Sterile floret is long and is also barren, cuneate, and is clumped. Lower glumes are orbicular and are long while the upper glumes are lanceolate and are long. Both the lower and upper glumes are keelless but have different apexes. The upper glume apex is erose and obtuse while the lower glumes is acute.
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Palea have scaberulous keels and surface. Rhachilla is in length and is extended. Lower glumes are elliptic and are long while the upper glumes are lanceolate and are long. Both the lower and upper glumes are obtuse and have asperulous surfaces.
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Glumes are pubescent, with hairs up to long. The one- nerved lower glumes are long, and the three-nerved upper glumes are long. The seven-nerved lemmas are long and wide, and are covered with appressed hairs up to long. Awns are long.
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Each inflorescence bears 30-80 spikelets. The glumes are hairless, with lower glumes being long and upper glumes long. The lemma is hairy at the base, is long, and three awned. It is similar to Bouteloua barbata, but bears only a single spike.
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The glumes are acute, with the lower glumes one-nerved and long, and the upper glumes three- nerved and long. The glabrous or slightly scabrous lemmas are prominently nerved and long, with awns long. The anthers are long. B. erectus flowers in June and July.
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The coriaceous glumes are lance- subulate and become scabrous at their distal end. The lower glumes measure and have one vein, and the upper glumes measure and have three veins. The coriaceous lemmas are strongly curved, the longer of which measure long. The awns measure .
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The lanceolate spikelets are long and have slender pedicels. The six to twelve florets on each spikelet have concealed bases at maturity. The glumes are either smooth or scabrous. The acute lower glumes are three-nerved and long, and the obtuse upper glumes are five-nerved and long.
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The lightly hairy glumes taper at their ends and have translucent margins. The lower glumes are one-nerved and long, and the upper glumes are three-nerved and long. The glabrous and slightly rough lemmas are long. The lemmas are hairier towards their edges and have five to seven veins.
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The panicles are long and wide, and the branches are typically longer than the spikelets. The flat spikelets are long and broad. The glumes are smooth or slightly scabrous. The lower glumes are three to five-veined and long, and the upper glumes are seven to nine-veined and long.
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The lower glumes are and the upper glumes are . The elliptical or lanceolate lemmas are membranous and become scabrous towards their apex. The lemmas are long. The terminal awns are long.
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Its simple or subsimple panicle is long, with appressed or somewhat spreading floral branches. Its subsessile spikelets are long with five to thirteen flowers. Its acute glumes are unequal, with lower glumes being and upper glumes long. Its seven-veined lemmas are long, strongly acute, and scabrous; its bicuspidate paleas exceed its lemmas by .
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The lowest glumes, which number 8-12, are much shorter than the upper glumes, and are irregularly toothed at the brown to dark grey-brown erose (also called margin). The erose is slightly rough to the touch. The apex of the plant's upper glumes is pointed to bluntly-rounded. The cream-coloured flowers possess 4-5 stamens with 2–3 mm long anthers.
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The elliptic to lanceolate spikelets are long, with three to six florets. The glumes are glabrous or pubescent, with the three- to five-veined lower glumes being and the seven- to nine-veined upper glumes being . The lanceolate lemmas are and are laterally compressed and softly pubescent. The lemmas have nine to eleven veins, with the veins being especially conspicuous distally.
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Both the lower and upper glumes are keelless and chartaceous, but have different apexes. The upper glume apex is obtuse while the lower glumes is acute. They also have purple coloured hyaline margins. Palea have ciliolate keels.
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The tip of each branch is swollen and bears a single large, pistillate floret while further down the branch are several smaller, slender-stemmed, staminate florets, the inferior glumes being half the length of the superior glumes.
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362-3 The rachillae can be visible when the spikelet is mature and the spikelet has six to eleven florets. The subequal glumes are minutely to densely pubescent and the keels are serrated. The lower glumes are long with three to five nerved, and the upper glumes are long and seven- to nine-nerved. The lemmas are long and wide, with seven to nine visible, conspicuous nerves.
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Spikelets comprise 5 to 8 florets, diminishing at the apex. Glumes are numerous.
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Florets are diminished at the apex. Its lemma is obtuse and lobed while fertile lemma is herbaceous, keelless, obovate, and long. Both low and upper glumes are oblong, scarious, yellow in colour, but are different in size. Also, both glumes have acute apexes.
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The brown, acute and keeling glumes are separated into upper and lower parts, with the lowest 2 or 3 empty and half the size of the upper glumes. The upper glumes are larger - 8-9 mm long, with a bristlelike glume above; the bristles are 7-10 mm long and red or brown in colour. The fruit is a nut, 2.5-3 mm long, brown in colour and narrow-ellipsoid in shape.
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They are long and have truncated sterile lemmas as well. The species glumes are low and wide. Both the lower and upper glumes are keelless, oblong and are long. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate, and grow together, the 3 anthers of which are in length.
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It also has a pilose and scaberulous surface. Fertile lemma is chartaceous, elliptic and is long. Sterile floret is long and is also barren, cuneate, and is clumped. Lower glumes are obovate and are long while the upper glumes are lanceolate and are long.
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Rhynchospora alba flowers in August, and these flowers are arranged into white inflorescences in a hierarchy of units. Each individual flower is surrounded a white (or brown in older tissues), leaf-like structure called a “glume”. These glumes are grouped into egg-shaped “spikelets” between 3-6mm in length, and 2-7 of these spikelets are clustered together into a hemispheric cluster, making the inflorescence. As with many other Rhynchospora, there are 4-5 glumes in each spikelet, with the bottom 1-2 glumes being sterile (they do not contain flowers) and the top three glumes alternating fertile, sterile, fertile. As such there are usually 1-2 flowers per spikelet.
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The subequal or unequal glumes are ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, and are typically exceeded by the florets. The lower glumes are as long or shorter than their adjacent lemmas and have one (rarely two or three) veins, and the upper glumes have three (rarely four or five) veins. The calli are typically glabrous and smooth, but can be occasionally scabrous or rarely pubescent. The chartaceous or sometimes coriaceous lemmas have somewhat dorsally rounded and distally keeled bases.
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The densely flowered spikelets bear ten to twenty flowers each, with the base of the florets hidden at maturity. The glumes can be smooth or scabrous. The lower glumes are three to five-veined and long, and the upper glumes are seven- veined and long. The unequal and ovate lemmas have nine faint nerves and broad translucent margins measuring as broad as , and the lemmas do not roll inwards at maturity as other Bromus species typically would.
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Hulled wheats are often stored as spikelets because the toughened glumes give good protection against pests of stored grain. In free- threshing (or naked) forms, such as durum wheat and common wheat, the glumes are fragile and the rachis tough. On threshing, the chaff breaks up, releasing the grains.
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Both glumes are acute while the size is different; lower glume is long while the upper one is .
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Spikelets are long and are both elliptic and solitary. They also carry both a pediceled fertile spikelet and one fertile floret which have a hairless callus. The glumes are long, lanceolate, membranous and have acute apexes. Fertile lemma is of the same size as glumes and is both elliptic and hyaline.
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Cultivated emmer wheat Like einkorn and spelt wheats, emmer is a hulled wheat. In other words, it has strong glumes (husks) that enclose the grains, and a semibrittle rachis. On threshing, a hulled wheat spike breaks up into spikelets. These require milling or pounding to release the grains from the glumes.
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The glabrous glumes at the base of the spikelets gradually taper to a point, averaging from in length. The glumes have a single vein and are unequal in length. The lemma, excluding the awns, is approximately long. The delicate lateral awns are in length and can be erect or spreading.
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The lemma has three veins and hairy margins. The glumes are persistent after fruiting. It spreads with elongated rhizomes.
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It also have hairs that are long while fertile lemma is chartaceous, elliptic, keelless, and is long by wide. Both low and upper glumes are membranous and have an obtuse apexes, but are different in size. Also, both glumes have acute apexes. Low glume is long, while the upper one is long.
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Spikelets are long, ellipsoid, terete to slightly laterally compressed, glabrous, and obtuse. The lower glumes are about 3/4 as long as the spikelet and are 5- or 7-veined. Upper glumes and lower lemmas equal the spikelet's length and are 5– to 9-veined. The lower florets are staminate with its lower paleas long.
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Fertile lemma is chartaceous, lanceolate and is long. Sterile floret is also barren, cuneate, and is clumped. Both the lower and upper glumes are keelless, lanceolate, and have attenuate apexes, but have different surfaces. The upper glume is long with pilose surface, while the lower glumes is long and is puberulous on the bottom.
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The rachilla is obvious in youth and becomes obscured by the expanding florets with age. The lower glumes are three to five-veined and long, and the upper glumes are seven-veined and long. The lemmas become spreading when mature and are strongly inrolled. The lemmas have seven inconspicuous nerves and are long and wide.
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Some species have self-pollinating inflorescences hidden in their basal leaf sheaths. These hidden inflorescences lack glumes and usually lack awns.
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Several varieties exist. B. parryi var. parryi is a stoloniferous perennial which has papillose hairs on its upper glumes. B. parryi var.
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The slender rachillas are terete and disarticulate above the glumes and between the florets. The narrow lemmas have three nerves and two lobes.
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Upper and lower glumes of Urochloa mosambicensis, a grass In botany, a glume is a bract (leaf-like structure) below a spikelet in the inflorescence (flower cluster) of grasses (Poaceae) or the flowers of sedges (Cyperaceae). There are two other types of bracts in the spikelets of grasses: the lemma and palea. In grasses, two bracts known as "glumes" form the lowermost organs of a spikelet (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent). Glumes may be similar in form to the lemmas, the bracts at the base of each floret.
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The upper glume is also ovate, but unlike the lower, is also herbaceous with glabrous surface which can be pubescent as well. It is also obtuse and is in length. Florets are in length and are pubescent, emarginate, and mucronate as well. Both florets and glumes are 1-keeled, but the veins are different; Glumes are 5 while florets are 7–11.
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The glumes are purple in colour, oblong, membranous, have no lateral veins and have acute apexes. They also have one keel and one vein which is scabrous. The size is different though; Lower glume is long while the upper one is . Flowers have two membranous lodicules and three stamens the latter of which are of the same colour as glumes and are long.
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The glumes are hairless. The orange or yellow anthers are in length. It does not form rhizomes. It is exceptionally resistant to cattle grazing.
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It glumes are similar to the fertile spikelet. The lower glume is long and is lanceolate. The upper glume is also lanceolated and is long.
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Spikelets are oblong and solitary with pedicelled fertile spikelets that carry 3–5 fertile florets. The glumes are chartaceous, lanceolate, and keelless, have acute apexes, with only difference is in size. The upper one is long while the other one is . Fertile lemma is long and have the same visual appearance as the glumes while the lemma itself have scaberulous surface and acute apex.
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The florets are cross-pollinated by the wind. Florets drop individually.leaving behind the glumes. The fruit (grains) are 1.6-1.9 mm long, from amber to brown.
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Bromus latiglumis, the earlyleaf brome, is a grass native to North America. The specific epithet latiglumis is Latin for "broad-glumed", referring to the wide glumes.
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During the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, at about 8000 BC, free-threshing forms of wheat evolved, with light glumes and fully tough rachis. Hulled or free-threshing status is important in traditional classification because the different forms are usually grown separately, and have very different post-harvesting processing. Hulled wheats need substantial extra pounding or milling to remove the tough glumes. For more information, see Wheat: Hulled vs.
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Below the florets are two glumes, one long and the other long. The fertile floret has a lemma (bract) long, with three short awns (bristles) at the tip, and the sterile floret has a lemma about long with three awns about long. If pollinated, the fertile floret produces an oblong-elliptic brown seed long. When the seed is mature, the whole spikelet detaches, except for the two glumes, which remain.
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The glumes are chartaceous, linear and keelless while the apexes and size are different. The upper glume is long and have an acuminate apex while the lower glume apex is acute with absent lateral veins. Fertile lemma is long and is also chartaceous, lanceolate, and keelless just like the glumes while the colour of it is dark green. Lemma itself have smooth surface, eciliate margins, and acuminate apex.
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It is similar to Elymus hystrix, with which it sometimes hybridizes. It can be distinguished from Elymus hystrix by its curving lemma awns, generally larger glumes, and nodding spikes.
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All wild wheats are hulled: they have tough glumes (husks) that tightly enclose the grains. Each package of glumes, lemma and palaea, and grain(s) is known as a spikelet. At maturity the rachis (central stalk of the cereal ear) disarticulates, allowing the spikelets to disperse. The first domesticated wheats, einkorn and emmer, were hulled like their wild ancestors, but with rachises that (while not entirely tough) did not disarticulate at maturity.
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Members of the genus grow as tall, wetland grasses, growing to 1–2 m tall; the genus includes both annual and perennial species. Oryza is situated in tribe Oryzeae, which is characterized morphologically by its single-flowered spikelets whose glumes are almost completely suppressed. In Oryza, two sterile lemma simulate glumes. The tribe Oryzeae is in subfamily Ehrhartoideae, a group of Poaceae tribes with certain features of internal leaf anatomy in common.
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The lanceolate to somewhat ovate inflorescence is long. The glumes are long. The lemma is long, occasionally with a straight awn measuring between . The palea is either absent or vestigial.
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Puccinellia lucida is a perennial grass which grows in south-eastern Canada and occasionally elsewhere in the United States. Its specific epithet lucida means "shining", referring to the plant's lustrous glumes.
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Lower glumes are oblong and are in length. Flowers have 3 anthers which are long with the fruits being long. The fruits are also ellipsoid and have an additional pericarp with linear hilum.
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The main distinguishing characters of S. graminifolius are its papery (chartaceous) spikelet glumes that have reddish- purplish streaking throughout. Another key character of S. graminifolius is that its lower primary inflorescence bracts are widened at the base. Schoenus auritus also has lower primary inflorescence bracts that are widened at the base; however, that species has firmer glumes. The basal leaves of S. graminifolius are usually relatively long and grass-like, so that they are almost as long or longer than the flowering stems.
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The florets are long and are elliptic. Flowers have 3 anthers which are in length. Glumes are thinner than fertile lemma with the lower one being of which is one length of upper one.
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The Relevance of Recent African Iron-Smelting Practice to Reconstructions of Prehistoric Smelting Technology. In P.D. Glumes (ed.) Recent Trends in Archaeometallurgical Research 47-54. Philadelphia, MASCA. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Anthropology Vol.
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The leaves are about wide and hairless. Meadow foxtail has a cylindrical inflorescence with glumes about wide and spikelets about long. The ligule is long, with a slightly tattered top.BSBI Description retrieved 1 December 2010.
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The panicles have filiform and pubescent pedicels. The spikelets are solitary while it florets are diminished at the apex. Its fertile lemma is chartaceous, lanceolate and is long. The glumes are different from each other.
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Wheat infected leaves with stem rust pathogen with a specific resistance gene Stem rust on wheat is characterized by the presence of uredinia on the plant, which are brick-red, elongated, blister-like pustules that are easily shaken off. They most frequently occur on the leaf sheaths, but are also found on stems, leaves, glumes and awns. On leaves they develop mostly on the underside but may penetrate to the upperside. On leaf sheaths and glumes pustules rupture the epidermis, giving a ragged appearance.
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A second species that is very similar to S. crassus is Schoenus cuspidatus. Whereas the spikelets of S. crassus are aristate in form with relatively longer lower glumes, those of S compactus are cuspidate and have relatively shorter lower glumes. Furthermore, S. crassus has more thickened and firm primary inflorescence bracts, prophylls and prophyll mucros compared to S. cuspidatus. Finally, the overall growth form of S. crassus appears more stiff and rigid compared to the more lax-looking S. cuspidatus, which often has curled leaves.
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Its glumes are 4–6 mm long, awn-tipped, and its lemmas are 6–8 mm long and either awnless or awn-tipped.Agriculture Canada- Agri-Food Canada. 2001. Grass key bio 164., Lethbridge, Alberta: Lethbridge Community College.
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Female glumes are while narrowly obovoid utricles are long and wide. They are hispid above, pale brown coloured while their beak is in length. Its apex is split with the anthers being circa in length (excluding appendages).
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The flowering culms are tall. The inflorescence is an open panicle with solitary spikelets on narrow pedicels. Each spikelet has between two and six florets. The glumes have pointed tips and are narrower than the fertile lemma.
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They grow in a cluster of 2 and are subequal. Glumes are shorter than a spikelet and thinner than fertile lemma. The lower glume is ovate and have a pubescent surface. Its apex is acute and 1 awned.
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The larvae feed on Spartina pectinata. They bore though the glumes and feed on the florets inside. A single larva generally feeds on a series of consecutive spikelets. Later, they tunnel into the stem of their host plant.
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It grows tall with the leaves being linear and wide. Both inflorescence and lanceolate are long. Its utricles are either pale green or orange-brown. Female specimens have pale orange-brown glumes which are ovate and are in length.
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The species glumes are long and are erect. It has no lateral branches. Leaf-sheaths are tubular for majority of the length and can be scabrous. They are also glabrous or pilose on the bottom and are in length.
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Phalaris paradoxa is a species of grass in genus Phalaris. Common names include awned canary-grass and hood canarygrass. The spikelets are very different from those of other members of this genus. The spikelet glumes each have a hook.
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Glumes are very different. Although both are keelless, the lower glume is oblong and long while the upper one is obovate and is long. Palea have ciliolated keels and is 2-veined. Flowers have 3 anthers which are long.
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Fertile lemma is chartaceous, ovate, is long and keelless. Sterile floret is barren, ovate, and is clumped. Both the lower and upper glumes are keelless, oblong, are long, and have obtuse apexes. Palea have eciliate keels and is 2-veined.
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The spikelets are loosely flowered with three to eight flowers on each spikelet. The glumes are either pilose or glabrous. The five to seven nerved lemmas are long and are mostly glabrous though sericeous towards their base. The awns are long.
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A spike is an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence, similar to a raceme, but bearing sessile flowers (sessile flowers are attached directly, without stalks). Examples occur on Malabar nut (Justicia adhatoda) and chaff flowers (genus Achyranthes). A spikelet can refer to a small spike, although it is primarily used to refer to the ultimate flower cluster unit in grasses (family Poaceae) and sedges (family Cyperaceae), in which case the stalk supporting the cluster becomes the pedicel. A true spikelet comprises one or more florets enclosed by two glumes (sterile bracts), with flowers and glumes arranged in two opposite rows along the spikelet.
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Leymus mollis. Grass Manual Treatment. The two subspecies are otherwise hard to tell apart, even when growing sympatrically. The most reliable character to use to distinguish them is the type of hairs on the glumes and lemmas;Aiken, S. G., et al. 2007.
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The upper glume is as ovate as the lower one and is long. Both glumes are membranous, are purple in colour, have no keels, and are 5-veined. The apex of the upper glume is either acute or acuminate. Flowers have 3 stamens.
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It palea is long and have 2 veines. The palea keels are ciliolate while it surface is scaberulous. Apical florets are in length and are barren, sterile and have a cuneated clump. Glumes are thinner than fertile lemma and could exceed florets apex.
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Both the upper and lower glumes are oblong, keelless, and are membranous. Their size is different though; lower one is long while the upper one is long. It palea is 2-veined. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate, have 2 lodicules and grow together.
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The five to eleven flowered spikelets are long and wide. Both glumes have short, adpressed hairs. The lower glume is three-nerved and the upper glume is five-nerved. The densely hairy lemmas are oblong to elliptical in shape, and have straight awns long.
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The inflorescence has a diffuse compound umbel eith a length of with spherical to ovate shaped reddish-brown spikelets with a length of and a width of that are round or acute toward the apex. It has ovate long spirally arranged glumes and yellow anthers.
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It has panicles which are long and wide. Its pedicels are in length while the leaf blades are long and wide. Both the upper and lower glumes are shiny, lanceolate, and membranous. The lemma have a dorsal awn and dentate apex with obscure lateral veins.
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Original botanical identifications were uncertain. The variety is a form of Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum (also known as Triticum turanicum), usually called Khorasan wheat. Identifications sometimes seen as T. polonicum are incorrect as the variety, although long- grained, lacks the long glumes of this species.
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Spikelets are in length and are oblong. They also have fertile florets which are diminished at the apex. Both lower and upper glumes are elliptic, are long, and either gray or red in colour. Both are also keelless and 5-veined with obtuse apex.
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The spikelets are long while the rhachilla is prolonged. The glumes are scaberulous and lanceolate while the lemma is only a half of its length. Its awns are and are located closer to the lemmas middle. The large inflorescence is a rich brown colour.
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The three to five flowered spikelets are long. The rachilla is visible at anthesis and internodes are long. The unequal glumes are narrow and acute. The lower glume is long with one vein, and the upper glume is long with one to two veins.
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It spikelets are elliptic and are long. The glumes are purple in colour with pale green florets that have 2-3 fertile florets. The stem itself is with its lemma being elliptic and long. It is also herbaceous, granular- scaberulous and is 5–7-veined.
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The species have 1-8 spikes which are long-pedicellate and droop by maturity. They are long and are distant from each other. The upper spike is gynaecandrous but under rare circumstances can be androgynaecandrous. Glumes are yellowish-brown to red-brown are acute, obtuse and mucronate.
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Lemma is chartaceous, elliptic, and is long. It is also shiny and keelless but have 3 veines. The lemmas apex is obtuse just like glumes, with palea being 2-veined, lanceolated, and in length. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate and grow side by side, with 3 anthers.
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The species also have glumes which are lanceolate, membranous, and are long with the upper glume having an acuminate apex. Rhachilla is long and pilose. Flowers have two lodicules and two stigmas along with and three stamens which are long. The fruits are caryopses with additional pericarp.
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Both the lower and upper glumes are oblong, keelless, scarious, and are long. Their size is different; Lower glume is long while the upper one is long. Palea have ciliolated keels and is 2-veined. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate, have 2 lodicules, and grow together.
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Florets are diminished at the apex. Its lemma have pilose surface and obtuse apex with fertile lemma being chartaceous, ovate, keelless, and is long. Both the lower and upper glumes are long, are keelless, oblong, and 5–7 -veined with obtuse apexes. Palea is 2-veined.
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Both the upper and lower glumes are elliptic, keelless, membranous, and are purple in colour. Their size is different though; lower one is long while the upper one is long. It palea is 2-veined. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate, have 2 lodicules and grow together.
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The panicles have one to two erect branches at each node that sometimes become spreading during anthesis. The pedicellate spikelets are purplish or bronze. The spikelets measure , each with two to four florets. The glabrous glumes are ovate to lanceolate and are much shorter than the spikelets.
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The spikelets are greenish and occasionally tinged with bronze or purple. The spikelets bear three to nine flowers and display their rachilla at maturity. The glumes are conduplicate, with the upper glume tapering at its base. The firm lemmas are also conduplicate, measuring broad with delicate nerves.
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Sterile florets are barren, clumped, oblong, and long. Both the lower and upper glumes are ovate, keelless, membranous, and have acute apexes. Their size is different; Lower glume is long, is pallid and purple coloured, while the upper one is long. Palea have ciliolated keels and is 2-veined.
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Both the lower and upper glumes are elliptic, keelless, membranous, and have acute apexes. Their size is different; Lower glume is long while the upper one is long. Palea is elliptic, have scabrous surface and is 2-veined. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate, have 2 lodicules, and grow together.
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Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous and oblong with acute apexes. The size is different though; Lower glume is while the upper one is long. Its lemma have an acute apex with the fertile lemma being chartaceous, keelless, ovate and long. Its palea is 2-veined.
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The Anguina- Corynebacterium Association. Pages 303-323 in: Plant Parasitic Nematodes, B.M. Zuckerman and R.A. Rohde, eds. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA. Galls caused by A. agrostis have glumes that are 4-5 times longer than normal and can cause yield losses of up to 40-70%.
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Fertile spikelets are pediceled and have rhachilla stems that are long. Florets are diminished at the apex. Its lemma have scaberulous surface and emarginated apex with fertile lemma being chartaceous elliptic, keelless, and long. Both the lower and upper glumes are elliptic, keelless, membranous, and have acute apexes.
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New York: Dover Publ., 1970. 184-89. Print. The glumes are found to be unequal, and are either longer or shorter than the lemma. The lemma is obtuse to acuminate or awned, while the membranous lemma is narrow, acute, mucronate, or awned, and usually pilose at the base.
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The flowers are on pale green cylindrical spikelets cylindrical that are wider than the stem. The spikelets are long and with firm glumes. After flowering biconvex light brown to grey coloured nuts form that are ribbed on the margins with an obovate to broadly obovate shape that are s in length.
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The plant's leaves are long and wide and are undulate as well. Its glumes are of pinkish-red colour and are much longer than the spikelet. Its inflorescence is and consists of a small number of short racemes which have spikelets on them which are attached to the central axis.
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The apex of the lemma is emarginated with the hairs being of in length. The lower glume is membranous, ovate, is long and is longer than the upper glume. The upper glume is oblong and is long. Both glumes are emarginated, are asperulous on the bottom and have no keels.
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Both the upper and lower glumes are oblong, keelless, membranous, and are purple in colour. Their size is different though; lower one is long while the upper one is long. Its palea have ciliolated keels and is 2-veined. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate, have 2 lodicules and grow together.
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Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, lanceolate, and are membranous with the acute apex only present with the upper glume. Their size is different though; lower one is long while the upper one is . Its rachilla internodes are covered with soft hairs. Flowers have 3 anthers that are long.
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Tumbleweeds are dispersed by wind, sometimes over very long distances. These occur in a variety of weedy and ruderal species native to steppes and deserts. Grasses have various units of dispersal: rarely the caryopsis alone, often a diaspore. Disarticulation occurs below, between, or above the glumes and at all nodes.
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Bromus secalinus is a species of bromegrass known as rye brome. The specific epithet secalinus is Latin, meaning "rye-like". The fruits are hard, rounded glumes that appear superficially similar to the rye grain, which gives the brome its common and scientific name. The grass has a diploid number of 28.
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Both lower and upper glumes are chartaceous, elliptic and keelless with acute apexes. Their size is different though; Lower glume is long while the upper one is long. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate and grow together. They also have 3 anthers with fruits that are caryopses and have an additional pericarp.
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Medusahead ranges in height from 20 to 60 centimeters.Jepson Manual Treatment It has slender, weak stems that often branch at the base. It has spike inflorescences similar to those of wheat or rye. The lemmas have long awns and the glumes have shorter ones, giving the seed head a layered look.
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It has lanceolate shaped glumes that are in length with the upper portion being obtuse and the lower part acute to acuminate. The linear to elliptic lemma is purple or brown in colour with even darker margins and in length. The divergent flattened awns have a length of up to .
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The glumes are smooth or occasionally slightly scabrous. The lower glume is fie to seven-veined and long, and the upper glume is seven to nine- veined and long. The lemmas are scabrous or nearly glabrous and lack awns or possess very short awns in length. The lemmas are long.
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The lowest bract subtending the inflorescence is about the same length as the inflorescence. Carex rainbowii resembles the other species in Carex sect. Sylvaticae; compared to C. sylvatica, it has denser female spikes, and is distinguished by its hyaline female glumes and the fact that the uppermost spike is often androgynecandrous.
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The species carry three to 4 (sometimes even 5) florets which are located on long spikelets. The glumes are both ovate and are (sometimes ) long. Its rachilla is long while the lemmas are and are smooth. It palea have smooth keels while the awns are long (exceeding sometimes up to ).
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The panicle's closely appressed floral branches have thirty to upwards of sixty spikelets per branch. Its appressed spikelets are about 4 mm long and have three to four flowers. Its glumes are lanceolate and have acute apices. The lower glume is 1.3-2.4 mm and the upper glume is 1.7-3 mm.
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Fertile lemma is chartaceous and elliptic and is long. Palea is 2 veined and have scaberulous keels as well. Sterile florets are barren, cuneated, and grow in a clump. Both upper and lower glumes are oblong, scarious and keelless, but the lower one is in length while the upper one is long.
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Fertile spikelets are pediceled, the pedicels of which are hairy, pubescent, filiform and are long. Florets are diminished at the apex. Its lemma have asperulous surface with fertile lemma being herbaceous, lanceolate, keelless and long. Both the lower and upper glumes are keelless, scarious, are long, are grey coloured and have acuminated apexes.
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The pedicels are curved, filiform, pubescent, scabrous, and hairy above. Besides the pedicels, the spikelets have 2 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex. The sterile florets are also present and are long, barren, elliptic, and clumped. Its rhachilla have an elongated plant stem which goes between the glumes and is .
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The glumes are up to three-quarters the length of the spikelet; their outer surface is finely ribbed with longitudinal veins. There is no awn, the lemma is oblong and has five nerves and the palea is a similar shape with two nerve and a few fine hairs. The three anthers are yellow.
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The lemma itself have one awn which is long and palea which is long and is as hyaline as fertile lemma. The glumes are no different in size then the spikelet. They both are lanceolate, membranous, have no lateral veins and have acute apexes. Flowers are membranous too and have two lodicules.
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The upper glumes have glabrous surface as well. Palea is elliptic, long and is 2-veined. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate, have 2 lodicules, and grow together. They have 3 anthers which are long which have dark brown coloured fruits that are caryopsis, ellipsoid, and have an additional pericarp with linear hilum.
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Fertile spikelets are pediceled, the pedicels of which are filiform and are long. Florets are diminished at the apex. Its lemma have scabrous surface and acute apex with fertile lemma is being chartaceous, elliptic, keelless, and is long. Both the lower and upper glumes are elliptic, keelless, membranous, and have acute apexes.
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Fertile lemma is long and is also glaucous, ovate, and is as chartaceous and keelless as the glumes. The main lemma is carrying one awn that is long and also have an acuminated apex. Flowers have three stamens while the fruits are ellipsoid and have caryopses with an additional pericarp. Hilum is linear.
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The glumes are chartaceous, lanceolate, and keelless. They also have acute apexes, while only the upper glume is sized . Fertile lemma is long and is also chartaceous, lanceolate, keelless, and are of the same colour as leaf blades. The main lemma have an acuminate apex and carries one awn that is long.
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The glumes are chartaceous and keelless, have acute apexes, with only difference is in size. The upper one is long while the other one is . Fertile lemma is long and is also chartaceous, lanceolate, keelless, and purple in colour. Lemma itself is muticous with acuminate apex, scaberulous surface and carries one awn.
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The flowering glumes are 4–6 mm long. The male spikelets are ovate and 4–8 mm long, with six tepals, three stamens and a minute pistillode. The female spikelets are ovate to elliptic and 8.5–9.3 mm long, with four tepals and two staminodes. It is found on alluvium in swamps and depressions.
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Festuca contracta is an erect, stiff-tufted, dense, blue-green grass that grows to 80–400 mm in height. It has ridged culms and a contracted panicle 30–120 mm in length. The spikelets are about 12 mm long, including the awns. The glumes have a strong mid-nerve, and are scabrous near the tip.
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The awns of lower glumes are purple, are in length and are 3-5 veined. The lower lemma is herbaceous and have 5-9 veins while the upper one is 5 veined with an awn that is . The species apex have a stout that is long. Flowers and fruits grow from July to November.
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The glumes are firmer than fertile lemma and are elliptic, membranous, with acute apexes and asperulous surfaces. The flowers have two lodicules and two stigmas. They also have three stamens which are long with it fruits being caryopsis and fusiformed with an additional pericarp. The fruits also have a farinosed endosperm and punctiform hilum.
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Spikelets are oblong, solitary, and are long with pedicelled fertile ones. Sterile spikelets grow in pairs and carry 2–3 fertile florets. Both upper and lower glumes are long and are also ovate, membranous, glaucous, with a single keel and vein, and with acuminated and muticous apexes. Fertile lemma is ovate, membranous, and is long.
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The main panicle branches are indistinct and almost racemose. Spikelets are oblong, solitary, and have fertile spikelets that have filiformed pedicels. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous, with obtuse apexes. Their other features are different though; Lower glume is obovate and is long while their upper one is lanceolate and is long.
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They are covered in soft pubescence and are plump with a broadly ovate (i.e. egg-shaped) to broadly oblong shape. Each contains 5 to 11 flowers and they slowly break up beneath each lemma once mature. The glumes, or sterile husks at the base of each spikelet, are unequal in morphology and persist after maturity.
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The pedicelled spikelets may be highly reduced or well-developed, and are at least as long as the sessile spikelets, or shorter (2–6 mm long). The pedicel is typically 1 mm long and stout, and spikelet’s lemmas are usually empty and awnless. The glumes are papery, and ovate to pointed with a blunt apex.
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When it blooms, the floret has three reddish anthers and a short feathery stigma. If it is pollinated, the floret produces a nearly round seed long. At the base of the spikelet are two bracts (glumes), one of them long and the other long. The bracts each are long and tapered, with sharply pointed tips.
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The inflorescence is a loose, open array of wavy, hairlike branches bearing rows of spikelets. Each spikelet is a flat fruit with a rough, bristly lemma without an awn, and no glumes. Some of the spikelet branches develop within the sheaths of the leaves and are cleistogamous. This grass is sometimes used for erosion control and restoring wetlands.
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Its panicle is long, with stiff and nearly glabrous floral branches. The branches are ascending. Its whitish spikelets are long with three to five flowers. The acute glumes are erose to serrulate; the first glume is long, narrowly ovate and acutish, with one nerve, and the second is long, broadly ovate and abruptly acute, with three nerves.
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It is similar in appearance to C. corymbosus but with terete culms with 5–20 mm long intersepta and is transversely septate. Its leaf blades are completely absent and it has scale-like bracts measuring less than 15 mm long. The anthers are 1.0-1.5 mm long and the floral glumes are 2.25 to 3.5 mm in length.
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Branches are long and are erect with villous pedicels which are curved as well. Spikelets are in length but could exceed up to . When young, they are bright violet in colour, and carry 1-2 bisexual florets by maturity. The glumes are acute, glabrous, hyaline, membranous, and lanceolated at the same time and have 3-5 veines.
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The main panicle branches are indistinct and almost racemose. Spikelets are solitary with fertile spikelets being pedicelled, pedicels of which are filiform and puberulous. They also have 2 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex and which are also cuneated and are long. Glumes are reaching the apex of florets and are thinner than lemma.
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The spikelets carry 2–3 sterile florets which are cuneate, clumped, and long. Both the upper and lower glumes are elliptic, keelless, membranous, and have an acute apex. The lower glume is long while the upper one is long. Just like the lower glume, the fertile lemma is elliptic, keelless, and is 4–8 mm long.
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The spikelets have 1-2 fertile flores which are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are only 2-3 in number and are barren, lanceolate, clumped and are long. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous, and oblong. They are also long and have obtuse apexes. Its palea have thick keels and obtuse apex.
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The species' rhachilla is scaberulous while callus is pubescent. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless and membranous. Their other features are different though; Lower glume is obovate, long with an obtuse apex, while the upper one is lanceolate, long, and have an acute apex. The species' lemma have ciliated and hairy margins with obtuse apex.
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Leaf blades are long and 3 mm wide; they are stiff, leathery, and convolute. The inflorescence is a panicle in which each spikelet contains one fertile flower. Spikelets are lanceolate and 8.5 mm long. Upper and lower glumes have 1–2 mm long awns, and lateral lemmas have a 13–14 mm long awn, which is three-branched.
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Spikelets are ovate, solitary, long and have some fertile spikelets that are pediceled. The pedicels are filiform, pubescent and hairy above. The spikelets have 2-3 fertile flores which are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are not present. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, scarious, purple coloured, and have acute apexes.
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The species' also have 2–3 sterile florets which are long, barren, cuneate, and clumped. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous, oblong and have obtuse apexes. The size is different though; Lower glume is long, while the upper one is long. Its lemma have pilose surface, obtuse apex and either white or yellow coloured hairs.
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However, symptoms of infection show distinct manifestations in different plant parts: whole plant - seedling blight affects the whole plant, leaf discoloration and mycelial growth, black fungal spores and lesions appear on inflorescences and glumes, and grain covered with very dark brown to black mycelium which gives a characteristic charcoal appearance due to the production of conidia.
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The sheath is not lobed at the apex and has 5 to 7 nerves. The spikelets are usually solitary and the mature peduncle is usually longer than the leaves. There are usually 3 glumes (sometimes 4), with the occasional fourth glume being smaller. The fruit, a nut, is initially colourless, but matures to a red-brown, almost black colour.
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It sterile lemma though is truncate. The glumes are all keelless but are different in size and texture. Lower glume is obovate and is long and 7-11 veined, while the upper one is lanceolate and is long and 5-7 veined. Lower glume also have an acute apex while the upper one have an obtuse one.
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It have cylindrical ligule which is long with it spikelets being broadly ovate and long. The species have 3 fertile florets which are separated by plant stems each of which is about long. It glumes are broadly elliptic, subacute, and are hyline on the margins and at the tip. The lower glume is long while the upper is long.
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Sedges' reproductive shoots are where their inflorescences grow. Specimens are typically between 10 and 30 cm tall but tend toward the smaller sizes as the sister species, C. capitata, is usually taller. A spike will be made up from many florets. Basal florets consist of a pair of brown glumes (two sterile bracts) which subtend the perigynia.
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The culms bear 2–3 lateral female spikes, each long, and on half-ensheathed peduncles up to twice the length of the spike. There are 2–3 male spikes at the end of the culm, each long. The hairy utricles, male glumes and leaves make it hard to confuse Carex hirta with any other Carex species.
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The spikes of L. temulentum are more slender than those of wheat. The spikelets are oriented edgeways to the rachis and have only a single glume, while those of wheat are oriented with the flat side to the rachis and have two glumes. Wheat will appear brown when ripe, whereas darnel is black.Heinrich W.Guggenheimer, The Jerusalem Talmud,Vol.
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Spikelets are oblong, solitary, long, and carry pedicelled fertile spikelets whose florets have a diminished apex. The glumes are chartaceous, lanceolate and keelless. Their size and apexes are different though; the upper one is obovate and is long with an obtuse apex, while the lower one has an acute apex. Fertile lemma is chartaceous, lanceolate, keelless, and is long.
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Spikelets are oblong and solitary with pedicelled fertile spikelets that carry 3–5 fertile florets. The glumes are chartaceous and keelless, have acute apexes, with only difference is in size. The upper one is lanceolate and is long while the other one is linear and is . Fertile lemma is long and are elliptic, coriaceous and keelless.
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Spikelets are elliptic, solitary, long, and carry fertile ones which have 2–3 fertile florets that are diminished at the apex. The glumes are chartaceous, lanceolate, keelless, with acuminate apexes, with only difference is in size. The upper one is long while the other one is long. Fertile lemma is long and is also chartaceous, ovate and keelless.
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The glumes are membranous and keelless with scabrous veins. The upper one is long and is lanceolate while the other one is ovate and is long. Fertile lemma is long, is lanceolate just like the upper glume, and is both glaucous, keelless, and membranous as well. Lemma itself have scaberulous surface and muticous with dentated apex.
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Its diffuse panicle is long, with filiform, scabrous floral branches. Its pale green spikelets are long and bear three to five flowers. Its glumes are thin and lustrous; the first glume is long, hyaline above, and minutely serrulate, and its second glume is long. Its lemmas are long, broadly ovate, acute, and are pubescent especially towards their base where hairs become longer.
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Both spikelets and lower glumes are long. The upper glume is emarginated, lanceolated, membranous, is long and 1.2 length of the top fertile lemma. Lemma is elliptic and have hairs which are in length, while it margins are pilose. The bottom of the upper glume is scabrous while the lower glume bottom is either asperulous or smooth with a rough top.
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Lemma itself have a dentate apex with the main lemma having awns which are over the lemma and are sized . The species also have glumes which are lanceolate, membranous, and have acuminate apexes with the upper glume being of the same size as a spikelet. Rhachilla is long and pilose. Flowers have two lodicules and two stigmas along with and three stamens.
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It is also have an acute apex with the fertile lemma itself being chartaceous, elliptic, keelless, and is long. The species also carry 2–3 sterile florets which are barren, cuneate, clumped and are long. Both the upper and lower glumes are oblong, keelless, and are membranous. Their size is different though; lower one is long while the upper one is long.
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Spikelets are lanceolate, ovate, solitary, long, and have pedicelled fertile spikelets that carry 2–6 fertile florets which have a diminished apex. It also has a hairy callus and scaberulous palea keels. The glumes are lanceolate, membranous, and keelless, have acute apexes, with the only difference being in size. The upper one is long while the other one is ovate and is long.
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Both the upper and lower glumes are elliptic, keelless, membranous and have acute apexes. Their size and veines are different though; Lower glume is long with the leaf veins being 3–5 while the upper one is long and is 5–9 veined. The species' lemma have scabrous surface and emarginated apex. Its fertile lemma is coriaceous and is long.
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The pedicels are ciliate, curved, filiform, and hairy. Besides the pedicels, the spikelets have 2 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex and have pubescent callus as well. The sterile florets are also present and are long, barren, elliptic, and clumped. Both the upper and lower glumes are hairy on the bottom, keelless, membranous, ovate and have puberulous surfaces.
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Panicum hillmannii is a perennial grass that resembles the related P. capillare (hairy panic) in habitat and appearance. It is distinguished by slightly stiffer panicles, firmer foliage, the rachilla shortly developed between the upper and lower glumes, the sterile floret which has the palea developed; and larger darker fertile lemma (up to 2mm long) with a prominent crescent-shaped scar at its base.
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Spikelets are oblong, solitary, long, and carry fertile ones that are pedicelled. Fertile florets are diminished at the apex and have 3–8 fertile florets. The glumes are chartaceous, lanceolate and keelless while the apexes and size are different. The upper glume is long and have an acuminate apex while the lower glume apex is acute with absent lateral veins.
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In wheat, Fusarium infects the head (hence the name "Fusarium head blight") and causes the kernels to shrivel up and become chalky white. Additionally, the fungus can produce mycotoxins that further reduce the quality of the kernel. Infected florets (especially the outer glumes) become slightly darkened and oily in appearance. Macroconidia are produced in sporodochia, which gives the spike a bright pink or orange color.
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Aristida stems are ascending to erect, with both basal and cauline leaves. The leaves may be flat or inrolled, and the basal leaves may be tufted. The inflorescences may be either panicle-like or raceme-like, with spiky branches. The glumes of a spikelet are narrow lanceolate, usually without any awns, while the lemmas are hard, three-veined, and have the three awns near the tip.
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The species is long with leaf-blades being slightly lanceolate, ovate, and are long and wide. Its inflorescence is long and is made out of 5-11 cuneate fascicles which are in length and carry 2-6 spikelets. Spikelets are lanceolate just like leaf-blades, and are in length. They are also glabrous and pubescent and have glumes which have smooth viscid awns which are long.
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The awn is long, has no vesture, but is scaberulous. The upper glume is ovate as well but is herbaceous, 1-keeled and has veins of 5–7. Just like the lower glume, it is pubescent on the bottom but has an obtuse apex which can also be mucronate or muticous as well. Florets are 1-keeled and pubescent just like glumes but are 7-11 veined.
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Lemma is chartaceous, lanceolated, and is long and wide. Lemma hairs are long with erose, emarginate or obtuse apex. The bottom of both upper and lower glumes are asperulous but the apexes are different; Lower one is erose, obtuse, or sometimes acute, while the upper one is only acute. The lower glume is ovate and is 5-7 veined while the upper glume is only 5-veined.
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Its lemma have a dentate apex while its surface is scaberulous. Fertile lemma is long and wide. Both the lower and upper glumes are keelless, obovate and purple in colour, but have different size, apexes and surfaces. The lower glume is long with asperulous surface and erosed apex, while the upper glume is long and have a puberulous surface, and erosed as well as obtuse apex.
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The species' spikelets are long and are both elliptic and solitary with pedicelled fertile spikelets and one fertile floret which have a hairy callus. The glumes are long and are lanceolate, membranous and have one keel. They also have scaberulous veins and acute apexes. It have a hairy and long rhachilla and elliptic long and keelless fertile lemma while the lemma itself have a dentated apex.
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The pedicels are ciliate, curved, filiform, and hairy above. The spikelets have 2 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are barren, lanceolate and clumped. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless and membranous, but every other feature is different; Lower glume is flabellate and is long with erosed apex. Upper glume is lanceolate and is long with an obtuse apex.
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The species is bisexual with closed leaf-sheaths and have short rhizomes with culms that are tall. It panicle is long and is linear. Its rachis and branches are scabrous while the ligule is long and is membranous. The glumes are lanceolate, papery and membranous on borders, with difference in size; Lower glume is long by wide while the upper one is long by wide.
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Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous, have asperulous surfaces and acute apexes. The other features are different though; Lower glume is elliptic and is long, while the upper one is lanceolate and is long. Its lemma have scaberulous surface with the fertile lemma being chartaceous, keelless, lanceolate and long by . Lemma have ciliated margins, dentated apex, and hairs which are long.
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The other features are different though; Lower glume is long, while the upper one is long. Its lemma have scaberulous surface with the fertile lemma being chartaceous, keelless, lanceolate and long by . Lemma have ciliated margins, dentated apex, and the same surface as the glumes. Palea have ciliolated keels, is hairy, and is 2-veined with the surface that is identical to the chaffs and lemma.
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The pedicels are long and are hairy. The spikelets have 2 fertile flores which are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are barren, clumped and orbicular. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, lanceolate, membranous, and purple in colour. They are also have acute apexes but are different in size; Lower glume is long while the upper one is long and is 5-veined.
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The fonio is an annual, erect herbaceous plant which reaches stature heights from 30 to 80 centimeters. The ears consist of two to five narrow part ears, which are up to 15 centimeters long. The spikelets comprise a sterile flower and a fertile flower, the latter of which gives rise to the fonio grain. The grain is a caryopsis, which remains surrounded by glumes and husks.
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It hairs are long while fertile lemma is being chartaceous, elliptic, keelless, and is long. The glumes are all keelless but are different in size and texture. Lower glume is obovate and is long and 7-9 veined, while the upper one is lanceolate and is long and 5 veined. Lower glume also have an emarginated apex while the upper one have an obtuse one.
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The upper glumes have asperulous surface as well. Palea have asperulous surface and acute apex and is long and 2-veined. It also have ciliolate keels with fleshy, oblong, and truncate flowers that have 2 lodicules, and grow together. They also long and have 3 anthers which are long which have dark brown coloured fruits that are caryopsis, ellipsoid, and have an additional pericarp with linear hilum.
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Unlike some similar native grasses, the blades of Elymus hystrix do not have glumes surrounding its spikelets. Elymus hystrix is self-compatible; that is, it can reproduce using its own pollen. Elymus hystrix is a perennial meaning it does not completely die at the end of each season, but comes back the next year. Elymus hystrix has four copies of its genome, exhibiting a type of polyploidy called tetraploidy.
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The pedicels are curved, filiform, and scaberulous. The spikelets have 2 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are barren, lanceolate, clumped and are long. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless and membranous, but every other feature is different; Lower glume is flabellate, truncate and is long with an erose apex. Upper glume is ovate and is long with an obtuse apex.
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The sterile florets are also present in a number of 2-3, and are barren, cuneate, and clumped. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous, oblong and have acute apexes. Their size is different though; Lower glume is long, while the upper one is long. Its lemma have scaberulous surface with the fertile lemma being chartaceous, keelless, oblong, ovate and of the same size as the upper glume.
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The glumes are dissimilar and are keelless and membranous, with other features being different; Lower glume is obovate, long with an obtuses apex, while the upper one is lanceolate, long and have an acute apex. Lemma have ciliated margins, scaberulous surface, acute apex with the hairs being long. It fertile lemma is chartaceous, elliptic and is long by wide. The species' palea have ciliolated keels, smooth surface and dentated apex.
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The sterile florets are 2-3 in number and are long, barren, oblong and clumped. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous, oblong and are purple coloured. Other features are different though; Lower glume is long with an acute apex while the upper one is long with an obtuse apex. Its lemma have smooth surface and an obtuse apex while the fertile lemma is chartaceous, elliptic, keelless, and long.
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The ligule is long, blunt, and hairy. This species can be distinguished from H. mollis by the beardless nodes on its culm, the absence of rhizomes, and the awn becoming hooked when dry and not projecting beyond the tips of the glumes. It has been known to hybridize with H. mollis, producing a male sterile hybrid with 2n = 21 chromosomes. Hybrids tend to resemble H. lanatus in their morphology.
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Both the lower and upper glumes are oblong, keelless, membranous, have erosed apexes, and are 5-veined. Their size is different though; Lower glume is long, while the upper one is long. Palea is 2-veined with flowers being fleshy, oblong and truncate. They also have 2 lodicules, and grow together with their 3 anthers which have fruits that are caryopsis and have an additional pericarp with linear hilum.
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This plant is a rhizomatous perennial flowering plant which produces clumps of stems up to about 45 centimeters in maximum height. There are plentiful hairlike green leaves which may be longer than the stems. The inflorescence is made up of a few heads of up to 30 spikelets each. The spikelet is about a centimeter long and has up to 20 yellow-brown flowers covered by yellow-brown to reddish glumes.
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Discoloration of stems is another symptom develops from brown spot of rice disease. Oval-shaped brown spots are the fungal growth sign, which have grey colored center developed on host leaves. Dark coffee-coloured spots appear in the panicle and severe attacks cause spots in the grain and loss of yield and milling quality. Also, lesions on glumes and seeds occur if the pathogen associates with other fungi and insects.
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Elytrophorus spicatus is a tufted, annual or perennial plant with bristly culms. The leaves are loosely sheathed, and the blades are rolled in bud. The inflorescence spike (length of up to 26 cm by 5–9 mm wide) consists of globular clusters of spikelets, which are 4 mm long, with bisexual florets. The glumes are shortly awned, about 2 to 3 mm long, and have translucent margins translucent which are sparingly fringed with hairs.
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Scald is a foliar disease of barley affecting the leaves and sheaths of the plant; however, lesions may also occur on coleoptiles, glumes, floral bracts and awns. Initial symptoms are oval, water-soaked, grayish-green spots, 1.0-1.5 cm long. As the disease develops, the centers of the lesions dry and bleach, becoming light gray, tan, or white with a dark brown margin. The lesions are not delimited by the leaf veins and often coalesce.
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Its flowers have a well-developed panicle, often up to 60 cm long, and it bears a good crop of seeds. The seeds are 3–6 mm long and up to 1.5 mm wide, and are developed from a single-flowered spikelet. Both glumes are present and well developed. When ripe, the seeds sometimes take on a pink or dull-purple tinge, and turn golden brown with the foliage of the plant in the fall.
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The part of the spikelet that bears the florets is called the rachilla. A spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets. A floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts, one external—the lemma—and one internal—the palea. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic—maize being an important exception—and mainly anemophilous or wind-pollinated, although insects occasionally play a role.
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The specific structure of Digitaria exilis was analyzed and it was found that it is surrounded by thin bracts and two glumes. The caryopsis, a type of fruit that contains a pericarp that is fused with a thin seed coat, of the Digitaria exilis contains several layers that serve the purpose of protecting the endosperm and embryonic tissues.Irving, DW, Jideani, IA (1997). Microstructure and composition of Digitaria exilis stapf (acha): a potential crop.
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Triticum monococcum - MHNT Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "single grain") can refer either to the wild species of wheat, Triticum boeoticum, or to the domesticated form, Triticum monococcum. The wild and domesticated forms are either considered separate species, as here, or as subspecies: Triticum monococcum subsp. boeoticum (wild) and T. monococcum subsp. monococcum (domesticated). Einkorn is a diploid species (2n = 14 chromosomes) of hulled wheat, with tough glumes ('husks') that tightly enclose the grains.
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Only the upper floret of each spikelet is fertile; the lower floret is sterile or staminate. Both glumes are present and well developed.Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 504 黍属 shu shu Panicum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 55. 1753. Flora of PakistanAltervista Flora Italiana, genere Panicum includes photos and distribution maps of several speciesBiota of North America Program 2013 county distribution mapsValdés-Reyna, J., F. O. Zuloaga, O. Morrone & L. Aragón Melchor. 2009.
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Spikelets are oblong and solitary with pedicelled fertile spikelets that carry some fertile florets that are diminished at the apex. The glumes are chartaceous, keelless, have acute apexes, with only difference is in size. The upper one is ovate and is long while the other one is lanceolate and have no size what so ever. Fertile lemma is long and is chartaceous, keelless, and oblong as well with either green or purple colouring.
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Spike and spikelets of Aegilops tauschii The genus Triticum includes the wild and domesticated species usually thought of as wheat. In the 1950s growing awareness of the genetic similarity of the wild goatgrasses (Aegilops) led botanists such as Bowden to amalgamate Aegilops and Triticum as one genus, Triticum. This approach is still followed by some (mainly geneticists), but has not been widely adopted by taxonomists. Aegilops is morphologically highly distinct from Triticum, with rounded rather than keeled glumes.
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The pedicels are filiform, curved, pubescent, and hairy above. The spikelets have 1-2 fertile florets which is diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are barren, cuneate, and clumped with its floret callus being glabrous. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous and have acute apexes. Their other features are different; Lower glume is obovate, long and have an erosed apex while the upper one is lanceolate, long and have obtuse apex.
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Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless and membranous while the other features are different; Lower glume is obovate, long and have an erosed apex while the upper one is cuneate, long and have obtuse apex. The species' lemma have ciliated margins that are hairy in the middle. The lemma also have an acute apex and have chartaceous and lanceolated fertile lemma that is long and wide. Its palea have ciliolated keels, is long and have scaberulous surface.
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Spikelets on each raceme are in pairs; one spikelet is fertile and sessile, and the other is sterile and pedicelled. Sessile spikelets are 4–6 mm long and contain two florets, one sterile and one fertile; the pair lack a rachilla extension between them. The awn of the upper lemma reaches up to 2 cm. Glumes are unalike; the lower glume is ovate with a ridged, convex surface, and the upper is thinner and boat- shaped.
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Carex archeri grows up to high, with leaves less than wide. Its inflorescence comprises a single spike subtended by a bract that is longer than the inflorescence. The spike contains few flowers, with the female flowers towards the base of the spike, and a very short portion towards the tip containing male flowers. The glumes of the female flowers are long, and the utricles that form in the female flowers are long, with a notched beak.
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The genus Rhynchospora derives from the Greek Rhynkos – “beak” and spora “seed”. This, along with the genus’ common name beak-sedge, refers to the long beak-like tubercle at the top of the achene fruit. This is characteristic to the entire genus and is often used for intra- generic classification. The species name alba derives from the Latin albus, or white, and refers to the white glumes surrounding each flower, which give the inflorescence its colour.
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False smut damages the rice plant by infecting the ovaries of the rice kernel in its early development. Once inside the disease takes over the ovary and replaces it with spores that burst, producing a large orange ball between the glumes. These galls not only are covered in spores that spread the disease but when harvested result in rice that must be cleaned before it can be sold. Use of propiconazole can reduce false smut by as much as 75%.
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The spikelets have 1-2 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are barren, cuneate, and clumped with both its rhachilla and its floret callus being pubescent. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous and are of the same size as spikelets. Their other features are different; Lower glume is elliptic with an acute apex while the upper one is lanceolate, and have obtuse apex. The species' lemma have ciliated and hairy margins with obtuse apex.
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The genus Ischaemum L. takes its name from the Latin ischaemon (Greek ischo “to restrain” and haima “blood”), as recorded by Pliny the Elder to describe an herb used to stop bleeding. As circumscribed by Linnaeus, the genus contained some species whose seeds had been known to have styptic properties, and so the name was inherited. The specific epithet rugosum authored by Salisbury is derived from the Latin rugosus “wrinkled”, and refers to the wrinkled lower glumes on the sessile spikelets.
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In C. arctogena the glumes are brown and significantly smaller than those of its sister species. Within a spike there will numerous perigynia; these perigynia are membranes which enclose female flowers and fruits. Each perigynia will be on average 1.7–2.7 mm long and 1.2–1.7 mm wide, forming a bottle shape towards the open apex. In Carex this is termed a "beak" and can be seen drastically tapering in C. arctogena compared to the perigynia's otherwise reasonably rounded main body.
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A common sign that will distinguish this pathogen from Septoria nodorum is the lack of spores on the leaves, which appears as tiny black spots on the leaf surface with a Septoria infection. A cream to yellow colored bacterial ooze produced by BLS infected plant parts is also a distinguishing sign of the pathogen.[7] Infected glumes, known as black chaff, are darkened and necrotic. Severe symptoms will result in kernels that are discolored due to black and purple streaks.
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There are 10–50 spikes per culm, and in each spike there are three to six spikelets, or rarely as many as 10. Each spikelet is long and consists of two glumes and two florets. One of the florets is fertile, and has colorful orange to brownish red anthers and feathery white stigmas during the blooming period, which contrasts with the pale green, pale red, greenish-red, or purple color of the spikes themselves. After blooming, the spikes become straw-colored.
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The lowest basal leaf sheaths are densely hairy, or very rarely smooth. The leaf blades are typically 5–60 cm long, 2–14 mm wide and may be either hairy or smooth. Each inflorescence typically has six or seven spicate branches, each of which carries numerous florets. These spikelets are usually 2–4 mm long, where the lower glume is as long as the spikelet and the upper glumes are where the lemma is situated (covered with 1 mm long hairs).
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The leaves feature little or no differentiation into sheath and blade; as the grass dries, the blade portion either remains flat or rolls inward. The plants grow in tufts, with culms reaching a height of up to , in the case of O. pilosa. The inflorescence is spike-like, exserted (projecting beyond) at maturity, and the spikelets are distichous, meaning they are arranged in two opposite rows. The spikelets comprise several flowers and are laterally flattened, with glumes that have between 2 and 5 irregular teeth.
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The spikelets have 2 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are barren, lanceolate, clumped and are long. Its rhachilla have scaberulous internodes while the floret callus is glabrous. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous, and have acute apexes but have different size and description; Lower glume is obovate and is long while upper one is elliptic and is long. The species' lemma have eciliated margins while its fertile one is chartaceous, elliptic, and is long by wide.
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The spikelets have fertile florets that are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are barren, clumped and orbicular. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, membranous, long, and light green in colour. They are also have acute apexes but are different in the amount of veins and other features; Lower glume is 1–3 veined and is ovate while the upper one is only 3–5 veined and is linear. Its lemma have scabrous and tuberculate surface with an obtuse apex.
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A spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets. A floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts, one external—the lemma—and one internal—the palea. The perianth is reduced to two scales, called lodicules, that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea; these are generally interpreted to be modified sepals. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic—maize being an important exception—and mainly anemophilous or wind-pollinated, although insects occasionally play a role.
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Lemma is a phytomorphological term referring to a part of the spikelet. It is the lowermost of two chaff-like bracts enclosing the grass floret. It often bears a long bristle called an awn, and may be similar in form to the glumes—chaffy bracts at the base of each spikelet. It is usually interpreted as a bract but it has also been interpreted as one remnant (the abaxial) of the three members of outer perianth whorl (the palea may represent the other two members, having been joined together).
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Spikelets showing the characteristic three awns apiece Aristida purpurea is a species of grass native to North America which is known by the common name purple three-awn. This grass is fairly widespread and can be found across the western two thirds of the United States, much of southern Canada and parts of northern Mexico. It is most abundant on the plains. This is a perennial bunchgrass, growing erect to under a meter-3 feet in height, and the flower glumes often assumes a light brown to reddish-purple color.
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The semi- succulent growth form of Schoenus crassiculmis partially resembles that of S. auritus, but the former species does not have membranaceous leaf sheaths, and its spikelets are narrower with relatively shorter lower glumes. Schoenus graminifolius and Schoenus purpurascens also have loose, membranaceous leaf sheaths, but these two species lack the semi-succulent growth form of S. auritus. Similar to other sedges, plants in this group are very difficult to identify. It appears that part of this problem is caused by the tendency of the southern African Schoenus to form hybrids with each other.
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Jointed goatgrass and winter wheat are genetically linked through a D genome which allows them to live in cold, continental climates and means they are capable of cross-breeding. They are both C3 plants, have similar phenology and growth rates and even germinate at the same time. Jointed goatgrass has glabrous to scabrous glumes with upright culms and the ability to produce 50 erect flowering stalks for each isolated plant. Both wheat and jointed goatgrass have spikes that are sessile and alternately arranged spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis.
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There are 4–40 florets, which break above the glumes, and, in maturity, between the florets. The lemmas are prominently 5-nerved (referring to a strand of vascular and supporting tissue in a leaf or similar structure); these end in prominent teeth that are 1/3 to 1/2 or more the length of the lemma. Each individual tooth is flanked on either side of the strong central nerve by an additional weaker nerve, which extends about halfway to the base of the lemma. The palea (scales) are well-developed, and have 2 nerves; there are no lodicules.
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The Christmas Island duck-beak is an erect, tufted grass, 250–700 mm tall, with the stems often branched and the nodes smooth. The leaves are 30–110 mm long, 2.5–7 mm wide and are scattered along the stem. The two bristly racemes are 15–50 mm long, with long and hairy pedicels and rachis, and with paired, sessile spikelets 4.5 mm long and distinctly awned. The glumes are leathery at the base; the lower, bidentate glume has two membranous wings in the apical half; the upper glume has a winged keel towards the apex and a 6 mm awn.
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Both the upper and lower glumes may have apices ranging from blunt to abruptly pointed. The lower glume is 5 to 7 mm long with 3 to 7 veins and an oblong to elliptical outline. The upper one is slightly larger, measuring 6 to 9 mm long with 5 to 9 veins and an ovate to broadly elliptical shape. Bromus interruptus flowers, separated from a seed head or spikelet, each showing a ripe seed (caryopsis) and a deeply split palea The lemmas, the outer of the two husks enclosing a flower, measure 7.5 to 9 mm long by 5 to 5.5 mm wide and have an obovate to obovate-elliptic outline.
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In some districts it is looked upon as an indigenous weed > infesting the cultivated crops of wheat. Under no climatic conditions does > the grain of this species shed its seed when ripe, and even in threshing it > is not possible to separate the grains, as the spikelets break off at the > bases of the glumes, the grains remaining firmly enclosed between the chaff > scales. By mating the varieties of this species with cultivated varieties, > new breeds have been produced which will under no conditions shed their seed > when ripe, but which thresh out a perfectly clean sample with a much heavier > yield per acre than common wheat. In China there is an indigenous species of > oat botanically known as Avena nuda or naked oat.
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The Swedish geneticist H. Nilsson-Ehle demonstrated in 1908, in a paper published in German in a Swedish journal, Einige Ergebnisse von Kreuzungen bei Hafer und Weizen (Observations on Crosses in Oats and Wheat), that continuous variation could readily be produced by multiple Mendelian genes. He found numerous Mendelian 3:1 ratios, implying a dominant and a recessive allele, in oats and wheat; a 15:1 ratio for a cross of oat varieties with black and white glumes respectively, implying two pairs of alleles (two Mendelian factors); and that crossing a red-grained Swedish velvet wheat with a white one gave in the third (F3) generation the complex signature of ratios expected of three factors at once, with 37 grains giving only red offspring, 8 giving 63:1 in their offspring, 12 giving 15:1, and 6 giving 3:1. There weren't any grains giving all white, but as he had only expected 1 of those in his sample, 0 was not an unlikely outcome. Genes could clearly combine in almost infinite combinations: ten of his factors allowed for almost 60,000 different forms, with no need to suppose that any new mutations were involved.
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