To find more generalizable strategies, Nowak turned to graph theory.
|
|
If so, how generalizable are the results of these studies?
|
|
These findings wouldn't be generalizable to the rest of us.
|
|
It's hard to know whether findings of studies are generalizable at all.
|
|
It is also questionable if the results are generalizable to other countries.
|
|
"There's just also no reason to believe it's generalizable to all women."
|
|
"Neural networks are very generalizable," said Bill Coughran, a partner at Sequoia Capital .
|
|
She thinks the results could be generalizable to the rest of the country.
|
|
But this finding was based on nine patients, and may not be generalizable.
|
|
Moreover, this isn't really generalizable from the state level to the federal one.
|
|
"Our results aren't generalizable to women who have endometriosis before pregnancy," Dr. Farland said.
|
|
That may sound academic, but it's actually a major step forward — a highly generalizable model.
|
|
The study authors acknowledge that the U.S. data may not be generalizable to international populations.
|
|
I like superheroes like Flash or Superman, where the powers are well-defined and generalizable.
|
|
These findings are likely generalizable to dating apps beyond the one they studied, Yasseri said.
|
|
The researchers acknowledge that their small study's results may not be generalizable to all rugby players.
|
|
This study included mostly Caucasians, so it may not be generalizable to other ethnicities, she said.
|
|
Lieske cautions that the results of the new study may not be generalizable to all Americans.
|
|
"So these findings won't necessary be generalizable because of the prevalence of obesity," he told Reuters Health.
|
|
Crucially, these findings were generalizable across cultures, including African-Americans, Japanese-Americans, Native Hawaiians, Latinos, and whites.
|
|
Additionally, larger sample sizes are needed to ensure that study results are generalizable to a wider population.
|
|
Only if we understand why a behavior occurs can we create generalizable knowledge, the goal of science.
|
|
Standardized tests, after all, are supposed to reveal something intrinsic and generalizable about the test-taker's knowledge.
|
|
Findings of small studies are not always generalizable to the population at large, Penzias said by email.
|
|
The second step specifically, which translates vocal tract maps into synthetic sounds, appears to be generalizable across patients.
|
|
Only seven of the insurance studies, or 44 percent, were generalizable to real life evaluations, the study found.
|
|
Make no mistake, random probability surveys are highly efficient, versatile and generalizable when pollsters minimize total survey error.
|
|
Finally, the results were limited to particular communities in Taiwan and may not be generalizable to other populations.
|
|
"This sample of 47 is in no way generalizable to the rest of U.S. children or families," Radesky said.
|
|
And honestly, that blend of highs and lows is a pretty generalizable takeaway about my time in Hope County.
|
|
They are not generalizable and cannot be extrapolated to all online dating subscribers (You'll find the survey's methodology below).
|
|
That problem must be hard, require a lot of high-quality qubits, and be generalizable to any quantum computer, said Martinis.
|
|
They're irresponsible because they're not contributing to broader knowledge and understanding — because they're not specifying a generalizable and therefore testable theory.
|
|
Also the results may not be generalizable to populations with a vastly different makeup from the United Kingdom, according to Beyer.
|
|
These findings, though, may not be generalizable to populations at other needle exchanges, since they're based on a survey of one community.
|
|
Plus, algorithms should be trained on data sources from as broadly representative populations as possible so they are generalizable across all populations.
|
|
But this approach isn't super generalizable because a lot of photos simply don't have enough parallel lines to act as reference points.
|
|
But while they might yield findings that are worthy of consideration (and replication in more diverse samples), they don't produce universally generalizable results.
|
|
What is more generalizable, she says, is the proximity of feet and genitalia on the brain homunculus—the sensory map of the brain.
|
|
The study had some limitations, including that more research is needed before the findings can be generalizable to other hospitals, communities or countries.
|
|
"Research is defined as: A systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation," the university said, "designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge."
|
|
The researchers only looked at Canadian women and their children, so the results aren't generalizable to other parts of the world with fluoridated water.
|
|
The sample was also mostly female, and more than three-quarters of them had college degrees, so the results may not be entirely generalizable.
|
|
This is an observational study that does not prove cause and effect, and the results may not be generalizable to populations outside of China.
|
|
What specific factors made the museum unable to appropriately address the community's concerns and is the reason unique to this context or is it generalizable?
|
|
Therapists hope that helping patients develop strength and skill in a few tasks in the gym will be generalizable to improvements out in the world.
|
|
As the study recruited participants from one surrogacy agency and one law firm, the results are not generalizable to the larger population, the authors wrote.
|
|
For researchers, the best algorithms are idealized and generalizable, meaning that they should apply to any new subject with some tweaks and maybe more training data.
|
|
In addition, all the study participants in the analysis were white, which may make the results less generalizable to people of other ethnicities, the authors acknowledge.
|
|
Indeed, all the researchers I spoke to thought the effects in the Biggest Loser study were particularly extreme, and perhaps not generalizable to most people's experiences.
|
|
But these findings may not be generalizable to all children, since researchers only studied 40 children and focused on pollutant exposure during a slim prenatal window.
|
|
" It's difficult not to conclude that a collection of information by the C.I.A. about its interrogation program would constitute "systematic investigation" in pursuit of "generalizable knowledge.
|
|
Evaluations of myriad public programs that affect people pursue "generalizable knowledge," yet we don't treat all these people as research subjects covered by the Common Rule.
|
|
Also, the findings were representative of only the hospitals participating in the CDC's surveillance programs and were not generalizable to areas not participating in those programs.
|
|
Some studies have given us good, generalizable rules — like replacing your running shoes every 300 miles or so — but some of the individual results are too specific.
|
|
"The fact that they've gone to such trouble to ensure that it's a captive audience raises some questions about how generalizable the results are," Sheehy-Skeffington said.
|
|
In an interview with Reuters, Kugelmass cautioned that because she only looked at a specific type of therapist in private practice, these results may not be generalizable.
|
|
In addition, the Japanese have a higher prevalence of genetic variations that make them slower at metabolizing alcohol, and the results may not be generalizable to other populations.
|
|
The models trained on adults could not do this, possibly because the adults' higher-order systems had already fully matured, making their features less generalizable to young, developing brains.
|
|
The techniques that are used to train systems like OpenAI Five and AlphaStar are powerful and generalizable, but the reward functions themselves are super specific, and won't be inspiring Skynet.
|
|
So data from Finland, which has some of the highest rates of type 1 diabetes in the world, may not be generalizable to countries like the United States, she said.
|
|
Given the relatively small, selective sample, it's possible these findings aren't generalizable to veterinarians across the U.S.Tenney and her team have already created an online education course for veterinary providers.
|
|
"There has been this sense that black art, black experience, black politics are only localizable, not generalizable," says Robert Patterson, chair of the African American studies program at Georgetown University.
|
|
Online surveys are near the bottom of the barrel when it comes to this sort of thing and this makes it difficult to say how generalizable the results may be.
|
|
What's more, the Eastern and Western culture groups included a limited number of countries, so the results may not be generalizable to other populations the researchers were unable to study.
|
|
To some, the high truck tariff may seem to be a very compelling trade policy to drive more vehicle production into the United States — but the case is not generalizable.
|
|
"We had a trend of saying 'this group of people is already suffering,' " she says, which inspired researchers to study these populations for some generalizable knowledge that would help others.
|
|
Men and masculinity are obviously passé; it is 2016 and gender has been divided infinitely, yet stupid chores are being assigned to girly people by a generalizable sample of American citizens.
|
|
The researchers argue that the correlation is spurious — suggesting that there's no broad, generalizable connection between medical marijuana and opioid overdose deaths, and the previously found link was likely a coincidence.
|
|
One of the ways that I approach these problems is through one particular form of systemic literacy that I've developed through my work and my studies, but I also think it's generalizable.
|
|
In many ways, this complexity is the opposite of the need for absolute truth; instead of searching for simple, generalizable facts, self-aware people appreciate the complicated nature of their life stories.
|
|
In order to achieve consistent victory, you'll need an understanding of fighting game concepts like spacing, zoning, and timing—all of which are generalizable to the entire genre of fighting games at large.
|
|
There's no generalizable reason that explains why people are drawn to fetishes or edge play like scrotal inflation, says New York City-based sexuality and relationship therapist Dulcinea Pitagora, aka the Kink Doctor.
|
|
The researchers acknowledge that the study, in Clinical Infectious Diseases, is observational and does not prove cause and effect, and that the results may not be generalizable to other populations or other flu seasons.
|
|
It's not clear how generalizable these results are to other countries, but the implication is that the true level of economic inequality in the developed world is far higher than tax records alone would say.
|
|
The purpose of a poll, in my view, is to collect information from a sample that can be considered representative of a population of interest, so as to make a generalizable inference about that population.
|
|
But regardless, Jeanine Refsnider, an assistant professor in environmental sciences at the University of Toledo who found the results convincing, warned that this experiment's findings aren't generalizable beyond the Chinese pond turtles that they studied.
|
|
To see how generalizable these results are in other populations, Dr. Samson is planning to perform similar studies in hunter-gatherer societies farther from the Equator, where there is greater variation in light and temperature.
|
|
In addition, the findings might be less generalizable to Asian populations where diets are high in carbohydrates, over 60% carbohydrates on average, but people also often consume fish rather than meat, according to the authors.
|
|
"While these factors were adjusted for statistically, readers should note that for this reason, the findings may not be generalizable to other populations comprised of different nationalities, racial and ethnic identities or healthier populations," said Garber.
|
|
And while these problems plague even single-purpose acoustical classifiers, the holy grail of the space is a generalizable tool for identifying all sounds, not simply building a model to differentiate the sounds of those doors.
|
|
If 81 percent of white American citizens who were murdered in 2015 were murdered by a small minority group of American citizens with some kind of vaguely generalizable profile, it may be worth addressing in policy.
|
|
Artificial intelligence is slowly proving that that video games aren't a total waste of time, at least for machines: It's through learning to play games that AI algorithms can acquire all sorts of generalizable skills, like problem-solving.
|
|
Another question we have to ask about any AI system is whether it's generalizable: If you train it on data from one population in one country, will it work as effectively when used on another population in another country?
|
|
While machine-learning researchers are right to be wary of hype, it's also hard to avoid the fact that they're accomplishing some impressive, surprising things using very generalizable techniques, and that it doesn't seem that all the low-hanging fruit has been picked.
|
|
"The different aspects [of foot fetishism] don't really say anything generalizable about the people into them" she says, adding that all the variations reveal is that individuals have a unique expression of sexuality based on the combination of nature and nurture she previously mentioned.
|
|
Statistics paint us a generalizable picture of the population affected by suicide -- rates are highest among white men of middle age and beyond; female-identified black teens have higher attempt rates than their peers; 40% of transgender folks attempt suicide in their lifetime, etc.
|
|
So, assuming the findings are generalizable beyond North Carolina, the idea that giving people access to scooters means they'll decrease their reliance on cars substantially — that is, substantially enough to make up for the climate impact of the scooters themselves — turns out to be false.
|
|
" He added, "Horses certainly appear capable of discriminating between the angry and happy faces of human males, though, as the authors acknowledge, it is not yet clear whether this ability results from previous experience or the extent to which it is generalizable to humans of different age, gender, etc.
|
|
Nonvoters were a lot likelier to say they didn't follow political news closely: And they were likelier to grow up in households that didn't follow political news closely: One of the easiest and most common fallacies in politics is to imagine that one's own political reactions are generalizable.
|
|
OpenAI researchers have encountered this many times in their research, and in order to test generalizable AI knowledge at a basic level, they've designed a sort of AI arcade where an agent has to prove its mettle in a variety of games with varying overlap of gameplay concepts.
|
|
"As there is evidence that T [testosterone] promotes status-related behaviors in females further research should explore whether the effects of T [testosterone] on consumer preferences are generalizable to females, while taking into account that which brands and goods are status-enhancing is likely to differ across sexes. "
|
|
But as other experts we spoke to made clear, these findings may not be generalizable across the entire population, and much more work needs to be done to determine why physical inactivity is so harmful to our health, and the kinds of things we can do to offset these risks.
|
|
The researchers ultimately found that 12.5 percent of heart attack and stroke-related deaths that occurred in the UK could have been prevented by dietary changes, if their findings are generalizable across the UK population and the assumption of a diet-driven causality of heart attacks and strokes is correct.
|
|
If we take the approach to reducing cardiovascular disease and cancer as an example, there is a need to direct substantial resources toward research, research training, and to the provision of the requisite training to build a workforce of healthcare professionals with the capability to develop and implement generalizable and effective improvement interventions.
|
|
In these instances, Democrats have lost votes not simply because they backed measures favored by their base, but because they became identified primarily with those measures to the exclusion of a more generalizable appeal on economics and national security — the kind that got Bill Clinton elected in 1992 and Barack Obama in 20143.
|
|
The authors of the Harvard study caution that their results "may not be generalizable to men from the general population," because the underwear type of the men in the study was self-reported and that factors like the type of pants the men wore, the fabric of the underwear, and other lifestyle factors might have affected the outcome.
|
|
"We conducted these studies because we felt that the results reported in the 2016 Byrareddy study had the potential to transform the HIV cure field if the findings were reproducible and generalizable," Dan Barouch, director of the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at Harvard Medical and senior author of one of the studies, told Gizmodo via email.
|
|
The BFLPE has been intensely studied across different countries, cultural contexts, and school systems, and it appears to be generalizable across each. In fact, it has been so generalizable that Marjorie Seaton referred to it as a panhuman theory. The BFLPE appears to be generalizable across most age groups too. Roy, Guy, and Valois (2015) showed the BFLPE in a group of 8 to 12-year-old students.
|
|
The author's theory is fairly generalizable and is applicable to the developing countries which have implemented economic reforms in the 1990s.
|
|
This method is particularly valuable when data are collected in different settings (e.g., different times, social vs. solitary situations) or when models are assumed to be generalizable.
|
|
The theory has since changed to be more generalizable for personal behavior, shifting away from sensitivity to rewards to an attention bottleneck disorder of overly focusing on early information.
|
|
There is no statistically generalizable portrait of migrant sex workers' day-to-day lives, living and working conditions, and relationships with other sex workers, clients, or third party intermediaries. Studies are unlikely to capture the sheer diversity in migrant sex worker experiences, especially when many of them come from selective samples, such as from a sex worker service provider or even shelter for human trafficking victims. As a result, many scholars caution against accepting any survey or study of sex workers as generalizable.
|
|
Martin D. Jenkins critiques her work by claiming that while the focus on black females in college is critical, her methodology is not strong enough to make the work generalizable to the black experience.
|
|
Such research is sometimes considered only preliminary, but the results of pragmatic research are generalizable to broader patient populations, greater treatment variations, and are more likely to have real-world significance in decisions about how best to help people.
|
|
The paradigmatic approach, on the other hand, tries to classify narratives, determine associations, draw cause-and-effect relationships, and test and validate hypotheses - to transcend the particulars that the hermeneutic approach primarily concerned with, to generate generalizable scientific findings.
|
|
Infant development in father-absent families, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 135:1 p.51-61 This second study, however, only looks at mother- only single-parent families in low socioeconomic circumstances so the results may not be generalizable to the greater population.
|
|
This study is also important because it indicates that the findings of the first study are generalizable to a wider population as well as showing that people with certain personality types are more susceptible to creation of false memories in psychotherapy, where similar techniques are regularly used.
|
|
Additionally, linguistic knowledge and language development are examples of domain-general skills. Infants can learn rules and identify patterns in stimuli which may imply learning and generalizable knowledge. This means parents of young children and early childhood educators may want to consider its application while supporting language development.
|
|
The study has been criticized for not having a generalizable sample.Holahan & Sears, p. 11 Moreover, Terman meddled in his subject's lives, giving them letters of recommendation for jobs and college and pulling strings at Stanford to help them get admitted. This makes any life outcomes of the sample tainted and ungeneralizable.
|
|
2014 Dec;64(21):2281-93. Epub 2014 Nov 24. Specific aspects of therapeutics should be avoided in HFpEF to prevent the deterioration of the condition. Considerations that are generalizable to heart failure include avoidance of a fast heart rate, elevations in blood pressure, development of ischemia, and atrial fibrillation.
|
|
Jules Ronjat has sought to characterize Occitan with 19 principal, generalizable criteria. Of those, 11 are phonetic, five morphologic, one syntactic, and two lexical. For example, close rounded vowels are rare or absent in Occitan. This characteristic often carries through to an Occitan speaker's French, leading to a distinctive méridional accent.
|
|
Skeptic Magazine. Altadena, CA, Skeptics Society. 16: 60–61. of firefighter captains, military platoon leaders and others making correct, snap judgments under extreme duress suggest that these responses are likely not generalizable and may contribute to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation only the general idea of domain- specific intensive training.
|
|
Individualistic is similar to intrusive and is not necessary to repeat information. Collaborative advising is shown to be more helpful than individualistic advising and has been shown to help due to the group participation. Students learn more from other students co-advising them. They learn more when details become more realistic and generalizable.
|
|
Kahneman, D., Lovallo, D., Sibony, O. (2011). "Before You Make That Big Decision." Harvard Business Review, June, 2011. These contributions assert that cognitive bias mitigation is necessary and offer general suggestions for how to achieve it, though the guidance is limited to only a few cognitive biases and is not self-evidently generalizable to others.
|
|
Peaceful methods are generalizable.” However, Bassma Kodmani came to review her position on the peaceful nature of the uprising. According to her, the opposition is now faced with two options: "greater militarization of local resistance or foreign intervention." With China and Russia's veto impeding a United Nations Security Council resolution, the international intervention scenario is unlikely to unfold.
|
|
Academic research has yielded some generalizable results on the effects of upzoning, the root causes of unaffordability, and the most efficacious policy prescriptions to help low-income workers in prosperous cities. However, scholars have said more research is necessary to determine the full effects of upzoning and market-rate housing development on affordability for all income levels in prosperous cities.
|
|
However many kinds of behavior are not easily observed. Ethnography can make rich observations and descriptions of behavior and allow for comparison between behavior and attitude. Unfortunately, in general ethnographic data cannot be used to draw statistically generalizable conclusions about behavior in a population. Ethnographers can still commit the attitudinal fallacy if they rely on quotations as evidence for behaviors.
|
|
The point is generalizable: for any causal powers, it will always be possible to hypothetically replace them with some sort of Searlian demon which will carry out the operations mechanically. His conclusion is that Searle's is necessarily a dualistic view of the nature of causal powers, "not intrinsically connected with the actual powers of physical objects." Haugeland, John. (1980) "Artificial Intelligence".
|
|
One limited study in Germany presented possible problems in implementing requirements engineering and asked respondents whether they agreed that they were actual problems. The results were not presented as being generalizable but suggested that the principal perceived problems were incomplete requirements, moving targets, and time boxing, with lesser problems being communications flaws, lack of traceability, terminological problems, and unclear responsibilities.
|
|
Earnshaw's theorem was originally formulated for electrostatics (point charges) to show that there is no stable configuration of a collection of point charges. The proofs presented here for individual dipoles should be generalizable to collections of magnetic dipoles because they are formulated in terms of energy, which is additive. A rigorous treatment of this topic is, however, currently beyond the scope of this article.
|
|
Understanding why behavior occurs is necessary for the creation of generalizable knowledge, the goal of science. He has referred to behavioral economics as a "triumph of marketing" and particularly cited the example of loss aversion. Traditional economists are skeptical of the experimental and survey-based techniques that behavioral economics uses extensively. Economists typically stress revealed preferences over stated preferences (from surveys) in the determination of economic value.
|
|
Research synthesis is the process of combining the results of multiple primary research studies aimed at testing the same conceptual hypothesis. It may be applied to either quantitative or qualitative research. Its general goals are to make the findings from multiple different studies more generalizable and applicable. It aims to generate new knowledge by combining and comparing the results of multiple studies on a given topic.
|
|
The research of the BWI in the areas logistics, operations management and supply chain management, global service management and service innovation addresses enterprises that concentrate on technology and deals with questions and challenges concerning their value added. The goal of the applied science at the BWI is to obtain generalizable recommendations for action for the decision-making of an enterprise on the basis of practice-oriented problems.
|
|
A more novel one employs methyl triflate to abstract a hydride from (CAAC)BH3. Treatment with a Lewis base, followed by triflic acid and KC8 afford the desired (CAAC)(Lewis base)BH. Although the reported case uses only specific Lewis bases, the approach is argued to be highly generalizable. A number of other compounds in this class have been generated using borylene-transition metal complexes as precursors.
|
|
Items such as short answer or essay typically require a test taker to write a response to fulfill the requirements of the item. In administrative terms, essay items take less time to construct. As an assessment tool, essay items can test complex learning objectives as well as processes used to answer the question. The items can also provide a more realistic and generalizable task for test.
|
|
In mathematical problem solving, the solution to a problem (such as a proof of a mathematical theorem) exhibits mathematical elegance if it is surprisingly simple and insightful yet effective and constructive. Such solutions might involve a minimal amount of assumptions and computations, while outlining an approach that is highly generalizable. Similarly, a computer program or algorithm is elegant if it uses a small amount of code to great effect.
|
|
Not enough evaluation is conducted after strategy implementation. In Developing countries, data insufficiency hinders the formation of generalizable conclusions on the effectiveness of a strategy. It is hard to outline a Cause and effect relationship between the regulation that is implemented and the change in behavior it creates or general effect it has. Many factors could cause a change in the behavior of individuals affected by the regulation at hand.
|
|
Given the above studies, there is high incidence of neurocognitive deficit shortly after bypass surgery, but evidence is less clear about long-term neurological impairment. Controlled "on-pump" versus "off-pump" cardiac surgery has only been studied in the setting of CABG and is not necessarily generalizable to other types of cardiac surgery. Recent advancements in transcatheter and percutaneous valve replacement may soon allow comparison of other types of cardiac surgery with and without CPB.
|
|
As family preservationist's research is based on bigger and more representative samples, their findings are more generalizable. They become better evidence for shaping policy. Case-studies, used by those in favor of family breakup, consist of a much smaller segment of the population and therefore cannot be generalized to the population. Family preservationists have stronger arguments, and when the definition is not mistaken, those opposing it have not seemed to counter them.
|
|
However, Seki did not present his method as a formula based on a sequence of constants. Bernoulli's formula for sums of powers is the most useful and generalizable formulation to date. The coefficients in Bernoulli's formula are now called Bernoulli numbers, following a suggestion of Abraham de Moivre. Bernoulli's formula is sometimes called Faulhaber's formula after Johann Faulhaber who found remarkable ways to calculate sum of powers but never stated Bernoulli's formula.
|
|
By focusing on three generalizable elements of the resiliency movement, Tyler and Moench's urban resiliency framework serves as a model that can be implemented for local planning on an international scale. The first element of urban climate resiliency focuses on “systems’ or the physical infrastructure embedded in urban systems. A critical concern of urban resiliency is linked to the idea of maintaining support systems that in turn enable the networks of provisioning and exchange for populations in urban areas.
|
|
The presence of DNA sequences of the pmo gene in the environment can be used as a proxy for methanotrophy. A more generalizable tool is the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, which is found in bacteria and archaea. This gene evolves very slowly over time and is not usually horizontally transferred, and so it is often used to distinguish different taxonomic units of organisms in the environment. In this way, genes are clues to organismal metabolism and identity.
|
|
Then, the Ma Song demonstrate their submission by presenting their expressive forms of self-mutilation in a public procession. In his research project starting in 2012, Schneider identified the affective states of the Ma Song that reflected a religious frame of submission. While in Western cultures dominance is seen as a cherished goal, Schneider observed an unusual appreciation of submission amongst the Ma Song. This might be generalizable to other religious practices where believers submit in devotion.
|
|
Collex is an open source social software and faceted browsing tool designed for digital humanities. It includes folksonomy features and is under construction at ARP. The first release of Collex is used in the NINES initiative, but it is a generalizable tool that can be applied to other subject domains. Collex is an early example of a scholar-driven Library 2.0 initiative and, like NINES, was conceived as a response to economic problems in tenure and academic publishing.
|
|
Academic connectedness evaluates adolescents' sense of connection towards their school, teachers, peers, and academic self. Finally, the family connectedness component assesses adolescents' feelings of connectedness to their parents, siblings, religion, and ancestry. Items measuring school belonging specifically include: "I feel good about myself when I am at school," "I get along well with the other students in my classes" and "I enjoy being at school." This scale has been found to be generalizable to adolescents across the globe.
|
|
The model was capable of producing a small variety of square wave bursts and produced parabolic bursts as a consequence of adding an extra conductance. However, the model applied to only spatial propagation down axons and not situations where oscillations are limited to a small region in space (i.e. it was not suited for "space-clamped" situations). The lack of a simple, generalizable, space- clamped, parabolic bursting model motivated Ermentrout and Kopell to develop the theta model.
|
|
This demonstrates that the predictive validity of personality measures which specify a social context is a lot higher than those measures which take a more generic approach. This point is substantiated by yet another body of work suggesting that FOR instructions moderated the link between extraversion and openness scores on manager ratings of employee performance This research thus recognizes the importance of intrapersonal fluctuations contingent on personality is context specific and is not necessarily generalizable across social domains and time.
|
|
Edmund Husserl, meanwhile, negated positivism through the rubric of phenomenology.Outhwaite, William, 1988 Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009), pp. 20–25 At the turn of the twentieth century, the first wave of German sociologists formally introduced verstehende (interpretive) sociological antipositivism, proposing research should concentrate on human cultural norms, values, symbols, and social processes viewed from a resolutely subjective perspective. As an antipositivist, however, one seeks relationships that are not as "ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable" as those pursued by natural scientists.
|
|
TSE does not highlight specific technological tasks; instead it is purposely vague. As such, this construct was intended to describe general feelings toward the ability to adopt new technology and is therefore generalizable across a number of specific technologies. Furthermore, this construct can account for and be applied to technologies that have yet to be invented. Although these features have allowed TSE to remain relevant through the times, this definitional breadth has also created confusion and a proliferation of related constructs.
|
|
As of 2018, well-tested and generalizable clinical trials have not been conducted to evaluate the effects of compounds found in cocoa on physiological outcomes, such as blood pressure for which only small (1–2 mmHg) changes resulted from short-term consumption of chocolate up to 105 grams and 670 milligrams of flavonols per day. Flavanols found in dark chocolate that are linked to blood pressure and vascular activity include the monomers catechin and epicatechin, and (to a lesser extent) the polymeric procyanidins.
|
|
Critics of behavioral economics typically stress the rationality of economic agents. A fundamental critique is provided by Maialeh (2019) who argues that no behavioral research can establish an economic theory. Examples provided on this account include pillars of behavioral economics such as satisficing behavior or prospect theory, which are confronted from the neoclassical perspective of utility maximization and expected utility theory respectively. The author shows that behavioral findings are hardly generalizable and that they do not disprove typical mainstream axioms related to rational behavior.
|
|
Later, he was instrumental in the establishment of the Department of Social Relations at Harvard. Based on empirical data, Parsons' social action theory was the first broad, systematic, and generalizable theory of social systems developed in the United States and Europe. Some of Parsons' largest contributions to sociology in the English-speaking world were his translations of Max Weber's work and his analyses of works by Weber, Émile Durkheim, and Vilfredo Pareto. Their work heavily influenced Parsons' view and was the foundation for his social action theory.
|
|
Ad hoc is a Latin phrase meaning literally "to this". In English, it generally signifies a solution designed for a specific problem or task, non- generalizable, and not intended to be able to be adapted to other purposes (compare with a priori). Common examples are ad hoc committees, and commissions created at the national or international level for a specific task. In other fields, the term could refer, for example, to a military unit created under special circumstances, a tailor-made suit, a handcrafted network protocol (e.g.
|
|
MuZero was viewed as a significant advancement over AlphaZero, and a generalizable step forward in unsupervised learning techniques. The work was seen as advancing understanding of how to compose systems from smaller components, a systems-level development more than a pure machine-learning development. While only pseudocode was released by the development team, Werner Duvaud produced an open source implementation based on that. MuZero has been used as a reference implementation in other work, for instance as a way to generate model-based behavior.
|
|
If M is an arbitrary set containing zero, the concept of support is immediately generalizable to functions f : X→M. Support may also be defined for any algebraic structure with identity (such as a group, monoid, or composition algebra), in which the identity element assumes the role of zero. For instance, the family ZN of functions from the natural numbers to the integers is the uncountable set of integer sequences. The subfamily { f in ZN :f has finite support } is the countable set of all integer sequences that have only finitely many nonzero entries.
|
|
Transportability: The performance and functional literacy studies both illustrated how g is transportable across life situations and it represents a set of largely generalizable reasoning and problem-solving skills. G appear to be linearly linked to performance in school, jobs and achievements. Generality: Studies show that IQ measured at the age of 11 predicted longevity, premature death, lung and stomach cancers, dementia, loss of functional independence, more than 60 years later. Research has shown that higher IQ at age 11 is significantly related to higher social class in midlife.
|
|
It is significantly faster than site-specific isotope measurements that can be performed using NMR, and can measure molecules with different rare isotopes but the same nominal mass at natural abundances (unlike GC and LCMS). It is also widely generalizable to molecules that can be introduced via gas or liquid solvent. Resolution of the Orbitrap is such that nominal isobars (e.g., 2H versus 15N versus 13C enrichments) can be distinguished from one another, and so molecules do not need to be converted into a homogeneous substrate to facilitate isotope analysis.
|
|
Christian wrote against the idea that literary theory should be generalizable or universal, instead calling for specific approaches for every text: "So my 'method,' to use a new 'lit. crit' word, is not fixed but relates to what I read and to the historical context of the writers I read and to the many critical activities in which I am engaged, which may or may not involve writing." In April 2000, Christian was awarded the UC Berkeley's highest honor, the Berkeley Citation. She died on June 25, 2000 from complications from lung cancer.
|
|
262 Due to content itself as well as the coinciding limitations, whether his theory is generalizable to all adult development has remained a lingering question. Levinson states that some eras occur without substantial life alterations due to external events and are thereby not marked by "rites of passage". This has sparked controversy because "rites of passage" are not definitive; they are determined by each society and based on what each determines to be significant. These differentiations result in eras that may or may not incorporate substantial life alterations, thereby disproving absolute generalizability of Levinson's theory.
|
|
In 1994, a study conducted by the University of California in which fifth graders played extensive hours of video games, they managed to gain better spatial skills. The children were split into two groups, with the experimental group playing Marble Madness, while the control group played Conjecture. The distinction is important because Marble Madness requires spatial skills while Conjecture does not. The results may not be generalizable, since the sample of kids is taken from a single private school, and may not necessarily be representative of the population.
|
|
In line with this model the effects of acceleration (starting early or skipping grades) on ASC should be negative while the effects of retention (starting late or repeating grades) on ASC should be positive. Marsh (2016) was the first to provide empirical support for the RYiSE as analogous to the BFLPE, based on the same underlying social comparison theory and frame-of-reference effects. The study showed that the RYiSE seems to be similarly generalizable too, reporting generalizability across 41 countries and across a host of individual student characteristics considered possible moderators of the RYiSE.
|
|
There are seven important elements Goffman identifies with respect to the performance: # Belief in the part that one is playing: Belief is important, even if it cannot be judged by others; the audience can only try to guess whether the performer is sincere or cynical. # The front (or "mask"): a standardized, generalizable, and transferable technique for the performer to control the manner in which the audience perceives them. We all put on different masks throughout our lives. # Dramatic realization: a portrayal of aspects of the performer that they want the audience to know.
|
|
In finance, the binomial options pricing model (BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" (lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where the closed-form Black–Scholes formula is wanting. The binomial model was first proposed by William Sharpe in the 1978 edition of Investments (),William F. Sharpe, Biographical, nobelprize.org and formalized by Cox, Ross and Rubinstein in 1979 and by Rendleman and Bartter in that same year.
|
|
Tropicality can be paralleled with Edward Said's Orientalism as the west's construction of the east as the "other". According to Said, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm, which justified its dominance over the essentialized Orient. Technology and economic efficiency were often improved in territories subjected to imperialism through the building of roads, other infrastructure and introduction of new technologies. The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire "during the last generation, and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description".
|
|
Family preservation is in definition and practice an attempt to keep children safe. The National Coalition for Child Protection Reform NCCPR defines family preservation as a "systematic determination of those families in which children could remain in their homes or be returned home safely, and provision of the services needed to ensure that safety." They find real family preservation programsNational Coalition for Child to have a better safety track record than foster care. Their studies were based on larger segments of the population and included control groups, leaving them much more reliable and generalizable than the horrific case studies used by opponents.
|
|
An example of making the logical error would be assuming that a person who is physically strong and muscular is also athletic. This trait relationship makes logical sense, but without observations to back it up, assuming this relationship would be making the logical error. While both the halo effect and the logical error fallacy result in unfounded trait correlations, the difference is that the halo effect refers to trait correlations of a specific person, while the logical error is more generalizable across the population, and refers to trait correlations that are made with no regard to specific individuals' behaviors.
|
|
At the turn of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists formally introduced methodological antipositivism, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural norms, values, symbols, and social processes viewed from a subjective perspective. Max Weber argued that sociology may be loosely described as a 'science' as it is able to identify causal relationships—especially among ideal types, or hypothetical simplifications of complex social phenomena. As a nonpositivist, however, one seeks relationships that are not as "ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable" as those pursued by natural scientists. Weber regarded sociology as the study of social action, using critical analysis and verstehen techniques.
|
|
Machine learning and statistics are closely related fields in terms of methods, but distinct in their principal goal: statistics draws population inferences from a sample, while machine learning finds generalizable predictive patterns. According to Michael I. Jordan, the ideas of machine learning, from methodological principles to theoretical tools, have had a long pre-history in statistics. He also suggested the term data science as a placeholder to call the overall field. Leo Breiman distinguished two statistical modeling paradigms: data model and algorithmic model, wherein "algorithmic model" means more or less the machine learning algorithms like Random forest.
|
|
The fruits-and-vegetables diet was also successful, although it produced more modest reductions compared with the control diet (2.8 mm Hg systolic and 1.1 mm Hg diastolic). In the subjects with and without hypertension, the combination diet effectively reduced blood pressure more than the fruits-and-vegetables diet or the control diet did. The data indicated that reductions in blood pressure occurred within two weeks of subjects’ starting their designated diets, and that the results were generalizable to the target sample of the U.S. population. Side effects were negligible, but the NEJM study reports that some subjects reported constipation as a problem.
|
|
A case series (also known as a clinical series) is a type of medical research study that tracks subjects with a known exposure, such as patients who have received a similar treatment, or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome. Case series may be consecutive or non-consecutive, depending on whether all cases presenting to the reporting authors over a period were included, or only a selection. When information on more than three patients is included, the case series is considered to be a systematic investigation designed to contribute to generalizable knowledge (i.e., research), and therefore submission is required to the IRB.
|
|
Surveys can be used especially in relation to the gathering of community demographics where a large number of people may be involved, and also in which multiple variables such socio-economic status, education levels and employment are being measured in relation to the planned intervention. Large scale surveys involving many people can reveal useful information, while smaller surveys may be less generalizable and used only in the context within which they are conducted. Survey design will vary depending on context, such as internet and phone surveys for well resourced communities or face to face surveys for less resourced communities.
|
|
Mathematics makes up that part of the human conceptual system that is special in the following way: :"It is precise, consistent, stable across time and human communities, symbolizable, calculable, generalizable, universally available, consistent within each of its subject matters, and effective as a general tool for description, explanation, and prediction in a vast number of everyday activities, [ranging from] sports, to building, business, technology, and science." (WMCF, pp. 50, 377) Nikolay Lobachevsky said "There is no branch of mathematics, however abstract, which may not some day be applied to phenomena of the real world." A common type of conceptual blending process would seem to apply to the entire mathematical procession.
|
|
This concept states that defense mechanisms such as denial and rationalization may be mental strategies used to decrease negative emotions. As individuals begin to partake in more environmentally positive behaviors, regardless of motivation, this may alleviate their need for denial and rationalization and lead to their comprehension and understanding that eating more healthily is also more environmentally sustainable. Motivation and Values Motivation is defined as what individuals choose to do, how intensely they choose to do it, and the amount of time the behavior is maintained. This definition is not specific to environmental choices and food consumption but can be easily utilized in this setting due to its generalizable nature.
|
|
Gal has argued that loss aversion is not supported by the evidence and that most phenomena attributed to loss aversion have alternative explanations that are more consistent with the evidence. In particular, Gal has cited psychological inertia as an explanation for the endowment effect and status quo bias. In addition to his specific critique of loss aversion, Gal has argued that behavioral economics more broadly has been too concerned with understanding how behavior deviates from standard economic models rather than with understanding why people behave the way they do. Understanding why behavior occurs is necessary for the creation of generalizable knowledge, the goal of science.
|
|
Williams' research program was notable in that he used yeast as model organisms to study nutritional requirements, on the hypothesis that the underlying cellular biochemistry was generalizable from yeast to animals. He aimed to study vitamins, at the time known as animal nutrients whose chemical properties were not characterized. This approach was successful in leading to the discovery of pantothenic acid, published in 1933, which prompted renewed interest among biochemists in microbial metabolism. Williams and his colleagues in Texas – including Robert Eakin, Esmond Snell, William Shive, and Lester Reed – continued this work and used the technique to discover a number of other vitamins and nutrients.
|
|
Some researchers think external validity and ecological validity are closely related in the sense that causal inferences based on ecologically valid research designs often allow for higher degrees of generalizability than those obtained in an artificially produced lab environment. However, this again relates to the distinction between generalizing to some population (closely related to concerns about ecological validity) and generalizing across subpopulations that differ on some background factor. Some findings produced in ecologically valid research settings may hardly be generalizable, and some findings produced in highly controlled settings may claim near-universal external validity. Thus, external and ecological validity are independent—a study may possess external validity but not ecological validity, and vice versa.
|
|
The Lost in the Mall technique is generally accepted as a memory implantation study that is useful for investigating the effect of suggestions on memory. However, some have argued that it is not generalizable to memories for traumatic events. An article in the journal Child Development by Pezdek and Hodges described an extension of the experiment: by using the subjects' family members to do the interviewing, their study was able to replicate Loftus' findings that memories of being lost in the mall could be created and were more likely to occur in young children. However, a much smaller number of children reported false memories of another untrue incident: that of a painful and embarrassing enema.
|
|
At the turn of the 20th century the first generation of German sociologists formally introduced methodological antipositivism, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural norms, values, symbols, and social processes viewed from a subjective perspective. Max Weber argued that sociology may be loosely described as a 'science' as it is able to identify causal relationships--especially among ideal types, or hypothetical simplifications of complex social phenomena. As a nonpositivist however, one seeks relationships that are not as "ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable" as those pursued by natural scientists. Ferdinand Tönnies presented Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (sometimes translated as community and society) as the two normal types of human association, a distinction that was developed further by Max Weber.
|
|
It proposes a deeper understanding of the underlying theory instead of memorization of specific methods will allow students to develop individual methods which solve the same problems. Students' alternative algorithms are often just as correct, efficient, and generalizable as the standard algorithms, and maintain emphasis on the meaning of the quantities involved, especially as relates to place values (something that is usually lost in the memorization of standard algorithms). The development of sophisticated calculators has made manual calculation less important (see the note on square roots, above) and cursory teaching of traditional methods has created failure among many students. Greater achievement among all types of students is among the primary goals of mathematics education put forth by NCTM.
|
|
Sally Fuller and Ramon Aldag argue that group decision-making models have been operating under too narrow of a focus due to the overemphasis of the groupthink phenomenon. In addition, according to them, group decision-making has often been framed in relative isolation, ignoring context and real-world circumstances, which is a likely consequence of testing group decision-making in laboratory studies. They claim that the groupthink model is overly deterministic and an unrealistically restrictive depiction of the group problem-solving process.” To address these problems, they propose a new model that incorporates elements of group decision-making processes from a broader, more comprehensive perspective, offering a more general and generalizable framework for future research.
|
|
Much library and information science (LIS) research has focused on the information-seeking practices of practitioners within various fields of professional work. Studies have been carried out into the information-seeking behaviors of librarians, academics, medical professionals, engineers, lawyers and mini-publics(among others). Much of this research has drawn on the work done by Leckie, Pettigrew (now Fisher) and Sylvain, who in 1996 conducted an extensive review of the LIS literature (as well as the literature of other academic fields) on professionals' information seeking. The authors proposed an analytic model of professionals' information seeking behaviour, intended to be generalizable across the professions, thus providing a platform for future research in the area.
|
|
Up until Babad, Inbar, and Rosenthal, studies on teacher/supervisor expectancy and its effect on performance had primarily focused on the Pygmalion effect. Babad actually investigated the effect in his 1977 paper looking at developmentally challenged students but his 1982 paper is considered the seminal Golem effect article due to its more generalizable student population. As opposed to other past teacher-student expectancy studies, the authors asked their teachers to nominate three high-expectancy and three low-expectancy students out of each class instead of just high- expectancy nominations and a control group. In addition to replicating the findings of previous Pygmalion effect studies, the authors found support for the Golem effect.
|
|
These results were "not confounded by a measure of concentrated disadvantage that captures the effects of race, poverty, and other social disadvantages of the county." However, this study is limited in that it extrapolated Add Health estimates to the respondent's counties, and as the dataset was not designed to be representative on the state or county level, it may not be generalizable. It has also been shown that the effect of IQ is heavily dependent on socioeconomic status and that it cannot be easily controlled away, with many methodological considerations being at play. Indeed, there is evidence that the small relationship is mediated by well-being, substance abuse, and other confounding factors that prohibit simple causal interpretation.
|
|
Karolina Koprowska, writes that the book focuses on micro-history studies and case- study analysis. She calls it a unique book with both a clear scholarly goal and a political message, taking a clear stance in the ongoing discussion in Poland about Polish-Jewish historical relations. She writes that the book is valuable for its solid methodology, rare and personal focus on micro-history, and demonstration of how significant were varying local characteristics, which resulted in widely different and not fully generalizable circumstances that Jews faced in different parts of occupied Poland. She does note that the book may, however, lack an overarching methodological conclusion and does not attempt a new grand theory of Polish-Jewish wartime history.
|
|
Scribner and Cole found no generalizable cognitive benefits from Vai literacy; instead, individual differences on cognitive tasks were due to other factors, like schooling or living environment. The results suggested that there is “no single construct of literacy that divides people into two cognitive camps; [...] rather, there are gradations and types of literacies, with a range of benefits closely related to the specific functions of literacy practices.” Furthermore, literacy and social development are intertwined, and the literacy divide does not exist on the individual level. Warschauer draws on Scribner and Cole’s research to argue that ICT literacy functions similarly to literacy acquisition, as they both require resources rather than a narrow cognitive skill.
|
|
Thus, while sweeping changes in counter-terrorism rhetoric redefined most American post 9/11 law enforcement agencies in theory, it is hard to assess how well such hyperbole has translated into practice. In intelligence-led policing(ILP) efforts, the most quantitatively amenable starting point for measuring the effectiveness of any policing strategy (i.e.: Neighborhood Watch, Gun Abatement, Foot Patrols, etc.) is usually to assess total financial costs against clearance rates or arrest rates. Since terrorism is such a rare event phenomena,Kilburn Jr., John C. and Costanza, S.E. 2009 "Immigration and Homeland Security" published in Battleground: Immigration (Ed: Judith Ann Warner); Greenwood Publishing, Ca. measuring arrests or clearance rates would be a non-generalizable and ineffective way to test enforcement policy effectiveness.
|
|
The current research on adolescent risk-taking sexual behaviors lack three fundamentals conditions that would give sufficient and generalizable data on the current sexual-behaviors of adolescents. The first is that the research studies need to have large samples and thorough designs to cover the diverse populations of adolescents that range from various genders, sexual orientations, ethnicities, races, and cultures. Second, there needs to be research that studies the interaction between various social contexts, such as riding in cars for enjoyment, and adolescent sexual-behaviors that leave youth susceptible to engaging in sexual-intercourse. Lastly, it would be necessary for repeated longitudinal studies on the sexual behaviors of adolescents as behaviors are constantly changing and may be open to different interpretations.
|
|
The paper has been criticized for restricting its analysis to convenience samples of college students, possibly introducing systematic bias by excluding victims so traumatized that they did not go on to attend college. Another possibility was that Rind et al.'s conclusions may not be generalizable beyond college populations in general as individuals with a history of CSA were more likely than non-abused individuals to drop out of college after a single semester. Rind, Bauserman and Tromovitch responded to this criticism by saying that "the representativeness of college samples is in fact irrelevant to the stated goals and conclusions of our study" since the purpose of their research was "to examine the validity of the clinical concept" of CSA.
|
|
Ibn al-Haytham was the first mathematician to derive the formula for the sum of the fourth powers, using a method that is readily generalizable for determining the general formula for the sum of any integral powers. He performed an integration in order to find the volume of a paraboloid, and was able to generalize his result for the integrals of polynomials up to the fourth degree. He thus came close to finding a general formula for the integrals of polynomials, but he was not concerned with any polynomials higher than the fourth degree. In the late 11th century, Omar Khayyam wrote Discussions of the Difficulties in Euclid, a book about what he perceived as flaws in Euclid's Elements, especially the parallel postulate.
|
|
Coates's use of "the Dream" (in reference to paradisal suburban life) confused her, and she thought Coates stretched beyond what is safely generalizable. In particular, she felt that the phrasing of his comments on 9/11 could be easily misread. Kakutani thought that Coates did not consistently acknowledge racial progress achieved over the course of centuries and that some parts read like the author's internal debate. Benjamin Wallace-Wells of New York magazine said that a sense of fear for one's children propels the book, and Coates's atheism gives the book a sense of urgency. On November 18, 2015, it was announced that Coates had won the National Book Award for Between the World and Me. NPR's Colin Dwyer had considered it the favorite to win the prize, given the book's reception.
|
|
The content was decided after a series of meetings with many stakeholders including researchers; representatives from ministries of health and nonprofit stroke agencies (including the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada); healthcare providers; and stroke survivors. The collected data focus on time intervals between stroke onset and the delivery of care including thrombolysis, and include information on patient demographics, stroke type, stroke risk factors, premorbid conditions, stroke severity, brain imaging, treatments (including medications), and the utilization of stroke protocols/units. Given that the data are collected from a select group of hospitals, a significant limitation of the RCSN is that the results may not be generalizable to the entire population of patients with acute stroke. To obtain population-based stroke data, a supplemental data collection is undertaken biannually — the Ontario Stroke Audit (OSA).
|
|
The AQ is a self-report measure which allows for the subject to give lower scores to the items they think would be see as stigmatizing or discriminatory towards those with mental illness in order to make themselves look better. Because the scale is a self-report questionnaire and not a behavioral observation, the answers given may not align with actual behaviors the subject engages in. Additionally, most of the studies on the AQ have been conducted in United States populations which does not make it generalizable to those outside of the US. It has also only been validated in volunteer studies of college students and adolescent students. In order to assess whether the scale can be used in measuring stigma in other populations, more research in wider and more diverse populations is needed.
|
|
Given Binet's stance that intelligence testing was subject to variability and was not generalizable, it is important to look at the metamorphosis that mental testing took on as it made its way to the U.S. While Binet was developing his mental scale, the business, civic, and educational leaders in the U.S. were facing issues of how to accommodate the needs of a diversifying population, while continuing to meet the demands of society. There arose the call to form a society based on meritocracy while continuing to underline the ideals of the upper class. In 1908, H.H. Goddard, a champion of the eugenics movement, found utility in mental testing as a way to evidence the superiority of the white race. After studying abroad, Goddard brought the Binet-Simon Scale to the United States and translated it into English.
|
|
The combination of these two force balances is called thermal wind balance, a term generalizable also to more complicated horizontal flow balances such as gradient wind balance. Since the geostrophic wind at a given pressure level flows along geopotential height contours on a map, and the geopotential thickness of a pressure layer is proportional to virtual temperature, it follows that the thermal wind flows along thickness or temperature contours. For instance, the thermal wind associated with pole-to-equator temperature gradients is the primary physical explanation for the jet stream in the upper half of the troposphere, which is the atmospheric layer extending from the surface of the planet up to altitudes of about 12-15 km. Mathematically, the thermal wind relation defines a vertical wind shear – a variation in wind speed or direction with height.
|
|
Upzoning (rezoning for more housing) may not generate immediate housing production and can worsen affordability: a study by Yonah Freemark published in Urban Affairs Review in 2019 found rezoning for denser development near transit stations in Chicago led to a speculative increase in property values and no additional development after a period of five years. In follow-up commentary, Freemark said that the results had been misinterpreted as proof that upzoning will always raise housing prices. He said the study could describe the effects of upzoning, not the effects of new construction enabled by upzoning, and that affordability requirements (inclusionary zoning) could be included with upzoning. Freemark also said the findings of his study, which only looked at Chicago, were not necessarily generalizable to other regions and concluded that his study neither proved nor disproved that increases in housing density improve affordability.
|
|
Piaget believed in two basic principles relating to character education: that children develop moral ideas in stages and that children create their conceptions of the world. According to Piaget, "the child is someone who constructs his own moral world view, who forms ideas about right and wrong, and fair and unfair, that are not the direct product of adult teaching and that are often maintained in the face of adult wishes to the contrary" (Gallagher, 1978, p. 26). Piaget believed that children made moral judgments based on their own observations of the world. Piaget's theory of morality was radical when his book The Moral Judgment of the Child was published in 1932 for two reasons: his use of philosophical criteria to define morality (as universalizable, generalizable, and obligatory) and his rejection of equating cultural norms with moral norms.
|
|
United States, ("[W]e granted certiorari to resolve a divergence of opinion among the Courts of Appeals."). Although the Court always maintains discretion over whether it should grant review of a case, the Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States specifically state that the existence of a circuit split is one of the factors the Court considers when deciding whether to grant review. Philip Allen Lacovara and H.W. Perry both claim that the existence of a circuit split is "the single most important generalizable factor" that determines whether the Supreme Court will grant review of a case.Quoting Philip Allen Lacovara, 647 (2008) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also H.W. Perry, , Harvard University Press 246 (1991); Ryan Stephenson, Federal Circuit Case Selection at the Supreme Court: An Empirical Analysis 102 271, 274 (2013) (discussing Perry's findings).
|
|
Critics of cliodynamics often argue that the complex social formations of the past cannot and should not be reduced to quantifiable, analyzable 'data points', for doing so overlooks each historical society's peculiar circumstances and dynamics. Many historians and social scientists contend that there are no generalizable causal factors that can explain large numbers of cases, but that historical investigation should focus on the unique trajectories of each case, highlighting commonalities in outcomes where they exist. As Zhao notes, "most historians believe that the importance of any mechanisms in history changes, and more important, there is no time-invariant structure that can organize all the historical mechanisms into a system." Cliodynamicists, on the other hand, contend that there are large-scale, macrohistorical patterns that can explain the historical dynamics of the majority of known cases, and that these patterns can be uncovered through systematic, mathematical analysis.
|
|
One section of this official study guide explains a clinical scenario of an after hours phone call to a naturopathic practitioner from a frantic mother with a child who has a severe cough and is gasping for air; the following example questions do not recommend that the mother take the child to the emergency department per the medical standard of care but rather test on what homeopathic remedy should be administered. In 2005, the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies concluded that "there is little generalizable evidence that the NPLEX Part II clinical licensing examinations actually measure clinical competence" associated with the naturopathic profession. The report notes that NABNE, the exam administrator, claims that other testing formats that would better evaluate clinical skills, such as using standardized patients, are not feasible. In 2014, sample questions from the NPLEX Blue Print and Study Guide published by NABNE were entered into the public record of the Colorado state legislature.
|
|
This includes potential dismissal by police and some social services, a lack of support from peers, fear of attracting stigma toward the gay community, the impact of an HIV/AIDS status in keeping partners together (due to health care insurance/access, or guilt), threat of outing, and encountering supportive services that are targeted, or structured for the needs of heterosexual women, and may not meet the needs of gay men or lesbians. This service structure can make LGBTQ victims feel even more isolated and misunderstood than they may already because of their minority status. Lehman, however, stated that "due to the limited number of returned responses and non-random sampling methodology the findings of this work are not generalizable beyond the sample" of 32 initial respondents and final 10 who completed the more in-depth survey. Particularly, sexual stressors and an HIV/AIDS status have emerged as significant differences in same-sex partner violence.
|
|
Thompson claimed that Giddens presupposed a criterion of importance in contending that rules are a generalizable enough tool to apply to every aspect of human action and interaction; "on the other hand, Giddens is well aware that rules, or some kinds or aspects of rules, are much more important than others for the analysis of, for example, the social structure of capitalist societies." He found the term to be imprecise and to not designate which rules are more relevant for which social structures. Thompson used the example of linguistic analysis to point out that the need for a prior framework which to enable analysis of, for example, the social structure of an entire nation. While semantic rules may be relevant to social structure, to study them "presupposes some structural points of reference which are not themselves , with regard to which [of] these semantic rules are differentiated" according to class, sex, region and so on.
|
|
Homesign offers insight into the linguistic properties that are at the core of human language––properties that children are able to invent on their own, and that conventional sign languages are likely to have contained at the earliest stages of their creation. # Can the gestures that hearing speakers produce when they talk play a role in learning, in particular, in the transition from an understanding that is grounded in movements in space to an understanding that is abstract and generalizable? The gestures that hearing speakers produce when they talk are robust––they appear in congenitally blind individuals, even when they talk to other blind individuals and even though they have never seen anyone gesture, and in deaf children who use sign language as their primary language. These co-speech gestures reflect a speaker's thoughts, often thoughts that don't appear in the speaker's language (either sign or speech) and that the speaker doesn't even know she has.
|
|
Another article by Kenneth Pope in American Psychologist suggested possible confounding variables in the study, questioning whether the technique's ability to generate a false memory could be compared with the ability of a therapist to create a pseudomemory of childhood sexual abuse. In a 1999 article in the journal Ethics & Behavior, Lynn Crook and Martha Dean, psychologists who made their career in part with recovered memories, questioned Loftus' Lost in the Mall study, arguing that the methods used were unethical and the results not generalizable to real-life memories of trauma. Loftus responded to their criticism, noting "exaggerations, omissions and errors" in Crook and Dean's description of the technique and mistakes about the study's representation in the media. Loftus made it clear that the Lost in the Mall study (and other studies using memory implantation techniques) in no way claimed that all memories of childhood sexual abuse discovered in therapy were false; instead, they tried to show how easy it was to manipulate human memory if an older relative said they witnessed the incident.
|
|
For Lave, learning is a process undergone by an actor within a specific context. The skills or knowledge learned in one process are not generalizable nor reliably transferred to other areas of human action. Her primary focus was on mathematics in context and mathematics education. The broader implications reached by Lave and others who specialize in situated learning are that beyond the argument that certain knowledge is necessary to be a member of society (a Durkheimian argument), knowledge learned in the context of a school is not reliably transferable to other contexts of practice. John Locke argues that children are capable of reasoning at a young age: “It will perhaps be wonder’d, that I mention reasoning with children; and yet I cannot but think that the true way of dealing with them. They understand it as early as they do language; and, if I misobserve not, they love to be treated as rational creatures, sooner than is imagin’d,”, paragraph 81 Rousseau disagreed: “Use force with children and reasoning with men.
|
|
In fact, the advancing of this knowledge is totally antithetical to the expansions of the modernist, the post-modernist and the contemporary obsolete cultural heterotopias. It is quite comprehensible then, why the novel post-contemporary action has brandished the weapon, obtained from the powerful tools of complex systems, against the unstoppable and cyclical rebirth of the 'modernist’ rhetoric, which has blind faith in the reality of single and singular "fact", as an ideology against multiplicity, and idiom which terrifies from the universal and generalizable knowledge, thus, the modernist and the post-modernist thought, has no existence without a pulse of continuous driving of the abstract "theorization" in its many contradictory aspects, as a symptom that requires continuous intervention for the correction of its own paths of survival. Today within these paths, the two antithetical approaches, the temptations of intellectual reconstructions and the appeals of cultural works are still present as a system of total empiricism. The abstract theorization of the first idiom generates perpetual tautology and the second produces the rhetoric of communication and language.
|
|
The primary claim of feminists is that social science in general and criminology in particular represents a male perspective upon the world in that it focuses largely upon the crimes of men against men. Moreover, arguably the most significant criminological fact of all, namely that women commit significantly less crime than men, is hardly engaged with either descriptively or explanatory in the literature. In other words, it is assumed that explanatory models developed to explain male crime are taken to be generalizable to women in the face of the extraordinary evidence to the contrary. The conclusion that must be drawn is that not only can those theories not be generalized to women, but that that failure might suggest they may not explain adequately male crime either (Edwards 1989, Messerschmidt 1993, Caulfield and Wonders 1994) A second aspect of feminist critique centers upon the notion that even where women have become criminologists, they have adopted 'malestream' modes of research and understanding, that is they have joined and been assimilated into the modes of working of the masculine paradigm, rendering it simultaneously gender blind and biased (Menzies & Chunn 1991).
|
|