"Spikes in insulin are acne-genic, so we don't want high-glycemic diets," Farris said.
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Point number two is most of the traits that you can imagine someone trying to enhance, which is intelligence, height, athletic ability, musical ability and so forth, are probably very multi-genic traits.
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"There is obviously a big difference between polling and how machines could look at a wide base of data all across the internet through the internet engagement of people because of various reasons that might not show in polling," , founder of Genic.
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The word cryogenics stems from Greek κρύο (cryo) - "cold" + γονική (genic) - "having to do with production".
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"Tsuki" was most recently performed on her 2015–16 Livegenic concert venue in Japan, which promoted Genic (2015).
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Consequently, disruption of this genic region can alter sonic hedgehog expression and affect limb patterning, but if this gene functions directly in limb development is unknown. Mutations and chromosomal deletions and rearrangements in this genic region are associated with acheiropody and preaxial polydactyly, which likely result from altered sonic hedgehog expression.
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First-press editions come with a digipak and a generic poster of the album's photoshoot. The album's artwork was photographed by Tisch, and features Amuro in black clothing and wearing a black-lace veil. The title Genic refers to the title track "Photogenic"; however, Amuro felt that the term "genic" could be interpreted in various establishing meanings.
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Below, cases of selection at the genic, cellular, individual and group level from within the multi-level selection perspective are presented and discussed.
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Novel genes can emerge from ancestrally non-genic regions through poorly understood mechanisms. (A) A non-genic region first gains transcription and an open reading frame (ORF), in either order, facilitating the birth of a de novo gene. The ORF is for illustrative purposes only, as de novo genes may also be multi-exonic, or lack an ORF, as with RNA genes. (B) Overprinting.
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This proto-gene model agrees with the preadaptation model about the importance of pervasive expression, and refers to the set of pervasively expressed sequences that do not meet all definitions of a gene as “proto-genes”. Where it differs is that it that envisages a more gradual process under selection from non-genic to genic state, rejecting binary classification, with proto-genes expected to exhibit features intermediate between genes and non-genes.
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Furthermore, Genic is Amuro's first album not to feature any pre-released singles, her to do so since her debut record Dance Tracks Vol.1 (1995). The tracks "Tsuki" and "Brighter Day", alongside digital releases "Neonlight Lipstick", "Ballerina", "Sweet Kisses" and "Still Lovin' You", were put up for discussion by Stella88 to be included in the album. However, Amuro declined, and their status as "commercial tie-ins" and their sonic similarities to unpublished songs on Genic were the reason for its omission.
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Most non-genic ORFs that are translated appear to be evolving neutrally. The preadaptation and proto-gene models both predict, however, that expression of non-genic ORFs will occasionally provide an adaptive advantage to the cell. Differential translation of proto-genes in stress conditions, as well as an enrichment near proto-genes of binding sites for transcription factors involved in regulating stress response, support the adaptive potential of proto-genes. Furthermore, it is known that novel, functional proteins can be experimentally evolved from random amino acid sequences.
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An example of evolution by using helitrons is the diversity commonly found in maize. Helitrons in maize cause a constant change of genic and nongenic regions by using transposable elements, leading to diversity among different maize lines.
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Genic (stylized as _genic) is the twelfth studio and third Bilingual (English–Japanese) album by Japanese recording artist Namie Amuro. It was released on June 10, 2015 in three physical formats, and for digital consumption; additionally, it serves as the singer's final studio record since her retirement announcement for September 2018. The album was handled by Western producers, including David Guetta, Bardur Haberg, Joacim "Twin" Persson, Sophie, amongst others. Stylistically, Genic divides its sound between electronic dance music and R&B;, and focuses on themes of self- empowerment, having fun, glamour and fashion.
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By the end of June, the album ranked at number two on Oricon's monthly chart. After a six-month sales duration, Genic was ranked the 16th best-selling album with over 246,269 units sold; this made it the best selling album by a female solo artist, and the third best selling album by a female performing artist/group. As of May 2016, Genic has sold over 249,266 units, and was certified platinum in July 2015 by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for physical shipments of 250,000 units.
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Levitsky seems to have been the first to define the karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents.Levitsky G.A. 1924. The material basis of heredity. State Publication Office of the Ukraine, Kiev.
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Futuyma, D. 1998. Evolutionary biology (3ª edición). Sinauer, Sunderland. In plants, some barriers to hybridisation include blooming period differences, different pollinator vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and structural differences of the chromosomes.
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Transmission electron microscope image of isolated microDNA from DT40 cells MicroDNA is the most abundant subtype of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA (eccDNA) in humans. They are 200-400 base pairs in length and are enriched in genic sequences and CpG-islands.
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Homeotic genes have exactly the same kind of structural organization as normal genes and they are built using an identical process. They also contain a head domain and a tail domain, with the difference that the heads contain now linking functions and a special kind of terminals – genic terminals – that represent the normal genes. The expression of the normal genes results as usual in different sub-ETs, which in the cellular system are called ADFs (automatically defined functions). As for the tails, they contain only genic terminals, that is, derived features generated on the fly by the algorithm.
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This is the genic capture hypothesis, which describes how a significant amount of the genome is involved in shaping the traits that are sexually selected. There are two assumptions in the genic capture hypothesis: the first is that sexually selected traits are dependent upon condition, and the second is that general condition is attributable to high genetic variance. In addition, W. D. Hamilton and Marlene Zuk proposed that sexually selected traits might signal resistance to parasites. One resolution to the lek paradox involves female preferences and how preference alone does not cause a drastic enough directional selection to diminish the genetic variance in fitness.
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However, there remains uncertainty about whether the observed trends hold consistently over shorter timescales. With respect to other predicted structural features such as β-strand content and aggregation propensity, the peptides encoded by proto- genes are similar to non-genic sequences and categorically distinct from canonical genes.
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"Birthday" was included on Amuro's concert tour, named Livegenic 2015–2016; the album was in support of the Genic album. "Birthday" was performed as one of the encore tracks to the concert tour, was released on the live DVD and Blu-Ray, entitled Namie Amuro Livegenic 2015–2016 (2016).
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Genic equilibrium of Microcythaemia in some Italian districts. www.nature.com/nature/journal/v173/n4399/abs/173357a0.htmlCeppellini R. & Siniscalco M. 1955. Una nuova ipotesi genetica per il sistema lewis-secretore e suoi riflessi nei riguardi di alcune evidenze di linkage con altri loci. Rivista dell’Istituto Sieroterapico Italiano, 30: 431-445.
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The assembly on maize was performed in addition with external information data. The data was obtained from cDNA and sequences from libraries with methyl-filtered DNA (libraries that uses the knowledge that the bases in genic sequences tends to be less heavily methylated than those in non-genic regions) and high C0 t techniques. Sanger clone-by-clone strategy has the advantage of working in small units, which reduces the complexity and computational requirements, as well as minimized problems associated with the misassembly of highly repetitive DNA and therefore is an attractive solution in assembling plant genomes and other complex eukaryotic genomes. The main disadvantages of this method are the costs and the resources required.
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In this way, hybrid infertility contributes in some part to speciation by ensuring that gene flow between diverging species remains limited. Further analysis of the issue has supported this model, although it does not include conspecific genic interactions, an potential factor that more recent research has begun to look in to.
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Even when the evolutionary origin of a particular sequence has been rigorously established computationally, it is important to note that there is a lack of consensus about what constitutes a genuine de novo gene birth event. One reason for this is a lack of agreement on whether or not the entirety of the newly genic sequence must be non-genic in origin. With respect to protein-coding de novo genes, it has been proposed that de novo genes be divided into subtypes corresponding to the proportion of the ORF in question that was derived from previously noncoding sequence. Furthermore, for de novo gene birth to occur, the sequence in question must not just have emerged de novo but must in fact be a gene.
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Of the five concluding observations three are unrelated to network pattern, indicating the overriding role of socio-economic factors. The consensus among researchers is that streets patterns in themselves cannot be seen as crimino-genic. The genesis of crime rests elsewhere. Of the factors that assist the intent for crime, however, unconstrained permeability appears the most influential.
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Accordingly, the discovery of de novo gene birth has also led to a questioning of what constitutes a gene, with some models establishing a strict dichotomy between genic and non-genic sequences, and others proposing a more fluid continuum (see below). All definitions of genes are linked to the notion of function, as it is generally agreed that a genuine gene should encode a functional product, be it RNA or protein. There are, however, different views of what constitutes function, depending in part on whether a given sequence is assessed using genetic, biochemical, or evolutionary approaches. It is generally accepted that a genuine de novo gene is expressed in at least some context, allowing selection to operate, and many studies use evidence of expression as an inclusion criterion in defining de novo genes.
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It was finally mastered by American music engineer Tom Coyne at Sterling Sound Studios in New York City, New York. The promotional recording premiered through the Genic (2015) album sampled, released in April 2015. It was then released on Amuro's YouTube channel on May 11, alongside its accompanying music video. Musically, "Birthday" is dance-pop song, influenced by pop and bubblegum pop.
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Nowadays, even custom- made arrays can be designed and fine-tuned to match the requirements of an experiment. Also, any sequence of nucleotides can be synthesized to cover genic as well as intergenic regions. Probe size: Early version of cDNA arrays had a probe length of about 200bp. Latest array versions use oligos as short as 70- (Microarrays, Inc.) to 25-mers (Affymetrix).
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As periods of dryness and wetness fluctuate, so too does selection on dry-preferring and wet-preferring plants. Fluctuating selection is also manifest at the genic level. Consider two alleles, A and B, which are found at the same locus. Fluctuating selection dynamics are at play when selection favors A at time t0, B at t1 and A again at t2.
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Play (2007), her eighth studio album, began a period of commercial resurgence. She continued to experiment musically, moving to electronic dance music and English language songs with follow-up records Uncontrolled (2012) and Feel (2013). She subsequently released her eleventh studio album, Genic (2015) and a compilation album, Finally (2017). Amuro is noted within the Japanese entertainment industry for "producing" and managing her own career.
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Genic received generally favorable reviews from music critics. Majority of the reviews praised Genic's production values and mixture of genres, although Amuro's English deliveries and certain collaborations were noted as flaws to the album. Additionally, the album was received nominations and accolades for its success in various forms. Commercially, the album was a success in Japan, peaking at number one on the Oricon Albums Chart and Billboard Chart.
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Along with the immune-privileged nature of the testes (see above), this promiscuous transcription is thought to create the ideal conditions for the expression of non-genic sequences required for de novo gene birth. Testes- specific expression seems to be a general feature of all novel genes, as an analysis of Drosophila and vertebrate species found that young genes showed testes-biased expression regardless of their mechanism of origination.
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Genic received favorable reviews from most music critics. An editorial review at Billboard Japan commended the album's "colorful" mixture of genres, and described it as a "whole body of work". Japanese magazine CD Journal gave the album an honorary star rating, and commended Amuro's decision not to release any singles from the album, giving it an overall "bullishness" quality. They called the album "smart" and complimented the collaborations with David Guetta and Hatsune Miku.
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"Birthday" was the only charting track from the Genic album, debuting at number 36 on Billboard's Japan Hot 100 chart. The song slipped to number 51 on its second week, dated on June 29. It had its final charting appearance during the week of July 6, stalling at number 70 with a total of three weeks in that chart. "Birthday" also charted on Billboard's Japan Radio Songs Chart, debuting at number 68.
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This new gene may then undergo divergence. De novo gene birth is the process by which new genes evolve from DNA sequences that were ancestrally non-genic. De novo genes represent a subset of novel genes, and may be protein-coding or instead act as RNA genes. The processes that govern de novo gene birth are not well understood, although several models exist that describe possible mechanisms by which de novo gene birth may occur.
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An allergoid is a protein that has been modified for use in desensitisation protocols, or for induction of oral/sublingual tolerance. The allergoid sustain the linear epitopes recognized by the MHC-TCR cell-present systems (keeps the immunoreactivity) but has less reaginic epitopes (less allergenicity). The elaboration of allergoids through the polymerization of native allergens is performed since some decades by application of glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde. Allergoids may also be produced by genic recombination.
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After the release of Amuro's twelfth studio album Genic (2015), she started to release non-album maxi singles. The first entry was "Red Carpet", which was performed through her Asian-wide concert tour name Livegenic 2015–2016. Despite its performance, it did not appear on the live release Livegenic 2015-2016. Then on March 31, music publication Jame World confirmed the release of a new single on May 18, which was revealed to be "Mint".
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"Birthday" is a song recorded by Japanese recording artist Namie Amuro for her twelfth studio and third English album, Genic (2015). It was written by Emyli, composed by Andreas Carlsson, Gabrielle Symons, Michael Lerios, Demitri Lerios, Svante Halldin and Jakob Hazell, whilst production was handled by Halldin and Hazell. The promotional recording premiered on May 11, 2015, and served as the first promotional single from the album. Musically, "Birthday" is dance-pop song, influenced by pop and bubblegum pop.
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Amuro premiered the album throughout several radio stations in Japan, days before the album's release. Amuro announced her Livegenic tour in early mid June. The dates were confirmed via a flyer given out with the purchases of Genic, enclosed in the album's booklet. A total of 47 shows in several cities in Japan were scheduled, spanning from September 5 at the Saitama Super Arena, Saitama, and finishing the first leg on February 10 at the Makuhari Messe Event Hall in Chiba.
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With the development and wide use of technologies such as RNA-seq and Ribo-seq, eukaryotic genomes are now known to be pervasively transcribed and translated. Many ORFs that are either unannotated, or annotated as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are translated at some level, under at least some condition, or in a particular tissue. Though infrequent, these translation events expose non-genic sequence to selection. This pervasive expression forms the basis for several models describing de novo gene birth.
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From the Greek ΓΕΝ gen, "gene" (gamma, epsilon, nu, epsilon) meaning "become, create, creation, birth", and subsequent variants: genealogy, genesis, genetics, genic, genomere, genotype, genus etc. While the word genome (from the German Genom, attributed to Hans Winkler) was in use in English as early as 1926, the term genomics was coined by Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Maine), over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.
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H3K9me2 represses gene expression both passively, by prohibiting acetylation and therefore binding of RNA polymerase or its regulatory factors, and actively, by recruiting transcriptional repressors. H3K9me2 has also been found in megabase blocks, termed Large Organised Chromatin K9 domains (LOCKS), which are primarily located within gene-sparse regions but also encompass genic and intergenic intervals. Its synthesis is catalyzed by G9a, G9a-like protein, and PRDM2. H3K9me2 can be removed by a wide range of histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) including KDM1, KDM3, KDM4 and KDM7 family members.
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After this, she returned to releasing maxi-singles, commencing with "Tsuki" the following year and "Brighter Day" in November. In January 2015, Amuro purchased a home in Los Angeles, California in order to improve her English skills, rumored to effect her upcoming record. That same month, she departed from her management Rising Productions—formally Vision Factory—after 22 years together, and started a private agency with Dimension Point called Stella88. In May, Amuro revealed a special video from her YouTube account, confirming the release of Genic.
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A second music video was shot on a cellphone, which included unreleased scenes from the music video. The cellphone is seen throughout parts of the first music video, and is past along to different back-up dancers and extra actors in the first video. Both versions were included on the DVD and Blu-Ray versions of Genic; the first video appeared as the second video track, whilst the second video was a hidden music video track. The music video received positive reviews from critics.
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The effect of concrete floors on captive elephants has been shown to be detrimental, and Mona's feet were badly damaged by the so-called "Zoo-Genic Elephant Foot Disease".Csuti B, Sargent EL, Bechert US. The Elephant's Foot: Prevention and Care of Foot Conditions in Captive Asian and African Elephants. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA, 2001, Her outdoor enclosure was dirt-floored, but the surface had been packed hard by her continual pacing. Enrichment activities enjoyed by Mona included painting and playing music.
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Based on their locations, it is reasonable to hypothesize that nqrA-Marinomonas RNAs function as cis- regulatory elements. However, promoter sequences occur upstream of the nqr operon in the distantly related organism Vibrio anguillarum. The fact that these promoters do not occur upstream of (or in the same inter-genic region) as nqrA-Marinomonas RNAs raises questions about the putative cis-regulatory function of these RNAs. However, it is possible that the promoters that were determined in Vibrio anguillarum are simply to diverged to be detected in Marinomonas species.
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Using the evolutionary definition of function (i.e. that a gene is by definition under purifying selection against loss), the preadaptation model assumes that “gene birth is a sudden transition to functionality” that occurs as soon as an ORF acquires a net beneficial effect. In order to avoid being deleterious, newborn genes are expected to display exaggerated versions of genic features associated with the avoidance of harm. This is in contrast to the proto-gene model, which expects newborn genes to have features intermediate between old genes and non-genes.
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The term acne cosmetica refers to acne caused by or aggravated by cosmetics. The mechanism was presumably a chemically induced plugging of the pilosebaceous orifice. This became a significant problem for dermatologists in the 1970s and 1980s, but with the improved formulations produced by cosmetic chemists , a diagnosis of acne cosmetica has become relatively rare daily dermatological practice. The terms "non-comedogenic" and "non-acne(i)genic" appeared on moisturizers and other cosmetic compounds as manufacturers introduced re-formulations—sometimes associated with claims that the products were "oil-free" or "water-based".
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This may lead to DNA methylation or histone modifications which control genic transcription levels. Ecologically, this is an example of the mother utilizing her environment and determining the best method to maximize offspring survival, without actually making a conscious effort to do so. Ecology is generally driven by the ability of an organism to compete to obtain nutrients and successfully reproduce. If a mother is able to gather a plentiful amount of resources, she will have a higher fecundity and produce offspring who are able to grow quickly to avoid predation.
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"Heaven" was written by Emyli, produced by German-Russian DJ Zedd and composed by Zedd, Emyli and Tommy Clint. After the breakthrough of Zedd's success with his singles "Clarity", Amuro's label Dimension Point and Avex Trax contacted him to produce a song for Amuro's album Feel which he accepted. This was Amuro's first collaboration with Zedd, and they would later collaborate again on her 2015 studio album Genic despite none of his songs making the final cut. Emyli started collaborating with Amuro since her 2012 album Uncontrolled and sung background vocals for "Heaven".
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Williams' 1957 paper Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence is one of the most influential in 20th century evolutionary biology, and contains at least 3 foundational ideas. The central hypothesis of antagonistic pleiotropy remains the prevailing evolutionary explanation of senescence. In this paper Williams was also the first to propose that senescence should be generally synchronized by natural selection. According to this original formulation > if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other, > they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from > any other.
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Entamoeba invadens has been used as a model system for studying development, and encystation in vitro, particularly due to difficulties associated with studying encystation in the closely related human parasite E. histolytica. Genome sequencing has revealed 74% equivalency in genic regions and 50% equivalency in intergenic regions existing between Entamoeba invadens and Entamoeba histolytica. For instance, it was found that, during the conversion from the tetraploid uninucleate trophozoite to the tetranucleate cyst, homologous recombination is enhanced. Expression of genes with functions related to the major steps of meiotic recombination also increased during encystations.
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A metafemale (or superfemale) is a low viability Drosophila fruit fly with a female phenotype in which the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (A) exceeds 1.0. genic balance: a mechanism of sex determination, originally discovered in Drosophila, that depends on the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (A). Males develop when the X/A ratio is 0.5 or less, females develop when the X/A ratio is 1.0 or greater, an intersex develops when the ratio is between 0.5 and 1.0. See Appendix C, 1925, Bridges; metafemales, metamales, sex determination.
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Stylistically, Genic divides its sound between 1970s–1980s electronic dance music, and 1990s R&B;, with lyrical content focusing on themes of self-empowerment, having fun, glamour and fashion. Lauren du Plessis, writing for Electric Bloom Magazine, opined that the album encompasses every genre from her career, "there’s some ultra-fluffy teen pop, flashes of her R’n’B phase, and plenty of popular dance elements." Similarly, though The Japan Times reporter Patrick St. Michel found the album influenced by EDM, he also noted "diverse" genres such as europop and contemporary pop music. In a similar review, Kenichi Shirahara from Utalabo.
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Genic was released on June 10, 2015 in three physical formats, and for digital consumption. All three physical formats include a standard package that includes a 14-track compact disc, whereas two of the packaging's are DVD and Blu-Ray bundles that include 5 music videos, respectively. Included in the DVD/Blu-Ray formats are the visuals for her songs "Golden Touch", "Birthday", "Fashionista", "Stranger" and "Anything"; secret parts of these formats also feature access to a special selfie video for "Birthday", and a dance-only visual to "Fashionista". Additionally, art direction and the album's booklet was designed by Jun Hirota.
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Joshi is known to have conducted cytogenetic research on a number of crops such as sesame, chickpea, tobacco, and Capsicum and research on the evolutionary origin of Okra (Bhindi) and Panicum maximum (fodder grass). He introduced crop improvement of wheat and cotton through quantitative genic exploitation and is known to have contributed for the success of the Green Revolution in India in the 1960s and 1970s. His researches were published by way of over 300 articles which included many monographs on sesame and cotton. He also guided 45 post graduate and doctoral students in their researches.
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Approaches based on the analysis of syntenic sequences in outgroups – blocks of sequence in which the order and relative positioning of features has been maintained – allow for the identification of non-genic ancestors of candidate de novo genes. Syntenic alignments are anchored by short, conserved “markers.” Genes are the most common marker in defining syntenic blocks, although k-mers and exons are also used. Assuming that a high-quality syntenic alignment can be obtained, confirmation that the syntenic region lacks coding potential in outgroup species allows a de novo origin to be asserted with higher confidence.
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Intergenic regions are different from intragenic regions (or introns), which are short, non-coding regions that are found within genes, especially within the genes of eukaryotic organisms. According to the ENCODE project's study of the human genome, due to "both the expansion of genic regions by the discovery of new isoforms and the identification of novel intergenic transcripts, there has been a marked increase in the number of intergenic regions (from 32,481 to 60,250) due to their fragmentation and a decrease in their lengths (from 14,170 bp to 3,949 bp median length)" Scientists have now artificially synthesized proteins from intergenic regions.
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A metamale (or supermale) is a low viability Drosophila fruit fly with a male phenotype in which the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (A) is less than 0.5. genic balance: a mechanism of sex determination, originally discovered in Drosophila, that depends on the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (A). Males develop when the X/A ratio is 0.5 or less, females develop when the X/A ratio is 1.0 or greater, an intersex develops when the ratio is between 0.5 and 1.0. See Appendix C, 1925, Bridges; metafemales, metamales, sex determination.
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Some act before fertilization and others after it. Similar barriers exist in plants, with differences in flowering times, pollen vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and the structure of the chromosomes. A few animal species and many plant species, however, are the result of hybrid speciation, including important crop plants such as wheat, where the number of chromosomes has been doubled. Human impact on the environment has resulted in an increase in the interbreeding between regional species, and the proliferation of introduced species worldwide has also resulted in an increase in hybridisation.
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Hatsune Miku is featured in "B Who I Want 2 B" produced by Sophie from Namie Amuro's album Genic. The 2016 Hatsune Miku Expo tour featured American electronic band Anamanaguchi as an opening act; to commemorate the tour, the band recorded a single track titled "Miku", which they performed live on the tour with Miku as an encore song. Big Boi (of Outkast) sampled Aura Qualic's song "DATA 2.0", featuring Hatsune Miku for his 2017 single "Kill Jill", also appearing in the song's music video. In January 2020, Hatsune Miku was announced as a performer at Coachella 2020 in Indio, California, which was later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Using chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing, thirty-percent of all p53-binding sites were located within copies of a few primate-specific ERV families. A study suggested that this benefits retroviruses because p53's mechanism provides a rapid induction of transcription, which leads to the exit of viral RNA from the host cell. Finally, the insertion of ERVs or ERV elements into genic regions of host DNA, or overexpression of their transcriptional variants, has a much higher potential to produce deleterious effects than positive ones. Their appearance into the genome has created a host-parasite co-evolutionary dynamic that proliferated the duplication and expansion of repressor genes.
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The species has been isolated by a variety of mechanisms including behavioural differences and genic incompatibility but hybridization is not unknown. Some phylogenetic studies of junglefowl show that this species is more closely related to the Sri Lankan junglefowl Gallus lafayetii than to the red junglefowl, Gallus gallus, but another study shows a more ambiguous position due to hybridization. However, the time of divergence between the grey junglefowl and Sri Lankan junglefowl around 1.8 million years ago is more recent than 2.6 million years ago calculated for between the grey junglefowl and red junglefowl. This divergence time support sister relationship between grey junglefowl and Sri Lankan junglefowl.
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Periapical radiograph showing peri-radicular radiolucency and bone loss caused by an odontogenic infection under the roots of two anterior teeth in a 30 year old patient An odontogenic infection is an infection that originates within a tooth or in the closely surrounding tissues. The term is derived from odonto- (Ancient Greek: , – 'tooth') and -genic (Ancient Greek: , ; – 'birth'). The most common causes for odontogenic infection to be established are dental caries, deep fillings, failed root canal treatments, periodontal disease, and pericoronitis. Odontogenic infection starts as localised infection and may remain localised to the region where it started, or spread into adjacent or distant areas.
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Nevertheless, it must be said here that this type of genetic studies -meant only to search for specific lineages in the mtDNA or in the Y-Chromosome, which do not recombine- may be misleading. For example, a person with seven European great-grandparents and only one Amerindian/Mestizo great- grandparent will be included in that 56%, although his/her phenotype will most probably be Caucasian. A separate genetic study on genic admixture was conducted by Argentine and French scientists from multiple academic and scientific institutions (CONICET, UBA, Centres d'anthropologie de Toulouse). This study showed that the average contribution to Argentine ancestry was 79.9% European, 15.8% Amerindian and 4.3% African.
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Transposition of both Ac and Ds occurs during development of a tissue and is under precise control which is determined by the number of Ac loci present, their organization, and their position in the chromosome complement. The transposable elements not only entirely remove or alter the gene function via insertion, but can also exert a mutator activity when they leave the position where they had visited the chromosome. Induced disturbances in quantity and organization of the heterochromatic elements of the chromosome could give rise to a series of alterations in its structure, behavior, and in genic reactions that can alter phenotypic expression. The Ac and Ds elements share two properties that are common for transposable elements.
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Features of de novo genes can depend on the species or lineage being examined. This appears to partly be a result of the fact that genomes vary in their GC content, and young genes bear more similarity to non-genic sequences from the genome in which they arose than do established genes. Features such as the percentage of transmembrane residues and the relative frequency of various predicted secondary structural features show a strong GC dependency in orphan genes, whereas in more ancient genes these features are only weakly influenced by GC content. The relationship between gene age and the amount of predicted intrinsic structural disorder (ISD) in the encoded proteins has been subject to considerable debate.
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An example of a 420x420px This technique relies on the assumption that the diversity of the genome is not only due to gene duplications but also to continuous frequent de novo gene births. These genes (called "founder genes") would form from non-genic DNA sequences, as well as from changes in reading frame (or other ways of arising from within existing genes), or even from very rapid evolution of the protein that would modify the sequence beyond recognition. These new genes would at first have high evolutionary rates that would then slow down with time, allowing us to recognise their lineage in their descendants. The founder genes can then be put in a specific phylostratum.
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Dermitzakis completed his graduate degree in Biology at the University of Crete in 1995 and then earned a Master of Science at the same University in 1997. During an interview he confessed that he did not achieve a high score in his first degree, nevertheless his drive for research helped him pursue doctoral studies in the USA. He completed his doctoral thesis in the evolution of components of gene regulation in Drosophila and mammals at Penn State University in 2001. He then completed postdoctoral studies at the Medical School of the University of Geneva in 2004 with his research on comparative genome analysis and the functional characterization of conserved non-genic elements.
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Furthermore, putatively non-genic ORFs long enough to encode functional peptides are numerous in eukaryotic genomes, and expected to occur at high frequency by chance. At the same time, transcription of eukaryotic genomes is far more extensive than previously thought, and documented examples also exist of genomic regions that were transcribed prior to the appearance of an ORF that became a de novo gene. The proportion of de novo genes that are protein-coding is unknown, but the appearance of “transcription first” has led some to posit that protein-coding de novo genes may first exist as RNA gene intermediates. The case of bifunctional RNAs, which are both translated and function as RNA genes, shows that such a mechanism is plausible.
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The preadaptation model of de novo gene birth uses mathematical modeling to show that when sequences that are normally hidden are exposed to weak or shielded selection, the resulting pool of “cryptic” sequences (i.e. proto-genes) can be purged of “self- evidently deleterious” variants, such as those prone to lead to protein aggregation, and thus enriched in potential adaptations relative to a completely non-expressed and unpurged set of sequences. This revealing and purging of cryptic deleterious non-genic sequences is a byproduct of pervasive transcription and translation of intergenic sequences, and is expected to facilitate the birth of functional de novo protein-coding genes. This is because by eliminating the most deleterious variants, what is left is, by a process of elimination, more likely to be adaptive than expected from random sequences.
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More specifically, in support of the preadaptation model, an analysis of ISD in mice and yeast found that young genes have higher ISD than old genes, while random non-genic sequences tend to show the lowest levels of ISD. Although the observed trend may have partly resulted from a subset of young genes derived by overprinting, higher ISD in young genes is also seen among overlapping viral gene pairs. Reaching consensus over ISD values of the very youngest genes is made difficult by different annotation standards, as well as by disagreement over whether genes represent a binary or a continuous category. When proto-genes with less evidence for a selected function are excluded from the data in which a continuum was seen, the slope of the ISD trend is reversed.
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For birth of a de novo protein-coding gene to occur, a non-genic sequence must both be transcribed and acquire an ORF before becoming translated. These events may in theory occur in either order, and there is evidence supporting both an “ORF first” and a “transcription first” model. An analysis of de novo genes that are segregating in D. melanogaster with respect to their expression found that sequences that are transcribed had similar coding potential to the orthologous sequences from lines lacking evidence of transcription, supporting the notion that many ORFs, at least, exist prior to being expressed. The antifreeze glycoprotein gene AFGP, which emerged de novo in Arctic codfishes, provides a more definitive example in which the de novo emergence of the ORF was shown to precede that of the promoter region.
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George C. Williams, Natural Selection: Domains, Levels and Challenges, (Oxford University Press, 1992), 23-55 > Williams became convinced that the genic neo-Darwinism of his earlier years, > while essentially correct as a theory of microevolutionary change, could not > account for evolutionary phenomena over longer time scales, and was thus an > "utterly inadequate account of the evolution of the Earth's biota" (1992, p. > 31). In particular, he became a staunch advocate of clade selection – a > generalisation of species selection to monophyletic clades of any rank – > which could potentially explain phenomena such as adaptive radiations, long- > term phylogenetic trends, and biases in rates of speciation/extinction. In > Natural Selection (1992), Williams argued that these phenomena cannot be > explained by selectively-driven allele substitutions within populations, the > evolutionary mechanism he had originally championed over all others.
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In some fish species, aromatase is in both the ovaries of female organisms who underwent TSD and those who underwent GSD, with no less than 85% of the coding sequences of each aromatase being identical, showing that aromatase is not unique to TSD and suggesting that there must be another factor in addition to it that is also affecting TSD. Hormones and temperature show signs of acting in the same pathway, in that less hormone is required to produce a sexual shift as the incubation conditions near the pivotal temperature. It has been proposed that temperature acts on genes coding for such steroidogenic enzymes, and testing of homologous GSD pathways has provided a genic starting point. Yet, the genetic sexual determination pathway in TSD turtles is poorly understood and the controlling mechanism for male or female commitment has not been identified.
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The definition of a "gene" has never been a trivial issue, with numerous definitions and notions proposed throughout the years since the discovery of the human genome. First, genes were conceived in the 1900s as discrete units of heredity, then it was thought as the blueprint for protein synthesis, and in more recent times, it was being defined as genetic code that is transcribed into RNA. Although the definition of a gene has evolved greatly over the last century, it has remained a challenging and controversial subject for many researchers. With the advent of the ENCODE/GENCODE project, even more problematic aspects of the definition have been uncovered, including alternative splicing (where a series of exons are separated by introns), intergenic transcriptions, and the complex patterns of dispersed regulation, together with non-genic conservation and the abundance of noncoding RNA genes.
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In December 2015, Amuro returned to releasing non-album singles with "Red Carpet", months after the distribution of her eleventh studio album Genic (2015). Following these singles were "Mint" (May 2016) and "Hero" (July 2016), two numbers that served as a television theme song, and the opening track to the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, hosted in Rio de Janeiro for the Japanese entry. A month after the latter song's release, Amuro confirmed her involvement with the Japanese drama–horror film Death Note: Light Up the New World, based on the anime and manga series of the same name, and intended for a late-October theatrical run. Originally, the film's co- producer Takahiro Sato wanted to enlist a Western musical act to provide songs to the movie, and selected American band Red Hot Chili Peppers or American musician Lenny Kravitz as front-runners.
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There is a drastic reduction in its genome size, as many genes are lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination, while important genes participating in the DNA-to-RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. The decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. When endosymbiotic bacteria related with insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria go across many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes, as compared to the free-living bacteria.
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Random sequences are generally well tolerated in vivo; many readily form secondary structures, and even highly disordered proteins may take on important biological roles. The pervasive nature of translation suggests that new proto-genes emerge frequently, usually returning to the non-genic state. In wild S. paradoxus populations, some ORFs with exaggerated gene-like features are found among the pool of translated intergenic polypeptides. It is not clear whether such ORFs are preferentially retained. It has been speculated that the epigenetic landscape of de novo genes in the early stages of formation may be particularly variable between and among populations, resulting in variable levels of gene expression and thereby allowing young genes to explore the “expression landscape.” The QQS gene in A. thaliana is one example of this phenomenon; its expression is negatively regulated by DNA methylation that, while heritable for several generations, varies widely in its levels both among natural accessions and within wild populations.
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An article in the Hong Kong Free Press said that the new ranking "marked a significant drop from 18th, where the city stood back when the index was created in 2002." A May 2020 academic paper called the protests a "media-driven, tele-genic movement" with large numbers of amateur or citizen photojournalists and noted the democratic potential of the massification of Hong Kong journalism during the movement, but stated that the mass media also largely ignored the frequent use of racially-charged epithets, occasional anti-Mandarin violence, and other fascistic and xenophobic dimensions of the movement. A June 2020 opinion editorial by Reporters Without Borders criticized the passage of the Hong Kong national security law, with its secretary general calling for the world's democracies to take action to prevent Beijing from imposing the law that he said would be used as a means to prosecute journalists. Reuters reported that the law led to fears among Hong Kong's free media that they would be silenced and had echoes of China's own cyber crackdown.
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It has been claimed that ISD is also a lineage- dependent feature, exemplified by the fact that in organisms with relatively high GC content, ranging from D. melanogaster to the parasite Leishmania major, young genes have high ISD, while in a low GC genome such as budding yeast, several studies have shown that young genes have low ISD. However, a study that excluded young genes with dubious evidence for functionality, defined in binary terms as being under selection for gene retention, found that the remaining young yeast genes have high ISD, suggesting that the yeast result may be due to contamination of the set of young genes with ORFs that do not meet this definition, and hence are more likely to have properties that reflect GC content and other non-genic features of the genome. Beyond the very youngest orphans, this study found that ISD tends to decrease with increasing gene age, and that this is primarily due to amino acid composition rather than GC content per se. Within shorter time scales, a focus on de novo genes that have the most validation suggests that younger genes are more disordered in Lachancea, but less disordered in Saccharomyces.
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