1000 Sentences With "Germanic" | Random Sentence Generator

This is because the Scandinavian languages, like the west Germanic languages (English, Dutch and German), share a proto-Germanic ancestor.

Germanic neopaganism is a rather young faith, as religions go.

Early Germanic people apparently first said "puss" to mean cat.

For one thing, unlike their Germanic predecessors, they are empiricists.

Most of the companies have Germanic names like Uber itself.

My maternal grandmother, Mildred Rosenberger Wieder, proudly owned her Germanic-Mennonite heritage.

Today is the festival day of Dísablót in Heathen, or Germanic neopagan, faiths.

The British Isles have experienced invasions by the Romans, Germanic people and Vikings.

Consequently, a lot of pagans who are into pre-Christian Viking, Germanic, etc.

He has excelled in later music of Germanic weight and breadth, Brahms especially.

Rome's Western territories ended up being carved up and reconfigured as Germanic kingdoms.

One common feature is the interweaved pattern found throughout Germanic and Celtic art.

In any case, European politics no longer divides neatly into Latin and Germanic camps.

While Parisians borrowed from Germanic invaders, Occitan speakers kept their ears towards the Mediterranean.

He was often referred to as old-fashioned, and his clothes were identifiably Germanic.

Despite his love-hate attitude toward Wagner, Debussy essentially rejected the Germanic Romantic heritage.

They wear ties, and the look is neat, but a little Germanic, circa 1939.

There are also the Wilde Frauen who live in woods of Germanic and Scandinavian forests.

Translators for Germanic languages (like Danish) and romance languages (like Italian) had it relatively easy.

The voice is vaguely elderly and Germanic, but also sort of a buzz-filled mess.

For example, I'm now 10 percent Germanic, while before I was 45 percent Western European.

The narrator enjoys listening to Mozart, Beethoven and other greats of the Germanic classical repertoire.

These green-topped huts look as if they've strayed in from a Germanic fairy tale.

OB: Um. I'm sorry for being Germanic, I actually think the world is overspending, not underspending.

They were descendants of Norsemen who had plundered Normandy and were Germanic, like the Anglo-Saxons.

Take Gottscheerisch, for example: It's a variety of the Germanic language from what is now Slovenia.

Artur Mas, Mr Puigdemont's predecessor, defined Catalans as "more Germanic than Roman" (despite their abundant Roman ruins).

Their surpluses hold a wider lesson: the attempt to pin underspending on some "Germanic" features is misleading.

Jordyn Alexander is a recent graduate of Indiana University with majors in Media Production and Germanic Studies.

Etymologies from various sources all tend to agree that the word probably developed from various Germanic languages.

Well, "Yule," as a thing, comes from the winter solstice celebrations of various Scandinavian and Germanic peoples.

Carnival dates back to ancient times when the Germanic tribes celebrated it to chase away winter demons.

Tatar, a professor of Germanic languages and literatures at Harvard, is an expert on folklore and mythology.

More than that, the etymology of these words reveal that they have less to do with the animals than we think: schnitzel comes from a Germanic root, meaning "to cut, slice"; wurst comes from the same Germanic, meaning "to mix up"; sausage derives from the Latin word for "salted".

But since early Germanic calendars varied by region, there is no one date that Dísablót always falls on.

In ancient times, Germanic tribes passed down fighting styles by having their most experienced warrior teach the youth.

It also conceals a basic oddity: The word "smart" has roots in a Proto-Germanic word for pain.

A man in traditional Germanic dress sits on horseback behind the barbarians attempting to topple the Roman statue.

Was it triggered by interaction between Anglo-Saxons and Vikings, speaking similar Germanic tongues with different patterns of endings?

But island is Germanic (the –land is a hint, and the "i" is reminiscent of cousins like Icelandic eyja).

If you're still feeling in the mood for the Germanic, also check out Würst in Fargo for a bratwurst.

The discovery was also used as proof that the castle was Germanic rather than Slavic under the Nazi regime.

Closer to Munich than it is to Paris, annexed by Germany in 1871 and 1940, Strasbourg reflects the Germanic.

But the roots that grip an English-speaker's heart are the Germanic ones, closest to the words of everyday life.

He changed his last name, he recalled, because the United States was at war with Germany and Schleifer sounded Germanic.

No surprise, the orchestra seemed most in its element, and Mr. Gergiev least in his, in the Germanic Classical works.

Writing in the register, he put down his address as Ainstettersn 22015, 22006, Vienna, Austria, which matched his Germanic accent.

About three-quarters of the words are derived from Romance languages; most of the remainder are based on Germanic languages.

The first Christmas market, in an old town long known for its Germanic architecture, was part of that rich offering.

Since 1977, the Deutsches Haus at NYU has been one of the premier destinations for Germanic studies in the United States.

Dark's austere atmosphere makes sense, since the drama's creators were never interested in making Germanic Stranger Things in the first place.

Kurt, minus his clothes, leaps out of the window and into a fir tree—a dark, primitive, and very Germanic gag.

The two-week raid was carried out by another "barbarian" group with a similarly Germanic background to the Goths: the Vandals.

With their Germanic ancestry Wisconsinites are proudly "Wisconsin nice", their version of Midwestern friendliness and congeniality, and they take politics very seriously.

And that a sophisticated government waged an effective propaganda campaign that relied on a long-existing chauvinism of white Germanic Christian superiority.

That Anglo-Saxon meter should be so heavily alliterative, along with its consonant-heavy West Germanic cousins like Frisian, also makes sense.

Even though English and German are both Germanic languages, the two really don't seem all that similar – at least from a layman's perspective.

The Christmas edition features Ghost Rider battling Krampus, described by Marvel as an "anti-Santa" villain named after a character from Germanic folklore.

The White Light Festival continues in a similarly Germanic vein with Gijs Leenaars leading the Berlin Radio Choir in "Immortal Bach," on Friday.

When a stranger follows her through the park aggressively narrating Germanic legends, why do they end up making out in a public urinal?

Given its Latinate and Germanic roots, he adds, embracing it would be an act of linguistic repatriation; returning the language to the European mainland.

Schiffels says this might look different in other parts of Britain that saw less of the migration, or the migration of different Germanic tribes.

Johannes Lichtenauer, known usually as Hans, was the father of Germanic martial arts, the fechtmeister or fighting master of his time in the 1250s.

"British Airways went through this nearly 20 years ago, Lufthansa ... finally came to a reasonable Germanic compromise in the last few years," he said.

Tightly sprung, overly firm Germanic performance sleds make my back hurt (I'm willing to trade the pain for the pleasure, up to a point).

Among his books was the critically acclaimed "Barbarian Europe" (2004), a comparative study of the preliterate Slavic and Germanic peoples in the Middle Ages.

The verb may be from a Germanic root meaning "surety", which made its way into English via French; in modern German, Pfand is a "deposit".

The niches in the wall were likely "cupboards for the scrolls," Dirk Schmitz, an archaeologist at the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne, told The Guardian.

Congress could even change FEMA's name to something more encompassing of its broadened mission—just as long as it's less Germanic than what came before.

I got in touch with Professor Tatar, because how often do you get an excuse to talk with a professor of Germanic folklore and mythology?

The earliest runic alphabet is thought to be modeled after the Latin alphabet, and it most likely first appeared in southern Europe among Germanic tribes.

The Brothers Grimm started their project of collecting German folklore and fairytales — like Wagner, hoping to create a vision of a unified, purer Germanic past.

Located on Lago Llanquihue, Chile's second largest lake, and filled with charming Germanic architecture, it reminded me of an Alpine ski village magically transported waterside.

Soon Schleif was excavating ancient Germanic sites in Poland, trying to help justify Hitler's invasion there, and overseeing the looting of the Warsaw Archeological Museum.

In 2004, she earned her bachelor's degree in Germanic languages from UCLA, then got her law degree from the University of La Verne in 2007.

Julie Boland, Professor of Psychology and Linguistics, University of Michigan and Robin Queen, Professor of Linguistics, English Language and Literatures and Germanic Languages and Literatures.

A mass grave uncovered at the Alken Enge wetlands in Jutland, Denmark is giving archaeologists a glimpse into the gruesome post-war practices of Germanic armies.

With Germanic precision, it had instructed him to pack one suit, some underwear and a coat with a yellow Star of David sewn to the front.

Europe as well as America has been a melting pot of diverse influences: Persian, Arab and Chinese, in addition to Greek, Roman, Germanic and Anglo-Saxon.

The conflagration likely pitted Germanic tribes against each other, and no evidence exists to show that Romans, who were marauding the area at the time, were involved.

The incident happened in a Germanic region of northern Europe during the Roman Period, but the exact identity of the tribes and the people involved is unknown.

Interestingly, as the dish popularized, the Macedonians trained and assisted each other because they viewed it as a means to advance their community in heavily Germanic Cincinnati.

In the 20th century Tsarist and Soviet Russia smashed itself to pieces by competition first with the Germanic bloc in central Europe and then with Anglo-Americans.

As the largely unwitting catalyst of intrigues and betrayals of which he then becomes the victim, Mr. MacFadyen turns Walter's Germanic reserve into necessarily self-protective armor.

For those unfamiliar with the story, Das Rheingold is the first of four operas in Wagner's epic about the gods and heroes of Norse and Germanic mythology.

Germanic performers who had dominated classical music for generations were ostracized, while jazz—"a frantic musical metaphor of the unsettled times"—gained a new and sudden popularity.

She earned an undergraduate engineering degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in just three years — including a stint abroad for a Germanic studies degree.

Germanic toponyms are the names given to places by Germanic peoples and tribes. Besides areas with current speakers of Germanic languages, many regions with previous Germanic speakers or Germanic influence had or still have Germanic toponymic elements, such as places in Northern France, Wallonia, Poland and Northern Italy.

Note that divisions between and among subfamilies of Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent varieties being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. Within the Germanic language family are East Germanic, West Germanic, and North Germanic. However, East Germanic languages became extinct several centuries ago.

Northwest Germanic is a proposed grouping of the Germanic languages, representing the current consensus among Germanic historical linguists. It does not challenge the late 19th-century tri-partite division of the Germanic dialects into North Germanic, West Germanic and East Germanic, but proposes additionally that North and West Germanic (i.e. all surviving Germanic languages today) remained as a subgroup after the southward migration of the East Germanic tribes, only splitting into North and West Germanic later. Whether this subgroup constituted a unified proto-language, or simply represents a group of dialects that remained in contact and close geographical proximity, is a matter of debate, but the formulation of Ringe and Taylor probably enjoys widespread support: > There is some evidence that North and West Germanic developed as a single > language, Proto-Northwest Germanic, after East Germanic had begun to > diverge.

Germanic sound shifts are the phonological developments (sound changes) from the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) to Proto-Germanic, in Proto-Germanic itself, and in various Germanic subfamilies and languages.

A "West Germanic hypothesis" suggests transmission via Elbe Germanic groups, while a "Gothic hypothesis" presumes transmission via East Germanic expansion.

During the Middle Ages, Germanic peoples were successively converted to Christianity. The study of Germanic mythology has remained an important element of Germanic philology since the development of the field and the topic is an integral component of Heathenry, the modern revival of Germanic paganism. Elements of Germanic mythology has survived into modern Germanic folklore.

This article lists gods and goddesses that may be reconstructed for Proto- Germanic or Common Germanic Migration period paganism, or which figure in both West and North Germanic mythology. See list of Germanic deities for a complete list of Germanic gods and goddesses, including those for whom there is insufficient attestation to produce Common Germanic reconstructions.

Most historical accounts of the early Germanic peoples are concerned with war. These include works by Greek and Roman scholars, and Germanic scholars writing in Latin. Accounts from Germanic literature often provide vivid descriptions of Germanic warfare, making it evident that warfare played a significant role in early Germanic culture. Treasures unearthed from Germanic graves have yielded large numbers Germanic weaponry, giving a glimpse into the ways they carried out war.

The West Germanic languages share many lexemes that do not exist in North Germanic or East Germanic: both archaisms and common neologisms.

He is best known for his modern adaptations of legendary sagas and also a non-fiction writer on Germanic mythology, Germanic paganism, and Germanic neopaganism.

Modern Standard German is a West Germanic language in the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic, East Germanic, and West Germanic. The first of these branches survives in modern Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Faroese, and Icelandic, all of which are descended from Old Norse. The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts.

Nerthus (1905) by Emil Doepler depicts Nerthus, a Proto-Germanic goddess whose name developed into Njörðr among the North Germanic peoples Germanic mythology consists of the body of myths native to the Germanic peoples. The category includes Norse mythology, Anglo-Saxon mythology, and Continental Germanic mythology. It was a key element of Germanic paganism. These stories establish the creation and creature myths that permeated Northern European cultures.

Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe. The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca.Sinor, Denis. 1990. The Hun period.

Germanic seeresses receive mention in popular culture in a variety of contexts. In Germanic Heathenry, a modern practice of Germanic religion, seeresses once again play a role.

He sought to construct a conception of the West Germanic languages as precursors to Modern German. Against the common division of Germanic into North, East and West Germanic languages, he posited a fivefold division into North Germanic (Scandinavia), North Sea Germanic (Saxon, Frisian etc.), Weser-Rhine Germanic (Cherusci, Chatti, later Franks), Elbe Germanic (Suebi, Marcomanni, Lombards, later Alemanni) and Oder-Weichsel Germanic (Vandals, Burgundians, Goths). The theory was supported mainly by Tacitus and Pliny the Elder and especially the latter's observation in the Natural History of there being Germanorum genera quinque: "five kinds of Germans".Pliny, Nat.

Simek (2007 [1993]: 357). Additionally, various practitioners of Germanic Heathenry, the modern revival of Germanic paganism, seek to revive the concept of the Germanic seeress.For discussion regarding examples of modern-day seeresses in Germanic Heathenry, see for example discussion throughout Blain 2002.

The East Germanic languages, also called the Oder–Vistula Germanic languages, are a group of extinct Germanic languages spoken by East Germanic peoples. The only East Germanic languages of which texts are known are Gothic and its later close relative, Crimean Gothic. Other languages that are assumed to be East Germanic include Vandalic and Burgundian, though very few texts in these languages are known. Crimean Gothic, the last remaining East Germanic language, is believed to have survived until the 18th century in isolated areas of Crimea.

Germanic seeresses are first described by the Romans, who discuss the role seeresses played in Germanic society. A gap in the record occurs until the North Germanic record over a millennium later, when the Old Norse record frequently mentions seeresses among the North Germanic peoples.

This grouping was proposed by Hans Kuhn as an alternative to the older view of a Gotho-Nordic versus West Germanic division. This older view is represented by mid 20th-century proposals to assume the existence by 250 BC of five general groups to be distinguishable: North Germanic in Southern Scandinavia excluding Jutland; North Sea Germanic along the middle Rhine and Jutland; Rhine-Weser Germanic; Elbe Germanic; and East Germanic. The Northwest Germanic theory challenges these proposals, since it is strongly tied to runic inscriptions dated from AD 200 onwards.

The Toronto School is opposed to the Vienna School of History, which posits that Germanic peoples were multi-ethnic coalitions led by warrior elites carrying on a core-tradition (). The Toronto School denies that the Germanic peoples had any core tradition neither as a whole nor as individual tribes, and contend that Germanic culture, if it ever existed at all, was entirely derived from the Roman Empire. According to Goffart, Greco- Roman literature are the only usable sources for resarch on Germanic peoples. Goffart contends that early Germanic peoples, early Germanic culture, early Germanic law, Germanic art and the notion of a Migration Period, are pseudoscientific inventions of German nationalist scholars.

Gothic warrior battling Roman cavalry, from the 3rd century Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus Early Germanic warfare was the warfare of early Germanic peoples. It was a important element of early Germanic culture.

In historical linguistics, the Germanic parent language (GPL) includes the reconstructed languages in the Germanic group referred to as Pre-Germanic Indo-European (PreGmc), Early Proto-Germanic (EPGmc), and Late Proto-Germanic (LPGmc), spoken in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. The less precise term Germanic, that appears in etymologies, dictionaries, etc., loosely refers to a language spoken in the 1st millennium AD, proposedly at that time developing into the group of Germanic languages—a stricter term for that same proposition, but with an alternative chronography, is Proto-Germanic language. As an identifiable neologism, Germanic parent language appears to have been first used by Frans Van Coetsem in 1994. It also makes appearances in the works of Elzbieta Adamczyk, Jonathan Slocum, and Winfred P. Lehmann.

Map of the pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe showing cultures associated with Proto-Germanic, 500 BC. The red shows the area of the preceding Nordic Bronze Age in Scandinavia; the magenta-colored area towards the south represents the Jastorf culture of the North German Plain. Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto- language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three branches during the first half of the first millennium of the Common Era: West Germanic, East Germanic and North Germanic, which however remained in contact over a considerable time, especially the Ingvaeonic languages (including English), which arose from West Germanic dialects and remained in continued contact with North Germanic. A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of the process described by Grimm's law, a set of sound changes that occurred between its status as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European and its gradual divergence into a separate language.

Like other aspects of Germanic paganism, the concept of wyrd plays a role in modern Germanic Heathenry.

The Germanic spirant law, or Primärberührung, is a specific historical instance in linguistics of dissimilation that occurred as part of an exception of Grimm's law in Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of Germanic languages.

Whereas the North Germanic and West Germanic languages clearly show the effects of Verner's law, those patterns seldom appear in Gothic, the representative of East Germanic. This is usually thought to be because Gothic eliminated most Verner's law variants through analogy with the unaffected consonants.R.D. Fulk, A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages, Studies in Germanic Linguistics, 3 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2018), , , p. 108-9.

Much's research centered on Germanic studies. He was particularly interested in Germanic linguistics, Germanic paganism, relationships between the Germanic peoples and Celts, the origins of Germanic peoples, and the origin of the ethnonym Germani. Much believed the Germanic peoples had originated in Scandinavia, to where their ancestors had migrated at an unknown point in time from the Proto-Indo-European homeland. Much was unsure of the location of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, but sympathized with theories suggesting a north-central European location.

A number of Celtic loanwords in Proto-Germanic have been identified.see, for example, Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto- Germanic, OUP (2006), 296. By the 1st century AD, Germanic expansion reached the Danube and the Upper Rhine in the south and the Germanic peoples first entered the historical record. At about the same time, extending east of the Vistula (Oksywie culture, Przeworsk culture), Germanic speakers came into contact with early Slavic cultures, as reflected in early Germanic loans in Proto-Slavic.

Emil Doepler's depiction of the Second Merseburg Charm, 1905. In the charm, gods from continental Germanic mythology heal a horse. Germanic paganism refers to the religion practiced by the Germanic peoples from the Iron Age until Christianisation during the Middle Ages. It was an essential element of early Germanic culture.

The following list details words, affixes and phrases that contain Germanic etymons. Words where only an affix is Germanic (e.g. méfait, bouillard, carnavalesque) are excluded, as are words borrowed from a Germanic language where the origin is other than Germanic (for instance, cabaret is from Dutch, but the Dutch word is ultimately from Latin/Greek, so it is omitted). Likewise, words which have been calqued from a Germanic tongue (e.g.

The following list details words, affixes and phrases that contain Germanic etymons. Words where only an affix is Germanic (e.g. méfait, bouillard, carnavalesque) are excluded, as are words borrowed from a Germanic language where the origin is other than Germanic, (for instance, cabaret is from Dutch, but the Dutch word is ultimately from Latin/Greek, so it is omitted). Likewise, words which have been calqued from a Germanic tongue (e.g.

The following list details words, affixes and phrases that contain Germanic etymons. Words where only an affix is Germanic (e.g. méfait, bouillard, carnavalesque) are excluded, as are words borrowed from a Germanic language where the origin is other than Germanic (for instance, cabaret is from Dutch, but the Dutch word is ultimately from Latin/Greek, so it is omitted). Likewise, words which have been calqued from a Germanic tongue (e.g.

The Casuari spoke a South Germanic dialect, related to the High, or Upper Germanic languages. The location of their tribe was in fact a crossroad between the Weser-Rhine Germanic and Elbe Germanic languages. If so, their language originated from the Rhine, Alps, Elba or the North Sea from Friesland to Jutland.

The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, which are still seen in modern Dutch.

The gradual spread of Germanic peoples and Germanic elements into Rome's Gaul region is a well documented process that commenced in the 3rd century A.D. and ended in the 5th century A.D. The prevalence of various Germanic male burials that contain weapons and female burials that contain Germanic costumes that were found in Gaul support the spread of Germanic elements. Even, Germanic settlements excavated in Gaul depict similarities to the longhouse of the Wohnstallhaus type, which is a typical Germanic style of housing as well as Germanic pottery vessels that were found all across Gaul. Germanic peoples in Gaul lived in communities that were built by Germanic buildings, Germanic pottery and traditional burial rituals which clearly highlighted that they were not bothered with changing the culture they found, but rather merging into the existing condition.Theuws, Frans (2009), Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.), "Grave goods, ethnicity, and the rhetoric of burial rites in Late Antique Northern Gaul", Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, The Role of Power and Tradition, Amsterdam University Press, pp.

The Meters of Old Norse Eddic Poetry: Common Germanic Inheritance and North Germanic Innovation. P. 2 typical for wisdom verse.

According to the Germanic substrate hypothesis, it may be influenced by non- Indo-European cultures, such as the Funnelbeaker culture, but the sound change in the Germanic languages known as Grimm's law points to a non-substratic development away from other branches of Indo-European. Proto-Germanic itself was likely spoken after 500 BC,Ringe (2006), p. 67. and Proto-Norse from the 2nd century AD and later is still quite close to reconstructed Proto-Germanic, but other common innovations separating Germanic from Proto-Indo-European suggest a common history of pre-Proto-Germanic speakers throughout the Nordic Bronze Age. Early Germanic expansion in the Pre-Roman Iron Age (5th to 1st centuries BC) placed Proto-Germanic speakers in contact with the Continental Celtic La Tène horizon.

Tacitus describes that many Germanic warriors had no protection at all. Commandeering of Roman weaponry was widespread and the acquisition of the superior Roman armaments allowed the Germanic leaders to exert their power in ways not previously available. It also meant fierce inter-Germanic rivalry which constituted the larger power blocks of the Germanic world.

All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated Proto-Germanic. These two laws define the basic differentiating features of Germanic languages that separate them from other Indo-European languages. There are no known documents in Proto-Germanic, which was unwritten, and virtually all our knowledge of this early language has been obtained by application of the comparative method. All modern Germanic languages (such as English, German, Dutch, etc.) gradually split off from Proto-Germanic, beginning around the Early Middle Ages.

A scene from one of the Merseburg Incantations: gods Wodan and Balder stand before the goddesses Sunna, Sinthgunt, Volla, and Friia (Emil Doepler, 1905) In Germanic paganism, the indigenous religion of the ancient Germanic peoples who inhabited Germanic Europe, there were a number of different gods and goddesses. Germanic deities are attested from numerous sources, including works of literature, various chronicles, runic inscriptions, personal names, place names, and other sources. This article contains a comprehensive list of Germanic deities outside the numerous Germanic Matres and Matronae inscriptions from the 1st to 5th century CE.

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is also referred to as the "Nordic languages", a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish scholars and laypeople. The term "North Germanic languages" is used in comparative linguistics,Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Language Family Trees Indo-European, Germanic, North.

The population of this area was however not entirely composed of Germanic peoples. Modern research has determined that much of the area was also inhabited by a non- Germanic indigenous population, who probably spoke a non-Germanic Indo- European language. For this reason, scholars sometimes use the term Germanic- dominated Europe for the region during this time. During Late Antiquity, improvements in agricultural methods resulted a massive population expansion in Germanic Europe.

Piergiuseppe Scardigli (October 13, 1933 - May 27, 2008) was an Italian medievalist and Germanic studies scholar. He was Professor of Germanic philology at the University of Florence. Scardigli specialized in the study early Germanic culture, literature and language.

Retrieved April 14, 2020. and Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics.The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics. Editorial board. Retrieved April 14, 2020.

As the Germanic languages developed from Proto-Indo-European language, Germanic mythology is ultimately a development of Proto-Indo-European religion. Archaeological remains, such as petroglyphs in Scandinavia, suggest continuity in Germanic mythology since at least the Nordic Bronze Age.

Read left school at 16, and at the age of 17, he became an adherent of Germanic neopaganism and began studying Germanic paganism.

"Norse religion",; . "Norse paganism", "Nordic paganism", "Scandinavian paganism",; ; . "Scandinavian heathenism", "Scandinavian religion",; . "Northern paganism", "Northern heathenism", "North Germanic religion", or "North Germanic paganism".

Rhotacism, for example, was largely complete in West Germanic at a time when North Germanic runic inscriptions still clearly distinguished the two phonemes.

Royal mounds at Gamla Uppsala, an important centre of early Germanic culture. Early Germanic culture refers to the culture of the early Germanic peoples. Largely derived from a synthesis of Proto-Indo-European and indigenous Northern European elements, the Germanic culture developed out of the Nordic Bronze Age. It came under significant external influence during the Migration Period, particularly from ancient Rome.

The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: East (now extinct), West, and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is part of the West Germanic group, which also includes English, Scots, Frisian, Low German (Old Saxon) and High German. It is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North or East Germanic.

Germanic dialect groups in Europe around 1–100 CE: Weser-Rhine Germanic is a term introduced by the German linguist Friedrich Maurer for the group of prehistoric West Germanic dialects ancestral to Dutch and to the West Central German dialects. It is a replacement for the older term Istvaeonic, with which it is essentially synonymous. The term Rhine-Weser-Germanic is sometimes preferred.

He was known for his interdisciplinary approach, and was interested in linguistics, culture and religion. His most important contributions were to the study of the language, culture and history of the Germanic peoples. Questions examined by Polomé in this regard include Celtic-Germanic relations, and the Indo-European components in Germanic languages and culture. He conducted extensive work on Germanic religion.

The Baiuvarii are classified as a Germanic people. It is uncertain whether they originally spoke an East Germanic or West Germanic language. Early evidence on the language of the Baiuvarii are limited to personal names and a few Runic inscriptions. By the 8th century AD, the Baiuvarii were speakers of an early form of the Austro-Bavarian language of the West Germanic.

Equilibrium is a German symphonic folk metal band. The band's music combines elements of folk music, melodic black metal and symphonic metal with various other influences. Their riffs reflect traditional Germanic melodies. Their lyrical themes focus on Germanic tales and Germanic mythology.

Elements of Germanic paganism survived into post- Christianization folklore, and today new religious movements exist which see themselves as modern revivals of Germanic Heathenry.

This list of French words of Germanic origin consists of Standard Modern French words and phrases deriving from any Germanic language of any period.

Liechtensteiners are a Germanic subgroup of Germans native to Liechtenstein. There were approximately 34,000 Germanic Liechtensteiners worldwide at the turn of the 21st century.

For the most part, Gothic is known to be significantly closer to Proto-Germanic than any other Germanic language except for that of the (scantily attested) early Norse runic inscriptions, which has made it invaluable in the reconstruction of Proto-Germanic. In fact, Gothic tends to serve as the primary foundation for reconstructing Proto-Germanic. The reconstructed Proto-Germanic conflicts with Gothic only when there is clearly identifiable evidence from other branches that the Gothic form is a secondary development.

Territories inhabited by East Germanic tribes, between 100 BC and AD 300. Europe in 476 AD with Germanic kingdoms and tribes distributed throughout Europe. By the 1st century AD, the writings of Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, and Tacitus indicate a division of Germanic- speaking peoples into large groupings with shared ancestry and culture. (This division has been taken over in modern terminology about the divisions of Germanic languages.) Based on accounts by Jordanes, Procopius, Paul the Deacon and others, as well as linguistic, toponymic, and archaeological evidence, it was formerly believed that the East Germanic tribes, the speakers of the East Germanic languages related to the North Germanic tribes, had migrated from Scandinavia into the area lying east of the Elbe.

Three figures on the 12th-century Skog tapestry; they have been interpreted as the Norse gods Odin, Thor and Freyja Old Norse religion, also known as Norse paganism, is the most common name for a branch of Germanic religion which developed during the Proto-Norse period, when the North Germanic peoples separated into a distinct branch of the Germanic peoples. It was replaced by Christianity during the Christianization of Scandinavia. Scholars reconstruct aspects of North Germanic religion by historical linguistics, archaeology, toponymy, and records left by North Germanic peoples, such as runic inscriptions in the Younger Futhark, a distinctly North Germanic extension of the runic alphabet. Numerous Old Norse works dated to the 13th century record Norse mythology, a component of North Germanic religion.

Maurer's classification of Germanic dialects Maurer asserted that the cladistic tree model, ubiquitously used in 19th and early 20th century linguistics, was too inaccurate to describe the relation between the modern Germanic languages, especially those belonging to its Western branch. Rather than depicting Old English, Old Dutch, Old Saxon, Old Frisian and Old High German to have simply 'branched off' a single common 'Proto-West Germanic', he proposed that there had been much more distance between the languages and the dialects of the Germanic regions.Johannes Hoops, Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer: Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde: Band 7; Walter de Gruyter, 1989, (pp 113–114). Weser-Rhine Germanic seems to have been transitional between Elbe Germanic and North Sea Germanic, with a few innovations of their own.

In Romano-British culture and Germanic polytheism, the Alaisiagae (possibly "dispatching terrors" or "all-victorious") were a pair of Celtic and Germanic goddesses deifying victory.

The early Christianization of the Germanic peoples was achieved by various means, and was partly facilitated by the prestige of the Christian Roman Empire amongst European pagans. The early rise of Germanic Christianity was, thus, mainly due to voluntary conversion on a small scale. In the 4th century some Eastern Germanic tribes, notably the Goths, an East Germanic tribe, adopted Arianism. From the 6th century, Germanic tribes were converted (and re-converted) by missionaries, firstly among the Franks, after Clovis I's conversion to Christianity in 496.

This is the basis of a suggestion according to which the Germanic name Theodoric was in origin a theonym borrowed from Gaulish into early Germanic religion.

The Germanic peoples eventually overwhelmed the Western Roman Empire, which by the Middle Ages facilitated their conversion from paganism to Christianity and the abandonment of their tribal way of life. Certain traces of early Germanic culture have survived among the Germanic peoples up to the present day.

Some German early medieval historians, such as feel that the concept of Germanic peoples is confusing and politically problematic, and that research on Germanic peoples should therefore be banned from modern scholarship. For this reason, Kaiser has criticized Rudolf Simek for writing books on Germanic peoples.

Early Germanic warriors were typically buried with their belongings, including weapons and armor. Such burials provide valuable information on the weapons and armor of Germanic tribes, even when the body was cremated. It is evident that Germanic wargear was designed for offensive warfare and increased mobility.

These features are believed to be innovations that took place in Proto-Germanic, a descendant of Proto-Indo- European that was the source of all Germanic languages.

Thus Schrijver sees the rhythmic consonant gradation distinctive to the Uralic languages that include Finnic being the underlying cause of the Germanic sound-change described by Verner's law, and even speculates that the first Germanic consonant shift was triggered by native Finnic-speakers' inability to cope with the difference between voiced and voiceless plosives in the language that became Germanic. The chapter also examines how the changes to the low vowels ā, ō and ǣ which marked the divergence of both North Germanic and West Germanic from Common Germanic have surprising parallels in the development of the Saami languages. None of these languages seems likely as the source of these changes to the others. Since Saami is known to have borrowed many words from a language now lost as Saami culture spread northwards into Scandinavia, Schrijver argues that Saami, West Germanic and North Germanic were all affected in similar ways by contact with a language or group of languages which 'shared a peculiar vowel system, whose features were impressed on North and West Germanic as well as Saami' (p. 194).

Detail of a sculpture of the Germanic seeress Veleda, Hippolyte Maindron, 1844 In Germanic religion and Germanic mythology, a seeress is a woman said to have the ability to foretell future occurrences. Strongly associated with wands, seeresses at times held an authoritative role in Germanic society and mentions of Germanic seeresses occur as early as the Roman era, where, for example, they at times played a role in rebellion under Roman rule and acted as envoys to Rome. After the Roman Era, mention of seeresses occur in records among the North Germanic people, where they form a reoccurring motif in, for example, Norse mythology. The Roman and Greek record records the name of several Germanic seeresses, including Albruna, Ganna, Veleda, and, by way of an archaeological find, Waluburg.

The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained mutually intelligible to some degree during the Migration Period, so that some individual varieties are difficult to classify. Dialects with the features assigned to the northern group formed from the Proto-Germanic language in the late Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe. Eventually, around the year 200 AD, speakers of the North Germanic branch became distinguishable from the other Germanic language speakers.

If indeed Proto-West-Germanic existed, it must have been between the 2nd and 4th centuries. Until the late 2nd century AD, the language of runic inscriptions found in Scandinavia and in Northern Germany were so similar that Proto-North-Germanic and the Western dialects in the south were still part of one language ("Proto-Northwest-Germanic"). After that, the split into West and North Germanic occurred. By the 4th and 5th centuries the great migration set in which probably helped diversify the West Germanic family even more.

Usually there is a stratigraphic hiatus between the base of the Lias and top of the Germanic Trias. In German lithostratigraphy, Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk and Keuper are seen as groups. Dutch lithostratigraphy divides the Germanic Trias along other boundaries in a Lower Germanic Trias Group and an Upper Germanic Trias Group. The Dutch Keuper and Muschelkalk have the status of formations while the Dutch Buntsandstein is subdivided in a number of formations.

As a West Germanic language, Dutch is related to other languages in that group such as West Frisian, English and German. Many West Germanic dialects underwent a series of sound shifts. The Anglo- Frisian nasal spirant law and Anglo-Frisian brightening resulted in certain early Germanic languages evolving into what are now English and West Frisian, while the Second Germanic sound shift resulted in what would become (High) German.

Luxembourgers ( ) are a Germanic. "The Luxembourgers are a Germanic people of mixed German and French background...". Germanic nations:.. Luxembourgers... ethnic group and nation native to their nation state of Luxembourg, where they make up around half of the population. They share the culture of Luxembourg and speak Luxembourgish.

The Germanic horses were however of smaller size than those of the Romans, and Germanic cavalrymen in Roman service were thus compelled by Caesar to ride Roman horses.

Germanic words came with the conquest of the region by Germanic peoples during the fifth century, and English has introduced a number of new words into the language.

Since names ending in reflect Germanic morphology representing the Latin ending , and the suffix was reflected by Germanic , the question of the problematic ending in masculine Proto-Norse would be resolved by assuming Roman (Rhineland) influences, while "the awkward ending -a of may be solved by accepting the fact that the name may indeed be West Germanic". In the early Runic period differences between Germanic languages are generally presumed to be small. Another theory presumes a Northwest Germanic unity preceding the emergence of Proto-Norse proper from roughly the 5th century. An alternative suggestion explaining the impossibility of classifying the earliest inscriptions as either North or West Germanic is forwarded by È. A. Makaev, who presumes a "special runic koine", an early "literary Germanic" employed by the entire Late Common Germanic linguistic community after the separation of Gothic (2nd to 5th centuries), while the spoken dialects may already have been more diverse.

Trees hold a particular role in Germanic paganism and Germanic mythology, both as individuals (sacred trees) and in groups (sacred groves). The central role of trees in Germanic religion is noted in the earliest written reports about the Germanic peoples, with the Roman historian Tacitus stating that Germanic cult practices took place exclusively in groves rather than temples. Scholars consider that reverence for and rites performed at individual trees are derived from the mythological role of the world tree, Yggdrasil; onomastic and some historical evidence also connects individual deities to both groves and individual trees. After Christianization, trees continue to play a significant role in the folk beliefs of the Germanic peoples.

Furthermore, Hitler's concept of "Germanic" did not simply refer to an ethnic, cultural, or linguistic group, but also to a distinctly biological one, the superior "Germanic blood" that he wanted to salvage from the control of the enemies of the Aryan race. He stated that Germany possessed more of these "Germanic elements" than any other country in the world, which he estimated as "four fifths of our people".Hitler 2000, p. 307. According to the Nazis, in addition to the Germanic peoples, individuals of seemingly non- Germanic nationality such as French, Polish, Walloon, Czech and so on might actually possess valuable Germanic blood, especially if they were of aristocratic or peasant stock.

As it is probable that the development of this sound shift spanned a considerable time (several centuries), Proto-Germanic cannot adequately be reconstructed as a simple node in a tree model but rather represents a phase of development that may span close to a thousand years. The end of the Common Germanic period is reached with the beginning of the Migration Period in the fourth century. The alternative term "Germanic parent language" may be used to include a larger scope of linguistic developments, spanning the Nordic Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe (second to first millennia BC) to include "Pre-Germanic" (PreGmc), "Early Proto Germanic" (EPGmc) and "Late Proto-Germanic" (LPGmc).See e.g.

"Werdorf" comes from an Old Germanic root "Wero", meaning "man". This root is common to many Germanic languages, and can also be seen in the English words "wergild" and "werewolf". Dorf is still the German word for village today. It, too, has cognates in other Germanic languages, including "thorp" in English.

The Wulfila Bible, although fragmentary, is the only extensive document in an ancient East Germanic language and one of the earliest documents in any Germanic language. Since the other East Germanic texts are of very limited extent, except maybe Skeireins, it is of great significance for the study of these languages.

South Germanic is a term used for a number of proposed groupings of the Germanic tribes or dialects. However, it is not widely used and has no agreed definition.

Important works are Germanic literature are Beowulf, the Nibelungenlied, and the Icelandic Eddas and sagas. Powerful individuals of the distant past figure prominently in Germanic literature. Such individuals include Julius Caesar, Attila, Ermanaric, Theodoric the Great and Charlemagne. Accounts of the history of the Goths play and important role in Germanic literature, and although the Goths themselves disappeared, their deeds were remembered for centuries afterwards among Germanic peoples living as far as Iceland.

The modern English word "lead" is of Germanic origin; it comes from the Middle English and Old English (with the macron above the "e" signifying that the vowel sound of that letter is long). The Old English word is derived from the hypothetical reconstructed Proto- Germanic ("lead"). According to linguistic theory, this word bore descendants in multiple Germanic languages of exactly the same meaning. There is no consensus on the origin of the Proto-Germanic .

Early Germanic law was the form of law followed by the early Germanic peoples. It was an important element of early Germanic culture. Several Latin law codes of the Germanic peoples written in the Early Middle Ages after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire (also known as leges barbarorum "laws of the barbarians") survive, dating to between the 5th and 9th centuries. They are influenced by Roman law, canon law, and earlier tribal customs.

English is a West Germanic language that has borrowed many words from non-Germanic languages, and the spelling of a word often reflects its origin. This sometimes gives a clue as to the meaning of the word. Even if their pronunciation has strayed from the original pronunciation, the spelling is a record of the phoneme. The same is true for words of Germanic origin whose current spelling still resembles their cognates in other Germanic languages.

Scholars have linked these ' ("Mothers") with the Germanic .Simek (2007:205–207) and Herbert (2007:24). Rudolf Simek says that ' "as a Germanic sacrificial festival should be associated with the Matron cult of the West Germanic peoples on the one hand, and to the ' and the ' already known from medieval Scandinavia on the other hand and is chronologically to be seen as a connecting link between these Germanic forms of cult."Simek (2007:220).

The Germanic umlaut (sometimes called i-umlaut or i-mutation) is a type of linguistic umlaut in which a back vowel changes to the associated front vowel (fronting) or a front vowel becomes closer to (raising) when the following syllable contains , , or . It took place separately in various Germanic languages starting around AD 450 or 500 and affected all of the early languages except Gothic. An example of the resulting vowel alternation is the English plural foot ~ feet (from Proto-Germanic , pl. ). Germanic umlaut, as covered in this article, does not include other historical vowel phenomena that operated in the history of the Germanic languages such as Germanic a-mutation and the various language-specific processes of u-mutation, nor the earlier Indo-European ablaut (vowel gradation), which is observable in the conjugation of Germanic strong verbs such as sing/sang/sung.

Scholars who have reconstructed the Proto-Germanic language (the ancestor of all modern Germanic languages, spoken c. 500 BC – AD 500) use the letter ą to denote a nasal vowel.

Utne, in Norwegian, probably has some pre-Germanic elements (i.e. before approx. 200 CE). Other place-names in the area also has an element of pre-Germanic and unknown origins.

The Ottonian rulers were successors of the Germanic king Conrad I who was the only Germanic king to rule in East Francia after the Carolingian dynasty and before this dynasty.

The majority of the population was Germanic, except for the Hungarian border-guards of the frontier March (Gyepű). Germanic immigration from neighbouring Austria was also continuous in the Middle Ages.

Stone slab from The King's Grave in southern Sweden, Nordic Bronze Age, 1400 BC, depicting early Germanic chariotry Unlike their Celtic neighbors, the use of chariots was not widespread among Iron Age Germanic peoples. Germanic peoples had used the horse-drawn war-chariot in the Bronze Age, but later gave it up.

Caesar makes it clear that Germanic tribes were actually in the land of the Sequani and terrorising them. They are said to have controlled all the oppida, but that is not entirely true, as Vesontio was not under Germanic control. However, the country to the north of there was presumably under Germanic control.

The goddess Freyja is nuzzled by the boar Hildisvíni while gesturing to Hyndla (1895) by Lorenz Frølich. Surviving accounts of Germanic mythology and Norse mythology contain numerous tales of female goddesses, giantesses, and divine female figures in their scriptures. The Germanic peoples had altars erected to the "Mothers and Matrons" and held celebrations specific to these goddesses (such as the Anglo-Saxon "Mothers- night"). Various other female deities are attested among the Germanic peoples, such as Nerthus attested in an early account of the Germanic peoples, Ēostre attested among the pagan Anglo-Saxons, and Sinthgunt attested among the pagan continental Germanic peoples.

No loanwords of East Germanic origin have so far been proven. Scholars who accept the immigrationist theory emphasize that the lack of East Germanic loanwords excludes that the Romanians' homeland was located north of the Lower Danube, because Germanic tribes dominated these lands from the 270s to the 560s. Historian Stelian Brezeanu argues that the absence of East Germanic loanwords is "basically the consequence of the gap" between the Orthodox Romanians and the Arian Germans. He adds that the Daco-Romans assimilated the last Eastern Germanic groups in Transylvania before the middle of the 7th century.

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages). The three most prevalent West Germanic languages are English, German, and Dutch. The family also includes other High and Low German languages including Afrikaans (which is a daughter language of Dutch), Yiddish and Luxembourgish (which are sister languages of German), and Frisian and Scots (which are sister languages of English). Additionally, several creoles, patois, and pidgins are based on Dutch, English, and German, as they were each languages of colonial empires.

Journal of Germanic Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of linguistics. It is devoted particularly to Germanic languages, including both their historical and contemporary forms. It was established in 1989 as the American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures and was published biannually up to 2001, when it acquired the current title in order to reflect its international scope and, at the same time, the narrowing of its focus to exclusively linguistics. It is currently published quarterly by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for Germanic Linguistics and the Forum for the Society for Germanic Language Studies.

The finds at Kalkriese of 6,000 pieces of Roman equipment, but only a single item that is clearly Germanic (part of a spur), suggests few Germanic losses. However, the victors would most likely have removed the bodies of their fallen, and their practice of burying their warriors' battle gear with them would have also contributed to the lack of Germanic relics. Additionally, several thousand Germanic soldiers were deserting militiamen and wore Roman armour, and thus would appear to be "Roman" in the archaeological digs. It is also known that the Germanic peoples wore perishable organic material, such as leather, and less metal.

After the Western Roman Empire fell in 476, and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses.

Some interesting examples of umlaut involve vowel distinctions in Germanic verbs. Although these are often subsumed under the heading "ablaut" in tables of Germanic irregular verbs, they are a separate phenomenon.

The Nazi idea behind co-opting additional Germanic people into the SS stems to a certain extent from the Völkisch belief that the original Aryan-Germanic homeland rested in Scandinavia and that, in a racial- ideological sense, people from there or the neighbouring northern European regions were a human reservoir of Nordic/Germanic blood. Conquest of Western Europe gave the Germans, and especially the SS, access to these "potential recruits" who were considered part of the wider "Germanic family". Four of these conquered nations were ripe with Germanic peoples according to Nazi estimations (Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Flanders). Heinrich Himmler referred to people from these lands in terms of their Germanic suitability as, "blutsmässig unerhört wertvolle Kräfte" ("by blood exceptionally highly qualified people").

While Proto-Germanic refers only to the reconstruction of the most recent common ancestor of Germanic languages, the Germanic parent language refers to the entire journey that the dialect of Proto-Indo-European that would become Proto-Germanic underwent through the millennia. The Proto-Germanic language is not directly attested by any coherent surviving texts; it has been reconstructed using the comparative method. Fragmentary direct attestation exists of (late) Common Germanic in early runic inscriptions (specifically the second-century AD Vimose inscriptions and the second-century BC Negau helmet inscription), and in Roman Empire era transcriptions of individual words (notably in Tacitus' Germania, 90 CEthis includes common nouns such as framea "Migration Period spear", mythological characters such as Mannus and tribal names such as Ingaevones).

The change then spread to other High German-speaking regions, being simplified and extended in the process. Chapter 4, 'The Origins of Dutch' argues that several developments distinctive to Western Dutch—particularly the dialectally complex frontings of various vowels—also arose from contact with Old French as Dutch expanded into previously Romance-speaking regions. Chapter 5, 'Beginnings', considers the origin of the Germanic languages themselves, addressing how Common Germanic came to emerge from its Indo-European ancestor. Germanic loanwords show that the Finnic languages were heavily influenced by Germanic at an early stage, and Schrijver argues that key developments in the Germanic consonant system arose by Finnic-speakers in the southern Baltic region transferring aspects of their native sound-system to Germanic.

The early Germanic calendars were the regional calendars used among the early Germanic peoples before they adopted the Julian calendar in the Early Middle Ages. The calendars were an element of early Germanic culture. The Germanic peoples had names for the months that varied by region and dialect, but they were later replaced with local adaptations of the Julian month names. Records of Old English and Old High German month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively.

The locative case had merged with the dative in early Germanic times and was no longer distinct in Proto- Germanic or in any of its descendants. The dative, however, contrasts with the accusative case, which is used to indicate motion toward a place (it has an allative meaning). The difference in meaning between dative and accusative exists in all of the old Germanic languages and survives in all Germanic languages that retain a distinction between the two cases.

9th-century depiction of Christ as a heroic warrior (Stuttgart Psalter, fol. 23) The Germanic peoples underwent gradual Christianization in the course of the Early Middle Ages, resulting in a unique form of Christianity known as Germanic Christianity that was frequently some blend of Arian Christianity and Germanic paganism. The Eastern and Western tribes were the first to convert through various means. However, it would not be until the 12th century that the North Germanic peoples had Christianized.

Gothic cavalryman with a Phrygian cap battling a number of Roman soldiers, from the 3rd century Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus While Germanic warfare emphasized the use of infantry, they were quite adept at the training and use of cavalry. In Germanic warfare, cavalry was generally used for reconnaissance, flanking, the pursuit of fleeing enemies and other special tasks. When Germanic tribes were on the march, their wagons would generally be protected by cavalry. Early Germanic chieftains were typically mounted.

Reicherts research focuses on Middle High German and Old Norse literature, Germanic names, runology and early Germanic culture. He is a known authority on the Nibelungenlied. His 1984 habilitation, ', is considered the standard reference work on Germanic names. Reichert has written a large number of books and articles, and was formerly a editor of '.

Several scholars have published reconstructions of Proto-West-Germanic morphological paradigmsH. F. Nielsen (1981, 2001), G. Klingenschmitt (2002) and K.-H. Mottausch (1998, 2011) and many authors have reconstructed individual Proto-West-Germanic morphological forms or lexemes. The first comprehensive reconstruction of the Proto-West-Germanic language was published in 2013 by Wolfram Euler.

Storms believed that these charm formulas were "the oldest relics of Anglo-Saxon and Germanic literature", belonging "to the oldest traditions of the Germanic and Indo-European peoples."Storms 1948. p. 11.

However, as already stated above, it may be more accurate to think of these dialects not as early Old Franconian but as Istvaeonic dialects in the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic.

Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine.World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish, 2009.

The folklore of early Germanic peoples was intimately intertwined with their natural surroundings. Legendary creatures of Germanic folklore include, elves, who inhabited the woods, foundations and streams; dwarves, who inhabited the caves of the earth; serpents, who inhabited the sea; and the neck, who inhabited the marshes. Remnants of early Germanic folklore has survived unto the present day.

Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, notably has a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as "Grimm's law." Early varieties of Germanic entered history when the Germanic tribes moving south from Scandinavia in the 2nd century BC to settle in the area of today's northern Germany and southern Denmark.

According to Erika Timm, Perchta emerged from an amalgamation of Germanic and pre-Germanic, probably Celtic, traditions of the Alpine regions after the Migration Period in the Early Middle Ages.Timm, Erika. 2003. Frau Holle, Frau Percht und verwandte Gestalten: 160 Jahre nach Grimm aus germanistischer Sicht betrachtet. Hulda is also related to the Germanic figure of Perchta.

From 1968 to 1978, Beck was Professor of Ancient German and Nordic Studies at Saarland University. From 1978 until his retirement in 1994, Beck was Professor of Ancient German and Nordic Studies at the University of Bonn. Beck specialized in the study of Germanic languages and early Germanic literature. He was a prominent expert on early Germanic culture.

These dialects had most of the typical West Germanic features, including a significant amount of grammatical inflection. Vocabulary came largely from the core Germanic stock, although due to the Germanic peoples' extensive contacts with the Roman world, the settlers' languages already included a number of loanwords from Latin.Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas. 2002. The History of the English Language.

An ex libris plate from a book belonging to Jan de Vries. In 1926, de Vries was appointed Chair of Ancient Germanic Linguistics and Philology at the University of Leiden. This post also covered Indo-European studies. At Leiden, de Vries taught Indo-European and Germanic linguistics, with a particular focus on the literature of the early Germanic peoples.

Reynolds and Lopez doubted that the Scirii were Germanic- language-speaking, and rather suggested that they might have been Balts or Sarmatians. These doubts were rejected by Maenchen-Helfen, who considered it certain that the Scirii were Germanic.. "Like the Heruli the Rugi were not "probably" (loc. cit., p. 43) but most certainly a Germanic tribe".

Loans into Proto-Germanic from other (known) languages or from Proto-Germanic into other languages can be dated relative to each other by which Germanic sound laws have acted on them. Since the dates of borrowings and sound laws are not precisely known, it is not possible to use loans to establish absolute or calendar chronology.

A Migration Period Germanic gold bracteate featuring a depiction of a bird, horse, and stylized head wearing a Suebian knot sometimes theorized to represent the Germanic god Wōden and what would later become Sleipnir and Hugin or Munin in Germanic mythology, later attested to in the form of Norse mythology. The runic inscription includes the religious term alu.

The house has a steep gable roof and features a traditional Germanic central chimney and the interior framing appears original, with heavy traditional Germanic beams and roof structure. It is one of the oldest extant dwellings erected by Germanic settlers in Shenandoah County. and Accompanying photo It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

Gerlach is a male forename of Germanic origin, variations of which exist in many Germanic and Romance languages. Like many other early Germanic names, it is dithematic, consisting of two meaningful constituents put together. In this case, those constituents are ger (meaning 'spear') and /la:k / (meaning 'motion'). The meaning of the name is thus 'spear thrower'.

Alemannic, or rarely Alemannish (Alemannisch, ), is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. The name derives from the ancient Germanic tribal confederation known as the Alemanni.

The Batavians were immediately joined by several neighboring Germanic tribes.

This is a list of films based on Germanic mythology.

The name Tanginus or Tancinus has Celtic and Germanic roots.

Both what is now Germany and Norway were settled by Proto-Germanic peoples. The Ahrensburg culture, named after the town of Ahrensburg in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, originated mostly in the North German Plain and were the first known peoples to settle modern-day Norway. By the 2nd century AD, Proto-Norse devolved from Proto-Germanic in Scandinavia. This separated the West Germanic peoples (of whom Germans are associated) and the North Germanic (of whom the Norwegians are associated).

English has its roots in the languages of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe. During the Roman Empire, most of the Germanic-inhabited area (Germania) remained independent from Rome, although some southwestern parts were within the empire. Some Germanics served in the Roman military, and troops from Germanic tribes such as the Tungri, Batavi, Menapii and Frisii served in Britain (Britannia) under Roman command. Germanic settlement and power expanded during the Migration Period, which saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

From the sources it is not possible to infer the origin of Turcilingi. The Turcilingi are generally considered to have been a Germanic tribe. ... "the problem of the Turcilingi should be mentioned; this is a tribal group found along with Germanic groups, apparently always East- Germanic ones, which is usually considered to be itself Germanic." By one 19th century account, the Turcilingi appear to have originated in Germany, perhaps near the Baltic Sea,This is where Zeuss places them, with the Rugii.

During the subsequent centuries, migrating Germanic peoples reached the banks of the Rhine and the Danube along the Roman border, and also expanded into the territories of Iranian peoples north of the Black Sea. In the late 4th century, the Huns invaded the Germanic territories from the east, forcing many Germanic tribes to migrate into the Western Roman Empire. During the Viking Age, which began in the 8th century, the North Germanic peoples of Scandinavia migrated throughout Europe, establishing settlements as far as North America. The migrations of the Germanic peoples in the 1st millennium were a formative element in the distribution of peoples in modern Europe.

The goddesses called the Alaisiagae are named on altar-stones from the same fort on Hadrian's Wall as being parallel with two Germanic goddesses: Celtic Boudihillia is equated with Germanic Fimmilena and Celtic Beda is equated with Germanic Friagabis. These parallel goddesses are taken to be Germanic not only because of clues in the inscriptions and the Germanic mercenaries at the wall at the time, but also because they both have an initial ‘f-,’ a sound not known to have developed in Celtic at this time. Equally, the two goddesses are not known to be Roman. Beda may have been an abbreviation for Ricagambeda since the two names share similar semantics.

Drawing upon the evidence from no less than twelve Germanic languages, it also examines contacts early Germanic peoples had with their non-Germanic neighbors, and their contacts with Christianity. Intended for both a scholarly and general readership, it gained a wide audience. Green was a member several learned societies, including Modern Humanities Research Association and the International Association for Germanic Studies (IVG), of which he at one point served as Vice-President. He was a founding member of an interdisciplinary group of scholars which met annually in San Marino to discuss the Germanic peoples and languages, and he edited a collection of essays by this group published in 2003.

From both archaeological remains and literary sources, it is possible to trace a number of common or closely related beliefs amid the Germanic peoples into the Middle Ages, when the last areas in Scandinavia were Christianized. Rooted in Proto-Indo-European religion, Proto-Germanic religion expanded during the Migration Period, yielding extensions such as Old Norse religion among the North Germanic peoples, the paganism practiced amid the continental Germanic peoples, and Anglo-Saxon paganism among the Old English- speaking peoples. The Germanic religion is best documented in several texts from the 10th and 11th centuries, where they have been best preserved in Scandinavia and Iceland.

In Central Europe, the Celtic culture was already dominant and early Germanic religious practices were influenced by the Celts. Later, elements from the Roman culture were mixed into the Germanic culture, which includes archaeological evidence of Roman gods, statues, and gold mining. Germanic people have never really constituted a uniform group with a common or ubiquitous culture, but some general core beliefs system are known from medieval texts, which may be the result of a fusion of various beliefs across the expanse of Germanic tribes throughout central Europe. Among the East Germanic peoples, traces of Gothic paganism may be discerned from scant artifacts and attestations.

Map of the Nordic Bronze Age culture, a possible place of ethnogenesis of the Germanic peoples, c. 1200 BCE The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian or Gothic in older literature) were an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic starting during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Pre-Germanic may have been related to the Slavo-Baltic and Indo-Iranian languages, but reoriented towards the Italo-Celtic languages.John Koch (2018), Formation of the Indo-European Branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution The Germanic peoples are believed to have emerged about 1800 BC through the superimposition of the Corded Ware culture upon the Funnelbeaker culture on the North European Plain, which developed into the Nordic Bronze Age.

Boundaries of the planned "Greater Germanic Reich" – including possible puppet states and protectorates – based on various, only partially systematized target projections (e.g. Generalplan Ost) from state administration and SS leadership sources The Greater Germanic Reich (), fully styled the Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation (), is the official state name of the political entity that Nazi Germany tried to establish in Europe during World War II.Elvert 1999, p. 325. The territorial claims for the Greater Germanic Reich fluctuated over time. As early as the autumn of 1933, Hitler envisioned annexing such territories as Bohemia, Western Poland and Austria to Germany and creation of satellite or puppet states without economies or policies of their own.. This pan-Germanic Empire was expected to assimilate practically all of Germanic Europe into an enormously expanded Reich.

South of Beckum and roughly southeast of the Hermannsberg hill is the cultural monument of Germanenlager, site of a Germanic camp. North of the hill is another one on a Germanic burial site (Germanengräber).

The first known people in today's Mazuria were East Germanic tribes, such as the Scirii. Finds from gravesites around Soldau and Neidenburg have become known as the Soldau- Neidenburg group of East Germanic culture.

The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages. A study of personal pronoun morphology and change in the Germanic languages from the first records to the present day. [Studia Linguistica Germanica, 43]. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1996.

Other Scandinavian forms are in turn loaned from German. The term may thus not originate in Common Germanic and appears to be a North Sea Germanic innovation or loaned. Closely related is Greek , whence Latin '.

Tecchler's instruments are Germanic or Italian in their style of construction.

Bremer is a Germanic surname referring to residents of Bremen, Germany.

Mercian grammar has the same structure as other West Germanic dialects.

Everard is the anglicised version of the old Germanic name Eberhard.

Little is known for certain about the roots of Germanic religion.

An example which is argued to show an influence of earlier Germanic culture is law. The new kingdoms created new law codes in Latin, with occasional Germanic words. These were Roman-influenced, and under strong church influence all law was increasingly standardized to accord with Christian philosophy, and old Roman law. Germanic languages in western Europe no longer exist apart from the remaining West Germanic languages of England, the Frankish homelands near the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, and the large area between the Rhine and Elbe.

However, Hitler intended to annex Belgium and its Germanic population into the Greater Germanic Reich, initiated by the creation of Reichskommissariat Belgien, an authority run directly by the German government that sought the incorporation of the territory into the planned Germanic Reich. However Belgium was soon occupied by Allied forces in 1944. Reichskommissariat Niederlande was an occupation authority and territory established in the Netherlands in 1940 designated as a colony to be incorporated into the planned Greater Germanic Reich. Reichskommissariat Norwegen was established in Norway in 1940.

Roman bronze figurine depicting a Germanic man adorned with a Suebian knot engaged in prayer. (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris) Historical records of the Germanic tribes in Germania east of the Rhine and west of the Danube do not begin until quite late in the ancient period, so only the period after 100 BC can be examined. What is clear is that the Germanic idea of warfare was quite different from the pitched battles fought by Rome and Greece. Instead, the Germanic tribes focused on raids.

Halsall traces these theories to Nazi influence, and fears that such theories may be used to strengthen racism and opposition to immigration. Halsall considers his research on Germanic peoples to be of a revolutionary and subversive character. By rejecting the concept of a unifying Germanic culture, Halsall hopes that "the classic basis for nineteenth-century views of the German people as rooted in distant history" will be demolished. He considers it "fundamentally absurd" that Germanic peoples had anything in common beyond speaking Germanic languages.

He helped detach the field from the ideological bias which had characterized it in the past. Thompson published his work The Early Germans in 1965, which was largely concerned with the changing structure of Germanic society through its encounter with Roman Empire. He attributed increasing social stratification among the Germanic peoples of the early centuries AD to the influence of the Roman Empire. He was particularly interested in the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples, and the differences between Germanic peoples who converted to Arianism and Roman Catholicism.

Earliest Eteocretan inscription from Praisos The Noric language known only from a few fragments of writing in modern Austria and Slovenia appears to be either a Continental Celtic language or Germanic language. Encyclopédie de l'arbre celtique, Vase de Ptuj. Retrieved 2008-01-09. Proto-Germanic appeared in southern Scandinavia out of the pre- Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

Rudolf Much (7 September 1862 - 8 March 1936) was an Austrian philologist and historian who specialized in Germanic studies. Much was Professor and Chair of Germanic Linguistic History and Germanic Antiquity at the University of Vienna, during which he tutored generations of students and published a number of influential works, some of which have remained standard works up to the present day.

Languages for Pan-Germanic use have been created as well. Known examples are Tutonish, a Pan-Germanic project by Elias Molee (1902), which was intended to be an auxiliary language at first but to eventually supplant all other Germanic languages, Euronord for Northern Europe by A.J. Pilgrim (1965) and Folkspraak, a heterogeneous project consisting of various dialects, started in 1995.

Gérard (French: ) is a French masculine given name and surname of Germanic origin, variations of which exist in many Germanic and Romance languages. Like many other early Germanic names, it is dithematic, consisting of two meaningful constituents put together. In this case, those constituents are gari > ger- (meaning 'spear') and -hard (meaning 'hard/strong/brave'). The English cognate of Gérard is Gerard.

Prokosch finished his career as the Sterling Professor of Germanic Languages at Yale University, during which time he wrote his most influential work, A Comparative Germanic Grammar, which broke ground in the fields of Indo-European and Germanic studies. He died in an automobile accident in New Haven, ConnecticutÖsterreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 shortly before the book was published in 1939.

In Germanic paganism, Tamfana is a goddess. The destruction of a temple dedicated to the goddess is recorded by Roman senator Tacitus to have occurred during a massacre of the Germanic Marsi by forces led by Roman general Germanicus. Scholars have analyzed the name of the goddess (without reaching consensus) and have advanced theories regarding her role in Germanic paganism.

Germanisation is the spread of the German people, customs and institutions. The penetration of Germanic elements in the Gaul region began from the twilight of the Iron Age through migration of Germanic peoples like the Suebi and the Batavi (Germanic tribe) across the Rhine into Julius Caesar's Roman Gaul.Fernandez-Gotz, Manuel. "Identity and Power:The Transformation of Iron Age Societies in Northeast Gaul" (PDF).

"Gothic is associated with other so-called East Germanic languages spoken by tribes such as the Burgundians, the Vandals and the Gepids (classical historians group them with the Goths), the Herulians, and the Rugians.". "East Germanic languages (those of the Burgundians, Gepids, Heruli, Rugians, Scirii and Vandals)." It has however also been proposed that they spoke a North Germanic language.

A third argument may be the perception of Hercules as a bridge between the Germanic and Roman cultures, Hercules being seen as the mythical forebear of "barbarian" peoples and the first explorer of the Germanic frontier.

Stuttgart, 1995, ; Margot Klee: Grenzen des Imperiums. Leben am römischen Limes. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2006, , pp. 33–40. Together with the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, the Lower Germanic Limes forms part of the Limes Germanicus.

Germanic Kingdoms in Europe 500 AD Although there is little substantial proof, the concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe.World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish, 2009. Pp. 311.

The West Germanic counterpart of the skald is the . Like the , which is related to Modern English scoff, the name skald is continued in English scold, reflecting the central position of mocking taunts in Germanic poetry.

Proto-Norse (also called Ancient Nordic, Ancient Scandinavian, Primitive Norse, Proto-Nordic, Proto-Scandinavian, Proto-North Germanic and North Proto- Germanic) was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia and a reconstructed proto-language of Old Norse that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic in the first centuries CE. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the oldest Scandinavian Elder Futhark inscriptions, spoken from around the 2nd to the 8th centuries CE (corresponding to the late Roman Iron Age and the Germanic Iron Age). It evolved into the dialects of Old Norse at the beginning of the Viking Age around 800 CE, which later themselves evolved into the modern North Germanic languages (Faroese, Icelandic, the three Continental Scandinavian languages, and their dialects).

The symbolism of the maypole has been continuously debated by folklorists for centuries, although no definitive answer has been found. Some scholars classify maypoles as symbols of the world axis (axis mundi). The fact that they were found primarily in areas of Germanic Europe, where, prior to Christianisation, Germanic paganism was followed in various forms, has led to speculation by some that the maypoles were in some way a relic of a Germanic pagan tradition. One theory holds that they were a remnant of the Germanic reverence for sacred trees, as there is evidence for various sacred trees and wooden pillars that were venerated by the pagans across much of Germanic Europe, including Thor's Oak and the Irminsul.

Linguist Sala mentions that the Germanic peoples stayed in the former Dacia Traiana province "for a relatively brief span of time, only a couple of centuries", without maintaining close contacts with the Daco-Romans. Nandriș says that those who propose a south-Danubian homeland "on the ground of the lack of Germanic elements" in Romanian "have the same argument against them", because Germanic tribes also settled in the Balkans in the early Middle Ages. In contrast, Schramm proposes that both Proto-Romanian and Proto- Albanian must have developed in the central Balkan regions where no Germanic tribes settled, because direct borrowings from East Germanic are also missing in Albanian. Slavic loanwords make up about one-fifth of Romanian vocabulary.

In the first centuries CE, the Germanic tribes formed tribal societies with no apparent form of autocracy (chiefs only being elected in times of war), beliefs based Germanic paganism and speaking a dialect still closely resembling Common Germanic. Following the end of the migration period in the West around 500, with large federations (such as the Franks, Vandals, Alamanni and Saxons) settling the decaying Roman Empire, a series of monumental changes took place within these Germanic societies. Among the most important of these are their conversion from Germanic paganism to Christianity, the emergence of a new political system, centered on kings, and a continuing process of emerging mutual unintelligibility of their various dialects.

Today, the tradition is still observed in some parts of Europe and among European communities in North America. The fact that they were found primarily in areas of Germanic Europe, where, prior to Christianisation, Germanic paganism was followed in various forms, has led to speculation that the maypoles were in some way a continuation of a Germanic pagan tradition. One theory holds that they were a remnant of the Germanic reverence for sacred trees, as there is evidence for various sacred trees and wooden pillars that were venerated by the pagans across much of Germanic Europe, including Thor's Oak and the Irminsul.A History of Pagan Europe by Prudence Jones and Nigel Pennick, Routledge, 1997, , , p. 119.

Ingvaeonic, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the West Germanic languages that encompasses Old Frisian, Old English,Also known as Anglo-Saxon. and Old Saxon.Some include West Flemish. Cf. Bremmer (2009:22).

Genevieve () is a female given name of Germanic or Celtic origin. It may be from the Germanic name (Latinized as ) meaning "Woman of the race".Katie Martin-Doyle, The Treasury of Baby Names, Worth Press, Cambridge 2005.

Tufa (? - 492/493) was a Germanic warrior active in 5th century Italy.

Germanic mythology prophetizes the end of the world in a coming Ragnarök.

Afrikaans has a similar phonology to other West Germanic languages, especially Dutch.

The Nordic Bronze Age is often considered ancestral to the Germanic peoples.

Essays on Medieval Scandinavian and Germanic Mythology, Literature, and Culture. Paleograph Press. .

The Germanic word presumably originally meant 'white person', perhaps as a euphemism.

Map of Upper Germanic Limes The north of Taunusstein is crossed by the Upper Germanic Limes, a line of frontier forts begun in AD 86 by the Romans which stretched from near Bonn on the Rhine to near Regensburg on the Danube. It divided the Roman Empire from the unconquered Germanic tribes. Close to Orlen and the Bundesstraße 417 is a replica of a Limes watchtower, right beside the remains of the castrum Zugmantel. The Upper-Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (the Limes Germanicus) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

During the Migration Period, the area of Germanic Europe was shifted towards the south and west as a result of a series of Germanic migrations. Most notably, there was the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, which placed this region into the orbit of Germanic Europe. In Medieval Europe, the settlement of Iceland and the German eastward expansion further expanded the size of Germanic Europe. During and after World War II, the widespread use of Yiddish and German in Eastern Europe came to an end through genocide and deportation, respectively.

Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift) is a set of statements first systematically put forward by Jacob Grimm but first remarked upon by Rasmus Rask describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic (the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops, fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages (Grimm used mostly Latin and Greek for illustration).

While Latin gained some Germanic loanwords, most linguistic influence ran the other way.Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 274. Scene of Roman sacrifice on an altar with a Latin dedication to the Germanic or Celtic goddess Vagdavercustis, set up by a praetorian prefect in 165 AD at Colonia Ubiorum (Cologne, Germany) Bilingualism in a Germanic language and Latin was especially important in the military for officers in command of units recruited from Germanic-speaking areas. Tacitus observes that Arminius, the Cheruscan officer who later led a disastrously successful rebellion against the Romans, was bilingual.

Already in the Nordic Bronze Age, Germanic smiths were making swords and axes in bronze of very high quality. This metal had to be imported, and due to the lack of metal, only a few elite warriors had access to such weapons. For many centuries, due to the lack of metal, the chief weapon for Germanic warriors was the spear. Most of the swords used by the Germanic warriors were those captured from Roman soldiers until the 4th century when Germanic smiths began making the best steel in Europe.

Germanic names in Italy started to proliferate after the fall of the Roman Empire due to the Barbarian Invasions of 4th-6th centuries.Stephen Wilson, The Means Of Naming: A Social and Cultural History of Naming in Western Europe, Chapter 5 "Germanic Names", Section "Latin to Germanic names", p. 65 Patrick Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554, 2003, , Chapter 3: Individual Reactions to Ideology I: Names, Language and Profession, pp. 86-108 (first edition: 1997 ) Early studies of the Germanic names in Italy were carried out by German scholars (e.g.

By the 3rd century, Late Proto-Germanic speakers had expanded over significant distance, from the Rhine to the Dniepr spanning about . The period marks the breakup of Late Proto-Germanic and the beginning of the (historiographically-recorded) Germanic migrations. The first coherent text recorded in a Germanic language is the Gothic Bible, written in the later 4th century in the language of the Thervingi Gothic Christians, who had escaped persecution by moving from Scythia to Moesia in 348. The earliest available coherent texts (conveying complete sentences, including verbs) in Proto-Norse begin in c.

A Heathen altar for household worship in Gothenburg, Sweden Heathenism, also known as Germanic Neopaganism, refers to a series of contemporary Pagan traditions based on the historical religions, culture and literature of Germanic-speaking Europe. Heathenry is spread out across northwestern Europe, North America and Australasia, where the descendants of historic Germanic-speaking people now live. Many Heathen groups adopt variants of Norse mythology as a basis for their beliefs, conceiving of the Earth as on the great world tree Yggdrasil. Heathens believe in multiple polytheistic deities adopted from historical Germanic mythologies.

English is a West Germanic language first spoken in early medieval England which eventually became the leading language of international discourse in today's world. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the area of Great Britain that later took their name, England. Both names derive from Anglia, a peninsula on the Baltic Sea. English is most closely related to Frisian and Low Saxon, while its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Old Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as Latin and French.

In Germany, awareness of Viking history in the 19th century had been stimulated by the border dispute with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein and the use of Scandinavian mythology by Richard Wagner. The idealised view of the Vikings appealed to Germanic supremacists who transformed the figure of the Viking in accordance with the ideology of a Germanic master race.Fitzhugh and Ward, p. 363 Building on the linguistic and cultural connections between Norse-speaking Scandinavians and other Germanic groups in the distant past, Scandinavian Vikings were portrayed in Nazi Germany as a pure Germanic type.

Members of different Germanic tribes and communities served in the Roman legions, and fought with the Romans. It's probable that for instance Germanic Chieftains who fought with the Romans, tried to adapt to, and adopt, Roman culture, and that they tried to identify with the Roman nobility. In exchange for military service, the Germanics got Roman objects, although not Roman weapons, as there were Roman laws against exporting arms to the Germanic tribes. Germanic tribes who fought against the Romans got war spoils, and they often used captured Roman swords and armour.

Matronen altar with offerings in Nettersheim. Neopagan religions have been public in Germany at least since the 19th century. Nowadays Germanic Heathenism (Germanisches Heidentum, or Deutschglaube for its peculiar German forms) has many organisations in the country, including the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Communion of Germanic Faith), the Heidnische Gemeinschaft (Heathen Communion), the Verein für germanisches Heidentum (Association for Germanic Heathenry), the Nornirs Ætt, the Eldaring, the Artgemeinschaft, the Armanen- Orden, and Thuringian Firne Sitte. Other Pagan religions include the Celto- Germanic Matronenkult grassroots worship practiced in Rhineland, Celtoi (a Celtic religious association), and Wiccan groups.

Ildikó is a Hungarian feminine given name of Germanic origin; its original German version is Ilda or Hilda. Its meaning is "warrior" in ancient Germanic languages. Its medieval Latin version was Ildico, which the Hungarians adopted as Ildikó.

This is attested from numerous horse burials in the graves of Germanic leaders. Early Germanic cavalrymen commonly used spurs to properly control the horse. The stirrup was later introduced. This enabled the easier mounting and maintenance of balance.

He demanded a further third of Celtic land for his allies the Harudes. Caesar makes it clear that Germanic tribes were actually in the land of the Sequani and were terrorizing them. They are said to control all the oppida, but this statement is not entirely true, as Vesontio was not under Germanic control. Presumably, the country to the north of there was under Germanic control.

Germanic dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1: In historical linguistics, the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (also called the Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic nasal spirant law) is a description of a phonological development that occurred in the Ingvaeonic dialects of the West Germanic languages. This includes Old English, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon, and to a lesser degree Old Dutch (Old Low Franconian).

Theoretically, it could be a settlement from Gallo-Roman times, but what is likelier is that it arose in Frankish times, and simply has a pre- Germanic name drawn from a name still borne at that time by a local waterway. According to this view, Konken would have arisen as a Germanic village in its seashell-shaped dale whose pre-Germanic name was still known.

Grammar of the Gothic Language is a book by Joseph Wright describing the extinct Gothic language, first published in 1910. It includes the language's development from Proto-Indo-European (then known as Indo-Germanic) and Proto- Germanic (Primitive Germanic), and part of Ulfilas's bible translation. It superseded Wright's earlier A Primer of the Gothic Language, and has been reprinted many times throughout the 20th century.

Rudolf Simek (born 21 February 1954) is an Austrian philologist and religious studies scholar who is Professor and Chair of Ancient German and Nordic Studies at the University of Bonn. Simek specializes in Germanic studies, and is the author of several notable works on Germanic religion and mythology (including Old Norse religion and mythology), Germanic peoples, Vikings, Old Norse literature, and the culture of Medieval Europe.

The Roman sources on Germanic chants are not based on ethnographical topica, but originate from actual experiences. The primary attributes of Germanic singing can be derived from the accounts on the Germanic tribes by Publius Cornelius Tacitus. As scant and recapitulatory Tacitus' observations might be, it is possible to deduce two discrete music genres: the war chant (barditus/barritus/baritus), and the heroic songs.

Dennis Howard Green (26 June 1922 - 5 December 2008) was an English philologist who was Schröder Professor of German at the University of Cambridge. He specialized in Germanic philology, particularly the study of Medieval German literature, Germanic languages and early Germanic culture. Green was considered one of the world's leading authorities in these subjects, on which he was the author of numerous influential works.

Vendel Period helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities During the later parts of the Iron Age, as iron ore became more available, the sword became the chief Germanic weapon. Such swords came in many types, which varied from time to time. Magical swords play an important role in early Germanic literature. The shield was the main defensive weapon of a Germanic warrior.

Cardinal numbering in English follows two models, Germanic and Italic. The basic numbers are zero through ten. The numbers eleven through nineteen follow native Germanic style, as do twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, and ninety. Standard English, especially in very conservative formal contexts, continued to use native Germanic style as late as World War I for intermediate numbers greater than 20, viz.

Compared to North Germanic and, to a lesser extent, Anglo-Saxon mythology, examples of Continental Germanic paganism are extremely fragmentary. Besides a handful of brief Elder Futhark inscriptions the lone, genuinely pagan Continental Germanic documents are the short Old High German Merseburg Incantations. However, pagan mythological elements were preserved in later literature, notably in Middle High German epic poetry, but also in German, Swiss, and Dutch folklore.

Map showing the approximate locations of the major Germanic tribes in and around the geographical region of Germania as mentioned in Tacitus' work, the Germania According to Tacitus's Germania (AD 98), Tuisto (or Tuisco) is the legendary divine ancestor of the Germanic peoples. The figure remains the subject of some scholarly discussion, largely focused upon etymological connections and comparisons to figures in later (particularly Norse) Germanic mythology.

Germanic wars against the Romans are fairly well documented from the Roman perspective, such as the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Germanic wars against the early Celts remain mysterious because neither side recorded the events. Germanic tribes are thought to have originated during the Nordic Bronze Age in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia. The tribes spread south, possibly motivated by the deteriorating climate of that area.

Because it was colonized mainly by Germanic immigrants, Domingos Martins still has characteristically Germanic architecture and cuisine. This makes it a top tourist destination for Capixabas. Both tourism and agriculture are important to this municipality. The capital also holds the headquarters of a soft drink factory, "Refrigerantes Coroa", as well as a few small-scale biscuit factories which borrow their recipes from their Germanic ancestors.

A Germanic hero is the protagonist of certain works of early medieval literature mostly in Germanic languages. This hero is always a warrior, concerned both with his reputation and fame, and with his political responsibilities.Brian Murdoch, The Germanic Hero: Politics and Pragmatism in Early Medieval Poetry (London: Hambledon Press, 1996), 3–4. The way in which he "copes with the blows of fate" is extremely important.

Stanley B. Greenfield, Hero and Exile: The Art of Old English Poetry, George H. Brown, ed. (London: Hambledon Press, 1989), 15, 23. The historical era with which the Germanic heroes of the literature are associated in legend is called the Germanic Heroic Age. Among the famous Germanic heroes are the eponymous protagonist of Beowulf, an Old English epic, and the eponym of Waltharius, a Medieval Latin epic.

The word tin is shared among Germanic languages and can be traced back to reconstructed Proto-Germanic ; cognates include German , Swedish and Dutch . It is not found in other branches of Indo-European, except by borrowing from Germanic (e.g., Irish from English). The Latin name originally meant an alloy of silver and lead, and came to mean 'tin' in the 4th centuryEncyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, 1911, s.v.

It is an annual publication named after Tyr, the Germanic god. The magazine states that it "celebrates the traditional myths, culture, and social institutions of pre- Christian, pre-modern Europe." The first issue was published in 2002 under the ULTRA imprint in Atlanta, Georgia. The magazine largely focuses on topics relating to Germanic neopaganism and Germanic paganism with an amount of content regarding Celtic polytheism as well.

The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages, and Russian. Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside English, Dutch, and the Frisian languages. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the East (extinct) and North Germanic languages. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.

For the first time Naast was mentioned in 1119 or 1225. For some it would come from the Germanic "Knasque" which means soft, wet or swampy ground. For others, this name would come from a Germanic word meaning "nearest".

Theodoric is a Germanic given name. First attested as a Gothic name in the 5th century, it became widespread in the Germanic-speaking world, not least due to its most famous bearer, Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths.

In East Francia on the other hand, the nucleus of what was to become the kingdom of Germany and ultimately German-speaking Europe, the syncretism was less pronounced since only its southernmost portion had ever been part of the Roman Empire, as Germania Superior: all territories on the right hand side of the Rhine remain Germanic- speaking. Those parts of the Germanic sphere extends along the left of the Rhine, including the Swiss plateau, the Alsace, the Rhineland and Flanders, are the parts where Romano-Germanic cultural contact remains most evident. Early Germanic law reflects the coexistence of Roman and Germanic cultures during the Migration period in applying separate laws to Roman and Germanic individuals, notably the Lex Romana Visigothorum (506), the Lex Romana Curiensis and the Lex Romana Burgundionum. The separate cultures amalgamated after Christianization, and by the Carolingian period the distinction of Roman vs.

The expansion of the Germanic tribes 750 BC – AD 1 (after The Penguin Atlas of World History, 1988): Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine. The early East Germanic expansion (1st and 2nd centuries AD): Jastorf culture (blue), Oksywie culture (red), Przeworsk culture (yellow/orange); eastward expansion of the Wielbark culture (light-red/orange). The Proto-Germanic language developed in southern Scandinavia (Denmark, south Sweden and southern Norway), the Urheimat (original home) of the Germanic tribes. It is possible that Indo-European speakers first arrived in southern Scandinavia with the Corded Ware culture in the mid-3rd millennium BC, developing into the Nordic Bronze Age cultures by the early 2nd millennium BC. Proto-Germanic developed out of pre-Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe.

The Germanic Isle: Nazi Perceptions of Britain. Cambridge University Press, p. 36-60.

Lars is a common male name in Germanic-speaking countries, excluding the Anglosphere.

In the 1st century AD, there were Germanic settlers south of the Desenberg.

In Germanic languages, the term "preterite" is sometimes used for the past tense.

Runic alphabets have seen numerous uses since the 18th-century Viking revival, in Scandinavian Romantic nationalism (Gothicismus) and Germanic occultism in the 19th century, and in the context of the Fantasy genre and of Germanic Neopaganism in the 20th century.

This List of French words of Germanic origin is a dictionary of Standard Modern French words and phrases deriving from any Germanic language of any period, whether incorporated in the formation of the French language or borrowed at any time thereafter.

Since Caesar's times, Germanic soldiers and their descendants played a prominent role in the Roman army, especially as the elite cavalry. The Romans were acquainted with Germanic heroic songs, e.g. from the poetic and musical Nachleben of Arminius.Tacitus, Annals 2.88.

This List of French words of Germanic origin is a dictionary of Standard Modern French words and phrases deriving from any Germanic language of any period, whether incorporated in the formation of the French language or borrowed at any time thereafter.

As the earliest surviving Germanic writing, there are a few inscriptions in a runic script from Scandinavia dated to c. 200. It obviously represents Proto-Norse spoken in Scandinavia after it had split as a local dialect from common Proto- Germanic.

Runic alphabets have seen numerous uses since the 18th-century Viking revival, in Scandinavian Romantic nationalism (Gothicismus) and Germanic occultism in the 19th century, and in the context of the Fantasy genre and of Germanic Neopaganism in the 20th century.

For example, all the Germanic languages use a similar neuter noun to denote pagan gods: Gothic guþ, Old English god, Old High German got, and Old Norse guð. Proto-Germanic, therefore, surely had a similar word with a similar sense.

These are -ar, -or, -er, -en and identical to singular. As in English, there are many irregular verbs and plurals, such as (fot; fötter "foot; feet") and (flyga; flög; flugit "fly; flew; flown"), cf. Germanic umlaut and Germanic strong verb.

There are more than 200 strong and irregular verbs, but there is a gradual tendency for strong verbs to become weak. As German is a Germanic language, the German verb can be understood historically as a development of the Germanic verb.

The name Ascari is derived from the Italian form of the Germanic name Ansgar - Anscario. Ansgar (Latinized Ansgarius; Old Norse Ásgeirr) is a Germanic given name, composed of the elements ans "god", and gar "spear", thus meaning "spear of god".

Prior to the Middle Ages, Germanic peoples followed what is now referred to as Germanic paganism: "a system of interlocking and closely interrelated religious worldviews and practices rather than as one indivisible religion" and as such consisted of "individual worshippers, family traditions and regional cults within a broadly consistent framework". The gilded side of the Trundholm Sun Chariot, Nordic Bronze Age Germanic religion was polytheistic in nature, with some underlying similarities to other Indo- European religions. Despite the unique practices of some tribes, there was a degree of cultural uniformity among the Germanic peoples concerning religion. From its earliest descriptions by Roman authors in antiquity to the Icelandic accounts written in the Middle Ages, Germanic religion appears to have changed considerably.

Some variant forms of the name Odin such as the Lombardic ' may point in the direction that the Lombardic form actually comes from Proto- Germanic '. Wōdanaz or Wōđinaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of a god of Germanic paganism, known as Odin in Norse mythology, Wōden in Old English, Wodan or Wotan in Old High German and Godan in the Lombardic language. Godan was shortened to God over time and was adopted/retained by the Germanic peoples of the British isles as the name of their deity, in lieu of the Latin word Deus used by the Latin speaking Christian church, after conversion to Christianity. During the complex christianization of the Germanic tribes of Europe, there were many linguistic influences upon the Christian missionaries.

B-bracteate of the B7 or "Fürstenberg" type, found in Welschingen (IK 389), interpreted as depicting Frija-Frigg. Many of the bracteates feature ruler portraits of Germanic kings with characteristic hair that is plaited back and depictions of figures from Germanic mythology influenced to varying extents by Roman coinage while others feature entirely new motifs. The motifs are commonly those of Germanic mythology and some are believed to be Germanic pagan icons giving protection or for divination. Often depicted is a figure with a horse, birds and sometimes a spear – that some scholars interpret as a representation of the Germanic god Wodan – and aspects of the figure that would later appear in 13th century depictions as Odin such as the Poetic Edda.

Excerpt from Njáls saga in the Möðruvallabók (AM 132 folio 13r) c. 1350. Germanic literature includes all the oral and written literature which was common to the early Germanic peoples, in respect to form and nature of content. It was generally intended to honor the gods or to praise tribal ancestors. The general public plays an insignificant role in Germanic literature, which revolves almost exclusively around chieftains, warriors and their associates.

The historical relationship between preaspiration in Sami and North Germanic is disputed: there is general agreement of a connection, but not on whether it represents Sami influence in North Germanic, North Germanic influence in Sami or parallel substrate influence in both languages. Elsewhere in the world, preaspiration occurs in Halh Mongolian and in several American Indian languages, including dialects of Cree, Ojibwe, Fox, Miami-Illinois, Hopi and Purepecha.

The Frontier Thesis came about at a time when the Germanic germ theory of history was popular. Proponents of the germ theory believed that political habits are determined by innate racial attributes. Americans inherited such traits as adaptability and self-reliance from the Germanic peoples of Europe. According to the theory, the Germanic race appeared and evolved in the ancient Teutonic forests, endowed with a great capacity for politics and government.

The Journal of English and Germanic Philology is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of medieval studies that was established in 1897 and is now published by University of Illinois Press. Its focus is on the cultures of English, Germanic, and Celtic-speaking parts of medieval northern Europe.Journal of English and Germanic Philology at Project Muse. Previous editors-in-chief include Albert S. Cook and George T. Flom.

In the later 20th century, Germanic neopagan movements oriented themselves more towards polytheistic reconstructionism, turning away from theosophic and occult elements, but elements of Ariosophical mysticism continue to play a role in some white supremacist organizations. Alleged mystical or shamanic aspects of historical pre-Christian Germanic culture, summarized as seidr are also practiced in Odinism (Freya Aswynn, Nigel Pennick, Karl Spiesberger, see also Germanic Runic Astrology, The Book of Blotar).

While Germanic in origin, "Oleg" is not very common outside of Eastern European countries.

Brehaut is a surname derived from the French Bréhaut, and ultimately of Germanic origin.

His death led to the ending of the Germanic domination of Eastern Roman policy.

Baldwin is a Germanic name, composed of the elements bald "bold" and win "friend".

Along with the number 27, both numbers also figure into the lunar Germanic calendar.

Commonly featuring narratives focused on Germanic deities and a large variety of other entities.

Gothic is a Unicode block containing characters for writing the East Germanic Gothic language.

The building housed the Departments of Germanic, Romantic and Slavic Languages, as of 1973.

He thought that a highly advanced Germanic civilization had predated contact with the Romans.

The design is representative of what Bernhard Salin termed "Design II" Germanic animal ornament.

The scholarly consensus concerning the Migration Period is that the Frankish identity emerged during the first half of the 3rd century out of various earlier, smaller Germanic groups, including the Salii, Sicambri, Chamavi, Bructeri, Chatti, Chattuarii, Ampsivarii, Tencteri, Ubii, Batavi, and Tungri. It is speculated that these tribes originally spoke a range of related Istvaeonic dialects in the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic. Sometime in the 4th or 5th centuries, it becomes appropriate to speak of Old Franconian rather than an Istvaeonic dialect of Proto-Germanic. Bergakker inscription Very little is known about what the language was like during this period.

Against the theories regarding substrata, a profound sound change in the Germanic languages, Grimm's law, has been put forward as evidence for the Germanic languages being non-substratic and having changed, by their own accord, away from other branches of Indo-European. Grimm's law affected all of the stops that were inherited from Proto-Indo-European. The Germanic languages also share common innovations in grammar as well as in phonology: the Germanic verb has been extensively remodelled and shows fewer grammatical moods and markedly fewer inflections for the passive voice.Not all scholars consider languages such as Sanskrit to be conservative.

The grammar of Old English is quite different from that of Modern English, predominantly by being much more inflected. As an old Germanic language, Old English has a morphological system that is similar to that of the hypothetical Proto-Germanic reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in Proto-Indo-European and also including constructions characteristic of the Germanic daughter languages such as the umlaut. Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic, which is among the most conservative of the Germanic languages. To a lesser extent, it resembles modern German.

A seminal insight into how the Germanic languages diverged from their Indo-European ancestor had been established in the early nineteenth century, and had been formulated as Grimm's law. Amongst other things, Grimm's law described how the Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops ', ', ', and regularly changed into Proto-Germanic (bilabial fricative ), (dental fricative ), (velar fricative ), and (velar fricative ).R.D. Fulk, A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages, Studies in Germanic Linguistics, 3 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2018), , , p. 102. However, there appeared to be a large set of words in which the agreement of Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Baltic, Slavic etc.

In the late 1930s, Dumézil broadened his research to include the study of Germanic religion. His research on Germanic religion was greatly influenced by the renowned Dutch philologist Jan de Vries, and also by Höfler. It was while lecturing on the Indo-European component in Germanic religion at Uppsala University in the spring of 1938 that Dumézil made a major discovery which was to revolutionize his future research. In his subsequent Mythes et dieux des Germains (1939), Dumézil found that early Germanic society was characterized by the same social divisions as those among the early Indo-Iranians.

Germanic personal names in a 961 Galician document: Mirellus, Viliefredus, Sedeges, Evenandus, Adolinus, Sedoni, Victimirus, Ermoygus and others, with some Latin and Christian names Germanic names were the most common personal names in Galicia-Portugal during the early and high Middle Ages, surpassing Christian and Roman names in number and popularity.Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 81-83. The names, primarily of East Germanic origin, were used by the Suebi, Goths, Vandals and Burgundians. With the names, the Galicians inherited the Germanic onomastic system; a person used one name (sometimes a nickname or alias), with no surname, occasionally adding a patronymic.

Germanic-SS uniforms were modified versions of the original black Allgemeine- SS uniforms and were used strictly by the Germanic-SS in occupied countries. These units were provided with surplus black uniforms upon which were displayed country specific insignia. This led to a wide variety of insignia and rank titles depending on the country of origin, although standardized throughout the entire Germanic-SS were the rank insignia pips and oak leaves used by the SS proper. The Germanic-SS effectively ceased to exist in late 1944, after which time most of its members were folded into the foreign legions of the Waffen-SS.

The Treveri boasted of their Germanic origin, according to Tacitus, in order to distance themselves from "Gallic laziness" (inertia Gallorum). But Tacitus does not include them with the Vangiones, Triboci or Nemetes as "tribes unquestionably German". The presence of hall villas of the same type as found in indisputably Germanic territory in northern Germany, alongside Celtic types of villas, corroborates the idea that they had both Celtic and Germanic affinities. Strabo says that their Nervian and Tribocan neighbours were Germanic peoples who by that point had settled on the left bank of the Rhine, while the Treveri are implied to be Gaulish.

Pp. 311–312. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germania. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germania remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled.

Different theories exist as of how exactly the Kalix river valley came to be settled by Germanic speakers. Related Germanic language is also spoken further to the southeast, with areas with mainly Finnic speakers in between. This suggests movement along both sides of the Bothnian Bay, and a relatively peaceful relationship between the three different groups, Germanic, Sami and Finnic, long before all of them fell under state control. The Germanic settlers spoke a north dialectal development of Proto-Norse, related to, but not equal to the Old Norse spoken by Vikings many hundred kilometers down the Scandinavian coast.

Basilica of Saint Servatius (built 570) in Maastricht is the oldest church in the Netherlands. Dutch religion in 1849 Between the Celtic and Germanic peoples and later the Roman conquerors a cultural exchange took place. An adaptation of polytheistic religions and each other's myths took place among the various tribes, coming from the Germanic, Celtic and later Roman mythology. From the 4th to the 6th century AD The Great Migration took place, in which the small Celtic-Germanic-Roman tribes in the Low Countries were gradually supplanted by three major Germanic tribes: the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons.

Germanic neopagans call their summer solstice festival Litha, which is part of the reconstructed Germanic calendar used by some Germanic Neopagans and takes its name from Bede's De temporum ratione that provides Anglo-Saxon names for the months roughly corresponding to June and July as sē ǣrra līþa and sē æfterra līþa (the "early Litha month" and the "later Litha month") with an intercalary month of līþa appearing after sē æfterra līþa on leap years. In modern times, Litha is celebrated by neopagans who emphasize what they believe to be the reconstruction of Anglo-Saxon Germanic paganism.

According to Bancroft, the Germanic germs had spread across of all Western Europe by the Middle Ages and had reached their height. This Germanic intelligence was only halted by “civil and ecclesiastical restraints” and a lack of “free land.” This was Bancroft’s explanation for the Dark Ages. Turner’s theory of early American development, which relied on the frontier as a transformative force, starkly opposed the Bancroftian racial determinism. Turner referred to the Germanic germ theory by name in his essay, claiming that “too exclusive attention has been paid by institutional students to the Germanic origins.” Turner believed that historians should focus on the settlers’ struggle with the frontier as the catalyst for the creation of American character, not racial or hereditary traits. Though Turner’s view would win over the Germanic germ theory’s version of Western history, the theory persisted for decades after Turner’s thesis enraptured the American Historical Association. In 1946, medieval historian Carl Stephenson published an extended article refuting the Germanic germ theory.

The Germanic substrate hypothesis attempts to explain the distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo-European languages. Based on the elements of Common Germanic vocabulary and syntax which do not seem to have cognates in other Indo-European languages, it claims that Proto- Germanic may have been either a creole or a contact language that subsumed a non-Indo-European substrate language, or a hybrid of two quite different Indo- European languages, mixing the centum and satem types. The non-Indo-European substrate theory was first proposed by Sigmund Feist in 1932, who estimated that roughly a third of Proto-Germanic lexical items came from a non-Indo- European substrate and that the supposed reduction of the Proto-Germanic inflectional system was the result of pidginization with that substrate. Which culture or cultures may have contributed the substrate material is an ongoing subject of academic debate and study.

Jera (also Jeran, Jeraz) is the conventional name of the j-rune of the Elder Futhark, from a reconstructed Common Germanic stem 'C.f. Page (2005:15). The word may have been either neuter or masculine in Common Germanic. meaning "harvest, (good) year".

It is clear that the Belgic tribes of Gaul were culturally influenced by both Gaulish and Germanic neighbours, but the details, for example which languages they spoke, remain uncertain. It is also probable that the Eburones contained both Gallic and Germanic elements.

In English and other West Germanic languages, the cognate is un- (or on-). In North Germanic languages, the -n- has disappeared and Old Norse has ' (e.g. ), Danish and Norwegian have ', whereas Swedish uses ' (pronounced [u]), and Icelandic and Faroese use the related '.

Earliest attestation of the Germanic word in the 6th-century Codex Argenteus (Mt 5:34) The English word god continues the Old English ' (' in Gothic, ' in Old Norse, ' in Frisian and Dutch, and ' in modern German), which is derived from Proto-Germanic '.

Moritz Schönfeld (9 February 1880 – 4 October 1958) was a Dutch linguist who specialized in Germanic linguistics. Mortiz Schönfeld was the author of several reference works on Germanic names and Dutch etymology which have been highly influential and are still in use today.

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. The most widely spoken Germanic language, English, is the world's most widely spoken language with an estimated 2 billion speakers. All Germanic languages are derived from Proto- Germanic, spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia. The West Germanic languages include the three most widely spoken Germanic languages: English with around 360–400 million native speakers; German, with over 100 million native speakers;SIL Ethnologue (2006). 95 million speakers of Standard German; 105 million including Middle and Upper German dialects; 120 million including Low German and Yiddish. and Dutch, with 24 million native speakers. Other West Germanic languages include Afrikaans, an offshoot of Dutch, with over 7.1 million native speakers; Low German, considered a separate collection of unstandardized dialects, with roughly 0.3 million native speakers and probably 6.7–10 million people who can understand itSaxon, Low Ethnologue. (at least 5 million in Germany and 1.7 million in the Netherlands);The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives by Guus Extra, Durk Gorter; Multilingual Matters, 2001 – 454; page 10.

11 postgraduates of the specialty 10.02.04 – Germanic languages defended their PhD theses under her supervision.

The myths have further been revived in a religious context among adherents of Germanic Neopaganism.

Frideric (; ? - 492/493) was the leader of the Germanic Rugians from 487 to 492/493.

His own research focussed on Middle High German, Old High German, Germanic folklore and religion.

Eberhard is an old Germanic name meaning the strength or courage of a wild boar.

The Vandal movement into Corsica represents a conquest and not an influx of Germanic emigrants.

At the end of the Roman period the region was conquered by the Germanic Franks.

Germanic dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1: The Istvaeones (also spelled Istaevones) were a Germanic group of tribes living near the banks of the Rhine during the Roman empire which reportedly shared a common culture and origin. The Istaevones were contrasted to neighbouring groups, the Ingaevones on the North Sea coast, and the Herminones, living inland of these groups. In linguistics, the term "Istvaeonic languages" is also sometimes used in discussions about the grouping of the northwestern West Germanic languages, consisting of Frankish and its descendants (principally Old Dutch) as well as several closely related historical dialects. Whether or not the Istvaeones spoke a Germanic language according to modern definitions, the theory proposes that their language indirectly influenced later Germanic languages in the area as a substrate.

Germanic priestesses were feared by the Romans, as these tall women with glaring eyes, wearing flowing white gowns often wielded a knife for sacrificial offerings. Captives might have their throats cut and be bled into giant cauldrons or have their intestines opened up and the entrails thrown to the ground for prophetic readings. Spiritual rituals frequently occurred in consecrated groves or upon islands on lakes where perpetual fires burned. Various deities found in Germanic paganism occur widely among the Germanic peoples, most notably the god known to the continental Germanic peoples as Wodan or Wotan, to the Anglo-Saxons as Woden, and to the Norse as Óðinn, as well as the god Thor—known to the continental Germanic peoples as Donar, to the Anglo-Saxons as Þunor and to the Norse as Þórr.

The find is regarded as an example of an early Germanic prestige burial. It is significant for its attestation of interaction between Germanic and Roman culture. The tableware has been interpreted as part of an attempt by a local elite to manifest high status by imitating Roman drinking customs. The archeologist Knud Friis Johansen has written that their presence at the site might have resulted from a conscious Roman attempt to influence Germanic elites.

The Germanic calendars were lunisolar, the months corresponding to lunations. Tacitus writes in his Germania (Chapter 11) that the Germanic peoples observed the lunar months. The lunisolar calendar is reflected in the Proto-Germanic term "month" (Old English , Old Saxon , Old Norse , and Old High German , Gothic Month Online Etymology Dictionary), being a derivation of the word for "moon", — which shares its ancestry with the Greek mene "moon", men "month", and Latin mensis "month".

On the other hand, Ernest Nègre, toponymist and specialist in Occitan, has offered that it is derived from the Germanic personal name Allinus followed by the Old Norse bekkr.Toponymie générale de la France, Librairie Droz, p. 1012. Yet another theory, courtesy of Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing, holds that Annebault derives from the Germanic personal name Hanno followed by Germanic bald, or bold.Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France, Librairie Guénégaud 1979. p.

German Geist (masculine gender) continues Old High German geist, attested as the translation of Latin spiritus. It is the direct cognate of English ghost, from a West Germanic gaistaz. Its derivation from a PIE root g̑heis- "to be agitated, frightened" suggests that the Germanic word originally referred to frightening (c.f. English ghastly) apparitions or ghosts, and may also have carried the connotation of "ecstatic agitation, furor" related to the cult of Germanic Mercury.

20,000 heavily armed Roman infantry, and auxiliaries, are brutally ambushed by Germanic forces. Though the legions are well trained, it is Arminius' tactics that prove to be decisive. For three days the Germanic tribesmen surround the legions, killing Roman soldiers along with civilians, family members of the soldiers; some are even taken captive, most of whom are sacrificed on an altar to the Germanic gods. Forty years later the Romans attack Germania again.

In the central parts of the Germanic Basin, the Germanic Trias has an average thickness of 800 meters, but regional differences are considerable. In the north of Germany the thickness of the Buntsandstein alone can exceed 1400 meters. The Germanic Trias lies on top of the Permian Zechstein Group and below Lower Jurassic units, such as the Lias Group or Altena Group. The base is not defined in the same way everywhere.

These raids were conducted by irregular troops, often formed along family or village lines, in groups of 10 to about 1,000. Large bodies of troops, while figuring prominently in the history books, were the exception rather than the rule of ancient warfare. Thus a typical Germanic force might consist of 100 men with the sole goal of raiding a nearby Germanic or foreign village. Thus, most warfare was at their Germanic neighbors.

To put it bluntly, Hitler declared in private talks that the modern Reich should emulate the racial policy of the old Roman-Germanic Holy Empire, by annexing the Italian lands and especially Lombardy, whose population had well preserved their original Germanic Aryan character, unlike the lands of East Europe, with its racially alien population, scarcely marked by a Germanic contribution.Norman Cameron, R. H. Stevens. Hitler's Table Talk, 1941-1944: His Private Conversations.

The numbers nine and three, significant in Germanic paganism and later Germanic folklore, are mentioned frequently within the charm. The poem contains references to Christian and English Pagan elements, including a mention of the major Germanic god Woden. According to R. K. Gordon, the poem is "clearly an old heathen thing which has been subjected to Christian censorship." Malcolm Laurence Cameron states that chanting the poem aloud results in a "marvellously incantatory effect".

British Israelites who are proponents of Hine's German-Assyria connection do not believe that the Anglo-Saxons were Germanic, but instead of Scythian heritage, who ultimately descended from the ancient Israelites.Hine, Forty-seven Identifications, (1878), pp. 16–29. Hine pointed out that the Anglo-Saxons only spoke a Germanic language, and that the term 'German' was an exonym and that the Saxons were distinct to the other continental Germanic tribes.Hine, pp. 20–22.

Orkhon- Yenisey letters have a superficial similarity to Germanic runes in shape, and so are sometimes called runes. Unlike the Germanic runes, the Old Turkic alphabet was written right to left while Germanic runes were usually written left to right. The script was used in some parts of Kazakhstan's territory in the fifth to the tenth centuries. The language of the inscriptions was the Old Turkic, the language of the First Turkic Khaganate.

The ⟨kn⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ letter combinations usually indicate a Germanic origin of the word. In Old English, ⟨k⟩ and ⟨g⟩ were not silent when preceding ⟨n⟩. Cognates in other Germanic languages show that the ⟨k⟩ was probably a voiceless velar plosive in Proto-Germanic. For example, the initial ⟨k⟩ is not silent in words such as German Knecht which is a cognate of knight, Knoten which is a cognate of knot, etc.

The terms of the 1870 agreement, of course, reflected the games of imperialism. Mirroring Franco-Germanic and Anglo-Germanic rivalries, a “precedence clause” imposed by Havas and Reuters on Wolff obliged Wolff to pay 25% of its annual profit and restricted its future expansion.

The Schiersteiner pillar is completely preserved. It clearly depicts a Germanic view of Jupiter, as a flying rider modelled after the Germanic god Wotan. Roman rule in Schierstein lasted for almost three and a half centuries. Then the Franks settled in the Rhine Valley.

Very little is known about the Vandalic language itself, but it is believed of the East Germanic linguistic branch, like Gothic. The Goths have left behind the only text corpus of the East Germanic language type, especially a 4th-century translation of the Gospels.

He attended Boston Latin School, then earned a bachelor's degree in Germanic Languages and Literatures at the University of Massachusetts in 1953. He went on to get his master's and doctoral degrees in Germanic Languages and Literatures at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio.

The most famous lindworm in Norse and Germanic mythology is Fafnir. The Germanic stories of lindworms have them guarding a treasure hoard. The lindworm Fafnir guarded earthen mounds full of ancient treasure. The treasure was cursed and brought ill to those who later possessed it.

The origin of the Qur'anic Isa is complex and is detailed below. Isa was also used in the Frisian (Old Germanic) language for both males and females and was a short form of Germanic names beginning with the element "is", meaning ice and iron.

The Germanic Trias formed in the large Germanic Basin, a basin that covered much of midwestern Europe (including the south of the North Sea and Baltic Sea) during the Triassic. The Muschelkalk has a predominantly marine facies whereas the Buntsandstein and Keuper are mostly continental.

Helmets and armors have been found in early Germanic graves, usually of leaders. The armor generally consisted of thousands of rings, a so-called ring-mail. The ring- mail is vividly described in Beowulf. For the average Germanic warrior, leather was the only protection.

Jacob Grimm (1835) emphasizes the great age of the tradition reflected in the mythological material surrounding this name, without being able to reconstruct the characteristics of the Common Germanic myth. Viktor Rydberg in his Teutonic Mythology (1886) also assumes Common Germanic age for the figure.

Haimo, also spelled Hamo, Heimo, Hamon, Haim, Haym, Heym, Aymo, Aimo, etc., is a masculine given name of Germanic origin. The Old French forms are Haimon, Aymon, Aimon, Aymes. It is a hypocoristic form of various Germanic names beginning with the radical haim-, meaning "home".

Beltrán is a Spanish male given name and surname. In non-Spanish speaking countries, the accent is usually omitted as Beltran. It derives from the Germanic words berht ("bright") and hramn ("raven"). It shares this same Germanic origin with Bertrand (French) and Bertram (German).

400 in runic inscriptions (such as the Tune Runestone). The delineation of Late Common Germanic from Proto-Norse at about that time is largely a matter of convention. Early West Germanic text is available from the 5th century, beginning with the Frankish Bergakker inscription.

Round gold medals inspired by Roman coins appeared, adorned by images of Balder, Tyr and Odin. These gods were prominently worshipped by the upper class and the Germanic kings. In this example, Roman techniques were used to reproduce and convey Germanic ideas and religion.

While Germanic umlaut has had important consequences for all modern Germanic languages, its effects are particularly apparent in German, because vowels resulting from umlaut are generally spelled with a specific set of letters: ä, ö, and ü, usually pronounced /ɛ/ (formerly /æ/), /ø/, and /y/.

The festival was originally a religious celebration for a good harvest season. Darré described it as "[the day when] the Germanic unity of peasant soil, and creator are recognised as the most holy symbol of the connection between the Germanic people and the soil".

Ivar (Old Norse Ívarr) is a Scandinavian masculine given name. Another variant of the name is Iver, which is more common in Norway. The Old Norse name has several possible etymologies. In North Germanic phonology, several of the elements common to Germanic names became homophonous.

Pope Leo IX was one of eight German popes. Eight popes have been either German or from Germanic tribes. Pope Boniface II, an Ostrogoth, served as the first Germanic pope from 530 to 532. The next German pope was Gregory V (Pope 996-999).

Greco-Roman geographers of the 1st century AD are unanimous and specific that the Bastarnae were Germanic in language and culture. The Greek geographer Strabo (writing c. 5–20 AD) says the Bastarnae are "of Germanic stock". The Roman geographer Pliny the Elder (c.

Alonso is a Spanish name of Germanic origin that is a Galician-Portuguese variant of Adalfuns.

It derives from the Roman god Mars. It has also Germanic origin from the element "marah".

The Týr rune is commonly used by Germanic neopagans to symbolize veneration of the god Týr.

Salies married Hansgerd Hellenkemper, Byzantinist and director of the Romano-Germanic Museum in Cologne, in 1979.

Liam is a short form of the Irish name "Uilliam" or the old Germanic name William.

Numerous legendary creatures are attested in Germanic mythology. These include the dís, fylgja, dwarfs and elves.

Stefanie von Schnurbein. 2016. Norse Revival: Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism. Brill Publishers. p. 69Yfirlýsing frá Lögréttu.

Germanic subjects had been replaced by the feudal system of the Three Estates of the Realm.

Baldanders or The Soon-Another is a creature of Germanic literary myth that features protean properties.

More specifically, the Scirii are believed to have spoken an East Germanic language like the Goths.

Heads were also taken among the Germanic tribes and among Iberians, but the purpose is unknown.

The name Abbans is based on a German man's name Abbo with the Germanic suffix -ing.

After the Battle of Lechfeld (or Augsburg) in 955, new Germanic settlers came to the area.

The largest Germanic settlement from the migration period in Slovakia was unearthed in Nitra-Párovské Háje.

The East Germanic branch included Gothic, Burgundian, and Vandalic, all of which are now extinct. The last to die off was Crimean Gothic, spoken until the late 18th century in some isolated areas of Crimea. The SIL Ethnologue lists 48 different living Germanic languages, 41 of which belong to the Western branch and six to the Northern branch; it places Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German in neither of the categories, but it is often considered a German dialect by linguists. The total number of Germanic languages throughout history is unknown as some of them, especially the East Germanic languages, disappeared during or after the Migration Period.

Germanic - Romance language border: • Early Middle Ages • Early Twentieth Century The earliest evidence of Germanic languages comes from names recorded in the 1st century by Tacitus (especially from his work Germania), but the earliest Germanic writing occurs in a single instance in the 2nd century BC on the Negau helmet. From roughly the 2nd century AD, certain speakers of early Germanic varieties developed the Elder Futhark, an early form of the runic alphabet. Early runic inscriptions also are largely limited to personal names and difficult to interpret. The Gothic language was written in the Gothic alphabet developed by Bishop Ulfilas for his translation of the Bible in the 4th century.

The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch, Yiddish, Afrikaans, and others. The Germanic languages in Europe Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf-Benrath and Krefeld-Uerdingen, respectively) serve to distinguish the Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects (nos. 29–34 on the map), while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German/Low Saxon (nos.

Caesar and Tacitus gave colorful descriptions of the Germanic peoples, but scholars note that these need to be viewed cautiously. For one thing, many of the tropes used, such as those concerning the red or blond hair, the blue eyes, and the undisciplined emotions of the Germanic peoples, were old ones that had long been used for any of the northern peoples such as Gauls. Secondly, the Germanic descriptions of both authors are recognized as having been intended to be both critical of Roman moral softness, and pushing for specific foreign policies. Tacitus famously described the Germanic people as ethnically "unmixed", which had an influence on pre-1945 German racist nationalism.

Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2.4 The Romanized Greek Strabo wrote that the Nervii were of Germanic origin.Strabo, Geographica 4.3 Tacitus, in his book Germania, says that in his time the Nervii and Treveri both claimed Germanic ancestry, similar to that of their mutual neighbours the Tungri, in order to distinguish them from the weaknesses of the Gauls.Tacitus, Germania 28 The Romans were not precise in their ethnography of northern barbarians: by "Germanic" Caesar may simply have meant "originating east of the Rhine" with no distinction of language intended. During Caesar's lifetime, Germanic languages east of the Rhine may have been no closer than the river Elbe.

Before publishing his first novel, Grundy published, as Kveldulf Gundarsson, two books on Germanic neopaganism and Germanic magic. He has since edited and co-written both editions of the handbook of The Troth, Our Troth, and written other works on ancient and modern Germanic paganism and Germanic culture. Grundy was previously Lore Warden and Master of the Elder Training Program for the Ring of Troth (now known simply as The Troth) and carried on the organization's tradition of being based in scholarship, started by Edred Thorsson.Kaplan, Jeffrey, "Chapter Nine: The Reconstruction of the Ásatrú and Odinist Traditions" in Lewis, James R. (1996) Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft SUNY Press, , pp.

The Romans were not precise in their ethnography of northern barbarians: by "Germanic", Caesar may simply have meant "originating east of the Rhine" (the homeland of the Germani cisrhenani) with no distinction of language intended. The east of the Rhine was not necessarily inhabited by Germanic speakers at this time. It has been remarked that Germanic language speakers might have been no closer than the river Elbe in the time of Caesar. However, studies of placenames such as those of Maurits Gysseling, have been argued to show evidence of the pre-Roman presence of early Germanic languages throughout the Belgic area north of the Ardennes, where the Germani cisrhenani lived.

Lombardic is classified as part of the Elbe Germanic (Upper German) group of West Germanic languages, most closely related to its geographical neighbours Alemannic and Bavarian. This is consistent with the accounts of classical historians, and indeed with the archaeological evidence of Langobardic settlement along the river Elbe. In view of the lack of Lombardic texts and the narrow scope of the attested Lombardic vocabulary — almost entirely nouns in the nominative case and proper names — the classification rests entirely on phonology. Here the clear evidence of the Second Sound Shift shows that the language must be High German, rather than North Sea Germanic or East Germanic, as some earlier scholars proposed.

Map of the Pre-Roman Iron Age culture(s) associated with Proto-Germanic, ca 500 BC–50 BC. The area south of Scandinavia is the Jastorf culture. Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. This common, but not direct, ancestor (proto-language) of all contemporary Germanic languages is called Proto-Germanic, commonly assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. This long-standing, well-known article on the languages can be found in almost any edition of Britannica.

The final nation to contribute to the Germanic SS was Denmark, whose Germansk Korpet (later called the Schalburg Corps) came into being in April 1943. For the SS, they did not think of their compatriots in terms of national borders but in terms of Germanic racial makeup, known conceptually to them as Deutschtum, a greater idea which transcended traditional political boundaries. While the SS leadership foresaw an imperialistic and semi-autonomous relationship for the Nordic or Germanic countries like Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway as co-bearers of a greater Germanic empire, Hitler refused to grant them the same degree of independence despite ongoing pressure from ranking members of the SS.

This pan-Germanic empire was expected to assimilate practically all of Germanic Europe into an enormously expanded Greater Germanic Reich. Territorially speaking, this encompassed the already- enlarged Reich itself (consisting of pre-1938 Germany plus the areas annexed into the Großdeutsche Reich), the Netherlands, Belgium, areas in north-eastern France considered to be historically and ethnically Germanic, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, at least the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein.Rich 1974, pp. 401–402. The most notable exception was the predominantly Anglo-Saxon United Kingdom, which was not projected as having to be reduced to a German province but to instead become an allied seafaring partner of the Germans.

Ebel's primary specializations were constitutional history and the history of law, in particular early Germanic law. He was a member of the Konstanzer Arbeitskreis für mittelalterliche Geschichte, an association of medievalists, and beginning in 1959 of the Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Westfalen (Historical Commission for Lower Saxony and Westphalia). He edited and translated a number of early Germanic law codes including the Asega-bôk, the legal code for the Rustringian Frisians and one of the oldest surviving continental Germanic law codes. Despite his commitment to Nazism, his publications included a 1936 refutation of the notion that the employment contract derived from the relationship of Germanic followers with their lord.

The III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps (III. (germanisches) SS-Panzerkorps) was a German Waffen-SS armoured corps which saw action on the Eastern Front during World War II. The (germanische) (lit. Germanic) part of its designation was granted as it was composed primarily of foreign volunteer formations.

Elmar Seebold (born September 28, 1934) is a German philologist who specializes in Germanic philology. From 1971 to 1983, Seebold was Professor of Germanic philology at the University of Fribourg. He then transferred to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Seebold retired from the University in 1999.

A Germanic-Celtic confederation under the command of the Cimbric king Boiorix was defeated by a Roman army under the joint command of the consul Gaius Marius and the proconsul Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The battle marked the end of the Germanic threat to the Roman Republic.

Germanic Myth refers to an idealized or valorized view of German tribes living to the North of Rome in the first century CE. It takes inspiration from Germania, a 1st-century account of Germanic tribes by Tacitus."race." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.

Irminonic or Elbe Germanic is also therefore a term for one of the unattested dialect groups ancestral to the West Germanic language family, especially the High German languages,Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hünenburg. which include modern Standard German.

Less frequently, a name was a noun or an adjective. These names were transmitted to the Suevi with the usual Germanic rules of inheritance,Cf. George T. Flom (1917) Alliteration and Variation in Old Germanic Name-Giving, in Modern Language Notes Vol. 32, No. 1 (Jan.

After the Christianization of the Germanic peoples, tales of dwarfs continued to be told in the folklore of areas of Europe where Germanic languages were (and are) spoken.Lindow (2001:101). In the late legendary sagas, dwarfs demonstrate skill in healing as well as in smithing.Gundarsson (2007:87).

The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin lunae dies ("day of the moon").Barnhart (1995:485). Japanese and Korean share the same ancient Chinese words '月曜日' (Hiragana:げつようび, translit. getsuyо̄bi, Hangul:월요일) for Monday which means "day of the moon".

I-affection is an example of i-mutation and may be compared to the Germanic umlaut, and a-affection is similar to Germanic a-mutation. More rarely, the term "affection", like "umlaut", may be applied to other languages and is then a synonym for i-mutation generally.

The Goths, Gepids, Vandals, and Burgundians were East Germanic groups who appear in Roman records in Late Antiquity. At times these groups warred against or allied with the Roman Empire, the Huns, and various Germanic tribes. The size and social composition of their armies remains controversial.

The Romans sent the senior consul of 104, Gaius Marius, a proven and capable general, at the head of another large army. The Germanic tribes never materialized so Marius subdued the Volcae Tectosages capturing their king Copillus.Lynda Telford, Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered, p. 58. In 103, Sulla, one of Marius's lieutenants, succeeded in persuading the Germanic Marsi tribe to become friends and allies of Rome; they detached themselves from the Germanic confederation and went back to Germania.

All three words described as "Hunnic" by ancient sources appear to be Indo-European. A number of scholars suggest that a Germanic language, possibly Gothic, may have coexisted with another Hunnic language as the lingua franca of the Hunnic Empire. Maenchen-Helfen suggests that the words medos and kamos could possibly be of Germanic origin. He argues that Attila, Bleda, Laudaricus, Onegesius, Ragnaris, and Ruga are Germanic, while Heather also includes the names Scottas and Berichus.

The Germanic first or given name Richard derives from the old Germanic words "ric" ("ruler, leader, king") and "hard" ("strong, brave, hardy"), and it therefore means "strong in rule". Nicknames include "Richy", "Dick", "Dickon", "Dickie", "Rich", "Richie", "Rick", "Rico", "Ricky", and others. "Richard" is a common male name in many Germanic languages, including English, German, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Dutch. It is also often used as a French, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Finnish, or Estonian name.

Its Lombardic forms are Garipald and Gairipald; in modern Italian it is Garibaldo or Garivaldo (feminine Garibalda), and gives rise to the patronymic Garibaldi, and the adjective garibaldino ("Garibaldian", meaning daring, reckless, bold). Its roots are Proto-Germanic "gairaz", or "gaizaz" (in some West-Germanic dialects "gar" or "ger") (lance, spear) and Proto-Germanic "balthaz" (bold). Today the name is used mainly in Italy, to form an ideological connection with the Risorgimento led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Germanic philology is the philological study of the Germanic languages, particularly from a comparative or historical perspective. The beginnings of research into the Germanic languages began in the 16th century, with the discovery of literary texts in the earlier phases of the languages. Early modern publications dealing with Old Norse culture appeared in the 16th century, e.g. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (Olaus Magnus, 1555) and the first edition of the 13th century Gesta Danorum (Saxo Grammaticus), in 1514.

Since 1999, Suzuki has been Professor of Old Germanic Studies at Kansai Gaidai University. Suzuki has served on the editorial board of the The Interdisciplinary Journal for Germanic Linguistics and Semiotic Analysis (1996-), General Linguistics (2001-2007), Journal of Germanic Linguistics (2002-), NOWELE (2012-), Historical Linguistics in Japan (2012-2014), and Studia Metrica et Poetica (2013-). He is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study.

They consider Old Norse literature, Roman literature and other primary sources unreliable for the study of Germanic history and culture. Previous scholarship on Germanic tribes is to them politically unreliable. In their view, Germanic culture was entirely derived from the Roman Empire. Wolf Liebeschuetz has criticized these theories as "very strongly ideological, deriving from the rejection of nationalism and the acceptance of multiculturalism", and "flawed because they depend on a dogmatic and selective use of the evidence".

Osterby Head with Suebian knot. A battle scene from Tropaeum Traiani: a Roman legionnaire battles a Dacian warrior wielding a falx, while a Germanic warrior (Bastarnae?), sporting a Suebian knot, lies injured on the ground. The Suebian knot () is a historical male hairstyle ascribed to the tribe of the Germanic Suebi. The knot is attested by Tacitus in his 1st century AD work Germania, found on contemporary depictions of Germanic peoples, their art, and bog bodies.

The Origins of the British London, Robinson, pp. 364-374. The languages spoken by the Germanic peoples who initially settled in Britain were part of the West Germanic branch of the Germanic language family. They consisted of dialects from the Ingvaeonic grouping, spoken mainly around the North Sea coast, in regions that lie within modern Denmark, north-west Germany and the Netherlands. Due to specific similarities between early English and Old Frisian, an Anglo-Frisian grouping is also identified.

Vendel Period (Germanic Iron Age) helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities. In his The Heroic Age, Chadwick postulated the existence of a Germanic Heroic Age in this period, analogous to the Greek Heroic Age. In 1912, Chadwick published The Heroic Age, which is considered one of his most important works. In this work Chadwick conducted a pioneering examination of parallels between the epic poetry of the Greek Heroic Age and the Germanic Heroic Age.

The migration of Slavic peoples from their homeland began in roughly the late 4th to early 5th century, as Germanic peoples started moving into the territory of the Roman Empire. The migrations were stimulated by the arrival of Huns into Eastern Europe. The Germanic peoples subsequently fought for control over territories in the eastern part of the disintegrating Roman Empire. Slavic tribes were part of various tribal alliances with the Germanic (Lombards, Gepids) and Eurasian (Avar, Bulgar) peoples.

Gilbert is a given name of Norman-French origin, itself from Germanic Gisilberht or Gisalberht.Albert Dauzat, Noms et prénoms de France, Librairie Larousse 1980, édition revue et commentée par Marie-Thérèse Morlet. p. 292a.Etymology of "Gilbert" Original spellings included Gislebert, Guilbert and Gilebert. The first element, Gil-, comes from Germanic gīsil, meaning "shaft of an arrow" or gisal "pledge, hostage", while the second element, -bert comes from Germanic -behrt, short form of beraht, meaning "bright" or "famous".

Generally speaking there was little difference between well-armed Germanic and Roman soldiers; furthermore many Germanic soldiers served in the Roman forces. The Roman army was better able to equip its soldiers than the Germanic armies. Late Roman representational evidence, including propaganda monuments, gravestones, tombs, and the Exodus fresco, often shows Late Roman soldiers with one or two spears; one tombstone shows a soldier with five shorter javelins.Stephenson, I.P., 2001, Roman Infantry Equipment, pp. 54-58.

The works of Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Paul the Deacon, Priscus and Saxo Grammaticus were written in Latin and Greek, but since their authors were of Germanic origin and because their works show traces of Germanic heritage, philologist Francis Owen considers these works part of Germanic literature as well. A large amount of Germanic epic literature must have been produced during the violent years of the Migration Period, but few of these accounts appear to have been preserved. During his reign, Charlemagne ordered a collection of the old heroic songs to be made, but this collection was later destroyed by order of Louis the Pious. A common theme in Germanic literature as the consequences of failing to live up to ones moral principles, and the moral dilemma faced by an individual struggling to maintain his loyalty under difficult conditions.

He was professor of Germanic and theoretical linguistics at Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich from 1974 (retired 2005).

In 267, the Germanic tribe of Heruli were defeated by a Roman force sent to stop them.

This is consistent with Caesar's account of the Rhine forming the boundary between Celtic and Germanic tribes.

Known and recorded as "Wodingahem" in 877, after a Germanic chief of the region who opposed Charlemagne.

A-mutation is a metaphonic process supposed to have taken place in late Proto- Germanic (c. 200).

He was Protestant, probably with some Jewish roots. His Leibniz interpretation 1925 came the "Germanic thinkers" out.

Some names, like Howard and Ronald, are thought to originate from multiple Germanic languages, including Anglo-Saxon.

84 (2006) Other neopagan movements include Germanic Neopaganism, Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism, Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism, and Semitic neopaganism.

It specializes in Roman shipbuilding and ship transport, in the Germanic provinces and in the whole empire.

The prestige of the Frisii among the neighboring Germanic tribes was raised considerably., Annales, iv.72-74.

This is an indication of the close relationship of ancient Germanic law to religion.von Richthofen, p. 493.

The resultant cultural fusion of Greco-Roman, Germanic and Christian traditions formed the cultural foundations of Europe.

The Cobandi, Greek Kobandoi, were a Germanic tribe mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography (2.10), who lived in Jutland.

Note that it is accordingly called ("wasp buzzard") in German and similarly in some other Germanic languages.

The name can also be derived from the ancient Germanic elements "Wald" meaning "power", "brightness" and wolf.

Christianity had no relevance for the pre-Christian Germanic peoples until their contact and integration with Rome.

For the Germanic etymology of the latter element, see the article on and the archaic English term .

According to Tacitus, the Aesti had the same customs and attire as the Germanic Suevi. It has been suggested that the Aesti worshipped the mother of the gods, similar to the Nerthus cult among northern Germanic peoples.Lang, Valter. The Bronze And Early Iron Ages In Estonia, Estonian Archaeology 3.

The most important sources on Germanic mythology are however works of Old Norse literature, most of whom were written down in the Icelandic Commonwealth during the Middle Ages. Of particular importance is the Poetic Edda. Archaeological evidence, Runic inscriptions and place-names are also useful sources on Germanic mythology.

1st century BC). During the Early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Old English (Anglo-Saxon) and related Old Frisian, the High German consonant shift, and the relatively conservative (in respect to common West Germanic) ancestors of Low Saxon and Old Dutch.

Sketch of the Svinfylking, a common tactic in Germanic warfare. Early Germanic armies would generally attack in a wedge formation, referred to as svinfylking in Old Norse sources. Such attacks were accompanied by much shouting and noise. In a svinfylking attack the commander would lead from the front.

Its etymology is uncertain, with Charnock favoring a derivation from a diminutive of Germanic bach ("little stream, creek") and others from an eponymous seigniory in Normandy or from a corruption of Beacon. It is sometimes folk etymologized from bacon or Germanic bag ("to fight")."Bacon", Internet Surname Database.

The modern English word elf derives from the Old English word ælf (which has cognates in all other Germanic languages). Numerous types of elves appear in Germanic mythology; the West Germanic concept appears to have come to differ from the Scandinavian notion in the early Middle Ages, and the Anglo-Saxon concept diverged even further, possibly under Celtic influence. Tolkien made it clear in a letter that his Elves differed from those "of the better known lore" of Scandinavian mythology.

Adjectives in Gothic, as in the other Germanic languages, can be declined according to two different paradigms, commonly called "strong" and "weak". This represents a significant innovation in Germanic, although a similar development has taken place in the Baltic and Slavic languages. Adjectives in Proto-Indo-European -- as is still the case in Latin, Greek, and most other daughters—are declined in exactly the same way as nouns. Germanic "strong" adjectives, however, take many of their endings from the declension of pronouns.

The wooden watchtower reconstructed in 2008 and based on the work of Dietwulf Baatz The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (), or ORL, is a 550-kilometre-long section of the former external frontier of the Roman Empire between the rivers Rhine and Danube. It runs from Rheinbrohl to Eining on the Danube. The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes is an archaeological site and, since 2005, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the Lower Germanic Limes it forms part of the Limes Germanicus.

In 357 AD, Germanic tribes attempted to conquer Alsace but they were rebuffed by the Romans. With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia.

The Germanic languages and dialects of Scandinavia are a classic example of a dialect continuum, from Swedish dialects in Finland, to Swedish, Gutnish, Elfdalian, Scanian, Danish, Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk), Faroese, Icelandic, with many local dialects of those languages. The Continental North Germanic languages (Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian) are close enough and intelligible enough for some to consider them to be dialects of the same language, but the Insular ones (Icelandic and Faroese) are not immediately intelligible to the other North Germanic speakers.

According to them, ethnic differences are merely "situational", and completely unimportant. Heavily inspired by sociology and critical theory, Pohl insists that the Germanic tribes had no institutions or values of their own, and therefore made no contribution to medieval Europe. To sum up the theories, Wolfram states the "Slavic nations, Greeks, Turks, and even the Tunisians and Maltese" have "as much a Germanic history" as the Germans. It is the stated aim of Wolfram to prevent the identification of Germans with Germanic peoples.

Migrating Germanic tribes commingled with the local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabia and Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila.A History of the Ostrogoths. Pp. 46.

Deutsche Mythologie (, Teutonic Mythology) is a treatise on Germanic mythology by Jacob Grimm. First published in Germany in 1835, the work is an exhaustive treatment of the subject, tracing the mythology and beliefs of the ancient Germanic peoples from their earliest attestations to their survivals in modern traditions, folktales and popular expressions. The structure of the Deutsche Mythologie is fairly encyclopaedic. The articles and chapters are discursive of philological, historical, folkloristic, and poetic aspects of the pre- Christian Germanic religions.

Old Saxon did not participate in the High German consonant shift, and thus preserves stop consonants p, t, k that have been shifted in Old High German to various fricatives and affricates. The Germanic diphthongs ai, au consistently develop into long vowels ē, ō, whereas in Old High German they appear either as ei, ou or ē, ō depending on the following consonant. Old Saxon, alone of the West Germanic languages except for Frisian, consistently preserves Germanic -j- after a consonant, e.g. "savior" (, , ).

In Old Gutnish, it was Dagaiþ (day isthmus), from which the local North Germanic name "Daë" is derived.

Arbogastes or Arbogast (old Germanic: Arbogastiz; died 8 September 394) was a Roman army officer of Frankish origin.

According to the 2009 Census data, there are very few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups.

Informal language was from then on a mixture of Romance and Germanic influences, which adapted into becoming Marols.

The University of Oxford offers three prizes and grants in the area of Germanic Philology in his memory.

From the "golden age of philology" in the 19th century, runology formed a specialized branch of Germanic linguistics.

Dieter Geuenich (born 17 February 1943) is a German historian who specializes in the history of Germanic peoples.

Tacitus notes that the Germanic peoples were polytheistic and mentions some of their deities through perceived Roman equivalents.

Neopaganism in the UK is dominated by Wicca, the modern movement of Druidry, and forms of Germanic Neopaganism.

Elbe Germanic is considered to be the predecessor of all the Upper German dialects, Alemannic, Bavarian and Langobardic.

As a branch of the Goths, the Thervinigi spoke Thervinigi dialect of Gothic, an extinct East Germanic language.

The project is named after Odin, the god of wisdom and supreme god of Germanic and Norse mythology.

This form of relationship is often seen in a conflict between Christian marriage and more flexible Germanic concepts.

Alcis were a pair of young male brothers worshipped by the Naharvali, a tribe of ancient Germanic peoples.

This house was replaced by a facade decorated with spires in the Germanic style of the 17th century.

His wife comes from an old Germanic Catholic Family . A doctor herself, she will be his closest collaborator.

Many of the deities found in Germanic paganism appeared under similar names across the Germanic peoples, most notably the god known to the Germans as Wodan or Wōden, to the Anglo-Saxons as Woden, and to the Norse as Óðinn, as well as the god Thor – known to the Germans as Donar, to the Anglo-Saxons as Þunor and to the Norse as Þórr. Tacitus writes that the Germanic peoples primarily worshipped "Mercury", but also "Hercules" and "Mars". These have generally been identified with Odin, Thor and Týr, the gods of wisdom, thunder and war respectively. Týr appears to at one point have been the chief deity in the Germanic pantheon, but he was eventually displaced by Odin.

The distribution of the primary Germanic languages in Europe in around AD 1: Among the Indo-European languages, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, meaning it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and the Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are subject to the Grimm's law and Verner's law sound shifts, which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic features differentiating them from other Indo-European languages. This is assumed to have taken place in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in the pre-Roman Northern European Iron Age. This long-standing, well- known article on the languages can be found in almost any edition of Britannica.

Germanic-speakers are well attested to have been stationed in the part of Roman Britain corresponding to England, and their religious practices, combining traditional and Roman elements, are evidenced in archaeology, particularly in the form of inscriptions. From the fifth century, Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxon culture became established in England, and the later writings of its Christian writers an important source for pre-Christian Germanic religion. For example, the Christian monk Bede, who in the early eighth century reproduced a traditional, non-Christian calendar in his work De Temporum Ratione, noted that the Germanic Angles began their year on 24–25 December. In addition, some pieces of Old English poetry have survived, all passed on by Christian writers.

English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The resident population at this time was generally speaking Common Brittonic—the insular variety of continental Celtic, which was influenced by the Roman occupation. This group of languages (Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric) cohabited alongside English into the modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages, influence on English was notably limited. However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages.

Keilerkopf or Keil (wild boar's head, wedge, Latin: cuneus, meaning throngThe Germanic warriordom (German) Hans Delbrück, 1920, History of warfare in the framework of political history, Part 2 The Teutons, Book 1 The struggle of the Romans and Teutons, Chapter 2 The Germanic warriordom ) is a German phrase to describe the attack formation ("Tactical body") of the prehistoric infantry of the Celts and Germanic tribes. It is generally believed that the Germanic tribes were more successful with this tactic than the Celts. It was used to force the Roman forces to split and was later applied specifically to the weakest units. Due to the high discipline this formation required and the relatively high probability of failure, it is assumed that the front lines were filled with the best and most heavily armoured warriors of the Germanic sibbs who had to break the Roman front line.

The 5th-century Golden Horns of Gallehus Early forms of Germanic religion are known exclusively from archaeological remains and can therefore only be interpreted on the basis of comparative studies with other religions or through the evaluation of Scandinavian literature, who, as the last converts among the practitioners of Germanic religion, maintained a written account of their religion into the Middle Ages. In addition to the rich archaeological finds, like the evidence of a widespread veneration of a fire god, there is also linguistic evidence attesting to Germanic religious practices. Description of the oldest forms of the Germanic religion are based on uncertain reconstructions, which in turn are based on comparisons with other material. Archaeological findings suggest that the Germanic peoples practiced some of the same 'spiritual' rituals as the Celts, including sacrifice, divination, and the belief in a spiritual connection with the natural environment around them.

Godela Weiss-Sussex and Andrea Hammel. Martin Meidenbauer Verlag: München, 2009 and Institute of Germanic & Romance Studies; School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2009 (Publication of the Institute of Germanic Studies, 93). 77-93.Melissa Eddy. Overlooked No More: Else Ury’s Stories Survived World War II. She Did Not.

The Germanic strong verb, occurring in Germanic languages including German and English, is characterised by a vowel shift called ablaut. Examples in English include give/gave, come/came, fall/fell. There is nothing comparable in the German strong adjective inflections. For a full discussion of this distinction see weak inflection.

In 396 Stilicho campaigned against the Franks and other Germanic tribes in Gaul. He used the campaign to boost the morale of the western army – which had suffered three consecutive defeats in the civil wars against Theodosius – and to recruit Germanic auxiliaries to bolster its depleted ranks.Hughes, Stilicho, pp. 93–95.

Midvinterblot (1915) by Carl Larsson: King Domalde offers himself for sacrifice before the hof at Gamla Uppsala. A heathen hof or Germanic pagan temple was a temple building of Germanic religion; a few have also been built for use in modern heathenry. The term hof is taken from Old Norse.

Many of the most famous early Germanic kings, such as Alaric I, Theodoric the Great, Genseric and Alboin, are remembered for leading their people on such migrations. The earliest of Germanic mass migrations are not recounted in classical literature, and clews about such events can only be derived from archaeological discoveries.

Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum Tacitus's report falls squarely within the ethnographic tradition of the classical world, which often fused anthropogony, ethnogony, and theogony together into a synthetic whole.Lindauer (1975:80-81). The succession of father-son-three sons parallels occurs in both Germanic and non-Germanic Indo-European areas.Simek (2007:336).

The Germanic (or "German") Heroic Age, so called in analogy to the Heroic Age of Greek mythology, is the period of early historic or quasi-historic events reflected in Germanic heroic poetry.Felix J. Oinas, Heroic epic and saga: an introduction to the world's great folk epics, Indiana University Press, 1978, , 123f.

975), Scheuern in Neubeuern (Skira, 11th century) and perhaps Scheuring (Sciringen, 1150). These names are believed to designate these villages as Scirian, and it is proposed that the Scirii probably mediated the transfer of a few East Germanic lexical items to the Bavarian language, which otherwise shows no East Germanic influence.

The presence of Verina in the Roman court has been attributed by Demandt to "the osmosis of the late Roman and Germanic aristocracies". In other words, the practice of intermarriage between the Roman military aristocracy and the dynasties derived from it on the one hand and various Germanic families of foederati.

This development happened independently in the Romance languages, the Slavic languages, and the North Germanic (Scandinavian) languages. North Germanic languages, and to some extent the Slavic languages, have fused the reflexive with the verb to form a new synthetic conjugation, whereas in the Romance languages the reflexive mostly remains separate.

The name Gontães is of Germanic origin and the foundation of the village dates back to the end of 5th century, during the barbarian invasions. Despite its Germanic origin, there is evidence of Roman occupation. The Romans took advantage of the abundant iron in the region, due to its excellent quality.

In 1997 a Festschrift was published under the title Germanic Studies in Honor of Anatoly Liberman, NOWELE 31–32.

Ludwig Rübekeil (born 1958) is a German philologist who is Professor of Germanic philology at the University of Zurich.

Ribe is the oldest extant town in Denmark, established in the early eighth century in the Germanic Iron Age.

In English and other Germanic languages, modal verbs are often distinguished as a class based on certain grammatical properties.

Ranieri is an Italian surname and given name originated from the masculine Germanic given name Ragnar (Old Norse Ragnarr).

These words are derived from Germanic rīdan, "to ride", in turn derived from the Proto-Indo-European root reidh-.

Unlike some Indo-European languages such as the Romance and Slavic languages, Germanic languages have no perfective/imperfective dichotomy.

They are concerned with the deities, mythical creatures, places and customs that shaped the early and proceeding Germanic peoples.

Seiichi Suzuki (born 1956) is a Japanese philologist who is Professor of Old Germanic Studies at Kansai Gaidai University.

The name Cervo rather than from the Latin cervus (deer) should come from the Germanic saar (stream or river).

Lothair (Latin: Lotharius; German: Lothar; French: Lothaire) is a Germanic given name, derived from the older form Clotaire (Chlotharius).

The Roman historian, Tacitus, wrote many of our only surviving contemporary accounts of several ancient Celtic and Germanic peoples.

Meillet, A. and Dismukes, W.P., 1970. General characteristics of the Germanic languages. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press.

For that reason, Cosenza was viewed as Byzantine territory until the invasion of the Germanic Lombards in the 560s.

Currently it is very probable that Roman legionaries won a battle for a blocked pass against local Germanic fighters.

The Dramatic Unities in England. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jan., 1911), pp.

Low German or Low Saxon (, or , ) is a West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern part of the Netherlands. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in the German diaspora worldwide (e.g. Plautdietsch). Low German is most closely related to Frisian and English, with which it forms the North Sea Germanic group of the West Germanic languages. Like Dutch, it is spoken north of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses, while (Standard/High) German is spoken south of those lines.

65; available here. His thesis, published by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) the same year, was a significant breakthrough in the comparative study of the Germanic languages, and it established his international reputation in the field. In 1957, he was appointed successor to his supervisor L. Grootaers [†1956] at the Germanic Philology department of the Catholic University of Leuven, and he moved back to Belgium. However, in 1963, he also became Extraordinary Professor of comparative Germanic linguistics at Leiden University.

Alaric is a masculine Germanic given name that, broken into its parts means Ala "everyone's" and ric "ruler". This has various forms in the several Germanic languages, such as Alareiks in the original Gothic and Alrekr in Old Norse. Most modern Germanic languages render it as Alarich or Alarik but Alaric is the form used in modern English, an adaptation of the Latinization (Alaricus) of the Gothic one—there is also the alternative Latinization Alarichus from Greek Ἀλάριχος --. In Italian, Galician, Portuguese, and Spanish it is Alarico.

Germanic kingdoms in Iberia (red and green), 560. In the early 5th century, Germanic tribes invaded the peninsula, namely the Suevi, the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and their allies, the Sarmatians and the Alans. Only the kingdom of the Suevi (Quadi and Marcomanni) endured after the arrival of another wave of Germanic invaders, the Visigoths, who conquered all of the Iberian Peninsula and expelled or partially integrated the Vandals and the Alans. The Visigoths eventually conquered the Suevi kingdom and its capital city Bracara in 584–585.

It was a mammoth show, involving eight floats, built on buses, with various Germanic features – including outsized Playmobil figures, the moon (to represent Germany pioneering rocket scientists, e.g. Wernher von Braun), and figures from ancient Germanic mythology, including thunder god Thor. Artistic director Paulo Barros, who has already choreographed two winning Sambadrome performances, packed Germany into five acts, beginning with Germanic gods and assorted mythic creatures. There follows Goethe's Faust, Bertolt Brecht's outcast characters, Fritz Lang robots, and a depiction of Marlene Dietrich as The Blue Angel.

In the aftermath of the battle, Arminius fought retaliatory invasions by the Roman general Germanicus in the battles of Pontes Longi, Idistaviso, and the Angrivarian Wall, and deposed a rival, the Marcomanni king Maroboduus. Germanic nobles, afraid of Arminius' growing power, assassinated him in AD 21. He was remembered in Germanic legends for generations afterwards. The Roman historian Tacitus designated Arminius as the liberator of the Germanic tribes and commended him for having fought the Roman Empire to a standstill at the peak of its power.Tacitus.

Before it acquired the present name "Germanic", "Germanic" was known as "Teutonic". The Germanics were literary witnesses in history to the alteration of their early Germanic speech into multiple languages. The early speech then became Old Teutonic. However, this Old Teutonic remained out of view, prior to the earliest writings, except for the language of the runic inscriptions, which, being one or two words and numbering less than a thousand, are an insufficient sample to verify any but a few phonetic details of the reconstructed proto-language.

The plain of Idistaviso and the battle between Romans and Germans. The Germanic tribes generally avoided open large-scale combat, but by repeated Roman incursions deep into Germanic territory, Germanicus was able to force Arminius, at the head of a large but fractious coalition, into response. The Romans, along with the Chauci who fought on the Roman side as auxiliaries, defeated the allied Germanic forces, inflicting heavy losses on them.Tacitus, The Annals 2.17 Arminius and his uncle Inguiomer were both wounded in the battle but evaded capture.

Germans settled south of it (Germani Cisrhenani), and many place names and archaeological finds indicate the presence of Celts north of the Rhine. Between these "Celtic - Germanic peoples" and later the Roman conquerors (romanization) a cultural exchange took place. An adaptation of polytheistic religions and other myths occurred among the various tribes, absorbing influences from Germanic, Celtic and later Roman mythology. Gods such as Nehalennia, Hludana and Sandraudiga are of indigenous (Celtic) origin; the Germanic people had such gods as Wodan, Donar and Frigg/Freya from Scandinavia.

Battaglia, Frank. "The Germanic Earth Goddess in Beowulf" in Mankind Quarterly, page 433. Summer 1991 Battaglia thus suggests that Grendel's mother is the Early Germanic goddess Gefion (whom he states was also a form of Nerthus and Freyja).Battaglia, Frank. "The Germanic Earth Goddess in Beowulf" in Mankind Quarterly, page 415–17. Summer 1991 He also argues that: "in scaldic poetry the word dis means goddess ... Freyia herself is called Vanadis, that is, dis of the Vanir, the Scandinavian chthonic, fertility deities."Battaglia, Frank.

Map of Upper Germanic Limes The municipal area was crossed by the Limes Germanicus, a line of frontier forts begun in AD 86 by the Romans which stretched from near Bonn on the Rhine to near Regensburg on the Danube. It divided the Roman Empire from the unconquered Germanic tribes. The area of the town that stands today lay on the Germanic side. Bearing obvious witness to the Limes is a replica of a watchtower towards Niedernhausen near Dasbach on the Dasbacher Höhe (heights).

This similarity was reinforced in the late Middle Ages by the Ingvaeonic sound shift, which affected Frisian and English, but the other West Germanic varieties hardly at all. Both English and Frisian are marked by the suppression of the Germanic nasal in a word like us (), soft () or goose (): see Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law. Also, when followed by some vowels the Germanic k developed into a ch sound. For example, the West Frisian for cheese and church is and , whereas in Dutch they are and .

The Franks ( or ) were a group of Germanic peoples whose name was first mentioned in 3rd-century Roman sources, and associated with tribes between the Lower Rhine and the Ems River, on the edge of the Roman Empire.H. Schutz: Tools, Weapons and Ornaments: Germanic Material Culture in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400-750. BRILL, 2001, p.42. Later the term was associated with Romanized Germanic dynasties within the collapsing Western Roman Empire, who eventually commanded the whole region between the rivers Loire and Rhine.

Like most of the languages in Europe, the Norwegian language descends from the Proto-Indo- European language. As early Indo-Europeans spread across Europe, they became isolated and new languages were developed . In the northwest of Europe, the West Germanic languages evolved, which would eventually become English, Dutch, German, and the North Germanic languages, of which Norwegian is one. Proto- Norse is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic during the first centuries AD in what is today Southern Sweden.

Winfred P. Lehmann then invited him to the University of Texas at Austin, where the absence of Werner Winter gave him the opportunity to teach Hindi, Latin, Hittite and other languages as a visiting professor for one semester. In 1962 Polomé was appointed a tenured professor at the Department of Germanic Languages at Austin. This department was not limited to Germanic languages, but covered many other aspects of linguistics as well. His teaching was particularly devoted to Indo-European and Germanic studies, linguistics and African languages.

He taught courses in a number of departments, including the departments for anthropology, classics, linguistics, foreign language education and Germanic languages. Topics on which he taught included historical linguistics, comparative linguistics, sociolinguistics, comparative religions and the history of religion. In linguistics, languages Polomé taught at Austin included Sanskrit, Pali, Hittite, Avestan and Old Persian, and the comparative grammar of Indo-Iranian, Greek, Latin, Germanic, Celtic, Baltic and Bantu languages (particularly Swahili). He also taught courses in ancient Germanic culture and religion, and Indo-European culture and religion.

The term barbarian kingdom is used in the context of those Germanic rulers who after 476 AD and during the 6th century ruled territories formerly part of the Western Roman Empire, especially the Barbarian kings of Italy. In the same context, Germanic law is also derisively termed leges barbarorum "barbarian law" etc.also used by early 20th century Russian medievalists who saw similarities between the Germanic tribal monarchies and those of the nomadic peoples of the Steppe. Painter, A History of the Middle Ages 284−1500.

The Germanic tribes had undergone massive technological, social, and economic changes after four centuries of contact with the Roman Empire. From the first to fourth centuries, Germanic populations, economic production, and tribal confederations grew, and their ability to conduct warfare increased to the point of challenging Rome.Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians, (Oxford University Press, 2006), pages 84–100. The Goths, one of the Germanic tribes, had invaded the Roman empire on and off since 238.

Roman bronze figurine, which depicts a praying Germanic man with a characteristic Suebian knot. A later and much more detailed description of the Germanic religion was written by Tacitus around 100 AD. His ethnographic descriptions in Germania remain highly valued. According to this, the Germanic peoples sacrificed both animals and humans to their gods, which he identified with Hercules and Mars. He also tells that the largest group, the Suebi, also sacrificed Roman prisoners of war to a goddess whom he identified with Isis.

A system of nomenclature developed to formally distinguish personnel based on their place of origin. Germanic units would have the "SS" prefix, while non-Germanic units were designated with the "Waffen" prefix to their names. The formations with volunteers of Germanic background were officially named Freiwilligen (volunteer) (Scandinavians, Dutch, and Flemish), including ethnic Germans born outside the Reich known as Volksdeutsche, and their members were from satellite countries. These were organized into independent legions and had the designation Waffen attached to their names for formal identification.

Another consul, Marcus Junius Silanus, was sent to take care of the renewed Germanic threat. Silanus marched his army north along the Rhodanus River in order to confront the migrating Germanic tribes. He met the Cimbri approximately 100 miles north of Arausio, a battle was fought and the Romans suffered another humiliating defeat.

He believed Germani had originally been the name of one Germanic tribe, which had subsequently been applied by outsiders to the Germanic peoples as a whole. Much's Die Germania des Tacitus (1937), is considered the standard work on Germania by Tacitus, and continues to the basis for modern research on this book.

He graduated North Germanic languages in 1975 in Oslo, and went on the get a master's degrees and a PhD at Faculty of Philology in Belgrade. Rajić is the founder of North Germanic languages department at the University of Belgrade. He died at the age of 65 in Belgrade after a long illness.

The Germanic tribe Marcomanni migrated to Bohemia with its king, Maroboduus, in AD 9. Meanwhile, some of the Celts migrated southward while the remainder assimilated with the Marcomanni. In 568, most of the Marcomanni migrated southward with the Lombards, another Germanic tribe. The rest of the Marcomanni assimilated with the invading West Slavs.

U-umlaut on a German traffic sign. Germanic umlaut is a specific historical phenomenon of vowel- fronting in German and other Germanic languages. In German it causes back vowels , and to shift forward in the mouth to , and , respectively. In modern German orthography, the affected graphemes , and are written as , and , i.e.

Perry, p. 24. With the Germanic groups along the North Sea the Franks shared a special dedication to the worship of Yngvi, synonym to Freyr, whose cult can still be discerned in the time of Clovis.Fabbro, p.17 In contrast to many other Germanic tribes, no Merovingians claimed to be descended from Wodan.

This article is a list of notable individuals and fictional characters with the surname or given name of Hartmann. Hartmann is a Germanic surname. It is less frequently used as a male given name. The name originates from the Germanic word, "hart", which translates in english to "hardy", "strong", "tough", "bold", or "brave".

Gothic Church of Christ Saviour Archaeologists have determined that a settlement existed at the location of present-day Kluczbork by 1000–800 BCE. The Germanic Scirii and Bastarnae settled in the vicinity, and were followed c. 100 BCE by Celts and various Germanic tribes, including Silingi and Vandals. The latter left Silesia c.

The prevalence of feuds in early Germanic warfare is well attested in the Sagas of Icelanders and other Germanic poems such as Beowulf. Since quarrels between individuals were at the time not regulated by any form of tribal law, feuds became in many cases the only way to obtain remedy for an injury.

A key advantage of early Germanic armies was their mobility. For long-term conflicts they would usually bring all their supplies with them. For short term engagements, they brought with them few supplies and rather lived off the land. This would often cause severe devastation to areas in which Germanic warriors fought.

Germanic warriors frequently fought as mercenaries in the Roman army. Some of these mercenaries, such as Stilicho, rose to prominent positions. According to Francis Owen, the Western Roman Empire would have collapsed much earlier without such mercenaries. Returning Germanic mercenaries in the Roman army brought back many Roman products to their communities.

The surname von Maffei or Maffei is a patronymic name, derived from the Germanic personal name Matthäus. The Maffei family is of ancient German origin and, more precisely, in the 8th century A.D. derived from the Germanic tribe of the Franks. In ancient times the Maffei family settled in Verona from Germany.

West Germanic gemination was a sound change that took place in all West Germanic languages around the 3rd or 4th century AD. It affected consonants directly followed by , which were generally lengthened or geminated in that position. Because of Sievers' law, only consonants immediately after a short vowel were affected by the process.

Meersel- Recherche consists of two settlements, which Meersel and Dreef. The toponym Meersel is twofold, notably Lake and -sel. The word part is more derived from the Germanic word mari (more or mariski (land next to a watercourse). The word part -sel is supposedly derived from the Germanic word that means sali house.

Antonsen refers to this stage as "Late Proto-Indo-European". Cf. Antonsen (2002:17-18). The lower boundary (latest date) of the Germanic parent language has been tentatively identified as that point in the development of the language which preceded permanent fragmentation and which produced the Germanic daughter languages.Van Coetsem (1994) p. 42.

Old woodcut depicting a woman feeding imps Originating from Germanic folklore the imp was a small lesser demon. Unlike the Christian faith and stories, demons in Germanic legends were not necessarily always evil. Imps were often mischievous rather than evil or harmful and in some regions they were attendants of the gods.Monaghan, Patricia.

The Nordic Bronze Age ended with a deteriorating, colder and wetter climate. This period is known for being poor in archaeological finds. This is also the period when the Germanic tribes became known to the Mediterranean world and the Romans. In 113–101 BC two Germanic tribes originating from Jutland,Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí.

Scholars hold divergent theories about the ethnicity of the Bastarnae. One view, following what appears to be the most authoritative view among earliest scholars, is that they spoke a Celtic language. However others hold that they were Scythian/Germanic, or mixed Germanic/Sarmatian. A fringe theory is that they were Proto-Slavic.

364 Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea, although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter.MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead .

The term Romano-Germanic describes the conflation of Roman culture with that of various Germanic peoples in areas successively ruled by the Roman Empire and Germanic "barbarian monarchies". These include the kingdoms of the Visigoths (in Hispania and Gallia Narbonensis), the Ostrogoths (in Italia, Sicilia, Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia, Dalmatia and Dacia), the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in Sub-Roman Britain, and finally the Franks who established the nucleus of the later "Holy Roman Empire" in Gallia Aquitania, Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Belgica, Germania Superior and Inferior, and parts of the previously unconquered Germania Magna. Additionally, minor Germanic tribes – the Vandals, the Suebi, the Burgundians, the Alemanni, and later the Lombards − also established their kingdoms in Roman territory in the West. The cultural syncretism of Roman and Germanic traditions overlaid the earlier syncretism of Roman culture with the Celtic culture of the respective imperial provinces, Gallo-Roman culture in Gaul and Romano-British culture in Britain.

King Clovis I managed to mostly phase out the practicing of Germanic Paganism in the Frankish land during his reign.

Norbert is a Germanic given name, from nord "north" and berht "bright". Norbert is also occasionally found as a surname.

Mathis is a name of Germanic origins. It is common as a surname and is also a masculine given name.

Derives from the Germanic berahard, composed by ' ("bear") and ' ("hard", "brave"), and it can therefore be interpreted as "daring bear".

Helga W. Kraft, 2015. Helga W. Kraft (born in Berlin, Germany), is a German- American Professor of Germanic Studies, Emerita.

Gudmund Schütte (17 January 1872– 12 July 1958) was a Danish philologist, historian and writer who specialized in Germanic studies.

Historically, these and several further plural inflections recall the noun declension classes of Proto-Germanic, but in much reduced form.

95, pg. 45 (nachfolgend zit. als: Karner, Die deutschsprachige Volksgruppe19) Janko became increasingly racialist and pan-Germanic in his politics.

Moreover, Avienus considers them Ligurians. Some of the other names mentioned are Daliterni, Clahilci, neither of which is noticeably Germanic.

Ian Read is an English neofolk and traditional folk musician, and occultist active within chaos magic and Germanic mysticism circles.

From ancient regional mythology, names of ancient gods and goddesses in this region come from Roman, Celtic and Germanic origins.

Its population consists mainly of the descendants European of immigrants, the vast majority of Germanic origin. German is frequently used.

During the Viking Age the North Germanic peoples mastered the construction of the Viking ship and excelled at naval warfare.

Shawcross, J. T. (1959). Notes on Milton's amanuenses. Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 58, 29-38. HaskinHaskin, D. (1994).

This is a historical timeline of the Iberian Peninsula during the period of the Germanic kingdoms (5th to 8th centuries).

Hermann Reichert (born 7 April 1944) is an Austrian philologist at the University of Vienna who specializes in Germanic studies.

About 340, Ulfilas brought Acacian Arianism to the Goths in Guthiuda, and the Visigoths (and other Germanic tribes) became Arians.

The word ribbon comes from Middle English ribban or riban from Old French ruban, which is probably of Germanic origin.

He earned his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1926 with a thesis on alliterative verse in Germanic poetry.

It is an Old English term and also comes from the Proto-Germanic term in-assu and many other cognates.

Examples of L-vocalization can be found in many West Germanic languages, including English, Scots, Dutch, and some German dialects.

In 1949 he was appointed to the chair of languages and literatures of Germanic origin at the Collège de France.

Häusler is a common surname of Germanic origin, sometimes romanized as Haeusler. Its variant forms include Hausler, Hausner and Häusner.

The novel concerns conspiracy theories and a case similar to the Lindbergh kidnapping but set in a fictional Germanic country.

History of Germanic women covers gender roles, personalities and movements from medieval times to the present in German-speaking lands.

The mainstream view, following what appears to be the most authoritative view among ancient scholars, is that they were Germanic.

He also popularized a new idea of these Germanic speakers, especially those in Germany, as clinging valiantly to their supposed Germanic civilization over the centuries. The subsequently popular modern assertion of strong cultural continuity between Roman-era Germani and medieval or modern Germanic speakers, especially Germans, assumed a strong connection between a family trees of language categories, and both cultural and racial heritages. The name of the newly defined language family, Germanic, was long unpopular in other countries such as England, where the medieval "Teutonic" was seen as less potentially misleading. Similarly, in Denmark "Gothic" was sometimes used as a term for the language group uniting the Germani and the Goths, and a modified Gothonic was proposed by Gudmund Schütte and used locally.

To the north of these zones however, in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, the archaeological cultures started to become more distinct from La Tène culture during the Iron Age. Concerning Germanic speakers within these northern regions, the relatively well-defined Jastorf culture matches the areas described by Tacitus, Pliny the elder and Strabo as Suevian homelands near the lower River Elbe, and stretching east on the Baltic coast to the Oder river. The Suevian peoples are seen by scholars as early West Germanic speakers. There is no consensus about whether neighbouring cultures in Scandinavia, Poland, and northwestern Germany were also part of a Germanic (or proto-Germanic)-speaking community at first, but this group of cultures were related to each other, and in contact.

Though often defeated by the Romans, the Germanic tribes were remembered in Roman records as fierce combatants, whose main downfall was that they failed to unite successfully into one fighting force, under one command.Tacitus, The Annals 2.45 After the three Roman legions were ambushed and destroyed by an alliance of Germanic tribes headed by Arminius at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, the Roman Empire made no further concentrated attempts at conquering Germania beyond the Rhine. Prolonged warfare against the Romans accustomed the Germanic tribes to improved tactics such as the use of reserves, military discipline and centralised command. Germanic tribes would eventually overwhelm and conquer the ancient world, giving rise to modern Europe and medieval warfare.

Inked records of early Germanic law (leges barbarorum) were, in many ways, the product of Roman influence. Throughout the early middle ages, as various "Teutonic", or Germanic, tribes on the continent came into closer and more peaceful contact with the highly institutionalized civilizations surrounding the Mediterranean – chiefly the Roman empire – it was inevitable that they would be affected by the cultural influences emanating from the south. Many Germanic tribes and nations subsequently began to imitate the cultural and institutional facets of Roman civilization. Few of these imitations were so important or had such a profound impact on the nature of "barbarian" life as the adoption of writing, a technology which spread throughout the Germanic kingdoms hand-in-hand with Christianity, a religion based on literacy.

Urn from a large Lombard cremation grave field at Putensen, near Harburg, Germany, from the period of 50-375 AD, belonging to the Elbe Germanic culture. This rare metal urn was probably a Roman import Germanic dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1: The catchment of the River Elbe The Elbe Germanii () or Elbe Germanic peoples were Germanic tribes whose settlement area, based on archaeological finds, lay either side of the Elbe estuary on both sides of the river and which extended as far as Bohemia and Moravia, clearly the result of a migration up the Elbe river from the northwest in advance of the main Migration Period until the individual groups ran into the Roman Danube Limes around 200 AD.

As pointed out above, long consonants did not exist in Proto-Indo-European, and many Germanic roots are attested with a long consonant in some of the ancient languages, but with a short one in others (often together with a short or a long vowel, respectively). This led the "Leiden School" to postulate that the Germanic roots with long plosives were not inherited from PIE, but borrowed from a substrate language. Kroonen (2011: 12) reported that his doctorate at the University of Leiden was originally intended > to investigate the influence of lost non-Indo-European languages on the > Proto-Germanic lexicon. [...] During the course of time, however, my > dissertation gradually developed into a study of the Proto-Germanic n-stems > and their typical morphology.

Map of the Lower Germanic Limes Southern section of the Lower Germanic Limes (between VLPIA NOVIOMAGVS BATAVORVM und RIGOMAGVS) on the Tabula Peutingeriana The Lower Germanic Limes () is the former frontier between the Roman province of Germania inferior and Germania Magna. The Lower Germanic Limes separated that part of the Rhineland left of the Rhine as well as the Netherlands, which was part of the Roman Empire, from the less tightly controlled regions east of the Rhine. The route of the limes started near the estuary of the Oude Rijn on the North Sea. It then followed the course of the Rhine and ended at the Vinxtbach in present-day Niederbreisig, a quarter in the town of Bad Breisig, the border with the province of Germania superior.

Beginning with Midgards Untergang, Kummer propounded a view of ancient Germanic culture, influenced by Vilhelm Grønbech, as marked by a dualism reminiscent of Zoroastrian thought, between life-affirming Midgard and life- endangering Utgard.Wiedemann, p. 152. He argued that the Eddic poems already represented a weakened form of Germanic paganism because of both Christian influence and the adoption of Odin, an originally alien god, and that these divisive inroads by Utgard made possible the success of missionaries in converting the Germanic peoples: "the Norse Odin of the waning days of heathendom [constituted] a bridge between Germanic piety and Christian devil- belief".Wiedemann, p. 153, quoting from "Frau / Weib", Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens, col. 1737: "Brücke zwischen germanischer Frömmigkeit und christlichem Teufelsglauben".

Such phonological rules may continue to apply for an indefinite amount of time. Final-obstruent devoicing in Dutch, for example, has been a phonological rule since Old Dutch, over 1000 years ago. The Germanic spirant law may have been formed as part of Grimm's law long before written records began, but it ceased to operate shortly after the Germanic languages began to separate, around the middle of the 1st millennium AD. Sometimes, sound changes occur that directly violate a surface filter, which may cause it to cease operating. Sievers' law presumably lost relevance in the West Germanic languages after the operation of the West Germanic gemination since it eliminated the contrast between light and heavy syllables, at the core of the law's operation.

The works of the 13th century Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson are invaluable sources on Germanic paganism Few written sources for Germanic paganism exist, and few of those that do were written by participants in that religion. Traditional oral literature associated with the pre-Christian religion was most likely deliberately suppressed as Christian institutions became dominant in Germany, England, and Scandinavia during the Middle Ages. Descriptions of early Germanic religious practices are, however, found in the works of Roman writers such as Tacitus in his first-century work Germania. Only in medieval Iceland was a large amount of Germanic-language material written on the subject of pagan traditions, principally the mythological poems of the Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, and skaldic verse.

Most scholars agree that East Germanic broke up from the rest of the languages in the 2nd or 1st centuries BC. The Runic Inscriptions (being written from the 2nd century) may mean that the north and West broke up in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The Migration Period started around the 4th and 5th centuries; an event which probably help diversify the Northwest Germanic (maybe even the West Germanic) languages even more. The date by which such a grouping must have dissolved—in that innovations ceased to be shared—is also contentious, though it seems unlikely to have persisted after 500 AD, by which time the Anglo-Saxons had migrated to England and the Elbe Germanic tribes had settled in Southern Germany.

Tacitus' descriptions of the Germanic character are at times favorable in contrast to the opinions of the Romans of his day. He holds the strict monogamy and chastity of Germanic marriage customs worthy of the highest praise, in contrast to what he saw as the vice and immorality rampant in Roman society of his day (chapter 18), and he admires their open hospitality, their simplicity, and their bravery in battle. All of these traits were highlighted perhaps because of their similarity to idealized Roman virtues. One should not, however, think that Tacitus' portrayal of Germanic customs is entirely favorable; he notes a tendency in the Germanic people for what he saw as their habitual drunkenness, laziness, and barbarism, among other traits.

The period succeeding the fall of the Roman Empire is known as the Germanic Iron Age, and it is divided into the early Germanic Iron and the late Germanic Iron Age, which in Sweden is known as the Vendel Age, with rich burials in the basin of Lake Mälaren. The early Germanic Iron Age is the period when the Danes appear in history, and according to Jordanes, they were of the same stock as the Swedes (suehans, suetidi) and had replaced the Heruls. During the fall of the Roman empire, there was an abundance of gold that flowed into Scandinavia, and there are excellent works in gold from this period. Gold was used to make scabbard mountings and bracteates; notable examples are the Golden horns of Gallehus.

The C3rd AD Romano-Germanic battlefield at Harzhorn near Krefeld, Landkreis Norheim in Roman Frontier Studies 2009 : proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (Limes Congress) held at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in August 2009 edited by N.Hodgson et al. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Since Germanic tribes of the time were also sometimes equipped with Roman weaponry, one early assumption was that this could have been an inter-Germanic battle. Other Germanic excavations of the time reveal that many such conflicts were fought during the 3rd century. The finding of many bolts associated with the Scorpio or Cheiroballistra, which were exclusively used by Roman legions, prove, according to the scientists involved, that this battle involved a larger number of Roman troops.

19th-century scholar Jacob Grimm proposes a reconstruction of a Germanic deity cognate to Sif in other Germanic cultures and proposes a similar nature to that of the goddesses Frigg and Freyja: > The Goth. , OHG. , , AS. gen. , denote peace, friendship, kindred; from > these I infer a divinity Sibja, Sippia, Sib, corresponding to ON. gen.

The word is related to ship and has a complicated etymology: "skiff" comes from the Middle English skif, which derives from the Old French esquif, which in turn derives from the Old Italian schifo, which is itself of Germanic origin (German Schiff). "Ship" comes from the Old English "scip", which has the same Germanic predecessor.

According to Rosenberg a future policy was created: # Germanization (Eindeutschung) of the "racially suitable" elements. # Colonization by Germanic peoples. # Exile, deportations of undesirable elements. Rosenberg felt that the "Estonians were the most Germanic out of the people living in the Baltic area, having already reached 50 percent of Germanization through Danish, Swedish and German influence".

As one of the most prolific authors and scholars in the area of North Germanic languages, Rajić authored more than 200 scientific papers and peer reviews as well as around 500 articles. The current system of transcription from North Germanic languages to Serbian was written by Rajić and published under Matica Srpska in 2010.

The original name for these small tablets of liquorice is a "Pomfret" cake, after the old Norman name for Pontefract. However, that name has fallen into disuse and they are now almost invariably labelled "Pontefract cakes". The term "cake" has a long history. The word itself is of Germanic origin, from the Germanic "kakâ" (cook).

The hypothesis that the name of the Famenne region may derive from Paemani, an ancient Germanic tribe, following the influence of the Germanic sound shift from p- to f-, is now considered doubtful by most scholars. In the first medieval mentions, the Famenne is spelled in Latin in forms with an "l", for example Falmenna.

Lars-Erik Edlund, "Kåddis, Hjåggböle och Hej" i Svenska Turistföreningens årsbok 2001, s.31Mats Wahlberg: Svenskt ortnamnslexikon, Språk- och folkminnesinstitutet. Uppsala 2003. p. 143. The coast came to be permanently settled by Germanic peoples moving upwards on the Bothnian Bay by boat, hence the Germanic names of towns and villages on the Westrobothnian coast.

Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into four types (A, B, AB, and O) English blood (Old English blod) derives from Germanic and has cognates with a similar range of meanings in all other Germanic languages (e.g. German Blut, Swedish blod, Gothic blōþ). There is no accepted Indo- European etymology.

It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, which literally means "popular" or "belonging to the populace". In Western Europe this term was used for the language of the local Germanic populace as opposed to Latin, the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church.Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd revised edn., s.v.

Viriathus later defeated Servilianus with a surprise attack. Possibly the most famous ambush in ancient warfare was that sprung by Germanic warchief Arminius against the Romans at Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. This particular ambush was to affect the course of Western history. The Germanic forces demonstrated several principles needed for a successful ambush.

22–23 (can access this on Google Books) Over time the various different local and regional dialects of the language have diverged and each has adopted several distinct geographical and national properties, with an estimated 37 Germanic languagesHarbert, W., 2006. The Germanic Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–20 and 550 million speakers worldwide.

Hedeager, L., 1988. The evolution of Germanic society 1-400 AD. RAF Jones et al, 85. The ancestors of the medieval Germanic peoples are believed to be genealogical descendants of the Nordic Bronze Age, an event that saw mass emigration from the colder regions of the north into the fertile lands of central Europe.

In English, swear words and curse words tend to have Germanic rather than Latin etymology. Shit has a Germanic root, as likely does fuck. The more technical alternatives are often Latin in origin, such as defecate or excrete and fornicate or copulate respectively. Because of this, profanity is sometimes referred to colloquially as "Anglo-Saxon".

Octavian's opponents, Antony, Cleopatra and the Egyptians, assisted by bizarre and unhelpful Egyptian deities such as "barking" Anubis, lose the battle.Vergil, Aeneid, 8.696–700. In the interpretatio romana of the Germanic pantheon during the early centuries AD, Venus became identified with the Germanic goddess Frijjo, giving rise to the loan translation "Friday" for dies Veneris.

After the Spanish invasion, women in Brazil and Mexico, as well as throughout Andean territories, became not only producers of alcoholic beverages, but also its main market vendors. Traditional Germanic societies were reported by the Romans to drink ale, made predominantly of fermented honey, produced by women. Until monasteries took over the production of alcoholic beverages in the 11th century, making it a profession for monks and nuns, brewing was the domain of tribal Germanic women. Migratory Germanic tribe women typically brewed their meads and ales in the forest, to avoid pillages by invaders.

Archaeological remains of the Corded Ware culture might place the arrival of PIE speakers around 4500 years ago in the mid-3rd millenia BCE. Archaeologists and linguists have debated whether or not the Funnelbeaker culture and Pitted Ware culture were Indo- European. Additionally, debates have centered on the Germanic substrate hypothesis, which suggests that early Germanic might have been a creole or contact language based on the presence of unusual words. A large number of Celtic loanwords suggest contact between Proto-Germanic and Proto-Celtic in the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

By the early 1st millennium BC, Proto-Germanic is believed to have been spoken in Denmark, southern Sweden and Northern Germany. Over time this area was expanded to include southern Norway and a strip of land on the North European plain stretching from Flanders to the Vistula. Around 28% of the Germanic vocabulary is of non-Indo-European origin. By the 3rd century BC, the Pre- Roman Iron Age arose among the Germanic peoples, who were at the time expanding southwards at the expense of the Celts and Illyrians.

Wives and other female relatives of such leaders and warriors figure prominently in many pieces of Germanic literature. Germanic literature is divided into literature transferred orally from generation to generation and literature written down at a later date. Some of this literature, such as the Grottasöngr, appears to have been passed down from a very early time. Much of what is known about Germanic literature was passed down by skalds and scops, who were poets employed by a chieftain to memorize his deeds and those of his ancestors.

PIE /ei/ developed into long /ī/. PIE long /ē/ developed into a vowel denoted as /ē1/ (often assumed to be phonetically ), while a new, fairly uncommon long vowel /ē2/ developed in varied and not completely understood circumstances. Proto- Germanic had no front rounded vowels, but all Germanic languages except for Gothic subsequently developed them through the process of i-umlaut. Proto- Germanic developed a strong stress accent on the first syllable of the root, but remnants of the original free PIE accent are visible due to Verner's Law, which was sensitive to this accent.

The German language is most similar to other languages within the West Germanic language branch, including Afrikaans, Dutch, English, the Frisian languages, Low German/Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, and Yiddish. It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, although they belong to the North Germanic group. German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the major languages of the world, German is a native language to almost 100 million people worldwide and the most widely spoken native language in the European Union.

Further, some historians now question whether there was any unifying Germanic culture even in Roman times, and secondly whether there was any significant continuity at all apart from language, connecting the Roman era Germanic peoples with the mixed new ethnic groups who formed in late antiquity. Sceptics of such connections include Walter Goffart, and others associated with him and the University of Toronto. Goffart lists four "contentions" about how the Germanic terminology biases the conclusions of historians, and is therefore misleading: :1. Barbarian invasions should not be seen as a single collective movement.

Passing his exams with great distinction, Much gained his PhD in 1887 with the dissertion On the Prehistory of Germany (Zur Vorgeschichte Deutschlands), and completed his habilitation in Germanic studies in 1892-1893 with a thesis on Germania. Since 1901, was Assistant Professor of Celtic and Germanic Antiquity and Scandinavian Language and Literature at the University of Vienna. Since, 1904, Much served as Associate Professor, and then Professor of Germanic Linguistic History and Antiquity (Germanische Sprachgeschichte und Altertumskunde) at the University of Vienna. In this capacity he was also tasked with lecturing on Scandinavian literature.

The Battle of Burdigala destroyed the Romans' hopes of definitively defeating the Cimbri and so the Germanic threat continued.Lynda Telford, Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered, pp 42-43. In 106 BC the Romans sent their largest army yet; the senior consul of that year, Quintus Servilius Caepio, was authorized to use eight legions in an effort to end the Germanic threat once and for all. While the Romans were busy getting their army together, the Volcae Tectosages had quarrelled with their Germanic guests, and had asked them to leave the area.

Dieter Geuenich has argued that the presentation of a story revolving around the interpretation of Germanic words would have been well received at the court of Louis the German, who sought to "cultivate" the theodisca lingua (German language).Geary, p. 53: Geuenich (1983) strives to push the development of "Christian literature in Germanic language" back from the reign of Charlemagne to that of Louis, contra Helmut de Boor (1964). The Visio can be seen as a piece of the propaganda of a consciously developed East Frankish (aristocratic) culture that patronised the Germanic language.

Through the course of the Middle Ages names derived from Christian Saints became more common than Germanic ones. From the 12th century onwards it became custom for the child to receive a Christian name, although some names of Germanic origin like Gertrude and Hubertus remained prevalent as these too became names of Christian saints. The direct influence of the church on the transition from Germanic to Christian names must not be overestimated. Before the council of Trent (1545–1563), the Roman Catholic church did not have any regulation of the practice of naming children.

Dreimorengesetz (, "three-mora rule") is a linguistic rule proposed by Hermann Hirt for placing the accent in a Germanic text.James W. Marchand, The Sounds and Phonemes of Wulfila's Gothic, 1973, p. 96: "5.31 The Dreimorengesetz" The prevailing theory accounting for developments of inflectional endings from IE to Germanic to "the various Germanic languages is the theory of Dreimorigkeit .. This theory, as it is set down by its outstanding exponent, Hermann Hirt, is as follows: 7 Es gab im Idg. zweimorige und ......" According to the rule, an enclitic cannot be more than three morae in length.

The earliest written sources on Germanic mythology include literature by Roman writers. This includes Commentaries on the Gallic War by Julius Caesar, Geographica by Strabo, and Germania by Tacitus. Later Latin-language sources on Germanic mythology include Getica by Jordanes, History of the Lombards by Paul the Deacon, Ecclesiastical History of the English People by Bede, Vita Ansgari by Rimbert, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum by Adam of Bremen, and Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus. Vernacular sources on Germanic mythology include the Merseburg Charms, the Nibelungenlied, and various pieces of Old English literature, particularly Beowulf.

With Caesar’s victory over the Celtic tribes in 51 BC, the place that is now Dhronecken became part of a Roman province called Belgica Prima. In that time, a Roman sanctum came to be near Dhronecken. Also worth noting is the widespread settlement of Sarmatians between the Dhron and the Nahe, as they were non-Germanic people from the Russian steppes.Cüppers, Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz, 1990 With the Germanic migration period, the Roman occupation came to an end after many Celtic uprisings and the first Germanic invasions.

By the 1st century AD, most of what is today Germanic- speaking Europe was dominated by peoples speaking Germanic languages. These peoples were called Germani by the Romans, and the area they dominated was called Germania. In the preceding centuries, this area had expanded greatly through a series of Germanic expansions. By the 1st century AD, it stretched from the Danube in the south to the North Sea and Baltic Sea in the north, and from the Rhine in the west to beyond the Vistula in the east.

Increasingly, however, it became the ambition of linguists like the Neogrammarians to formulate general and exceptionless rules of sound change that would account for all the data (or as close to all the data as possible), not merely for a well-behaved subset of it. One classic example of Proto-Indo- European ' → Proto-Germanic is the word for 'father'. Proto-Indo-European (here, the macron marks vowel length) → Proto-Germanic (instead of expected ). In the structurally similar family term 'brother', Proto-Indo-European ' did indeed develop as predicted by Grimm's Law (Germanic ).

Germanic tribes eventually overwhelmed and conquered the ancient world. That military transition was additionally spurred by the arrival of the Vikings from Scandinavia in the 8th to 10th centuries, giving rise to modern Europe and medieval warfare. The later military development of armored knights and fortified castles was a response in part to the relentless plundering and raiding by the Vikings, which meant that the Germanic tribes who had settled mainland Europe and the British Isles had to adapt themselves so as to combat another wave of Germanic aggression.

The fact that the stirrup was introduced at such a late date is a testimony to the excellent horsemanship of Germanic riders. Caesar notes that the Suebi would attach a fast-running warrior to each cavalryman, who could assist the latter with both defense and offense. Danes depicted invading England. Illuminated illustration from the 12th century Miscellany on the Life of St. Edmund (Pierpont Morgan Library) Caesar considered Germanic cavalrymen superior to those of the Romans, and was thus forced to recruit Germanic mercenaries to compensate for this inferiority.

The conversion of the Germanic peoples began with the conversion of the Germanic nobility, who were expected to impose their new faith on the general population. This expectation was consistent with the sacral position of the king in Germanic paganism: the king is charged with interacting with the divine on behalf of his people. Hence the general population saw nothing wrong with their kings choosing their preferred mode of worship. The favoured method of showing the supremacy of the Christian belief was the destruction of the holy trees of the Germans.

The origins of the Vienna School of History can be traced to the works of the German historian Reinhard Wenskus. During the 1960s, there was as political reaction against previous scholarship on Germanic tribes. Drawing upon studies on modern tribes, Wenskus discovered that the Germanic tribes of antiquity did not constitute distinct ethnicities, but were rather diverse alliances led by a dominant elite continuing "core-traditions" (). Wenskus revealed that members of the Germanic tribes were not actually related to each other by kin; this was rather a figment of their own imagination.

The Norsemen (or Norse people) were a North Germanic ethnolinguistic group of the Early Middle Ages, during which they spoke the Old Norse language. The language belongs to the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages and is the predecessor of the modern Germanic languages of Scandinavia. During the late 8th century, Norsemen embarked on a large-scale expansion in all directions, giving rise to the Viking Age. In English-language scholarship since the 19th century, Norse seafaring traders, settlers and warriors have commonly been referred to as Vikings.

Map of the Kingdom of the Suebi in the 5th and 6th centuries Visigothic kingdom in Iberia c.560 In the early 5th century, Germanic tribes, namely the Suebi and the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) together with their allies, the Sarmatians and Alans invaded the Iberian Peninsula where they would form their kingdom. The Kingdom of the Suebi was the Germanic post-Roman kingdom, established in the former Roman provinces of Gallaecia-Lusitania. 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements were found in Alenquer (from old Germanic Alan kerk, temple of the Alans), Coimbra and Lisbon.

The approximate positions of some Germanic peoples reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. A view of the country around Minden, part of ancient Engern The Angrivarii (or Angrivari) were a Germanic people of the early Roman Empire, who lived in what is now northwest Germany near the middle of the Weser river. They were mentioned by the Roman authors Tacitus and Ptolemy. They were part of the Germanic alliance of Arminius and his defeat of the Romans at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in the 9th year of the common era.

If they did not have enough gods yet, they should elevate one of their deceased kings, Erik, to be a god.Padberg 1998: 121 The baptism of Clovis I also highlights the sacred role of the Germanic king. A Germanic king held the highest religious office for his people.Padberg 1998, 29; Padberg notes, that this is probably disputed research, but can be affirmed for the northern Germanic area He was seen as of divine descent, was the leader of the religious cult and was responsible for the fertility of the land and military victory.

Accordingly, the conversion of their leader had a strong impact on his people. If he considered it appropriate to adopt the Christian belief, this also was a good idea for them. Thus early Germanic Christianity was presented as an alternative to native Germanic paganism and elements were syncretized, for example parallels between Woden and Christ. An illustration of these tendencies is the Anglo-Saxon poem Dream of the Rood, where Jesus is cast in the heroic model of a Germanic warrior, who faces his death unflinchingly and even eagerly.

The opening to the Old English epic poem Beowulf, handwritten in half-uncial script: "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..." The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon (c. 550–1066 CE). Old English developed from a set of West Germanic dialects, often grouped as Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic, and originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia, Lower Saxony and southern Jutland by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.

In Germanic paganism, trees played (and, in the form of reconstructive Heathenry and Germanic Neopaganism, continue to play) a prominent role, appearing in various aspects of surviving texts and possibly in the name of gods. The tree of life appears in Norse religion as Yggdrasil, the world tree, a massive tree (sometimes considered a yew or ash tree) with extensive lore surrounding it. Perhaps related to Yggdrasil, accounts have survived of Germanic Tribes' honouring sacred trees within their societies. Examples include Thor's Oak, sacred groves, the Sacred tree at Uppsala, and the wooden Irminsul pillar.

Teudt's interest in "Germanic archaeology", in particular the discovery of Germanic pagan sacred sites, developed in the 1920s. He trusted in his paranormal faculty of picking up the "vibrations" of his ancestors helping him visualize ancient sceneries of the sites he was researching. Teudt was particularly interested in the natural stone formation of the Externsteine near Detmold, which he suggested was the location of a central Saxon shrine, the location of Irminsul and an ancient sun observatory. He assumed that the Germanic buildings there had been made from wood and thus left no traces.

The approximate positions of some Germanic peoples reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. The Marsi () were a small Germanic tribe settled between the Rhine, Ruhr and Lippe rivers in northwest Germany. It has been suggested that they were a part of the Sugambri who managed to stay east of the Rhine after most Sugambri had been moved from this area. Strabo describes the Marsi as an example of a Germanic tribe who were originally from the Rhine area, now the war-torn Roman frontier, but had migrated deep into Germania.

When the Romans overran the region just before the beginning of the Christian Era, settled here were, besides Celts, also members of the Germanic tribe of the Vangiones. The Romans were removed late in their Empire's history, about 400, by another Germanic tribe, the Alamanni, who were thronging into the area, although they themselves were dislodged from their new homeland just under a century later by the likewise Germanic Franks. Thus far, though, there is no evidence of any settlement at what is now Dirmstein in those days.

Although it is not uncommon for a Canadian kindred to honour non-Germanic gods in low symbel, the incorporation of non-Germanic customs as part of the public cult is more controversial. Some Heathens may see such a practice as cultural appropriation and will not entertain or encourage such practices. However others more open to such ideas tend to justify their practices by way of appreciation for the history and ancestors of the land they are upon. Within the non-Germanic customs perhaps the most controversial is the inclusion of First Peoples folk customs.

Christian states in 495 AD The Germanic people underwent gradual Christianization from Late Antiquity. In the 4th century, the early process of Christianization of the various Germanic people was partly facilitated by the prestige of the Christian Roman Empire amongst European pagans. Until the decline of the Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes who had migrated there (with the exceptions of the Saxons, Franks, and Lombards, see below) had converted to Christianity.Padberg 1998, 26 Many of them, notably the Goths and Vandals, adopted Arianism instead of the Trinitarian (a.k.a.

In 1948, she was admitted to the Yerevan State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages (YSPL) where she graduated with a diploma in Germanic linguistics and in Pedagogy in 1952. She was then appointed as an instructor of German at YSPL, where she taught from 1952 to 1956. Subsequently, she was invited to teach in the Department of Romance and Germanic Philology at Yerevan State University (YSU, 1956–1958). Sakayan began her graduate studies in Germanic philology in 1958 at the Lomonosov Moscow State University (LMSU), completing them in 1961.

Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is known primarily from the Codex Argenteus, a 6th-century copy of a 4th- century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic language with a sizable text corpus. All others, including Burgundian and Vandalic, are known, if at all, only from proper names that survived in historical accounts, and from loanwords in other languages such as Portuguese, Spanish, and French. As a Germanic language, Gothic is a part of the Indo-European language family.

Bluth is a surname of Germanic origin. In some instances, the surname is derived from the German word "Blut," meaning blood.

In the 1880s, Nietzsche's sister took a steamer ride up the river to establish Nueva Germania, a Germanic colony in Paraguay .

In the West Germanic dialects which became Old English, n had a tendency to elide when positioned immediately before a th.

Many of these words do, however, continue to survive dialectally and in English. See: List of English Latinates of Germanic origin.

The Kingdom of the Rugii or Rugiland was established by the Germanic Rugii in present-day Austria in the 5th century.

Her son's name (Matouš) means "gift by God". It comes from Hebrew name Matthiyah. Her name means "yew" in Germanic languages.

In classical antiquity, the Triboci or Tribocci were a Germanic people of eastern Gaul, inhabiting much of what is now Alsace.

Th-stopping occurred in all continental Germanic languages, resulting in cognates such as German die for "the" and Bruder for "brother".

Evidently, the belief that free political institutions of the United States spawned in ancient Germanic forests endured well into the 1940s.

Many of these words do, however, continue to survive dialectally and in English. See: List of English Latinates of Germanic origin.

The most common way for Germanic armies to defeat fortified settlements was to force a town into submission by a blockade.

Ragnar (Old Norse Ragnarr) is a masculine Germanic given name, composed of the Old Norse elements ragin- "counsel" and hari- "army".

Johann Peter Julius Hoffory (9 February 1855, Aarhus - 12 April 1897, Westend) was a Danish-German philologist, phonetician, and Germanic scholar.

These unclear distinctions among norns and other Germanic female deities are discussed in Bek-Pedersen's book Norns in Old Norse Mythology.

Opening parade at Viking and Slavic Festival in 2004 Annually, the island is home to Europe's biggest Germanic-Slavic Viking festival.

The Waffen-SS was greatly expanded and allowed to recruit volunteers from conquered territories from the ethnic German and Germanic populations.

While the Aquitani were probably Vascons, the Belgae would thus probably be counted among the Gaulish tribes, perhaps with Germanic elements.

The origins of the Huosi are unclear. The dynasty appears to have started as petty Germanic chieftains under the Goths. Sometime around the Christianization of Germany, the Huosi were converted to Chalcedonian Christianity from Germanic paganism, although it is probable that some were already Arians. Several descendants held the office of a Bishop of Freising in the 9th century.

He met with ambassadors from the Germanic tribe and offered them land with the Ubii and an alliance against the Suevi; however, Caesar soon became worried that the tribes were delaying until their cavalry could return. Together with the Batavi, the Ubii furnished soldiers for the Germanic bodyguard, the personal bodyguard of the early Roman emperors.

"Else Ury – A Representative of the German-Jewish Bürgertum. Not an Essence but a Positioning": German-Jewish Women Writers 1900-38. Eds. Godela Weiss-Sussex and Andrea Hammel. Martin Meidenbauer Verlag: München, 2009 and Institute of Germanic & Romance Studies; School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2009 (Publication of the Institute of Germanic Studies, 93). 77-93.

The Vandals during the Migration period. Vandalic was the Germanic language spoken by the Vandals during roughly the 3rd to 6th centuries. It was probably closely related to Gothic, and as such is traditionally classified as an East Germanic language. Its attestation is very fragmentary, mainly due to Vandals' constant migrations and late adoption of writing.

Oxapampa was founded in 1891 by settlers of Austrian and Germanic origin from Pozuzo. The town and the region retains a Germanic flavor in its Tyrolean architecture and celebrates its origins in public celebrations. Oxapampa, due to its mild climate and scenic surroundings, has become a tourist destination since access was improved by highway construction beginning in the 1980s.

Just like its southern neighbour – with which there is some geographic overlap – the Low German Hall House, this type of house is considered to be a development of the Bronze Age Germanic longhouse (Germanisches Wohnstallhaus). This, in turn, was based on the Neolithic longhouse which came from outside the Germanic culture and was considerably more widespread.

In 1848 he published Das Germanische Totenlager von Selzen, an important treatise on Germanic sepulchral mounds. In 1851, he became head of the Romano- Germanic Central Museum in Mainz. Lindenschmit was an outspoken critic of the "three-age system" developed by archaeologist Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (1788–1865). With anatomist Alexander Ecker (1816–1887), he founded the Archiv für Anthropologie.

Roymans, Nico, Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005, pp. 226–27 The frontier culture was influenced by the Romans, Germanic people, and Gauls. In the first centuries after Rome's conquest of Gaul, trade flourished. And Roman, Gaulish and Germanic material culture are found combined in the region.

In Germanic paganism, Baduhenna is a goddess. Baduhenna is solely attested in Tacitus's Annals where Tacitus records that a sacred grove in ancient Frisia was dedicated to her, and that near this grove 900 Roman soldiers were killed in 28 CE. Scholars have analyzed the name of the goddess and linked the figure to the Germanic Matres and Matronae.

Arnulf is a masculine German given name. It is composed of the Germanic elements arn "eagle" and ulf "wolf". The -ulf, -olf suffix was an extremely frequent element in Germanic onomastics and from an early time was perceived as a mere suffix forming given names. Similarly, the suffix -wald, -ald, -old, originally from wald "rule, power" underwent semantic weakening.

Language change and language structure: older Germanic languages in a Comparative Perspective. P.294Aldhouse-Green, Miranda Jane. 1995. The Celtic World. P.607. On the other hand, at least part of the Belgae may also have had significant genetic, cultural, and historical connections to peoples east of the Rhine, including Germanic peoples, judging from archaeological, placename, and textual evidence.

Most of the supposedly "irregular" Germanic verbs belong to historical categories that are regular within their own terms. However, the suppletive verbs are irregular by any standard, and for most purposes the preterite- presents can also count as irregular. Beyond this, isolated irregularities occur in all Germanic languages in both the strong and the weak verb system.

In 1929, Hollander was promoted to Chairman of the Department of Germanic Languages at the University of Texas. In this capacity, Hollander oversaw major growth of his department, while simultaneously carrying out pioneering research. Under his leadership, the University of Texas became a leading institution on Germanic studies. His greatest scholarly passion was Old Norse literature and mythology.

The Germanic chief, Arminius, had been instrumental in the organising of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, in which three Roman legions, moving west to winter quarters, were ambushed and annihilated by allied Germanic forces in the deep forests of western Germania.Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010, p. 238.Dando-Collins 2010, 237.

Continental Germanic mythology is a subtype of Germanic paganism as practiced in parts of Central Europe during the 6th to 8th centuries, a period of Christianization. It continued in the legends, and Middle High German epics of the Middle Ages. Traces of these stories, with the sacred elements largely removed, may be found throughout European folklore and fairy tales.

Ernst Schwarz (19 June 1895 – 14 April 1983) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German philologist who was Professor of Ancient German language and Literature at Charles University, and later Professor of Germanic and German Philology at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg. Schwarz specialized in Germanic studies, especially dialectology and onomastics, with a particular focus on the Sudeten Germans.

He thus remained stateless for seven years, during which, according to Mussert, he was "the Germanic leader and nothing else".Lipgens 1985, p. 101 The Swastika Flag was to be used as a symbol to represent not only the National Socialist movement, but also the unity of the Nordic-Germanic peoples into a single state.Rich 1974, p. 26.

There have also been proposals that Frank comes from the Germanic word for "javelin" (such as in Old English or Old Norse ).Robert K. Barnhart, ed. Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology (Bronx, NY: H. W. Wilson, 1988), 406. Words in other Germanic languages meaning "fierce", "bold" or "insolent" (German , Middle Dutch , Old English and Old Norwegian ), may also be significant.

The situation was similar in High German, where the retracted sibilants derived largely from Proto-Germanic , while the non-retracted sibilants derived from instances of Proto-Germanic that were shifted by the High German sound shift. Minimal pairs were common in all languages. Examples in Middle High German, for example, were "to know" (Old English , cf. "to wit") vs.

The Pomeranian culture evolved from the Lusatian culture east of the Parseta river and in Pomerelia. It is characterized primarily by the use of faced urns, also of house urns, placed in stone cists. This culture is considered to mark the (proto-)Germanic-Baltic frontier. A linguistic classification, whether Baltic, Germanic, or interlink, is not possible.

Wybren Jan Buma (1910–1999)Wybren Jan Buma, 1910–1999, Professors University of Groningen was a scholar of Frisian languages and history, known for editing and translating Germanic law codes including the Asega-bôk (his was the first modern scholarly edition thereof), the legal code for the Rustringian Frisians and one of the oldest surviving continental Germanic law codes.

Another classification can be drawn based on mutual intellegibility. Danish is a Germanic language of the North Germanic branch. Other names for this group are the Nordic or Scandinavian languages. Along with Swedish, Danish descends from the Eastern dialects of the Old Norse language; Danish and Swedish are also classified as East Scandinavian or East Nordic languages.

The Germanic Matres and Matrones, female deities venerated in North-West Europe from the 1st to the 5th century AD depicted on votive objects and altars almost entirely in groups of three from the first to the fifth century AD have been proposed as connected with the later Germanic dísir, valkyries, and norns, potentially stemming from them.Simek (2007:236).

9th-century depiction of Christ as a heroic warrior (Stuttgart Psalter, fol. 23, illustration of Psalm 91:13) The Germanic peoples underwent gradual Christianization in the course of late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. By AD 700, England and Francia were officially Christian, and by 1100 Germanic paganism had also ceased to have political influence in Scandinavia.

2–3 One of the largest influences upon Germanic religion has been its encounters with other cultural groups such as the Celts and Romans, who also inhabited central Europe. There is archaeological evidence to suggest that these religions / customs traded iconography and myth freely amongst themselves.Ewing, Thor (2010). Gods and Worshippers in the Viking and Germanic World. pp.

In 2013 she became a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute. In 2014, Busch became the Director of Collections, Library, Archives and IT, as well as Head of Roman Archeology at the Roman-Germanic Central Museum (RGZM) in Mainz. In October 2018 she became the Director General of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum. Vusch replaced Prof. dr.

Hand made pottery showed a greater variety in form, and was sometimes decorated with incised linear motifs. In addition, Roman amphorae are also found, suggesting trade contacts with the Roman world. There is also a small, but regular, presence of distinct hand–made pottery typical of that found in western Germanic groups, suggesting the presence of Germanic groups.

Besides the addition of affixes, another way that vowels in the word could be modified was the Indo-European ablaut, which is still visible in languages such as the Germanic languages. For example, the vowel in the English (a Germanic language) verb to sing varies according to the conjugation of the verb: sing, sang and sung.

He consistently refers to the term Germanic in scare quotes, except in a linguistic sense. Halsall laments that there is still widespread agreement in the scholarly community that an early Germanic culture did indeed exist. He calls this "the problems of Germanism". He considers the belief in a common Celtic culture to be just as problematic as Germanism.

In their religion, priestesses played a key role. Wirth thought that both the Jewish and the Christian faith were perversions of this original religion. He considered himself a symbologist and thought the Germanic people to be direct descendants of these inhabitants of Atlantis. Researching the Germanic culture thus was a way of reconstructing the original culture of the ancients.

The log farmhouse at the Hess Homestead is constructed with a Germanic architectural technique known as Blockstanderbau,McMurry, van Dolsen 2011, p.36 featuring vertical log corner posts, with many other vertical and diagonal timbers. Colonial Pennsylvania house builders brought corner-post traditions with them from Europe. This form of post-and-beam construction is widespread throughout Germanic Europe.

Himmler was aware of these views but, unlike Hitler, admired what he believed was the fierceness and valour of the Germanic tribes of northern Europe. He was particularly interested in Tacitus's Germania, an ethnographic and historical account of the Iron-Age Germanic tribes written by the Roman historian at the end of the first century CE.

The sources are varied epochally and geographically. In many instances, Grimm cites the North and West Germanic variants of a religious entity; thus the entry on Thor is titled 'Donar, Thunar (Thôrr)'. Older Germanic words, particularly those concerning ritual, are often compared to Latin equivalents, as evident in the table of contents. The English translation by Stallybrass (3 vols.

English is the only language to use the adjective Dutch for the language of the Netherlands and Flanders or something else from the Netherlands. The word is derived from Proto-Germanic . The stem of this word, , meant "people" in Proto-Germanic, and was an adjective-forming suffix, of which is the Modern English form., p. 269.

Gilbert is a surname of Germanic origin. The English-language surname is derived from Giselbert, a mediaeval personal name composed of the following Germanic elements: gisil ("pledge", "hostage", "noble youth") and berht ("bright", "famous"). This personal name was very popular in England during the Middle Ages. The surname is sometimes an Americanized form of numerous like-sounding Jewish surnames.

Though Middle Dutch is today usually excluded from MLG (although very closely related), it is sometimes, esp. in older literature, included in MLG, which then encompasses the dialect continuum of all high-medieval Continental Germanic dialects outside MHG, from Flanders in the West to the eastern Baltic.D. Nicholas, 2009. The Northern Lands: Germanic Europe, c.1270–c.1500.

Harman is a surname of Germanic origin dating back before Christ. Most notable, (Arminius) was the unifier of the early Germanic tribes against the Roman Empire. In lower German the name is Hermann; in upper German it is Harman. Its early name relationship to Arminius who was German born and educated in Rome was discovered by Martin Luther.

The problem of identification is related to the problem of etymology. Both are related to the question whether the Turcilingi were Germanic or not. The root Turci- has led some scholars to suggest that they were a Turkic-speaking tribe. The -ling suffix is Germanic, denoting members of a line, usually one descended from a common ancestor.

Except for the fact that he was not considered Roman, Odoacer's precise ethnic origins are not known. Some scholars believe his origins lie in the multi- ethnic empire of Attila. Most scholars consider him to be at least partly of Germanic descent, while others argue he was entirely Germanic. Early medieval sources such as Theophanes, called him a Goth.

Tacitus wrote that many officers were sacrificed by the Germanic forces as part of their indigenous religious ceremonies, cooked in pots and their bones used for rituals.Tacitus, Annals, I.61 Others were ransomed, and some common soldiers appear to have been enslaved. Germanic warriors storm the field, Varusschlacht, 1909 All Roman accounts stress the completeness of the Roman defeat.

Arminius sent Varus' severed head to Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, the other most powerful Germanic ruler, with the offer of an anti-Roman alliance. Maroboduus declined, sending the head to Rome for burial, and remained neutral throughout the ensuing war. Only thereafter did a brief, inconclusive war break out between the two Germanic leaders.Velleius 2,119,5.

Hlín serves as a given name in Iceland, and Hlín receives veneration in the modern era in Germanic paganism's modern extension, Heathenry.

Stuffo is the name of a supposed Germanic god, who originates from various late medieval legends from Germany related to Saint Boniface.

He proselytized to and contributed to the conversion of Germanic peoples living in the regions of the lower Moselle and Middle Rhine.

The poem shows the influence of continental Germanic traditions, as it portrays Sigurd's death in the forest rather than in his bed.

Surviving examples of these Merovingian-period swords have notably been found in the context of the Scandinavian Germanic Iron Age (Vendel period).

Lithuanians are neither Slavic nor Germanic, although the union with Poland, German and Russian colonization and settlement left cultural and religious influences.

"The Legend of Walther and Hildegund." The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 22, no. 1 (1923): 75-88. www.jstor.org/stable/27702692.

Andreas Heusler (10 August 1865 in Basel – 28 February 1940 in Basel) was a Swiss medievalist, specialising in Germanic and Norse studies.

These represent cult places of Germanic migrants, whose pottery indicates that they came from the area of the rivers Oder and Warta.

Germanic armies had also learned the advantage of maintaining reserves, rather than throwing the entire army into battle at the same time.

German influence is also evident in its Germanic buildings. The school "Donatus School Otjiwarongo" (D.S.O.) was once known as "Deutsche Schule Otjiwarongo".

In the beginnings of the 3rd century, the legion was involved in Caracalla's campaign against Germanic tribes and receives the cognomen Germanica.

Padberg, Lutz v. (1998), p.48 The Christianization of the Franks lay the foundation for the further Christianization of the Germanic peoples.

In the 5th century, the Germanic Alemanni tribe settled in the Swiss Plateau. The Roman castle remained standing until the 7th century.

98 However, his attempts to demonstrate Germanic influence from passing Goths and Gepids, as well as old Greek elements, proved less convincing.

The Germanic-speaking area of the Holy Roman Empire around AD 962 \---- While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as the Ostsiedlung). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature.

Tacitus continues to be an important influence in Germanic studies of antiquity, and is often read together with the Getica of Jordanes, who wrote much later. > Tacitus's ethnography won the attention it had formerly been denied because > there now was a Germany, the "German nation" that had come into existence > since the Carolingians, which Tacitus could now equip with a heaven-sent > ancient dignity and pedigree. In this context, in the 19th century, the famous folklorist and linguist Jacob Grimm helped popularize the concept of Germanic languages as well as of Indo- european languages. Apart from the well-known Grimm's Fairy Tales, collected with his brother Wilhelm, he published, for example, Deutsche Mythologie attempting to reconstruct Germanic mythology, and a German dictionary, Deutsches Wörterbuch, with detailed etymological proposals attempting to reconstruct the oldest Germanic language.

The approximate positions of some Germanic peoples reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. Roman Gaul and Germania east of the Rhine around 70 A. D. The Sicambri, also known as the Sugambri or Sicambrians, were a Celtic people or Germanic people who during Roman times lived on the east bank of the Rhine river, in what is now Germany, near the border with the Netherlands. They were first reported by Julius Caesar, who described them as Germanic (Germani), though he did not necessarily define this in terms of language. Whether or not the Sicambri spoke a Germanic or Celtic language, or something else, is not certain, because they lived in the so-called Nordwestblock zone where these two language families came into contact and were both influential.

Accordingly, some of them were recruited into the SS and enjoyed the highest privileges as did foreign workers from these regions, to include unrestrained sexual contact with German women. Eager to expand their reach, fanatical Nazis like Chief of the SS Main Office, Gottlob Berger considered the Germanic SS as foundational for a burgeoning German Empire. Himmler's vision for a Germanic SS started with grouping the Netherlands, Belgian, and French Flanders together into a western-Germanic state called Burgundia, which would be policed by the SS as a security buffer for Germany. In 1940, the first manifestation of the Germanic SS appeared in Flanders as the Allgemeene SS Vlaanderen to be joined two-months later by the Dutch Nederlandsche SS, and in May 1941 the Norwegian Norges SS was formed.

In 1938, a battalion of the Leibstandarte was chosen to accompany the army troops in occupying Austria during the Anschluss, and the three regiments of the SS-VT participated in the occupation of the Sudetenland that October. In both actions no resistance was met. Recruiting ethnic Germans from other countries began in April 1940, and units consisting of non-Germanic recruits were formed beginning in 1942. Non-Germanic units were not considered to be part of the SS, which still maintained its racial criteria, but rather were considered to be foreign nationals serving under the command of the SS. As a general rule, an "SS Division" was made up of Germans or other Germanic peoples, while a "Division of the SS" was made up of non-Germanic volunteers and conscripts.

Fahrenkrog remained with the GDRG after several members left following disagreements over the place of the old Germanic gods and the inclusion of a partly Jewish member, and shortly thereafter the group changed its name to the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Germanic Faith-Community [GGG]), its final form. In 1916, the group set out ten points of common belief which they later published in Das Deutsche Buch (The German Book). In 1923, the GGG's sixth year of existence, Fahrenkrog gave a speech that emphasized the non-political nature of the group, and stated the goal of "ascent and united will of all Germanic people." At that point, the group had a large membership spread across several neighboring countries, and plans for further growth included the building of a Germanic temple designed by Fahrenkrog's stepson.

Nicholson is a Germanic surname. It is a patronymic form of the given name Nichol, which was a common medieval form of Nicholas.

The Jämtland County Council is therefore the only county in Sweden with a continuity from its roots as a medieval Germanic general assembly.

Ljubiša Rajić (Belgrade, 4 April 1947 – Belgrade, 4 June 2012) was a Serbian university professor of North Germanic languages, prolific translator and academic.

In India, before the 4th century BC, the Arthashastra notes the use of tolls. Germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across mountain passes.

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1326. The name is derived from the Germanic name Gerlach with Slavic suffix -ov.

The "Ansitz Kreit" in Eppan, South Tyrol An Ansitz is a small residence designed for the lower nobility of the Germanic Alpine region.

The name of the village is derived from the word Thing or Ding (Ochtendung). A 'Thing' was a governing assembly in Germanic societies.

Ansaldo is an Italian name of Germanic origin. It was originally a masculine given name and was later also used as a surname.

Dupeux was a professor at the Robert Schuman University and a research at the Centre d'études germaniques ("Centre of Germanic studies") of Strasbourg.

Crimean Gothic was an East Germanic language spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea until the late 18th century.

In i-mutation and Germanic umlaut, a back vowel is fronted under the influence of or in a following syllable. This is assimilation.

The three main types of warfare carried out during the Germanic Iron Age were feuds, raids and total war involving the entire tribe.

Genetic evidence suggests a number of separate migrations (1.Anatoleans 2. Tocharians, 3 Celto-Illyrians, 4.Germanic and Slav, - possibly in this order).

After studies on the fundamental material of law, especially Roman law, he did valuable research in the hypothetical field of Indo-Germanic law.

Louw is a surname that has pre-7th century Germanic origins. It is a Dutch/Flemish variant on the word Lowe, meaning Lion.

Chuvash Culture Portal. Their main god is Tura, a deity comparable to the Estonian Taara, the Germanic Thunraz and the pan-Turkic Tengri.

The name comes from a personal name "Hano" and the Germanic "Gardo" and means ‘Hano’s garden’. In 1135 the name was spelt ‘Hangardum’.

He studied Germanic Literature, and now works as the chief editor of Belgian photography magazine "Shoot" which severely limits his time to quiz.

Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages is a 2014 scholarly book by the Dutch linguist Peter Schrijver, published by Routledge..

In addition unlike some other areas of the country non-Germanic folk-customs do not tend to play a role in BC Heathenry.

Fernand Mossé (25 May 1892 – 10 July 1956) was a 20th-century French philologist and historian, specialized in Germanic languages and German literature.

However, all modern Germanic languages save English and Scots retain the more general sense: for example, German Tier and Norwegian dyr mean animal.

Cassius Dio viewed the Germanic tribes as Celts, an impression given perhaps by Belgica, the name assigned to lower Germania at the time.

With the expansion of the Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes came under Roman cultural influence. Some written remarks by Roman authors that are relevant to developments on Polish lands have been preserved; they provide additional insights in conjunction with the archeological record. In the end, as the Roman Empire was nearing its collapse and the nomadic peoples invading from the east destroyed, damaged or destabilized the various Germanic cultures and societies, the Germanic peoples left Eastern and Central Europe for the safer and wealthier southern and western parts of the European continent.U źródeł Polski, pp. 94-115.

Old Low Frankish had its most long lasting effects in the bilingual regions of what is now northern France, resulting in the split between the more Germanic- influenced langue d'oïl and the southern langue d'oc (the separate Occitan language). Germanic languages remained spoken by officials in Neustria and Austrasia into the 10th century. Urban T. Holmes Jr., A. H. Schutz (1938), A history of the French language, p. 29, Biblo & Tannen Publishers, Off the coast of mainland Europe, Germanic settlers in England began to speak Old English, displacing Old Brittonic with the Northumbrian, Mercian, Kentish and West Saxon dialects. Crystal, David. 2004.

In Scandinavia, Germanic paganism continued to dominate until the 11th century in the form of Old Norse religion, when it was gradually replaced by Christianity. While the Germanic peoples were slowly converted to Christianity by varying means, many elements of the pre-Christian culture and indigenous beliefs remained firmly in place after the conversion process, particularly in the more rural and distant regions. Of particular note is the survival of the pagan fascination with the forest in the retention of Christmas tree even today. Many of the Germanic tribes actually revered forests as sacred places and left them unmolested.

English and German are both West Germanic languages. Modern English has diverged significantly after absorbing more French influence after 1066. English has its roots in the languages spoken by Germanic peoples from mainland Europe, more specifically various peoples came from what is now the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, including a people called the Angles after whom the English are named. Many everyday words in English are of Germanic origin and are similar to their German counterparts, and more intellectual and formal words are of French, Latin or Greek origin, but German tends to form calques of many of these.

By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote Germania, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces. Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.

Some of the West Germanic languages also did not survive past the Migration Period, including Lombardic. As a result of World War II and subsequent mass expulsion of Germans, the German language suffered a significant loss of Sprachraum, as well as moribundity and extinction of several of its dialects. In the 21st century, its dialects are dying out due to Standard German gaining primacy. The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called Proto- Germanic, also known as Common Germanic, which was spoken in about the middle of the 1st millennium BC in Iron Age Scandinavia.

The Romans sent the senior consul of that year, Gaius Marius, a proven and capable general, at the head of another large army. The Germanic tribes never materialized so Marius subdued the Volcae Tectosages capturing their king Copillus.Lynda Telford, Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered, p.58. In 103 BC, Sulla, one of Marius's lieutenants, succeeded in persuading the Germanic Marsi tribe to become friends and allies of Rome; they detached themselves from the Germanic confederation and went back to Germania.Lynda Telford, Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered, pp 57-58. In 102 BC Marius marched against the Teutones and Ambrones in Gaul.

In 63 BC the Sequani and Arverni secured the aid of Ariovistus, a king of the Germanic Suebi tribe, to help settle the hereditary dispute.Goldsworthy, Caesar: Life of a Colossus, 204Meier, Caesar: A Biography, 238 Ariovistus crossed the Rhine with a confederation of Germanic tribes.Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.31 The Battle of Magetobriga, the final battle between the Aedui and their enemies, took place close to the Sequani town of Magetobria (or Amagetobria) (now known as Amage) 10 km from Luxeuil. Ariovistus' 15,000 Germanic tribesmen turned the tide, and the Aedui became tributary to the Sequani.

A modern replica of a alt=A metal hammer, worn as a pendant around an individual's neck Heathenry, also termed Heathenism, contemporary Germanic Paganism, or Germanic Neopaganism, is a modern Pagan religion. Scholars of religious studies classify it as a new religious movement. Developed in Europe during the early 20th century, its practitioners model it on the pre-Christian belief systems adhered to by the Germanic peoples of the Iron Age and Early Middle Ages. In an attempt to reconstruct these past belief systems, Heathenry uses surviving historical, archaeological, and folkloric evidence as a basis, although approaches to this material vary considerably.

The marital power derives from the Germanic, and not the Roman, sources of the Roman-Dutch law. While in the earlier Roman law, a wife came under the manus (guardianship) of her husband, this was abandoned in the later Roman law and wives had legal independence. However, under the Germanic law as described by Johann Gottlieb Heineccius: From the Germanic tribes it became part of the law of the Netherlands. When Dutch colonists settled at the Cape in the 17th century, they brought along the Roman-Dutch law, which managed to survive the British conquest in 1805.

This contrasts to Romance languages, where prepositions are more used to specify word relationships instead of concatenating the words. As a member of the Germanic family of languages, English is unusual in that compounds are normally written in separate parts. This would be an error in other Germanic languages such as Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, German and Dutch. However, this is merely an orthographic convention: As in other Germanic languages, arbitrary noun phrases, for example "girl scout troop", "city council member", and "cellar door", can be made up on the spot and used as compound nouns in speech, also in English.

Roman law was progressively abandoned during the early Middle Ages. The Theodosian Code and excerpts of latter-day imperial enactments (constitutiones) were well known in the successor Germanic states and vital to maintaining the commonplace principle of folk-right which applied pre-existing Roman law to Roman provincials and Germanic law to Germans. The Breviary of Alaric and the Lex Gundobada Romana are two of the several hybrid Romano-Germanic law codes that incorporated much Roman legal material. However, because the fall of the Western Roman Empire preceded the drafting of the Justinianic Code, early Byzantine law was never influential in Western Europe.

Features can cross language borders in a wave to impart characteristics not explicable by descent from the language's ancestor. The linguists of the early 19th century, including Müller, had already foreshadowed the Wave Model with a concept of the "blend" of languages, of which they made such frequent use in the case of Germanic that it was difficult to discern any unblended language. These hypothetical "pure" languages were about as inaccessible as the Proto-Germanic Old Frankish; that is, pure guesswork. Dialects or languages in the sense of dialects became the major feature of the Germanic linguistic landscape.

Christianity at this time then constituted of a mix of Arian Christianity, Nicene Christianity, and Christianized Germanic paganism. The Lombards adopted Christianity as they entered Italy, also during the 6th century. Conversion of the West and East Germanic tribes sometimes took place "top to bottom", in the sense that missionaries sometimes aimed at converting Germanic nobility first, after which time their societies would begin a gradual process of Christianization that would generally take a matter of centuries, with some traces of earlier beliefs remaining. The Franks were converted in the 5th century, after Clovis I's conversion to Nicene Christianity.

The settlement of Litoměřice has a deep history of Paleolithic cultures as well as large Celtic settlements of the La Tène culture, which did not survive the incoming Germanic attacks. The area was later settled by Germanic tribes, when Litoměřice first appear on Ptolemy's Map in the 2nd Century under the name of Nomisterium. The Germanic tribes later migrated west and those remaining mingled with the incoming Slavs. Litoměřice as seen from the Radobýl Hill One of the oldest Czech towns, Litoměřice was established in the 10th century on the site of an early medieval Přemyslid Dynasty fort.

The change in pronunciation described by Verner's Law must have occurred before the shift of stress to the first syllable: the voicing of the new consonant in Proto- Germanic is conditioned by which syllable is stressed in Proto-Indo-European, yet this syllabic stress has disappeared in Proto-Germanic, so the change in the consonant must have occurred at a time when the syllabic stress in earlier Proto-Germanic still conformed to the Indo-European pattern. However, the syllabic stress shift erased the conditioning environment, and made the variation between voiceless fricatives and their voiced alternants look mysteriously haphazard.

Germani corporis custodes,Suetonius, Caligula 58, 3 and inscriptions, e. g. . Germani corpore custodes,CIL VI 4340, 4342, 4343, 4437, 21068; AE (1976) 750, (1923) 73, Imperial German Bodyguard or Germanic bodyguard was a personal, imperial guards unit for the Roman emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (30 BC – AD 68) composed of Germanic soldiers. Although the Praetorians may be considered the Roman Emperor's main bodyguard, the Germanic bodyguards were a unit of more personal guards recruited from distant parts of the Empire, so they had no political or personal connections with Rome or the provinces.

Saint Boniface, Baptising and Martyrdom, from the Sacramentary of Fulda The earliest stage of Christianization of the various Celtic people and Germanic people occurred only in the western part of Germany, the part controlled by the Roman empire. Christianization was facilitated by the prestige of the Christian Roman Empire amongst its pagan subjects and was achieved gradually by various means. The rise of Germanic Christianity was at first voluntary, particularly among groups associated with the Roman Empire. After Christianity became a largely unified and dominant force in Germania, remaining pockets of the indigenous Germanic paganism were converted by force.

Germanic peoples, including those tribes in the Rhine delta that later became the Franks, are known to have served in the Roman army since the days of Julius Caesar. After the Roman administration collapsed in Gaul in the 260s, the armies under the Germanic Batavian Postumus revolted and proclaimed him emperor and then restored order. From then on, Germanic soldiers in the Roman army, most notably Franks, were promoted from the ranks. A few decades later, the Menapian Carausius created a Batavian–British rump state on Roman soil that was supported by Frankish soldiers and raiders.

This Old Norse religion can be seen as part of a broader Germanic religion found across linguistically Germanic Europe; of the different forms of this Germanic religion, that of the Old Norse is the best-documented. Map reflecting the extent of Old Norse settlement and activity in Europe Rooted in ritual practice and oral tradition, Old Norse religion was fully integrated with other aspects of Norse life, including subsistence, warfare, and social interactions. Open codifications of Old Norse beliefs were either rare or non- existent. The practitioners of this belief system themselves had no term meaning "religion", which was only introduced with Christianity.

Swedish belongs to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic sub-family of the Indo-European languages. As such, it is mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish. Because most of the loanwords present in Swedish come from English and German (originally Middle Low German, closely related to Dutch), and also because of similarities in grammar, native speakers of Germanic languages usually have an advantage over speakers of other, less related languages. The similarity between Swedish and English is further emphasized by many Old Norse words brought to England by the Vikings during the early Middle Ages.

When Red Army soldiers were captured by the invading German forces for instance, significant numbers of the POWs began immediately aiding the Wehrmacht. Along with the forces allied to the Nazis, the Russians comprised the "largest contingent of foreign auxiliary troops on the German side with upwards of 1 million men." Many of the foreign volunteers fought in either the Waffen-SS or the Wehrmacht. Generally the non-Germanic troops were permitted into the Wehrmacht, whereas the Germanic volunteers were recruited into the service of the Waffen-SS as part of propaganda-driven "pan-Germanic army" of the future.

Hence, the dies Solis became Sunday (German, Sonntag). The English noun Sunday derived sometime before 1250 from sunedai, which itself developed from Old English (before 700) Sunnandæg (literally meaning "sun's day"), which is cognate to other Germanic languages, including Old Frisian sunnandei, Old Saxon sunnundag, Middle Dutch sonnendach (modern Dutch zondag), Old High German sunnun tag (modern German Sonntag), and Old Norse sunnudagr (Danish and Norwegian søndag, Icelandic sunnudagur and Swedish söndag). The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis ("day of the sun"), which is a translation of the ancient Greek heméra helíou.Barnhart (1995:778).

Stephen Edred Flowers (born May 5, 1953), commonly known as Stephen E. Flowers, and also by the pen-names Edred Thorsson, and Darban-i-Den, is a former American professor and runologist, and proponent of occultism, Odianism, Germanic mysticism, Asatru, and Mazdaism. He helped establish the Germanic Neopagan movement in North America and has also been active in Left- Hand Path occult organizations. He has over three dozen published books and hundreds of published papers and translations on a disparate range of subjects. Flowers advocates "Esoteric Runology and runosophy" and "Odianism" (occultist aspects of Germanic Neopaganism).

Among his most lasting achievements were his works on the history of the Germanic languages. Editions of his grammars and anthologies of Old High German and Gothic are still in use today. In 1873 he also founded, together with Hermann Paul, the Germanic studies journal Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur often referred to among scholars as Paul und Braunes Beiträge (or PBB) and which remains one of the leading journals in Germanic philology to this day. He was the recipient of a Festschrift on the occasion of his 70th birthday, entitled Aufsätze zur Sprach- und Literaturgeschichte.

Eric L. Santner (born 1955) is an American scholar. He is Philip and Ida Romberg Professor in Modern Germanic Studies, and Chair, in the Department of Germanic Studies, at the University of Chicago, where he has been based since 1996.He was Harriet and Ulrich E. Meyer Professor of Modern European Jewish History and Chair of Germanic Studies from 1996 to 2003, when he was succeeded by Bernard Wasserstein. A graduate of Oberlin College in 1977, Santer received his doctorate at the University of Texas at Austin, in 1984, then going on to teach at Princeton University.

Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, was a Germanic language and the earliest recorded form of Low German (spoken nowadays in Northern Germany, the northeastern Netherlands, southern Denmark, the Americas and parts of Eastern Europe). It is a West Germanic language, closely related to the Anglo-Frisian languages.Old Saxon language at Encyclopædia Britannica It is documented from the 8th century until the 12th century, when it gradually evolved into Middle Low German. It was spoken throughout modern northwestern Germany, primarily in the coastal regions and in the eastern Netherlands by Saxons, a Germanic tribe that inhabited the region of Saxony.

The ethnonym Germani as used by Tacitus does not necessarily coincide with the modern linguistic definition of Germanic peoples as any people speaking a Germanic language, and the details of the classification Germani have been debated in scholarship, e.g. the possibility that the Batavians may therefore have been Celtic-speaking. Tacitus nevertheless shows no lack of precision in stating that the Nervii are not actually Germanic as they claim to be (chapter 28). He also notes in chapter 43 that a certain tribe called the Cotini actually speaks a Gallic tongue, and likewise the Osi speak a Pannonian dialect.

In 112 BC, the Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons invaded Roman territory defeating an army under the command of Gnaeus Papirius Carbo in Noricum at the Battle of Noreia. The Germanic tribes demanded to be given the right to settle in Roman territory. When denied, the Germanic force marched all the way to Gallia Narbonensis where they defeated another Roman army under the command of Marcus Junius Silanus at an unknown location. It was thereafter that the Germans forged an alliance with the Tigurini tribe and Rome prepared for an invasion of the lower peninsula that did not come.

Germanic religion appears to have emerged as a synthesis of the religion of the Indo-Europeans who arrived with the Corded Ware culture and the indigenous populations among whom they settled. It is often suggested that the conflict between the Æsir and Vanir, the two groups in the Norse branch of the Germanic pantheon, represents a remembrance of this synthesis.

Silanus marched his army north along the Rhodanus River to confront the migrating Germanic tribes. He met the Cimbri approximately 100 miles north of Arausio where a battle was fought and the Romans suffered another humiliating defeat. The Germanic tribes then moved to the lands north and east of Tolosa in south-western Gaul.Lynda Telford, Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered, p. 42.

During their stay at the mouth of the Elbe, the Lombards came into contact with other western Germanic populations, such as the Saxons and the Frisians. From these populations, which for long had been in contact with the Celts (especially the Saxons), they learned a rigid social organization into castes, rarely present in other Germanic peoples.Cardini-Montesano, cit., pag. 82.

Rouche 1987:421. Oral law sufficed as long as the warband was not settled in one place. Germanic law made no provisions for the public welfare, the res publica of Romans. The language of all these continental codes was Latin; the only known codes drawn up in any Germanic language were the Anglo- Saxon laws, beginning with the Laws of Æthelberht (7th century).

The Chauci were one of the most prominent early Germanic sea raiders., Dark Age Naval Power. They are probable participants in the Germanic flotilla that was destroyed by Drusus in 12 BC. They were raiding the coasts of Roman Belgica in AD 41,, Dark Age Naval Power. long before they participated in further raids of the same coasts under Gannascus in AD 47\.

Many of its mythemes range back to Germanic pre-Christian legends. The song's subject matter is similar in many respects to several Germanic songs circulating in the Middle Ages Europe, notably close to the English ballad May Colvin or False Sir John and its variations, Lady Isabel and the Elf Knight. The legends may have been the prototype of the Legend of Bluebeard.

Lithostratigraphy of the Keuper of the Germanic basin The Erfurt Formation, also known as the Lower Keuper (German: Untere Keuper, Lettenkeuper, Lettenkohle or Lettenkohlenkeuper), is a stratigraphic formation of the Keuper group and the Germanic Trias supergroup. It was deposited during the Ladinian stage of the Triassic period.Erfurt Formation at Fossilworks.org It lies above the Upper Muschelkalk and below the Middle Keuper.

Many of the central religious terms in Vedic Sanskrit have cognates in the religious vocabulary of other Indo-European languages (deva: Latin deus; hotar: Germanic god; asura: Germanic ansuz; yajna: Greek hagios; brahman: Norse Bragi or perhaps Latin flamen etc.). In the Avesta, Asura (Ahura) is considered good and Devas (Daevas) are considered evil entities, quite the opposite of the Rig Veda.

Since English is of Germanic origin, words that have entered English from the Germanic elements in French might not strike the eye as distinctively from French. Conversely, as Latin gave many derivatives to both the English and the French languages, ascertaining that a given Latinate derivative did not come to the English language via French can be difficult in a few cases.

Whorf likely considered Romance and West Germanic to form the core of the SAE, i.e. the literary languages of Europe which have seen substantial cultural influence from Latin during the medieval period. The North Germanic and Balto- Slavic languages tend to be more peripheral members. Alexander Gode, who was instrumental in the development of Interlingua, characterized it as "Standard Average European".

It is considered that the ethnonym existed before the Early Middle Ages because it is usually derived from West Germanic languages. Initially, the Proto-Slavic tribe most probably was part of Przeworsk culture near Old Western Germanic area, and later located in the area of Prague-Korchak culture. Henryk Łowmiański considered the Dulebes, Mazovians, White Croats and Veleti among the oldest Slavic tribes.

These say that Odin created the world from the body of the giant Ymir. Odin and his brothers were in turn descended from Búri, who had been created by the primeval cow Auðumbla. Parallels to Auðumbla are found in Indo- Iranian religion, testifying to the ancient Indo-European origins of Germanic mythology. A central point in the Germanic cosmos is the tree Yggdrasil.

His retirement ushered in a wave of scholarly productivity. His Medieval Listening and Reading (1994) examined orality and literacy in Medieval Europe. In 1998, Green returned to his scholarly roots by publishing Language and History in the Early Germanic World. It examines major aspects of the culture of the early Germanic peoples, including the subjects of religion, law, kinship, warfare and kingship.

R.D. Fulk, A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages, Studies in Germanic Linguistics, 3 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2018), , , p. 106. Even more curiously, scholars often found both and as reflexes of Proto-Indo-European ' in different forms of one and the same root, e.g. 'to turn', preterite third- person singular 'he turned', but preterite third-person plural and past participle .

The basic principle in early Germanic military organization were the hundreds, who were organized on family relationships. This was the usual practice in the time of Tacitus (late 1st century AD). The organization of military units in "hundreds" enabled rapid assembly of armies and ensured a high degree of military morale. Germanic leaders of unusual personal magnetism could gather a retinue.

Naval warfare became an important component of Germanic warfare, particularly raiding. Ships were ideal for raiding because they enabled increased mobility and secrecy, which was essential for the success of a raid. For the early Germanic peoples, boats were primarily used for transportation. Certain tribes along the North Sea coast, such as the Saxons, fought naval battles during their raids on Roman territory.

Such shields were generally of wood and covered with hide. The edge was made firm with iron, and the centre contained an iron shield-knob, which was to protect the hand of the warrior who wielded the shield. Clubs and axes were also common Germanic weapons. Bows were rarely used by Germanic warriors in ancient times, although the Vikings later used them freely.

The Lower Rhine triquetrum coinages and the ethnogenesis of the Batavi. Berlin. pp. 93–145. The Ethnogenesis of the Batavi (Germanic tribe) into Gaul is reflected by the circulation and production of the triquetrum coinages shortly after the Gallic Wars that evidences the hypothesis that the mass migration of Germanic peoples was rooted in 'Caesarian frontier policy'.Slofstra, Jan (2002/07).

Aurvandil is a figure in Germanic mythology. In Norse mythology, Aurvandil's toe, which had frozen while he was carried in a basket across the Élivágar rivers by Thor, was made into a star by the thunder-god. He is also described as the husband of the witch Gróa. In wider Germanic mythology, most sources portray him as the personification of a star.

The Romans gradually gave way to growing pressure from the Germanic tribes. First, settlements on the right bank of the Rhine were abandoned after the defeat of Varus. And from the 2nd century several tribes broke through the border (the Marcomanni and Lombards). In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Germanic peoples finally overwhelmed the last remnants of the Limes.

Hitler: diagnosis of a destructive prophet. Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 418 He even said that the Ahnenerbe, an archaeological organization associated with the SS, asserted that archaeological evidence proved the presence of Nordic-Germanic peoples in the region of South Tyrol in the Neolithic era that it claimed proved the significance of ancient Nordic-Germanic influence on northern Italy.Ingo Haar, Michael Fahlbusch.

Heinrich Beck (born 2 April 1929 - 5 June 2019) was a German philologist who specialized in Germanic studies. A Professor of Ancient German and Nordic Studies at Saarland University and later the University of Bonn, Beck was a co-editor of the second edition of Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde and one of the world's leading experts on early Germanic culture.

In 288 the emperor Maximian defeated the Salian Franks, Chamavi, Frisians and other Germanic people living along the Rhine and moved them to Germania inferior to provide manpower and prevent the settlement of other Germanic tribes.Williams, 50–51.Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 7. In 292 Constantius, the father of Constantine I defeated the Franks who had settled at the mouth of the Rhine.

According to Caesar, Indutiomarus instigated the revolt of the Eburones under Ambiorix that year and led the Treveri in joining the revolt and enticing Germanic tribes to attack the Romans.Caesar, B.G. V:47, 55. The Romans under Titus Labienus killed Indutiomarus and then put down the Treveran revolt; afterwards, Indutiomarus' relatives crossed the Rhine to settle among the Germanic tribes.Caesar, B.G. VI:8.

XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, p. 83. Were the English verb 'translate' calqued, it would be 'overset', akin to the calques in other Germanic languages. The Icelandic word þýða ('translate'; cognate with the German deuten, 'to interpret') was not calqued from Latin, nor was it borrowed; were the Icelandic verb calqued, it would be something like 'yfirsetja', analogously to the other Germanic words.

Whereas church displays Old English palatalisation, kirk is a loanword from Old Norse and thus retains the original mainland Germanic consonants. Compare cognates: Icelandic & Faroese kirkja; Swedish kyrka; Norwegian (Nynorsk) kyrkje; Danish and Norwegian (Bokmål) kirke; Dutch kerk; German Kirche (reflecting palatalization before unstressed front vowel); West Frisian tsjerke; and borrowed into non-Germanic languages Estonian kirik and Finnish kirkko.

In 1990, together with Edward Timms, he founded the yearbook Austrian Studies, which he co-edited until 1999. From 2000 to 2010, he was Germanic Editor of the Modern Language Review. Professor Robertson co-directs the Oxford Kafka Research Centre with Professors Carolin Duttlinger, Barry Murnane and Katrin Kohl. He is convenor of the book series Germanic Literatures, published by Legenda.

In the 4th century some Eastern Germanic tribes, notably the Goths, adopted Arianism. From the 6th century, Germanic tribes were converted (and re-converted) by missionaries of the Roman Catholic Church, firstly among the Franks, after Clovis I's conversion to Catholicism in 496. In 498 (497 or 499 are also possible) he let himself be baptised in Reims.Padberg, Lutz v.

However, changes unproblematically datable to the PNWGmc period are > few, suggesting that that period of linguistic unity did not last long. On > the other hand, there are some indications that North and West Germanic > remained in contact, exchanging and thus partly sharing further innovations, > after they had begun to diverge, and perhaps even after West Germanic had > itself begun to diversify.

Surviving texts indicate that there was a belief in rebirth in Germanic paganism. Examples occur in eddic poetry and sagas, potentially associated with naming and/or through the family line. Scholars have discussed the implications of these attestations and proposed theories regarding belief in reincarnation among the Germanic peoples prior to Christianization and potentially to some extent in folk belief thereafter.

Different sources however suggest that there also existed aristocratic historical records (like Heldenlieder), lyric folklore (dance, love songs, spells). Only by accident individual texts were preserved in monasteries. Examples for this are the "Merseburger Zaubersprüche", two Germanic spells being the only written proofs for pagan religion in the German-speaking lands. The "Hildebrandslied" is important as voucher of Germanic hero literature.

The name is of Germanic or Slavic origin. It could be derived from old Germanic wȃg (stream) or proto-Slavic vagъ, vaga (pole, stick, carved branch) referencing to reinforced riverbanks. Several Slavic river names with a similar motivation exist, but pre-Slavic origin of larger rivers in Slovakia is assumed in general. The earliest mentions are flumen Vvaga (1111) and aqua Vvac' (1113).

Though it is possible he was a Hispano-Roman--they were mostly Catholics--with a Germanic name. His name has been normalised as Seresind (Seresindus).Adalbert Kuhn (1872), Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht), 435. The Germanic root of its first component may be swērs ("swear");Gerhard Köbler (1989), Gotisches Wörterbuch (BRILL), 707.

In the 3rd century, East-Germanic peoples migrated into Scythia. Gothic culture and identity emerged from various East-Germanic, local, and Roman influences. In the same period, Gothic raiders took captives among the Romans, including many Christians, (and Roman-supported raiders took captives among the Goths). Wulfila or Ulfilas was the son or grandson of Christian captives from Sadagolthina in Cappadocia.

Proto-Germanic, the common ancestor of all Germanic languages, in the 1st millennium AD evolved into Proto-Norse and later Old Norse. This subsequently developed into Western Norse and finally Old Norwegian about 1300. From 1350 to 1525, Norwegian went through a Middle Norwegian transition toward Modern Norwegian, partly fuelled by the devastating effect the Black Death had on Norway.

A fresco from Herculaneum depicting Heracles and Achelous from Greco-Roman mythology, 1st century CE. Tacitus records a special affinity of the Germanic peoples for Hercules. In chapter 3 of his Germania, Tacitus states: Some have taken this as Tacitus equating the Germanic Þunraz with Hercules by way of interpretatio romana.Simek, Rudolf (2007:140–142) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology.

Italicus (flourished in 1st century AD) was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci. Italicus was a son of Flavus, brother of the Cherusci chieftain Arminius. Tacitus writes in the Annals that Italicus was completely alienated from his Germanic roots through his education in Rome. Nevertheless, after the death of Arminius around 20 AD, the Cherusci requested permission to make him king.

A strong noun is a phenomenon of older Germanic languages like Icelandic, and also of Irish, marked in each by case or number markings.

Roman culture also mixed with Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic cultures, which slowly became integrated into Western culture: starting mainly with their acceptance of Christianity.

Thibault is a French personal name and surname, a form of Theobald, a Germanic name composed from the elements theod- "people" and bald "bold".

Edward Diller (14 Dec 1925 – 30 Mar 1985) was a Professor of Germanic Languages and Literature at the University of Oregon and an author.

Ari Hoptman (born February 22, 1967) is an American actor, author, and academic, specializing in Germanic etymology, as well as a Marx Brothers historian.

This covers British and Welsh pagans. The Wotanic Religious Virtues are Generous, Honest, Proud, Worldly, Reckless and Indulgent. This covers Germanic and Scandinavian pagans.

The word ankle or ancle is common, in various forms, to Germanic languages, probably connected in origin with the Latin , or Greek , meaning bent.

After Attila's death, his close adviser, Ardaric of the Gepids, led a Germanic revolt against Hunnic rule, after which the Hunnic Empire quickly collapsed.

The term "Teutonico" is a reference to the Germanic peoples. The church is the National Church in Rome of Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands.

The lur, a Bronze Age musical instrument, became central to this research, which concluded that Germanic consonance was in direct conflict to Jewish atonalism.

She asserts instead that Odoacer was "surely Germanic, probably half-Scirian, half-Thuringian, and he may have had connections with other tribes through intermarriage".

One fort, Aliso, most likely located in today's Haltern am See, fended off the Germanic tribes for many weeks, perhaps even a few months.

An inscription using cipher runes, the Elder Futhark, and the Younger Futhark, on the 9th-century Rök runestone in Sweden The earliest known Germanic inscription was found at Negau (in what is now southern Austria) on a bronze helmet dating back to the first century BCE. Some of the other earliest known physical records of the Germanic language appear on stone and wood carvings in Runic script from around 200 CE. Runes had a special significance in early Germanic culture, and each runic letter had a distinct name associated with a particular subject. The origins of runes has been a source of controversy. Runic writing likely disappeared due to the concerted opposition of the Christian Church, which regarded runic text as heathen symbols which supposedly contained inherent magical properties that they associated with the Germanic peoples' pagan past.

By the time Germanic speakers entered written history, their linguistic territory had stretched farther south, since a Germanic dialect continuum covered a region roughly located between the Rhine, the Vistula, the Danube, and southern Scandinavia during the first two centuries of the Common Era. Neighbouring language varieties diverged only slightly between each other in this continuum, but remote dialects were not necessarily mutually intelligible due to accumulated differences over the distance.; East Germanic speakers dwelt on the Baltic sea coasts and islands, while speakers of the Northwestern dialects occupied territories in present- day Denmark and bordering parts of Germany at the earliest date that they can be identified.; In the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, migrations of East Germanic gentes from the Baltic Sea coast southeastwards into the hinterland led to their separation from the dialect continuum.

According to captured records in the Helvetian camp, the number of Tulingi, including fighting men, old men, women and children, had been 36,000, a small fraction of the total of 368,000, of which only 110,000 remained to return home after their surrender.. The main possibility as to their identity is that they were Celtic. As the "-ing-" in Tulingi is also a frequently used suffix in forming Germanic tribal names,The name is mentioned critically by Wolfgang Meid as "the earliest but very uncertain" instance of an ethnonymic formation -inga-/-unga- in a second theory, that they were Germanic, developed. This was championed by Rudolf Much and other authors who proposed the now-discredited theory of "Alpine Germanic" tribes in the late Iron Age, to whom the Tulingi were counted. So far no Germanic etymology for the name has gained wider acceptance.

Grancsay 1949: 277 Grancsay's text may be outdated, but it is still interesting because Grancsay points at examples of how Roman culture helped shape Germanic identity, by ways of objects. He also suggests that these Roman objects embody the factors that made the basis of the Germanic warrior aristocracy that developed alongside and following the Roman Empire, such as the notable Himlingøje Dynasty, in the ways which the Romans may have supported Germanic tribes due to military regards, and equipped these tribes. And there may have been Germanics of a high class who participated in fights with or against the Romans, and thus acquiring Roman objects and Roman ways of thinking in military terms (strategies, organisation, etc...). It has been suggested that the Romans supported and equipped Germanic tribes in the part of Germania which is today's Denmark.

In the economical section, apart from Greek, many words in Old Serbian were Romance. In mining, the majority of words were Germanic, arriving with Saxons.

The heavenly twins appear in Indo-European tradition as the effulgent Vedic brother-horsemen called the Ashvins,. Lithuanian Ašvieniai, and possibly Germanic Alcis.Tacitus, Germania 43.

This text about Eric IX Gordon and Taylor Old Norse readings. Germanic Lexicon Project. Section "XX The Life of Saint Eric". Retrieved 2009-28-10.

Dumézil saw this as a Germanic adaptation of the Indo-European heritage.Dumézil, pp. 124-25\. On the colors, see also Ursula Dronke, ed. and trans.

Based on the Roman sources, this cultural area was briefly united under Maroboduus (c. 30 BC -- AD 37), a Romanized king of the Germanic Suebi.

The thick sandstone markers are Germanic stones with surviving inscriptions. and Accompanying photo It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Cowgill's law, named after Indo-Europeanist Warren Cowgill, refers to two unrelated sound changes, one occurring in Proto-Greek and the other in Proto- Germanic.

The Roman estates were forsaken towards the end of the 4th century after Germanic tribes began pushing across the Rhine and the Roman military withdrew.

The Origin of the Name Edda, in Anatoly Liberman, In Prayer and Laughter. Essays on Medieval Scandinavian and Germanic Mythology, Literature, and Culture. Paleograph Press. .

Derives from the Common Germanic Þeudobald, composed by ' ("people", "feud", "community") and ' ("bold", "brave"), and it can therefore be interpreted as "daring among the people ".

In addition to his published books, some of Ennis' work has appeared in Journal of English, The Southern Review, The New Republic, and Germanic Philology.

The name Halikko is mentioned for the first time in 1313. One theory is that the name derives from the Germanic name Halicho or Halik.

The text of this version of the Nicene Creed This generally ended the influence of Arianism among the non-Germanic peoples of the Roman Empire.

1728 is the natural number following 1727 and preceding 1729. 1728 is a dozen gross, one great gross (or grand gross, or, in Germanic, Mass).

"Idise" (1905) by Emil Doepler. In Germanic mythology, an idis (Old Saxon, plural idisi) is a divine female being. Idis is cognate to Old High German itis and Old English ides, meaning 'well-respected and dignified woman.' Connections have been assumed or theorized between the idisi and the North Germanic dísir; female beings associated with fate, as well as the amended place name Idistaviso.

The smith Wayland from the front of the eighth-century Northumbrian Franks Casket. In Germanic mythology, Wayland the Smith' (; ; Old Frisian: Wela(n)du; ; ; Galans (Galant) in Old French; from ', lit. "crafting one"Gillespie, George T. A Catalogue of Persons Named in Germanic Heroic Literature,) is a legendary master blacksmith, described by Jessie Weston as "the weird and malicious craftsman, Weyland".Weston, J. (1929).

Bernhard Siegert (born 1959) is a German media theorist and media historian. Siegert was born in Bremen. He graduated in 1987 in Germanic Studies, Philosophy and History at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg/Germany. He followed Friedrich Kittler, with whom he had worked already in Freiburg, to the department of Germanic studies at the Ruhr University Bochum, where he received his doctorate in 1991.

It has cognates in every Germanic language (e.g. German zwölf), whose Proto- Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as ', from ' ("two") and suffix ' or ' of uncertain meaning. It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian ', although ' is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19 (analogous to "-teen"). Every other Indo-European language instead uses a form of "two"+"ten", such as the Latin '.

19–24) and Low Franconian (no. 25) dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian can be further distinguished historically as Irminonic, Ingvaeonic, and Istvaeonic, respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by the Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser-Rhine group).

Weckerlin's argument has evidence gaps and leaves room for doubt. The following is a 7-page argument in English that scarlata came from Germanic. It agrees with Weckerlin's conclusion, and takes some of its information from Weckerlin, but mostly follows a different line of evidence: Ref (year 2015). The argument for a Germanic source has good plausibility, but again some room for doubt exists.

As a child he learned Latin and piano. As a university student he matriculated at a number of universities, studying classical and then Germanic philology in the universities of Göttingen, Leipzig, Berlin and Strasbourg. He also studied German history, local history and art history. Kossinna was influenced greatly by Karl Müllenhoff, who encouraged him to research the origins of Indo-European and Germanic culture.

While the Jastorf culture is usually associated with Germanic peoples, the ethnic category of the Lusatian culture and its successors is debated. Veneti, Germanic peoples (Goths, Rugians, and Gepids) and possibly Slavs are assumed to have been the bearers of these cultures or parts thereof.Piskorski (1999), pp.21ff 6 Beginning in the 3rd century, many settlements were abandoned, marking the beginning of the Migration Period in Pomerania.

He spent much time working with Heffner on phonetics, and the two co-wrote several articles on dialectology and sociophonetics for the journal American Speech, which are still of importance to scholars today. Lehmann gained his MA in 1938, and his PhD in 1941, both in Germanic linguistics at Wisconsin. His PhD thesis on verbs in Germanic languages was co-directed by Twaddell and Heffner.

They then began an advance on the weakest feature of the Germanic force, its open camp. Caesar says that the enemy camp was defended by a wagon train, drawn up behind the German forces, which had now either to fight or to run. The usual chorus of wailing women was placed on the wagons. The effect that it really had on the Germanic soldiers is unclear.

The approximate positions of some Germanic peoples reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. Suevian peoples in red, and other Irminones in purple. The Chasuarii were an ancient Germanic tribe known from the reports of authors writing in the time of the Roman Empire. They lived somewhere to the east and north of the Rhine, near the modern river Hase, which feeds into the Ems.

Germanic Heathenry is represented in Catalonia by "Gotland Forn Sed" (Scandinavian Germanic for "Gothland Old Belief"). Catalonia in the early Middle Ages was known as the March of Gothia within the Carolingian Empire. It was an area of settlement of Visigoths and the same name "Catalonia" (Catalunya) is traditionally explained as being an alteration of "Gothland", through the Latinisation Gothalandia, and then the early alteration Cathalaunia.

Generally the Roman roads in Britain have names derived from Anglo-Saxon giants and divinities. For instance, Wade's Causeway in North Yorkshire is taken from Wade of Germanic and Norse mythology. English place names continue to reflect the settlement of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons. As these Germanic Pagan peoples advanced westward across the British isles, they encountered the decaying infrastructure of the former Roman Empire.

Preaspiration is perhaps best known from North Germanic languages, most prominently in Icelandic and Faroese, but also some dialects of Norwegian and Swedish. It is also a prominent feature of Scottish Gaelic. The presence of preaspiration in Gaelic has been attributed to North Germanic influence. Within Northwestern Europe preaspiration is furthermore found in most Sami languages, except Inari Sami where it has been replaced by postaspiration.

In 2002 on the ancient road between Sontheim and Bächingen a mile stone with the name of Emperor Caracalla and a reference to Faimingen (lat. Phoebiana) was discovered.History of Sontheim from the City Website (German) Following the invasion of Germanic tribes and the retreat of the Roman Empire in c. 260 C.E., the local Germanic tribe used the strategic Kirchberg to found a settlement.

Boundaries of the planned "Greater Germanic Reich" based on various, only partially systematized target projections (e.g. Generalplan Ost) from state administration and SS leadership sources. One of the most elaborate Nazi projects initiated in the newly conquered territories during this period of the war was the planned establishment of a "Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation" (Grossgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation).Rich, Norman (1974).

In this way, all subjects of the kingdom were gathered under the same jurisdiction, eliminating social and legal differences, and allowing greater assimilation of the populations. As such, the Code marks the transition from the Roman law to Germanic law and is one of the best surviving examples of leges barbarorum. It combines elements of the Roman law, Catholic law and Germanic tribal customary law.

One of the most characteristic styles in the manuscript is the zoomorphic style (adopted from Germanic art) and is revealed through the extensive use of interlaced animal and bird patterns throughout the book. The birds that appear in the manuscript may also have been from Eadfrith's own observations of wildlife in Lindisfarne. The geometric design motifs are also Germanic influence, and appear throughout the manuscript.

The Wewelsburg was the most important site in Himmler's pseudo-Germanic religious doctrine. In order to promote his religious ideas and link them to an alleged Germanic tradition, Himmler began to establish cult sites. The most important of these was the Wewelsburg, close to Paderborn. The SS leased the castle in 1934, after Himmler had first seen it in November 1933 while campaigning with Hitler.

Neumark is a family name of Scandinavian or Germanic origin. The name can be an Americanized form of the Scandinavian name, Nymark, a common habitual name from farms named with "Ny-Mark" or "new field". Neumark also derives from Germanic origin and relates to persons from the Neumark region in Brandenburg. In addition, Neumark can be an Ashkenazi Jewish surname derived from "Nay- Mark" (Yiddish: "new market").

2; Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 275. The officers and secretaries who kept the records preserved in the Vindolanda tablets were Batavian, but their Latin contains no hint; the common soldiers of their units, however, may have retained their Germanic speech.Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, p. 276. Less commonly, Latin-speaking officers learned a Germanic language through their service and acted as interpreters.

Archaeological discoveries show that Germanic villages were largely undefended, the only defense being small strips of wasteland maintained between tribes. According to Caesar, having a large area of wasteland surrounding its territories was considered a sign of military prowess for a Germanic tribe. A small amount of fortifications have however been discovered. These appear to have been places of refuge for the non- fighting population.

Finds assigned to the Istvaeones are characterized by a greater heterogeneity than can be found in the other Germanic archaeological groupings. Their predominant burial type is the pyre grave. There are no richly equipped princely graves or weapons as grave goods to be found as, for example, occur with the neighboring Elbe Germanic groups.Walter Pohl: Walter Pohl: Die Germanen, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, (p. 20/21).

Rudolph or Rudolf (, Italian, Portuguese and ) or Rodolphe is a male first name, and, less commonly, a surname. It is an ancient Germanic name deriving from two stems: Hrōþi, Hruod, Hróðr or Hrōð, meaning "fame", "glory" "honour", "renown", and olf meaning "wolf"(Hrōþiwulfaz). It is a common name in many Germanic-language speaking countries in Europe, but in the North American countries it is rare.

Timpe disagrees with Tacitus' account of Arminius as a Germanic freedom fighter. Instead, Timpe suggests that the Arminius was an opportunistic Roman soldier who fought for his own selfish interests. According to Timpe, the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest should not be considered a battle between Romans and Germanic peoples, but rather as an internal Roman affair. Timpe calls Arminius a "successful traitor and political criminal".

According to certain observers, this support is politically aimed at furthering European integration. Drawing upon fresh theories of sociology, scholars of the Vienna School have introduced the concept of ethnogenesis () to deconstruct the ethnicity of Germanic tribes. It is the aim of the Vienna School to "demolish" views about Germanic tribes belonging to specific ethnicities. They proceed from a "strongly politicized concept of ethnicity".

Nazi racial ideology regarded the Germanic peoples of Europe as belonging to a racially superior Nordic subset of the larger Aryan race, who were regarded as the only true culture-bearers of civilized society.Bohn 1997, p. 7. These peoples were viewed as either "true Germanic peoples" that had "lost their sense of racial pride", or as close racial relatives of the Germans.Wright 1968, p. 115.

Cambridge University Press, 1989. p. 159. Hitler emphasized the role of Germanic influence in Northern Italy, such as stating that the art of Northern Italy was "nothing but pure German",Rich 1974, p. 317. and National Socialist scholars viewed that the Ladin and Friulian minorities of Northern Italy were racially, historically and culturally a part of the Germanic world.Wedekind 2006, pp. 113, 122–123.

From 1934 to 1939, de Vries was Chairman of the prestigious Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde. By the early 1930s, de Vries was recognized as the world's foremost authority on Germanic religion. As such, de Vries was requested to write the volume on Germanic religion for Hermann Paul's Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie. The resulting Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte (1935-1937) was published in German in two volumes.

The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes then started on the opposite, right-hand, side of the Rhine with the Roman camp of Rheinbrohl. The Lower Germanic Limes was not a fortified limes with ramparts, ditches, palisades or walls and watchtowers, but a river border (Lat.: ripa), similarly to the limites on the Danube and Euphrates. The Rhine Line was guarded by a chain of castra for auxiliary troops.

Route of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes The Imperial Limes Commission () or RLK, was set up to work out the route of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, the Roman frontier north of the Alps, and the location of its associated forts at the time of the Roman Empire. It was the first institution to engage in a cross-border, historical project after German Unification in 1871.

Particularly noteworthy in this connection is the Patera, or libation dish, which is decorated with depictions of (probably Germanic) deities.Constantinescu (2003:2) describes the object as "a patera with pagan (Germanic) gods representations". Remarking on the figures displayed on the patera, Todd (1992:130) writes: “In the centre sits a throned figurine of a female on a circular throne, holding a goblet in cupped hands.

As with the SS titles, recruits of non-Germanic countries had the title "Waffen" prefixed to their rank. For instance, an Unterscharführer in the foreign legions would be referred to as Waffen- Unterscharführer whereas a regular SS member would be addressed as SS- Unterscharführer. This helped to indicate non-native recruits, or to separate Germanic individuals in the divisions composed primarily of non-Germanics.

The approximate positions of some Germanic peoples reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. Suevian peoples in red, and other Irminones in purple. The Angles (, ; ; ) were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period. They founded several kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name England ("land of Ængle").

Effigy of Odoacer, who is thought to be of Scirian descent The Scirii (also Sciri, Scirians, Skirii, Skiri or Skirians) were a Germanic people. They are believed to have spoken an East Germanic language. Their name probably means "the pure ones". The Scirii were mentioned already in the late 3rd century BC as participants in a raid on the city of Olbia near modern-day Odessa.

Wolfram, H., 1997. The Roman empire and its germanic peoples. Univ of California Press. This signalled the transition to the varied modern Germanic languages prevalent today, with features such as its differing characters, (the umlaut) its declarative sentence structure (subject, verb, other) and its emphasis on "strong" and "weak" verbs, that make it functionally different from many other languages that are comparable around Europe.

The Old Saxon word compound means 'great pillar'. The first element, ('great') is cognate with terms with some significance elsewhere in Germanic mythology. Among the North Germanic peoples, the Old Norse form of is , which just like is one of the names of Odin. Yggdrasil (Old Norse 'Yggr's horse') is a cosmic tree from which Odin sacrificed himself, and which connects the Nine worlds.

It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the Elder Futhark inscriptions, the oldest form of the runic alphabets. A number of inscriptions are memorials to the dead, while others are magical in content. The oldest are carved on loose objects, while later ones are chiseled in runestones. They are the oldest written record of any Germanic language.

They then began an advance on the weakest feature of the Germanic force, its open camp. Caesar says that the enemy camp was defended by a wagon train, drawn up behind the German forces, which had now either to fight or to run. The usual chorus of wailing women was placed on the wagons. The effect that it really had on the Germanic soldiers is unclear.

From their personal and tribal names we know that the Germani cisrhenani were heavily influenced by the Gaulish language.See Neumann 1984. From other information, including the contemporary reports of Julius Caesar and Tacitus, we know that they were also heavily influenced by Germanic peoples on the east of the Rhine river. Whether the Germani cisrhenani in Belgium ever actually spoke a Germanic language is uncertain.

As the Roman Empire declined, in the early 5th century CE the Vandals (a Germanic people), the Alans (an Iranian nomadic people of the North Caucasus), and the Suebi (another Germanic tribe) entered Spain from the north. In their division of Spain, Hispania Baetica fell to the Vandals.Ferreiro A. The Visigoths: studies in culture and society BRILL 1999 p221. The Visigoths also invaded Spain from the north.

There are legends accrediting the beginnings of the town to Celtic tribes. In the 1st century A.D. Germanic tribes came, but moved on in the great Germanic migration to the west. In the 6th century the country was settled by Slavs. Some talk about a castle on Úhošť hill that might have been called Wogastisburg where a battle between Franks and Slavs occurred in 631.

The word "Wagria" is derived from Germanic settlement of Waringer and just a bit later the West Slavic Lechites tribe of Wagri or Wagier, which meant "those who live by the bays". Wagria was occupied from Viking of Haithabu. It seems that the Wagrier are identical with the East Germanic tribe of Waringer or Warnen (Latin: Warini). This country is a historical landscape of Viking myths.

Grain was a significant commodity in the Roman society. This trade may have been carried out via already existing trade networks, from the Mediterranean, via Germanic Chieftains to Scandinavia. These trade networks may have been established prior to the Roman Empire and suggest a complex and advanced social structure and organisation among the Germanic tribes and societies. Scandinavian amber has been found at Mycene, in Greece.

Surviving texts indicate that there was a belief in rebirth in Germanic paganism. Examples include figures from eddic poetry and sagas, potentially by way of a process of naming and/or through the family line. Scholars have discussed the implications of these attestations and proposed theories regarding belief in reincarnation among the Germanic peoples prior to Christianization and potentially to some extent in folk belief thereafter.

Nicene or orthodox) beliefs that were dogmatically defined by the Church Fathers in the Nicene Creed and Council of Chalcedon. The gradual rise of Germanic Christianity was, at times, voluntary, particularly amongst groups associated with the Roman Empire. From the 6th century AD, Germanic tribes were converted (and re-converted) by missionaries of the Catholic Church. Many Goths converted to Christianity as individuals outside the Roman Empire.

While both languages have a majority of Latin/Romance words in their lexicons, Ido has a somewhat larger number of Germanic and Slavic words, so it could be suggested that Ido is more internationally neutral. Germanic and Slavic words in Interlingua are often Romanized. Compare English blockade, German Blockade, and Interlingua blocada. When Interlingua adopts foreign words, however, they frequently retain their original form.

Some have rejected this hypothesis, and certain Christian apologetics circles defend it.Pajak, Sylwester, Urreligion und Uroffenbarung bei P. W. Schmidt, St. Augustin 1978. Nineteenth-century Germanic mysticism sometimes claimed that the Germanic runes bore testimony of a primeval religion.J. L. Studach, Die Urreligion oder das entdeckte Uralphabet, 1856 Some more recent new religious movements that claim to restore primeval religion include Godianism and Umbanda.

78 In English, similarly, we often have Latin and Greek terms synonymous with Germanic ones: thought, notion (L), idea (Gk); ring, circle (L), cycle (Gk). English often uses the Germanic term only as a noun, but has Latin and Greek adjectives: hand, manual (L), chiral (Gk); heat, thermal (L), caloric (Gk). Sometimes the Germanic term has become rare, or restricted to special meanings: tide, time/temporal, chronic.Stavros Macrakis and Angelos Tsiromokos's answers to "Are there any words in English which are synonyms but have separate ancient Greek and Latin origin and the Latin word is not etymologically derivative of the older ancient Greek?" on Quora.

A native industry producing "Germanic swords" then emerges from the 5th century, contemporary with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. The Germanic spatha did not replace the native seax, sometimes referred to as gladius or ensis "sword", but technically a single-edged weapon or knife. It rather establishes itself, by the 6th century, at the top of the scale of prestige associated with weapons. While every Germanic warrior grave of the pagan period was furnished with weapons as grave goods, the vast majority of the 6th- to 7th-century graves have a seax and/or a spear, and only the richest have swords.

After Attila's death in 453, the Hunnic Empire faced an internal power struggle between its vassalized Germanic peoples and the Hunnic ruling body. Led by Ellak, Attila's favored son and ruler of the Akatziri, the Huns engaged the Gepid king Ardaric at the Battle of Nedao, who led a coalition of Germanic Peoples to overthrow Hunnic imperial authority. The Amali Goths would revolt the same year under Valamir, allegedly defeating the Huns in a separate engagement. However, this did not result in the complete collapse of Hunnic power in the Carpathian region, but did result in the loss of many of their Germanic vassals.

Historical reenactment of a farmer wedding in Jomala, Åland Germanic languages in the Nordic countries The Finnic languages in Northern Europe Most of the Nordic languages belong to one of three linguistic families: North Germanic languages, Finno-Ugric languages and Eskimo–Aleut languages. Although the area is linguistically heterogeneous, with three unrelated language groups, the common linguistic heritage is one of the factors making up the Nordic identity. Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish belong to the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. The languages have developed from a common Nordic language, but have moved away from each other during the past 1000 years.

Folkspraak is an incomplete zonal constructed language based on Germanic languages and intended to be easy to learn for any native speaker of a Germanic language, making it suitable to be a sort of lingua franca amongst the Germanic languages community.Folkspraak at omniglot.com The project's development took place mostly online in a Yahoo group, though disagreements about grammar and orthography means that there are several different versions or "dialects". Disagreement occurs even over which source languages to use, so that only some developers draw from Frisian, Low German and Norwegian Nynorsk, next to the usual source languages of English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, and Swedish.

The Germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It in turn divided into North, West and East Germanic groups, and ultimately produced a large group of mediaeval and modern languages, most importantly: Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish (North); English, Frisian, Dutch and German (West); and Gothic (East, extinct). The Germanic verb system lends itself to both descriptive (synchronic) and historical (diachronic) comparative analysis. This overview article is intended to lead into a series of specialist articles discussing historical aspects of these verbs, showing how they developed out of PIE, and how they came to have their present diversity.

Distribution of pre-6th century Elder Futhark finds The Elder Futhark, Elder Fuþark, Older Futhark, Old Futhark or Germanic Futhark is the oldest form of the runic alphabets. It was a writing system used by Germanic peoples for Northwest Germanic dialects in the Migration Period, the dates of which are debated among scholars. Runic inscriptions are found on artifacts, including jewelry, amulets, plateware, tools, weapons, and, famously, runestones, from the 2nd to the 8th centuries. In Scandinavia, beginning from the late 8th century, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark, and the Anglo- Saxons and Frisians extended Elder Futhark, which eventually became the Anglo- Saxon futhorc.

The oldest inscriptions (before 500) found on the Continent are divided into two groups, the area of the North Sea coast and Northern Germany (including parts of the Netherlands) associated with the Saxons and Frisians on one hand (part of the "North Germanic Koine"), and loosely scattered finds from along the Oder to south-eastern Poland, as far as the Carpathian Mountains (e.g. the ring of Pietroassa in Romania), associated with East Germanic peoples. The latter group disappears during the 5th century, the time of contact of the Goths with the Roman Empire and their conversion to Christianity. In this early period, there is no specifically West Germanic runic tradition.

The Harii (West Germanic "warriors"Simek (2007:132).) were, according to 1st century CE Roman historian Tacitus, a Germanic people. In his work Germania, Tacitus describes them as using black shields and painting their bodies ("nigra scuta, tincta corpora"), and attacking at night as a shadowy army, much to the terror of their opponents. Theories have been proposed connecting the Harii to the einherjar, ghostly warriors in service to the god Odin, attested much later among the North Germanic peoples by way of Norse mythology, and to the tradition of the Wild Hunt, a procession of the dead through the winter night sky sometimes led by Odin.

The Frisii (Old Frisian and Old English: Frīs) were an ancient Germanic tribe living in the low-lying region between the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and the River Ems, and the presumed or possible ancestors of the modern-day ethnic Frisians. The Frisii were among the migrating Germanic tribes that settled along the North Sea in the 4th century BC. They came to control the area from roughly present-day Bremen to Bruges, and conquered many of the smaller offshore islands. In the 1st century BC, the Frisii halted a Roman advance and thus managed to maintain their independence. In the Germanic pre-Migration Period (i.e.

The seeress Veleda as painted by Jules Eugène Lenepveu In the first and second centuries CE, Greek and Roman authors—such as Greek historian Strabo, Roman senator Tacitus, and Roman historian Cassius Dio—wrote about the ancient Germanic peoples, and made note of the role of seeresses in Germanic society. Tacitus mentions Germanic seeresses in book 4 of his first century CE Histories. > :The legionary commander Munius Lupercus was sent along with other presents > to Veleda, an unmarried woman who enjoyed wide influence over the tribe of > the Bructeri. The Germans traditionally regard many of the female sex as > prophetic, and indeed, by an excess of superstition, as divine.

Icelanders () are a North Germanic ethnic group and nation who are native to the island country of Iceland and speak Icelandic.. "Germanic nations:...Icelanders..." Icelanders established the country of Iceland in mid 930 A.D. when the Althingi (Parliament) met for the first time. Iceland came under the reign of Norwegian, Swedish and Danish kings but regained full sovereignty and independence from the Danish monarchy on 1 December 1918, when the Kingdom of Iceland was established. On 17 June 1944, the monarchy was abolished and the Icelandic republic was founded. The language spoken is Icelandic, a North Germanic language, and Lutheranism is the predominant religion.

Timpe researched Germanic-Roman contacts during the time of the Principate. He is well known for his theories on Germanic peoples, Arminius and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Timpe argues that the early Germanic peoples were not related and had no collective identity, and can only be treated as a artificial Roman construct dating from the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD. Similar theories have later been mirrored by Walter Pohl. Timpe argues that the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest was an insignificant event in history, and that the battle was won not because of the military skill of Arminius, but rather due to Roman incompetence.

42 Immediately after they received their eagles, both legions were sent to Pannonia that had been invaded by the Marcomanni; an inscription from Salona in Dalmatia attest to vexillations fortifying that strategic port city. Under the command of Quintus Antistius Adventus, the III Italica took part in the expeditio Germanica that protected Italy against Germanic tribes. In 170 the legion probably attacked the Germanic tribes under the command of the later Emperor Pertinax in part, succeeded in the process of expelling the Germanic invaders from the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. During the 170s the legion had no established base, but was dispersed in vexillations.

Lüthi 2004:321 These inscriptions are on many types of loose objects, but the North Germanic tradition shows a preference for bracteates, while the South Germanic one has a preference for fibulae. The precise figures are debatable because some inscriptions are very short and/or illegible so that it is uncertain whether they qualify as an inscription at all. The division into Scandinavian, North Sea (Anglo-Frisian), and South Germanic inscription makes sense from the 5th century. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, the Elder Futhark script is still in its early phase of development, with inscriptions concentrated in what is now Denmark and Northern Germany.

In turn, this likely contributed to the fact that Pan-Germanism never caught on in Denmark as much as it did in Norway. Pan- Germanic tendencies were particularly widespread among the Norwegian independence movement. Prominent supporters included Peter Andreas Munch, Christopher Bruun, Knut Hamsun, Henrik Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Bjørnson, who wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem, proclaimed in 1901: In the 20th century the German Nazi Party sought to create a Greater Germanic Reich that would include most of the Germanic peoples of Europe within it under the leadership of Germany, including peoples such as the Danes, the Dutch, the Swedes, the Norwegians, and the Flemish within it.

The word elf is found throughout the Germanic languages and seems originally to have meant 'white being'. Reconstructing the early concept of an elf depends largely on texts, written by Christians, in Old and Middle English, medieval German, and Old Norse. These associate elves variously with the gods of Norse mythology, with causing illness, with magic, and with beauty and seduction. After the medieval period, the word elf tended to become less common throughout the Germanic languages, losing out to alternative native terms like Zwerg ("dwarf") in German and huldra ("hidden being") in Scandinavian languages, and to loan-words like fairy (borrowed from French into most of the Germanic languages).

Germanic occultism and neopaganism emerged in the early 20th Century and became influential, with beliefs such as Ariosophy, combining with the far-right Völkisch movement which eventually culminated in Nazism. Post-WWII continuations of similar beliefs have given rise to the Wotansvolk, a white nationalist neopagan movement, in the late 20th Century. Modern white supremacism and Neo-Nazism with all the racist, antisemitic, and anti-LGBTQ beliefs of those ideologies have either continued, infiltrated, and co-opted many Germanic and Norse Heathen traditions such as Ásatrú (sometimes called Odinism). These groups belief that Norse-Germanic beliefs to form the true Caucasian-European ethnoreligious group.

Caesar invaded the region in 57 BC and in the next three years annihilated several tribes, including the Eburones and the Menapii, whom Caesar called "Germanic" but who probably were Celtic or at least mixed Celtic-Germanic. Germanic influence (mainly through the Tungri) increased during Roman times, leading to the assimilation of all Celtic peoples in the area. Germania Inferior had Roman settlements since around 50 BC and was at first part of Gallia Belgica. Although it had been occupied since the reign of Augustus, it wasn't formally established as a Roman province until around AD 85, with its capital at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (modern Cologne).

Romano-Germanic deity Hercules Magusanus has been interpreted as the patron-figure of the Batavian kóryos (226 AD). During the first centuries of the Common Era, the Celto-Germanic tribal societies of Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior probably included formations of young men which represented a significant political force within their host communities because of their military nature. Among the Batavi, the Romano-Germanic god Hercules Magusanus was likely regarded as the patron and protector of the Batavorum iuventus, a sort of paramilitary organization preparing young men for the soldier's life. Vikings were made up of groups of young people led by an adult male during a three-year campaign overseas.

It also seems that some Alemanni were allowed to settle in the area with the consent of the Romans. The border town of Speyer (Noviomagus) shortly before the collapse of the Western Roman Empire around 395 In the beginning of the 5th century AD the whole Roman Rhine border disintegrated under the onslaught of Germanic tribes pushing across the river. In 406, pursued by Huns, Germanic Suebi, Vandals and Sarmatian Alans set over the river and also overran Speyer on their way into Gaul. A richly endowed grave of a prince found in Altlussheim near Speyer attests to the presence of Alans, Huns or Eastern Germanic tribes at that time.

In the 1st century BC, the rulers of the Western World at that time, the Romans, had incorporated Gaul into their empire as a new colony. When the Treveri now once again found themselves beset by the Germanic hordes, they called on the Roman general and conqueror of Gaul, Julius Caesar, for help. In 58 BC, he drove the Germanic peoples back across the Rhine. Nevertheless, the Treveri were hardly spared foreign rule, as the Romans remained in their land as rulers for the next 500 years with the Rhine as the Imperial frontier to be guarded against the Germanic peoples that they had driven out.

Germanic and Byzantine rule 560 In the early fifth century, Germanic peoples occupied the peninsula, namely the Suebi, the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and their allies, the Alans. Only the kingdom of the Suebi (Quadi and Marcomanni) would endure after the arrival of another wave of Germanic invaders, the Visigoths, who occupied all of the Iberian Peninsula and expelled or partially integrated the Vandals and the Alans. The Visigoths eventually occupied the Suebi kingdom and its capital city, Bracara (modern day Braga), in 584–585. They would also occupy the province of the Byzantine Empire (552–624) of Spania in the south of the peninsula and the Balearic Islands.

Ferdinand Holthausen Ferdinand Holthausen (born 9 September 1860 in Soest, died 19 September 1956 in Wiesbaden) was a German scholar of English and old Germanic languages.

He was also on the editorial boards of the Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Modern Language Notes, and Scandinavian Studies (and Notes).Liberman, p. xxxv.

Nikau Press, Nelson, New Zealand. He went to Ohio State University, and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology (minor in Germanic Literature) in 1971.

Hnsen, Zakaris Svabo, et al. 2003. Faroese. In: Ana Deumert & Wim Vandenbussche (eds.), Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present, pp. 157–192. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, p. 177.

The context-dependent order preferences in Baltic, Slavic and Germanic are a complex topic, with some attributing them to outside influences and others to internal developments.

The Guardian trees were said to have been taken from sacred groves as saplings by pre Christian Germanic peoples, though today can be planted from anywhere.

Theo Vennemann has hypothesized a Basque substrate and a Semitic superstrate in Germanic; however, his speculations also are generally rejected by specialists in the relevant fields.

Locke, sometimes spelled Lok, is a common Western surname of Germanic origin. It is also a Scottish surname and a romanization of the Chinese surname Luo.

The Chaemae were an ancient Germanic tribe cited by Ptolemy in his Geography (2.10) with the name Chaimai, which also can be written in English Khaimai.

Were and wer are archaic terms for adult male humans and were often used for alliteration with wife as "were and wife" in Germanic-speaking cultures (, , , , , , ).

Accentology involves a systematic analysis of word or phrase stress. Sub-areas of accentology include Germanic accentology, Balto-Slavic accentology, Indo- European accentology, and Japanese accentology.

Avelin is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is south of the centre of Lille. The village's name is of Germanic origin.

Gerboredum 11th Century. Germanic masculine name Gerbold and Old North French roy 'ford' (Celtic rito-, Old Welsh rit > Welsh rhyd) A ford in the Thérain stream.

In several Germanic languages, including German and Yiddish, ch represents the voiceless velar fricative . In Rheinische Dokumenta, ch represents , as opposed to _ch_ , which stands for .

Robert Dennis Fulk (born October 2, 1951) is an American philologist and medievalist who is Professor Emeritus of English and Germanic Studies at Indiana University Bloomington.

According to historian John Thor Ewing, as a religion, the Germanic version consisted of "individual worshippers, family traditions and regional cults within a broadly consistent framework".

If the lifestyle of Nicrosaurus is limited to land and freshwater swamps it makes sense that most of fossil specimens are found around the Germanic Basin.

Reinhardt is a German, Austrian, Danish, and to a lesser extent Norwegian surname (from Germanic ragin, counsel, and hart, strong), and a spelling variant of Reinhard.

In 2014, Schulte received the Fridtjof Nansen Prize for Outstanding Research from the Nansen Trust (Nansenfondet) for his work on Old Germanic and early Nordic linguistics.

Robert Nedoma (born 1961) is an Austrian philologist who is Professor at Department for Scandinavian Studies at the University of Vienna. He specializes in Germanic studies.

The Kingdom of the Burgundians or First Kingdom of Burgundy was established by Germanic Burgundians in the Rhineland and then in Savoy in the 5th century.

Reinhard is a German, Austrian, Danish, and to a lesser extent Norwegian surname (from Germanic ragin, counsel, and hart, strong), and a spelling variant of Reinhardt.

After this the Germanic-speaking population, who were by then almost certainly bilingual, gradually switched to the Romance language of the native population, so that Langobardic had died out by the end of the OHG period. At the beginning of the period, no Germanic language was spoken east of a line from Kieler Förde to the rivers Elbe and Saale, earlier Germanic speakers in the Northern part of the area having been displaced by the Slavs. This area did not become German-speaking again until the German eastward expansion ("Ostkolonisation") of the early 12th century, though there was some attempt at conquest and missionary work under the Ottonians. The Alemannic polity was conquered by Clovis I in 496, and in the last twenty years of the 8th century Charlemagne subdued the Saxons, the Frisians, the Bavarians, and the Lombards, bringing all continental Germanic-speaking peoples under Frankish rule.

These terms are based on the word heathen, attested as the Gothic haithn, which was adopted by Gothic Arian missionaries as the equivalent of both the Greek words Hellenis (Hellene, Greek) and ethnikós – "of a (foreign) people". The word was used by Early Medieval Christian writers in Germanic Europe to describe non- Christians; by using it, practitioners seek to reappropriate it from the Christians as a form of self-designation. Many practitioners favor the term Heathen over Pagan because the former term originated among Germanic languages, whereas Pagan has its origins in Latin. Heathen ritual space marked out by an engraved wooden pillar, located on alt=A thin wooden pillar located within woodland Further terms used in some academic contexts are contemporary Germanic Paganism and Germanic Neopaganism, although the latter is an "artificial term" developed by scholars with little use within the Heathen community.

Battle between Germanic warriors and the Roman army, on the Portonaccio sarcophagus (190-200) Archaeological records indicate that the arrival of the Corded Ware culture in Northern Europe was accompanied by large-scale migration and warfare. After a period of amalgamation, the Nordic Bronze Age emerged, which appears to have been a time of relative peace. The military situation in the Germanic world was radically changed with the emergence of the Iron Age and the late centuries BC. For close to a thousand years afterward, the Germanic world was characterized by almost continuous warfare and large-scale migration. Though often defeated by the Romans, the Germanic tribes were remembered in Roman records as fierce combatants, whose main downfall was that they failed to join together into a collective fighting force under a unified command, which allowed the Roman Empire to employ a "divide and rule" strategy against them.

The period corresponds to the Germanic Wars in terms of historiography, and to the Germanic Iron Age in terms of archaeology, spanning the early centuries of the 1st millennium, in particular the 4th and 5th centuries, the period of the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the establishment of stable "barbarian kingdoms" larger than at the tribal level (the kingdoms of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, the Franks and the Burgundians, and the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain). The Germanic peoples at the time lived mostly in tribal societies. William Paton Ker in Epic and Romance (1897) takes the "heroic age" as predating the "age of chivalry" with its new literary genre of Romance. Ker would thus extend the Germanic heroic age to the point of Christianization, to the inclusion of the Scandinavian Viking Age and culminating in the Icelandic family sagas of the 13th century.

He has furthered argued that parts of the Getica by Jordanes, such as the account of a Gothic migration from Scandinavia towards the Black Sea, is derived from genuinly Gothic oral traditions. Liebeszhuetz maintains that the early Germanic peoples shared a common language, culture and identity, and considers the concept of Germanic peoples indispensable for scholarship.. "Germanic tribes... did indeed possess both core traditions and a sense of shared identity, and... these had evolved well before their entry into the Roman world... [T]he Germanic tribes (Germanicae gentes) spoke the same language... Caesar and Tacitus certainly thought that the people they called Germans shared elements of a common culture. Tacitus certainly knew that they shared a language... [E]ven if the different gentes did not share a sense of German identity, they did share a language, or at least spoke closely related dialects... That is why the concept of ‘Germanic’ remains useful, even indispensable... Some traditions, especially language, all the tribes had in common." In the 1990s, Liebeszhuetz was a participant in the Transformation of the Roman World project, which was sponsored by the European Science Foundation.

It is also possible that it refers to the Germanic tribe of the Suiones that inhabited the region, whose realm laid the basis for what became Sweden.

Other names for these structures in the U.K. are Dutch barn and helm (from Old English helm, Proto-Germanic helmaz and helmet: a protective covering).See Wiktionary.

It was later given to all SS members on the same occasion, 21 December. Made of unglazed stoneware, the Julleuchter was decorated with early pagan Germanic symbols.

"Marlowe's Art of War." Studies in Philology 39.2 (April 1942): 207-225. "Marlowe's Atheist Lecture." The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 39 (Jan. 1940): 98-106.

Simek (2007:163). The valknut receives sporadic use in modern popular culture and is again associated with Germanic paganism by way of its modern-day revival, Heathenry.

Old Dutch preserved at least four of the six cases of Proto-Germanic: nominative, accusative, genitive and dative. A fifth case, the instrumental, may have also existed..

Garon is a French surname. It is derived from the Germanic personal name Garo, meaning "ready", as well as from places in the Loire and Rhône departments.

Paul Fouracre Apart from the assimilated Gepids, a few graves of west Germanic (Carolingian) peoples have been found in the Avar lands. They perhaps served as mercenaries.

During a period of colonialism and nationalism, the book was one of several advocating eastern expansion and ethnic cleansing of non-Germanic people including Slavs and Jews.

The word originates from German or Germanic Hängerock. Rock means skirt or (historically) dress in German, while hänger refers to the hanging of items from the brooches.

Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, pp. 274–275, citing Tacitus, Annales 2.10.3. The emperor Julian employed a bilingual Germanic military tribune as a spy.Ammianus Marcellinus 18.2.

The municipality's name is derived from the Germanic words "klisse" (herb) and "laar", (a soggy brushwood terrain). Effective 1 January 2019, the municipality was merged into Aalter.

The coaster was named using the Old Saxon name of the Germanic god Odin. Timbur is the Icelandic word for wood, so Timbur Coaster is wooden coaster.

Music expresses the decline of a culture. Wagner's music, in its relation to old Germanic and Scandinavian myths and sagas, is the song of a dying swan.

109–114Bernd A. Laska: Nietzsche's initial crisis. New Light on the Stirner/Nietzsche Question In: Germanic Notes and Reviews, vol. 33, n. 2, fall/Herbst 2002, pp.

The difference of sixteen runes of the Younger Futhark vs. eighteen charms in the Ljóðatal has notably motivated proponents of Germanic mysticism to expand the row by two extra runes. The best-known attempt to this effect are the Armanen runes by Guido von List (1902). Various proponents of Germanic Neopagan groups place an emphasis on Hávamál as a source of a Norse pagan ethical code of conduct.

The Germanic tribes then moved to the lands north and east of Tolosa in south-western Gaul.Lynda Telford, Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered, p. 42. To the Romans, the presence of the Germanic tribes in Gaul posed a serious threat to the stability in the area and to their prestige. Lucius Cassius Longinus, one of the consuls of 107, was sent to Gaul at the head of another large army.

4–6, here: p. 4 English distinguishes between Franks (the early medieval Germanic people) and Franconians in reference to the high medieval stem duchy, following Middle Latin use of Francia for France vs. Franconia for the German duchy. In German the name Franken is equally used for both, while the French are called Franzosen, after Old French françois, from Latin franciscus, from Late Latin Francus, from Frank, the Germanic tribe.

Unlike the Celts, who had their druids, there does not appear to have been a priestly caste among the Germanic peoples. There were however individuals who performed certain religious duties. This included carrying out sacrifices and punishing those found guilty of crimes against the tribe. Germanic priestesses were feared by the Romans, as these tall women with glaring eyes, wearing flowing white gowns often wielded a knife for sacrificial offerings.

Weak verbs should be contrasted with strong verbs, which form their past tenses by means of ablaut (vowel gradation: sing - sang - sung). Most verbs in the early stages of the Germanic languages were strong. However, as the ablaut system is no longer productive except in rare cases of analogy, almost all new verbs in Germanic languages are weak, and the majority of the original strong verbs have become weak by analogy.

Unlike the western Reichskommissariats that sought the incorporation of their majority Germanic peoples, Ostland were designed for settlement by Germans who would displace the non-Germanic majority living there, as part of lebensraum. Reichskommissariat Ukraine was established in Ukraine in 1941. Like Ostland it was slated for settlement by Germans. The Military Administration in Serbia was established on occupied Yugoslav territory in April 1941, following the invasion of the country.

A mostly rejected theory claims that the historical name of the town, Sarabrucca, derived from the Germanic word bruco (swamp, marsh). There is an area in St Johann called Bruchwiese (wiese meaning meadow), which used to be swampy before it was developed, and there were flood-meadows along the river, and those are often marshy. However, the Saarbrücken area was first settled by Celts and not by Germanic peoples.

Hoptman attended Wayne State University before moving to the Twin Cities to attend graduate school at the University of Minnesota. He studied Germanic philology under Anatoly Liberman, eventually earning his doctoral degree in 2002. His graduate work investigated the possible relationship between Verner's Law and certain stress patterns of Old Germanic poetry. At the University of Minnesota, Hoptman teaches classes in the Department of German, Nordic, Scandinavian & Dutch.

While apparently dominated by Germanic peoples, Magna Germania was inhabited by non- Germanic peoples as well. The Latin name Germania means "land of the Germani", but the etymology of the name Germani itself is uncertain. During the Gallic Wars of the 1st century BC, the Roman general Julius Caesar encountered peoples originating from beyond the Rhine. He referred to these people as Germani and their lands beyond the Rhine as Germania.

Chester-le-Street, Stratton-on-the-Fosse. However, this word was almost certainly borrowed into the Germanic languages prior to the migration of the Anglo-Saxons into Britain, and it may have been used natively by Germanic-speaking settlers. Other Latin elements in British place names were adopted in the medieval period as affectations. This includes the use of magna and parva instead of the more usual Great/Little; e.g.

The Lombard kings can be traced back as early as c. 380 and thus to the beginning of the Great Migration. Kingship developed amongst the Germanic peoples when the unity of a single military command was found necessary. Schmidt believed that the Germanic tribes were divided according to cantons and that the earliest government was a general assembly that selected canton chiefs and war leaders in times of conflict.

The majority of pagan Frankish beliefs may share similarities with that of other Germanic peoples. If so, then it may be possible to reconstruct the basic elements of Frankish traditional religion.Fabbro, p. 5. The migration era religion of the Franks likely shared many of its characteristics with the other varieties of Germanic paganism, such as placing altars in forest glens, on hilltops, or beside lakes and rivers, and consecration of woods.

In many Germanic languages except English, the half-hour refers to the next hour (half to nine rather than half past eight). In colloquial language, this can cause confusion between English and German (and other Germanic languages). In conversational English as spoken in the UK, half past eight (for 8:30) is often reduced to half eight. But in German , Dutch , and Swedish , all invariably mean 7:30.

The Battle of Vosges, also referred to as the Battle of Vesontio, was fought in 58 BC between the Germanic tribe of the Suebi, under the leadership of Ariovistus, and six Roman legions under the command of Gaius Julius Caesar. This encounter is the third major battle of the Gallic Wars. Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine, seeking a home in Gaul. Prior to the battle, Caesar and Ariovistus held a parley.

The name Tufa is East Germanic, and it is possible that he was Rugian. He was a follower of the Germanic warrior Odoacer, who in 476 proclaimed himself King of Italy. Tufa was the commander-in-chief of the army of Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy when the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great invaded the country in 489. Tufa quickly deserted to Theodoric, along with large numbers of Odoacer's army.

Gothic paganism derived from Germanic paganism. Descriptions of Gothic and Vandal warfare appear in Roman records in Late Antiquity. At times these groups warred against or allied with the Roman Empire, the Huns, and various Germanic tribes. In 251 AD, the Gothic army raided the Roman provinces of Moesia and Thrace, defeated and killed the Roman emperor Decius, and took a number of predominantly female captives, many of which were Christian.

As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, the new Germanic rulers who conquered its constituent provinces maintained most Roman laws and traditions. Many of the invading Germanic tribes were already Christianized, although most were followers of Arianism. They quickly changed their adherence to the state church of the Roman Empire. This helped cement the loyalty of the local Roman populations, as well as the support of the powerful Bishop of Rome.

In Italian, possessive determiners behave in almost every respect like adjectives. Some Germanic languages, such as English and Dutch, use different pronouns depending on the owner. English has the (uninflected) words his and her; Dutch uses the (uninflected) zijn and haar. Other Germanic languages, such as German and several Dutch dialects including Limburgish and Brabantian, also use different forms depending on the grammatical gender of the object owned.

These studies cannot significantly distinguish between Danish, Frisian and German (Schleswig-Holstein) Y chromosomes although the Frisians were slightly closer to the indigenous samples. Areas with the highest concentration of Germanic (Danish- Viking/Anglo-Saxon) Y chromosomes occurred in areas associated with the Danelaw and Danish-Viking settlement, especially York and Norfolk. In these areas, about 60% of Y chromosomes are of Germanic origin. This indicates an exclusively male component.

Soon after the initial publications (Osthoff 1882; Kluge 1884), Kluge's law came to be considered an unnecessary hypothesis by several authors. With rather few exceptions, introductory texts have ignored it, and more detailed works on Proto-Germanic have generally dismissed it rather briefly; "it has been seriously challenged throughout the 20th century, and nowadays even borders on the uncanonical in both Indo-European and Germanic linguistics" (Kroonen 2009: 53).

Drusus had sought out multiple Germanic (at least three) chieftains during his campaigns in Germany (12 BC–9 BC), engaging them in "dazzling displays of single combat". The sources are ambiguous, but suggest that he could have potentially taken the spolia opima from a Germanic king, thus becoming the fourth and final Roman to gain this honor. and note 155 on p. 199, citing Suetonius Claudius I.4.

Such a research programme would have to combine theoretical linguistics, diachronic linguistics, dialectology, first language acquisition and second language acquisition.” (The original Variflex proposal) supported by the comparison between Germanic languagesJóhanna Barðdal, “The Development of Case in Germanic,” in Barðdal & Chelliah, eds., The Role of Semantic, Pragmatic & Discourse Factors in the Development of Case, Studies in Language Companion Series, No. 108 (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2009 [in press]), pp. 123–160, .

Most native Germanic words (the bulk of the core vocabulary) are stressed on the root syllable, which is usually the first syllable of the word. Germanic words may also be stressed on the second or later syllable if certain unstressed prefixes are added (particularly in verbs). Non-root stress is common in loanwords, which are generally borrowed with the stress placement unchanged. In polysyllabic words, secondary stress may also be present.

It was only during their southwards expansion in the Roman Iron Age that the Germanic peoples became familiar with fortified towns. At first they were unable to successfully besiege such targets, and were therefore compelled to attack the countryside instead. From the Romans, Germanic warriors would eventually learn how to use siege towers and battering rams to overcome advanced fortifications. On occasion they would rather bribe inhabitants to open the gates.

Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic Wars, 7.64–65 After being reinforced by Labienus and the four legions who had been campaigning in the Seine area, Caesar went to the Lingones. He strengthened his army with Germanic mercenary cavalry units and headed for Gallia Narbonensis. He was attacked by Vercingetorix north-west of Dijon, in eastern Gaul. The attack was repelled by the Roman legions and the Germanic cavalry.

Retrieved 12/05/2019. Further, one of the earliest permanent settlements of a group of Germans namely the Visigoths on Roman soil was in the Post-classical history period which opened the door for various other Germanic peoples to enter Rome's Gallic provinces through the Great Rhine Crossing in the Middle Ages and further spread Germanic elements.J.Arnold, Jonathan. “Theoderic, the Goths, and the Restoration of the Roman Empire.” Ph.D. diss.

The nationalistic theories of Gustaf Kossinna about the origins and racial superiority of Germanic peoples influenced many aspects of Nazi ideology and politics. He is also considered to be a precursor of Nazi archaeology. Kossinna was trained as a linguist at universities in Göttingen, Leipzig, Berlin, and Strasbourg but eventually held the chair for Germanic Archeology at the University of Berlin. He laid the groundwork for an ethnocentric German prehistory.

Hermann Beck was born Nördlingen, Germany on 2 April 1929. Gaining his abitur in Munich in 1949, Beck studied German, Scandinavian and linguistics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and Reykjavík University. He gained his PhD in Nordic philology and Germanic studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1962. He completed his habilitation in Germanic studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1967.

German is the official and predominant spoken language in Berlin. It is a West Germanic language that derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. German is one of 24 languages of the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission. Berlinerisch or Berlinisch is not a dialect linguistically, but has features of Lausitzisch-neumärkisch dialects.

First proposed at the Third International Conference of Nordic and General Linguistics, at the University of Texas at Austin, April 5–9, 1976 (published in 1978), elaborated in Bauschatz, "The Germanic ritual feast" and The Well and the Tree; Pollington, Mead-hall. Bauschatz' lead is followed only sporadically in modern scholarship, but his interpretation has inspired such solemn drinking-rituals in Germanic neopaganism, especially in the United States.

Sketch of the Svinfylking. The Svinfylking, Old Norse for 'Swine Array' or 'Boar Snout', was a version of the wedge formation used in Iron Age Scandinavia and later by the Vikings, and used by the Germanic peoples during the Germanic Iron Age where it was known as the "Schweinskopf" or 'Swine's Head'. Its invention was attributed to the god Odin. The apex was composed of a single file.

Additionally, many Greek words formed part of the language of the Church. Spanish also borrowed Ancient Greek vocabulary in the areas of medical, technical, and scientific language, beginning as early as the 13th century. The influence of Germanic languages is, by most accounts, very little on phonological development, but rather is found mainly in the Spanish lexicon. Words of Germanic origin are common in all varieties of Spanish.