How sweet the smell, that keeps our hands germ free!
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How sweet the smell, that keeps our hands germ free!
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And this was before Germ Free Adolescents had even dropped.
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Doesn't it make sense to use a germ-free toothbrush, too?
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Keep it cleanRoutinely cleaning will help the workplace stay germ free.
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Let's keep those hands 99.9 percent germ free at all times, OK?
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Leukemia & germs Can a germ-free lifestyle later trigger leukemia in children?
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Below, here's how to keep your phone as germ-free as possible.
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Wirecutter's favorite is the Honeywell HCM-350 Germ Free Cool Mist Humidifier.
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The other set had no bacteria in their guts — they were germ-free.
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Keeping the air clean and germ free has insured my good health for years!
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It's also the simplest thing a person can do make sure their hands are germ-free.
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The Rich Are Preparing for Coronavirus Differently: Concierge doctors, yachts, chartered planes and germ-free hideaways.
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People like Davidson rely on those products to stay germ-free and keep her children safe, too.
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Again, researchers implanted the bacteria into germ-free mice and found it increased their immune response during treatment.
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The germ-free mice were still overproducing alpha-synuclein, but their brain cells were not accumulating the protein.
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After receiving this so-called fecal transplant, the germ-free mice got hungry, too, and put on weight.
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But if they gave the germ-free animals stool from mice on a ketogenic diet, seizures were reduced.
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This three-month supply of TripWipes helps keep the hands and surroundings of germaphobes clean and germ-free.
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"As coach would say, we have to stay germ free," captain and veteran wide receiver Matthew Slater said.
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Give the bowl a quick scrub, turn on the water, flush, and you have a germ-free toilet bowl.
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For my mother's generation the germ-free, safe and convenient access to packaged and processed food was a boon.
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The scientists deposited gut bacteria from these fecal samples into the digestive tracts of specially bred germ-free mice.
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"They don't have necessities right now that are crucial to remain clean and stay germ-free," Shaivi told CNN.
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I feel very confident when using these wipes that my hands are as germ-free as they can be.
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And this time, the germ-free mice did show symptoms of the disease in the brain when fed the chemicals.
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They transferred the stool to mice that had been raised germ-free — that is, entirely without gut microbiomes — since birth.
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Concierge doctors, chartered jets and germ-free hideaways: The wealthy are sparing no expense as they prepare for the coronavirus.
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Wirecutter recommends the Honeywell HCM-350 Germ-Free Cool Mist Humidifier as the most effective, leakproof and easy to maintain option.
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Avoid spreading sickness with this handy guide to the best desk disinfectants, immunity-boosting snacks, and other advice for staying germ-free.
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In germ-free mice, the neurons in the amygdala make unusual sets of proteins, changing the connections they make with other cells.
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When they put the germ-free epileptic mice on a ketogenic diet, they found that the animals got no protection from seizures.
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In other words, they were looking to see if even germ-free mice would show symptoms if the researchers mimicked gut bacteria activity.
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The germ-free mice given samples from healthy humans did not produce symptoms In some ways, Mazmanian finds the third experiment most telling.
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Being germ-free, the mice were able to act as blank bacterial canvases for the human microbiota, taking on the same bacterial communities.
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The best part is, if you're a merchant, you'll be able to collect valid signatures and keep your touchscreen registers handprint and germ-free.
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Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis gave young, germ-free mice the gut bacteria from healthy and malnourished Malawian children.
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We could keep describing it, but nothing will replace the image of Craig and McKinnon trying to kiss but also stay germ-free. Enjoy.
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TL;DR: Make your space germ-free with a Wynd Essential smart personal air purifier for $109, a 15% savings as of March 8.
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Passengers should also take it upon themselves to ensure a germ-free seat by bringing disinfecting wipes on their next flight, says Dr. Pardo.
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Lo and behold, the germ-free mice exposed to the weight-cycling microbes gained weight faster than those given microbes from mice on normal chow.
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SCID is sometimes known as "bubble baby" disease, since those born with it have immune systems so weak they must live in germ-free environments.
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While headphones like AirPods aren't germ-free either, you can clean the outside with isopropyl alcohol, making sure not to get any inside the AirPods.
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Close the device and a blue indicator will come on, and when it goes off after around 10 minutes, your item is 99.99% germ-free.
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SCID is sometimes known as "bubble baby" disease, since children born with it have immune systems so weak they must live in germ-free environments.
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When soaked in detergent, these bits of synthetic fiber can easily obliterate any grease and grime, but keeping them germ-free is a whole other story.
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We all want to make sure all food that we order is clean, safe, germ-free, and unadulterated with any substance that should not be there.
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They found that when gut bacteria from healthy human babies were put into germ-free mice, those mice were protected from an allergic reaction to cow's milk.
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For one, studies on mice have shown that when germ-free mice were fed the stool of obese mice, or even humans, those mice put on weight.
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Germ Free Adolescents, the one and only X-Ray Spex album, turns 20113 next year and the film is set to be released in time to celebrate.
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The germ-free mice showed fewer symptoms and performed better on a series of motor skills tests meant to model the kinds of tests given to human patients.
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Most of these findings come from research with fecal transplants or germ-free mice — experiments in which it's especially hard to pinpoint the causes of changes in behavior.
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The mice living in germ-free environments ended up having higher amounts of anxiety and even more symptoms of depression, compared to the mice living in a regular environment.
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Much to my delight, the World Health Organization (WHO) has come up with a six-step way to ensure your hands are as clean and germ-free as possible.
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As with many urban centers, there is also a tendency for parents to provide a sterile, germ-free environment for their children and impose restrictive diets on their kids.
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Jerry Saltz, the art critic for New York magazine, said he expects fairgoers to continue to enjoy the art, though they may touch elbows as a germ-free hello.
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The goal of the experiment was to test whether "germ-free" rats and guinea pigs that lacked gut bacteria would respond differently to sugar and starches than normal animals.
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Until fairly recently, a woman's uterus and the pancake-shaped organ that provides nutrients to the baby, called the placenta, were believed to be germ-free to protect the baby.
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Some people get up at the crack of dawn on Sundays to work on a farm, while others spend their day off making sure someone's bouncy castle is germ-free.
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For example, intriguing studies show that moving the microbiota of anxious mice to germ-free, non-anxious mice could increase their anxiety levels, and the reverse was true as well.
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Honeywell markets the device as "germ free," and that's thanks to the company's patented germ-killing process, which Honeywell claims to kill 99.9% of all water-bred germs and bacteria.
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Gut material from the mice was then transplanted into animals that had been bred to be germ-free, so that their guts would easily incorporate these new tribes of bacteria.
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The term "bubble boy disease" arose during the 1970s, when an ADA-SCID patient named David Vetter, who lived for 12 years in a germ-free plastic bubble, began making headlines.
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Disinfect your desk Professional organizer Tidy Tova explains what you need to keep your workspace germ-free Jo-Sha wipes were originally intended for yoga mats, but they're great for desks.
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Honeywell HCM350W Germ Free Cool Mist Humidifier I use a humidifier to keep my bedroom's air from getting super dry in the winter, preventing my husband and me from falling asleep comfortably.
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In her first study, published in January, she focused on the amygdala, the emotion-processing region of the brain that Dr. Cryan and others have found to be altered in germ-free mice.
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Finally, the team did a third experiment where they took samples of gut bacteria from human Parkinson's patients and from healthy human controls and transplanted them into the germ-free mice that overexpressed alpha-synuclein.
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Whether you work in a hospital, school, or you want to keep your home reliably germ-free, Dial Original Gold Antimicrobial Soap (1 Gallon) will eliminate 99.9% of the microbes it contacts during a washing.
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If you want to get your hands as germ-free as possible, though, he said the best kinds of soaps are probably "alcohol-based hand rubs or gels," followed by antimicrobial soaps and then plain soaps.
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I typically keep it at my desk so I can clean my phone every day before I go home, but I've also brought it with me while traveling to ensure that my phone stays germ-free.
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They showed that if you take the microbes of, say, an obese mouse and put them into a germ-free mouse, that rodent will then put on more weight than if you'd loaded it with a lean microbiome.
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Another technique scientists use is to take a sample of a human's gut microbiota and implant it in a genetically altered, germ-free mouse, whose reaction to its new microbiome can be a good indication of problems or toxicity.
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Simple, common cleaning materials are all you need to get your handset germ-free—although as of Monday, you also have Apple's blessing to use 70 percent isopropyl alcohol wipe or Clorox disinfecting wipes on hard surfaces if you insist.
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"It's easy to assume that a fast food restaurant would have the worst hygiene of the bunch, but their strict daily cleanup schedule, rigorous corporate standards, and regular inspections ensure that their equipment is kept clean and their restaurants are germ-free," Restaurantware says.
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First, they're going to see if germ-free mice gain weight when given the stool of patients prior to bariatric surgery, and then collect stool from those same patients six months later to see if it makes fat mice lose weight (or stop gaining).
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All of that said, your bout with the bacteria or virus weakened your immune system; and given the fact that there are many other types of bugs that could infect you anew, starting fresh with a pristine, germ-free toothbrush isn't a terrible idea, Dr. Vayas says.
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Here are the best humidifiers you can buy:Best humidifier overall: Pure Enrichment Ultrasonic Cool Mist HumidifierBest warm mist humidifier: Vicks Warm Mist HumidifierBest humidifier for large rooms: Sunpentown SPT SU-4010 HumidifierBest germ-free humidifier: Honeywell HCM350W HumidifierUpdated on 12/11/2019: Updated pricing, links, and formatting.
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But again, evidence links these types of foods to health issues over time, so there's no evidence that a single donut is going to raise your risk of coronavirus — it's an infectious disease, and the best precautions are still washing your hands and keeping other high-touch surfaces germ-free.
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And their friend Samantha Plummer is scheduled to undergo the most complicated and expensive procedure of all—a stem-cell transplant involving a barrage of chemotherapies followed by quarantine in germ-free isolation for a minimum of six weeks in a specially constructed apartment owned by Sloan Kettering, in Manhattan.
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After the cesarean birth, the pups must then be transferred to a sterile incubator with a germ-free mother for feeding and growth.Arvidsson, Carina & Hallén, Anna & Bäckhed, Fredrik. (2012). Generating and Analyzing Germ-Free Mice. 10.1002/9780470942390.mo120064. These methods are only required for the generation of a germ-free mouse line.
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Germ-free mice are frequently used in scientific research Germ-free organisms are multi-cellular organisms that have no microorganisms living in or on them. Such organisms are raised using various methods to control their exposure to viral, bacterial or parasitic agents. When known microbiota are introduced to a germ-free organism, it usually is referred to as a gnotobiotic organism, however technically speaking, germ-free organisms are also gnotobiotic because the status of their microbial community is known. Due to lacking a microbiome, many germ-free organisms exhibit health deficits such as defects in the immune system and difficulties with energy acquisition.
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Mice undergo a slightly different process due to lacking an egg life-stage. To create a germ-free mouse, an embryo is created through in vitro fertilization and then transplanted into a germ-free mother. If this method is not available, a mouse can be born through cesarean birth, but this comes with a higher risk of contamination. This process uses a non- germ-free mother which is sacrificed and sterilized before the pups' birth.
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Germ-free organisms frequently see use in the studies of different microbiomes. Lacking any microbiome provides insights into what a microbiome contributes to the host. This is done by comparing a "normal" host to a germ- free host. Any differences between the two and can be understood to be related to the microbiome.
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Typically germ-free organisms are used in the study of a microbiome where careful control of outside contaminants is required.
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Germ- free mice have been shown to have defects in their immune system and energy uptake due to lacking a healthy microbiome. There is also strong evidence for interactions between the mouse microbiome and its brain development and health. Germ-free plants exhibit severe growth defects due to lacking symbionts that provide necessary nutrients to them.
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Commensal bacteria in the GI tract survive despite the abundance of local immune cells. Homeostasis in the intestine requires stimulation of toll-like receptors by commensal microbes. When mice are raised in germ-free conditions, they lack circulating antibodies, and cannot produce mucus, antimicrobial proteins, or mucosal T-cells. Additionally, mice raised in germ-free conditions lack tolerance and often suffer from hypersensitivity reactions.
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Because of his contribution, in 1952 DuPont paid in part the construction of Nieuwland Science Hall, that to this day hosts research in physics and chemistry.left The Laboratories of Bacteriology at the University of Notre Dame (LOBUND) is established in 1935 after the germ-free research of Prof. James Reyniers. The LOBUND attracts top scientists and became the world’s leader institution in germ-free research.
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Most Inhumans are used to living in a pollution-free, germ-free environment and have difficulty tolerating air and water pollution for any length of time.
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Due to lacking a healthy microbiome, many germ-free organisms exhibit major health deficits. The methods used to produce germ-free organisms can also have negative side effects on the organism. Decreased hatching rates were observed in chicken eggs incubated with mercuric chloride, while treatment with peracetic acid did not cause a significant effect on hatching rates. The chickens also exhibited defects in small intestine growth and health.
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Kakehashi, S. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1965 Sep 20 pages 340-349. The germ-free rats healed regardless of the severity of pulpal exposure, demonstrating that the presence or absence of bacteria was the determinant for pulpal and periapical disease. Moreover, it has since been discovered that endodontic infections are polymicrobial.
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Poly Styrene (1957–2011) founded the punk band X-Ray Spex, whose 1978 album, Germ Free Adolescents established her as a strong contributor as front woman, singer-songwriter and musician.
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Most Inhumans are used to living in a pollution-free, germ-free environment and have difficulty tolerating Earth's current level of air and water pollution for any length of time.
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The center's work with severely burned patients led it to develop a new, highly effective method of hyperalimentation which was quickly adapted in burn protocols worldwide. Its research also prompted the use of germ-free isolators in the operating room and at the bedside to prevent infection. Using this brand new technology, Jacobi obstetricians delivered the first “germ- free” baby in the world. The center also studied and successfully treated patients with serious metabolic and genetic disorders, such as atherosclerosis and Wilson's Disease.
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Enterobacter cloacae is a member of the normal gut flora of many humans and is not usually a primary pathogen. Some strains have been associated with urinary tract and respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment with cefepime and gentamicin has been reported. A 2012 study in which Enterobacter cloacae transplanted into previously germ-free mice resulted in increased obesity when compared with germ-free mice fed an identical diet, suggesting a link between obesity and the presence of Enterobacter gut flora.
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This was done by transplanting the gut microbiota from diet-induced obese(DIO) mice or lean control mice into lean germ-free mice that do not have a microbiome. They found that the mice transplanted with DIO mouse gut microbiota had significantly higher total body fat than the mice transplanted with lean mouse microbiota when fed with the same diet. A separate study, completed by Ridaura et al. in 2013, performed the first transplant of human fecal matter into germ-free mice.
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It was also argued that the evidence from studies using germ-free offspring of axenic animals (germ-free) clearly showed the sterility of the uterus. The authors concluded that in light of these findings there was no existence of a microbiome. The normal dominance of Lactobacilli in the vagina is seen as a marker for vaginal health. However, in the uterus this much lower population is seen as invasive in a closed environment that is highly regulated by female sex hormones, and that could have unwanted consequences.
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Germ-free organisms are generated by a variety of different means, but a common practice shared by many of them is some form of sterilization step followed by seclusion from the surrounding environment to prevent contamination.
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The higher amount of Firmicutes was also linked to more adiposity and body weight within mice. Specifically, within obese mice, the class Mollicutes (within the Firmicutes phylum) was the most common. When the microbiota of obese mice with this higher Firmicutes abundance was transplanted into the guts of germ-free mice, the germ-free mice gained a significant amount of fat as compared to those transplanted with the microbiota of lean mice with lower Firmicutes abundance. The presence of Christensenella (Firmicutes, in class Clostridia), isolated from human faeces, has been found to correlate with lower body mass index.
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The effects of queuine deficiency have been studied in germ-free animals, which have no intestinal microbiota. After removal of all queuine from the diet, germ-free mice lose the ability to convert the dietary amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine–a phenotype mimicking the human disease phenylketonuria. Further investigation of this effect revealed it to be a consequence of impaired tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) regeneration. BH4 is a cofactor for the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, which catalyze the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, tyrosine to L-DOPA, and tryptophan to 5-HTP, oxidizing BH4 to dihydrobiopterin (BH2) in the process.
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The life span of nude mice is normally 6 months to a year. In controlled, germ free environments and with antibiotic treatments found in many laboratories that routinely use nude mice, they can live almost as long as normal mice (18 months to two years).
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In it, Scaredy decides to leave his nut tree and find the perfect friend; he must be germ free, toothless and completely predictable. With meticulous planning and preparation Scaredy sets off with rubber gloves and air freshener in hand, but the friend he finds is not what he had in mind at all. A third Scaredy Squirrel title, Scaredy Squirrel at the Beach, was published in March 2008.Amazon.ca: Scaredy Squirrel at the Beach In this book, Scaredy Squirrel has the perfect plan to have some 100% safe fun in the sun by building a beach getaway under his nut tree, complete with a germ-free inflatable pool and plastic flamingo.
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In 1890, W.D. Miller, considered the father of oral microbiology, was the first to associate pulpal disease with the presence of bacteria.Sgan-Cohen, H.D. Oral hygiene: past history and future recommendations. Int J Dent Hyg 2005 3:2 pages 54–58. This was confirmed by Kakehashi, who, in 1965, proved that bacteria were the cause of pulpal and periradicular disease in studies using animal models; pulpal exposures were initiated in both normal and germ-free rats, and while no pathologic changes were exhibited in the mouths of the germ-free rats, introduction of the normal oral microbial flora produced pulpal necrosis and led to periradicular lesion formation in the normal rats.
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These bacteria feed upon human excreta and produce a harmless germ free colourless byproduct. The soil outlets of the toilet seats are taken through the hull and let out to the flowing water beneath. The use of bio-toilette is common nowadays. Thus the backwater canals are not polluted.
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In the United Kingdom, cells in a police station are the responsibility of the Custody Sergeant, who also logs each detainee and allocates him or her an available cell. Custody Sergeants also ensure cells are clean and as germ-free as possible, in accordance with the Human Rights Act of 1998.
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Once a line is generated, all progeny will be germ-free unless contaminated. These progeny can then be used for experimentation. Typically for experiments, each mouse is housed separately in a sterile isolator to prevent cross-contamination between mice. The mice are provided with sterilized food and water to prevent contamination.
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"Actress Koo Hye-sun Reveals Artistic Side". The Korea Times. She held her second art exhibition in 2012, titled "Afterimage" at the Hangaram Design Arts Center in the Seoul Arts Center. She donated all proceeds from the sale of her artwork toward purchasing "clean cars" (germ-free automobiles) for the Korea Leukemia Patient Group.
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Germ-free poultry typically undergo multiple sterilization steps while still at the egg life-stage. This can involve either washing with bleach or an antibiotic solution to surface sterilize the egg. The eggs are then transferred to a sterile incubator where they are grown until hatching. Once hatched, they are provided with sterilized water and a gamma-irradiated feed.
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F-Asn is abundant in the intestinal tract of germ-free mice, but is difficult to detect in conventional mice. This suggests that there are members of the microbiota that can consume F-Asn. It was recently discovered that several Clostridium, Citrobacter, and Klebsiella species can utilize F-Asn. Notably, C. difficile cannot utilize F-Asn.
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The Vetters, who already had a daughter, decided to proceed with another pregnancy. Their third child, David Phillip Vetter, was born September 21, 1971. A special sterilized cocoon bed was prepared for Vetter at his birth. Immediately after being removed from his mother's uterus, Vetter entered the plastic germ-free environment that would be his home for most of his life.
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Ahmed, Khusnuma Parween, "Germ-free research: JalKalp model to provide safe drinking water," Rural Marketing Magazine, 30 January 2016. The filter operates without electricity and is effective against E.coli, total coliforms, turbidity, and iron contamination. The technology integrates germicidal properties of copper with conventional filtration. Sehgal Foundation technical experts collaborate with other NGOs, government bodies, and educational institutions to prepare for monsoon harvesting.
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The centre also has a vintage carousel that is actually functional and operates regularly. VR Bengaluru has also invested in "Magic Garden", a sculpted, soft foam play area for kids that is safe, secure and germ free. While this is to engage the very young, older children and teenagers have a full arcade, Fun City to choose from, including unique indoor rides.
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Hughes' OCD symptoms become extreme, and he retreats into an isolated "germ-free zone" for three months. Trippe has Brewster summon him for a Senate investigation, certain that Hughes will not show up. Gardner visits him and personally grooms and dresses him in preparation for the hearing. He asks her to marry him, and she just laughs and says that he is "too crazy" for her.
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Their profile was further enhanced by playing a fortnight's residency at New York's CBGB's, even though the album Germ Free Adolescents was not released in America until 1992. On 30 April 1978, the band appeared at the Rock Against Racism gig at Victoria Park, Bow, Tower Hamlets. Also on the bill were Steel Pulse, The Clash, The Ruts, Sham 69, Generation X and Tom Robinson Band.
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Aluminum tube caps and closures are generally threaded, as is the nozzle. Aluminium tubes generally have the far end folded several times after the contents have been added. The tube is typically hermetically sealed and nearly germ-free due to the high temperatures during the production process. The inside of the tube can be coated to prevent the material from reacting with the contents.
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The fact that germ free animals can be routinely generated by sterile cesarean section provides strong experimental evidence for the sterile womb hypothesis. Future research may find that the microbiota of the female reproductive tract may be related to pregnancy, conception, and birth. Animal studies have been used to investigate the relationship between oral microbiota and the placental microbiota. Mice inoculated with species of oral bacteria demonstrated placental colonization soon afterwards.
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He called her father and pledged to make her struggle and international marrow donor search a global news story. His efforts made her a radio and TV news story. He also helped fund "Sarah's Song", a duet recorded with her father that France promoted to tens of thousands of radio stations globally. Millions were thus raised to pay for her six-year hospital fight inside a germ free chamber.
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The Lachnospiraceae are a family of anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria in the order Clostridiales that ferment diverse plant polysaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, acetate) and alcohols (ethanol). These bacteria are among the most abundant taxa in the rumen and the human gut microbiota.UniProt Members of this family may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid. Lachnospiraceae have been found to cause diabetes in germ-free mice.
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Grant Morrison (w), Ethan van Sciver (p), "Germ Free Generation" (part 1), New X-Men 118 (November 2001) Wolverine rescues her from a mobile operating theater. He kills all the U-Men and offers to escort her to the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning. They stop at a diner along the way, but the owner becomes aggressive towards them because of his fear of mutants. The owner attacks them when he sees Angel digesting her food like a fly.
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The three major bile acids in germ-free mice are cholic acid, α-muricholic, and β-muricholic acids. In conventional mice with a normal microbiome, ω-muricholic acid, and various sulfated forms are also found. Conjugation with taurine (to give tauromuricholic acids which are the main forms), or with glycine (to give glycomuricholic acids) takes place in the liver before secretion. The enzyme responsible for the 6-hydroxylation reactions forming muricholates in rodents is the cytochrome P450 Cyp2c70.
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The IGC is resourced with state-of-the-art equipment and facilities, and run by highly qualified staff. Facilities include bio-computing services, animal SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) facilities including a "germ-free" unit, transgenics unit, plant facility, high-speed cell sorting, electron and advanced microscopy, next generation sequencing, monoclonal antibody preparation and histopathology. Other services include a library, a dedicated in-house data center and IT team, as well as a research funding office and project management team.
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In recent studies, Dr. Gordon's lab has established that the gut microbiota plays a role in host fat storage and obesity.Backhed et al., Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. PNAS, 2007 Gordon and co-workers have used DNA pyrosequencing technology to perform metagenomics on the intestinal contents of obese mice, demonstrating that the gut microbiota of fat mice possess an enhanced capacity for aiding the host in harvesting energy from the diet.
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Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) – both forms of the vitamin contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain. Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain. The MK-4 form of vitamin K2 is produced by conversion of vitamin K1 in the testes, pancreas, and arterial walls. While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for this transformation, the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, as it occurs in germ-free rats and in parenterally administered K1 in rats.
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At the end of the 19th century, Joseph Lister and his followers expanded the term "antisepsis" and coined "asepsis," with the justification that Lister had initially "suggested excluding septic agents from the wound from the start." Generally, however, asepsis is seen as a continuation of antisepsis since many of the values are the same, such as a "germ-free environment around the wound or patient," and techniques pioneered under both names are used in conjunction today.
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He is currently a Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the Keck School of Medicine.Cf. Biography page , on author's official site. Kellerman's externship, internship and post- doctoral fellowship were at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles/USC School of Medicine, where he became founding director of the Psychosocial Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology. Kellerman's initial position at CHLA was conducting research into the effects of psychological isolation in germ-free "plastic bubble" rooms upon the emotional and intellectual development of children with cancer.
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Histone deacetylases can be regulated by endogenous factors, dietary components, synthetic inhibitors and bacteria-derived signals. Studies in mice with a specific deletion of HDAC3 in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) show a deregulated IEC's gene expression. In these deletion-mutant mice, loss of Paneth cells, impaired IEC function and alterations in intestinal composition of commensal bacteria were observed. These negative effects were not observed in germ-free mice, indicating that the effects of the deletion are only seen in the presence of intestinal microbial colonization.
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Jerry, George, Elaine, and George's girlfriend Susan plan to travel upstate to Susan's family's lakeside cabin. Jerry had a falling out with Naomi, his girlfriend, due to her annoying laugh (which Jerry described to George like "Elmer Fudd sitting on a juicer.") In the coffee shop, a kindly man tells Jerry and Elaine about his son Donald, who lives in a plastic "bubble" which creates a germ-free sterile environment. Because Donald is a fan of Jerry's, the father petitions Jerry to visit Donald on the way to the cabin to cheer him up.
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The mimivirus is a giant in the viral world; it has more genes than many bacteria and performs functions that normally occur only in cellular organisms. The mamavirus is even larger than the mimivirus, but the two are very similar in that they form large viral factories and complex viral particles. There are conditions in which Sputnik cannot produce new virions within these viruses however. It has been observed that when Mimivirus is cultured with germ-free amoeba, bald virions are produced that lack the surface fibers that are characteristic of this virus.
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But the negative effects of HDAC3 deletion are not due to the presence of an altered microbiota because normal germ-free mice colonized with the altered microbiota did not show the negative effects seen in deletion mutants. Although the precise mechanism and the specific signals are not known it is clear that HDAC3 interacts with derived signals of commensal bacteria of the gut microbiota. These interactions are responsible of calibrating epithelial cells responses necessary to establish a normal relationship between the host and the commensal as well as to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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Interactions between xenobiotics and the host microbiome have primarily been assessed through the use of in vivo animal models, as it is difficult to model the natural human gut. In general, the pattern of bacterial colonization is the same in different animals, with both pH and the number of microorganisms gradually increasing from the small intestine towards the ileo-caecal junction of the large intestine. Germ-free rats colonized with human faecal matter are generally regarded as the gold standard in animal modeling of gut microbial environment. However, enzyme activity can vary greatly between organisms.
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The skin irritation caused by continual exposure to phenol eventually led to the introduction of aseptic (germ-free) techniques in surgery. Joseph Lister was a student at University College London under Robert Liston, later rising to the rank of Surgeon at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Lister experimented with cloths covered in carbolic acid after studying the works and experiments of his contemporary, Louis Pasteur in sterilizing various biological media. Lister was inspired to try to find a way to sterilize living wounds, which could not be done with the heat required by Pasteur's experiments.
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It is known that production of MK-4 from dietary plant vitamin K1 can be accomplished by animal tissues alone, as it proceeds in germ-free rodents. Long-chain menaquinones (longer than MK-4) include MK-7, MK-8 and MK-9 and are more predominant in fermented foods such as natto. Longer-chain menaquinones (MK-10 to MK-13) are produced by anaerobic bacteria in the colon, but they are not well absorbed at this level and have little physiological impact. When there are no isoprenyl side chain units, the remaining molecule is vitamin K3.
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Menatetrenone (INN), also known as MK-4, is one of the nine forms of vitamin K2. MK-4 is produced via conversion of vitamin K1 in the body, in the testes, pancreas and arterial walls. While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for the transformation of vitamin K1 to MK-4, studies demonstrate the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, occurring in germ-free rats and in parenterally-administered K1 in rats. In fact, tissues that accumulate high amounts of MK-4 have a remarkable capacity to convert up to 90% of the available K1 into MK-4.
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Stewie soon becomes unwell and is informed that he must be quarantined and kept in a germ-free environment by a doctor for the time being until his immune system's strength recovers at the end of the episode. Then Lois discovers that Francis coaxed Peter into having Stewie baptized without her knowledge, and tells Peter to choose his own religious beliefs and not allow himself to be a slave to his father's religion. Peter initially converts to Mormonism to take advantage of polygamy, but then discovers that Mormons cannot drink alcohol. He then tries Jehovah's Witnesses and attempts door-to-door preaching.
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Major metabolic diseases have been found to be impacted by gut microbiota metabolites, including heart disease, kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Breakdown of L-carnitine from red meat by gut microbes into trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been associated with atherosclorosis, which can lead to obesity, heart disease and type 2 diabetes while both heart and kidney disease events can be predicted by high free p-Cresol levels. SCFAs modulates renin secretion by binding Olfr78, lowering blood pressure and decreasing the risk of kidney disease. Studies with germ-free mice have suggested that the absence of gut microbes protects against obesity.
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Dr. Gordon and his laboratory are currently focused on understanding the mutualistic interactions that occur between humans and the 10-100 trillion commensal microbes that colonize each person's gastrointestinal tract. To tease apart the complex relationships that exist within this gut micobiota, Dr. Gordon's research program employs germ- free and gnotobiotic mice as model hosts, which may be colonized with defined, simplified microbial communities. These model intestinal microbiotas are more amenable to well-controlled experimentation. Jeffrey Gordon has become an international pioneer in the study of gut microbial ecology and evolution, using innovative methods to interpret metagenomic and gut microbial genomic sequencing data.
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In the course of his 35 years career in healthcare, Drobot had the longest association with Pacific Hospital of Long Beach, which he owned and managed from 1997 to 2013, when it was sold to Molina Healthcare and became College Medical Center. Whilst CEO of Pacific Hospital, the hospital was nationally recognized for infection control measures. The hospital’s focus on a germ free environment garnered a Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition in 2009 . Pacific Hospital of Long Beach received an award from the Southern California Patient Safety First (SCPSF) for reducing sepsis mortality and hospital associated infection rates from 2010-2012.
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Alan turns on Jamie and a fight ensues, with him chasing her to an upstairs bathroom and finally overpowering her. He takes her to an unfinished room in the office, which in his mind is spotless, germ-free and pure white, with opera music playing, and picks up an electric drill (which in his mind is a dental drill) and tries to drill her teeth. Jamie escapes and hides, until Brooke has revived and she and Jamie trap Alan in a hallway. Brooke lunges to stab him with a pair of scissors, but Jamie inadvertently hits her over the head with a 2x4, killing her.
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Epidemiological studies have shown that increased endotoxin load, which can be a result of increased populations of endotoxin-producing bacteria in the intestinal tract, is associated with certain obesity-related patient groups. Other studies have shown that purified endotoxin from Escherichia coli can induce obesity and insulin-resistance when injected into germ-free mouse models. A more recent study has uncovered a potentially contributing role for Enterobacter cloacae B29 toward obesity and insulin resistance in a human patient. The presumed mechanism for the association of endotoxin with obesity is that endotoxin induces an inflammation-mediated pathway accounting for the observed obesity and insulin resistance.
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Germ-free mice in another study also displayed behaviors associated with anxiety and depression as compared to mice with normal microbiota, and had higher levels of corticosterone after exposure to behavioral tests. Using rodents in microbiome and mental health studies allows researchers to compare behavior and microbial composition of rodents to humans, ideally to elucidate therapeutic application for mental disorders. Additionally, there is a link between the gut microbiome, mood disorders and anxiety, and sleep. The microbial composition of the gut microbiome changes depending on the time of day, meaning that throughout the day, the gut is exposed to varying metabolites produced by the microbes active during that time.
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Since the germ theory of disease, cleanliness has come to mean an effort to remove germs and other hazardous materials. A reaction to an excessive desire for a germ-free environment began to occur around 1989, when David Strachan put forth the "hygiene hypothesis" in the British Medical Journal. In essence, this hypothesis holds that environmental microbes play a useful role in developing the immune system; the fewer germs people are exposed to in early childhood, the more likely they are to experience health problems in childhood and as adults. The valuation of cleanliness, therefore, has a social and cultural dimension beyond the requirements of hygiene for practical purposes.
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In the mouse model mice with ASD and GI tract dysbiosis (maternal immune activation) increased intestinal permeability was found as was corrected by the introduction of human gut bacterial symbiont B. fragilis. Microglia development have a pivotal role in central nervous system dysfunction, bacterial metabolite SCFAs regulate microglia homeostasis that is crucial for regular CNS development. Also pivotal for brain development is the creation of tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier in order to control passage between the blood and brain. Germ-free mice have increased blood-brain barrier permeability due to decreased expression of tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-5 as compared to normal gut microbiota mice.
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In rat intestinal microflora hyodeoxycholic acid is produced by a Gram-positive rod-- termed HDCA-1--from several isomers of hyocholic acid and muricholic acid. In pigs with a normal gastrointestinal flora the majority of hyodeoxycholic acid found in bile is of secondary nature, but a small amount was also found in germ free pigs, which supports the hypothesis that HDCA may be a primary bile acid in this species. In healthy humans only traces of HDCA have been found in urine, but in patients with cholestatic liver disease or intestinal malabsorption a significant amount has been found excreted. Hyodeoxycholic acid undergoes glucuronidation in human liver and kidneys.
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However, gut microbiome does not affect skin immunity significantly, instead, skin immunity is modulated by skin microflora according to the results obtained by Naik et al. Analyzing immunologic changes of germ-free (GF) mice with reconstituted gut microbiota showed a recovery of Il-17A and IFN-γ levels up to those observed in the gastrointestinal tract of specific pathogen free (SPF) mice but gut microbiome restoration did not affect skin immunity. Comparing GF and SPF mice showed a decrease in the skin production of IFN-γ and IL-17A. To evaluate the functional consequences of the absence of skin microbiota Leishmania major was introduced intradermally and the lesions were evaluated.
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This was first demonstrated by Pavlov. Interest in the field was sparked by a 2004 study showing that germ-free (GF) mice showed an exaggerated HPA axis response to stress compared to non-GF laboratory mice. As of October 2016, most of the work done on the role of gut flora in the gut–brain axis had been conducted in animals, or on characterizing the various neuroactive compounds that gut flora can produce. Studies with humans – measuring variations in gut flora between people with various psychiatric and neurological conditions or when stressed, or measuring effects of various probiotics (dubbed "psychobiotics" in this context) – had generally been small and were just beginning to be generalized.
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They have played and DJed alongside artists such as Hot Chip, Ladytron, Vive la Fête, Client (band), Ellen Allien, Annie (Norwegian singer) and Yelle, as well as at Kick the Trash festival in Madrid and the House Of Love Festival in Helsinki, and have toured extensively in the UK and Europe. The band has been featured in publications such as Dazed & Confused and The Independent on Sunday, which described "Tracks such as "International Lover", "Kiss No.38" ("in the back of a limousine", indeed) and "Now We've Got Europe" display an acute appreciation of continental romance and ageless glamour". Riviera F's debut album Another City Another Plan was released in 2010 on their own record label Germ Free.
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Box of toilet seat covers A toilet seat cover or toilet sheet is a disposable piece of paper shaped like the toilet seat itself that can be placed on the seat by its user. Its purpose is to protect the toilet's user from germs that may be resting on the seat by creating a protective barrier. Coin-Op Toilet Seat Cover Dispenser circa 1940s The first known patented model of the toilet seat cover dispenser dates back to 1942 and was invented by J.C. Thomasa. The photo of the "Germ Free Toilet Seat Covers Dispenser" is one of the original Thomasa Seat Cover Dispensers and is on display at the DFW Elite Museum of Haltom City, Texas.
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In similar fashion, germ- free mice without a microbiota might consume a diet with large quantities of potential MACs, but none of the carbohydrates would be considered MACs, since they would escape the digestive tract without being metabolized by microbes. Lack of dietary MACs results in a microbiota reliant upon endogenous host- derived MACs, such as mucin glycans. Different host genotypes can influence the identity of MACs available to the microbiota in multiple ways. For example, a host's genes may affect the level of mucus structures, such as the absence of alpha-1-2 fucose residues in the mucus of nonsecretor individuals who lack alpha-1-2- fucosyltransferase activity in the intestine.
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Additionally, while much work had been done as of 2016 to characterize various neurotransmitters known to be involved in anxiety and mood disorders that gut flora can produce (for example, Escherichia, Bacillus, and Saccharomyces species can produce noradrenalin; Candida, Streptococcus, and Escherichia species can produce serotonin, etc.) the interrelationships and pathways by which the gut flora might affect anxiety in humans were unclear. In one study, germ-free mice underwent fecal transplants with microbes from humans with or without major depressive disorder (MDD). Mice with microbes from humans with MDD displayed more behaviors associated with anxiety and depression than mice transplanted with microbes from humans without MDD. The taxonomic composition of microbiota between depressed patients and healthy patients, as well as between the respective mice, also differed.
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The role of the gut–brain axis and the gut flora in Parkinsons became a topic of study in the 2010s, starting with work in germ-free transgenic mice, in which fecal transplants from people with PD had worse outcomes. Some studies in humans have shown a correlation between patterns of dysbiosis in the gut flora in the people with PD, and these patterns, along with a measure of severity of constipation, could diagnose PD with a 90% specificity but only a 67% sensitivity. As of 2017 some scientists hypothesized that changes in the gut flora might be an early site of PD pathology, or might be part of the pathology. Ventures have been undertaken to explore antagonists of adenosine receptors (specifically A2A) as an avenue for novel drugs for Parkinson's.
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In what may have been one of the first attempts to use chlorine, William Soper used chlorinated lime to treat the sewage produced by typhoid patients in 1879. In a paper published in 1894, Moritz Traube formally proposed the addition of chloride of lime (calcium hypochlorite) to water to render it "germ-free." Two other investigators confirmed Traube's findings and published their papers in 1895. Early attempts at implementing water chlorination at a water treatment plant were made in 1893 in Hamburg, Germany, and in 1897 the city of Maidstone, England, was the first to have its entire water supply treated with chlorine. Permanent water chlorination began in 1905, when a faulty slow sand filter and a contaminated water supply led to a serious typhoid fever epidemic in Lincoln, England.
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Hunger and satiety are integrated in the brain, and the presence or absence of food in the gut and types of food present also affect the composition and activity of gut flora. That said, most of the work that has been done on the role of gut flora in the gut–brain axis has been conducted in animals, including the highly artificial germ-free mice. As of 2016, studies with humans measuring changes to gut flora in response to stress, or measuring effects of various probiotics, have generally been small and cannot be generalized; whether changes to gut flora are a result of disease, a cause of disease, or both in any number of possible feedback loops in the gut–brain axis, remains unclear. The history of ideas about a relationship between the gut and the mind dates from the nineteenth century.
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John Snow was the first to successfully use chlorine to disinfect the water supply in Soho that had helped spread the cholera outbreak. William Soper also used chlorinated lime to treat the sewage produced by typhoid patients in 1879. In a paper published in 1894, Moritz Traube formally proposed the addition of chloride of lime (calcium hypochlorite) to water to render it "germ-free." Two other investigators confirmed Traube's findings and published their papers in 1895. Early attempts at implementing water chlorination at a water treatment plant were made in 1893 in Hamburg, Germany and in 1897 the city of Maidstone, England was the first to have its entire water supply treated with chlorine. Permanent water chlorination began in 1905, when a faulty slow sand filter and a contaminated water supply led to a serious typhoid fever epidemic in Lincoln, England.
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The gut–brain axis, a bidirectional neurohumoral communication system, is important for maintaining homeostasis and is regulated through the central and enteric nervous systems and the neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways, and especially including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis). That term has been expanded to include the role of the gut flora as part of the "microbiome-gut-brain axis", a linkage of functions including the gut flora. Interest in the field was sparked by a 2004 study (Nobuyuki Sudo and Yoichi Chida) showing that germ-free mice (genetically homogeneous laboratory mice, birthed and raised in an antiseptic environment) showed an exaggerated HPA axis response to stress, compared to non-GF laboratory mice. The gut flora can produce a range of neuroactive molecules, such as acetylcholine, catecholamines, γ-aminobutyric acid, histamine, melatonin, and serotonin, which are essential for regulating peristalsis and sensation in the gut.
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As of 2018 work on the relationship between gut flora and anxiety disorders and mood disorders, as well as attempts to influence that relationship using probiotics or prebiotics (called "psychobiotics"), was at an early stage, with insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about a causal role for gut flora changes in these conditions, or about the efficacy of any probiotic or prebiotic treatment. People with anxiety and mood disorders tend to have gastrointestinal problems; small studies have been conducted to compare the gut flora of people with major depressive disorder and healthy people, but those studies have had contradictory results. Much interest was generated in the potential role of gut flora in anxiety disorders, and more generally in the role of gut flora in the gut–brain axis, by studies published in 2004 showing that germ-free mice have an exaggerated HPA axis response to stress caused by being restrained, which was reversed by colonizing their gut with a Bifidobacterium species. Studies looking at maternal separation for rats shows neonatal stress leads to long-term changes in the gut microbiota such as its diversity and composition, which also led to stress and anxiety-like behavior.
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