus J. United States War Department, The Military Secretary's Office. Memorandum relative to the general officers appointed by the President in the armies of the Confederate States--1861-1865. (1908) (Compiled from official records). Caption shows 1905 but printing date is February 11, 1908.
Joseph Messer Clough (June 15, 1828 – May 7, 1919) was a Union Army lieutenant colonel during the American Civil War, who was appointed and confirmed to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers in 1866. Clough was born June 15, 1828 in Sunapee, New Hampshire.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 177.
Francis Winthrop Palfrey (1831–1889) was an American historian, born in Boston, Massachusetts son of J. G. Palfrey. He graduated at Harvard in 1851 and at the Law School two years afterward. During the American Civil War he rose to the rank of colonel in the Union Army. On May 4, 1866,Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands.
Henry Knox Craig was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on March 7, 1791.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 188. He was the son of Major Isaac Craig, a Revolutionary War officer and a prominent citizen of the city who had seen service in both the US Navy and the US Army.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 757. Starting in 1870, Smith was a collector of internal revenue in New Mexico. At the outset of the American Civil War, Smith drilled recruits in Illinois and Missouri. He was appointed colonel of the 35th Illinois Infantry Regiment on September 1, 1861.
Again McCook commanded a brigade with efficiency. He was discharged October 11, 1865. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated McCook for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Stanton then waited the thirty days before releasing Stone.Garrison, pp. 122–23; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 513. It may, or may not be that President Lincoln ordered the arrest of Stone. In a communication of September 30, 1862, General in Chief H. W. Halleck wrote about Stone's arrest: “I understood that it was made by the orders of the President.”p.
After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Malloy joined the Union Army and was assigned to the 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He was later promoted to Colonel and given command of the 17th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Malloy was mustered out of the volunteers on July 19, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Montgomery began his Civil War service in command of the 25th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment on September 14, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 393-394. He suffered the loss of his right arm at Decatur, Georgia during the Battle of Atlanta, where he was captured on July 22, 1864.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 249. He moved with his parents to Alabama in 1835. John Horace Forney was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, NY and graduated in 1852, twenty-second in his class. Forney was commissioned brevet second lieutenant of the 7th U.S. Infantry on July 1, 1852.
John Dunovant was a brigadier general with temporary rank in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 595.Although listed as a brigadier general by Warner, Eicher lists him as a "might have been" because his appointment had not yet been confirmed on the date of his death.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 220 Duval was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15, 1866. On February 24, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Duval for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on May 4, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Cullum also supports this view by stating that Montgomery first served in the defenses of Washington, D.C. at the start of the war.Cullum, 1891, p. 362. Soon after the Battle of First Bull Run, Montgomery was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers to rank from May 17, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 394.
Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley. Gordon was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers on June 12, 1862, to rank from June 9, 1862.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 721. . Gordon commanded a brigade in XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, at the Battle of Antietam, becoming acting division commander when Brig. Gen.
He was mustered out of the volunteers on July 17, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 281 On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Harriman for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from April 2, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.
He became the brother-in-law of Alexander R. Lawton and Jeremy F. Gilmer.Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 101. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1857, third in his class of 38 cadets, and was brevetted a second lieutenant of engineers. He briefly taught engineering and fencing at the academy before he was ordered to report to Brig. Gen.
In April 1861 with the outbreak of the Civil War, Palmer advanced in rank again, becoming a major of a cavalry battalion, April 25, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 414 At the First Battle of Bull Run, he led this battalion of seven companies of horsemen, and was again recognized for his gallantry.
He attended school in Washington, D.C.. He was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1847. In 1852, at age 19, he was the youngest graduate to be commissioned a brevetEicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 588. second lieutenant of infantry in the 8th U.S. Infantry Regiment.
Tilton was mustered out of volunteer service on October 17 of that year. On December 12, 1864,Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 759. President Abraham Lincoln nominated Tilton for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, to rank from September 9, 1864, for distinguished services during the war.
Martin Reuben Merritt Wallace (September 29, 1829 - March 6, 1902) was a Union Army officer from October 12, 1861 to November 3, 1864 during the American Civil War.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 551. He was colonel of the 4th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry when he was mustered out of the volunteers on November 3, 1864.
At Lützen he greatly distinguished himself. Faced by the bulk of the combined Russian and Prussian armies, he bitterly defended the area around Gross-Gorschen. At the Battle of Leipzig he was wounded while leading III Corps. After the fall of the First Empire he deserted the emperor and, having suffered for the Royalist cause, was well received by Louis XVIII, who gave him high commands.
During the war, Columbus attorney Jacob H. Sharp served as a brigadier general in the Confederate Army. After the war, he owned the Columbus Independent newspaper. He was elected to two terms in the State House, serving four years representing the district in the Mississippi House of Representatives.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, page 481. .
Harnden mustered out of the service on July 19, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 281. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Harnden for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 601 United States War Department, The Military Secretary's Office, Memorandum relative to the general officers appointed by the President in the armies of the Confederate States--1861-1865 (1908) (Compiled from official records), p. 32. Caption shows 1905 but printing date is February 11, 1908, retrieved August 5, 2010.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 401 On May 4, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Mulholland for the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865 for his conduct at the Battle of the Wilderness and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on May 18, 1866.Eicher, p.
"Duryée's Zouaves", as they became known, fought at Big Bethel. Duryée was appointed brigadier general, on August 31, 1861, to rank from that date. President Abraham Lincoln submitted the nomination to the U.S. Senate on December 21, 1861, and the Senate confirmed the nomination on February 3, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
John H.Eicher and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), p. 435. In describing the Battle of Second Manassas, Edward Porter Alexander wrote that Confederates who knew Porter respected him greatly and considered his dismissal "one of the best fruits of their victory". Edward Porter Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1907), p. 208.
He was nominated to receive the brevet rank of brigadier general by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service before Richmond and in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia," to date from August 1, 1864. The Senate approved the appointment on February 14, 1865.Senate Executive Journal, Monday, February 6, 1865, online; Internet.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Stone was severely wounded in the hip and arm in the fighting, and he returned home to recuperate.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 514. After his return to active duty, Stone served briefly as a brigade commander in James Wadsworth's 4th Division, V Corps during Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign.
Hamilton Prioleau Bee was born into a political family in Charleston, South Carolina, on July 22, 1822.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 125. His parents were Ann Wragg (Fayssoux) and Barnard Elliott Bee, Sr. His younger brother was Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr.. Bee's family moved to Texas in 1836 when Hamilton was 14.
Poor health forced him to resign from the army on July 3, 1864. Hawkes was nominated by President Andrew Johnson on March 26, 1867Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, p. 747. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, U.S. Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services.
Farnsworth was born in Green Oak, Michigan on July 30, 1837.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 596. Elon Farnsworth's uncle, John F. Farnsworth, served in the United States House of Representatives from Illinois between March 4, 1857 and March 3, 1861 and again between March 4, 1863 and March 3, 1873.
Ulysses Doubleday (August 31, 1824 - February 11, 1893) was a Union Army colonel during the American Civil War. In 1866 he was nominated and confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865. Ulysses Doubleday was born in Auburn, New York on August 31, 1824.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Union Colonel (Brevet Brigadier General) Theodore Read and Confederate Colonel Reuben B. Boston were killed. Union Colonel Francis Washburn and Confederate Colonel James Dearing (often identified as a brigadier general but his appointment was never confirmedEicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. . p. 817.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Pleasants for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 755. His brevet appointment citation specifically mentions his service at Petersburg.
He was severely wounded three separate times but survived the war. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated McCook for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 752.
Charles Kinnaird Graham (June 3, 1824 – April 15, 1889)Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 261. was a sailor in the antebellum United States Navy, attorney, and later a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. As a civil engineer, he helped plan and lay out Central Park in New York City.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . p. 718 President Lincoln submitted the nomination to the U.S. Senate on December 21, 1861 and the Senate confirmed it on March 17, 1862. Barry came up with the concept that became the U.S. Horse Artillery Brigade in the Army of the Potomac. As chief of artillery under Maj. Gen.
He led the organization on its famed march through Baltimore, which sparked the first bloodshed of the American Civil War. His troops traveled onward and helped with the defense of Washington, D.C. Jones later recruited and commanded the 26th Massachusetts Infantry. On February 24, 1866,Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 749.
Salomon and his brothers, Frederick and Herman, joined the Army in 1861 after the outbreak of the Civil War. Charles Salomon was appointed captain of the 5th Missouri Volunteer Infantry (3 months, 1861) on May 4, 1861 and two weeks later, on May 18, 1861, he was promoted to colonel.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 468.
Eaton entered the American Civil War as a chaplain of the 27th Ohio Volunteer Infantry on August 15, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 222. In November 1862, after Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, Major General Ulysses S. Grant appointed him superintendent of freedmen and was later given supervision of all military posts from Cairo to Natchez and Fort Smith.
He joined the army during the War of 1812, and was commissioned a third lieutenant, Mary 20, 1813, second lieutenant, August 1, 1813, and first lieutenant July 15, 1814.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 523 After discharge June 15, 1815 and reinstatement as second lieutenant, May 17, 1816, Taylor again was promoted to first lieutenant on November 24, 1817.
He was mustered out of the volunteers on May 15, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 205. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated De Groat for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.
Aaron Simon Daggett (June 14, 1837 – May 14, 1938) was a career United States Army officer. He was the last surviving brevet Union general of the American Civil War, and the last surviving general of any grade from the war, when he died at the age of 100 in 1938.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 197.
Ripley was replaced as head of the Ordnance Department on September 15, 1863 principally because of his continuing opposition to the introduction of breech loading rifles.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 454 From September 15, 1863 to the year of his death, he was inspector of fortifications on the New England coast, having retired from active service.
He served in the Chattanooga campaign and Sherman's March to the Sea. On February 9, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Walker for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from February 9, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 761.
Moses B. Walker (July 16, 1819 – December 17, 1895) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War Born in Fairfield County, Ohio, July 16, 1819, Walker attended Augusta College in Kentucky and Yale College and Cincinnati Law School.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 550. He served one term in the Ohio Senate from 1850 until 1851.
Duncan Stephen Walker (November 11, 1841 - June 3, 1912) was a Union Army lieutenant colonel and assistant adjutant general during the American Civil War. He resigned his commission on May 12, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 548. In 1866, he was nominated and confirmed for appointment as a brevet brigadier general, to rank from March 13, 1865.
He was mustered out of the volunteers again on March 1, 1866. On February 24, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Walker for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on April 10, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 762.
On July 6, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Gobin for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on July 23, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 746. Near the end of the war he commanded 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps.
He was appointed to the rank of brevet major for his performance at the Veracruz on March 29, and to lieutenant colonel for the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8. Huger was brevetted a colonel five days later for "gallant and meritorious conduct" during the storming of Chapultepec.Eicher, CW High Commands, p. 308; Rice Hope Plantation Inn site biography of Huger; Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Huger.
Huger then asked whether he or Longstreet was the senior officer and was told that Longstreet was, which he accepted as true although it was not.Wert, p. 116; Eicher, CW High Commands, p. 808: Both Huger and Longstreet were promoted to major general on October 7, 1861, but Huger's name was higher on the promotions list (line rank of 8th compared to Longstreet's 9th) as prepared by Jefferson Davis.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 713 He was mustered out of the volunteers on January 15, 1866.Eicher, 2001, pp. 327-328 On July 17, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Kautz for appointment to the brevet grade of major general, U.S. Army, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on July 23, 1866.
Montgomery Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander Bradley One of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was General Dwight D. Eisenhower's commitment to a broad front advance. This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Alan Brooke, as well as Field Marshal Montgomery, who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front, with the other allied armies in reserve.
He was wounded at the Battle of Fort Donelson in February 1862. After his service with 12th Illinois Infantry ended on October 30, 1862, Ducat served as the Inspector General of two major Federal armies in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, mainly in the Army of the Cumberland. He was discharged on February 19, 1864.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
John Love was a third cousin of Robert E. Lee.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 354. Love was appointed a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York from Tennessee, September 1, 1837.Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army; From Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903. Vol.
From 1870 to 1883 he served as chief of staff and general aide-de-camp for the khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt. While there he was given the rank of ferik, equal to a lieutenant general, and the title of Ferik Pasha.Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 514. Stone's career in the Egyptian Army has been described thus: alt=Color picture of the Statue of liberty and ellis island.
Taylor was given command of the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana. After General John Bell Hood's disastrous campaign into Tennessee and near destruction of his army at the Battle of Franklin, Taylor was briefly given command of the Army of Tennessee, until most of its remnant was sent to contest Sherman's march further north through the Carolinas from Savannah.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands.
Shortly after the Civil War began, Williams was promoted to major in the 5th U. S. Artillery on May 14, 1861. On September 28, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln promoted Williams to Brigadier General of U. S. Volunteers, to rank from that date and on February 3, 1862, the U.S. Senate confirmed his nomination.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.
On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Gilbert Johnson for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 749. After the war, Johnson returned to Huntsville, Alabama, and married the daughter of a prominent Huntsville citizen.
Paul Ambrose Oliver (July 18, 1831 - May 17, 1912) was an American explosives inventor, American Civil War Union Army captain and staff officer who was appointed to the brevet grade of brigadier general and Medal of Honor recipient.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 409 He was born on the "Louisiana", his father's merchant ship, during one of its voyages in the English Channel.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 727. President Lincoln submitted the nomination to the U.S. Senate on May 17, 1862 and the Senate confirmed the appointment on July 16, 1862. Charles served as colonel of the 5th Missouri Volunteer Infantry (3 months, 1861) and on September 26, 1862 rejoined the army and succeeded Frederick as colonel of the 9th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment.
The high commands were based on geographic regions and included Army Group West, Army Group Albania, Army Group East Africa, Army Group Aegean, and Army Group Libya. Below the Army Group were armies. Armies were typically composed of two or more corps, along with separate units directly commanded at the army level. The corps were then typically composed of two or more divisions, along with separate units directly commanded at the corps level.
Thomas T. Munford Munford was born in Richmond, Virginia, to Colonel George Wythe Munford and Lucy Singleton Taylor. On July 30, 1849, Munford enrolled at Virginia Military Institute and was graduated in July 1852,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 606. standing 14th in a class of 24. He married Elizabeth Henrietta Tayloe, daughter of Mary Langhorne and George Plater Tayloe, in 1853.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 760. He resigned his commission in the volunteers on April 6, 1865. In recognition of his service, on March 18, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Wells for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 28, 1867.
He, however, reported on the battle for the brigade.Civil War home Wister After service at the Battle of Mine Run, Wister returned to Duncannon, Pennsylvania. On July 9, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Wister for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on July 23, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Abram Calvin Wildrick (August 5, 1836 - November 16, 1894) was a career United States Army officer who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. In 1866, he was nominated and confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from April 2, 1865. Abram Calvin Wildrick was born in Blairstown, New Jersey on August 5, 1836.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
On July 5, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Duryée for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for "gallant and meritorious services," and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on July 19, 1867.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 744 Jacob Eugene Duryée was a member of the Holland Society of New York.
II, p. 193. The survival of the garrison became dependent on its food supply. Originally, forecast to be exhausted by the middle of February 1916, additional food stocks had been discovered in the town at the end of January 1916, which would extend the defender's rations until the middle of April 1916. With the Poona Division under siege, the high commands in London and Simla began scrambling to put together a relief force.
2nd Alpine Engineer and 32nd Alpine Engineer Regiments The Cappello Alpino is the most distinctive feature of the Italian Army's Alpini troops uniform. The Alpini are light Infantry troops, specializing in mountain combat. Initially the Cappello was only issued to the Alpini, but soon the Cappello was adopted by the Alpini Corps' support units like Artillery, signals, engineers. Today the Cappello is issued to members of 15 Army regiments, 3 battalions and various high commands.
Joseph Nelson Garland Whistler was born at Green Bay, Wisconsin on October 19, 1822.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 564. He was the grandson of John Whistler, an Irish-born soldier who served under General Burgoyne during the Revolutionary War and was captured at the Battle of Saratoga. His father was Colonel William Whistler who served in the Army for 60 years.
Before returning to Constantinople, Basil celebrated his triumph in Athens. He showed considerable statesmanship in his treatment of the defeated Bulgarians, giving many former Bulgarian leaders court titles, positions in provincial administration, and high commands in the army. In this way, he sought to absorb the Bulgarian elite into Byzantine society. Because Bulgaria did not have a monetary economy to the same extent as Byzantium, Basil decided to accept Bulgarian taxes in kind.
At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Blunt was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 3rd Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry, a part of James Lane's Kansas Brigade, an irregular partisan force not accepted into the Union Army until reorganized in April 1862.Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. . pp. 37-38.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
He was wounded and had his horse shot from under him leading three charges. Captain Thomas F. Ellsworth received the Congressional Medal of Honor because "Under a heavy fire [Ellsworth] carried his wounded commanding officer [Hartwell] from the field." The battle was generally a failure, but proved another example where the African-American troops could be used in battle. On January 23, 1865,Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands.
James Deshler (February 18, 1833 – September 20, 1863) was a career United States Army officer and a graduate of West Point who later joined the Confederate States Army. During the American Civil War he fought at Cheat Mountain, Camp Allegheny, Arkansas Post, and Chickamauga. He was appointed a Confederate brigadier general but died on the field of battle with his promotion remaining unconfirmed.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Jackson's regiment was ordered to Pensacola, Florida, where he also commanded the post at Pensacola that May and June.Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 315. Fort Pickens, located on Santa Rosa Island, Florida Jackson was in command of one of the three battalions which fought in the Confederate defeat during the Battle of Santa Rosa Island on October 8, 1861. Jackson and his regiment remained in Florida for the rest of 1861.
At the outbreak of the war, he was appointed to the rank of major in the First Rhode Island Detached Militia, a "90-day" regiment on May 2, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 114. Balch succeeded to command of the regiment when its previous commander, Colonel Ambrose Burnside was promoted to brigadier general and given command of a brigade.
In August 1864, Pomutz returned to the 15th Iowa Infantry, which he commanded in the Battle of Atlanta. On May 4, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Pomutz for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on May 18, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 755.
In 1861, Curtin served as a private in the 2nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. On September 9, 1861, he was commissioned a captain in the 45th Pennsylvania Infantry. Curtin was promoted to major on July 30, 1862, and lieutenant colonel on September 4 of the same year. He became the regiment's colonel on April 13, 1863.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . p. 194.
In March 1861, shortly before the official secession of his home state, Anderson left the US Army and accepted a commission as a lieutenant of artillery in the Confederate Army, formally resigning his U.S. Army commission on May 17, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 105.Brown, Russell K., Our Connection with Savannah - A History of the 1st Battalion Georgia Sharpshooters.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. p. 267. . c. 1862 Gregg was exchanged on August 15, 1862 and was promoted to brigadier general on August 29. He was sent to Mississippi for service in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, and was assigned to 10th Brigade, 1st Division of the Army of Mississippi, from October 24, 1862 to March 1863.
His time at the academy was shared with a number of other recruits who would go on to have important roles in the Civil War and the lead-up to it, including such ardent secessionists as William Logan Crittenden. He was appointed a brevet second lieutenant of ordnance on July 1, 1845.Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 513. He and his younger sister, Fanny Cushing Parker (1827–1898), were Roman Catholic converts.
During the Civil War, Moore was appointed colonel of the Union Army's 33rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment on October 18, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 395. He and the regiment later took part in the Red River Campaign, the Vicksburg Campaign, the Battle of Tupelo, the Battle of Atlanta, the Battle of Nashville, and the Battle of Spanish Fort.
Vaughan joined the Union Army as a second lieutenant in the 2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment on June 11, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 543-544. He resigned his commission on September 16, 1861. He rejoined the army on March 31, 1862 as a captain in the 19th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He was promoted to major on January 22, 1864.
Richardson joined the Union Army as first lieutenant of the 7th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment on August 16, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 452. He served on the staff of Brigadier General Solomon Meredith and took part in the Battle of Gettysburg. Richardson was promoted to lieutenant colonel on December 17, 1864 and assumed command of the 7th Wisconsin Infantry.
Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 170. His parents were Thomas Chase, member of an old Massachusetts family, and Sarah (Greenleaf) Chase, niece of John Hancock, president of the Second Continental Congress, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and first and third Governor of Massachusetts. Chase graduated from Phillips Academy, Class of 1812, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1815.
Military and Naval Dept., H. W. Rokker, state printer, 1902 and in the United States Army as a Lieutenant..Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 106.William B. Anderson, Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois: Biographical, Memorial ..., Volume 1, Newton Bateman, Paul Selby, Josiah Seymour Currey, 1920, p. 17 He joined the Democratic Party and in 1832 he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives.
The village is also transected by the Grootebaan (the main road), which connects Hasselt and Diest. At the start of the war, there were not many bridges in the region, making those at Halen tactically important. The Belgian, as well as the German military high commands, was fully aware of this. Equally important, to the south of the Halen town centre, ran an elevated railway dam which followed a wide, south to north curve through the landscape.
He served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac throughout the war, receiving promotion to major in September 1862, to lieutenant colonel in October 1864 and to colonel in December 1864. Young was wounded four times in 1864 and 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 585 He served in brigade command in the cavalry corps during the last days of the Appomattox Campaign.
Interior lines thus became meaningless as Germany had nothing more to offer its allies. The props eventually fell, but only because they were themselves no longer supported. The role of the tank in World War I strategy is often poorly understood. Its supporters saw it as the weapon of victory, and many observers since have accused the high commands (especially the British) of shortsightedness in this matter, particularly in view of what tanks have achieved since.
Specific details on the Strategic Directions can be seen at Michael Holm, High Commands. These new headquarters controlled multiple Fronts, and usually a Soviet Navy Fleet. In September 1984, three more were established to control multi-Front operations in Europe (the Western and South-Western Strategic Directions) and at Baku to handle southern operations. In 1955, the Soviet Union signed the Warsaw Pact with its East European socialist allies, establishing military coordination between Soviet forces and their socialist counterparts.
Placidianus is first encountered as Prefect of the Roman Watch - see Vigiles - under Claudius II in 269. As Claudius had been so closely associated with Gallienus it is likely that Placidianus too had been a rising star in that Emperor’s entourage. He must, therefore, have been born with or had acquired equestrian status as Gallienus began the policy of excluding senators from high commands. Claudius apparently valued him sufficiently to use him in a very sensitive posting.
Senator John Sherman and Holt asked for him to be appointed a brevet brigadier general, which he accepted in May 1866. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Burnett for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 741.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 727 The President had nominated Ricketts for the promotion on March 27, 1862, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on April 28, 1862. James and Fannie Ricketts On his return to duty, Ricketts was assigned to command of a division in Irvin McDowell's corps, which he commanded at the Battle of Cedar Mountain, where he covered Nathaniel P. Banks's withdrawal.
The third option was rejected on the grounds the enemy was too well prepared. The only safe option was an offensive into Belorussia which would enable subsequent offensives from Ukraine into Poland and Romania. The Soviet operation was named after the Georgian prince Pyotr Bagration (1765–1812), a general of the Imperial Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars. The Soviet and German High Commands recognised western Ukraine as a staging area for an offensive into Poland.
He saw action at Port Hudson, Marksville Plains, Fort Bisland, Cross Roads and Vermillion as well as engagements along the Red River. During General Philip Sheridan's campaign against General Jubal Early in 1864, Allaire was placed in charge of guarding a Union pay train carrying $3 million in special back pay for Sheridan's troops and defended the train against Confederate guerillas. Allaire was mustered out June 6, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Swayne led the 43rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry with distinction during the Atlanta Campaign and in the Carolinas Campaign until February 2, 1865 when he suffered a severe wound at River's Bridge, South Carolina on the Salkehatchie River, which resulted in the amputation of his right leg.Eicher, 2001, p. 519 On March 13, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Swayne brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 8, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
In this year he became Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, an office he lost with the occupation of the Low Countries by the French revolutionaries in 1794. The year he became Governor he also received the army rank of Lieutenant Field Marshal. Shortly thereafter another promotion saw him made Feldzeugmeister (equivalent of Lieutenant General). In the remainder of the war in the Low Countries he held high commands, and was present at the Battle of Fleurus (1794).
Cady was unemployed from October 25, 1865, to December 18, 1866. On on July 17, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Cady for appointment as a brevet brigadier general in the Regular Army, to rank from March 13, 1865, for long and faithful service to the Army, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on July 26, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 732.
He was appointed Major General of volunteers by President Abraham Lincoln on November 14, 1862, with the date of August 9, 1862, as his effective date of rank. President Lincoln had to submit the nomination three times before the U.S. Senate finally confirmed the appointment on March 10, 1863.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . p. 702 In November, 1862, Augur was reunited with his Corps, the XIX Army Corps.
He served in the siege of Yorktown, and distinguished himself in the battles of Williamsburg and Fair Oaks. He was placed in command of the 2nd Division, IV Corps during the Seven Days Battles where he again distinguished himself. On July 25, 1862 he was promoted to major general of volunteers to rank from July 4, 1862 for his services in the Battle of Malvern Hill.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Additionally, there was a clear lack of cohesion between the three High Commands and the OKW, as senior generals were unaware of the needs, capabilities and limitations of the other branches. With Hitler serving as Supreme Commander, branch commands were often forced to fight for influence with Hitler. However, influence with Hitler not only came from rank and merit, but also who Hitler perceived as loyal, leading to inter- service rivalry, rather than cohesion between his military advisers.
By the end of the war, Duval had fought in 36 separate engagements and commanded two different divisions in the VIII Corps. He had eleven horses killed and wounded under him. On May 17, 1865, after the surrender of the main Confederate armies under Generals Lee and Johnston, but with some other Confederate units still in the field in the west, an unknown attacker tried to kill Duval at Staunton, Virginia.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
O'Reilly, Francis A., The Fredericksburg Campaign: Winter War on the Rappahannock. p. 372. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA, 2003, paperback edition, 2006. . President Andrew Johnson nominated Colonel Roberts for the award of the grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, on February 24, 1866, and the brevet was confirmed by the U. S. Senate on April 10, 1866, to rank from March 13, 1865.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p. 756.
Mulligan and his regiment were assigned to the Railroad Division of the Middle Department between December 17, 1862 and March 27, 1863.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p. 401. Stanford University Press, 2001, Then they were assigned to 5th Brigade, 1st Division, VIII Corps in the Middle DepartmentOn March 16, 1863, most of western Virginia was added to the department. The Middle Department comprised Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and much of Maryland and Virginia's Eastern Shore.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. On January 13, 1866, Weld was nominated by President Andrew JohnsonEicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, p. 760. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. to be breveted (i.e. an honorary promotion) to the rank of brevet brigadier general, U.S. Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865 (when he was 23 years old), for gallant and meritorious services.Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R. Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue, p. 656.
He became chief of staff to Maj. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes during the first part of the Siege of Yorktown, where his service earned him a further promotion to brigadier general of U.S. Volunteers on April 30, 1862, to rank from April 28, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 718 In April 1862, Baird took command of the 27th Brigade, 7th Division in the Army of the Ohio under Maj. Gen.
He was appointed colonel of the 17th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment on August 11, 1862. He resigned from the volunteers on March 31, 1863. On December 3, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Withington for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for his service at the Battle of South Mountain, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1868.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 729 Thomas was mustered out of the volunteers on January 15, 1866, and remained in the Regular Army until he retired in 1891 On March 29, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Thomas for appointment to the grade of brevet major general of volunteers for his service during the war, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on April 5, 1867.
Although he had earlier used pulsed transmission in ionospheres experiments, Bonch-Bruevich strongly believed in the potential of continuous-wave (CW) transmission for radio- location, and led the use of this technology in Burya. In June 1937, all of the work on radio-location in the Soviet Union suddenly stopped. The infamous Great Purge of Joseph Stalin swept over the military high commands and the supporting scientific community. The PVO chief was executed, as were many other military officials at his level.
During the American Civil War, after being chief of staff to Brigadier General William W. Averell and Lieutenant Colonel of the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment, Chamberlain commanded Camp Parole at Annapolis, Maryland, for a time and also commanded the 5th Massachusetts Colored Cavalry, an all African- American unit, with the rank of colonel. He was wounded on six occasions during the war.Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p. 169. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 2001. .
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p.422 Peirce then fought in the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days Battles where, on June 30, 1862, he lost his right arm at the Battle of White Oak Swamp, considered part of the larger Battle of Glendale or Nelson's Farm. He was out of action until November 1862 when he returned to command his regiment and served in the siege of Knoxville.
On March 11, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated, and the U.S. Senate confirmed, Post for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from December 16, 1864.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 755 After the surrender at Appomattox Court House, he was appointed to the command of the western district of Texas, where there was then a concentration of troops on the Mexican border.
Curtis was a captain in the 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He became lieutenant colonel and commander of the 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry. On March 28, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Curtis for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 30, 1867.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Donaldson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to James Donaldson Lowry and Mary Purviance Cox within a prominent Baltimore family. His father was a practicing attorney in Baltimore City, a member of the House of Delegates in Annapolis, and the first fallen officer at the Battle of North Point during the War of 1812. On September 1, 1832, he was appointed from Maryland to the United States Military Academy, graduating in 1836.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
After the American Civil War was over, Salm-Salm offered his services to the Habsburg's Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 467-468 and both Agnes and himself embarked for Mexico in February, 1866. When they arrived in Mexico City, the French troops under François Achille Bazaine were leaving, as mounting diplomatic pressure from the United States persuaded Napoleon III to conclude his Mexican venture.
Prince Felix Constantin Alexander Johann Nepomuk of Salm-Salm (25 December 1828 – 18 August 1870) was a Prussian military officer of princely birth and a soldier of fortune. Salm-Salm served in the Schleswig-Holstein Army (Prussian Army), Austrian Army, the Union Army during the American Civil War, the army of Emperor Maximilian in Mexico and thereafter in the Prussian Army. He was killed in action during the Franco-Prussian War.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
In May 1864, Union General Jefferson C. Davis, under the command of Major General William Tecumseh Sherman, attacked and captured Rome when the outflanked Confederate defenders retreated under command of Major General Samuel Gibbs French.The Life of Ulysses S. Grant, by Charles A. Dana and J. H. Wilson, Gurdon Bill & Company, 1868, Page 275. Union General William Vandever was stationed in Rome, and is depicted with his staff in a picture taken there.Eicher & Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 542.
Friend Smith Rutherford (September 25, 1820 – June 20, 1864) was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He commanded the 97th Illinois Infantry Regiment during the Vicksburg campaign. On June 18, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Rutherford for appointment to the grade of brigadier general of volunteers and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on June 28, 1864.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 727.
It also states that the Ming dynasty "inherited the right to rule Tibet" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. China Daily states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished Tibetans who broke the law. The article was republished in other Chinese state media publications, such as People's Daily, Xinhua News Agency, China Central Television.People's Daily. (April 14, 2008).
Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 323. In doing so, Johnston surrendered to Sherman around 30,000 men. On April 27 his adjutant announced the terms to the Army of Tennessee in General Orders #18, and on May 2 he issued his farewell address to the Army of Tennessee as General Orders #22.Snow, p. 302. The remaining parts of the Florida "Brigade of the West" surrendered with the rest of Johnston’s forces on May 4, 1865, at Greensboro, North Carolina.
On February 23, 1865, Ewing resigned to return to civilian life,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 230 tendering his resignation directly to his good friend, the President, a month before Lincoln's assassination. On February 24, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Ewing for appointment to the brevet rank of major general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865 and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on May 4, 1866.
He fought at several battles in Missouri, including the Battle of Wilson's Creek, where he guarded the supply trains. President Abraham Lincoln appointed Stanley as brigadier general September 28, 1861, although the U.S. Senate did not confirm the appointment until March 7, 1862.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 728 Fighting in the Western Theater, he participated in the operations against New Madrid, Missouri and the Battle of Island Number Ten.
William Black Anderson (April 2, 1830 – August 28, 1901) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois. Anderson was born April 2, 1830, in Mount Vernon, Illinois to Stinson Anderson who would serve as Lt. Governor of Illinois.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 106.William B. Anderson, Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois: Biographical, Memorial ..., Volume 1, Newton Bateman, Paul Selby, Josiah Seymour Currey, 1920, p. 17 He attended McKendree College and studied law.
Shortly after the Civil War began Moore joined the Confederate States Army as a Captain and was sent to Galveston, Texas, where he became commander, to begin working on defensive fortifications.John H. Eicher and David J. Eichers' "Civil War High Commands" (2001) pg. 870 While in Galveston John Creed Moore was partially responsible for raising and training the 2nd Texas Infantry Regiment and was elected its colonel. In 1862 Moore fought in the Battle of Shiloh where he was commended for his bravery by Brig. Gen.
Porter as a cadet at West Point Porter was born in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, on April 15, 1837,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . pp. 435–436 the son of David Rittenhouse Porter (1788–1867), an ironmaster who later served as Governor of Pennsylvania, and Josephine McDermott. His paternal grandfather was Andrew Porter, the Revolutionary War officer and his paternal uncles included George Bryan Porter, the Territorial Governor of Michigan, and James Madison Porter, the Secretary of War.
Hilton Head After the first 11 months of the American Civil War, starting March 15, 1862, the Department of the South comprised Union Army troops occupying the states of Florida (March 15, 1862 to August 8, 1862 and thereafter only parts of the State of Florida), Georgia, and South Carolina.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 845. This included troops stationed at Hilton Head and Morris Island in South Carolina, along with Savannah, Georgia and Pensacola, Florida.
He attended West Point and graduated second in his class (which included Jeb Stuart and G. W. Custis Lee) with a degree in military engineering in 1854. Initially he had wanted to join the Artillery, but shortly after graduation, a classmate convinced him to choose the Engineers. He was commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant in the U.S. Army on July 1, 1854, second lieutenant on October 2, 1855 and first lieutenant on July 1, 1857.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
The regiment was assigned to the defenses of Washington, D.C. Brooks played a significant role in planning the overall defenses of the capitol. For meritorious service during the war, he was brevetted brigadier general, U.S. Army (Regular Army), by nomination of President of the United States Andrew Johnson on June 30, 1866 and confirmation by the U.S. Senate on July 25, 1866, to rank from March 13, 1865.Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p. 732. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2001. .
Pennington was nominated for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from July 15, 1865, by President Andrew Johnson on January 13, 1866, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 754. After the war, Pennington became a First Class Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, a military society for Union officers.
Jones M. Withers, Thomas fought at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6-7, performing a "commendable part in the battle..." In July he was assigned command of the army's Reserve Corps artillery, a position Thomas would hold for the rest of the year. He also participated in the Kentucky Campaign that autumn, and then took a brief sick leave. Thomas returned to duty in time to fight during the Battle of Stone's River in late 1862.Warner, pp. 304-05; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, pp.
Darius B. Warner (February 26, 1832 - February 28, 1917) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. In 1863, as a lieutenant colonel, Warner led the 113th Ohio Infantry at the Battle of Chickamauga. On April 3, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Warner for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on April 26, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Having migrated to Wisconsin prior to the outbreak of the Civil WarEicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 204., Dawes organized a volunteer company from Juneau County in May, was elected Captain, and appointed as such by the State on May 5, and on July 16, 1861, his Company K was mustered into the 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry for three years service. The regiment served for almost a year in Northern Virginia without seeing major action.
This was part of the entire concept of the palace when it was first proposed by Mario Gioffredo sometime in 1750. According to Hersey, the proposal envisaged a palace "that was a virtual city, housing not just the court and king but all the main political and cultural elites of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - university, museum, library, cabinet bureaus, military high commands, and so on." The population of Caserta Vecchia was moved 10 kilometers to provide a work force closer to the palace.
He enlisted in the Union Army during the Civil War and was commissioned as a captain in the 103rd Ohio Infantry on July 16, 1862. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on November 18, 1864. On December 3, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Hayes for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1868.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
While attending the University of North Carolina, he received an appointment to the United States Military Academy and graduated tenth of forty-three cadets in the Class of 1852.Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1959, . pp. 5-6.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . He was brevetted as a second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Dragoons and trained at the cavalry school at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.
Howland quickly organized a regiment of civilian volunteers to help suppress the chaos, but after the emergency passed he returned to civilian life. On January 13, 1866 President Andrew Johnson nominated Howland for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for his courage at Gaines's Mill and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 748.
James Monroe Deems (1818–1901) was an American composer and music educator from Baltimore, Maryland, as well as a distinguished Union Army officer during the American Civil War. He served as lieutenant colonel of the 1st Maryland Cavalry. On July 26, 1866 President Andrew Johnson nominated Deems for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on July 27, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Morgan became highly influential in Republican politics of his time and twice served as chairman of the Republican National Committee, 1856 to 1864 and 1872 to 1876. From 1859 until 1862, he served as Governor of New York, elected in 1858 and 1860. He was appointed major general of volunteers in September 1861 and commanded the Department of New York until he resigned on January 3, 1863, serving simultaneously as governor and head of the military department.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Shepard was born in Natick, Massachusetts on July 7, 1816.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 610.Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. . pp. 435. He graduated from Harvard University in 1842. Shepard was appointed a major in the Missouri Militia (Union) on June 18, 1861. In August 1861, he became an assistant adjutant general to Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon.Warner, 1964, p.
Just before the start of the Civil War, Thomas was promoted to colonel and adjutant general of the U.S. Army on March 7, 1861. On August 10, 1861, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln appointed Thomas a brigadier general in the regular army, to rank from August 3, 1861, the date Lincoln sent the nomination to the U.S. Senate for confirmation.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 717 The Senate confirmed the appointment on August 5, 1861.
James Adelbert Mulligan (June 30, 1830 – July 26, 1864) was colonel of the 23rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. On February 20, 1865, the United States Senate confirmed the posthumous appointment of Mulligan to the rank of brevet brigadier general of U.S. Volunteers to rank from July 23, 1864,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 753. the day before he was mortally wounded at the Second Battle of Kernstown, near Winchester, Virginia.
Missouri Brothers in Grey, edited by Michael Banasik, Camp Pope Books, 1998, p. 155.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . p. 508. On June 11, 1861, Steen was appointed as a brigadier general in the secessionist Missouri State Guard (MSG) under its commander, Major General Sterling Price, serving as drillmaster at the State Guard encampment at Cowskin Prairie near the Arkansas border. He also commanded the Fifth Division of the Missouri State Guard (mostly raw recruits) early in the war.
U.S. Military Railroad construction corps base for Nashville and Northwestern Railroad with the 12th and 13th United States Colored Infantry Regiments in Johnsonville, TN Colonel Reuben D. Mussey Jr. recruited African-American soldiers for the Union Army, being detailed to act as a commissioner for organizing black troops with headquarters at Nashville.Reunion of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, Volume 23, 1892, Edited by Clarke, Robert. On June 14, 1864, Mussey was appointed colonel of the 100th U.S. Colored Infantry.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
On October 21, 1861, his half-brother, John, then a Confederate brigadier general, died of pneumonia and tuberculosis, only three months after joining the Confederate Army.John H. Eicher and John Y. Simons' Civil War High Commands (2001) pg. 265 On July 7, 1862, he offered his services to Gov. Edwin D. Morgan and was appointed Colonel, in the Union Army, of the 129th New York State Volunteers, which was renamed the 8th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment on December 19, 1862 due to need for defenses surrounding the capital.
He conducted operations in Oregon and the Idaho Territory and fought in the first part of the Snake War. He was commander of the District of Oregon from March 23, 1865 to June 27, 1865.The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume L, CHAPTER LXII David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, pg.841 He was a resident of Jackson County, Oregon, for many years, and died near Jacksonville, Oregon on February 20, 1906.
The raid was a costly failure for the USAAF, and the high commands on both sides could see it was a victory for the defenders. On 2 November the Fifteenth AF attacked the Messerschmitt factory at Wiener Neustadt again. The attack was successful; only 11 of the 112 bombers failed to return. I./JG 27, II./JG 51, II./JG 53 and the factory protection schwarm claimed successes, but Göring and General der Jagdflieger Adolf Galland (former JG 27 adjutant) were dissatisfied and personally flew to Austria to rebuke the group commanders.
While in the Veteran Reserve Corps, Runkle was assigned to work at the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau) where he served as Chief Superintendent of the Freedmen's Bureau for Memphis, Tennessee. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Runkle for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from November 9, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 756.
At the start of the Civil War, Sherman was serving as a major in the 3rd Artillery when President Abraham Lincoln appointed him to the grade of brigadier general of volunteers on August 6, 1861, to rank from May 17, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 728. Sherman's nomination to the grade of brigadier general of volunteers was sent by President Abraham Lincoln to the United States Senate on July 31, 1861 and the Senate confirmed the appointment on August 3, 1861.
30 The internal military districts usually contained only one or two A divisions, with the remainder B and V series formations. Soviet planning for most of the Cold War period would have seen Armies of four to five divisions operating in Fronts made up of around four armies (and roughly equivalent to Western Army Groups). In February 1979, the first of the new High Commands in the Strategic Directions were created at Ulan-Ude.Viktor Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Army, Hamish Hamilton, 1982, gives this title, Odom (1998) also discusses this development.
Oliver Wood (June 25, 1825 - June 25, 1893) was a Union Army colonel during the American Civil War. Oliver Wood began his Civil War service as a first lieutenant in the 3-month 22nd Ohio Infantry Regiment.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 579. He was mustered out of the volunteers on August 19, 1861. After serving as a captain from November 1, 1861 and major from May 10, 1862, Wood was appointed colonel in command of the 22nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, September 16, 1862.
Shorter College Vandever and his officers in Rome (1864, on East 4th Ave) In May 1864, Union General Jefferson C. Davis, under the command of Major General William Tecumseh Sherman, attacked and captured Rome when the outflanked Confederate defenders retreated under command of Major General Samuel Gibbs French.Charles A. Dana and J. H. Wilson, The Life of Ulysses S. Grant, Gurdon Bill & Company, 1868, p. 275 Union General William Vandever was stationed in Rome and is shown with his staff in a photograph taken there.Eicher & Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 542.
He was subsequently chief of staff of the Army of the Shenandoah during the Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1864 and chief of staff to the Union Cavalries during the Appomattox Campaign. He received brevets to lieutenant colonel, USA for Cedar Creek, colonel, USA for Five Forks and brigadier general, U.S. Volunteers, for the Shenandoah Valley Campaign. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson promoted Forsyth to brigadier general of Volunteers to rank from May 19, 1865.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
By 1863, he accepted a commission in the U.S. Volunteers and commanded the 2nd Ohio Artillery as a lieutenant colonel and colonel. At the end of the war, Gibson was awarded a brevet appointment as colonel in the Regular Army. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Gibson for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Judah was colonel of the 4th California Volunteers at Fort Yuma, a post on the Colorado River opposite the Arizona Territory. He commanded troops at Camp McClellan near Auburn, California, until November, when he resigned his command and returned to the East. He served in the defenses of Washington, D.C. for several months. He was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers on March 22, 1862 (confirmed March 24, 1862), to rank from March 21, 1862,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Constantine Diogenes (; died 1032) was a prominent Byzantine general of the early 11th century, active in the Balkans. He served with distinction in the final stages of the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria under Emperor Basil II, and occupied high commands in the Balkans until his arrest in 1029, as the result of his participation in a conspiracy against Emperor Romanos III Argyros. Imprisoned and forced to enter a monastery, he committed suicide in 1032 during an inquest on a further conspiracy. He was the father of Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes.
Eisenhower as General of the Army, 1945 In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle.
Born in Florence, Italy, to parents who were natives of Bath, Maine, Hyde graduated from Bowdoin College in 1861 and then from Chicago University. Hyde began his Union Army service on April 2, 1861, as a major in the 7th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 312 On February 26, 1863, he became Assistant Inspector General of the Sixth Corps of the Army of the Potomac, which was commanded by Major General William F. "Baldy" Smith.
"England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme" Hostilities continued in some sectors, while in others the sides settled on little more than arrangements to recover bodies. The following year, a few units arranged ceasefires but the truces were not nearly as widespread as in 1914; this was, in part, due to strongly worded orders from the high commands of both sides, prohibiting truces. Soldiers were no longer amenable to truce by 1916. The war had become increasingly bitter after heavy human losses suffered during the battles of 1915.
That autumn he fought with distinction during the Battle of Ball's Bluff, where he was praised for his "most important and effective service." On October 12, 1861, Fiser was appointed the assistant adjutant general of his regiment,Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 596. and during the reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia early the following year he was elected lieutenant colonel of the 17th Mississippi as of April 26, 1862. He fought during the Peninsula Campaign, replacing the regiment's colonel when that officer became a casualty in the Battle of Malvern Hill.
525 Eicher, John & Eicher, David Civil War High Commands Stanford University Press, 1 Jun. 2002 He adopted the name of "Nessim Bey". Initially a staff officer p. 148 Badem, C. The Ottoman Crimean War (1853–1856) Brill Online Books 2010 Tevis led a force of Bashi-bazouks under General György Kmety in the Battle of Kurekdere,p, 104 Sandwith, Humphry A Narrative of the Siege of Kars and of the Six Months' Resistance by the Turkish Garrison Under General Williams to the Russian Army John Murray, 1856 Battle of Indjédéré and the Siege of Kars.p.
John Harold Eicher (March 30, 1921 – June 7, 2016) was an organic chemist, philosopher of science, historian, and author. He was a Manhattan Project scientist who worked at Columbia University to develop the first atomic bomb, and taught chemistry at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, for 37 years. Eicher was the author of several chemistry publications and, with his son David J. Eicher, was coauthor of the reference book Civil War High Commands. In 2016, Eicher was elected by the State of Ohio to the class of 2016, Ohio Senior Citizens of the Year.
Parsons was appointed Colonel, Quartermaster, August 2, 1864 to May 12, 1865. Parsons was in charge of river and rail transport in the Department of the Ohio from January 12, 1865, to April 30, 1866. On May 11, 1865, President of the United States Andrew Johnson appointed Parsons brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from May 11, 1865, but Johnson did not submit a nomination for confirmation of the appointment to the United States Senate until January 13, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
In 1861 he was one of the chief editorial writers on the New York Tribune and the author of the controversial "On to Richmond" articles after the First Battle of Bull Run. He returned to Iowa following First Bull Run and, as Colonel, helped to raise the 1st Regiment Iowa Volunteer Cavalry. On July 18, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Warren to the grade of brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from July 16, 1862,Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 730.
Charles Albert Whittier (August 6, 1840 – May 14, 1908) was a Union Army lieutenant colonel and staff officer during the American Civil War. In 1866, he was nominated and confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from August 9, 1865, the date he met the flag of truce party of the Army of Northern Virginia as that army arrived to surrender to the Union Army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 567.
As a replacement for the ministry, the Wehrmacht High Command Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), under Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, was put in its place. Placed under the OKW were the three branch High Commands: Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH), Oberkommando der Marine (OKM), and Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL). The OKW was intended to serve as a joint command and coordinate all military activities, with Hitler at the top. Though many senior officers, such as von Manstein, had advocated for a real tri-service Joint Command, or appointment of a single Joint Chief of Staff, Hitler refused.
Following the outbreak of the Mexican–American War, Davidson joined the 1st Tennessee Volunteer Infantry as a private in June 1846. He was decorated for gallantry at the Battle of Monterrey and promoted to sergeant before being discharged May 1847.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 199. He received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York due to his meritorious Mexican–American War service, and graduated from the academy in 1853, ranking 33rd in his class.
Seven days later he was commissioned a colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry, one of the regiments that made up the Stonewall Brigade. Harper and the 5th Virginia fought well during the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, "where his soldierly ability attracted the notice of the army commander."Allardice, More Generals in Gray, p. 117; Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 281. However, Harper resigned from the Confederate Army on September 11, because Jackson refused to allow Harper permission to return home where his wife lay dying.
Henry Livermore AbbottHenry Livermore Abbott should not be confused with Colonel and Brevet Brigadier General Henry Larcom Abbot (January 21, 1842 – May 6, 1864), was a Major in the Union Army during the American Civil War (Civil War).Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p. 97. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2001. Abbott was posthumously awarded the grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, to rank from August 1, 1864, and the grades of brevet lieutenant colonel, brevet colonel and brevet brigadier general, United States Army, all to rank from March 13, 1865Eicher and Eicher, 2001, p.
George Blake Cosby was born on January 19, 1830 in Louisville, Kentucky.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 186Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . p. 64 He graduated 17th of 43 in the 1852 class of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. He was assigned as a brevet Second Lieutenant to the U.S. Mounted Riflemen Regiment on July 1, 1852 and was appointed a full Second Lieutenant on September 16, 1852.
His maternal grandparents were Christopher Temple Emmet and Alida Beekman (née Chanler) Emmet, the daughter of John Winthrop Chanler, a U.S. Representative from New York, and Margaret Astor (née Ward) Chanler of the prominent Astor family of New York. His paternal grandparents were Edwin Denison Morgan Sr., a noted yachtsman and horseman, and Elizabeth Sarah (née Archer) Morgan. Morgan's 2x-great grandfather was Edwin D. Morgan, who served as the 21st Governor of New York, a U.S. Senator, and was the longest-serving chairman of the Republican National Committee.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
He served in western Virginia and in most of the major campaigns in the Western Theater. Severely wounded twice, he mustered out of the service with the regiment on June 23, 1864. On December 18, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Anderson to receive a brevet (honorary promotion) to the rank of brigadier general of Volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865 for "gallant conduct and meritorious services in the battle of Stone's River, December 31, 1862" and the U.S. Senate confirmed the brevet on February 14, 1868.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
He was in charge of "Rolls, Returns, Books, Blanks and business pertaining to the enlisted men of the Regular and Volunteer Forces, and of the records of discontinued commands and the preparation and publication of the 'Volunteer Army Register.'" Samuel was successively brevetted lieutenant colonel (September 24, 1864), colonel (March 13, 1865) and brigadier general (appointed March 8, 1866 and confirmed May 4, 1866 to rank from March 13, 1865Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p. 732. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 2001. "for diligent, faithful and meritorious service in the adjutant general's department during the rebellion").
On March 16, 1863, Van Dorn was given command of the cavalry corps of the Army of TennesseeEicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 543. and fought his last fight April 10 at the First Battle of Franklin, skirmishing with the cavalry of Gordon Granger and losing 137 men to Granger's 100 or so. This minor action caused Van Dorn to halt his movement and rethink his plans, and subsequently he returned in the Spring Hill area. Bedford Forrest, commanding one of Van Dorn's cavalry brigades, criticized his judgement as a general, and an angered Van Dorn challenged Forrest to a duel.
Dudley led the 30th Massachusetts Volunteers and spent time as an aide to Nathaniel Prentice Banks, Major General of Volunteers and commander of the XIX Corps. At the beginning of the War he was serving as a regular army captain, commanding Company E of the 10th U.S. Infantry Regiment. On January 19, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Dudley for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from the same date, January 19, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on February 14, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
His paternal grandfather, also named Benjamin Huger, was a patriot in the American Revolution, killed at Charleston during the British occupation. In 1821 Huger entered the United States Military Academy at West Point and graduated four years later, standing eighth out of 37 cadets. On July 1, 1825, he was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant, then promoted to second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery on that same date.Eicher, CW High Commands, p. 308. He served as a topographical engineer until 1828, when he took a leave of absence from the Army to visit Europe from 1828 to 1830.
Henry Boynton Clitz (July 4, 1824 – October 30, 1888) was a career United States Army officer who served with distinction in the Mexican–American War and in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He received brevet appointments for his service in both wars. After his release as a prisoner of war from the Confederate Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia on July 17, 1862, he was Commandant of Cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from October 23, 1862 to July 4, 1864.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . p. 712 Getty's division, including the famed Vermont Brigade, made the initial breakthrough at Petersburg on April 2, 1865, and took part in the final campaign of the Army of the Potomac, which concluded with the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House. On July 17, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Getty for appointment to the brevet grade of major general, U.S. Army (Regular Army), to rank from March 13, 1865, which the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on July 23, 1866.
During the American Civil War, Army reorganization created the Department of the Pacific on January 15, 1861. On December 12, 1861, the District of Humboldt was created, consisting of the counties of Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino, Trinity, Humboldt, Klamath, and Del Norte in Northern California. The district was headquartered at Fort Humboldt,Eicher, John H., David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN, retrieved February 22, 2013. located on a bluff above the central portion of Humboldt Bay south of Eureka, California, which is now a California State Historic Park located within the City of Eureka.
The Military Division of the James was organized under the command of Major General Henry W. Halleck on April 19, 1865, after the surrender of the main Confederate armies in Virginia and North Carolina.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 829. This military division included the Department of the Potomac (see Army of the Potomac), under the command of Major General John M. Schofield (since January 31, 1865),Eicher, 2001, p. 837 Department of Virginia under the command of Major General George G. Meade (since January 11, 1865),Eicher, 2001, p.
He led his division during the Atlanta Campaign and commanded a Provisional Division, composed of units from the Army of the Tennessee that could not rejoin William T. Sherman for the March to the Sea, at the Battle of Nashville. On March 7, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Cruft for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers, to rank from March 5, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 10, 1865.Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . p. 711 Cruft was mustered out on August 24, 1865.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 729. Lincoln nominated Stevenson for the appointment on March 4, 1863, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 11, 1863. Because of a change in the rank date, which was initially to be December 24, 1862, Lincoln submitted the nomination again on December 12, 1864, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on March 14, 1865. Stevenson resigned from the army as a brigadier general on April 22, 1864, but was recommissioned to rank from November 29, 1862, on August 7, 1864.
The attacks on Antwerp and Brussels began in October 1944, with the last V-1 launched against Antwerp on 30 March 1945. The shorter range improved the accuracy of the V-1 which was 6 miles' (9.7 km) deviation per of flight, the flight level was also reduced to around . The Port of Antwerp was recognised by both the German and Allied high commands as a very important port. It was essential logistically for the further progression of Allied armies into Germany, although initially Montgomery had not given high priority to seizure of the Scheldt estuary giving access to the port.
In 1861 at the outbreak of the Civil War, Smith joined the 13th Ohio Infantry, and by June he was commissioned as its colonel. After serving in western Virginia, he was appointed brigadier general (volunteers) on April 16, 1862 to rank from April 15, 1862Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 728.President Abraham Lincoln sent the nomination of Smith for the appointment to the U.S. Senate on April 5, 1862, during the Battle of Shiloh, and the Senate confirmed the nomination on April 15, 1862. Eicher, 2001, p. 728.
He took part in the capture of Fort Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, and the operations against Corinth, becoming, later in 1862, colonel of a regiment which he led at Chickasaw Bayou. After the final campaign against Vicksburg, on August 4, 1863 he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers to rank from August 4, 1863.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 728.President Lincoln sent the nomination of Smith's appointment to the U.S. Senate on December 31, 1863 and the Senate confirmed the appointment on April 1, 1864.
At the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, Russell was a sergeant (April 19) and then quickly a captain (May 14) in the 11th U.S. Infantry Regiment,Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 466 . and was stationed to Fort Independence in Boston. He was mustered out of the volunteer service on June 30. Russell was brevetted to major for his participation at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, and brevetted to lieutenant colonel on May 3, 1863 for meritorious service at the Battle of Chancellorsville.
According to Dr James Sadkovich and others, Rommel often displayed a distinct tendency to blame and scapegoat his Italian allies to cover up his own mistakes and deficiencies as a commander in the field. For example, while Rommel was a very good tactical commander, the Italian and German High Commands were concerned that he lacked operational awareness and a sense of strategic objectives. Dr Sadkovich points out that he would often out-run his logistics and squander valuable (mostly Italian) military hardware and resources in battle after battle without clear strategic goals and an appreciation of the limited logistics his Italian allies were desperately trying to provide him.
On 29 June, the Congress and the Muslim League high commands in New Delhi decided that the Muslim League government would continue in Bengal, but with limited powers that would allow them to legislate only for the Muslim-majority districts of eastern Bengal. On the other hand, the Congress Assembly Party in Bengal would nominate a shadow cabinet to administer the Hindu-majority districts of western Bengal. Accordingly, on 2 July, Dr. Prafulla Chandra Ghosh announced an eleven-member cabinet with portfolios. The cabinet included Scheduled Caste members Hem Chandra Naskar, in charge of Agriculture, Forest & Fisheries and Radhanath Das, in charge of Civil Supplies.
Bintliff helped organize the Republican Party, he was against slavery, and in 1862 he raised an infantry company which was captured in the Battle of Thompson's Station in Tennessee. After release from imprisonment, Bintliff recruited the 38th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment and commanded three regiments in the Third Battle of Petersburg. For distinguished service there, Bintliff was nominated by President Andrew Johnson on January 13, 1866 and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 12, 1866 for appointment to the rank of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from April 2, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
The major problem by implementing of a state machine is the generation of logical conditions (State transition conditions and Action conditions). In the hardware environment, where state machines have found their original use, this problem does not exist: all signals are Boolean. In contrary the state machines specified and implemented in the software require logical conditions that are per se multivalued ones. Examples: \- Temperature can be at least Low , OK, High \- Commands may have several values: Init, Start, Stop, Break, Continue \- In a (hierarchical) system of state machines the Slaves state machines have many states that are used in conditions of a Master state machine.
Carabinieri also perform military police and security duties for the Ministry of Defence, military high commands, the offices of the military judiciary and allied military organisations in Italy and abroad. They also have personnel attached to the Department of Public Security in various departments, as well as anti-Mafia and anti-drug investigative task forces. Carabinieri officers are charged with surveillance and security at Italian embassies and consulates abroad, performing the same services entrusted to the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group in United States diplomatic and consular offices. Together with the Polizia di Stato and the Guardia di Finanza, the Carabinieri is also responsible for border control.
The United Kingdom also saw its colonial empire in Asia and eventually Africa threatened by the Japanese and later also the Italian allegiance with Germany. This view was not completely unjustified in the context of the Axis Powers' navies, as the naval high commands of Germany, Italy and Japan mainly aimed their common considerations against the United Kingdom, not the Soviet Union. In the House of Commons, the Anti- Comintern Pact became a subject of debate multiple times. The British armed forces were concerned about a potential military conflict with Germany and Japan, and this feeling was escalated upon Italian accession to the agreement.
This put Keifer in command of the 3rd Division in Ricketts's absence. When Philip H. Sheridan heroically returned to command the army in the midst of the battle, returning Wright to corps command, Ricketts had already been wounded leaving Keifer in command of the division for the rest of the battle. For his service during the Shenandoah Valley Campaign, on December 12, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Keifer for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from October 19, 1864, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Adams returned to Massachusetts in May due to illness (probably dysentery) and resigned from the Army on August 1, 1865. On July 9, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Colonel Adams for the award of the rank of brevet (honorary) brigadier general, United States Volunteers, "for distinguished gallantry and efficiency at the battles of Secessionville, South Carolina and South Mountain and Antietam, Maryland, and for meritorious services during the war" to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U. S. Senate confirmed the award on July 23, 1866.Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p. 739. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2001.
When the American Civil War erupted, Tyler joined the Confederate Army as a private in Company D of the 15th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, and was promoted to Quartermaster Sergeant the same date.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J.; Civil War High Commands; Stanford University Press; 2001; p. 539; . Within early 1861 Tyler was promoted to the position of Regimental Quartermaster, and is said to have been Quartermaster-General on the staffs of Generals Benjamin F. Cheatham and Gideon Pillow with the rank of captain and later as major.. Allardice, "Out of the Shadows" states that he was appointed captain and regimental quartermaster to rank from Sept.
By launching such a spoiling attack against PAVN's long-established logistical system, the American and South Vietnamese high commands hoped to resolve several pressing issues. A quick victory in Laos would bolster the morale and confidence of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), which was already high in the wake of the successful Cambodian Campaign of 1970. It would also serve as proof positive that South Vietnamese forces could defend their nation in the face of the continuing withdrawal of U.S. ground combat forces from the theater. The operation would be, therefore, a test of that policy and ARVN's capability to operate effectively by itself.
Following the usage of the Eichers in Civil War High Commands, "grade" signifies the position or level in the officer hierarchy (e.g. brigadier general, major general) and "rank" refers to the order of precedence within the grade, signified by the date from which the award "ranks", regardless of the actual date of appointment by the President of the United States or confirmation by the United States Senate. As the Eichers acknowledge, "rank" is commonly used in reference to an officer's grade despite their explanation of the different terms for military officers' positions and precedence. The Eichers effort to change the common usage of the word "rank" for grade is probably futile.
He resigned from the army on January 21, 1865, to return home to Ohio.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 115. On January 16, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Banning for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, 2001, p. 739. On February 21, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Banning for appointment to the grade of brevet major general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on April 26, 1866.
The regiment was stationed at the Union Army supply base at Westminster, Maryland during the Battle of Gettysburg. Davies in front of Sheridan's tent Davies was appointed brigadier general of volunteers on September 16, 1863, although his appointment was not confirmed by the United States Senate until April 1, 1864.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.. p. 720. He served with distinction in the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac in brigade and three brief periods of temporary division commandSeptember 15-25, 1864, December 22, 1864-January 19, 1865 and March 14-27, 1865.
In 1863, Comly married Elizabeth Smith, the daughter of the Surgeon General of Ohio. In February 1864, when Hayes was promoted to division command, Comly was named as his successor as colonel of the regiment, which he led for much of the remainder of the war until lingering effects from battlefield wounds forced him out of the field in early 1865. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Comly for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
On 29 July 1943, after 20 days of combat, it was clear to both the Allied and German high commands that Sicily was lost and 80,000-100,000 American and British troops would break through the German and Italian Etna Line. The US 7th Army commander, Lieutenant General George S. Patton Jr, had ordered the US 1st and 9th Infantry Divisions to be moved into the valley to attack the city of Troina. Generals Omar Bradley (the commander of US II Corps) and Patton ordered the two divisions be pulled out of the line once Troina fell. Troina was considered one of the main anchors of the Etna Line.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 465. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on September 16, 1863. He took command of the regiment on July 22, 1864 when Colonel Milton Montgomery was wounded and captured at Decatur, Georgia during the Battle of Atlanta.Eicher, 2001, pp. 393-394. He continued in command after Montgomery was exchanged because Montgomery was given command of the brigade to which the 25th Wisconsin Infantry was assigned. Rusk was wounded at Salkehatchie River, Georgia on January 20, 1865. Rusk was mustered out of the volunteers on June 7, 1865. He received an appointment as brevet colonel to rank from March 13, 1865.
Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-DessauWith the death of Frederick William in 1740, Frederick the Great succeeded to the Prussian throne, and a few months later initiated the invasion and conquest of Silesia, the first action in the long Silesian Wars and the test of Leopold's lifelong efforts to improve the effectiveness of the Prussian army. The prince himself was not often employed in the king's own army, though his sons held high commands under Frederick. The king, indeed, found Leopold somewhat difficult to manage, and the prince spent most of the campaigning years up to 1745 in command of an army of observation on the Saxon frontier. Early in that year his wife died.
George Love enlisted in the 21st New York Volunteer Infantry on May 9, 1861, and was mustered in as the regiment's Sergeant Major on May 13, 1861.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 354 He served in that duty until August 23, 1861, when he was transferred to the 44th New York Infantry and promoted to first lieutenant of Company A. He was promoted to captain of Company A on January 2, 1862 and led his troops through the spring and summer of that year. On September 5, 1862, he was again promoted and transferred, to major of the 116th New York Volunteer Infantry.
Ambrose Burnside at Fredericksburg, Sackett took command of the Inspector General's Office in Washington. He then served on a variety of military boards (helping to organize the Invalid Corps) until April 1864, when he was sent to the Western Theater on inspection duty for the Departments of the Tennessee, Cumberland, Arkansas, and New Mexico. On December 3, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Sackett for appointment to the grade of brevet major general in the regular army, to rank from March 13, 1865, for "faithful and meritorious services during the Rebellion," and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1868.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.
Barney later explained that he made his recommendation since he considered that the presence of two separate marine forces with independent commanders would lead to discord and confusion.Civil War High Commands, John Eicher & David Eicher, page 893 Smith remained in charge of all vessels in Texas, and by order of General Magruder appointed "Commander, Marine Department of Texas". On September 5, 1863, he was at Orange, Texas, inspecting the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. On September 8 he was at Beaumont, Texas, when a Union force under the command of Major General William B. Franklin with four gunboats, eighteen transports, and 5,000 infantry assaulted up the Sabine River in the Second Battle of Sabine Pass.
Toward the end of the war, Moonlight was in command of the District of Colorado and campaigned against Indians on the plains. On February 13, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Moonlight for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from February 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 23, 1865.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 753. In April 1865, Moonlight became the commander of the north sub-district of the Great Plains headquartered at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. On May 26, Moonlight hanged two Oglala Lakota Sioux chiefs, Two Face and Black Foot.
59-61 A discussion ensued over what target should be attacked next; the French and British high commands considered driving from the Crimea to Kherson and launching major campaigns in Bessarabia or the Caucasus. Instead, at the urging of French commanders, they settled on a smaller-scale operation to seize the Russian fort at Kinburn, which protected the mouth of the Dneiper. The British argued that to seize Kinburn without advancing to Nikolaev would only serve to warn the Russians of the threat to the port. Fox Maule-Ramsay, then the British Secretary of State for War, suggested that without a plan to exploit the capture of the fortress, the only purpose of the operation would be to give the fleets something to do.
Appointed a lieutenant colonel and assistant commissary general in 1861, Eaton was given the task of creating an effective supply system for the fledgling Union army. The large number of troops entering the Army at the beginning of the war was overloading the existing system. His work provisioning and distributing supplies to the troops led to President Abraham Lincoln's July 6, 1864, appointment of Eaton to the rank of brigadier general, U.S. Army, to rank from June 29, 1864.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 716 President Lincoln formally nominated Eaton for the appointment on June 30, 1864, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on July 2, 1864.
Further objectives included capturing the vast oil and rubber supplies available in the area and re-establishing British civil administration. It was also intended that Labuan would be secured to control the entrance to Brunei Bay, and would be developed as an airbase. In the planning phase of the operation, the Allied high commands differed in their opinions about the necessity of securing Brunei, with the British Chiefs of Staff Committee believing it would take too long to develop the area for it to be developed for it to be used in operations. They were also concerned that it would divert the British Pacific Fleet from the main theatre of operations off Japan and instead favoured establishing a fleet base in the Philippines.
Charles Arms Carleton (May 27, 1836 - April 1, 1897) was a Union Army major during the American Civil War and a lieutenant colonel and assistant adjutant- general at the end of the war, who was nominated in 1868 and confirmed in 1869 as a brevet brigadier general of volunteers. Carleton began the war as a private with the 12th New York State Militia, a 3-month regiment, and on September 18, 1861 was appointed a first lieutenant and adjutant with the 4th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 163. He was a lieutenant colonel and assistant adjutant-general for Brigadier General Adelbert Ames from July 8, 1865 to August 1, 1865.
He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on October 9, 1917 and in September of the next year he sailed for France with the 11th Marines. This regiment saw no combat, but during the last six months of his European tour, he commanded Company D, 15th Separate Marine Battalion, which had been organized for the express purpose of assisting in the holding of a plebiscite in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Owing to the failure of the United States to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, this mission, however, was never carried out. Following the end of World War I, he was assigned to several positions that would qualify him for the high commands he was to hold in later years.
In 1862, Dyer was approached by his superiors concerning the possibility of his supplanting General Ripley as Chief of Ordnance, but he declined to take the assignment because he had great respect for his chief, and because he was in the middle of a major upgrading of weapons production at Springfield Armory. On the retirement of General Ramsey, the previous Chief of Ordnance, on September 12, 1864, he was advanced three ranks and appointed as the 7th Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army with the rank of Brigadier General.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . p. 716 On December 12, 1864, President Lincoln submitted his nomination to brevet Major General to the U.S. Senate, which confirmed the appointment on February 23, 1865.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 757. On December 12, 1864, President of the United States Abraham Lincoln nominated Shanks for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from December 8, 1864, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1865.Eicher, 2001, p. 757. He then commanded Brigade 1 of the Cavalry Division of the Department of Mississippi from December 8, 1864 to September 19, 1865, when he was mustered out of the volunteers. On December 3, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Shanks for appointment to the grade of brevet major general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1868.
It was hoped that the force could remain in Laos until the rainy season was underway at the beginning of May. U.S. planners had previously estimated that such an operation would require the commitment of four U.S. divisions (60,000 men), while Saigon would only commit a force half that size. Because of the notorious laxity of the South Vietnamese military when it came to security precautions and the uncanny ability of communist agents to uncover operational information, the planning phase lasted only a few weeks and was divided between the American and Vietnamese high commands. At the lower levels, it was limited to the intelligence and operational staffs of ARVN's I Corps, under Lieutenant General Hoàng Xuân Lãm, who was to command the operation, and the XXIV Corps, headed by General Sutherland.
Thus, the rank date is included in the sections of the list below with the grade because of its frequent use in reference to an officer's brevet awards, not because the date of rank is usually any of the significant dates in the process of promotion or award of appointment, nomination, confirmation or commission. Since commission dates are not easily obtained and are usually near the U.S. Senate confirmation dates for brevet awards, which are found in Eicher, Civil War High Commands (2001) and other sources, brevet award confirmation dates are shown for each officer's awards. These dates are frequently the approximate effective date of the appointment or award. The further step of commissioning almost always took place, barring death of the nominee, without great delay, usually within one or a few weeks.
Since historians dispute exactly who should be counted as Union or Confederate generals during the American Civil War (Civil War), some officers identified as generals in some past writings may not meet the criteria for identification as full-grade (or substantive-grade, or actual grade or "rank") generals. Many estimates of the number of substantive generals of actual grade, or "rank," are within about 10 names of each other. A recent compilation by John and David Eicher show most historians who have studied the number have concluded that between 554 and 564 substantive-grade Union generals and between 398 and 401 substantive-grade Confederate generals were properly appointed, confirmed, accepted appointment and served as general officers.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p.xvii. Stanford University Press, 2001, .
When the Armistice of Cassibile was announced, on 8 September 1943, Admiral Inigo Campioni was the governor of the Italian Dodecanese, the Cyclades and the Northern Sporades; his seat was in Rhodes. The military commander of the Italian forces in these archipelagos was instead Rear Admiral Carlo Daviso di Charvensod. With no orders from the high commands and lack of information about the general situation of the Italian armed forces, the high command of the Italian armed forces in the Aegean (Egeomil), with headquarters in Rhodes, had to choose whether it should keep fighting alongside the German forces or remain loyal to Victor Emanuel III. Like many other commands, the Italian commands in the Aegean decided to consider the Germans as enemies, thus leading to the German invasion of the islands.
Eisenhower had proceeded throughout in consultation with General Antonov of the Soviet High Command; and at his request, General Susloparov had been seconded to the SHAEF Headquarters to represent the Soviet High Command in the surrender negotiations. The text of the act of surrender had been telegraphed to General Antonov in the early hours of 7 May, but no confirmation of Soviet approval had been received by the time of the surrender ceremony, nor was there confirmation that General Susloparov was empowered to sign as representing the Soviet High Command. Accordingly, Eisenhower agreed with Susloparov that a separate text should be signed by the German emissaries; undertaking that fully empowered representatives of each of the German armed services would attend a formal ratification of the act of surrender at a time and place designated by the Allied High Commands.
George Folsom Walcott was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. George F. Walcott was born December 22, 1836 in Hopkinton, Massachusetts.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 548. He was a graduate of Harvard University in 1857 and Harvard University Law School in 1860 and a lawyer. Lt Colonel Charles Folsom Walcott and wife Anna Morrill Wyman Walcott (late 1864) On August 5, 1861, Walcott was appointed captain of the 21st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. He resigned on April 25, 1863. He was appointed captain of the 12th Regiment of Massachusetts Militia on May 16, 1864. He was mustered out of the volunteers on August 15, 1864. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 61st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry on September 24, 1864 and colonel of the regiment on February 28, 1865.
After tentatively pushing patrols north from Imita Ridge to Ioribaiwa, which was found to have been abandoned by the Japanese, the pursuit began in earnest on 2 October. Pressing on to Efogi against little opposition, in late October the Australians reached Eora Creek and Templeton's Crossing, which had earlier been the scene of heavy fighting during the Japanese advance. A second battle was subsequently fought there as the Australians gained the vital ridge overlooking the creek at heavy cost against stiff opposition determined to buy time for the remainder of their comrades to make good their escape. As service politics within the upper echelons of the Australian and US high commands increased pressure for the Australians to speed up the pursuit, the 16th Brigade arrived to reinvigorate the advance which had been slow to that point due to restrictions of the terrain and supply difficulties.
Thomas Grimke Rhett was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and a United States Army officer who served from July 1, 1845 to April 1, 1861. He served in the Mexican-American War in 1847–1848. Rhett was awarded a brevet appointment as captain for gallantry in the defense of Puebla, Mexico during the Siege of Puebla, October 12, 1847. After his resignation from the U.S. Army, April 1, 1861, he was appointed a brigadier general in the South Carolina MilitiaEicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . p. 608; Krick, Robert E. L. Staff Officers in Gray: A Biographical Register of the Staff Officers in the Army of Northern Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. . p. 253; and Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray.
Conrad and Boroević had a dislike for each other, and Straußenburg and the emperor, unable to decide between these two strong personalities, divided the army equally between them, reserving only a small part of the forces for a diversionary action on the Giudicarie sector. The preparation of the offensive began in February 1918, after a meeting in Bolzano between the Austrian and German high commands. It was strongly recommended by the Germans, as Ludendorff hoped that it could force the increasing American forces in France to be diverted to the Italian front, so Straußenburg modeled the attack after Erich Ludendorff's offensive on the Western Front. The Austro-Hungarians, differently from their previous success at Caporetto and from the subsequent attempts to break through on Monte Grappa, did not prepare the attack as a pinpoint one, but as an all-out frontal attack, employing the entire residual strength of their army all along the front.
Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001. (pg. 324) He and the "Irish Rifles" later joined General Samuel P. Heintzelman's III Corps, as part of the 3rd Brigade of the 3rd Division under Brigadier General Philip Kearny, during the Peninsula campaign and participated in Williamsburg, Seven Pines and the Seven Days campaign. Jones was also present when the 37th New York Volunteers, then attached to the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Division of the III Corps, were at the Second Battle of Bull Run. In May and June, he began suffering from malaria and was hospitalized in Washington, D.C. on September 26 remaining there until the end of October.Welsh, Jack D. Medical Histories of Union Generals. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2005. (pg. 184-185) He was also briefly an officer to Major General Franz Sigel prior to the retirement of General Ambrose Burnside and the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac.
The field force served separately from the Militia (Canada's peacetime army); in 1920 the Otter Commission was compelled to sort out which units would perpetuate the units that served in the trenches—the CEF or the prewar Militia. A unique solution of perpetuations was instituted, and mobilization during the Second World War did not repeat Sir Sam Hughes' model, which has been described by historians as being more closely akin to ancient Scottish clans assembling for battle than a modern, industrialized nation preparing for war. "Colonials" served under British command though, perhaps owing to the limited autonomy granted to the Dominions regarding their respective mobilizations, the Dominions eventually compelled the British government to overrule the objections of some British commanders and let the Dominion forces serve together instead of being distributed amongst various British divisions. The "colonials" would go on to be acknowledged by both the British and German high commands as being elite British units.
Pau shortly before his death Paul Marie Cesar Gerald Pau, (29 November 1848, Montélimar – 2 January 1932) was a French soldier and general who served in the Franco-Prussian War and in World War I. He took part in the Franco- Prussian War, suffering the loss of his lower right arm. By 1903, he had reached the rank of General, but he retired from active service in 1911. He was offered the position of Army Chief of Staff by War Minister Adolphe Messimy, but was removed from consideration due to his anti-republican political views and his insistence on the authority to personally nominate generals for high commands. The position instead passed to Joseph Joffre, who would become the French commander-in-chief during World War I. When war broke out in 1914, General Joffre recalled Pau from retirement to command the Army of Alsace to participate in the attacks towards Alsace called for by Plan XVII.
A royal child, for instance, is denied the opportunity to an ordinary life because of his parent's royal rank.Anonymous, An example of this usage can be seen in the following discussion comparing the German Kaiser William II with his grandfather, William I, and his father, Frederick III: > Compare this with his grandfather, the old Emperor, who, if he had not been > born in the purple, could only have been a soldier, and not, it must be > added, one who could have held very high commands. Compare him again with > his father; the Emperor Frederick, if he had not been born in the purple, > though he certainly showed greater military capacity than the old Emperor, > nevertheless would probably not have been happy or successful in any private > station other than that of a great moral teacher. The classic definition restricted use of the category specifically to the legitimate offspring born to reigning monarchs after they ascended to the throne.
Admiral Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, (21 November 179023 November 1858) was an eminent British Admiral of the Royal Navy, and an eminent British diplomat, who was responsible for encouraging the Crimean War, during which he was Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, and for the securing the subsequent allied victory in the conflict, through his efforts at the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) with both the Navy and the British Army. As a consequence of his linguistic ability and favour with foreign aristocrats, Lyons was appointed to various diplomatic posts, including important ambassadorial positions in Sweden, Switzerland, and to the court of King King Otto of Greece. Lyons's temerity, ambition, and charisma, for which his white- blonde hair and pale complexion became a byword, made him popular with the High Commands of the Royal Navy and British Army and with the British aristocracy, with whom he maintained secret private correspondences to which his naval immediate superiors were not privy. His friendship with Fitzroy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan facilitated the integration of deployments that ensured allied victory in the Crimean War.
On March 2, 1917, after the revolutionaries took over the government, Alekseyev sent Nicholas II a telegram, urging abdication, General Evert replied Alekseyev that he would give his conclusion after General Ruzsky and Brusilov answered. Learning their answers, he sent the tsar a telegram, in which referred to the fact that the army "in its present composition ... can not be counted," wrote that "finding no other outcome, unlimitedly devoted to your Majesty, the loyal subject begs Your Majesty, in the name of the salvation of the Motherland and the Dynasty, to make a decision ... as the only one apparently capable of ending the revolution and saving Russia from the horrors of anarchy. " According to the memoirs of General Ali-Agha Shikhlinsky, after the February Revolution, one of the members of the Duma, Nikolai Shchepkin, who was ordered by the new minister of war of the newly formed Russian Republic, Alexander Guchkov, to go to Minsk. After Shchepkin's arrival at Minsk, he suggested to high commands to get General Evert removed, so he did.
George Varney (1834–1911) was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War and was awarded the grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, in 1867 for his gallant service at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862.Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R., Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue. p. 509. Olde Soldier Books, Inc.,, Gaithersburg, MD, 1990. . Born in Levant, Maine, he was a wholesale grocer in Bangor, Maine when the war broke out in 1861. Varney enlisted as a major in the 2nd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was the first unit to march out of the state in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion after the fall of Fort Sumter.Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, p. 543. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2001. . He was wounded and captured in the unit's first engagement, the First Battle of Bull Run, in July 1861, but exchanged for a captured Confederate officer a month later. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, Varney was captured a second time (and exchanged a second time) at the Battle of Gaines' Mill in 1862.
German Panzer IV of the 11th Panzer Division advancing into Yugoslavia from Bulgaria as part of the Twelfth Army The British, Greek and Yugoslav high commands intended to use Niš as the lynch-pin in their attempts to wear down German forces in the Balkans and it is for this reason that the locality was important. When the Germans broke through in this sector – a sector which was essential if stability was to be maintained on the front – The Yugoslav Supreme Command committed numerous forces from its strategic reserves, including the 2nd Cavalry Division, but these were harassed by the Luftwaffe during transit to the front and did not get through in any real quantities.Fatutta & Covelli, 1975, p. 52. Having reached Niš from its initial attacks from Bulgaria and broken the Yugoslav defences, the German 14th Motorised Corps headed north in the direction of Belgrade. The German 46th Panzer Corps had advanced across the Slavonian plain from Austria to attack Belgrade from the west, whilst the 41st Panzer Corps threatened the city from the north after launching its offensive drive from Romania and Hungary.
The Royal Italian Air Force was also taken completely by surprise by the armistice, and also in this case the high commands showed improvidence and ineptitude; the Chief of Staff, General Renato Sandalli, did not inform his subordinates till 5 September, then, in the night of 8 September, he ceded command to General Giuseppe Santoro and fled to Brindisi without issuing the executive orders of the planned directive ("Memorandum No. 1"). The Italian air bases did not receive any clear order and thus the air force was not employed against the German invaders, whom instead took the initiative and swiftly captured the main air bases in northern Italy, where most of the remaining aircraft were based. Only on 11 September Santoro ordered all units to take off to reach Allied-controlled air bases, while the commander of the Rome air bases, General Ilari, started negotiations and handed over bases and planes to the Germans. Out of about 800 operational aircraft, only 246 managed to reach Allied-controlled territory, while two-thirds of the planes fell in German hands, and 43 were shot down by Luftwaffe planes while flying south.
Producers of television documentaries about the war have had to grapple with the "lions led by donkeys" interpretive frame since the 1960s. The 1964 seminal and award-winning BBC Television The Great War has been described as taking a moderate approach, with co-scriptwriter John Terraine fighting against what he viewed as an oversimplification, while Liddell Hart resigned as an advising historian to the series, in an open letter to The Times, in part over a dispute with Terraine, claiming that he minimised the faults of the High Command on The Somme and other concerns regarding the treatment of Third Ypres. The Great War was viewed by about a fifth of the adult population in Britain and the production of documentaries on the war has continued ever since. While recent documentaries such as Channel 4's 2003 The First World War have confronted the popular image of lions led by donkeys, by reflecting current scholarship presenting more nuanced portrayals of British leaders and more balanced appraisals of the difficulties faced by the High Commands of all the combatants, they have been viewed by far fewer members the public than either 1964's The Great War or comedies such as Blackadder.
3.094 din 9 septembrie 1940 al Conducătorului Statului Român relativ la scoaterea din cadrele active ale armatei, publicat în Monitorul Oficial, anul CVIII, nr. 210 din 10 septembrie 1940, partea I-a, p. 5.306 (in Romanian).Decretul regal nr. 1.649 din 1 septembrie 1944 referitor la generali reintegrați în drepturi, publicat în Monitorul Oficial, anul CXII, nr. 205 din 6 septembrie 1944, partea I-a, p. 6.248 (in Romanian). The decree-law provided for the removal of several generals from the active ranks of the army with the following justification: > Considering that by flattery and methods incompatible with the dignity of a > soldier they occupied high commands, then encouraged the frivolity and a > lack of officer dignity; Considering that the incapacity of these general > officers led to the demise of the army and to serious actions leading to the > loss of the borders; Considering that an example of duty and responsibility > must be set for the Nation by sanctioning those who have been guilty of > these violations. Antonescu fell from power on 23 August 1944, as a result of King Michael's Coup. The effects of the decree-law were annulled on 1 September 1944, and General Atanasescu was reinstated with full rights starting with the date of his retirement.
The ship was also considered by the navy to be too slow and inefficient to become a blockade runner, though it was later used in this capacity. Following discussions with Magruder, who was not willing to relinquish controls of the cottonclads, Barney conceded the appointment, and in a letter to Confederate Naval Secretary Stephen Mallory, recommended that the navy relinquish control. Barney later explained that he made his recommendation since he considered that the presence of two separate marine forces with independent commanders would lead to discord and confusion.Day, James M. (1965) "Leon Smith: Confederate Mariner," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 7., page 40Civil War High Commands, John Eicher & David Eicher, page 893 Barney was sent to Europe in spring 1863. He assumed command of the Confederate raider CSS Florida in September 1863, relieving the ailing John Newland Maffitt, and oversaw her refit at Brest, France, but had to be detached due to ill health before the Florida put to sea. High Seas Confederate: The Life and Times of John Newland Maffitt, Royce Shingleton, pages 57, 85, 102The Confederate Soldier in the Civil War, 1861–1865, Benjamin La Bree, 1897, page 434 From 1864 to 1865, he was a Confederate naval agent in Europe.

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