The granulose texture of the thick exoskeleton is well defined.
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Columella white, hemispheric or depressed and irregular, the surface granulose.
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Foraminifera, or forams, are abundant marine and freshwater amoebae with granulose, reticulating pseudopodia.
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Effect of cadmium on morphology and steroidogenesis of cultured human ovarian granulose cells.
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Sternite VII finely granulose, with one pair of moderately strong, crenate lateral carinae.
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However, all have a tegmental sculpture that is mainly smooth or finely granulose.
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The soluble filtrate from starch paste also contains a substance identical with granulose.
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This species has a dark, grey and black mantle with longitudinal white, granulose ridges.
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Lipid, fatty acid and protein utilization during lecithotrophic larval development of Lithodes santolla and Paralomis granulose.
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Nutrient supply was enhanced by a granulose fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and grazer density was manipulated by exclusion cages.
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The ornament of penultimate whorl consists of four equal and equidistant granulose lirae, and obliquely transverse raised threads. Of the body whorl, a small granulose lirais interposed between the third and fourth, anterior to the fourth are two smaller equally distant from one another, the fifth is slightly granulose, whilst the sixth, which is at the periphery, is broad and obtuse. The interspaces between the lirae are faintly spirally striate. The base has seven concentric lirae, the inner ones subgranose, the outer ones plain, with a few coincident striae in the interspaces.
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The 7 to 8 whorls are coarsely granulose in about 5 or 6 spiral series, of which the upper series is most prominent. The periphery is rounded. The base of the shell is a little concave, with about 7 concentric granulose or subgranulose lirae. The aperture is strongly lirate within upon the parietal and outer wall.
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Its outer surface is convex, white, middle portion coarsely granulose, with a deep narrow central pit, bounded by a deep concentric farrow not continuous over the margin of increment, outside of which are three narrow minutely beaded concentric ridges. The margin of increment is granulose. It is an extremely variable species. Frequently several tuberculate lirae encircle the base.
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The follicle was regarded as influenced if it had an intact oocyte with partial detachment of the oocyte from surrounding granulose cells.
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Recent POFs are amorphous and clearly show multiple infoldings of thecal and granulose cells Oocytes in the largest batch are 300-550 pm in diameter.
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The exo-carp is coriaceous, thin, and dull, with glandular dots. Themesocarp is fleshy, whitish turning to yellow at maturity, with a granulose texture and astringent taste.
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The interstices are obliquely striate. The sutures are canaliculate. They are furnished with a series of granules above. The base of the shell is convex, furnished with concentric granulose cinguli.
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The seven whorls are plane, and transversely deeply lirate. The lirae are unequal. The whorls are subdistant, and angulate at the sutures. The body whorl is granulose around the umbilicus.
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Below the suture there are numerous, oblique, small plicae. The keel is nodulose and the granulose cingula are alternately smaller sculpted. The last base tapers gradually. The outer lip is thin.
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The canthus rostralis is marked. The limbs are slender with reduced webbing. The dorsum is granulose with small, scattered tubercles. The coloration is cryptic; the scapular area has an X-mark.
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Amazophrynella are small toads measuring in snout–vent length. The hind limbs are well developed. The parotoid glands are absent, as are vocal slits and tympana. The skin is uniformly and finely granulose.
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The entire surface is more or less obliquely granulose or minutely vermiculate. The axial sculpture consists only of feeble incremental lines .The outer lip is thin, sharp and produced. The inner lip is erased.
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The interstices are beautifully clathrate with delicate oblique lamellae. The body whorl is at the peristome almost disunited from the penultimate whorl. The suture is canaliculate. The umbilicus is perspective, with concentric granulose cinguli.
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Males measure and females (based on a single specimen) about in snout–vent length. The snout is obtuse in profile. The parotoid glands are globose and pearl-shaped in shape. The dorsum is granulose.
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The size of the shell varies between 10 mm and 21 mm. The thick, umbilicate shell has an orbiculate-conical shape. It is transversely narrowly granulose-sulcate. It has a uniform brownish or purplish color.
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The shell grows to a length of 5 cm. Its surface texture shows broad, ridged, spiral cords. The thick operculum is granulose. The exterior is white with black spots that are widely spaced on the cords.
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The snout is short. No tympanum is visible. The fingers and the toes are long and have neither webbing nor expanded tips. The dorsum has granulose skin and is light gray to light reddish brown in color.
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The depressed-conical shell is profoundly umbilicated. The 5½ whorls are slightly convex and ornamented with transverse granulose lirae. The interstices are obliquely longitudinally striated. The body whorl is encircled by a prominent crenulated carina at the periphery.
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The thin shell shows numerous granulose spiral riblets, about 7 on the penultimate whorl, 9 or 10 on the base. It has few or none interstitial lirulae. The acute, reddish apex is minute. The sutures are slightly impressed.
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The conspicuously radiate color pattern and the sculpture, consisting of coarse granulose lirae with interstitial lirulae both above and below, as well as the wide umbilical tract and eroded corneous or orange apex, will serve to distinguish this form.
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The shell of Perotrochus quoyanus quoyanus has a trochiform shape. It is obtusely carinated, with the base rounded, flattened and concave but not umbilicated. The spire is turbinate, terminating in an acuminate apex. The nine, granulose whorls are slowly increasing.
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Beneath they are ornamented with three granulose whitish concentric cinguli, the upper two near each other, the third more distant, surrounding the umbilicus. The suture is nearly covered. The umbilicus is profound, funnel-shaped, and crenate. The simple peristome is continuous.
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The length of the shell varies between 18 mm and 45 mm. The orbicular, imperforate shell is conoid with an acute apex. It is of pale flesh-color, maculated with bright rufous. The convex whorls are spirally sculptured with granulose lirae.
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The imperforate shell is wheel- shaped. It is low-conic and granulose above, convex below. The periphery is armed with long slender radiating spines, which are concealed at the sutures. The operculum is flat, with a subobsolete arcuate rib outside.
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"In Pleuroctenium the anterior galabellar lobe is crescent-shaped and wrapped around the posterior glabellar lobe, the pygidial axis bears discrete spines, the borders and border-furrows are narrow, long spines are commonly developed and the surface is generally granulose".
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The length of the shell varies between 3.5 mm and 6 mm. (Original description) The small, solid shell has an elongate-oblong shape. The spire is moderately elevated, yellowish-white. It contains 8 convex whorls, constricted beneath the suture and spirally granulose.
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The skin is uniformly granulose to warty. Dorsal coloration is cryptic. With the exception of Dendrophryniscus leucomystax, species of the genus Dendrophryniscus breed in phytotelmata. In contrast, species of the genus Amazophrynella are pond breeders, which is presumably an ancestral trait in bufonids.
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The size of the shell varies between 12 mm and 35 mm. The shell is similar to Monodonta labio, but with rounder whorls, more marked sutures and with lower lirae. It is not granulose. It is tessellated with black and grayish or greenish.
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The body whorl is rounded, and encircled by about 13 lirae. Those above the periphery are granulose, about as wide as the interstices, those beneath more separated and smoother. The interstices are finely spirally striate. The base of the shell is convex.
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The base is slightly convex, with 10 to 12 narrow closely granulose concentric lirae. The aperture is white within. The outer and parietal walls are strongly lirate. The parietal wall has the same color as the base, but overlaid with a white callus.
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The periphery is roundly carinate. The convex base contains nine fine granulose cinguli with axially lirate interstices. The obliqua aperture is tetragonal. The outer lip is thick, with two rows of denticles, the outer corresponding to the cinguli, the inner about six in number.
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The height of the shell attains 15 mm. This is a very distinct little shell, with slender spire, granulose upper whorls, and a wide, rather depressed body whorl. The small, thin shell is umbilicate. It has a slender elevated spire and a broad body whorl.
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The arcuate columella is deflexed and dilated at its base. The circular operculum is flat or slightly concave within. It contains four whorls anda subcentral apex. The outer surface is convex, brown, coarsely granulose in the middle, paler and more finely granular at the margins.
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The aperture is oblique and rhomboidal. The white columella is arcuate and bidentate at its base. The umbilical tract is pale violaceous, bounded by a plicate cordon. The operculum is convex on its outside, with a median rib, minutely granulose, and excavated near the middle.
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On the base there are about 15 lirae of nearly equal size, the inner ones granulose, the outer several nearly or quite smooth. The spire is conical. The apex is acute with the apical whorl smooth. The earlier whorls contain each 3 strong smooth carinae.
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They are spirally traversed by five very finely granulose lirae, the first two small, third larger, fourth small, fifth larger than the others. The suture is profoundly impressed and canaliculate. The body whorl contains 8 lirae on the base encircling the umbilicus. The columella is unequally bidentate.
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And in this part the transverse liras, about twelve in number, are finely granulose. The plicae do not extend below the keels, nor do they interrupt the spiral lirae, the latter being continuous on and between them.Smith, E. A. 1880. Descriptions of twelve new species of shells.
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Operculum: Operculum calcareous, nearly circular, dome-shaped, minutely granulose, paucispiral; white in colour with green margin except at adaxial side. Inner side of operculum simple, dark brown with spiral line. External anatomy: Head with snout, cephalic lappets, cephalic tentacles and eystalks. Outer lip of mouth forming thick oral disk.
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Their interstices bear granose riblets, and sharp oblique striae. On old individuals the disparity in the size of the lirae of the upper surface is often scarcely apparent. The base of the shell bears much finer, closer, granulose lirae. The aperture is very oblique and has a subtetragonal form.
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The short-conic spire has rectilinear outlines. The about eight whorls are subconcave above, and slightly convex. They contain a subsutural subsquamose carina, and are encircled by numerous subequal granulose lirae. The body whorl is acutely carinated below the middle, slightly excavated above and flat below the carina.
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The height of the shell attains 5.2 mm, its diameter 5.6 mm. The solid shell has a depressed conoidal shape. It has a false umbilicus. The small protoconch contains 1½ flattened turns, smooth at the origin, and gradually developing four spiral lirae which become granulose cinguli on the adult whorls.
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The lirae are coarsely granulose, about 5 in number. The aperture is very oblique. The outer lip is edged with blackish, then nacreous, and lined with opaque white, the thickening slightly notched at the place of the periphery. The oblique columella is nearly straight, flat, opaque white and backed by nacreous.
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The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 80 mm. The orbiculate, imperforate shell has a depressed-conic shape. It is, pinkish yellow, unicolored, or clouded with purplish or brown. The seven whorls are rounded, the upper two smooth, the others closely minutely granulose in regular spiral series.
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They are carinate at the periphery. The color of the shell is whitish, longitudinally flammulated with brown. The base of the shell is radiately marked with narrow brown stripes, often broken into tesselations. The sculpture of the shell consists of about four spiral cinguli, of which the middle two are granulose.
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The height of the shell attains 12 mm. The umbilicate shell has a conoidal shape. It is isabella-colored and sculptured with very fine spiral lirae, about 11 on the penultimate whorl, 40 on the last whorl. They are on the upper whorls distinctly granulose, on the last almost entirely smooth.
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The height of the shell attains 3 mm. The small, white, rather solid, subglobose shell has a depressed-conical shape. The four whorls are a little convex. They are joined by an impressed suture, and ornamented by spiral closely, minutely granulose riblets; The body whorl is rounded at the periphery.
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On the base are four smaller spirals followed by a larger granulate rib which borders the umbilicus. Within the broad and deep umbilicus continues a succession of granulose spirals. The flat subsutural shell is traversed by radial plications and the whole shell is overrun by dense, fine, radial threads. The simple aperture is subcircular.
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The whorls are moderately convex, smooth, with a pale polished greenish periostracum over a white substratum, in spots minutely granulose, apparently from some wrinkling of the periostracum. The anal sulcus is wide, shallow, hardly forming a fasciole. The outer lip is thin, sharp and moderately produced. The inner lip shows a thin white layer of callus.
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The 4 adult whorls are very slightly convex, bearing four cinguli, three of approximately equal size, the fourth immediately above the suture being more strongly developed and producing a distinct carination in the body whorl. The suture is deeply canaliculate. The cinguli are granulose. The interstices are axially lirate, three lirae corresponding generally to two granules on the cinguli.
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It is rather widely umbilicate. The 5½ convex whorls are separated by a narrowly canaliculate suture, and encircled by granose lirae, about 7 on the penultimate whorl . The body whorl has a roundly angulated periphery and is encircled by about 14 granulose lirae. The white umbilicus is surrounded by a white granuliferous rib, and with a smooth rib within.
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There are in the interstices finer granulose lines. The base of the shell is a little convex with 9 to 10 concentric, little elevated smooth lirae, nearly as broad as their interstices. The aperture is rhomboidal with rounded angles. The oblique columella is cylindrical and subdentate at its base, bounded by a pit at its insertion.
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The periphery consists of several closely crowded rows of the smallest size, and is rounded on the lower whorls. The base of the shell is slightly convex, roughened by a multitude of granulose series. The granules become larger near the center, which is a semicircle, its chord being the columella, formed of inferior, gray nacre. The aperture is rhomboidal.
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The shell is sculpted with smooth spiral threads which have light brown and dark brown dashes. The shell is encircled by very many narrow, unequal, subtly granulose or crenulated riblets, as wide or narrower than the interspaces. The 8 whorls are separated by a not profound suture. They are margined, and acutely angled in the middle.
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The length of the shell varies between 7 mm and 13 mm. The helicoid shell is widely umbilicated, fulvous, punctate with red. The 6½ whorls are convex and somewhat loosely rolled on themselves which causes the sutures to very deep. They are traversed by spiral granulose cinguli ornamented with red dots, and alternately larger and smaller.
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The body whorl however has eight, two new ones having been intercalated on the lower part, the eighth prominent, forming the periphery. The base of the shell is rather convex, and has nine close granulose lirae. The granules on the border of the umbilicus are but slightly developed. The aperture is about as in Clanculus pharaonius.
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They are ornamented with close, granulose, unequal cinguli (the colored bands or spiral ornamentation), with two on the upper, and 3 or 4 on the body whorl more prominent. The penultimate whorl has 12-15 lirae. The globose body whorl is rounded, descending, and convex beneath. The aperture is ovate-rounded, the margins nearly continuous, plicated finely all around.
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They are elegantly ornamented with elevated spiral ribs and longitudinal striae. The first whorl is nearly smooth. The body whorl is double as long as the spire It is tumid, dilated and ornamented with 3 elevated cinguli on the lower part, 2 less elevated ones above. The base of the shell has 6 granulose, minutely striated, concentric cinguli.
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Its margin is more or less green tinged, not fluted. The columella is thickened and effuse at its base, callous posteriorly. The operculum is subcircular, concave internally, with a nucleus one-third the distance across face. Its outer surface is very convex, the center dark-brown, coarsely granulose, lighter toward the outer margin and more minutely granulate.
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The length of the shell attains 31 mm, its width 11.2 mm and contains 10 whorls. The elongate fusiform spire is rather broadly conical with a prominent granulose basal keel and a heavier, rounded peripheral keel above one third of the height of the whorl. The siphonal canal is long and straight. Indo-Pacific mollusca; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
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Shell in Endo Shell Museum The length of the shell varies between 80 mm and 190 mm. This attractive species has a pale yellowish-fleshy color with numerous, irregular, reddish spots, sometimes vivid, sometimes more or less effaced. The shell has a trochiform shape above, but is plano-convex beneath and concave in the middle. It is concentrically costate-sulcate with granulose ribs.
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The penultimate whorl has about 7 granose unequal ridges, the upper two large, third and fifth smaller. The body whorl is carinated, plano-concave beneath, with 7 concentric lirae, slightly or not at all granulose, separated by obliquely striated interstices. The aperture is rhomboidal, grooved within, the basal margin subcrenate. The oblique columella is folded above, compressed in the middle and toothless.
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The shell is sculptured with about 5 lirulae, anteriorly granulose. The umbilicus is large, closely ornamented with about 3 spiral distant lines, and radiating costulations continued from the base. The umbilicus is bounded by a granular keel, but has three other distant spiral lines crossing the lirulae. The rounded aperture is indentated by the carinae, scarcely in contact parietally, iridescent inside and nacreous.
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The body whorl is carinated and spinose at the periphery. The color of the shell is above grayish, maculated with purplish brown and faint green. The base of the shell is radiately striped, lineolate or maculate with brown. The upper surface of the whorls is closely granulose, and each whorl bears at its periphery about 17 radiating perforated short spines.
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They are separated by deep sutures, encircled by three principal granulose carinae, the base and interstices with smaller lirulae and regular incremental striae. The whorls of the spire contain two strong, granose carinae. The body whorl is more rounded at the periphery than is usual in Calliostoma. The base of the shell is rather flattened, with about 10 concentric lirae, dotted with brown.
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The base has four granulose lirae. The umbilical region is bounded by a broad ridge, which is broken up into claviform tubercles obliquely disposed. The colour is greenish-brown in living specimens, flesh-coloured with rufous lirae and darker tinted at the suture and keel in beach examples. The interior of the aperture of living examples is greenish and of a pearly lustre.
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The height of the shell attains 14 mm, its diameter 16 mm. The perforate shell has a conoid shape with an acute apex and 6½ whorls.,The first whorl is rosy, the following whorls convex, grayish, spotted with white and black at the narrow sutures. They are spirally lirate with numerous granulose lirae, 8 to 10 on the penultimate whorl.
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It is silvery within. The oblique columella is slightly concave, excavated at the position of the umbilicus, with a spiral white rib. The parietal callus covers over half the base of the shell. The operculum is white outside, excavated on each side of a strong granulose curved central rib, the terminations connected by a shorter ridge curved in the opposite direction.
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They are all over obliquely minutely striate. encircled by minutely granulose lirae, with smaller ones intercalated. The three first whorls are but little projecting, the fourth is double the length of the first three, the last whorl is inflated. The penultimate and last whorls contain a median series of reddish-brown quadrangular maculations or have the spiral lirae articulated with brown.
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Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 49: 18-22. who copied the original description, the ‘granulation [is] confined to the last whorl’. However, Scutalus phaeocheilus altoensis is smaller and slightly stouter than Scutalus proteiformis and is also slightly more granulose than this species, especially visible in fresh specimens. Moreover, Scutalus proteiformis is said to have the aperture dark brown coloured.
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The surface of the conidia is often granulose and the hilum is inconspicuous. Conidia are produced from the apex of an unbranched conidiophore. Generally, the conidiophore arises singly or in small groups which are straight or flexuous, mid to dark brown, smooth, septate, cylindrical, and up to 250 μm long, 5-8 μm thick.Nelson, R.R., A major gene locus for compatibility in Cochliobolus heterostrophus Phytopathology 1957.
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The aperture measures about half the length of the shell. It is circular and pearly within. The peristome and columella are tinged with greenish-yellow, The circular operculum contains four whorls and a nucleus placed one-third the distance across the face. The outer surface is convex, shining, bright green on the center, the margins brown on one side, white upon the other, slightly granulose about the edges.
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Ixa monodi has a transversely ovoid carapace which is laterally stretched to form a process on each side which is cylindrical and covered in tubercles. The forehead is forked and the orbits are deep and completely overhang the eyes with three indentations in their outer margins. The posterior margin bears two granulose tubercles. The dorsal surface of the carapace has two longitudinal grooves which fork before the long.
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The form is just like Clanculus cruciatus (Linnaeus, 1758). The shell consists of 6 to 7 rather rounded whorls, the body whorl not angulated to speak of, and with a rather convex base. The spiral cinguli gradually increase in number, so that on the penultimate whorl there are about 11, on the body whorl about 40 of them. On the upper whorls they are distinctly granulose, on the last almost entirely smooth.
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The body whorl has a sharply angled periphery. The shell upper surface is circled by irregularly beaded bands, 5 or 6 on each whorl, uneven in size, the upper row largest;. The bead in each whorl is larger on the upper row than those at lower rows, The base of the shell is nearly flat, concentrically lirate. These lirae are granulose, rather coarse, with broad interspaces, which are frequently occupied by revolving lirulae or striae.
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The shell is sculptured with spiral series of regular beads the remaining whorls subexcavated in the middle, with three series of granules on the upper part and a series of oblique short folds below. The body whorl is carinated, with 16 to 24 folds crenulating its periphery. The base of the shell is planulate, with six concentric granulose lirae, separated by interstices as wide as the ridges. The aperture rhomboidal and lirate within.
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The surface of the carapace was granulose (with granules) and had an ornamentation which consisted of minute rounded tubercles, some isolated and others confluent in sets of two or three. It was strengthened by prominent calcareous (with calcium) deposits. As in the rest of eurypterids, the opisthosoma (abdomen) had twelve segments. It was divided into the preabdomen (segments 1 to 6), which was telescoped (with segments overlapping each other) and postabdomen (segments 7 to 12).
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The axial ribs and intercostal spaces are crossed by rather heavy spiral cords, finer spiral lirations between the heavier cords, and hairlike incremental lines. The combination of these last two elements produces a fine clothlike pattern, while their junction sometimes almost appears granulose. The columella is stout, and there is a weak umbilical chink at its anterior termination. The aperture is rather short, deeply channeled anteriorly and posteriorly, the posterior sinus falling a little anterior to the summit.
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The tegmentum is smooth and glossy to the naked eye, very finely granulose. The girdle is whitish, banded with brown, dorsally densely covered with very small, elongate oval, calcareous corpuscules, interspersed with long, slender hairs, bearing a blunt topped, smooth, calcareous needle. The radula extends back from the mouth to approximately one third of the animal's length. The radula is polystichous, since there are many different teeth in each row, and there are 43 rows of teeth.
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The upper surface has numerous delicate spiral closely granulose riblets, numbering about 10 or 11 on the penultimate whorl, but more numerous on the upper surface of the body whorl because interstitial lirulae are intercalated. On the antepenultimate whorl there are 5, and on earlier whorls 3 granose lirae. On the base of the shell there are distinctly granose concentric lirae in the middle, but toward the periphery the lirae become smaller, narrower, and less distinctly grained. The spire is conical.
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The thallus of Malmidea lichens grow on bark (corticolous) or on leaves (foliicolous). The form of the thallus is like a crust, ranging in surface texture from smooth to verrucose (studded with wartlike protuberances), granulose (covered with small grains) or pustulate (covered with pustules). These variously shaped surface bumps are often formed by goniocysts (spherical aggregations of photobiont cells surrounded by short- celled hyphae) that develop on a whitish fibrous underlying prothallus. The photobiont partner of Malmidea is a member of Chlorococcaceae, a family of green algae.
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Underside paler silvery grey, the whitish line therefore being less prominent. — Egg semiglobular, whitish grey, granulose. The larva, which is already developed in the sunmier, does not leave the egg before April; it bores into the young shoots and later lies on the young leaves, especially on those of the lower twigs of old oak-trees. It is a dreadful cannibal and is evidently avoided by insect-eating birds, as it has been found unmolested in the nest of the blue tit containing young birds (Bingham-Newland).
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They are dextrinoid, orange-brown in KOH, not metachromatic, and have cyanophilic ornamentation. Basidia are clear to yellowish, four spored, 26.4 - 37.5 x 6.4 - 7.7 μm, cylindrical to clavate, constricted in the middle, with sterigmata 3.2–4.8 μm long. The bases of the basidia have clamp connections. Cystidia on the gill edge (cheilocystidia) are clear to yellowish, sometimes with granulose yellow brown contents, narrowly lageniform with a subcapitate to capitate apex, and have dimensions of 21.6–28 × 6.4–7.6 μm, with an apex of 4.8–7.2 μm.
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T. dominicana lived in an environment similar to modern moist tropical rain forests. Though similar to the modern genera Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Eratyrus several physical characters in the specimen are distinct to Triatoma, the size, at being smaller than Eratyrus nymphs, and the head and thorax being granulose. Modern Hispaniola does not have an endemic population of Triatominae species and only the human introduced T. rubrofasciata. Of the three endemic Triatominae species found in the Greater Antilles T. dominicana resembles some features of T. obscura found on Jamaica.
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The height of the shell attains 9 mm, its diameter varies between 11 mm and 13 mm. The thick, solid, imperforate shell has a little hollow or depression at the place of the umbilicus. It is orbicularly conoid or subdepressed with 5 whorls. The first whorl is whitish, often eroded, the last brownish, purplish or red, obliquely striated, and ornamented with spiral granulose lirae, 3 on the penultimate whorl, 8 or 9 on the body whorl, of which the first is composed of larger beads, and the fourth forms the periphery.
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The upper surface of the body whorl shows a stout and a broad lira next to the suture, which is transversely crenulate-ridged. The periphery is bluntly angled by a slightly compressed convex keel, which is obsoletely crenulated. Between the keel and the sutural band are three granulose lirae about equidistant and equal-sized but the anterior one is close to the keel (in older specimens a small lira is interposed next the suture, and there is a tendency in the granules of the lirae to become somewhat confluent). The intervals between the lirae are smooth.
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However, molecular phylogenetic analyses eventually confirmed Lepidostroma as a distinct lineage, Lepidostromataceae, unrelated to Multiclavula. The recent discovery of three further species (for a total of six species), created an opportunity for more in-depth phylogenetic research, which confirmed the isolation of the family from all described orders. As a result, the group was raised to the rank of order (Lepidostromatales). Although the separation of this group from Multiclavula was originally based on thallus type, further research has demonstrated that members of the group actually have three distinct thallus types, one of which ('crustose-granulose') matches up with Multiclavula.
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The subsequent whorls (nine or ten) on the teleoconch at first show a sharp dentate peripheral keel, which afterward becomes spinous and more or less posteriorly directed. The spiral sculpture consists anteriorly of numerous rather widely separated fine threads, not granulose, but passing over rather coarse lines of growth and less crowded near the keel. The carina on the tenth whorl shows about twenty-six sharp short subtriangular spines more or less upturned; halfway between the keel and the carina is an elevated second keel, not undulate or dentate but much higher than in Cochlespira elegans. Behind this is the sinus, which is indented about one eighth of a turn.
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All Spilomelinae moths have well developed compound eyes, antennae and mouthparts, although in the genera Niphopyralis and Siga the proboscis is lost. Synapomorphic characters of the subfamily comprise minute or obsolete maxillary palpi, ventrally projecting fornix tympani, and the female genitalia's ductus bursae with a weak sclerotization or a granulose texture. The moths are furthermore characterized by an often bilobed praecinctorium, pointed spinula, and the absence of chaetosemata and of a retinacular hook. A gnathos or pseudognathos can be present or absent and is therefore of little diagnostic value, except for several genera of Agroterini, where the gnathos has a well-developed medial process.
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The suckers on the hectocotylus are covered by a well developed dorsal protective membrane. The tentacular club is straight and slender having 5 or 6 suckers in transverse rows in which a number of the suckers of the inner 2 or 3 rows are larger than rest. The cuttlebone is oblong in shape outline roughly rectangular; tapering to a point anteriorly and rounded and blunt posteriorly. Its dorsal surface is evenly convex and covered with a sculpture of calcareous granulose arranged in a net like pattern which have their greatest concentration in the middle of the bone and at the long edges where they are arranged in irregular ridges parallel to the margin.
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Clostridium butyricum is a strictly anaerobic endospore-forming Gram-positive butyric acid–producing bacillus subsisting by means of fermentation using an intracellularly accumulated amylopectin-like α-polyglucan (granulose) as a substrate. It is uncommonly reported as a human pathogen and is widely used as a probiotic in Asia (particularly in Japan, Korea and China). C. butyricum is a soil inhabitant in various parts of the world, has been cultured from the stool of healthy children and adults, and is common in soured milk and cheeses. The connection with dairy products is shown by the name: the butyr- in butyricum reflects the relevance of butyric acid in the bacteria's metabolism and the connection with Latin butyrum and Greek βούτυρον, with word roots pertaining to butter and cheese.
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The short spire is conical, rather pointed with the early whorls delicately sculptured, the last two rather rude. The aperture is longer than half the shell. The transverse sculpture in the earlier whorls (which are pure white) consists of rather crowded flutings depending transversely forward from the sutural margin for a third of the width of the (visible) whorl, which then swells outward, marked by strong growth lines, to a series of peripheral angular nodulations which mark the course of the anal fasciole. On the fourth, fifth, and sixth whorls, counting from the nucleus, the flutings are more regular and elegant than in the earlier or subsequent turns, on the fifth and sixth they, as well as the growth lines, are elegantly granulose or marked with small round nodes, the resultant of transverse and spiral sculpture.
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