Acid fuchsine may be used to stain collagen, smooth muscle, or mitochondria. Acid fuchsin is used as the nuclear and cytoplasmic stain in Mallory's trichrome method. Acid fuchsin stains cytoplasm in some variants of Masson's trichrome. In Van Gieson's picro- fuchsine, acid fuchsin imparts its red colour to collagen fibres.
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Fuchsine Carbol fuchsin, carbol-fuchsin, or carbolfuchsin, is a mixture of phenol and basic fuchsin, used in bacterial staining procedures. It is commonly used in the staining of mycobacteria as it has an affinity for the mycolic acids found in their cell membranes. It is a component of Ziehl–Neelsen stain, a differential stain. Carbol fuchsin is used as the primary stain dye to detect acid-fast bacteria because it is more soluble in the cells wall lipids than in the acid alcohol.
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Acid fuchsin is also a traditional stain for mitochondria (Altmann's method).
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Acid fuchsin or fuchsine acid, (also called Acid Violet 19 and C.I. 42685) is an acidic magenta dye with the chemical formula C20H17N3Na2O9S3. Acid fuchsin has wide use in histology, and is one of the dyes used in Masson's trichrome stain.Jocelyn H. Bruce-Gregorios, M.D.: Histopathologic Techniques, JMC Press Inc., Quezon City, Philippines, 1974.
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A Lactofuchsin mount (also spelled Lacto-fuchsin or Lacto-Fuchsin) is a technique used for mounting fungi with hyphae on a microscope slide for examination. The main advantage of a lactofuchsin mount is that if performed correctly, it preserves the structure and arrangement of the hyphae, if present. Photograph of a fungus (unidentified) mounted using a Lactofuchsin mount.
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Paraldehyde is used in resin manufacture, as a preservative, MEP and in other processes as a solvent. It has been used in the generation of aldehyde fuchsin.
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Due to its thick waxy coating, M. leprae stains with a carbol fuchsin rather than with the traditional Gram stain. The culture takes several weeks to mature.
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This leaves only the degraded proteins which stains red (eosinophilic). Acidophilic neurons also can be stained with acidic dyes other than eosin (e.g. acid fuchsin and light green yellowish).
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Initially, carbol fuchsin stains every cell. When they are de-stained with acid-alcohol, only non-acid-fast bacteria get de-stained since they do not have a thick, waxy lipid layer like acid-fast bacteria. When counter stain is applied, non-acid-fast bacteria pick it up and become blue (methylene blue) or green (malachite green) when viewed under the microscope. Acid-fast bacteria retain carbol fuchsin so they appear red.
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Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky (1861-1921). Although debate exists as to who deserves credit for this general staining method, popular usage has attributed it to Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky. In the 1870s Paul Ehrlich used a mixture of acidic and basic dyes including acid fuchsin (acid dye) and methylene blue (basic dye) to examine blood films. In 1888 Cheslav Ivanovich Chenzinsky used methylene blue, but substituted the acid fuchsin used by Ehrlich with eosin.
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Fuchsine (sometimes spelled fuchsin) or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta dye with chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl."Basic chemical data". Discovery Series online database, Developmental Therapeutics Program, U.S. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
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Through the use of malachite green and a diluted ratio of carbol fuchsin, fixing bacteria in osmic acid was a great way to ensure no blending of dyes. However, newly revised staining methods have significantly decreased the time it takes to create these stains. This revision included substitution of carbol fuchsin with aqueous Safranin paired with a newly diluted 5% formula of malachite green. This new and improved composition of stains was performed in the same way as before with the use of heat fixation, rinsing, and blotting dry for later examination.
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The Kinyoun method can be modified as a weak acid fast stain, which uses 5% sulfuric acid instead of hydrochloric acid. The weak acid fast stain in addition to staining mycobacteria will stain organisms that are not able to maintain the carbol fuchsin after decolorizing with HCl.
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A Ziehl–Neelsen stain is an acid-fast stain used to stain species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that do not stain with the standard laboratory staining procedures such as Gram staining. This stain is performed through the use of both red coloured carbol fuchsin that stains the bacteria and a counter stain such as methylene blue.
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If the bacteria is acid-fast the bacteria will retain the initial red color of the dye because they are able to resist the destaining by acid alcohol (0.4–1% HCl in 70% EtOH). Carbol-fuchsin is also used as a topical antiseptic and antifungal. Its CAS number is . It is also known as Castellani's paint in the US.
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This method is commonly used to stain cytoplasm and nuclei of tissue sections in the histology laboratory in order to distinguish muscle from collagen. The muscle stains red with the acid fuchsin, and the collagen is stained green or blue with Light Green SF yellowish or methyl blue. It can also be used to identify growing bacteria.
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Van Gieson's stain in an angioleiomyoma, making smooth muscle fibers yellow and collagen fibers red. Hematoxylin and Van Gieson's stain gives collagen a pink color, such as in fibrosis (arrows, here in cirrhosis). Van Gieson's stain is a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin. It is the simplest method of differential staining of collagen and other connective tissue.
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Franz Ziehl (13 April 1857 in Wismar – 7 April 1926) was a German bacteriologist. He was a professor in Lübeck. Franz Ziehl introduced the carbol fuchsin stain for the tubercle bacillus in 1882. With pathologist Friedrich Neelsen (1854–1898), he developed the Ziehl–Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, which is used to identify acid-fast bacteria.
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It is used in histology for staining collagen; for that purpose it is a standard dye in North America. In Masson's trichrome it is used as a counterstain to acid fuchsin. It is a component of Papanicolaou stains together with eosin Y and bismarck brown Y. It usually comes as a disodium salt. Its maximum absorption is at 630 (422) nm.
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Elastic fibers stain well with aldehyde fuchsin, orcein, and Weigert's elastic stain in histological sections. The permanganate-bisulfite-toluidine blue reaction is a highly selective and sensitive method for demonstrating elastic fibers under polarizing optics. The induced birefringence demonstrates the highly ordered molecular structure of the elastin molecules in the elastic fiber. This is not readily apparent under normal optics.
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In 1882 Robert Koch discovered the etiology of tuberculosis. Soon after Koch’s discovery, Paul Ehrlich developed a stain for mycobacterium tuberculosis, called the alum hematoxylin stain. Franz Ziehl then altered Ehrlich’s staining technique by using carbolic acid as the mordant. Friedrich Neelsen kept Ziehl’s choice of mordant but changed the primary stain to carbol fuchsin. Ziehl and Neelsen’s modifications together have developed the Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
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The Wayson stain is a basic fuchsin-methylene blue, ethyl alcohol-phenol microscopic staining procedure. It was originally a modified methylene blue stain used for diagnosing bubonic plague. With this stain, Yersinia pestis appears purple with a characteristic safety-pin appearance, which is due to the presence of a central vacuole. Wayson stain is used along with the Giemsa and Wright's stains to rapidly detect potential biowarfare attacks.Medscape.
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For agricultural research purposes, assessing the viability of pollen grains can be necessary and illuminating. A very common, efficient method to do so is known as Alexander's stain. This differential stain consists of ethanol, malachite green, distilled water, glycerol, phenol, chloral hydrate, acid fuchsin, orange G, and glacial acetic acid. In angiosperms and gymnosperms non-aborted pollen grain will appear red or pink, and aborted pollen grains will appear blue or slightly green.
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The Gimenez staining technique uses biological stains to detect and identify bacterial infections in tissue samples. Although largely superseded by techniques like Giemsa staining, the Gimenez technique may be valuable for detecting certain slow-growing or fastidious bacteria. Basic fuchsin stain in aqueous solution with phenol and ethanol colours many bacteria (both gram positive and Gram negative) red, magenta, or pink. A malachite green counterstain gives a blue-green background cast to the surrounding tissue.
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The actual composition of basic fuchsine tends to somewhat vary by vendor and batch, making the batches differently suitable for different purposes. In solution with phenol (also called carbolic acid) as an accentuator it is called carbol fuchsin and is used for the Ziehl–Neelsen and other similar acid-fast staining of the mycobacteria which cause tuberculosis, leprosy etc.Clark G 1973 Staining Procedures Used by the Biological Stain Commission, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp.
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This test is useful because many diseases alter the proportion of certain white blood cells. By analyzing these differences in combination with a clinical exam and other lab tests, medical professionals can diagnose disease. One commonly recognizable use of differential staining is the Gram stain. Gram staining uses two dyes: Crystal violet and Fuchsin or Safranin (the counterstain) to differentiate between Gram-positive bacteria (large Peptidoglycan layer on outer surface of cell) and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Retrieved on 2007-09-25. is usually cited with one of two etymologies: from the color of the flowers of the plant genus Fuchsia,(2004.) "Fuchsin" The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, via dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-20 named in honor of botanist Leonhart Fuchs, or as the German translation Fuchs of the French name Renard, which means fox."Fuchsine." (Website.) ARTFL Project: 1913 Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary.
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Aside from its main use in lacquers, small amounts of nigrosin are used for negative staining of bacteria. as well as the capsule-containing fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. The shapes and sizes of the organisms are seen as color-free outlines against the dark background. An advantage of using this method, rather than regular positive stains like methylene blue or carbol fuchsin, is that prior fixation by heat or alcohol is not needed, so the organisms are seen in more lifelike shapes.
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Moeller staining involves the use of a steamed dye reagent in order to increase the stainability of endospores; carbol fuchsin is the primary stain used in this method. Endospores are stained red, while the counterstain methylene blue stains the vegetative bacteria blue. Endospores are surrounded by a highly resistant spore coat, which is highly resistant to excessive heat, freezing, desiccation, as well as chemical agents. More importantly, for identification, spores are resistant to commonly employed staining techniques; therefore alternative staining methods are required.
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Mallory's trichrome stain is a stain utilized in histology to aid in revealing different macromolecules that make up the cell. It uses the three stains: aniline blue, acid fuchsin, and orange G. As a result, this staining technique can reveal collagen, ordinary cytoplasm, and red blood cells. It is helpful, therefore, in examining the collagen of connective tissue. For tissues that are not directly acidic or basic, it can be difficult to use only one stain to reveal the necessary structures of interest.
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Gram staining is used to determine gram status to classifying bacteria broadly based on the composition of their cell wall. Gram staining uses crystal violet to stain cell walls, iodine (as a mordant), and a fuchsin or safranin counterstain to (mark all bacteria). Gram status, helps divide specimens of bacteria into two groups, generally representative of their underlying phylogeny. This characteristic, in combination with other techniques makes it a useful tool in clinical microbiology laboratories, where it can be important in early selection of appropriate antibiotics.
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Fuchsin solutions appear colored due to the visible wavelength absorbance of its central quinoid structure—see also for example viologen —but are "decolorized" upon sulfonation of the dye at its central carbon atom by sulfurous acid or its conjugate base, bisulfite. This reaction disrupts the otherwise favored delocalized extended pi-electron system and resonance in the parent molecule. The structure of the "decolorized" Schiff reagent. The further reaction of the Schiff reagent with aldehydes is complex with several research groups reporting multiple reaction products with model compounds.
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On light microscope examination, these fibres may be distinguished from mature elastic fibers by their failure to stain with aldehyde fuchsin solutions, unless they have been oxidized by potassium permanganate, performic acid or peracetic acid. Under electron microscopy they appear to be composed of microfibrillar units, 7–20 nm in diameter with a periodicity of 12–17 nm. From their morphology, localization and staining properties it seems likely that these fibers are an immature form of elastic tissue. They can be found on the surface of smooth muscles.
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Dyes are used in many industries, like paper printing or textile. They are often recalcitrant to degradation and in some cases, like some azo dyes, cancerogenic or otherwise toxic. The mechanism the fungi degrade this dyes is their lignolytic enzymes, especially laccase, so white rot mushrooms are the most commonly used. Mycoremediation has proven to be a cheap and effective remediation technology for dyes such as malachite green, nigrosin and basic fuchsin with Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Congo red, a carcinogenic dye recalcitrant to biodegradative processes, direct blue 14 (using Pleurotus).
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He improved fixation methods, for instance, his solution of potassium dichromate and osmium tetroxide.William Bechtel, Discovering Cell Mechanisms: The Creation of Modern Cell Biology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp 80–83. Using that along with a new staining technique of applying acid-fuchsin contrasted by picric acid amid delicate heating, he observed filaments in the nearly all cell types, developed from granules.Erik Nordenskiöld, The History of Biology (New York: Knopf, 1935), pp 538–39. He named the granules "bioblasts", and explained them as the elementary living units, having metabolic and genetic autonomy, in his 1890 book "Die Elementarorganismen" ("The Elementary Organism").
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A second, earlier mechanism continues to appear in the literature.Histochemistry, theoretical and applied 4th Ed. 1985 Note: the depiction of the sulfonic acid mechanism in this edition contains an error as the aldehyde R group is bonded to nitrogen and not to its carbon neighbor The mechanism was proposed in 1921 by the eminent German organic chemist Heinrich Wieland and his student Georg Scheuing (1895–1949).Wieland, Heinrich ; Scheuing, Georg (1921) "Die Fuchsin-schweflige Säure und ihre Farbreaktion mit Aldehyden" (Fuchsine-sulfurous acid and its colored reaction with aldehydes), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 54 (10) : 2527–2555.
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When producing gas from coal big amounts of tar were left as by- product. In 1856 William Perkin discovered that tar could be used to make synthetic dyes from aniline. Engelhorn recognised quickly the opportunities Perkin`s discovery could have for his own business and founded a small aniline and dyestuff factory, which was located not far away from the Mannheim gasworks. In 1861 he started producing fuchsin. BASF plant in Ludwigshafen in 1866 Four years later Engelhorn wanted to enlarge his engagement in the chemical industry and with several partners he founded the “Badische Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik” (BASF) on 6 April 1865.
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A preparation of Bacillus subtilis showing endospores stained with malachite green (vegetative cells stained pink with safranin counterstain) Numerous niche applications exploit the intense color of MG. It is used as a biological stain for microscopic analysis of cell biology and tissue samples. In the Gimenez staining method, basic fuchsin stains bacteria red or magenta, and malachite green is used as a blue-green counterstain. Malachite green is also used in endospore staining, since it can directly stain endospores within bacterial cells; here a safranin counterstain is often used. Malachite green is a part of Alexander's pollen stain.
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MacConkey agar is culture medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and stain them for lactose fermentation. It contains bile salts (to inhibit most Gram- positive bacteria), crystal violet dye (which also inhibits certain Gram- positive bacteria), neutral red dye (which stains microbes fermenting lactose), lactose and peptone. Alfred Theodore MacConkey developed it while working as a bacteriologist for the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal in the United Kingdom. Endo agar contains peptone, lactose, dipotassium phosphate, agar, sodium sulfite, basic fuchsin and was originally developed for the isolation of Salmonella typhi, but is now commonly used in water analysis.
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His research problem was one of the earliest studies of genetic linkage in plants. Baur suggested that he clarify the linkage relations between one specific mutant (A, fuchsin red) and another nine mutants in Antirrhinum majus, the common snap dragon. In this Otto was unlucky because, after an extensive crossing and back-crossing programme, he found that all but one of the mutations segregated independently of A, and to a large extent of one another. However, the introduction to his thesis was a comprehensive review of linkage in plants that brought high praise from Baur and earned his doctorate from the University of Berlin in 1925.
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To properly assess the height of the airship relative to the ground, were not sufficiently reliable altimeters available at the time, and was therefore used a more efficient system: from the cabin of the airship were dropped the vials of glass, stuffed with fuchsin, by measuring the time of a fall with a special stopwatch, made in Rome by Hausmann, starting from the release until the vial collapsed, packing red. In order to make the tent visible from above, the survivors decided to use the fallen firecracker vials to draw a line of red lines. Once communications were established through the radio, the rescuers became aware of the new color, and the journalists coined the name "Red Curtain". The continual and aggressive light of the Nordic summer made the delicate aniline vanish in just a few days, bringing the tent to its original livery.
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