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1000 Sentences With "French Republic"

How to use French Republic in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "French Republic" and check conjugation/comparative form for "French Republic". Mastering all the usages of "French Republic" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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"Corsica is at the heart of the (French) Republic," Macron said.
Macron will be the youngest ever president of the French Republic.
In his victory speech, he vowed to protect the French republic.
"In the name of the French Republic," Macron said on Sept.
It's a terrible break with the fundamental principles of the French republic.
I also learned how to be French and embrace the values of the French Republic.
The French, he noted, do not commonly call their country the French Republic, its official name.
"Whoever did this is not worthy of the French republic and will be punished," he said.
Local officials in their hi-viz jackets, bearing the motto of the French Republic: Liberté, égalité, fraternité.
"In a way, we took back the French Republic, which people felt had abandoned them," Mr. Santaki said.
The values of liberty, equality and fraternity that are the basis for the French republic demand nothing less.
Being a citizen of the French republic, with all its rights, obligations and ideological axioms, is a demanding business.
Overhead, a banner hanging from the statue of Marianne, symbol of the French republic, read: "Give back the money".
Laïcité and the ambient Islamophobia mean this scene couldn't take place in any official building of the French Republic.
Paris protesters smashed this statue of the Marianne, a symbol of the French Republic, inside the Arc de Triomphe.
If they had been, their status as foreigners in the French Republic would most certainly have resulted in their deportation.
Algeria had been under French rule since 1830 and was considered more like a full part of the French Republic.
Candles, flowers and pictures of the victims lined the base of the Marianne statue, a symbol of the French republic.
On 23 April, he filed a lawsuit against the French Republic, its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and France's Tourism Development Agency.
The logo contains an optical illusion, showing an Olympic flame, a gold medal, and Marianne — the symbol of the French Republic.
The young president said mentioning Corsica in France's supreme law would both recognize its identity and anchor it within the French Republic.
After 130 years of French rule, Algeria had increasingly become part of the French republic, and Muslims increasingly a part of France.
In the national French press, the affair is discussed as though it were a sinister Islamist conspiracy to subvert the secular French republic.
The French president, François Hollande, had called a huge rally in support of the values of the French Republic after the January killings.
I had no idea I was even being considered, much less that the French Republic would stoop to give me such an honor.
"What's key is ... that the laws of the French republic forbid insulting, intimidating, threatening and following women in public spaces," Schiappa said on Thursday.
"We have a great interest in the success of the French republic and in its strength," FDP leader Christian Lindner told a news conference.
More than three decades later, the Revolution of 513 brought his nephew Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte to power as president of the Second French Republic.
Following David's grand paragon, the art of the nascent French Republic seized upon Ancient Rome for examples of artistic representations of virtue and heroism.
Protesters graffitied the landmark's exterior and ransacked its interior, destroying a statue of Marianne (a symbol of the French Republic) according to security footage.
"Whoever did this is not worthy of the French republic and will be punished," declared President Emmanuel Macron as he paid homage at the site.
Three things can be seen in the logo — a gold medal, an Olympic flame, and the face of Marianne — the symbol of the French Republic.
Their villas are, for the most part, borrowed or rented; their leisure is not a noble privilege but an entitlement granted by the French republic.
This hope is certainly a projection of her own concerns with forging a post-colonial identity that is not in thrall to the French Republic.
The loss of the king and the post-revolutionary Terror, he argued, had created an "emotional, imaginary collective void" at the centre of the French republic.
In a speech on Monday night, Valls praised the bare breasts of Marianne, a symbol of the French Republic and an icon of liberty and reason.
In other words, as inconceivable as it is, the era of soggy salad and overcooked pasta in Styrofoam containers may soon be upon the French Republic.
It's an optical illusion that contains three hidden symbols: a gold medal, an Olympic flame, and the face of Marianne, a symbol of the French Republic.
The term institutional racism, which in French is called state racism, is seen by many as an affront to the colorblind ideal of a universalist French republic.
Gaullists are traditional nationalists who revere the memory of General Charles de Gaulle, the wartime resistance leader who later became the founding president of the Fifth French Republic.
But in France, the annual march down the Champs-Élysées reaffirms the endurance of the country's revolution and the power of the French Republic, not any one leader.
Laïcité, the concept of state secularism, is a defining principle of the French republic, but it has often been a point of friction between Muslims and the state.
Most presidents of the French Republic (including the current Socialist president, François Hollande, who allowed Grasso to film there) have used the Salon Doré as their main office.
Like reading and writing, swimming is among the essential skills that the French Republic has pledged to make available to its citizens since the end of the 29th century.
ADP said on Monday its Board of Directors will propose to the President of the French Republic the designation of Augustin de Romanet as Chairman and CEO of Aéroports de Paris.
RATING SENSITIVITIES A downgrade would most likely follow a downgrade of the sovereign rating due to links between the joint bond's rating to the Issuer Default Rating of the French Republic.
Instead of making overt critiques, he instead told stories about ordinary people with ordinary problems in the framework of big ideas, like the Ten Commandments or the values of the French republic.
Asked by a reporter if the French republic had been "tarnished" by Mr. Benalla's actions, Mr. Macron replied only "No, no, no, the republic is steadfast," before moving on through a crowd.
Americans who are aware of the intellectual links between the founding of their country and that of the French republic may not realize that Britain's modern political roots are joined to both.
"The New Caledonians have chosen to remain French...It is a vote of confidence in the French republic, its future and its values," President Emmanuel Macron said in a speech on French television.
" The French president said he "recognized, in the name of the French Republic, that Maurice Audin was tortured and then executed, or tortured to death, by soldiers who arrested him at his home.
The battle was a pivotal point in the establishment of the French Republic, a point that is celebrated in the United States by cooking French food and shopping at a French linen store.
Sparked by French investors, each of the films is named for a color of the French flag — Blue, White, Red — and explores the corresponding animating idea of the French republic: liberty, equality, and fraternity.
As of Thursday, five French mayors had banned the burkini, calling it, variously, a threat to public order, hygiene, water safety and morality, tantamount to a new weapon of war against the French republic.
TV images showed the inside of the monument ransacked with a statue of Marianne, a symbol of the French republic, smashed, and graffiti sprawled on the exterior ranging from anti-capitalist slogans to social demands.
As the teams were led on to the pitch, the French Republic Guard performed a cover of Oasis' "Don't Look Back in Anger" as a tribute to the victims of the recent UK terror attacks.
Eventually, this sense of secularism as a central principle of any French republic led to the 20133 law that separates Church and State, mandating state neutrality toward religions and the religious neutrality of public employees.
The French Republic, having overthrown the monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church in 1789, has made laïcité, or secularism, the cornerstone of citizenship, seeming to prioritize it over liberty, fraternity and, let's not forget, equality.
"What you've got to understand is that there is a sort of obsession, fantasized around the position that Jews hold in the French republic, that develops as a kind of resentment, a jealousy," he said.
Dozens of men and women quickly donned the yellow vests, or gilets jaunes, that have become the uniform of a movement which has for 17 weeks galvanized the French Republic and defied President Emmanuel Macron's government.
Changes to shorter English names are common—France is actually named "the French Republic," Denmark is "the Kingdom of Denmark," and now the Czech Republic will be "Czechia," if the country's cabinet gives it the final OK.
The huge monument of Marianne in the center of the square—the personification of the French Republic—was draped in signs urging people to organize themselves against police violence and declaring opposition to the state of emergency.
Mr. Macron has made several visits to African countries during his tenure, frequently speaking out against the crimes of colonialism, and on Saturday he described it as a "grave mistake" on the part of the French Republic.
TV footage showed the interior of the Arc ransacked, a statue of Marianne, symbol of the French republic, smashed, and graffiti scrawled on the exterior ranging from anti-capitalist slogans to social demands and calls for Macron's resignation.
What outsiders fail to understand, the French argue, is that such body wear is not just a casual choice but part of an attempt by political Islamism to win recruits and test the resilience of the French republic.
To cover the resulting estate tax bill of €17.7 million, they gave the French Republic—Nicolas Sarkozy, then president of France, was a close friend of the family—a set of bas-reliefs by Marie Antoinette's favorite sculptor.
Not yet 30 years old, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax had two mandates when appointed Commissioner of Saint Domingue by the French Republic: to re-establish French control and figure out how to reconcile slavery with revolutionary ideas of human equality.
Later, contradictory, intimately serene scenes, like Fabre's "Study of Antique Chair Covered with Drapery" (1796), inspired by the art of classical antiquity, communicate more settled hopes for the new French Republic that grew out of giddy political-social upheaval.
"Whoever did this is not worthy of the French republic and will be punished... We'll take action, we'll apply the law and we'll punish them," he said, walking through a gate scarred with a swastika as he entered the graveyard.
I ask if she's met the new French First Lady Brigitte Macron, and she smiles, sharing that she and her husband, former President of the French Republic Nicolas Sarkozy, recently had a "lovely" dinner with her and President Emmanuel Macron.
Emmanuel Macron President of the French Republic What I have to say is that from the very beginning till a very recent time, the Iran following all the records that made by the international agency, deep behaved properly they followed.
It was the first time since the establishment of the fifth French Republic in 1958 that no candidate from the two main political parties of the left and right has made it into the second round of the presidential vote.
Supporters say it is analogous to the shortened names used for other countries (France, after all, is officially "the French Republic"), and note that it is closer to the names used in most Romance and Germanic languages, as well as Hebrew.
He said in an interview that Muslims needed to try harder to demonstrate their willingness to be part of Nice's broader community, but also that the community needed to see that Islam and the values of the French republic could complement each other.
The company's best sellers are busts of Marianne, the symbol of the French republic, which sit in most local, regional and national governmental offices in France; and, of course, L'Inconnue ($130 for her death mask in white plaster, $175 with a shiny glaze).
President Barack Obama gave his vote of confidence in the "character of the French Republic" to overcome the tragic attack in Nice, France, Thursday, after a truck drove into a crowd of Bastille Day revelers, killing more than 70 and leaving many more injured.
As the day went on, thousands of people made their way to the Place de la République, a central rallying point in Paris, lighting candles and piling flowers on the pedestal of an immense bronze statue of Marianne, the personification of the French Republic.
What is supposed to combine the three symbols of the medal, the Olympic flame, and Marianne — a personification of the French Republic since 163, according to France 24 — has fans debating it looks more like the Tinder icon, Friends character Rachel Green's haircut, and more.
"On the centenary of the November 11, 1918 armistice, Mr Emmanuel Macron, president of the French Republic, and Mrs Angela Merkel, Chancellor of the federal Republic of Germany, here reaffirmed the value of Franco-German reconciliation in the service of Europe and peace," the plaque reads.
"On this Bastille Day, we are reminded of the extraordinary resilience and democratic values that have made France an inspiration to the entire world, and we know that the character of the French Republic will endure long after this devastating and tragic loss of life," Obama said.
"The UAE, while strongly condemning this hideous crime, affirms its full solidarity with the friendly French Republic in these circumstances and its support for whatever measures France may take to preserve its security and safety of its citizens and residents," the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation said.
" The statement continued: "On this Bastille Day,we are reminded of the extraordinary resilience and democratic values that have made France an inspiration to the entire world, and we know that the character of the French Republic will endure long after this devastating and tragic loss of life.
A mural commissioned by the French city of Grenoble as part of a street art festival caused a stir for its depiction of the allegorical figure of Marianne (a symbol of the French republic) cowering as two police officers in riot gear approach her with their batons raised.
Anxiety over whether the spiritual center might serve as a listening post, however, has obscured its principal and perhaps more intrusive role: an outsize display in the heart of Paris, the capital of the insistently secular French Republic, of Russia's might as a religious power, not just a military one.
First, by embodying the French republic in retreat from the Germans; then by seizing power, in a republican mode, to end the Algerian crisis; and, finally, when he ended the potential chaos of the May revolt by massing almost a million people on the Champs-Élysées in a counter-demonstration.
Though over tea at the hotel L'Impératrice, where I and most of the 13 artists are staying (along with a few other academics and members of the press), it becomes clear that Guérédrat has politics in mind — particularly those that shape and condition Martinique, an overseas region of the French republic.
"On Bastille Day, we are reminded of the extraordinary resilience and democratic values that have made France an inspiration to the entire world, and we know that the character of the French Republic will endure long after this devastating and tragic loss of life," Obama said in a statement condemning the attack. .
His work so clearly expressed the ethos of the moment that his early "muse," the model Ines de la Fressange, was later chosen as the model for a new bust of Marianne, the symbol of the French Republic — at which point Mr. Lagerfeld, incensed at the idea of having to share her, ended their professional relationship.
After all, The Decalogue is based on one of history's most famous sets of laws; the Three Colors films each explore one of the founding virtues of the French republic (liberty, equality, and fraternity); and The Double Life of Veronique seems to be at least partly about the struggles between Eastern and Western Europe after the fall of the Iron Curtain.
We had hoped that the attack, coming on the heels of so many others targeting Jews in France, including the horrific 2012 murder of a rabbi and three children at a Jewish school in Toulouse, would be enough of a shock to the French Republic that it would mark a turning point in that country's awareness of the problem of anti-Semitism.
The designs reflected the designer's signature mix of irreverence and humor: the Eiffel Tower wrapped in a corset, a leggy model dressed in Napoleon's First Consul uniform, a pair of musclebound sailors in Gallic striped sweaters arm wrestling, a corset-wearing hen dancing with a Gallic rooster in a Breton top, and a corseted punk Marianne (the female figure that is a symbol of the French Republic) kicking up her cancan skirt before the Moulin Rouge.
Every week seemed to bring a new polemic about "mass immigration" (in reality, France granted refugee status to only 26,000 people who applied in 2016, and the total immigrant population has increased only slightly in the last 10 years) or the role of France's Muslims (estimated at less than 6 percent of the population, half of whom are largely secular) in formulating an Islam compatible with the French Republic or the importance of affirming French "culture," whatever that might be.
Instead the French are focused on their country's failures: its dispatch under Vichy of Jews to their deaths, its painful colonial past in Algeria, its faltering attempts to integrate one of Europe's largest Muslim communities, its vulnerability to terrorist attacks in Paris and Nice, its expensive and sometimes rigid welfare state, its ambiguous relationship to global capitalism, its fraying model of "laïcité" (or secularism) designed to subsume religious difference in the values of the French republic — all are endlessly agonized over.
For the next ten years, these armies not only defended the fledgling First French Republic, but under the command of Generals such as Moreau, Jourdan, Kléber, Desaix and Bonaparte expanded the borders of the French republic.
The following lists events that happened during 1794 in the French Republic.
The Great Seal of France () is the official seal of the French Republic.
Ferdinand d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier (; 9 September 1884, Château d'Eu, Eu, Seine-Inférieure, French Republic - 30 January 1924, Château de Randan, Randan, Puy-de-Dôme, French Republic) was a member of the House of Orléans and a Prince of France.
The President of French Republic awarded her with the Legion of Honor in 2007.
Of these, according to the census of 2010 in Spain, 183,277 reside in the French Republic.
General Council General councillor of Puy- de-Dôme: 1958–1974 (Resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1974) / 1982–1988 (Resignation). Reelected in 1964, 1970, 1982. Municipal Council Mayor of Chamalières: 1967–1974 (Resignation, Became President of the French Republic in 1974). Reelected in 1971.
Opération Corse was a military operation that precipitated the fall of the Fourth French Republic in 1958.
Colombia–France relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Colombia and the French Republic.
This award is the second highest given by the French Republic to honor people of distinguished merit.
He collected an army of peasants and waged a private war against the government of the First French Republic.
Leo XIII was the first pope to come out strongly in favour of the French Republic, upsetting many French monarchists.
Rezo Gabridze counts among his many international awards Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters of the French Republic.
Free France and the subsequent governments of the re-established French Republic recreated the office at the end of the war.
Pétain was brought back to France, by then under control of the Provisional French Republic, and put on trial for treason.
He was the recipient of a 1980 Guggenheim Fellowship and the Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres from the French Republic.
Later, he went through Italy before entering the service of Russia and fighting the French Republic in Switzerland under Alexander Suvorov.
He was elected President of the French Republic on 13 May 1931, defeating the better known Aristide Briand, and replacing Gaston Doumergue.
The French Republic has an alcohol curfew starting at 2:00 a.m. exempting non- religious National Holidays. Not applicable to residential dwellings.
In 2003 she received an Ordre national du Mérite, which is an Order of State awarded by the President of the French Republic.
January 21: Louis XVI of France, is guillotined in Paris. The French Republic introduced the French Revolutionary Calendar starting with the year I.
The full name of the treaty is Agreement on Marine Delimitation between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic.
The French Empire (or Napoleonic Empire) formally existed during two periods when the head of the French state was a monarch who held the title of Emperor of the French. The First French Empire was the regime established by Napoleon I in France. This empire lasted from 1804 to 1814, from the Consulate of the First French Republic to the Bourbon Restoration, and was briefly restored during the Hundred Days in 1815. The Second French Empire was the regime established in France by Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second French Republic and the Third French Republic.
Godoy continued Spain's neutral policy towards the French Republic. In 1793, he failed to save King Louis XVI from the guillotine. Spain's protest against Louis' execution and its joining the alliance against the French Republic unleashed the War of the Pyrenees. The French armies managed to advance into the Basque districts in Spain by the west, and by the east (Catalonia).
In the second round of voting on 6 May 2012, François Hollande was elected President of the French Republic with 51.7% of the vote.
In 1794, the armies of the French Revolution annexed the Austrian Netherlands from the Holy Roman Empire and integrated them into the French Republic.
The President of the French Republic and the Catholic Bishop of Urgell are by virtue of office (ex officio) appointed Co-Princes of Andorra.
Louis Joseph Lahure (29 November 1767 – 24 October 1853) was a general in the service of the First French Republic and First French Empire.
Many republics reference that in their names, including the "French Republic" and the "Italian Republic" but others, such as Hungary and Ukraine do not.
They wish to maintain political autonomy within the French Republic and continue to grow that relationship while strengthening ties with Oceania, given their geographical position.
The townhall of Le Minihic-sur-Rance in the place de l' Église has a plaster Bourget bust of this symbol of the French Republic.
The French Digital Council is composed of 30 members appointed by a decree issued by the President of the French Republic dated 3 February 2016.
In trade with coffee and other colonial products he acquired great wealth. François Clary died on 20 January 1794 in Marseille, French Republic, aged 68.
Some possible examples include Adolf Hitler during the Great Depression and Napoleon III, who became first President of the Second French Republic and later Emperor.
The Croix de guerre was designed by the sculptor Paul-Albert Bartholomé. The medal is 37 mm in size and is in the shape of a Maltese cross with two swords criss-crossed through the center. In the center of the front, is the profile of the French Republic crested by a Phrygian cap. Around this portrait, are the words République française ("French Republic").
He was honoured in 2006 with the International Global Energy Prize, in 2011 with the National Order of the Legion of Honour of the French Republic.
She held the office of Senator of the French Republic since 2011. She did not seek reelection to the Senate when her term ended in 2017.
In 2016, Prajna Chowta was made Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite (Knight in the National Order of Merit), by the President of the French Republic.
He married his second wife, Diane de MacMahon (descendant of Patrice de MacMahon, 3rd President of the French Republic), he is the father of four children.
294x294px The French Digital Council is composed of 30 members appointed by a decree issued by the President of the French Republic dated 17 January 2013.
Since 2007, under President Nicolas Sarkozy, it was also used by the President of the French Republic. His wedding dinner to Carla Bruni took place there.
Faith, Desire, and Politics. Routledge, London and New York, 2014. Chapter 6 (p. 143–174): The new French republic and its rivalries (fall 1792–summer 1793).
During the French Revolution there was a coin named the "Louis d'or constitutionnel", a coin of the First French Republic. Engraved on the coin is "24 livres".
General councillor of Corrèze: 1968–88. Reelected in 1970, 1976, 1982. Municipal Council Mayor of Paris: 1977–95 (Resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1995).
The Escapees' Medal is a 30 mm in diameter circular medal struck from bronze. Its design is from the French engraver A. Dubois. Its obverse bears the relief left profile bust of Marianne (representing the French Republic) crowned with branches of oak, along the outer circumference, the relief inscription () "FRENCH REPUBLIC". On its reverse, at center, the relief inscription on three rows () (ESCAPEES' MEDAL) surrounded by a wreath of oak branches.
In March 2014 his appointment as Ambassador to the French Republic, with concurrent accreditation to the Kingdom of Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania and the Principality of Monaco was announced.
Benavides went to France to complete his military training,Basadre 1963, p. 3602 after which the French Republic distinguished him with the Cross of the Legion of Honor.
President of the French Republic: 1995–2007. Reelected in 2002. Member of the Constitutional Council of France: Since 2007. Governmental functions Prime minister: 1974–76 (Resignation) / 1986–88.
He won in 1993, the state prize of the French Republic, in 1995 the state award Rad Stur Class and in 1999 the state award Order of Andrej Hlinka.
Jules François Simon (; 31 December 1814 – 8 June 1896) was a French statesman and philosopher, and one of the leaders of the Moderate Republicans in the Third French Republic.
Jules Gustave René Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.
Along with 4 other women dressed as Marianne, the symbolic figure of the French Republic, covered with silver paint and bare-chested, she stood silently facing a riot squad.
El Salvador–France relations refers to the current and historical relations between the Republic of El Salvador and the French Republic. Both nations are members of the United Nations.
Union Aéromaritime de Transport (UAT) was a French airline. It had its head office in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.Translation of accident report in Rhodesia. Journal of the French Republic.
The accords also specify a gradual devolution of powers to the local New Caledonian assembly. The referendum's result was that New Caledonia would remain a part of the French Republic.
This last building in Via Giulia was built in 1924 by Marcello Piacentini on behalf of the Avvocato Pateras. Today it houses the Consulate of the French Republic in Rome.
In 1791 the National Assembly of the French Revolution declared the full civil rights for the Jewish population of the French Republic (Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen).
France–Peru relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the French Republic and the Republic of Peru. Both nations are members of the United Nations and the World Trade Organization.
The territory of the French Republic keeps the preexisting 85 departments. The departments themselves are divided into large communes, which are in turn divided into municipal sections and primary assemblies.
For their participation in Operation Dragoon and the subsequent liberation of France, the 517th PIR was awarded the French Croix de Guerre by the Provisional Government of the French Republic.
The Saudi Embassy in France is the diplomatic representation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the French Republic. Its ambassador since 2016 is Dr. Khalid Bin Mohammad Al Ankary.
The Second Battle of the Alps (; ) was a military campaign fought between combined German and Italian Social Republic forces, and the re-established French Republic led by Charles de Gaulle.
It was noted that she did receive the ambassador of the French Republic, Ginguen, with kindness, which aroused surprise, but she commented that she considered it to be a Christian act.
After almost two months of dispute, Kanimoa was officially confirmed by the administrator-superior of French Republic as king on 3 June 2016, and is reigning over the Kingdom ever since.
Several European countries have honorary consuls and hold informal honorary consulates in the island. The Honorary Consulate of the French Republic is based at Victor Hugo's former residence at Hauteville House.
James Bartholomew Blackwell (1763–1820) was an Irish mercenary and French Army officer serving the First French Republic and later under Napoleon. He also played a role in the 1798 Rebellion.
Following the formation of French Republic in September, the new French republican government did not promptly renew his credentials, ending what remained of his official status at the Court of St James. Despite Chauvelin's claims to continue as interim representative of France until the arrival of his new credentials (he believed them imminent), foreign secretary William Grenville refused to recognize him as officially speaking for the French republic and returned his papers and missives.See Grenville's letters to Chauvelin dated 31 December, 1792, 7 January, 1793, etc. Chauvelin finally received his new credentials from the French republic in January, 1793 and requested an audience with the British king to present them.See Chauvelin's letter (17 January 1793, p. 85) and Grenville's reply (20 January 1793, p.
The Treaty of Paris of 15 May 1796 was a treaty between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia during the War of the First Coalition. After four years of fighting, the French under Bonaparte had finally beaten the Piedmontese army in the Battle of Montenotte, and on 21 April 1796 in the Battle of Mondovi. This forced King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia to sign an armistice at Cherasco one week later, abandoning the First Coalition against the French Republic. In the following treaty King Victor Amadeus III recognized the French Republic, ceded the original Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice to France and gave the French Army free passage through his territory towards the rest of Italy.
The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then- President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris.
External view of the Embassy of France in Sweden. The Embassy of France in Stockholm is the diplomatic mission of the French Republic in Sweden. The chancery is located at Kommendörsgatan 13.
The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris.
Jamie D. McCourt ( Luskin; born December 5, 1953)U.S. Public Records Index Vol 2 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010. is the United States Ambassador to the French Republic and Principality of Monaco.
France, officially the French Republic, is a sovereign country in Western Europe that extends from the Mediterranean to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean.
ASF receives the Human Rights Prize of the French Republic 10 December 2011, ASF receives the prize from the French Human Rights Commission at a ceremony held at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris.
Ethnogenesis can be promoted to include or exclude any ethnic minority living within a certain country. In France, the integrationalist policy of the French Republic was inclusive; their laws stated all persons born or legally residing in France proper (including overseas departments and territories) were "Frenchmen". The law did not make any ethnic distinctions nor racial categories in between the "French" people. All people in France were Frenchmen and became citizens of the French Republic as far the country's law was concerned.
Described during his time as a man "short in stature, deformed in person, and hideous in face,"Adolphus, John. Biographical Anecdotes of the Founders of the French Republic. London: R. Phillips, 1799. p 232.
The Embassy of France in Belgrade is the diplomatic representation of the French Republic to the Republic of Serbia and is located in the Serbian capital. Since December 2017 its ambassador is Frédéric Mondoloni.
Jean François Aimé Dejean. Jean-François Aimé, Count of Dejean (1749–1824), was a French army officer and minister of state in the service of the First French Republic and the First French Empire.
After World War I the province went to the Third French Republic. After having been occupied by Nazi Germany, like the entire France, it returned to France during the end of World War II.
The French ambassador to the United States is the diplomatic representation of the French Republic to the United States.United States Department of State They reside in Washington, D.C.. The current ambassador is Philippe Étienne.
A truck of the FFI bearing the Free French Republic of Vercors emblem. A force of 4,000 French Resistance (FFI) fighters proclaimed the Free Republic of Vercors opposing the German army and French Milice.
Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic. These now total altogether 119,394 km² (46,098 sq. miles), with 2.7 million people in 2013.
He has received numerous honors, including the Legion of Honor from the French Republic, the Urbino World Press Award from the Italian Republic, and a lifetime achievement award from the International Committee for Foreign Journalism.
However, as the delegation was not increased, he never took his seat. In 1792, he represented the department of Hérault at the National Convention which assembled and proclaimed the First French Republic in September 1792.
The official name for the treaty is Agreement on Maritime Delimitation between the Government of the Cook Islands and the Government of the French Republic. It entered into force on the day it was signed.
The full name of the treaty is Agreement on maritime delimitation between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning Guadeloupe and Montserrat.
The French Republic is divided into 18 regions: 12 in mainland France and 6 elsewhere (1 in Europe: Corsica; 2 in the Caribbean (the Lesser Antilles): Guadeloupe and Martinique; 1 in South America: French Guiana; and 2 in the Indian Ocean near East Africa: Mayotte and Réunion). They are traditionally divided between the metropolitan regions, located on the European continent, and the overseas regions, located outside the European continent. Both have the same status and form the most integrated part of the French Republic.
Initially on the defence, the Orangist forces received aid from Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands in 1787. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French Republic (1793–1795), ousting stadtholder William V, abolishing the Dutch Republic, and replacing it with the Batavian Republic (1795–1806). After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810). The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813.
Jean-François Heidenreich (March 28, 1811 - March 29, 1872) was a French executioner and the first person to hold the position of Chief Executioner of France. His father, François-Joseph, had himself been an executioner in Chalon-sur-Saône until 1806. From 1849 until 1871, Hendenreich served as an executioner of Paris and held this job through the Second French Republic, Second French Empire, and Third French Republic. In 1871, he became the first sole executioner of France, as local executioners positions were eliminated.
Faith, Desire, and Politics. Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 6 (p. 223–269) : The new French republic and its enemies (fall 1792–summer 1793). also the state bureaucracy and the provinces remained under their control.
The Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations is the diplomatic mission of the French Republic to the United Nations in New York. As such, it reports to the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs.
The Toucouleur Empire, also known as the Tukular Empire, was one of the Fulani jihad states in sub-saharan Africa. It was eventually pacified and annexed by the French Republic, being incorporated into French West Africa.
The Provisional Government of the French Republic accepted the invitation on August 7, with the key reservation that it would not accept a priori any commitment to the eventual reconstitution of a central government in Germany.
The treaty came into force on the day it was signed. The full name of the treaty is Agreement on maritime delimitation between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Solomon Islands.
La Rousse is bordered by the French Republic to the north and east, Saint Michel and Monte Carlo to the south, and Larvotto to the south and west. It has no direct access to the Mediterranean Sea.
The seamstress is an unnamed twenty-year-old woman featured as a desperately poor peasant accused of plotting against the French Republic by Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety during the Terror of the French Revolution in 1793.
The full name of the treaty is Convention between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of Mauritius on the delimitation of the French and Mauritian economic zones between the islands of Réunion and Mauritius.
When his turn to sign came, Cosgrave inadvertently placed his signature one line too low on the Japanese copy of the documents, signing on the line for the French Republic. This was attributed to his being blind in one eye, through an injury sustained in the First World War.The Man Who Signed on the Wrong Line The problem was easily corrected, by US General Richard Sutherland who crossed out "French Republic" and wrote in "Dominion of Canada" under Cosgrave's signature, then made similar corrections for the rest of the document.Ellwand, Geoff.
To better grasp the staggering number of communes in France, two comparisons can be made: First, of the original 15 member states of the European Union there are approximately 75,000 communes; France alone, which comprises 16 percent of the population of the EU-15, had nearly half of its communes. Second, the United States, with a territory fourteen times larger than that of the French Republic, and nearly five times its population, had 35,937 incorporated municipalities and townships at the 2002 Census of Governments, fewer than that of the French Republic.
In 1974, the divisions in the Gaullist movement permitted the election of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing to the Presidency of the French Republic. Representing the pro-European and Orleanist centre-right, he was the first non-Gaullist becoming head of state since the beginning of the Fifth Republic in 1958. However, the Gaullist Party remained the main force in parliament and Jacques Chirac was appointed Prime Minister. Chirac resigned in August 1976 and in December 1976 the RPR was created in order to restore the Gaullist domination over the institutions of the French republic.
The Musée de la Révolution française (Museum of the French Revolution) is a departmental museum in the French town of Vizille, south of Grenoble on the Route Napoléon. It is the only museum in the world dedicated to the French Revolution. Its exhibits include Jean-Baptiste Wicar's The French Republic (the first known representation of the French Republic) and William James Grant's La cocarde (The Cockade), representing Josephine de Beauharnais with her daughter Hortense. The museum was opened on 13 July 1984 in the presence of Louis Mermaz, president of the National Assembly of France.thearttribune.
Bust of G.B. Sommariva by Bertel Thorvaldsen, 1817 Giovanni or Gian Battista Sommariva (died 6 January 1826, Milan) was an Italian politician in the Cisalpine Republic and the Second French Republic, as well as a notable arts patron.
1882 Prior to 1793, Julien had served as "steward to the Hon. M. LeTombe, consul of the French Republic."Restorator. American Apollo (Boston), July 19, 1793 Other friends and associates included Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin.Larry Stettner, Bill Morrison.
Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians and the English actually discussed this possibility.John Gallagher. Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme, Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, p. 70.
Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians, and the English actually discussed this possibility.John Gallagher. Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme. Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, p. 70.
France–Luxembourg relations are the bilateral relations between the French Republic and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. France and Luxembourg share a land border. Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO, OECD and the United Nations.
With the Vichy leaders gone from French territory, on 23 October 1944, the U.S., Britain and the Soviet Union formally recognized the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF), headed by de Gaulle, as the legitimate government of France.
From October 1945 until November 1946 she was a member of the provisional government of the French Republic. From 1946 until 1955, and again from 1956 to 1958 she was a member of the Assemblée nationale, representing the Socialists.
The French Republic is divided into 18 regions (located in Europe and overseas), five overseas collectivities, one overseas territory, one special collectivity – New Caledonia and one uninhabited island directly under the authority of the Minister of Overseas France – Clipperton.
Quatre-Septembre () is a station on Paris Métro Line 3 located in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris. It is named for the date of 4 September 1870, the date Napoleon III fell and the Third French Republic was proclaimed.
Direct splits from the FN include the 1987 founded FANE-revival Parti nationaliste français et européen, which was disbanded in 2000. Neo-Nazi organizations are outlawed in the Fifth French Republic, yet a significant number of them still exist.
There are many official contacts between New Zealand and the French Republic, which provide the opportunity for high-level discussions and the continued development of bilateral relations. Many ministers meet with their French counterparts at international meetings and events.
The French Republic listed him as an émigré and his property was seized. Tromelin-Lanuguy returned to France in 1797 before going to Copenhagen and embarking on the Danish East Indiaman Norge. He died aboard on 4 December 1798.
The Embassy of Poland in Paris (French: Ambassade de Pologne en France) is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Poland to the French Republic. The chancery is located in the Hôtel de Monaco on the Rue de Talleyrand.
The New Caledonia national baseball team is the national baseball team representing New Caledonia, part of the French Republic. The team is controlled by the New Caledonia Baseball Association. The team won Silver at the 2007 South Pacific Games.
Kamel was also appointed briefly as Chairman of the State Information Service. Kamel holds the title of Grand Officier de l'ordre national du Mérite, an Order of State with membership (about 187,000 members) awarded by the President of the French Republic.
He failed to reach an agreement with the French general, who regarded Kościuszko as a "fool" who "overestimated his influence" in Poland.Herbst, 1969, p. 438. Kościuszko disliked Napoleon for his dictatorial aspirations and called him the "undertaker of the [French] Republic".
As a lieutenant general, he led an infantry division during the War of the Pyrenees against the First French Republic in several actions including Perpignan, Peyrestortes, Truillas, Boulou, and the Black Mountain. He was appointed Captain General of Aragon in 1795.
President of the French Republic: 1974–1981. Member of the Constitutional Council of France: Since 1981. Governmental functions Secretary of State for Finances: 1959–1962. Minister of Finances and Economic Affairs: 1962–1966. Minister of Economy and Finances: 1969–1974.
Municipal councillor of Chamalières: 1967–1977. Reelected in 1971. Political functions President of the National Federation of the Independent Republicans (Independent Republicans): 1966–1974 (Became President of the French Republic in 1974). President of the Union for French Democracy: 1988–1996.
After Admiral Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu from the High Commission selected Norodom Palace to be the Commission's new location, the palace was used as Leclerc's office, this time as the official headquarters of the Commissioner of the French Republic in Southern Vietnam.
Chad–France relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Chad and the French Republic. France controlled Chad beginning in 1900 until the country's independence in 1960. Both nations are today members of the Francophonie and the United Nations.
After the United States declared war on Imperial Germany, Morton enlisted in the American Expeditionary Forces. He served with distinction and was awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French Republic. By the war's end, he had been promoted to Lieutenant.
The memorial was unveiled on August 1, 1937, in the presence of the President of the French Republic, Albert Lebrun. Franklin D. Roosevelt, then the President of the United States, delivered a radio address for the ceremony from Washington, D.C.
Charles-François Lebrun, 1st duc de Plaisance (19 March 1739 - 16 June 1824), was a French statesman who served as Third Consul of the French Republic and was later created Arch-Treasurer and Prince of the Empire by Napoleon I.
He also denied that one could speak of "white privilege" in France, contrasting it with the United States, and claiming that the French Republic had already abolished slavery in 1848 even though France did have a past in colonial history.
The committee functioned as a provisional government for Algeria (then a part of metropolitan France) and the liberated parts of the colonial empire. Later it evolved into the Provisional Government of the French Republic, under the premiership of Charles de Gaulle.
In turn arts community honored Barthou, dubbing him the "minister of poets."Robert J. Young, "Cultural Politics and the Politics of Culture in the Third French Republic: The Case of Louis Barthou." French Historical Studies (1991) 17#2: 343-358.online.
Braga, p.8 In line with these developments, the Symbolist milieus had as a shared focus their admiration for the Third French Republic, and for Paris as la Cité des Lumières ("the City of Lights").Cernat, p.16, 17, 59.
The High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (French: Haut- Commissaire de la République en Polynésie française) is the highest representative of the French Republic in the overseas country of French Polynesia. The rank is equivalent to the one of a Prefect (French: Préfet) and its powers are governed by Organic Law 2004-192. The High Commissioner is directly appointed by the President of the French Republic. He enacts local laws (known as Lois du Pays) with the countersignature of the President of French Polynesia and ensures their publication in the Journal Officiel de la Polynésie française.
The Médaille militaire () is a military decoration of the French Republic for other ranks for meritorious service and acts of bravery in action against an enemy force. It is the third highest award of the French Republic, after the Légion d'honneur, a civil and military order, and the ordre de la Libération, a Second World War-only order. The Médaille militaire is therefore the most senior entirely military active French decoration. During World War One, 230,000 médailles were awarded,historique de la société d'entraide des médaillés militaires when 1 400 000 French Army soldiers were killed and 3,000,000 wounded.
Towards the end of July 2011, as government formation had been dragging on for over a year, party leaders of the separatist Walloon Rally (which does not have any seats in parliament) have had talks with the Union for a Popular Movement party of French President Nicolas Sarkozy and the French Socialists. These talks resulted in that, in the event of the split with Flanders, Wallonia could become the 28th region of France. A poll of the French daily newspaper Le Figaro suggests that around half of Walloons and around 66% of French Republic citizens favour this plan. Most Walloon parties have not been campaigning to become part of the French Republic as a solution to the political crisis but state that this would be the best outcome in the event of the partition of Belgium, with the exception of the Walloon Rally who have been campaigning for partition and accession to the French Republic since 1968.
French Algeria had joined the European Communities as part of the French Republic (since legally it was not a colony of France, but rather one of its overseas departments). Upon independence in 1962, Algeria left France and thus left the European Communities.
In 2005, the Presidency of the French Republic has awarded him with the "Palmes Académiques". In 2009, he received the International Price of Philosophy "Karl-Otto Apel", and in 2013 the title of Doctor honoris causa by the National University of Córdoba (Argentina).
Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts (20 November 1753 – 4 August 1825) was a Belgian-born lawyer, rector magnificus of the University of Louvain, who became Minister of Justice of the French Republic, during the Directoire. Later he was a deputy from 1819 to 1824.
Ughelli, p. 942. Cipolla, Codice diplomatico I, pp. 35, 64. During the occupation of Italy by the armies of the French Republic and then the First Empire, the diocese of Bobbio was suppressed, and its territory reassigned to the diocese of Casale-Monferrato.
Malaysian Embassy, Paris The Ambassador of Malaysia to the French Republic is the head of Malaysia's diplomatic mission to France. The position has the rank and status of an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary and is based in the Embassy of Malaysia, Paris.
The Ministry of the Overseas (French: Ministère des Outre-mer) is a ministry of the Government of France, responsible for overseeing the Overseas departments, collectivities and territories of the French Republic. It is headed by the Minister of the Overseas, currently Sébastien Lecornu.
Boyle, James (1912). What Is Socialism? The Shakespeare Press. p. 35. About the 1848 French Revolution and the Second French Republic, Proudhon took a radical stance regarding the National Workshops, criticized for being charity whilst criticizing the June Days Uprising for using violence.
The officeholder is also honorary proto-canon of the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome (although some have rejected the title in the past). The current president of the French Republic is Emmanuel Macron, who succeeded François Hollande on 14 May 2017.
The national registration was fully laicized in 1792 during the French Revolution by order of the French Republic. These records have continued until the present and are kept at the departmental archives. The civil registration now includes birth, marriage, divorce, and death records.
The Order of Agricultural Merit () is an order of merit bestowed by the French Republic for outstanding contributions to agriculture. When it was created in 1883, it was second in importance only to the Legion of Honour within the French order of precedence.
The Z Event took place from September 8 to 10, 2017 to collect donations for the French Red Cross during Hurricane Irma. The event raises nearly €500,000. He was congratulated by the President of the French Republic, then Emmanuel Macron, on Twitter.
Bok Street in the Johannesburg CBD is named after him. Bok was decorated by the French Republic with a knighthood in the Legion of Honour and by the Portuguese government with a knighthood in the Order of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa.
Awards: in 2005, the Presidency of the French Republic has awarded him with the "Palmes Académiques". In 2009, he received the International Price of Philosophy "Karl-Otto Apel", and in 2013 the title of Doctor honoris causa by the National University of Córdoba (Argentine).
Médaille du Cercle National des Armées de Terre, Air et Mer The Médaille du Cercle National des Armées de Terre, Air et Mer (Medal of the National Circle of the Armies of Land Air and Sea) is a military decoration of the French Republic.
The 2nd constituency of Cantal is a French legislative constituency in the Cantal département. It is currently represented by Jean-Yves Bony of The Republicans (LR). It was formerly the electoral base of the 2nd President of the Fifth French Republic, Georges Pompidou, (1969–74).
Knight of the Legion of Honor Chevalier of the Legion of Honor (decree of 31 December 2006).Official Journal of the French Republic, "Decree of 31 December 2006 on promotion and appointment" [archive], on legifrance.gouv.fr, 2 January 2007 (accessed 22 April 2014), p. 8.
The Second Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed on 19 August 1796 between the Spanish Empire and the First French Republic. Based on the terms of the agreement, France and Spain would become allies and combine their forces against the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Washington chose to do so, igniting protests and riots. He was accused of surrendering American honor to a tyrannical monarchy and of turning his back on the French Republic. John Adams predicted in a letter to Abigail that ratification would deeply divide the nation.
Laurence Boone (born May 15, 1969) is a French economist whose fields of interest include macroeconomics, European politics and public finance. She served as an economic advisor to the President of the French Republic between July 2014 and March 2016 under François Hollande's presidency.
However, in a few isolated places the decline is considerably less steep. This is most notably the case for Evolène. Franco-Provençal has had a precipitous decline in France. The official language of the French Republic is French (article 2 of the Constitution of France).
However, in a few isolated places the decline is considerably less steep. This is most notably the case for Evolène. Franco-Provençal has had a precipitous decline in France. The official language of the French Republic is French (article 2 of the Constitution of France).
Agence des participations de l'État (APE)("State participation agency") is a special agency of the French Republic managing the state's holdings in about 70 firms, including Orange, Renault and Air France. It was established in 2004. These firms can all be considered state-owned enterprises.
Ramsay Weston Phipps,The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278. The Rhine River prevented easy escape into France.
Ramsay Weston Phipps,The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et- Moselle Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278. The Rhine River prevented easy escape into France.
Previously a French military officer, Phélippeaux immigrated to Great Britain in 1791 during the French Revolution. He served in the Army of Condé and fought against the French Republic. Fighting against Napoleon in a battle in Acre, Phélippeaux died from fever in May 1799.
32 The national registration was fully laicized in 1792 during the French Revolution by order of the French Republic. These records have been continued through the present and are kept at the departmental archives. The Civil Registration includes birth, marriage, divorce, and death records.
Members of the French Government cannot occupy any position of occupational or trade leadership at the national level, any public employment, or any professional activity.Constitution of the French Republic (Title III, Article 23) These restrictions are in place to alleviate external pressure and influence on ministers, and to enable them to focus on their governmental work. Despite these restrictions, members of the government are allowed to keep local elected positions, such as those of city mayor or regional councilor. Whilst the Constitution of the French Republic does not prohibit ministers from being the leader of a political party, it is customary that ministers should not occupy such a post.
Emphasising that the FN is a non-denominational party, Le Pen regularly states her commitment to secularism in French society. She vigorously defends the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, which stipulates that the French republic does not recognise, grant a salary to, or subsidise any form of religious worship. She supports a ban on any communitarian or religious requirements in schools, and an amendment to the Constitution stating that the French republic does not recognize any community (denominations and ethnic groups). She is opposed to the financing of mosques with public funds, and would also prohibit their financing from foreign assets.
Metropolitan France covers a land area of , while Overseas France covers a land area of ,Land area of the 4 old overseas departments (), Mayotte, the overseas collectivities, and New Caledonia (page 21), the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and the Scattered Islands (), and Clipperton (). for a total of in the French Republic (excluding Adélie Land in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959). Thus, metropolitan France accounts for 82.0% of the French Republic's land territory. At sea, the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of metropolitan France covers , while the EEZ of Overseas France covers , for a total of in the French Republic (excluding Adélie Land).
Jonathan Story, "The launching of the EMS: an analysis of change in foreign economic policy." Political Studies 36.3 (1988): 397–412.Kenneth Dyson, "EMU, political discourse and the fifth French republic: Historical institutionalism, path dependency and ‘craftsmen’ of discourse." Modern & Contemporary France 7.2 (1999): 179–196.
By the time of the French Revolution, when France first declared itself a constitutional monarchy and then overthrew and executed its king, the alliance had already collapsed entirely, and Austria actively tried to restore the French monarchy by going to war with the new French Republic.
French newsreel before the elections Legislative elections were held in France on 21 October 1945 to elect a Constituent Assembly to draft a constitution for a Fourth French Republic. 79.83% of voters participated. Women and soldiers were allowed to vote. 522 seats were elected through proportional representation.
Mendès-France and Savary, opposed to their respective parties' support of de Gaulle, would form together, in 1960, the Parti socialiste autonome (PSA, Socialist Autonomous Party), ancestor of the Parti socialiste unifié (PSU, Unified Socialist Party).Philip Thody, The Fifth French Republic: Presidents, Politics and Personalities (1998).
Andorra was ceded to the bishop of Urgell by the count Ermengol VI of Urgell in the twelfth century. The bishop of Urgell, who since 2003 has been Joan Enric Vives Sicília, is simultaneously joint head of state of Andorra alongside the President of the French Republic.
In 1784, Lingerhahn had 36 citizens. In 1798, the Rhineland was annexed to the French Republic. The former administrative divisions, the Princely Electorates and Counties, were swept away and replaced with newly created départements. These were subdivided into arrondissements, which in turn were subdivided into cantons.
The imagery of Marianne chosen as the seal of the First French Republic depicted her standing, young and determined.Hunt 1984, p. 93. It was symbolic of the First Republic itself, a newly created state that had much to prove. Marianne is clad in a classical gown.
Jean Jouzel has supported socialist candidates, including Benoit Hammon for the French Republic presidential elections occurred in 2017 (won by the former socialist Emmanuel Macron) and Anne Hidalgo, whom for he has agreed to be chair of the support committee for the Paris mayoral elections of 2020.
He returned to Spain in 1789. He fought in the War of the Pyrenees against the First French Republic during the years 1793-1795. During the Battle of Boulou from 29 April to 1 May 1794, cavalry under his command clashed with French troops under Pierre Augereau.
Volume 3. ABC-CLIO. Pages 213–214 She is the director of the Centre Chorégraphique National in Roubaix and of the Atelier de Paris at La Cartoucherie de Vincennes in Paris. She was awarded the title of Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres of the French Republic.
Façade of the Apostolic Nunciature to the French Republic The Apostolic Nunciature to France is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in France. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador.
Réunion Island, formerly known as Île Bourbon, is a French island of about 800,000 population located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about south west of Mauritius, the nearest island. It is an overseas department of France and an integral part of the French Republic.
The Perier family owned it from 5 June 1780 to 23 December 1895.gallica.bnf.fr, Inventory of the archives of the Château de Vizille and the Perier family, p. 20. (French) The castle was the summer residence of the presidents of the French Republic from 1924 to 1972.
Comoros–France relations are the bilateral relations between the Union of the Comoros and the French Republic. The Comoros has an embassy in Paris and France has an embassy in Moroni. The Comorian ambassador to France is Ahmed Bourhane. The French ambassador to Comoros is Robby Judes.
Julie Gayet (; born 3 June 1972) is a French actress and film producer.Cinq choses à savoir sur l'actrice Julie Gayet L'Express. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014 She is also known for being the partner of the former President of the French Republic, François Hollande.
The Palais de l'Alma is a National Palace of the French Republic, located in Paris 7th arrondissement. It is close to the Musée du quai Branly, and almost in front of the Pont de l'Alma. The name of the palace comes from the Battle of the Alma.
Towards the end of July 2011, party leaders of the Rattachist-separatist Walloon Rally (which does not have any seats in parliament) have had talks with the Union for a Popular Movement of French President Nicolas Sarkozy and the French Socialist Party resulting that in the event of the split with Flanders, Wallonia could become the 28th region of France. In a poll of the French daily newspaper Le Figaro suggest that around half of Walloons and around 66% of French Republic citizens favour this plan. Most Walloon parties have not been campaigning to become part of the French Republic as a solution to the political crisis but state that this would be the best outcome in the event of the partition of Belgium, with the exception of the Walloon Rally who have been campaigning for partition and accession to the French Republic since 1968. Belgian minister for Climate and Energy, Paul Magnette, also suggested incorporating Wallonia into Germany instead of France if the crisis in Belgium were to escalate.
The unofficial but common National Emblem of France is backed by a fasces, representing justice. Fasces are Roman in origin and suggest Roman Republicanism. Fasces are a bundle of birch rods containing an axe. The French Republic continued this Roman symbol to represent state power, justice, and unity.
The Nile statue. Replica of the statue in Copenhagen. After their discovery, the two statues were initially preserved in the papal collections. Following the Treaty of Tolentino (1797) between the French Republic and the Papal States, they were transferred to the Louvre, where their presence was attested in 1811.
Henry may have chosen the name to mark the liberation of France from Prussia during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. More specifically, it may honor Adolphe Thiers, the first President of the French Republic, who arranged a loan that enabled the Prussian troops to be removed from France.
In the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November 1792, a French army led by Charles François Dumouriez attacked and defeated an Austrian army commanded by Albert of Saxe-Teschen. Though the Austrians were outnumbered three-to-one, the victory greatly encouraged the population of the young First French Republic.
In 2010 Mrs. Hijran Huseynova was awarded The National Order of the Legion of Honour by the President of French Republic. Due to her active participation in social and political life of the Republic of Azerbaijan Mrs. Hijran Huseynova was awarded with Order “Shohrat” on August 12, 2015.
Yann Fouéré (26 July 1910 - 20 October 2011), also known as Seàn Mauger was a Breton nationalist and a European federalist.Towards a federal Europe His French birth certificate names him as Jean Adolphe Fouéré, a French name, as the French Republic at the time did not allow Breton names.
Hoxha has been bestowed the dignity of "Grand Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite" of the French Republic. He has been bestowed the title "Ufficiale del Ordine dela Stella d'Italia". He has been awarded the title "Personnalité Francophone" by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Albania, for the year 2007.
Pierre-Louis Roederer, 1789 Comte Pierre Louis Roederer (15 February 1754 - 17 December 1835) was a French politician, economist, and historian, politically active in the era of the French Revolution and First French Republic. Roederer's son, Baron Antoine Marie Roederer (1782–1865), also became a noted political figure.
To oppose them he exalted the small farmer, the small shopkeeper, the small town, and the little man. He idealized country life and saw Paris as a dangerous font of power.Patrick H. Hutton, ed. Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870-1940 (1986) vol 1 pp 12-13.
The first mayoral election in 1977 was won by Jacques Chirac, the former prime minister. Chirac served as mayor of Paris for eighteen years, until 1995, when he was elected president of the French Republic. He was succeeded as mayor by another candidate of the right, Jean Tiberi.
French Somaliland (bordered in red), 1938. Governor Jules Lauret and wife c. 1920 (Louis) Antoine Mizon The following is a list of governors of French Somaliland and French Territory of the Afars and the Issas from 1884 to 1977. They administered the territory on behalf of the French Republic.
Its assets were seized by the Kingdom of Prussia. The abbess and the collegiate ladies received a pension from the kingdom. Friederike Charlotte fled the advancing army of the First French Republic to Altona, where she died in 1808. She was buried in the collegiate church in Herford.
Council of Europe—Motion Resumed.Wednesday, 13 July 1949. Yet he also said that the term Irish Republic was used in the treaty "in a general sense in the way the country is described; French Republic, Irish Republic, Italian Republic, Kingdom of the Netherlands and so on."Committee on Finance.
The Coat of arms of the French Republic (1905, 1922/1953–) with a ribbon with the motto "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" During the German occupation of France in World War II, this motto was replaced by the reactionary phrase "travail, famille, patrie" (work, family, fatherland) by Marshal Pétain, who became the leader of the new Vichy French government in 1940. Pétain had taken this motto from the colonel de la Rocque's Parti social français (PSF), although the latter considered it more appropriate for a movement than for a regime. Following the Liberation, the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) re-established the Republican motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité, which is incorporated into both the 1946 and the 1958 French constitutions.
Chastain, J.G., "Provisional Government of the Second French Republic", Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions, Ohio University, October 17, 2004 The provisional government under the influence of one of its members, Louis Blanc passed a decree (25 February 1848) guaranteeing government-funded jobs. The following is an extract: "The provisional government of the French Republic undertakes to guarantee the existence of the workmen by work. It undertakes to guarantee work for every citizen." For the carrying out of this decree, Louis Blanc wanted the formation of a ministry of labor, but this was shelved by his colleagues, who as a compromise appointed a government labor Commission, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, with power of inquiry and consultation only.
Inscription posed by the Third French Republic on one of the church walls, outlining the building's history In 1889, under the Third French Republic, the church was awarded to the Melkite Catholic (Arab and Middle Eastern) community in Paris. In preparation for this, significant restoration was again carried out. The arrangement was criticized by writer Joris-Karl Huysmans, who objected to introducing non-traditional forms to an old scenery: "This intrusion of the Levant into Saint-Séverin parish is [...] in absolute disagreement with the surroundings."Robert Ziegler, "The Containment and Diffusion of History in Huysmans' Saint-Séverin", in Keith Busby (ed.), Correspondances: Studies in Literature, History, and the Arts in Nineteenth-century France, Rodopi, Amsterdam, 1992, p.255.
Europe had been by then embroiled in the French Revolutionary Wars since 1792. After five years of war, the French Republic subdued the First Coalition in 1797. A Second Coalition was formed in 1798 but this too was defeated by 1801. Britain remained the only opponent for the new French Consulate.
The construction was completed in three years with design by architect Giuseppe Piermarini from Foligno. At the conclusion of the Italian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte (1796), the Duchy of Milan was acquired first by the French Republic and then entered the Cisalpine Republic (which, in 1802, became the Italian Republic).
Bernard Stasi (4 July 1930, Reims – 4 May 2011) was a French politician. He was the son of Italo-Mexican immigrants. Stasi served as Minister for Overseas Departments and Territories from 2 April 1973 to 27 February 1974. From 1998 to 2004 he was the Ombudsman of the French Republic.
Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians, and the English actually discussed this possibility.John Gallagher. Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme, Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, , p. 70. In this caricature about the Helvetic Republic in Zürich 8 May 1798.
PCHR has consultative and affiliative status with a number of Arab, European and United Nations organizations. PCHR and Public Committee Against Torture in Israel jointly received the 1996 French Republic Award on Human Rights. In 2002 it received the Bruno Kreisky Award for Outstanding Achievements in the Area of Human Rights.
In December 2010, Jean Asselborn was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Großkreuz des Verdienstordens) of the Federal Republic of Germany. In October 2013, he was appointed Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d’honneur) of the French Republic.
Miró surrendered governorship at the end of 1791 to return to Spain and serve in the Ministry of War. He served as Field Marshal from 1793-1795 in the war with the French Republic. He died from natural causes during the War of the Pyrenees at the battlefront in June 1795.
Queen Maria Carolina was so horrified at what had happened at the Tuileries that day that she almost broke off relations with France altogether.Bearne, p. 161. The King and Queen's procrastination regarding Mackau's requests to be recognised as a representative of the French Republic caused tension with that country.Acton, p. 245.
He is honorary chairman of the Lafayette Club, based at the University of St Andrews. In 2018, he was awarded the Legion d’honneur by the French Republic, invested by the Grand Chancelier in the Hôtel de Salm in Paris. In 2019, he was elected Honorary Bencher of the Inner Temple.
Yvonne de Gaulle became the unofficial First Lady of France on December 21st, 1958 when then-General de Gaulle was elected President of the French Republic. The couple took a Citroën to the President's residence, Elysée Palace. Her couturier was Jacques Heim. She was tenacious, conservative, but could also be warm.
Monasteries were among the institutions of the Catholic Church swept away during the French Revolution. Monasteries were again allowed to form in the 19th century under the Bourbon Restoration. Later that century, under the Third French Republic, laws were enacted preventing religious teaching. The original intent was to allow secular schools.
Pakenham, p. 27 With these goals in mind, in 1791 Dublin lawyer Wolfe Tone founded the Society of United Irishmen. Allying itself with the French Republic, the society was suppressed by the British authorities and forced to go underground when war broke out between France and Great Britain in 1793.Brooks, p.
Ms Mavrou has been awarded the decoration of Chevalier of the National Order of the Legion of Honour of the French Republic, as well as the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria (2007). She is also long-listed for the 2008 World Mayor award.
Official relations between France and the papacy had been poor since civil constitution of the clergy in 1790, but the painting's reconstruction of the then-ruined cathedral symbolised the resumption of good relations between them and the "protection" the First French Republic granted to the Catholic Church in the concordat of 1801.
In , Framasoft evolves with the creation of the Framasoft Association {}.Creation of the Framasoft Association in the Government Gazette of the French Republic. The directory drops Freeware and is no longer restricted to Windows software. It became a collaborative project written by Thomas Cézard, Simon Leblanc, Paul Lunetta, Rui Nibau and Georges Silva.
Portrait of Alphonse Daudet Guth, 1893 Daudet was a monarchist and a fervent opponent of the French Republic. Daudet was also anti-Jewish, though less famously so than his son Léon. The main character of Le Nabab was inspired by a Jewish politician who was elected as a deputy for Nîmes.Mosse, Claude (2009).
David Head. "Slave Smuggling by Foreign Privateers: The Illegal Slave Trade and the Geopolitics of the Early Republic". In Journal of the Early Republic (2013) 33#3, p. 538 Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, the French Republic in 1848, the United States in 1865, and Brazil in 1888.
The real and legal surname of Yves Leopold was in fact Germain. He was born in Lisieux, France, the twenty one of the month of Brumaire, Year twelve of the French Republic at six o’clock evening.Page 173 Registre naissances de Lisieux 1802-1804. Archives du Calvados (November 13, 1803 in Gregorian calendar).
On the Champs Elysees during Act V, women organized a silent, artistic, topless performance protest while dressed as Marianne, a woman who represents the French Republic. The event was organized by the nude performance artist Deborah de Robertis. It was attended by members of Femen. Police officers were nearby during the protest.
The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between the Spanish Empire and the French Republic by which Spain agreed in principle to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany. The terms were later confirmed by the March 1801 Treaty of Aranjuez.
The station building was designed by René Levavasseur. It was inaugurated on 30 July 1933 by Albert Lebrun, the President of the French Republic. Gare Maritime de Cherbourg saw intense activity during World War II, although it was partially destroyed in 1944. It was in heavy use during the 1950s and 1960s.
The French Directory was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians, and the British actually discussed this possibility.John Gallagher. Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme, Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, , p. 70.
Republics recurred subsequently, with, for example, Renaissance Florence or early modern Britain. The concept of a republic became a powerful force in Britain's North American colonies, where it contributed to the American Revolution. In Europe, it gained enormous influence through the French Revolution and through the First French Republic of 1792–1804.
However, the tension between workers and industrialists became too strong and revolts exploded. King Louis Philippe I removed Guizot from power in 1847. Louis- Mathieu Molé was appointed briefly as Prime Minister, attempting to repress the revolution, but he failed. The monarchy was abolished and the new French Republic was born in 1848.
The President of France, officially the President of the French Republic (, ), is the head of state and head of executive of France as well as the Commander- in-Chief of the French Armed Forces. In French terms the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, in other words, the holder of the highest office in France. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, as well as their relation with the prime minister and Government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the French Second Republic. The president of the French Republic is also the ex officio co-prince of Andorra, grand master of the Legion of Honour and of the National Order of Merit.
The Congress of the French Parliament () is the name given to the body created when both houses of the present-day French Parliament--the National Assembly and the Senate--meet at the Palace of Versailles to vote on revisions to the Constitution or to listen to an address by the President of the French Republic.
In June 1793, Sardinia defeated the armies of the First French Republic in the First Battle of Saorgio. In the Second Battle of Saorgio in April 1794 the French wrested the town from the Piedmontese. The town was returned to Sardinia-Piedmont after the overthrow of Napoleon Bonaparte and finally ceded to France in 1860.
At a technical level, the participating countries adopted a data-processing star architecture made up of a central site containing the reference database, known as C-SIS, for which the responsibility is entrusted to the French Republic by the CAAS, and a site by country, known as N-SIS, containing a copy of the database.
Basel has often been the site of peace negotiations and other international meetings. The Treaty of Basel (1499) ended the Swabian War. Two years later Basel joined the Swiss Confederation. The Peace of Basel in 1795 between the French Republic and Prussia and Spain ended the First Coalition against France during the French Revolutionary Wars.
At the same time, Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf, brought the left wing of the main Austrian force across the Rhine by Eglisau. They planned to unite with the main Austrian army, controlling the northern access points of Zürich and forcing an engagement with Masséna.Ramsey Weston Phipps. The Armies of the First French Republic.
Francis in 1790. Portrait by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun. Francis was born the son of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his wife Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria in Naples. He was also the nephew of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, the last King and Queen of France before the first French Republic.
In 2015, Agre signed the Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change on the final day of the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then- President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris.
The First French Republic, in line with its common practice of reviving names and concepts from Roman times, gave the name "Légion des Allobroges" to a unit of the French Revolutionary Army that consisted mainly of volunteers from Switzerland, Piedmont and Savoy - very roughly corresponding to what had been the lands of the Allobroges.
In 2015, Hall signed the Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change on the final day of the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris.
France–Indonesia relations are foreign bilateral relations between the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia. The indirect relation between France and Indonesia was commenced during early 19th century colonial Dutch East Indies. Since 2011 both nations have formed a strategic partnership. France has an embassy in Jakarta while Indonesia has an embassy in Paris.
Réunion ( ; previously Île Bourbon) is an overseas department and region of the French Republic and an Indian Ocean island in East Africa, east of Madagascar and southwest of Mauritius. , it had a population of 859,959. As in France, the official language is French. In addition, the majority of the region's population speaks Réunion Creole.
The armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption; the problems became even more acute following the introduction of mass conscription, the levée en masse, which saturated an already distressed army with thousands of illiterate, untrained men. R. Dupuy, Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine. La République jacobine, 2005, p.156.
The armies of the French Republic began to move across Europe. In 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte led a French army into northern Italy and drove out the Austrian rulers. Once again, Italy was the scene of battle between the Habsburgs and the French. Wherever France conquered, Italian republics were set up, with constitutions and legal reforms.
The same day Edmonds, now holding the rank of major (temporary lieutenant colonel) was appointed a Staff Officer, 1st Class, to serve in the Air Ministry. Shortly after, on 17 April, he was granted permission by the King to wear the Croix de guerre that had been conferred by the President of the French Republic.
Populations of the native languages of New Caledonia New Caledonia, a part of the French Republic, uses French as its official language, following the constitutional law 92-554 (June 1992). The thirty New Caledonian languages form a branch of the Southern Oceanic languages. They are spoken mainly by the indigenous Kanaks of the islands.
During the French Revolution, just like her brother Philippe Égalité, Bathilde discovered democracy. Her royalist husband and son both left France after the storming of the Bastille. As the Ancien Régime crumbled, she took the name, Citoyenne Vérité (Citizeness Truth). She offered her wealth to the First French Republic before it could be confiscated.
At the same time, Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf, brought the left wing of the main Austrian force across the Rhine by Eglisau. They planned to unite with the main Austrian army, controlling the northern access points of Zürich and forcing an engagement with Masséna.Ramsey Weston Phipps. The Armies of the First French Republic.
Patriat was elected to the Senate in 2008. Reelected in 2014, he joined La République En Marche! (REM) in 2017. The same year, he became President of the La République En Marche group in the Senate, after supporting Emmanuel Macron's successful candidacy for the presidency of the French Republic in the 2017 presidential election.
Jan Roegiers et al., Leuven University, Leuven, Leuven University Press, 1990, p. 31: "With the Law of 3 Brumaire of Year IV, which reorganized higher education in the French Republic, there was no place for the University of Louvain, and it was abolished by Decree of the Departement of the Dijle on 25 octobre (1797)".
In February 2015, the Finance Committee of French Senate approved the nomination (as proposed by the president of the French Republic, François Hollande) of Mr. Patrick de Cambourg for the presidency of the French standard-setting authority (Autorité des Normes Comptables – ANC). The Finance Committee of the French National Assembly also approved the nomination.
Heraldic badge of the French Republic Sylvie-Agnès Bermann (born 19 October 1953) is a French career diplomat and former Ambassador of France to the United Kingdom.Biography at www.ambafrance-uk.org. She is also a former ambassador of France to Russia. Bermann previously served as French Ambassador to China in Beijing from 2011 until 2014,www.allgov.
In 2015, Gross signed the Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change on the final day of the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris.
After having been occupied by the French for a number of years towards the end of the 18th century, the Palatine lands on the Rhine’s left bank were incorporated de jure into the French Republic under the Treaty of Campo Formio (Mairie de Dackenheim, Canton de Durkheim, Arrondissement de Speier, Département de Mont Tonnerre).
Antoine-François Momoro (1756 – 24 March 1794) was a French printer, bookseller and politician during the French Revolution. An important figure in the Cordeliers club and in Hébertisme, he is the originator of the phrase ″Unité, Indivisibilité de la République; Liberté, égalité, fraternité ou la mort″, one of the mottoes of the French Republic.
Embassy of Mozambique in Paris France–Mozambique relations are the bilateral relations between the French Republic and the Republic of Mozambique. France has an embassy in Maputo at 2361 Avenue Julius Nyerere. Since September 2015, the French ambassador to Mozambique is Bruno Clerc. The embassy also handles France's diplomatic relations with Eswatini (formerly Swaziland).
Soyons unis, devenons frères (Let us unite, let us become brothers) is the officially recognised anthem of New Caledonia. It is not, however, the national anthem. New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France, and remains under the sovereignty of the French Republic. Its national anthem is the national anthem of France, La Marseillaise.
France – Cape Verde relations refer to the bilateral relations between the French Republic and the Republic of Cape Verde. In 2014, there were 405 French citizens, half of whom (201) are Cape Verdeans or with other nationality. In 2001, there were 186 French citizens, there were over 200 in 2004 and over 300 in 2007.
Anyhow the French Republic has never adopted any form of bilingualism in the towns of Briga and Tenda destining these municipalities to forced assimilation to French language. The province of South Tyrol was also kept by Italy despite the territorial demands of Austria, largely thanks to the Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement signed some months before.
In 1997 Bajeux published a collection of poems, and in 1999 he published a bilingual (French and Creole) anthology of Creole literature. In his later years he also remained active politically. His friend Michael Deibert recalled him marching in demonstrations in his old age despite physical danger. In 2002 he received the Human Rights Prize of the French Republic.
The stamp represents Marianne, allegory of the French Republic, wearing as usual a tricolor cockade, and the Phrygian cap. She is depicted as emerging from a plant (see the two leaves on the bottom), smelling the air. Two birds flies in the sky. Doing this picture, Lamouche respected the terms of the national competition : Marianne and the environment.
27 no. 40. He was then appointed one of the presidents of the Council of Trent, which his work in Germany did much to make possible. In 1796, Modena and Nonantola became part of the empire of the French Republic, expanding under the military leadership of General Napoleon Bonaparte. The monastery and the diocese of Nonantola were suppressed.
Valérie Trierweiler (; née Massonneau; born 16 February 1965) is a French journalist and author.Valérie Trierweiler, la femme discrète, Le Point, 24 February 2011 She has hosted political talk shows and has contributed to Paris Match. She is best known for having been the partner of the President of the French Republic, François Hollande, until January 2014.
In 1908 a bronze sculpture in the fountain in Agde's place du Jeu de Ballon depicted a woman holding the French national flag with children at her feet. She was metaphorically protecting the French republic. In 1941 the Germans melted the sculpture down to reuse the metal and in 1956 Baumel created a replacement in stone.
Obverse of the two franc coin of 1943. Etat Français means French State. Reverse of the two franc coin of 1943, on which the motto appears. Travail, famille, patrie (; ') was the tripartite motto of the French State (usually known as Vichy France) during World War II. It replaced the republican motto, Liberté, égalité, fraternité of the Third French Republic.
According to the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic, the government directs and decides the policy of the nation.Constitution of the French Republic (Title III, Article 20) In practice, the government writes bills to be introduced to parliament, and also writes and issues decrees. All political decisions made by the government must be registered in the government gazette.
He was appointed President of the Scientific Council of France's National Council for Strategic Education & Research in March 2010. With 108 members ranging from academics, military commanders, State executives, the Council was created by the Presidency of the French Republic to foster strategic thinking, uniting and stimulating research in the fields of national competitiveness, defense and security.
Many of the presidents of the French Republic have borne arms, either through inheritance or via membership in foreign orders of chivalry, particularly the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim and the Danish Order of the Elephant,the Spanish orders of Charles III and the Order of the Golden Fleece>, and the Papal Supreme Order of Christ.
The full name of the treaty is Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Austria on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism, cross-border crime and illegal migration.
He published a Handbook of French Renaissance Dramatic Theory in 1950, and Poems, Selected with Introduction and Notes (on the work of Joachim du Bellay) in 1961. In 1999, Lawton received the Légion d'honneur of the French Republic, honouring his services in World War I. He died on Christmas Eve 2005 at the age of 106.
Great Britain and Spain had become reluctant allies in 1793, despite a history of antagonism in the Mediterranean, against the newly formed French Republic in the War of the First Coalition.Ireland, p.144 The Spanish refused to allow British officers to command Spanish forces, and tensions between the fleets were still high following the 1790 Nootka Crisis.Mostert, p.
During the July Monarchy (1830–1848) David also published caricatures. He belonged to the mouvement party, and wanted to implement the ideals of liberty and the French republic. He derided the juste milieu of King Louis Philippe as a trick to prevent these ideals being achieved. A caricature by David appeared in La Caricature of 31 May 1831.
In 1778, the Luxembourg Palace was given to the comte de Provence by his brother Louis XVI. During the French Revolution, it was briefly a prison, then the seat of the French Directory, and in 1799, the home of the Sénat conservateur and the first residence of Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul of the French Republic.
Boris printed ten thousand copies of his Constitution, addressed to Spanish and French celebrities. One of them, which ended up at the hands of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, caused uproar among his close circle, where he reaffirmed that the only co-princes of Andorra were he and the President of the French Republic.
In 1793, the French Republic raised an army of 300,000 men, while only few Savoyards signed up for service. A much larger force of Savoyards, conducted by the Royalist camp attacked the French Army, and reconquered the Alpine valleys and Annecy. However, they were not enough to remove the French presence from Savoy and the territory was retaken.
Princess Malgorzata Izabella Maria Magdalene Antoinette Hyacinthe Josephe Luise Marie Czartoryska, (17 August 1902, Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland - 8 March 1929, Cannes, French Republic) was a princess of the House of Czartoryski by birth. Through her marriage to Prince Gabriel of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Malgorzata Izabella was a Princess of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.
The Constitution of 1848 is the constitution passed in France on 4 November 1848 by the National Assembly, the constituent body of the Second French Republic. It was repealed on 14 January 1852 by the constitution of 1852 which profoundly changed the face of the Second Republic and served as the basis for the Second French Empire.
Unsuccessful attempts were also made to recruit George Sand. Feminism was treated as a threat due to its ties with socialism, which was scrutinized since the Revolution. Deroin and Roland were both arrested, tried, and imprisoned in 1849. With the emergence of a new, more conservative government in 1852, feminism would have to wait until the Third French Republic.
In 2010, she received the Lilas de l'éditrice award. Vera Michalski was awarded prestigious awards during her career, including the Officer of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (1995), the Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters of the French Republic, the Meritorious for Polish Culture (2011) and the Polish "Bene Merito" honorary distinction (2012).
Collot traveled through very lightly settled territories. France had ceded Louisiana, and all the Mississippi basin west of the Mississippi itself to Spain. Following the American Revolution the eastern branches of the Mississippi was American territory. He made maps and observed fortifications and the country's military preparedness, almost certainly on a secret mission on behalf of the French Republic.
Pierre de La Gorce. Pierre de La Gorce (19 June 1846, Vannes – 2 January 1934) was a French magistrate, lawyer and historian, as well as a member of the Académie française. He wrote books about the Second French Republic, the Second French Empire and the French Revolution, as well as other topics. He taught law of the Sorbonne.
Luis Fermín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión (1752 – 20 November 1794) became a general officer in the army of the Kingdom of Spain. In 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded the Spanish Army in a mostly unsuccessful effort to hold back the army of the First French Republic. He died in battle fighting the French.
The term is extended to administrators of severe physical punishment that is not prescribed to kill, but which may result in death. Executions in France (using the guillotine since the French Revolution) persisted until 1977, and the French Republic had an official executioner; the last one, Marcel Chevalier, served until the formal abolition of capital punishment in 1981.
Present-day Belgium was conquered in 1795 by the French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars. It was annexed to the Republic, which later became the Napoleonic Empire. After the Battle of Waterloo, Wallonia became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands under King William of Orange. The Walloons played an active part in the Belgian Revolution in 1830.
He served three times as Prime Minister and five times as Minister of Foreign Affairs. He died in Paris in 1932, while serving his second mandate as the Plenipotentiary Minister of the Kingdom of Albania to Paris and London. Ilias Vrioni was decorated in 1920s with the order of Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur of the French Republic.
The TV program was broadcast on Channel France 2. In 2011, Arena became the first Australian to be awarded a Knighthood of the French National Order of National Merit, presented by the President of the French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy, for her contributions to French culture, and ceremonially awarded by Frédéric Mitterrand, the Minister of Culture and Communication of France.
The French invaded Naples and established the Parthenopean Republic. A republican uprising in the Swiss cantons, encouraged by the French Republic which offered military support, led to the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation and the establishment of the Helvetic Republic.Blanning, pp. 230–232. This gem-studded 1765 exemplar of the Commanders' Cross is engraved with the word FORTITUDE.
The party launched several Campagne des banquets to support an expanded suffrage.l'Histoire de France. Larousse. The party definitively dissolved when the tensions of 1848–1849 exploded in the February Revolution that brought to Louis Philippe's fall and birth of the Second French Republic. Many members of the Movement Party became Moderate Republicans or merged in the Party of Order.
The Security Group for the Presidency of the Republic (, GSPR) is the security unit in charge of the safety of the President of the French Republic. Established in 1983, it is part of both the National Gendarmerie and National Police. It is distinct from the National Guard, which is in charge of the security of official buildings.
Cyrille Roumagnac, L'Arsenal de Toulon et la Royale. p. 43 In 1820 Toulon became the base for the conquest of France's colonies in North Africa. In 1820 a French fleet with an army departed from Toulon for the conquest of Algeria. 1849, during the brief Second French Republic, Georges-Eugène Haussmann was named Prefect of the Var.
France has, due to its Overseas departments and regions that are scattered in all the oceans of Earth, the largest exclusive economic zone of the world. The total EEZ of France is . It covers approximately 8% of the surface of all the EEZs of the world, while the French Republic is only 0.45% of the world's land surface.
Frédéric François-Marsal (; 16 March 1874 – 20 May 1958) was a French Politician of the Third Republic, who served briefly as Prime Minister in 1924. Due to his premiership he also served for two days (11–13 June 1924) as the Acting President of the French Republic between the resignation of Alexandre Millerand and the election of Gaston Doumergue.
This is a list of wars involving the French Republic and its predecessor states. It is an incomplete list of French and proto-French wars and battles from the foundation of Francia by Clovis I, the Merovingian king who united all the Frankish tribes and northern Gallo-Romans in the 5th century, to the current Fifth Republic.
He has been appointed a CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) by H.M. The Queen, and the Order of Merit of the French Republic and is a "Chevalier de La Legion d’Honneur". He holds an honorary degree in law, from the University of Bath and attended the (SEP) Stanford Executive Program in the US.
2007 – received Prince Claus Award (The Netherlands). 2008 – Awarded by the Medal of “Movses Khorenatsi” by Armenian Government 2008 – Awarded by CHEVALIER DE L’ORDRE DES ARTS ET DE LETTRES by Ministry of Culture and Communications of French Republic. His films won many prizes at various International film festivals. 2010 - The Nilsson Award of the American Independent Filmmakers Alliance.
His political engagement raised a lot of critics from the Communist party of China, their supporters in Europe. He was also put temporarily on a blacklist by the Russian federation. On 15 October 2014, Henri Malosse received the National Order of the Legion of Honour by the former President of the French Republic, Valery Giscard d'Estaing, in Brussels.
Until the Austrian Netherlands were overrun and annexed by the First French Republic in 1794, the region continued to supply 400 to 500 recruits per year to the Walloon Guards through a recruitment office in Liège. The three Walloon line infantry regiments, Brabante, Flandes and Bruselas, were dissolved and redistributed to other regiments between 1791 and 1792.
The Bourbon dynasty was restored (following Napoleon's "Hundred Days") under Louis XVIII in June 1815. He died 16 September 1824 and was succeeded by his brother Charles X who abdicated on 2 August 1830. Louis-Philippe reigned from 9 August 1830 until overthrown on 24 February 1848. The Second French Republic was established briefly from 1848 (until 1852).
The French constitution of 27 October 1946 (Fourth Republic), established the French Union which endured until 1958. Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic. These now total about 1% of the pre-1939 colonial area, with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013.
The Vichy regime disintegrated. An interim Provisional Government of the French Republic was quickly put into place by de Gaulle. The gouvernement provisoire de la République française, or GPRF, operated under a tripartisme alliance of communists, socialists, and democratic republicans. The GPRF governed France from 1944 to 1946, when it was replaced by the French Fourth Republic.
Cole, p.28 The result was the Sejm's passage of the March Constitution of 1921. Modeled after the Third French Republic, the March Constitution entrusted decision-making exclusively within the lower-house Sejm.Garlicki, p. 1 The newly created presidency, on the other hand, became a symbolic office devoid of any major authority, stripped of veto and wartime powers.
Camille Ournac (born on 31 August 1845 - died 24 February 1925 Toulouse) was a wine merchant, miller and French politician. In his political life he was member of the Departmental council, socialist mayor of Toulouse where he initiated several reforms and improvements to the city. He later became senator for Haute-Garonne in the Third French Republic.
The Constitutional Council verified the results of the first round between the 24–26 April and officially certified the vote tallies on 26 April, with the same procedure being used for the second round. The new President of the French Republic was set to be proclaimed on 11 May and undergo their investiture ceremony on 14 May at the latest.
Marie-Adolphe Carnot. Marie Adolphe Carnot (27 January 1839 - 20 June 1920) was a French chemist, mining engineer and politician. He came from a distinguished family: his father, Hippolyte Carnot, and brother, Marie François Sadi Carnot, were politicians, the latter becoming President of the third French Republic. He was born in Paris and studied at the École Polytechnique and the École des Mines.
He was a member of the secretariat of the League of Nations from 1921 to 1931. He was Information Commissioner in the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), and the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF), from 3 June to 9 September 1944. He was named, after the official recognition of GFRP by the United States, the representative of France in Washington.
In June 2007, he was appointed Adviser for Strategic and Security Affairs at the Presidency of the French Republic. Mr. François Richier was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of France to India on 17 October 2011. He presented his credentials to H.E. President P.D. Patil on 1 November 2011. Mr. François Richier later served as the French Ambassador to Afghanistan.
Alain Joseph Dordelin (13 March 1764 - 19 May 1826), was an officer of the French Navy during the years of the Kingdom of France, French Republic and French Empire. He joined the Navy during the years of the Kingdom of France, serving in the American Revolutionary War and his career finished as a contre- amiral and a Comte of the First French Empire.
In early 1793 Great Britain and Spain, historic antagonists in the Mediterranean, found themselves allies against the newly-formed French Republic in the War of the First Coalition. The alliance was uneasy, the Spanish refusing to allow British officers to command Spanish forces,Ireland, p.144 and suspicious of British motives in the aftermath of the Nootka Crisis of 1790.Mostert, p.
Léon Guérin wrote that they needed an administrator and appointed a pirate. Dalbarade was in charge of the department of Navy and Colonies for about 27 months during the Reign of Terror. He was ordered to deport disobedient priests to Guiana, but delayed their departure indefinitely. Throughout 1793 the French Republic was involved in total war with the rest of Europe.
New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 5 November 2017 In 1901, however, the monks were compelled to leave France due to the anti-clerical laws of the Third French Republic. After finding refuge in Baronville, Belgium (now part of the municipality of Beauraing), the monks began to search for a permanent home. After various inquires failed, they finally settled upon Clervaux, Luxembourg.
Prosecutions related to the Nanking Massacre were categorised as infringements upon the Laws of War.Yoshinobu Higurashi,op.cit.,pp.116–119. A panel of eleven judges presided over the IMTFE, one each from victorious Allied powers (United States, Republic of China, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Provisional Government of the French Republic, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, British India, and the Philippines).
While fighting against the Turks, Gyulay rose in rank to become a field officer. From 1793 to 1796, he served on the upper Rhine in combat with the armies of the First French Republic. In 1799 he led a brigade in Germany and the following year he commanded a division. From 1801 until 1831, he was Proprietor (Inhaber) of a Hungarian infantry regiment.
20 centimes black, one of the first two issued stamps of the series. The Ceres series was the first postage stamp series of France, issued in 6 different values from 1849 to 1850 as a representation of the French Republic. The series bore the effigy of Ceres, goddess of growing plants in Roman mythology. Jacques-Jean Barre did the initial drawing and gravure.
Napoleon concluded that the people of Marseille should reject counter-revolutionary ideals and adopt the constitution of the French Republic in order to end the civil war and allow the regular army to restore France.de Chair, pp. 59–70. Following their conversation the group drank champagne until two in the morning, paid for by the Marseillais merchant.de Chair, p. 70.
By the early 1790s, tensions in Ireland – and in continental Europe – had grown. On the Continent, the new French Republic was embroiled in wars with Britain, the Holy Roman Empire, and other states. In Ireland, many dissenters, inspired by events of the French Revolution, founded the Society of United Irishmen, with early members including Theobald Wolfe Tone and Henry Joy McCracken.
The repression continued during the French Revolution when the First French Republic prohibited the usage of Catalan in linguistic education. The repression continued until recently, when finally the French government in 2007 promoted the usage of Catalan publicly and in education. In Spain, the usage of Catalan was also prohibited. In Francoist Spain, Catalan was prohibited in government and education.
Most of them group together a number of communes (the lowest administrative division of the French Republic), although larger communes may be included in more than one canton, since the cantons – in marked contrast to the communes, which have between more than two million inhabitants (Paris) and just one person (Rochefourchat) – are intended to be roughly equal in size of population.
In January 1945, Dentz was sentenced to death for aiding the Axis powers. But Charles de Gaulle, the President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (gouvernement provisoire de la République française, or GPRF), commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. However, Dentz was not to serve much of this sentence. On 13 December 1945, he died in Fresnes, Val-de-Marne, France.
Battle of Verona on 26 March 1799 saw a Habsburg Austrian army under Pál Kray fight a First French Republic army led by Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer. The battle encompassed three separate combats on the same day. At Verona, the two sides battled to a bloody draw. At Pastrengo to the west of Verona, French forces prevailed over their Austrian opponents.
Ferdinand of Naples refused to pay agreed-upon tribute to France, and his subjects followed this refusal with a rebellion. The French invaded Naples and established the Parthenopean Republic. A republican uprising in the Swiss cantons, encouraged by the French Republic which offered military support, led to the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation and the establishment of the Helvetic Republic.Blanning, pp. 230–232.
In 1989–1991 at the art auctions of "L'Ecole de Leningrad" in Paris his work enjoyed great success. One of his landscapes of the Volga river was purchased for the Paris city hall by the future president of French Republic. Today his paintings reside in State Russian museum, in art museums and private collections in Russia,Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism.
Louis Partouneaux (26 September 1770 – 14 January 1835) led an infantry division during the First French Empire of Napoleon. He joined the army of the First French Republic in 1791 and fought the Sardinians. He served at Toulon in 1793 and at Rivoli and Salorno in 1797. He fought at Verona and Magnano in 1799 and received promotion to general officer.
Barbey D'Aurevilly and the Satanism of Appearance in _Les Diaboliques_ , 11-14. (Dedalus: Langford Lodge, St Judith's Lane Sawtry, Cambs, 1996). D'Aurevilly, due to the boredom induced by bourgeois life in the Second French Republic, was a dandy. Similarly, the acts committed by the characters in these stories are induced not only by their extreme passion but also by their boredom.
He is currently publishing the results of his research in monographs or edited books, as well as in Cypriot and international scientific periodicals. In 2011 the French Republic honored him with the distinction of "Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres" and in 2012 he was honored by the Cyprus Green Party with the Prize of Architectural Heritage in memory of Neoptolemos Michaëlides.
Doronicum corsicum is a species of the genus Doronicum and the family sunflower family. some authors have regarded the species as belonging to either Arnica or Aronicum. It is a rare plant that has been found only on the Island of Corsica in the Mediterranean (part of the French Republic).Altervista Flora Italiana, Doronico di Corsica, Doronicum corsicum (Loisel.) Poir.
Bonaparte forcibly removed the other Knights from their possessions, angering Paul, Tsar of Russia, who was the honorary head of the Order. The French Directory, furthermore, was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians and the British actually discussed this possibility.John Gallagher.
The French Republic may make war by arms only "for the preservation of its liberty, the conservation of its territory and the defence of its allies". War can be decreed only by the legislative body, with the means of a signed poll, whose moment is fixed three days in advance and after "having heard the Executive Council on the state of the Republic".
Beach (1986), pp. 29–30, 33.Allen (1909), pp. 42–45. Constellation was built under the direction of Colonel David Stodder at his naval shipyard on Harris Creek in Baltimore's Fell's Point maritime community, according to a design by Joshua Humphreys and launched on 7 September 1797, just as the United States entered the Quasi-War with the revolutionary French Republic.
An advocate of the French republic, Flower was not a republican at home. His paper was identified by opponents as an organ for Rational Dissent. As a publisher he undertook joint ventures with Joseph Cottle, Joseph Johnson, and Henry Symonds who had published Rights of Man. In religion Flower was a conservative Unitarian, according to the Dictionary of National Biography.
Bormes-les-Mimosas is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes- Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It has a Mediterranean climate. Bormes-les-Mimosas is a city in bloom and won the 2003 Gold Medal awarded by the Entente Florale. The Fort de Brégançon, located in the commune, is the official retreat for the President of the French Republic.
March 1799 saw two clashes between the forces of the First French Republic and the Habsburg Monarchy. On the 7th, Nicolas Oudinot, with 9,000 French soldiers, defeated Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze and his 6,000 Austrians. The Battle of Feldkirch occurred on 23 March, when André Masséna and 12,000 Frenchmen were beaten by Franz Jellacic and a force of 5,500 Austrians.
French-Soviet Joint Declaration of June 30, 1966 is an important agreement on a range of cooperation between the Soviet Union and France, signed in Moscow at the same date by President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Nikolai Podgorny and President of the French Republic Charles de Gaulle, which resumed with the Russian Federation since then.
Great Seal of France, in 1848. The headdress of Liberty is similar to the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World), which are both prominent republican symbols. The Great Seal of France (French: Grand sceau de la République française) is the official seal of the French Republic. The Great Seal features Liberty personified as a seated Juno wearing a crown with seven arches.
In 2006 Michel Dancoisne-Martineau donated the heart-shaped waterfall valley to the Saint Helena National Trust. In 2008 he donated the land surrounding the pavilion at The Briars to the French republic. Longwood House is now a museum owned by the French government. It is one of two museums on the island, the other being the Museum of Saint Helena.
In June 2013, she visited Sweden to attend the wedding of Princess Madeleine of Sweden and Christopher O'Neill. On 18 June 2014, Princess Hisako departed for Federative Republic of Brazil, Republic of Colombia and French Republic. In Brazil, she watched the World Cup soccer game as the honorary president of Japan Football Association. In Colombia, she visited Colombian Football Federation.
It is the conventional translation of non-English titles such as Monsieur le Président for the president of the French Republic. It also has a long history of usage as the title of the presiding officers of legislative and judicial bodies. The speaker of the House of Commons of Canada is addressed as Monsieur le Président in French, and Mr. Speaker in English.
The Fort de Brégançon (English: Brégançon Fort) is a medieval fortress, located above sea level on an islet off the French Riviera, connected by a short causeway to the mainland, in the commune of Bormes-les-Mimosas in the Var department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It has been the official retreat of the President of the French Republic since 1968.
General Francisco Ballesteros. Francisco Ballesteros (1770 in Zaragoza - June 29, 1832 in Paris) emerged as a career Spanish General during the Peninsular War. Ballasteros served against the First French Republic in the 1793 War of the Pyrenees. He was dismissed from his post for lack of service in 1804 until Prime Minister Godoy rehabilitated him and assigned him to customs in Asturias.
Although none of Dupuy's presidential bids were successful, he served, due to his position as Prime Minister, as an Acting President of the French Republic for three separate occasions during vacancies. In June 1900 Dupuy was elected senator for the Haute-Loire department. He was reelected on 7 January 1906 and 11 January 1920, holding office until his death on 23 July 1923.
The Legion of Honour is a national order of France, meaning a public incorporated body. The Legion is regulated by a civil law code, the "Code of the Legion of Honour and of the Military Medal". While the President of the French Republic is the Grand Master of the order, day-to-day running is entrusted to the Grand Chancery (').
Charles Cassal (1 April 1818 - 11 March 1885) was a deputy of the Second French Republic and professor of French at University College London. He was a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. His granddaughter, Mrs Dorothy Beatrice Staunton, established the Cassal Endowment Fund in memory of her grandfather and her father Celestin Cassal.University of London Languages Trust Funds: Cassal Endowment Fund.
Early in life he joined his mariner father, Joseph, on local voyages and longer trips to the West Indies. After his father died while still young, Isaac was adopted by his uncle William Hull, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War.Molloy, 1964 p. 104. During the mid-1790s, the young Hull commanded several merchant vessels, losing some to French Republic privateers.
French euro coins feature three separate designs for the three series of coins. The minor series was designed by Fabienne Courtiade, the middle one by Laurent Jurio and the major two coins are by Joaquin Jimenez. All designs share the 12 stars of the EU and the year of imprint as well as the letters "RF" for République Française (French Republic).
This > convention shall be submitted for the approval of the Government of the > French Republic and His Majesty the King of Annam, and ratifications shall > be exchanged as soon as possible. > Article 19. The present treaty will replace the conventions of 15 March, 31 > August and 23 November 1874. > In the event of a dispute, the French text shall prevail.
By February 2007 the unemployment rate was at 8.4%, the lowest recorded score since June 1983. He finished his term on 15 May 2007 at the end of Jacques Chirac's five-year term. The handover of power to Jean-Louis Borloo, named as Minister of the Economy by the newly elected President of the French Republic Nicolas Sarkozy, took place the following day.
Jean-Pierre Firmin Malher (29 June 1761 - 13 March 1808) joined the army of the First French Republic and fought in the French Revolutionary Wars. During the Napoleonic Wars he rose in rank to command a division. He was accidentally killed in 1808 while on campaign in Spain. His surname is one of the Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe.
According to a poll by Institut français d'opinion publique in 2020, 40% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values of the French republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French values.
Encyclopedia Press, 1913, p. 380 (Original from Harvard University). The conflict between France and Spain was reignited in 1800 when Napoléon Bonaparte demanded that Charles IV of Spain return the Spanish colony of Luisiana to the French Republic with the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. Napoléon then sold La Louisiane to the United States with the Louisiana Purchase Treaty of 1803.
This provocation prompted President Adams to appoint Benjamin Stoddert as the first Secretary of the Navy. Stoddert immediately ordered his senior commanders to "subdue, seize and take any armed vessel or vessels sailing under the authority or pretense of authority, from the French Republic." At this time, moreover, America was not even ranked with European naval forces.Waldo, 1821, p. 25.
In October 1793 Lieutenant John Pengelley (or Pengelly) assumed command. France invaded the Netherlands in January 1795. On 19 January 1795, one day after stadtholder William V of Orange fled to England, the Bataafse Republiek (Batavian Republic) was proclaimed, rendering the Netherlands a unitary state. From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic.
On 6 November 2007, Douste-Blazy was among the guests invited to the state dinner hosted by President George W. Bush in honor of President Nicolas Sarkozy at the White House.Guest List for the Social Dinner in Honor of His Excellency Nicolas Sarkozy President of the French Republic Office of the First Lady of the United States, press release of 6 November 2007.
As a result, the boundary is much closer to the islands of Wallis and Futuna than it is to the main islands of Tonga. The treaty came into force on the day of signature. The full name of the treaty is Convention between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Tonga on the delimitation of economic zones.
Louis Charles Folliot de Crenneville (3 July 1763 – 21 June 1840) joined the French royal navy in the 1770s. During the French Revolution he abandoned the First French Republic and became an Émigré. Soon afterward, he tendered his services to Habsburg Austria. He earned promotion to general officer during the Napoleonic Wars and fought in all the major campaigns against his former country.
He and his son, William Frederick, also recognised the Batavian Republic as legitimate, and renounced their hereditary stadtholderate. These were preconditions set by First Consul Napoleon of the French Republic for compensation for the loss of their possessions in the Netherlands, that had been confiscated by the Batavian Republic.Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Willem [Nederlanden] §Willem V." Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
In 2014, El Haite was awarded the Freedom Prize by the Spanish Foundation Women for Freedom and Democracy. In December 2016, she received the insignia of Chevalier of the Legion of Honour of the French Republic from President François Hollande. The award was presented by former Prime Minister Laurent Fabius for her national and international commitment to the ecological cause.
The treaty came into force immediately upon signature. The full name of the treaty is Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf of France and of Seychelles. Foreign Minister Jérémie Bonnelame signed the treaty on behalf of Seychelles.
Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 6 (p. 223–269) : The new French republic and its enemies (fall 1792–summer 1793). Right away on 21 September the Convention abolished the monarchy, making France the French First Republic. A new French Republican Calendar was introduced to replace the Christian Gregorian calendar, renaming the year 1792 as year 1 of the Republic.
The new premises of the UFAZ, located in a historical building at Nizami Street 183 and entirely renovated by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, were officially inaugurated on September 15, 2017. The ceremony was attended amongst others by the Minister of Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Mikail Jabbarov, the Rector of the Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Mustafa Babanli, the State Secretary under the Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of the French Republic, Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, the Director General of Research and Innovation Department under the Ministry of Higher Education and Research of the French Republic Alain Beretz, the French Ambassador to Azerbaijan Aurélia Bouchez, the Vice-President of the University of Strasbourg Irène Jacoberger, and the President of the Foundation for Research in Chemistry of Strasbourg University, Bernard Meunier.
The Provisional Government of the French Republic (PGFR; (GPRF) was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 following the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon, and lasted until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic. Its establishment marked the official restoration and re-establishment of a provisional French Republic, assuring continuity with the defunct French Third Republic. It succeeded the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), which had been the provisional government of France in the overseas territories and metropolitan parts of the country (Algeria and Corsica) that had been liberated by the Free French. As the wartime government of France in 1944–1945, its main purposes were to handle the aftermath of the occupation of France and continue to wage war against Germany as one of the major Allies.
The rich archives of the old University of Leuven, after its suppression by the law of the French Republic, so as all the other Universities of the French Republic, were transferred to a "Commission in charge of the management of the goods of the abolished university in Leuven", set up in 1797 and active until 1813."Commissie beslast met het beheer van de goederen van de afgeschafte universiteit te Leuven" . They passed to the National Archives of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and ultimately to the National Archives of Belgium. Although the archives of the old University of Leuven have been recognized as world heritageUNESCO, Memory of the World : the Archives of the University of Leuven (1425-1797): University Heritage of Global Significance by UNESCO, until today there is no complete history of the old University of Leuven.
However, the French government didn't immediately extend the social welfare system enjoyed by metropolitan France. Instead, social service benefits were gradually extended to Mahoran citizens over a period of 20 years, until they are equal to those enjoyed in metropolitan France. The French government also promised financial support to strengthen Mahoran infrastructure. Income taxes were increased as a result of integration with the French republic.
Marc Bloch was born in Lyon on 6 July 1886, one of two children to Gustave and Sarah Bloch, née Ebstein. Bloch's family were Alsatian Jews: secular, liberal and loyal to the French Republic. They "struck a balance", says the historian Carole Fink, between both "fierce Jacobin patriotism and the antinationalism of the left". His family had lived in Alsace for five generations under French rule.
The specific reasons for Austria's opposition to Rampolla are unclear. The veto may have been based on the pro-French positions adopted by Rampolla, which were reflected in the policies of Leo XIII. Part of the Holy See's solution involving the French Republic was the attempt to reconcile French Catholics with their nation's republican government via laïcité. This was anathema to the powerful Ultramontanes.
The Germans were dug into fortified emplacements above the beaches. Caen, Cherbourg, Carentan, Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the Battle of Normandy, which continued until the closing of the so-called Falaise gap between Chambois and Mont Ormel. The liberation of Le Havre followed. This was a significant turning point in the war and led to the restoration of the French Republic.
The Hercules figure on these coins represents victory but was also a symbol chosen by the French Republic to represent the nation, thereby connecting Napoleon to both triumph and France.Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution,p. 94. The Po-Adda-Mincio medal depicts Napoleon Bonaparte leading his soldiers across the Adda on the bridge at Lodi.Hanley, The Genesis of Napoleonic Propaganda, 151.
In 1981 François Mitterrand was elected 21st President of the French Republic. Mitterrand was the first left-wing head of state since 1957 and was considered a friend of the Jewish people and a lover of the Bible. In 1982 he visited Israel and spoke in the Israeli parliament, the Knesset. Both Israel and France deployed their armed forces to Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War.
The wars of the seventeenth century forced the citizens to flee towards the Palatinate or the Bischwiller district. The church was destroyed in 1685. Subsequent repopulation was achieved through the arrival of Swiss refugees from Calvinist extremism. In 1793 the county found itself annexed to the new French Republic, but this time was spared the violent upheavals characteristic of the revolutionary period in other parts of France.
The French Armed Forces () encompass the Army, the Navy, the Air and Space Force, the National Guard and the Gendarmerie of the French Republic. The President of France heads the armed forces as chef des armées. France has the fifth largest defence budget in the world and the first in the European Union (EU). It has the largest armed forces in size in the European Union.
He was Recorder and Under-Steward of New Windsor from 1789 to 1806. cites Tighe and {Davis, Annals of Windsor. When the rise of the French Republic caused apprehensions in Britain, Villiers was appointed colonel of the First Regiment of Fencible Cavalry on 14 March 1794, and was granted the rank of colonel in the army during service in the field. cites Royal Kalendar, Militia Lists.
"Justice and fraternity" (15 June 1848). > Journal des Économistes. p. 313. Among his better known works is Economic Sophisms, a series of essays (originally published in the Journal des économistes) which contain a defence of free trade and many strongly worded attacks on statist policies. Bastiat wrote the work while living in England to advise the shapers of the French Republic on perils to avoid.
Charged with undermining the First French Republic, Louis XVI was separated from his family and tried in December. He was found guilty by the Convention, led by the Jacobins who rejected the idea of keeping him as a hostage. On 15 January 1793, by a majority of one vote, that of Philippe Égalité, he was condemned to death by guillotine and executed on 21 January 1793.
Milza, 2009, pp. 47–48 Bismarck thought that French vanity would lead to war; he exploited that vanity in the Ems Dispatch in July 1870. France took the bait and declared war on Prussia. In 1867, French politician Adolphe Thiers (who became President of the French Republic in 1871) accused Napoleon III of erroneous foreign policy: "There is no mistake that can be made".
The attack outraged the Genoese, who were being threatened both by Drake and by representatives of the French republic, and created a diplomatic incident. The Genoes finally bowed to French pressure and ordered the expulsion of all foreigners, with the exception of the French. The Genoese broke all diplomatic ties; in response Gell's squadron began to blockade Genoa, capturing neutral merchants bound for the city.
Consul (abbrev. cos.; Latin plural consules) was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city states through antiquity and the Middle Ages, then revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The related adjective is consular, from the Latin consularis.
Albert Lebrun's biography, French Republic Presidential official website In September 1940, Vichy France was forced to allow Japan to occupy French Indochina, a federation of French colonial possessions and protectorates encompassing modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The Vichy regime continued to administer them under Japanese military occupation. French Indochina was the base for the Japanese invasions of Thailand, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies.
Saint Martin (; ) is an island in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately east of Puerto Rico. The island is divided roughly 60:40 between the French Republic () and the Kingdom of the Netherlands (), but the two parts are roughly equal in population. The division dates to 1648. The southern Dutch part comprises Sint Maarten and is one of four constituent countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
But no women were chosen to lead any of the eight major Resistance movements. After the liberation of France, the provisional government appointed no women ministers or commissaires de la République. However, as head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, general de Gaulle, as a recognition of and a reward for their role in the Resistance, granted women the right to vote in 1945.
Godoy's frequent promotions were signs of his increasing influence over the King and Queen. In 1791, Prime Minister Floridablanca accused Godoy of an adulterous relationship with the Queen. In January 1792, Floridablanca fell from office on account of Spain's relationship with the emerging French Republic. His successor Aranda fell from office the following November, and Queen Maria Louisa arranged for Godoy to be Prime Minister.
The French Revolutionary Wars. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, , pp. 41–59. This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796 when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May.Ramsay Weston Phipps,The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et- Moselle Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p.
Five Flags Center is a multi-purpose facility in downtown Dubuque, Iowa. It is named for the five flags that have flown over Dubuque; the Fleur de Lis of France (1673–1763), the Royal Flag of Spain (1763–1803), the Union Jack of Great Britain (1780, during a brief interruption of Spanish rule), the French Republic Flag of Napoleon (1803) & America's Stars and Stripes (1803–Present).
The stamp represents Marianne, allegory of the French Republic, wearing as usual a tricolor cockade, and the Phrygian cap. She is looking to the left. The French motto is written on top of the stamp. Finally chosen by President Jacques Chirac after a competition, the design was better received than the Marianne du Bicentenaire series, often judged as a dead face with its empty eyes.
Rhin-et-Moselle (; ) was a department of the First French Republic and First French Empire in present-day Germany. It was named after the rivers Rhine and Moselle. It was formed in 1798, when the left bank of the Rhine was annexed by France. Until the French occupation, its territory was divided between the Archbishopric of Cologne, the Archbishopric of Trier, and the Electorate of the Palatinate.
After acquiring copies of manuals published in 1791 for use by the armies of the French Republic, Eustis commissioned a translation and lobbied for adoption of new manuals based on French tactics.Bonura, pp. 43–44 Although a new manual was ready for use in 1812, it was not well received by the officer corps, and was not used in the war that broke out that year.Bonura, p.
On 7 September 1870, within three days of the revolution of 4 September in Paris, he wrote to the Movimento of Genoa, "Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means."Ridley, p. 602. Subsequently, Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, an army of volunteers.
During the French Revolution, the Austrian Netherlands were invaded by French republican troops and were incorporated into the French Republic. The domains of the family were confiscated and noble privileges were abolished. The family fled to Germany for a while. It was only after the declaration of the Empire des Français by Napoleon in 1804 that the family could regain their domains and some of their titles.
Encouraged by the French Republic, a republican uprising in the Swiss cantons led to the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation and the establishment of the Helvetic Republic.Blanning. pp. 230–232. The French Directory was convinced that the Austrians were planning to start another war. Indeed, the weaker France seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians, and the British discussed this possibility.John Gallagher.
In 1796, following the secret terms of the Treaty of San Ildefonso, the Kingdom of Spain suddenly reversed its position in the French Revolutionary Wars turning from an enemy of the French Republic into an ally.Henderson, p. 104 The Spanish declaration of war on Great Britain forced the British Mediterranean Fleet to abandon the Mediterranean Sea entirely, retreating to ports at Gibraltar and Lisbon.Gardiner, p.
On the downfall of the Vichy regime, Abrial was arrested and charged with collaboration, for which he lost his pension. After the Provisional Government of the French Republic re-established the Haute Cour de justice, that court condemned him for his Nazi collaboration and sentenced him to ten years of forced labor. In December 1947, however, he gained provisional release, and in 1954 he was granted amnesty.
Direct rule deliberately removed traditional power structures in order to implement uniformity across a region. The desire for regional homogeneity was the driving force behind the French colonial doctrine of Assimilation. The French style of colonialism stemmed from the idea that the French Republic was a symbol of universal equality. As part of a civilizing mission, the European principles of equality were translated into legislation abroad.
Phipps, Ramsay Weston. The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1926–1939, volume 5 p.124 In 1806 he was made Governor of Regensburg, and for a short period Commissioner of Frankfurt 19–25 September 1806. Then he was Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Frankfurt 10 October 1806 - December 1810.
Duquesnoy was born to a farmer in Bouvigny- Boyeffles, France on 27 February 1761. He was the brother of Ernest Dominique Francois Joseph Duquesnoy who later became a representative of the First French Republic. He enlisted in the Carabiniers-à-Cheval in 1782 but was discharged in 1790. He became captain in the 4th Pas-de-Calais National Guard Battalion on 28 January 1792.
Antonio Ricardos Carrillo de Albornoz (1727 in Barbastro – 13 March 1794) was a Spanish general. He joined the army of the Kingdom of Spain and fought against Habsburg Austria, the Portugal, and the First French Republic during a long military career. By embracing the Spanish Enlightenment, he earned the displeasure of conservative elements of society. He played an active role in reforming the Spanish military.
He instigated a vote of no confidence against the Mbida's government and wrote the speech of Ahmadou Ahidjo.Daniel Abwa André-Marie Mbida, premier premier ministre camerounais (1917–1980): autopsie d'une carrière politique When Mbida returned to Cameroon, he addressed by telegram his resignation to the President of the French Republic, René Coty, at Prime Minister, Félix Gaillard and at Minister of Overseas France, Gérard Jaquet.
Although Ferdinand was the first European sovereign to recognize the French Republic, he was forced to submit to the French authorities who occupied the Grand Duchy in 1799. He abdicated both the Grand Duchy and the Grand Magistery of Saint Stephen. The order survived during the short-lived Kingdom of Etruria. Following the restoration of Ferdinand III in 1814, the revival of the Order was proposed.
After the United Kingdom signed the Treaty of Amiens with the French Republic in March 1802, Mansfield arrived back in Portsmouth on 9 June in Dryad carrying Admiral Lord Gardner and bearing his flag. Captain Robert Williams was appointed to Dryad, joining her almost immediately. Dryad cruised off Portland suppressing smuggling. In February 1803 Williams left to become captain of the third rate 74-gun .
The Liberation of France began with the Allied invasions of 1944, Operation Overlord at Normandy in the north and Operation Dragoon in the south. Allied forces achieved the Liberation of Paris in August. De Gaulle established the Provisional Government of the French Republic, and the entire country returned to the Allies. Further fighting occurred in France during the advance to the Rhine of 1944–1945.
The official language of the French Republic is French (art. 2 of the French Constitution) and the French government is, by law, compelled to communicate primarily in French. The government, furthermore, mandates that commercial advertising be available in French (though it can also use other languages). The French government, however, does not mandate the use of French by private individuals or corporations or in any other media.
Brigitte Marie-Claude Macron (; born Trogneux, , previously Auzière, ; born 13 April 1953) is a French schoolteacher who is the wife and former teacher of Emmanuel Macron, current President of the French Republic. In 2015, to help support her husband in his political career, she ended her career as a teacher of literature at a prestigious private high school, Lycée Saint-Louis-de- Gonzague, in Paris.
Gougaud, p.102-111 On 16 June, new experiments followed in front of the President of the French Republic, and on 10 September for Commander Ferrus, an officer who had been involved in the study (and ultimate abandonment) of the Levavasseur tank project in 1908.Gougaud, p.215 In early 1916, the first prototype of the Schneider tank was assembled in an army workshop.
The same year François Christophe Kellermann, a child of Strasbourg was appointed the head of the Mosel Army. He led his company to victory at the battle of Valmy and saved the young French republic. He was later appointed Duke of Valmy by Napoléon in 1808. During this period, Jean-Baptiste Kléber, also born in Strasbourg, led the French army to win several decisive victories.
The agreed-to boundary is an approximate equidistant line between the two islands. The treaty came into force on 15 May 1989 after both countries had ratified it. The full name of the treaty is Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Italian Republic on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries in the Area of the Strait of Bonifacio.
He also painted Marie-Antoinette herself and her husband Louis XVI and drew portraits of several deputies of the third estate in 1785, which were later engraved by Franz Gabriel Fiesinger. After the French Revolution he also painted portraits of several generals of the First French Republic, which were often reproduced, as well as images of Kléber, Napoleon Bonaparte and Mozart Estampe gravée d'après guérin..
The French commission Stasi is a commission set up to reflect upon the application of the laïcité principle. Named after the chair Bernard Stasi, ombudsman of the (French) Republic (médiateur de la République) since 1998, and consisting of 20 members, it was set up by the president of the Republic Jacques Chirac on 3 July 2003. It reported its conclusions on 11 December 2003.
Douville enlisted in the Navy of the French Republic in January 1793, with a desire to "be useful to his country." He was assigned as lieutenant to the ship Achilles, and its mission was to protect the coastline of the Loire River and Brittany. On February 25, 1794, Douville became the captain of l'Impeteux. Douville's ship was part of Admiral Louis-Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse's squadron.
Marianne, the allegory of the French Republic, wearing a Phrygian cap, is presented in profile, looking to the left. Stars surrounded her head, evoking the flag of Europe. One of these stars is in the usual place of the tricolor cockade.Yves Beaujard, « Faire simple et lisible était ma devise » [Do it simple and readable was my motto], Timbres magazine #88, March 2008, pages 26-27.
Fontvieille represents the southwestern portion of the city- state, which is an area of or . It accommodates 3,602.Recensement 2008 Four hectares (9.9 acres) of Fontvieille are given over to the Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden. Part of Fontvieille's southern boundaries include the border with the French Republic where the Didier Deschamps Stadium and the Port of Cap d'Ail are located in close proximity.
Barricades set in open city declared Paris, 1940. French Republic air force Dewoitine D.520 similar to Pierre Le Gloan's. On June 10, Italy declared war on France and Britain; Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) started its bomb raids over France. On June 13, French ace pilot Pierre Le Gloan shot down two Fiat BR.20 bombers with his Dewoitine D.520 fighter.
Since 1986 the United Nations Committee on Decolonization has included New Caledonia on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. New Caledonia will decide whether to remain within the French Republic or become an independent state in a referendum sometime after 2014. Its capital Nouméa is the seat of the regional organization the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (formerly the South Pacific Commission).
On 6 December the RCT moved from La Colle to entrain at Antibes for movement to Soissons and assignment to XVIII Airborne Corps. The 517th PRCT suffered over 500 casualties and had 102 men killed in action. On 15 July 1946, the President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic issued Decision Number 247 awarding the French Croix de Guerre to the RCT.
He was present at the September Massacres and saved several prisoners, and on 7 September 1792 was elected one of the deputies from Paris to the National Convention, where he promoted the proclamation of the First French Republic. He suppressed the decoration of the Cross of Saint Louis, which he called "a stain on a man's coat", and demanded the sale of the Palace of Versailles.
He then went to Paris, where he was soon joined by his friend and compatriot Adolphe Thiers, the future president of the French Republic. He was introduced by Jacques-Antoine Manuel, formerly a member of the Convention, to the Liberal paper, Le Courrier français, where he became a member of the staff which carried on a fierce pen-and-ink warfare against the Restoration.
The new work was directed by Jean Résal, who had also worked on the Pont Mirabeau and Pont Alexandre III; it was inaugurated in 1919 by Raymond Poincaré, President of the French Republic. The structure has remained the same since. From the pont d'Arcole, a view of the bridge with 5 arches. Bridge with 5 arches Metal bridge at the beginning of the 20th century.
He became inspector of the southern zone. The provisional government of the French Republic in Algeria named him in June 1944 as Commissioner of the Republic for the Toulouse Region. In August, at the time of the liberation of the town, his car met an armed German patrol: two of his companions were killed and he was left for dead. He spent three weeks in a coma.
Encouraged by the French Republic, a republican uprising in the Swiss cantons led to the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation and the establishment of the Helvetic Republic.Blanning. pp. 230–232. The French Directory was convinced that the Austrians were planning to start another war. Indeed, the weaker France seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians, and the English discussed this possibility.John Gallagher.
In 1932, in recognition of his artistic services to France, the Third French Republic decorated Oakley with the Palmes d'Officier d'Académie, an honor rarely conferred upon foreigners. Biographical note on rear flap of dust jacket. Thornton Oakley died in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania on Saturday, April 4, 1953, and is buried with his wife Amy at the Lower Marion Baptist Church Cemetery in Bryn Mawr.
A 1972 stamp of Chad In 1959, approaching independence, the country issued its first stamps omitting the letters RF (standing for "République française", French Republic). These included a 15-franc issue depicting a cotton flower, fishers on Lake Chad and the head of an antelope. Independence in 1960 was not reflected in postage stamps until 1961, when three stamps were issued to celebrate admission to the UN.
The Journal Officiel de la République Française (JORF or JO) is the government gazette of the French Republic. It publishes the major legal official information from the national Government of France, the French ParliamentJournal officiel de la République Française, notice bibliographique FRBNF32802090, catalogue général, Bibliothèque nationale de France.Journal officiel de la République Française. Lois et décrets, notice bibliographique FRBNF34378481, catalogue général, Bibliothèque nationale de France.
Charles-Henri Sanson, full title Chevalier Charles-Henri Sanson de Longval (15 February 1739 – 4 July 1806), was the royal executioner of France during the reign of King Louis XVI, and High Executioner of the First French Republic. He administered capital punishment in the city of Paris for over forty years, and by his own hand executed nearly 3,000 people, including the King himself.
SOGEPA (Societé de Gestion de Participations Aéronautiques) is a French holding company owned completely by the French Republic. It is one of the largest public bodies investing in European aerospace technology, indirectly owning 11.11% shares of Airbus as at 31 December 2016. It was under supervision of Agence des participations de l'État. In 2014 SOGEPA became one of the major shareholders of PSA Peugeot Citroën.
The Empire of Brazil declared itself an empire after separating from the Portuguese Empire in 1822. France has twice transitioned from being called the French Republic to being called the French Empire while it retained an overseas empire.Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper, Empires in world history: Power and the politics of difference (Princeton UP, 2010). Diachronic map of the main empires of the modern era (1492–1945).
The first session was held on 20 September 1792. The following day, the assembly agreed to the proposition "That royalty be abolished in France" and was carried with cheers. On the 22nd came the news of the Battle of Valmy. On the same day it was decreed that "in future the acts of the assembly shall be dated First Year of the French Republic".
Three days later the corollary that "the French republic is one and indivisible" was added to guard against federalism. A republic had been proclaimed, but it remained to enact a republican government. The country was little more republican in feeling or practice than it had been before at any time since Varennes. But now it had to become a republic, because it no longer had a king.
Modern map of the Western Mediterranean. Most of the campaign was fought in the Ligurian Sea. In the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789, the newly formed French Republic had gone to war with the Austrian Empire and Prussia 1792,Ireland, p.39 and these enemies formed a coalition with other nations following the execution of the deposed French king Louis XVI on 21 January 1793.
The French Revolutionary Wars. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, , pp. 41–59. This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May.Ramsay Weston Phipps,The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et- Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p.
Lebrun retired from this position on 7 August 1792, and again retired to Dourdan. Three days later, the storming of the Tuileries Palace signalled the move towards the establishment of the French Republic by the creation of the National Convention. Lebrun further aroused the indignation of republicans when he accepted to represent Dourdan in the electoral college of Seine-et- Oise which nominated deputies to the Convention.
The Cult of the Supreme Being () was a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic and a replacement for Roman Catholicism and its rival, the Cult of Reason. It went unsupported after the fall of Robespierre and was officially proscribed when Napoleon restored Catholicism in France.
After the Treaty of Campo Formio, only Great Britain remained at war with the First French Republic. However, a heavy-handed and acquisitive French foreign policy soon provoked Austria and Russia, and led to the formation of the Second Coalition.Chandler, p 255 In Switzerland, hostilities between France and Austria began in early March 1799. In Germany, the Austrians won the Battle of Stockach on 25 March.
Although this rejection and the similar vote in the Dutch referendum seriously damaged the Constitution, subsequent EU Presidency holders have vowed to keep it going. Sarkozy was elected President of the French Republic in May 2007. Amongst his pledges was a re-negotiation and ratification of a mini-treaty without a referendum. Eventually, the new version of the text, the Lisbon Treaty, was voted by the Parliament.
Until the French Revolution, Hochdorf belonged to the Bishopric of Speyer. From 1798 to 1814, when the Palatinate was part of the French Republic (which became the Napoleonic Empire in 1804), Hochdorf was in the . After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Hochdorf initially belonged to the Austrian Empire and then moved to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816. From 1818 to 1862 it belonged to the .
Jean Allemane. Jean Allemane (1843, Sauveterre-de-Comminges, Haute-Garonne – 1935, Herblay in Seine-et-Oise) was a French socialist politician, veteran of the Paris Commune of 1871, pioneer of syndicalism, leader of the Socialist- Revolutionary Workers' Party (POSR) and co-founder of the unified French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in 1905. He was a deputy in the National Assembly of the Third French Republic.
When the Provisional Government of the French Republic established control, the Épuration légale ("legal purge") began. There were no international war crimes trials for French collaborators, who were tried in the domestic courts. Approximately 300,000 cases were investigated; 120,000 people were given various sentences including 6,763 death sentences (of which only 791 were carried out). Most convicts were given amnesty a few years later.
In 2001 the city of Lisbon held a large retrospective of his sculptures in the Castelo de São Jorge, which dominates the city. In 2003 he created the designs for Puccini's La Bohème for the Puccini Festival in Italy. The president of the French Republic, Jacques Chirac, awarded him the Legion of Honour in the Palais d'Elysée. In 2004 he became a UNICEF ambassador.
Hompesch capitulated on 11 June. The following day a treaty was signed by which the Order handed over sovereignty of the island of Malta to the government of the French Directory. In return, the French Republic agreed to "employ all its credit at the Congress of Rastatt to procure a principality for the Grand Master, equivalent to the one he gives up".Porter, 451.
The flight path between Papeete and Paris. The current world's longest domestic flight as of 2020 occurred due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The flight goes between Papeete in French Polynesia and airports near Paris in Metropolitan France, traversing a distance of approximately and taking approximately 16 to 17 hours. It is considered a domestic flight as French Polynesia forms an integral part of the French Republic.
Montebourg was first elected to the National Assembly during the 1997 legislative election. He was reelected in 2002 and 2007. Together with Bastien François, a professor of Political Science at Pantheon-Sorbonne University, Montebourg was the cofounder of the Convention pour la VI-ème République (C6R) in 2001. This convention called for significant constitutional changes, leading to the founding of a Sixth French Republic.
He is the son of Jules Noël, conseiller d'Etat, and Cécile Burchard-Bélaváry. He received a Doctor of Laws in 1912 and then became Conseiller d'État. In 1927 he became Délégué Général of the High Commissioner of the French Republic in Rhineland. He became Prefect of Haut-Rhin in 1930, Plenipotentiary Minister in Prague (1932–1935), and then French Ambassador to Poland (1935–1940).
In 1976, Goody was elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). He was an associate of the US National Academy of Sciences. In the 2005 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Knight Bachelor "for services to Social Anthropology", and therefore granted the use of the title sir. In 2006, he was appointed Commandeur dans l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Republic.
Franco–Congolese relations refers to the current and historical relationship between the French Republic and the Republic of the Congo. France maintains an embassy in Brazzaville and a consulate in Pointe Noire. France controlled the Republic of the Congo as a colony from the 1880s until the Congo's independence in 1960. Following the collapse of communism worldwide, France has become Congo's most significant external trading partner.
In August 1871 he drafted Letter to his brother Emile, August 14, 1871, in APAPP, Copybook, p. 220. a plan for a Constitution for the French Republic, dedicated to president Louis-Adolphe Thiers and with a preface founded in his juridico-political theory.Letter to his brother Emile, August 14, 1871, in APAPP, Copybook, p. 45. The preface was later published in La República in November 1871.MHRSJ.
After the outbreak of World War II, Mandello and her husband were considered Alien Enemies within the French Republic and were forced to leave Paris in early 1940. They had to leave everything behind: the photo studio, camera equipment, archived works and negatives. They were allowed to take only 14 kilos of luggage. They came to the village of Dognen where she helped out in the infirmary.
In 1794 the Left Bank of the Rhine, including the Palatinate, was occupied by French revolutionary troops. As a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), the First French Republic annexed the region. In 1798 they introduced a new administrative system with the establishment of departments. Basically, the area of the Palatinate became the Département of Mont Tonnerre, laying the cornerstone of its regional identity today.
Several weeks after his election to the National Convention, Paine was selected as one of nine deputies to be part of the Convention's Constitutional Committee, who were charged to draft a suitable constitution for the French Republic. He subsequentially participated in the Constitutional Committee in drafting the Girondin constitutional project. He voted for the French Republic, but argued against the execution of Louis XVI, saying the monarch should instead be exiled to the United States: firstly, because of the way royalist France had come to the aid of the American Revolution; and secondly, because of a moral objection to capital punishment in general and to revenge killings in particular. However, Paine's speech in defense of Louis XVI was interrupted by Jean-Paul Marat, who claimed that as a Quaker, Paine's religious beliefs ran counter to inflicting capital punishment and thus he should be ineligible to vote.
Symbols from antiquity were used throughout the revolutionary period to tie the new French Republic to the glory of Ancient Rome. By using Roman soldiers on the medallions, Napoleon not only connects himself to the grandeur of ancient times, but also promotes his image as a victorious leader of Revolutionary France. The Tagliamento-Trieste medallion immortalizes Napoleon’s 1797 crossing of the Tagliomento River and the capture of Trieste.
In October 2010, the company appointed Auguin as its music director, with immediate effect. He held the post through the 2017-2018 season, and took the title of music director emeritus upon his departure from the company. Auguin was made an Honorary Consul of the French Republic in 2002. In 2005, , he received the Federal Cross of Merit of the German Republic for his contributions to German culture.
The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power, Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 283–290; Ramsay Weston Phipps, The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II: The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle, Pickle Partners Publishing, (1932– ), v. II, p. 184; Charles Clerget, Tableaux des armées françaises: pendant les guerres de la Révolution, [Paris], R. Chapelot, 1905, p.
The public administration is an important part of the GDP and a provider of stable employment. The French republic finances the functionaries working in education, justice, hospitals, gendarmerie (military police), and military. The local government controls its own administration, like the ministry of agriculture, and oversees the administration and buildings of some sectors like schools. The local government also influence a large part of the economy through subsidies and development programs.
He led a cavalry regiment in combat against the Ottoman Turks. In the war with the First French Republic he was promoted to general officer. He played a leading role in the Battle of Marengo in 1800, where he led one of the Austrian attack columns. Even in his 60s he remained a military officer, fighting against the First French Empire in 1805 and was compelled to surrender Vienna in 1809.
France–Uruguay relations refers to the current and historical relations between the French Republic and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Both nations enjoy friendly relations, the importance of which centers on the history of French migration to Uruguay. In the late 19th century, one-third of Uruguay's population was of French descent.Ce que vous ne savez (peut-être) pas sur l'Uruguay (in French) Both nations are members of the United Nations.
The Embassy of the United States in Paris is the diplomatic mission of the United States in the French Republic. The embassy is the oldest diplomatic mission of the United States. Benjamin Franklin and some of the other Founding Fathers were the earliest United States Ambassadors to France. The chancery building is located at 2 , on the northwest corner of the Place de la Concorde, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.
In 1836, Le Siècle was founded as a paper that supported constitutional monarchism. However, when the July Monarchy came to an end in 1848, the paper soon changed its editorial stance to one of republicanism. Le Siècle opposed the rise of Napoleon III. The paper's relevance waned during the Third French Republic to the point where it was forced to cease publication in 1932 due to a lack of readers.
Arrested in Marseille in 1943 and jailed, she managed to escape before the war ended. She was awarded the Resistance Medal. After the end of World War II, Vialle joined Agence France-Presse where she monitored the new relation between France and its colonies in the fourth French Republic. In July 1946 she founded her own political party, l'Evolution pour l ’Afrique Noire (APEAN; Association for Evolution of Black Africa).
Diplomatic relations between Armenia and France were established on 24 February 1992. On 2 October 2009, Vigen Chitechian was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Armenia to France. On 5 November 2010, Henri Reynaud, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the French Republic to Armenia, presented his credentials to the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan. Also on 1 December 2011 Vardan Sirmakes was appointed Consul General of Armenia in Marseille.
Tahiti is the economic, cultural, and political centre of French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity (and one of two overseas countries, the other being French Guiana) of the French Republic. The capital of French Polynesia, Papeete, is located on the northwest coast of Tahiti. The only international airport in the region, Faa'a International Airport, is on Tahiti near Papeete. Tahiti was originally settled by Polynesians between 300 and 800AD.
Antonio Ricardos had a good opinion of Courten. Promoted to teniente general, Courten played a prominent role in the War of the Pyrenees against the First French Republic which began in 1793. The army commander Ricardos had a good opinion of Courten's military competence and entrusted him with important commands. He led the 1st, 2nd, and 6th Battalions of the Walloon Guards in the Battle of Perpignan on 17 July 1793.
He is dressed in the dark blue trousers and tunic of a general of the First French Republic, with a gold-embroidered red collar. Beneath them he wears a white shirt and a black neckscarf. He also wears a gold-fringed tricolor cummerbund and a square-buckled belt bearing his empty scabbard. The background suggests the smoke of battle, with a few houses in the distance on the left.
Salm-Salm then was besieged by the revolutionary army, which blocked food supplies from reaching the state. As a consequence, the population was forced to surrender to France. On March 2, 1793, the French National Convention declared Salm-Salm to be a part of the French Republic and attached it to the Départment of the Vosges. This was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Lunéville of 1801.
French embassy in Bucharest The Embassy of France in Bucharest is the diplomatic mission of the French Republic in Romania. Located at 13-15 Biserica Amzei Street, the building dates to 1889-1890.Eliza Frâncu, ”Ambasada Franţei în România, 120 de ani de istorie“, RFI, December 3, 2013 It is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs. Lista monumentelor istorice 2015: București, p.
European colonists often died young due to tropical fevers, as well as from violent slave resistance in the late eighteenth century. In 1791, during the French Revolution, a major slave revolt broke out on Saint-Domingue. When the French Republic abolished slavery in the colonies on February 4, 1794, it was a European first.Popkin, Jeremy D. (2008) Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection. pp. 184–213.
This Decision is addressed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland., The French Republic is authorised to …, Agreement between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Russian Federation …. If the recurrence of the name of a state in the text leads to a preference for using the short form, it can be introduced with the phrase ‘hereinafter referred to as …’. The geographical name (short name) e.g.
Corboz received the Prize of Critics in Argentina in 1995 and 1996. The French Republic honoured him with the title of Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The Great Prize of the Town of Lausanne was awarded to him in 1990. In December 1999, Corboz was decorated by the President of the Republic of Portugal with the Great Cross of the Order of Infante Dom Henrique.
See also Timothy Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, , pp. 41–59. This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May.Ramsay Weston Phipps,The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923-1933), p. 278.
In the winter of 1794–1795, forces of the French Republic overran the neighbouring Dutch Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars. The French then reorganised the country as a client state named the Batavian Republic, and it joined France against the allies in the War of the First Coalition.Chandler, p. 44 One of the most important Dutch assets of which the French gained control was the Dutch Navy.
Erik Berchot is regularly invited by the in Paris for the Bagatelle festival. Erik Berchot is the pianist of Claudy MalherbeClaudy Malherbe on Ircam's radio opera: La Cantatrice, commissioned by Radio France (September 2008). On 28 September 2009 in Paris, Erik Berchot received the insignia of Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite from the hands of composer Michel Legrand, on behalf of the President of the French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy.
35, 59, 65, 69 and 71. The principality maintained de jure sovereignty until 1790 when by royal edict the territory of the principality was declared to be a part of France by Louis XVI. In 1793 the principality was occupied by troops loyal to the First French Republic and the last reigning prince, Antoine VII, was ousted. The royal and noble Gramont dynasty survives to the present day.
The role of the canton is, essentially, to provide a framework for departmental elections. Each canton elects a woman and a man to represent it at the conseil général du département – or general council for the department, which is the principal administrative division of the French Republic. In urban areas, a single commune generally includes several cantons. Conversely, in rural areas, a canton may comprise several smaller communes.
The Government of the French Republic ( ) exercises executive power in France. It is composed of the Prime Minister, who is the head of government, and both junior and senior ministers. Senior ministers are titled as Ministers (), whereas junior ministers are titled as Secretaries of State (). The Council of Ministers is the main executive organ of the government, established in the Constitution and presided over by the President of the Republic.
They are presided over by the President of the Republic, who promotes solidarity and collegiality amongst government ministers.Constitution of the French Republic (Title II, Article 9) These meetings follow a set format. In the first part of a meeting, the Council deliberates over general interest bills, ordinances, and decrees. In the second part, the Council discusses individual decisions by each Minister regarding the appointment of senior civil servants.
The judicial body ruled "it is against the law of the French Republic to dance in the nude, however artistically one may dance". The small fine imposed implied that the court was lenient. It mostly took exception to the dances being advertised as "nude" when actually they gave an impression of complete nudity. Specifically, the court elaborated that it was hard to distinguish "between what was art and what was lewdness".
Venegas began studies for a literary career, but gave them up to serve in the military. He rose in rank to lieutenant colonel, taking part in the fighting against the French Republic. He had retired from service at the time of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain, but returned then to active duty. He took part in the Battle of Bailén, and was named commander of a division in Andalucía.
France was selected to implement the project together with the SCFWCA. Entities involved in the project from the French Republic are General Directorate for Social Cohesion, a part of Solidarity and Social Union. This project was designed to achieve the results determined by the EAPC, EU Delegation and France partners. The main goal of the project was to promote and protect the rights of vulnerable families, women and children.
In the War of the First Coalition, Spain declared war on the newly formed French Republic, joined the Coalition in attempting to restore the Bourbon Monarchy. The main Spanish general was Antonio Ricardos, who failed to secure a decisive victory, despite initial successes. French forces elsewhere quickly overran the Austrian Netherlands after the Battle of Fleurus, and the Dutch Republic collapsed under huge pressure. The Spanish were having similarly bad times.
According to Maurice Agulhon, an expert on this particular symbol of the French Revolution, Marianne "represented both Liberty, an eternal value, and at the same time the newly constituted regime of the French Republic."Agulhon, 18. She was depicted as "a woman holding a stave surmounted by a cap and trampling a yoke underfoot; this is the emblem that the ancients gave to Liberty won through valor."Agulhon, 12.
The request of the Holy See in 1904 for the resignation of Bishop Pierre-Joseph Geay (1896-1904) was one of the reasons assigned by the French Republic for breaking with the pope and preparing the separation of Church and State. In August 1859 Bishop Casimir-Alexis-Joseph Wicart held a diocesan synod in the église S. Michel in Laval. Bishop Grellier held a synod in November 1913.
Honneur et Fidélité on the regimental colors of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment. Honneur et Fidélité' regimental colors in 1918 Honneur et Fidélité ("Honour and Fidelity") is the motto of the French Foreign Legion. It has been inscribed on Legion flags instead of the Honneur et Patrie (Honour and Fatherland) inscribed on flags of the regular French Army of the French Republic. Nevertheless, both mottos share a similar past.
This total covered private property such as homes, vehicles and businesses (including lost revenue); the extent of the damage to infrastructural and public facilities remains undetermined. Nonetheless, this made Irma one of the costliest natural disasters to hit the French Republic in 50 years. On January 30, 2018, roughly five months after Irma, an analysis was published indicating that an anemometer on the island recorded an unofficial gust to before failing.
Current relations between France and Morocco have been characterized as neocolonial. As a francophone former colony (that nominally kept its independence) of France, Morocco falls into the cadre of Françafrique, a term used to refer to often neocolonial relations between France and its former colonies in Africa. These relations between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Morocco exist mainly in the domains of trade, investment, infrastructure, education, and tourism.
Like Burke, Windham supported the war as an ideological crusade against Jacobinism and was an enthusiastic supporter of the French émigrés and a Bourbon restoration. In July 1794 he finally joined Pitt's government as Secretary at War but did not control war policy. He discovered that Pitt did not share his enthusiasm for the Bourbon cause and he argued in Cabinet against a peace agreement with the French Republic.
The Place de la République (formerly known as the Place du Château d'Eau) is a square in Paris, located on the border between the 3rd, 10th and 11th arrondissements. The square has an area of .Warner, p. 250 It is named after the French Republic, was called the Place du Château-d'Eau until 1879, and contains a monument which includes a statue of the personification of France, Marianne.
The Matignon Agreements were agreements signed in the Hôtel Matignon by Jean- Marie Tjibaou and Jacques Lafleur on 26 June 1988 between loyalists who wanted to keep New Caledonia as a part of the French Republic, and separatists, who did not. The agreements were arranged under the aegis of the Government of France as a result of discussions and compromises arranged by Christian Blanc, the negotiator for Michel Rocard's government.
Yor was a professorOfficial webpage at the University of Paris at the Paris VI University in Paris, France, from 1981 until his death in 2014. He was a recipient of several awards, including the Humboldt Prize,. the Montyon Prize,Official biography at the French Academy website and was awarded the Ordre National du Merite by the French Republic. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
Her profile stands out on the official government logo of the country, is engraved on French euro coins, and appears on French postage stamps.Marianne on French stamps It was also featured on the former franc currency. Marianne is one of the most prominent symbols of the French Republic, and is officially used on most government documents. Marianne is a significant republican symbol; her French monarchist equivalent is often Joan of Arc.
The company was invited to perform for the royal court of Louis XV in 1772 and thereafter took the name of Grands- Danseurs du Roi. However, with the fall of the monarchy and the founding of the First French Republic in 1792, the name was changed to the less politically risky Théâtre de la Gaîté."Grands-Danseurs du Roi (Spectacle des)" in Campardon 1877, vol. 1, p. 384.
In 1792, he painted two battle scenes from the recent war between the kingdom of Sardinia and the French Republic: the Veduta di Saorgio and the Veduta del campo di Brois nel contado di Nizza. In 1793, King Vittorio Amedeo III named him designer of vedute e paesi for the kingdom. He was affiliated with the Artillery Corps. Battle of Fombio by Bagetti In 1798, he traveled to Paris.
If the Council rules that the incapacity is permanent, the same procedure as for the resignation is applied, as described above. If the president cannot attend meetings, including meetings of the Council of Ministers, he can ask the prime minister to attend in his stead (Constitution, article 21). This clause has been applied by presidents travelling abroad, ill, or undergoing surgery. During the Second French Republic, there was a vice president.
Chief of collaborationist French State Marshal Pétain shaking hands with German Nazi leader Hitler at Montoire on October 24, 1940. Metropolitan France was divided into a German occupation zone in the north and west and an unoccupied zone in the south. Pétain set up a collaborationist government in the spa town of Vichy and the authoritarian regime French State, replacing the abolished French Republic, came to be known as Vichy France.
Prince Friedrich von Hohenzollern Friedrich Franz Xaver Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (31 May 1757 – 6 April 1844) was an Austrian general. He joined the Austrian military and fought against the Kingdom of Prussia, Ottoman Turkey, and the First French Republic. He was promoted to the rank of general officer during the French Revolutionary Wars. During the Napoleonic Wars, he led a division in 1805 and an army corps in 1809.
Jean-Charles Asselain, Histoire économique de la France du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours, p. 108 In 1945, the provisional government of the French Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle and made up of communists, socialists and gaullists, nationalized key economic sectors (energy, air transport, savings banks, assurances) and big companies (e.g. Renault), with the creation of Social Security and of works councils. A welfare state was set up.
Anton Freiherr von Zach (IPA: [za:x]) (14 June 1747 – 22 November 1826) was an Austrian General with Hungarian ancestors, who enlisted in the army of Habsburg Austria and fought against the First French Republic. In the French Revolutionary Wars, he gained prominence as a staff officer. Still on active service during the Napoleonic Wars, he fought in the 1805 and 1809 wars. He was not given combat assignments after 1809.
However, as Martinique is not a member of FIFA – since it is an overseas department of the French Republic – it is therefore not eligible to qualify. It was announced during the Final Draw on September 5 that Martinique would not be able to advance beyond the group round, and that the next best team would take their place in the semifinals should they finish in the top two in their group.
Félix Charles Douay Félix Charles Douay (14 August 1816 – 5 May 1879) was a general in the French army whose career spanned the reign of King Louis- Philippe, the Second French Republic, the Second French Empire of Napoleon III, and the early years of the Third Republic. He was the brother of another career soldier, General Abel Douay.Wawro, p.96. He served in the Crimean War, in Italy, and in Mexico.
In 1794, the Corsicans under Pasquale Paoli seceded from the French Republic, and invited British troops to assist in driving French troops from the island. For two years, the island was part of an Anglo-Corsican Kingdom. However, relations between British and Corsicans soured. Spain declared war against Britain in 1796, putting all British territories in the Mediterranean at risk and prompting the British to withdraw from Corsica.
Le Bon Plaisir is a 1984 French film directed by Francis Girod. The film relates the story of the efforts of a President of the French Republic (Jean- Louis Trintignant) informed, after a number of years, of the existence of a son born from an extramarital relationship with Claire (Catherine Deneuve), a former mistress, to cover up any kind of proof likely to tarnish his reputation using the secret service.
He is elected by Parliament of Fiji after nomination by the Prime Minister or the Leader of the Opposition, for a three- year term. In the politics of Papua New Guinea the Prime Minister is the head of government. In Kiribati, a Parliamentary regime, the President of Kiribati is the head of state and government, and of a multi-party system. New Caledonia remains an integral part of the French Republic.
Mon pays est un pays chrétien et je commence à compter l'histoire de France à partir de l'accession d'un roi chrétien qui porte le nom des Francs. Cited in the biography by David Schœnbrun, 1965. However, the dismissal of "Gaulish prehistory" as irrelevant for French national identity has been far from universal. Pre-Roman Gaul has been evoked as a template for French independence especially during the Third French Republic.
The city hall on the Place d'Armes. Like every commune of the present French Republic, Metz is managed by a mayor () and a municipal council (), democratically elected by two-round proportional voting for six years. The mayor is assisted by 54 municipal councillors, and the municipal council is held on the last Thursday of every month.Since March 2009, records of municipal council meetings are available as audio files in French.
But the new French Republic did not oppose Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire because that did not significantly threaten French interests. Encouraged by the decision of France, and supported by the German minister Otto, Fürst von Bismarck, Russia denounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As Britain alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.
Until the French Revolution, Assenheim belonged to the House of Leiningen-Dagsburg. From 1798 to 1814, when the Palatinate was part of the French Republic (which became the Napoleonic Empire in 1804), Assenheim was in the . After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Assenheim initially belonged to the Austrian Empire and then moved to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816. From 1818 to 1862, it belonged to the .
France under the leadership of Léon Gambetta declared the establishment of the Third French Republic. Napoleon and Eugénie went into exile in England. Victory produced an onrush of German nationalism that Bismarck immediately seized to unite all of the German states (except Austria), thereby creating the German Empire, with the Prussian king as its Emperor and Bismarck as Chancellor. The new Germany was now continental Europe's dominant military force.
Bengay was developed in the Third French Republic by Dr. Jules Bengué (), and brought to America in 1898. The name Bengué was Anglicized and commercialized to Ben-Gay (later Bengay). It was originally produced by Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, which was acquired by Johnson & Johnson. The product is advised to be used topically for adults and children 12 years of age and older, and no more than 3 to 4 times daily.
Lazare Hoche In October 1794, Dumas was replaced in command of the Army of the West by Canclaux, who took Emmanuel de Grouchy as his chief of staff. On 17 February 1795 a pacification was signed by the political representatives of the warring sides. The Vendeans were allowed complete freedom of worship and were free from conscription for several years. In return, they recognized the First French Republic.
Gallic rooster on the garden gate of the Palais de l'Elysée in Paris, the official residence of the President of the French Republic. The Gallic rooster (, Gallic cock) is an unofficial national symbol of France as a nation, as opposed to Marianne representing France as a state, and its values: the Republic. The rooster is also the symbol of the Wallonia region and the French Community of Belgium.
The liberation of France in 1944 dissolved the Vichy government. The requested representation, leading to the Provisional Government of the French Republic (French: Gouvernement provisoire de la République française, GPRF), also known as the French Committee of National Liberation. Past collaborators were discredited and Gaullism and communism became political forces. De Gaulle led the GPRF 1944-1946 while negotiations took place for a new constitution, to be put to a referendum.
In October 1916, Venizelos, protected by the Entente countries, and in particular by the French Republic, formed a parallel government in Thessaloniki. Central Greece was occupied by the allied forces and the country was soon in the middle of a civil war, the so-called National Schism.Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 89–101.Gould Lee 1956, pp. 35–42. Weakened by all these tensions, Constantine I became seriously ill in 1915.
Montebourg placed third in the Socialist Party's primary election for the 2012 presidential election, receiving about 17% of the votes. François Hollande was first and Martine Aubry was second. After Hollande was elected President of the French Republic, Montebourg was appointed as Minister of Industrial Renewal in the government of Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault on 16 May 2012.Profile: Hollande's government for France, BBC News, 16 May 2012.
The overlordship of the dukes of Duke of Zweibrücken ended with the French Revolution. On 10 November 1792 the townsfolk applied for incorporation within the new French Republic. A generation later former French frontiers were restored after the fall of Napoleon, however, and under the terms of the Second Peace of Paris (10 November 1815) the whole region came under the control of the Wittelsbach kings of Bavaria.
Europe had been embroiled in warfare, pitting revolutionary France against a series of coalitions, nearly continuously since 1792. After five years of war, the French Republic subdued the First Coalition in 1797. A Second Coalition was formed in 1798, only to be defeated. In March 1802, France (now under Napoleon, as First Consul) and Great Britain, its one remaining enemy, agreed to end hostilities under the Treaty of Amiens.
He served as the Official Opposition Critic for Foreign Affairs (Americas) after having served as Critic for the Treasury Board and Labour. In 2007, the President of the French Republic bestowed him the title of Knight of the Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur). He has also been awarded the Order of Merit of Portugal. and the Order of Rio Branco from Brazil.
Along with the Senate, it forms the parliament of the Fifth French Republic. Going from general counsel of the Department of "Lot- et-Garonne" to mayor, and back to deputy, Mr. Cahuzac made a solid name and reputation for himself. In 2010, he was elected President of the Finance, General Economy and Budgetary Control Committees of the National Assembly. Two years later, in 2012, he joined François Hollande's presidential campaign team.
In 1789, Louis-Edmond Antoine le Picard de Phélippeaux was promoted to Captain of the Besançon regiment. Two years later, he resigned and emigrated from France to Great Britain, presumably to escape from the French Revolution, being a monarchist like his father. For four years, he served in the Army of Condé against the French Republic. In 1795, he returned to France to help organize a royalist insurrection in Berry.
A tripartite motto is the conventional English term for a motto, a slogan, or an advertising phrase in the form of a hendiatris. Some well-known examples are Julius Caesar's Veni, vidi, vici (an example of a tricolon) and the motto of the French Republic: Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité; the phrase Peace, Order and Good Government is used as a guiding principle in the parliaments of the Commonwealth of Nations.
118 The situation in the Mediterranean was deteriorating however, with British forces increasingly stretched by Bonaparte's victories in Italy.Gregory, p.116 In August 1796 the government of Spain signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso with the French Republic, declaring war on Great Britain. The British forces in the Mediterranean, operating at the end of long and vulnerable supply chains, now found a large and powerful enemy to their rear.
Johann Peter de Beaulieu, also Jean Pierre de Beaulieu (born 26 October 1725 in Lathuy, Brabant, Belgium- died 22 December 1819), was a Walloon military officer. He joined the Habsburg army and fought against the Prussians during the Seven Years' War. A cultured man, he later battled Belgian rebels and earned promotion to general officer. During the French Revolutionary Wars he fought against the First French Republic and attained high command.
The offensive culminated in the assassination of Claude Érignac in Ajaccio. Érignac was the French Prefect for Corsica and the top representative of the French Republic on the island. The attack was highly publicized and criticized so strongly by the locals that the FLNC were forced to deny that they were responsible,Kushner p. 265 while consensus for independence reached an all-time low among the population (6%).
While not formally abandoning NATO, de Gaulle pulled France out of its main activities. Italy generally was reluctant to follow France, and insisted on the importance of the strong European Union that included Britain.W.W. Kulski, De Gaulle and the world: the foreign policy of the fifth French Republic (1966) pp 145, 166, 257.Luca Ratti, Italy and NATO expansion to the Balkans: An examination of realist theoretical frameworks (2004).
The far western point of the boundary is the tripoint with Venezuela and the far eastern point is the tripoint with Barbados. Commentators have noted that it is curious that the treaty does not refer to the island of Martinique. The treaty came into force upon signature. The full name of the treaty is Agreement on Delimitation between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of Saint Lucia.
La Lanterne is a hunting lodge in Versailles, France. Along with the Fort de Brégançon in Var, it is one of the two official retreats of the President of the French Republic. The estate is adjacent to the Park of Versailles and situated on the road that links Versailles with Saint-Cyr-l'École. The estate includes a central two-story U-shaped building with a central section measuring .
After the interim cease fire, the Corps garrisoned in the region of Lake Constance. The agreement negotiated between Conde and Wickham expired and the Corps entered the pay of the Tsar of Russia. In October, the entire Corps, numbering about 10,000, left the Bodensee region and marched toward Russia. In October 1797, Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio with the First French Republic, formally ending its hostilities against the French.
The philanthropist and reformer Israel Jacobson in a contemporary drawing Mendelssohn's dreams about a tolerant state became reality in the new French Constitution of 1791. Berr Isaac Berr, the Ashkenazic representative in the Legislative Assembly, praised the French republic as the "Messiah of modern Judaism", because he had to convince French communities for the new plans of a Jewish reform movement to abandon their autonomy.Berr Isaac Berr: Lettre d'un citoyen, membre de la ci-devant communauté des Juifs de Lorraine, à ses confrères, à l'occasion du droit de citoyen actif, rendu aux Juifs par le décrit du 28 Septembre 1791, . The French version of Haskalah, called régénération, was more moderate than the Jewish reform movement in Prussia.. While better conditions were provided by the constitution of the French Republic, the conflict between Orthodox Rabbis and wealthy and intellectual laymen of the reform movement became evident with the radical initiatives by Mendelssohn's friend and student David Friedländer in Prussia.
He was voted Economist of the Year in 1992 by the Portuguese Association of Economists and voted Personality of the Year by the Portuguese Chamber of Commerce of Brazil in 2001. In 1994 he was decorated, Chevalier de L’Ordre National du Mérite, French Republic, in 1998, Grande Oficial da Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul, by the President of the Federal Republic of Brazil, in 2005, Chevalier de la Légion D´Honneur, French Republic and more recently, in 2012, he was decorated with the Commander's Cross Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary. He was honored in the category Lifetime achievement in Financial Markets in Investor Relations and Governance Awards in 2012, an initiative of the consultant Deloitte that distinguishes best practices in the business sector. In July 2013, Ricardo Espírito Santo Silva Salgado was awarded a doctorate honoris causa by the Universidade Técnica de Lisboa for his services to the economy, culture, science and to the university.
Maria herself called it "comfortable so long as one did not have children" and her husband little by little furnished it with the Brignole family art collection, starting with portraits by Anthony van Dyck and Hyacinthe Rigaud. The house's sumptuous parties and eminent guests are still noteworthy. As a personal friend of the former royal family of Bourbon-Orleans, Maria assigned some of them parts of the house during the difficult years of the Second French Republic and the Third French Republic until all the family members had left France. Maria left the house to the Austro-Hungarian Empire to house its French embassy before she left Paris for good - it was confiscated by France in 1922 as war reparations and since 1933 has been the official residence of the country's prime minister The couple's first child Livia died in 1829 before her first birthday, whilst their second child Andrea (1831-1847) died at a young age.
Général Baron Claude Testot-Ferry (20 May 1773, Arnay-le-DucOn 16 September 2007, a commemorative plaque was fixed to his birthplace in a ceremony presided over by the town's mayor and by Alain Pigeard, writer on the First Empire and president of the Souvenir Napoléonnien of Bourgogne. - 25 August 1856, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Côte-d'Or) was a cavalry veteran of the armies of the First French Republic, First French Empire and Bourbon Restoration.
Two days later, with the Armistice of Cherasco, the Republic was ceded back to Victor Amadeus. He was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris on May 15 abandoning the First Coalition against the French Republic. The terms of the treaty required him to cede the fortresses of Cuneo, Ceva, Alessandria and Tortona to France, and allow free passage of the latter's armies towards Italy. He was also compelled to cede Nice and Savoy.
From 1793 to 1795, French successes varied. By 1794, the armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption. The most radical of the revolutionaries purged the military of all men conceivably loyal to the Ancien Régime. The levée en masse created a new army with thousands of illiterate, untrained men placed under the command of officers whose principal qualifications may have been their loyalty to the Revolution instead their military acumen.
Notably he is also the youngest member of the Club des Chefs des Chefs. As a Presidents Secretariat he heads the kitchen Brigade of family and state banquets. He has hosted banquets to some of the highest dignitaries of the world from countries like Tanzania, Republic of Mozambique, French Republic, Abu Dhabi, Myanmar, Republic of Egypt, Israel,Republic of Indonesia since his position as the executive chef to the president of India.
The land on which the building is built is the property of the French State. By a decree of 22 December 1952, it was assigned to the Foreign Ministry to put at the disposal of UNESCO.Decree of 22 December 1952 on the allocation to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of building lands located at the Place de Fontenoy, Paris, Official Journal of the French Republic (JORF), No. 306, p. 11, 24 December 1952, p.
Vladimir Putin nominated him for election by the Duma of the Tyumen Oblast and he was finally reelected on 17 February 2005. In November 2005, he was appointed a head of the Administration of the President of Russia. Since 21 October 2010, he has been the Mayor of Moscow. Awarded a Medal of Honour, church IInd stage order of St. Kniaz Danil Moscowskiy, Medal of Honour in Education, French Republic Medal of Honour in Agriculture.
Karl Friedrich joined the Committee that managed the country until the Act of Mediation in 1803. Switzerland remained a vassal state of the French Republic until Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Karl Friedrich Steiger became a Bernese Senator, an office that he held until his retirement in 1826. After retiring he spent his summers at Riggisberg Castle until he sold it to his youngest son Franz Georg von Steiger in 1830.
The period known as the French Consulate began with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799. Members of the Directory itself planned the coup, indicating clearly the failing power of the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte was a co-conspirator in the coup, and became head of the government as the First Consul. He would later proclaim himself Emperor of the French, ending the First French Republic and ushering in the French First Empire.
The Assembly of French Polynesia (, ) is the unicameral legislature of French Polynesia, an overseas country of the French Republic. It is located at Place Tarahoi in Papeete, Tahiti. It was established in its current form in 1996 although a Tahitian Assembly was first created in 1824. It consists of 57 members who are elected by popular vote for five years; the electoral system is based upon proportional representation in six multi-seat constituencies.
Henri Milne-Edwards was the 27th child of William Edwards, an English planter and colonel of the militia in Jamaica and Elisabeth Vaux, a Frenchwoman. Henri was born in Bruges, in present-day Belgium, where his parents had retired; Bruges was then a part of the newborn French Republic. His father had been jailed for several years for helping some Englishmen in their escape to their country. Henri spent most of his life in France.
May 2006-November 2007 - Deputy of the 5th Verkhovna Rada from the Party of Regions, No. 60 in the list. Chairman of the Subcommittee on Land Relations Committee on Agrarian Policy and Land Relations (since July 2006). Since May 2006 has been the member of the Party of Regions fraction. Member of the Group of Interparliamentary Relations with the French Republic, Member of the Group of Interparliamentary Relations with the Republic of Poland.
It is noteworthy, however, that Diamant did not idealize the situation in France. It is true that it was more liberal than Austria had been. It had a strong administrative tradition, and the French republic regulated the civil service by way of a body of laws pertaining to the country's administration. If we would suppose, however, that in France, administrators can provide some “impetus for major reform,” we are mistaken, as Aberbach et al.
As representatives of the Mainz National Convention, he and Adam Lux had been sent to Paris to apply for Mainz – which was unable to exist as an independent state – to become a part of the French Republic. The application was accepted, but had no effect, since Mainz was conquered by Prussian and Austrian troops, and the old order was restored. Forster lost his library and collections and decided to remain in Paris.
Pijon was born on 7 September 1758 at Lavaur in what later became the department of Tarn in southwest France. Nothing is known about his early life.Six (2003), Jean Joseph Pijon He joined the army of the First French Republic and rose in rank to become the chef de brigade of the 21st Line Infantry Demi-Brigade on 21 December 1793. He was promoted to general of brigade on 3 December 1794.
On December 3, 1983, the march ended with a demonstration in Paris, attended by more than 100,000 people. A delegation was received by the President of the French Republic François Mitterrand. Mitterrand promised a residence and working permit valid for 10 years, a law against racist crimes and a project concerning voting right for foreigners for local elections. This last point, which was already a proposition of Mitterrand's during the presidential election, never came true.
She went to the new chief executive of the French Republic, Adolphe Thiers, and obtained a pass to go to Germany to return them. When she returned to Paris several weeks later, the city was under the rule of the Paris Commune. She moved again, taking her family to Saint-Germain-en-Laye. She later returned to her apartment on the rue de Rome in May, after the Commune was defeated by the French Army.
Papeete (pronounced ) is the capital city of French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of the French Republic in the Pacific Ocean. The commune of Papeete is located on the island of Tahiti, in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands, of which Papeete is the administrative capital.Décret n° 2005-1611 du 20 décembre 2005 pris pour l'application du statut d'autonomie de la Polynésie française , Légifrance The French High Commissioner also resides in Papeete.Kay, p.
274 . Subsequently, he worked at UNESCO as Assistant Director-General for Culture and Deputy Director-General for Africa from 1981 to 1998. On 26 October 1998, Lopes presented his credentials as Congo-Brazzaville's Ambassador to France;"Remise de lettres de créance" , Official Journal of the French Republic, Number 251, 29 October 1998 . while posted in Paris, he was additionally accredited as Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, and the Vatican City.
Twenty years later, he was the last representative of the Alsace French Parliament. A close friend of Georges Clemenceau and Léon Gambetta, he provided the greater part of the funds for the publication of The French Republic newspaper that ran from 1879 to 1884. In 1894, Auguste Scheurer-Kestner as Senior Vice-President of the Senate was considered a moral authority in politics. His brother, Julius Scheurer, stayed in Alsace under German occupation.
In the Battle of Ceva on 16 April 1796, troops of the First French Republic under Pierre Augereau fought against part of the army of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont led by General Giuseppe Felice, Count Vital. Augereau assaulted the strong defensive position without success. At the direction of the Sardinian army commander, Feldmarschal-Leutnant Michelangelo Colli, Vital withdrew on the 17th in order to avoid being trapped by a second French division.
Cunningham, pp. 6–7 In 1798 Monroe published A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States: Connected with the Mission to the French Republic, During the Years 1794, 5, and 6 . It was a long defence of his term as Minister to France. He followed the advice of his friend Robert Livingston who cautioned him to "repress every harsh and acrimonious" comment about Washington.
When he came back at the end of the war, he had the skill to neutralize the soldiers and workers councils. He sat as president of the Municipal Commission of Strasbourg from November 10–29, 1918. On November 10, 1918 he proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic. He asked to the French authorities to hasten the troops arrival which ended the Socialist revolution taking place.
After, the building became the headquarters of the Provisional Administrative Committee of Southern Vietnam, later renamed the "People's Committee of Southern Vietnam". On September 10, Lt. Col. B. W. Roe (from the British military mission) occupied the palace and made it the Allied Mission headquarters, evicting the "People's Committee". On October 5, the building was used by General Leclerc as the temporary headquarters of the High Commission for the French Republic in Indochina.
Since 1983 a circular medal has been awarded, bearing the words Famille Française above a modernistic image of a couple and their children. The words "République Française" ("French Republic") are inscribed on the reverse side. The ribbon of both versions is the same, and has three equal parts, the outer two being red and the inner green. Recipients of silver and gold medals are also granted a rosette in the same colours.
The Redipuglia War Memorial. Italy's representative at the Paris Peace Conference, which led to the Versailles Treaty, was Premier Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. Orlando was considered one of the "Big Four" with Premier Georges Clemenceau of the French Republic, President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, and Prime Minister David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom. Italy received a bit of the land promised in The Treaty of London but not northern Dalmatia nor Fiume.
The government is responsible for the economic and financial policy of the French Republic, must authorize all expenditures made by each ministry, and also manage all revenue. Expenditures are made through what is called a "finance law" (), which is equivalent to an appropriation bill. Each minister must prepare a list of requests for funds annually, and submit it to the Budget Ministry. This ministry decides whether to grant or deny requests for funding by ministers.
Rothenberg, p. 74; Ramsey Weston Phipps, The Armies of the First French Republic, volume 5: The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797–1799, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1939, pp. 49–50. The general engagement was brutal and bloody. Before daybreak on 25 March, the French left wing launched a headlong attack on the Austrian right wing, coordinated with assaults on the Austrian left.
The council's jurisdiction is reduced to war time. The way of appeal is open to the President of the French Republic acting as judge. The International Prize Court was an international court proposed at the beginning of the 20th century, to hear prize cases. An international agreement, the Convention Relative to the Creation of an International Prize Court, was established at The Hague on October 18, 1907, but this was never ratified or implemented.
Following the French Revolution in 1789, a political organisation was formed in Ireland named the Society of United Irishmen. Crossing social and religious boundaries, this organisation embraced republican principles with the stated goal of removing British government control from Ireland.Pakenham, p. 27 When Britain went to war with the French Republic in 1793, the organisation was declared illegal and driven under cover, many of its senior members going into exile in Europe or America.
"In Memoriam Nicholas Wahl," French Politics and Society, Vol. 14, No. 4, Autumn 1996 Born in New York, he had an academic career encompassing Harvard, Princeton and New York University, focusing on French politics, particularly those of the Fifth French Republic, and on the political career of Charles de Gaulle. He married Sandy Walcott in 1964, but their marriage was dissolved in 1988. He married the British artist Charlotte Johnson in the same year.
The execution of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette outraged the ancient monarchies of Europe. Even so, it was the First French Republic that declared war on its ancient ally the Kingdom of Spain on 7 March 1793. Spain joined the War of the First Coalition and invaded Rousillon on 17 April 1793. The Army of the Pyrenees was formed on 1 October 1792 and commanded by Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey.
Immediately after the July Revolution of 1830, one of the first steps of the provisional government was to seize control of Le Moniteur and the government of Louis Philippe put it under the control of the ministerial departments. Le Moniteur ceased publication on December 31, 1868, being superseded as the official journal of the French Empire (and later the French Republic) by what is known now as the Journal Officiel de la République Française.
A 19th century map of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Being a member of the House of Bourbon, King Ferdinand IV was a natural opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon. In January 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte, in the name of the French Republic, captured Naples and proclaimed the Parthenopaean Republic, a French client state, as successor to the kingdom. King Ferdinand fled from Naples to Sicily until June of that year.
Adams was depicted as an eagle holding an olive branch in one talon and the "emblems of defense" in the other. The Republicans were outraged, for Adams had not only failed to express support for the cause of the French Republic but appeared to be calling for war against it. Sentiments changed with the XYZ Affair. The peace commission that Adams appointed consisted of John Marshall, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Elbridge Gerry.
Its location in the heart of Europe time and again brought Niederkirchen misfortune in wars. Thus it was in the Thirty Years' War, as a result of which the village almost died out. With the annexation of the lands on the Rhine’s left bank by French militia in 1794, Niederkirchen became part of the French Republic, and in 1798 it was assigned to the Department of Mont- Tonnerre (or Donnersberg in German).
From this time until September 1792, the image of Marianne was overshadowed by other figures such as Mercury and Minerva. It was not until September 1792 when the new Republic sought a new image to represent the State that her popularity began to expand. Marianne, the female allegory of Liberty, was chosen to represent the new regime of the French Republic, while remaining to symbolise liberty at the same time.Agulhon 1981, p. 18.
The Courbet- class ships were completed less than a year before the start of World War I and nothing is known of their activities during this time except that France, escorted by Jean Bart, carried the President of the French Republic, Raymond Poincaré, on a state visit to Saint Petersburg, Russia in July 1914. They were returning from Russia when World War I began, but made it to France without encountering German ships.
In April 1904 the United Kingdom and the Third French Republic signed a series of agreements, known as the Entente Cordiale, which marked the end of centuries of intermittent conflict between the two powers, and the start of a period of peaceful co- existence. Although French historian Fernand Braudel (1902–1985) described England and France as a single unit, nationalist political leaders from both sides were uncomfortable with the idea of such a merging.
After his defeat at the 2012 election, Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollande's victory. He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office. His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May. Shortly after, Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm.
He also served at the siege of Rosas, in command of smaller vessels, which held various battles against the army of the French republic. Signed the Peace of Basel in 1796, thus ending the war against France, he shipped to North America, carrying the news of the outbreak of hostilities against the United Kingdom. The fifth day of October 1802, he was promoted to Frigate Lieutenant, landed in Ferrol on his return from United States.
Antoine Virgile Schneider was born on 22 March 1779 at Bouquenom, and was the son of doctor Christophe Schneider. He was the cousin of Adolphe Schneider and Eugène Schneider, who developed the iron industry at Le Creusot. Virgil Schneider graduated from the École Polytechnique in the year VII of the 1st French Republic (1799). A memoir on the Greek island of Corfu addressed to Napoleon Bonaparte earned him his appointment as supernumerary in Military engineering.
The location of Metropolitan France French Republic An enlargeable map of Metropolitan France The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide of France: France - country in Western Europe with several overseas regions and territories. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. From its shape, it is often referred to in French as ' ("The Hexagon").
It was only under Pope Leo XIII (r: 1878-1903) that the Church leadership tried to move away from its anti-Republican associations, when he ordered the deeply unhappy French Church to accept the Third French Republic (1875–1940) (Inter innumeras sollicitudines encyclical of 1892). However, his liberalising initiative was undone by Pope Pius X (r: 1903-1914), a traditionalist who had more sympathy for the French monarchists than for the Third Republic.
In early 1795, intervention by French revolutionary forces led to the downfall of the old Dutch Republic. The new Republic enjoyed widespread support from the Dutch population and was the product of a genuine popular revolution. Nevertheless, it clearly was founded with the armed support of the revolutionary French Republic. The Batavian Republic became a client state, the first of the "sister-republics", and later part of the French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte.
De Villiers is internationally notable for his criticism of Islam in France. He has stated that "I am the only politician who tells the French the truth about the Islamisation of France" and that "I do not think Islam is compatible with the French Republic". He advocates an end to all mosque construction, banning all Islamist organisations suspected of links to terrorism and expelling extremist individuals from France.French Presidential Hopeful Decries "Islamization of France".
Fortunately there was only one minor casualty and the gun was replaced by early April. In December 1917 Barrington succumbed to a five-day relentless bombardment from the German howitzer when the bunker was damaged beyond repair. About this time the Royal Marine Artillery took over the batteries at Lewin and Kerr was transferred to Egypt. In 1917 the Croix de Guerre was conferred on Kerr by the President of the French Republic.
Metropolitan and Overseas France together form the French Republic. Metropolitan France accounts for 82.0% of the land territory, 3.3% of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and 95.9% of the French Republic's population. The five overseas regions (departments) — French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion — have the same political status as metropolitan France's regions. Metropolitan France and these five overseas regions together are sometimes called la France entière ("the whole of France") by the French administration.
The staid old papers retained their loyal clientele because of their concentration on serious political issues.Patrick H. Hutton, ed. Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940 (1986) 2:690–694 The Roman Catholic Assumptionist order revolutionized pressure group media by its national newspaper La Croix. It vigorously advocated for traditional Catholicism while at the same time innovating with the most modern technology and distribution systems, with regional editions tailored to local taste.
Jacquin, p. 25 On August 10, 1792, a mob stormed the Palace, and the king's Swiss guards were chased through the gardens and massacred. After the king's removal from power and execution, the Tuileries became the National Garden (Jardin National) of the new French Republic. In 1794 the new government assigned the renewal of the gardens to the painter Jacques-Louis David, and to his brother in law, the architect August Cheval de Saint-Hubert.
On 23 June 2011, he started serving as a Member of the European Parliament. His predecessor, Dominique Baudis, was to become ombudsman (Défenseur des droits) towards the French Republic. He sits in the EPP Group, the Committee on International Trade and the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. During this mandate, he asserted the fact that there could be no competitiveness for European businesses as long as external trade relations are not balanced.
In 2014, he was appointed Minister of the Interior in the First Valls government, a role he retained with the formation of the Second Valls government. In 2016, Cazeneuve was appointed Prime Minister by President François Hollande, after Manuel Valls resigned to concentrate on his candidacy for the 2017 presidential election. Following the election of Emmanuel Macron as President of the French Republic, Cazeneuve resigned from office and returned to private practice.
Map illustrating the strategic importance of Corfu in controlling the entrance to the Adriatic.There had been a French presence in the Adriatic Sea since the Treaty of Campo Formio during the French Revolutionary War. Campo Formio marked the end of the War of the First Coalition in 1797 and confirmed the demise of the independent Republic of Venice and the division of its territory between the French Republic and the Austrian Empire.Chandler p.
The Germans remained in the Palace until the signing of the armistice in March 1871. In that month, the government of the new Third French Republic, which had departed Paris during the War for Tours and then Bordeaux, moved into the Palace. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House. The uprising of the Paris Commune in March, 1871, prevented the French government, under Adolphe Thiers, from returning immediately to Paris.
On 3 June 1917, Deedes was awarded the rank of Brevet Colonel "for distinguished service in the field". During the war, he was honoured by the French Republic with the appointment to the Legion of Honour as a Chevalier. Front row, left to right: Col. T. E. Lawrence, Emir Abdullah, Air Marshal Sir Geoffrey Salmond and Sir Wyndham Deedes in Palestine After the war he was posted to Istanbul, Turkey, as a military attaché.
Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. The immigrants came primarily from Algeria and other North African colonies; however, Islam has an older history in France, since the Great Mosque of Paris was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim tirailleurs mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of Verdun and the take-over of the Douaumont fort.
Soldiers engaged in trench warfare during the American Civil War. Conscription is the compulsory enrollment of civilians into military service. Conscription allowed the French Republic to form La Grande Armée, what Napoleon Bonaparte called "the nation in arms", which successfully battled smaller, professional European armies. Conscription, particularly when the conscripts are being sent to foreign wars that do not directly affect the security of the nation, has historically been highly politically contentious in democracies.
Karl Joachim was the youngest son of prince Joseph Wenzel zu Fürstenberg and Maria Josepha von Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg. In 1787 he completed his long education with a grand tour through Belgium, Holland and England, accompanied by Joseph Kleiser. He succeeded his elder brother Joseph Maria after the latter died childless in 1796. At the time the principality was threatened by the armies of the First French Republic and their advance over the Rhine.
The prime minister of the French Republic (), sometimes shortened to premier, is the head of the executive of the government of France. The prime minister is the holder of the second highest office of France. During the Third and Fourth Republics, the head of government was formally called president of the Council of Ministers (), generally shortened to president of the Council (). However, the post was usually called "prime minister" or "premier" in non- French sources.
Many Secrétaires de la conférence have distinguished themselves in French culture and politics such as Members of the Académie françaiseJean-Denis BREDIN, Académie française Members of the Government, Members of Parliament, Presidents of the French Republic (Jules Grévy, Raymond Poincaré, Alexandre Millerand). Many notable lawyers were Secrétaires de la Conférence and marked French judicial history. Among them Fernand Labori who defended Alfred Dreyfus and Jacques Vergès famous for having defended Klaus Barbie and Sadam Hussein.
Before the French Revolutionary Wars, the Ionian Islands had been part of the Republic of Venice. When the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio dissolved the Republic of Venice, they were annexed to the French Republic. Between 1798 and 1799, the French were driven out by a joint Russo- Ottoman force. The occupying forces founded the Septinsular Republic, which enjoyed relative independence under nominal Ottoman suzerainty and Russian control from 1800 until 1807.
Squeezie and Antoine Daniel participated in the event. On the second day, Riot Games made a donation of €20,000, Webedia €25,000, then the American streamer Ninja €26,000. A total of €3,510,682 were raised by the end of the event, breaking the record for the largest amount of money collected at a charity event on the live streaming platform Twitch. On his Twitter account, the President of the French Republic Emmanuel Macron congratulated the initiative.
The French in particular were outraged that America was still involved in trading with Britain, a country with whom they were at war, and because of American refusal to pay a debt that was owed to the French crown, which had just been overthrown by the newly established French Republic. As a result, France began intercepting American ships that were involved in trading with Britain.Mackenzie, 1846, pp. 21–25.Guttridge, 2005, p. 30.
After the Coup of 18 Fructidor he was deported to French Guiana with others belonging to Pichegru's faction, but later escaped. Willot overtly embraced the Royalist cause and worked with France's enemies to overthrow the First French Republic. After drifting to several nations, he spent the years of the First French Empire in the United States. Returning to France with King Louis XVIII he was ennobled as a count and given awards for his loyalty.
The so-called Aachen Treaty, formally Treaty on Franco-German Cooperation and Integration, and also known as the Treaty of Aachen (, , ) is a bilateral agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic, which was entered into force on 22 January 2020, a year after it was signed. It was signed by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Emmanuel Macron in the coronation hall of the Aachen City Hall on 22 January 2019.
Despite his loyal service to the struggling new French Republic after the Revolution began in 1789, Irish military men were always suspected of harbouring royalist sympathies. General Ward was arrested and imprisoned on 10 October 1793 along with his valet, John Mallone of Limerick. They were tried by the revolutionary tribunal, condemned, and sent to the guillotine in 1794. In Scotland during the 1800s when Irish immigrants came to find work during the famine.
During World War II, at the age of 15 he rallied the France libre. In the summer of 1944, he escaped from the deportation train that was taking him and many others from Drancy (Internment Camp in France) to Buchenwald. One of the deportees in the same train car was Marcel Dassault. For his brave patriotism, he was bestowed the "Légion D'Honneur" by the president of the French Republic, François Hollande in May 2016.
Armand Lebrun de la Houssaye (20 October 1768-19 June 1848) led a cavalry division during the First French Empire of Napoleon. He joined the army of the First French Republic in 1791 and fought at Kaiserslautern in 1793. He was appointed to lead a hussar regiment the following year. Promoted to general officer in 1804, he led a heavy cavalry brigade at Austerlitz, Eylau, and Heilsberg and a division at Friedland.
Duckworth and Osborn (1985), p. 67. His role was threefold: (i) the collection of intelligence; (ii) the assessment of its significance; and (iii) the alteration of intelligence (and, specifically, of diplomatic reports), where necessary, in such a way as to promote the restoration of the monarchy. In order to bring this about, he aimed to present intelligence in such a way that the British government might be persuaded to declare war on the French Republic.
The Hall of Mirrors remains reserved for official ceremonies of the French Republic. Notable events during the 20th century were the reception of US- President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and his wife by Charles De Gaulle, the reception of the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1974 or the invitation of representatives of the Group of Seven summit by President François Mitterrand from June 4 to 6, 1982.
On 5 November 1870, Monsieur Tayac, mayor of Uzerche informed his council of the collapse of the empire and the forming of the Third Republic. On 13 November 1870 the council of Uzerche voted unanimously to recognise and support the Third Republic. After the French defeat in the Franco-German War in 1871 the Third French Republic was announced officially. In 1939 France declared war on Germany thus entering the Second World War.
The year is 1793. In Brittany during the Royalist insurrection of the Chouannerie, a troop of "Blues" (soldiers of the French Republic) encounter in the bocage Michelle Fléchard, a peasant woman, and her three young children, who are fleeing from the conflict. She explains that her husband and parents have been killed in the peasant revolt that started the insurrection. The troop's commander, Sergeant Radoub, convinces them to look after the family.
On 22 December 1797, Frederick's father, who had succeeded his brother as Duke of Württemberg two years before, died, and Frederick became Duke of Württemberg as Frederick III. He was not to enjoy his reign undisturbed for long, however. In 1800, the French army occupied Württemberg and the Duke and Duchess fled to Vienna. In 1801, Duke Frederick ceded the enclave of Montbéliard to the French Republic, and received Ellwangen in exchange two years later.
Since the Halong Bay Agreements resulted in many aspects—excluding the referendum—in the enforcement of the March 6, 1946, Indochinese Independence Convention signed by Communist Hồ Chí Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam and High Commissioner of France in Indochina Admiral Thierry d'Argenlieu, representative of Félix Gouin's Provisional French Republic led by the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), some regarded the State of Vietnam as a puppet state of the French Fourth Republic.
In 2007, he received the honorary award "Emerging Entrepreneur of the Year Award", awarded by Ernst & Young. He has been recognized as well with various national and international acknowledgments, such as the distinction by the President of the French Republic, Jacques Chirac in 2007, at the Afrique Avenir Forum and the rank of Commander of the Order of Merit awarded by the President of the Portuguese Republic, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, in 2016.
Their attempts to have children, however, were unsuccessful. At the death of his father (14 October 1796), Charles Emmanuel succeeded as King of Sardinia. The kingdom included not only the island of Sardinia but also significant territories in northwest Italy including all of Piedmont. At his succession to the throne in 1796, Sardinia had been forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796) with the French Republic, giving the French army free passage through Piedmont.
Louis Napoléon effectively brought an end to the Second French Republic by the coup d'état of 2 December 1851. The same day, he had posters issued that proclaimed to the French people (Appel au peuple) his desire to restore the "system created by the First Consul" -- his uncle and inspiration Napoleon Bonaparte. His coup was ratified by plebiscite on 22 and 23 December 1851. This vote was heavily rigged; 92 percent were announced as voting in favour.
On 1 February 1793, the French Republic declared war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, extending the already existing French Revolutionary Wars. It took several months for news of the outbreak of war to reach British India, messages arriving at Calcutta from Consul George Baldwin at Alexandria on 11 June.James, p. 119 The Royal Navy commander in the region, Commodore William Cornwallis, immediately set about demanding the surrender of the French trading posts in India.
Weak from his wounds, Muir made his way to France by way of Madrid, Spain, aided by a French officer. In November 1797, he arrived exhausted at Bordeaux, where he was hailed as a 'Hero of the French Republic.' He then travelled to Paris, France. Muir's confidant 1798 was Dr Robert Watson of Elgin, emissary to France on behalf of the United Englishmen and Muir learned of the United Scotsmen, which replaced the Friends of the People.
On January 21, he was beheaded. This action led to Britain and the Netherlands declaring war on France. Shailer Mathews, The French Revolution 1789-1815 (2nd ed 1923) pp 153-297 online The first half of 1793 went badly for the new French Republic, with the French armies being driven out of Germany and the Austrian Netherlands. In this situation, prices rose and the sans-culottes (poor labourers and radical Jacobins) rioted; counter- revolutionary activities began in some regions.
France–Lebanon relations are the international relations between the Lebanese Republic and the French Republic. France, the former colonial power, enjoys friendly relations with Lebanon and has often provided support to the Lebanese.France takes lead role on Lebanon - BBC NewsFrench nearly fired at Israelis - BBC News The French language is widely spoken fluently throughout Lebanon and is taught as well as used as a medium of education in many Lebanese schools. Both nations are members of the Francophonie.
It is partly autobiographical, as Han Suyin's first husband was an officer with China Nationalist army. An important logistical center, the city was heavily bombed in December 1944 by the US aircraft based in the Chengdu area (part of Operation Matterhorn). The government of Vichy France relinquished the French concession in 1943, and the restored French Republic relinquished it formally in 1946. The Japanese concession came to an end with the surrender of Japan in 1945.
After the war he was again elected to parliament, again serving in the lower chamber, now called the National Assembly. He represented Hérault until 1958. He served in government under Edgar Faure as Minister of Veterans and War Victims from 20 October 1955 to 1 February 1956 and again under Pierre Pflimlin from 14 May 1958 to 1 June 1958. He did not support Charles de Gaulle in 1958 and opposed the creation of the Fifth French Republic.
From the 12th century, the character of the community began to change to a more prestigious one, so that the members became canonesses regular who came from among the nobility, as attested in a document dated 1462. For most of the Middle Ages the Abbey remained an Imperial Abbey, a semi-sovereign institution directly under the king. The abbey was suppressed after the invasion of the Duchy of Brabant in 1794 by the armies of the First French Republic.
Transferred to the La Force prison, after a rapid judgment, Marie Louise de Lamballe was savagely killed on 3 September. Her head was affixed on a pike and paraded through the city to the Temple for the queen to see. Marie Antoinette was prevented from seeing it, but fainted upon learning of it. On 21 September 1792, the fall of the monarchy was officially declared and the National Convention became the governing body of the French Republic.
Penguin Books. London. p.169 Meanwhile, the Republican government had requested aid and weapons from France in order to defeat the Nationalist forces and the president of the French Republic, Léon Blum, initially decided to send help because a Nationalist victory could damage the international position of France. Nevertheless, on July 25, 1936 Blum decided not to send weapons to the Republic, because the opposition of the British government and the French right.,Preston, Paul. (2006).
The next morning, 25 August, the bulk of the 2nd Armored Division and US 4th Infantry Division and other allied units entered the city. Dietrich von Choltitz, commander of the German garrison and the military governor of Paris, surrendered to the French at the Hôtel Meurice, the newly established French headquarters. General Charles de Gaulle of the French Army arrived to assume control of the city as head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic.
Other posters assured that "victory is near" and promised "chastisement for the traitors", i.e. Vichy loyalists, and collaborators. The posters were signed by the "Parisian Committee of the Liberation", in agreement with the Provisional Government of the French Republic, and under the orders of "Regional Chief Colonel Rol" (Henri Rol-Tanguy), the commander of the French Forces of the Interior in the Île de France region. Then, the first skirmishes between the French and the German occupiers began.
Evelyn M. Acomb, The French Laic Laws, 1879-1889: The First Anti-Clerical Campaign of the Third French Republic, New York : Columbia University Press, 1941 French secularism has a long history. For the last century, the French government policy has been based on the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, See drop-down essay on "The Third Republic and the 1905 Law of Laïcité", which is however not applicable in Alsace and Moselle.
"Marat's Triumph": a popular engraving of Marat borne away by a joyous crowd following his acquittal. Marat was elected to the National Convention in September 1792 as one of 26 Paris deputies, although he belonged to no party. When France was declared a Republic on 22 September, Marat renamed his L'Ami du peuple as Le Journal de la République française ("Journal of the French Republic"). His stance during the trial of the deposed king Louis XVI was unique.
Most sources, including Lear's 1965 wedding certificate from the Chelsea registry office, confirm that her father was a French army officer (possibly of British origin). Her mother appears to have had a Russian-Asian background. According to the General Register Office for England and Wales, her birth name is Tap. ANC-05/1965M4-L-0513.jpg For the original file : click on the icon "View the original" According to the French Republic, her birth name is Tapp.
From the very beginning Mayotte refused to join the new republic and aligned itself even more firmly to the French Republic, but the other islands remained committed to independence. The first president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane, did not last long before being ousted in a coup d'état by Ali Soilih, an atheist with an Islamic background. Soilih began with a set of solid socialist ideals designed to modernize the country. However, the regime faced problems.
He had to frequently turn to friends in Alsace who were able to help support Le Temps financially. However, circulation continued to grow, from scarcely 3,000 in 1861, to 11,000 in 1869, 22,000 in 1880, 30,000 in 1884, 35,000 in 1904. During the interwar period it varied between 50,000 and 80,000. Despite this comparatively modest circulation, Le Temps soon became the most important newspaper of the French Republic particularly among the French political and economic elite.
Conté invented the modern pencil lead at the request of Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot. The French Republic was at that time under economic blockade and unable to import graphite from Great Britain, the main source of the material. Carnot asked Conté to create a pencil that did not rely on foreign imports. After several days of research, Conté had the idea of mixing powdered graphite with clay and pressing the material between two half-cylinders of wood.
Jean Guillaume Barthélemy Thomières (18 August 1771 - 22 July 1812) was killed in action at Salamanca while commanding an Imperial French infantry division. He joined the army of the First French Republic in 1793 and fought the Spanish. He transferred to the Army of Italy in 1796 and was present at the battles of Dego, Mondovi, Lodi, Bassano, and Arcole. In 1800 he fought at Montebello and Marengo as an aide-de-camp to Claude Perrin Victor.
Piedmont is a region of NW Italy, bounded by Lombardy, France and Switzerland. Formerly part of the historic Duchy of Savoy, it was annexed by the French Republic in 1792. By the Treaty of Vienna 1815, it combined with the island of Sardinia to form a state officially known as the Kingdom of Sardinia. However, Turin was the capital and Piedmont, one of the most dynamic nations of 19th century Europe, is the name generally used by historians.
In 1798, Jourdan appointed him as chief of staff for the Army of Observation. Ernouf was with the Army of Observation when it crossed the Rhine river, in what British historians have called a violation of the Treaty of Campo Formio,Ramsey Weston Phipps. The Armies of the First French Republic, volume 5: The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'état of Brumaire, 1797–1799. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pp. 49–50.
One or more Germans opened fire with machine guns killing three people.The shooting took place at the Saint-Léon crossroads near the train station and near the citadel.In The week in Basque Country, J. Crouzet, August 1994. On the 23rd there was an informal and immediate installation of a "special municipal delegation" by the young deputy prefect Guy Lamassoure representing the Provisional Government of the French Republic which had been established in Algiers since 27 June.
An overwhelming majority of 170 out of 178 members favored the merger of French Indian territories with India. France transferred its last four territories — Pondicherry, Karaikal, Yanam and Mahe — to India on 1 November 1954. M R K Nehru, General Secretary of Foreign Affairs, hoisted the Indian flag. Kewal Singh, the first High Commissioner of the new state and Pierre Landy, special diplomatic representative of the French Republic Government, exchanged signatures at the Governor’s transfer of power ceremony.
Napoleon I of France declared himself First Consul of the French Republic on November 10, 1799, and crowned himself Emperor in 1804. Because Spain controlled access to the Mediterranean, the country was politically and strategically important to French interests. The reigning Spanish sovereign, Charles IV, was internationally regarded as ineffectual. Even in his own court he was seen as a "half-wit king who renounces cares of state for the satisfaction of hunting",Connell, pp. 145–146.
Other factors contributed to the rising tensions. On his way to Egypt, Napoleon had stopped on Malta and forcibly removed the Hospitallers from their possessions, angering Paul, Tsar of Russia, who was the honorary head of the Order. The French Directory, furthermore, was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians and the English actually discussed this possibility.
Bienne and its neighboring communities were incorporated as the "Canton de Bienne" into the département du Mont-Terrible of the First French Republic. Two years later, in 1800, it went to the Département du Haut-Rhin. Under Mayor Sigmund Wildermeth (1765–1847) Biel strictly followed every dictate from Paris. After the collapse of the French Empire, Biel sent Georg Friedrich Heilmann to the Congress of Vienna in 1814 to push for the creation of an independent Canton of Biel.
Polish Legions. After the failure of the uprising he remained in partitioned Poland for a while, attempting to convince the Prussian authorities that they needed Poland as an ally against Austria and Russia. He was unsuccessful, and with the Third Partition of Poland between Russia, Prussia and Austria, Poland disappeared from the map of Europe. Dąbrowski's next solution was to convince the French Republic that it should support a Polish cause, and create a Polish military formation.
The Armies of the First French Republic, volume 5: "The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797–1799." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pp. 49–50. In his absence, Jellacic's 5,500 men faced 12,000 under the command of generals of division Jean-Joseph Dessolles and Claude Lecourbe, inflicting enormous casualties (3000) on the French while suffering minimal losses (900) of their own.The third action at Feldkirch, 23 March 1799.
In December 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars, a French expeditionary force departed from Brest on an expedition to invade Ireland. This army of 18,000 French soldiers was intended to link up with the secret organisation of Irish Republicanism known as the United Irishmen and provoke a widespread uprising throughout the island.Pakenham, p. 24. It was hoped that the resulting war would force Britain to make peace with the French Republic or risk losing control of Ireland altogether.
34 He then brought his family from England and settled in Belgium. The region was part of the French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars, but this did not affect Cockerill's economic fortunes. He was joined in 1802 by James Holden who initially worked for him as an assistant and later set up his own business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to the city of Liège and set up a machine building factory there with his three sons.
Auberge de Bavière et Angleterre in the 1870s Auberge de Baverie as seen from Fort Tigné c. 1864 When Malta became officially part of the French Republic (1798-1800), the building was converted into a military hospital for French soldiers suffering from different forms of venereal disease. This was a consequence of a rise of prostitution in Malta. Sometimes after Malta became a British Protectorate, the building stopped operating as a hospital for sexual transmitted disease.
Gayte was elected in the second round with 59.31% of the votes. In the National Assembly, Gayte serves on the Committee on Sustainable Development and Spatial Planning. She is also a Vice President of the Female Entrepreneurship's Working Group and Vice President of the Promotion of tourist activities's Working Group. In October 2018, Gayte urged France to put pressure on Andorra to allow abortion, using the co-prince function held by the President of the French Republic.
Unlike those from most other EU countries which are burgundy, ordinary passports have a Bordeaux-red front cover, with the national emblem of France emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The word "PASSEPORT" (Passport) is inscribed below the coat of arms and "Union européenne" (European Union), "République française" (French Republic) above. The "e-passport" cover has a microchip symbol at the bottom. On the biometric variant of e-passports, the word "PASSEPORT" is underlined.
The diamonds affair, known in France as "l'affaire des diamants", was a major political scandal in the 5th French Republic. In 1973, the then Minister of Finance, president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was offered two diamonds from the Emperor of the Central African Empire, the notorious dictator Bokassa I. The affair was unveiled by the satiric newspaper Le Canard Enchaîné on October 10, 1979, towards the end of Giscard's presidency. It contributed to Giscard losing his 1981 reelection bid.
Slavery as an institution was not banned until 1848. At this time Iceland was a part of Denmark-Norway but slave trading had been abolished in Iceland in 1117 and had never been reestablished. Slavery in the French Republic was abolished on 4 February 1794, including in its colonies. The lengthy Haitian Revolution by its slaves and free people of color established Haiti as a free republic in 1804 ruled by blacks, the first of its kind.
However, he did support the idea of the French Republic. When he heard of Marie Antoinette's execution in October 1793, Southey told his friend Bedford that he condemned the action although he held to his Republican beliefs. However, he was further upset when word came that Brissot, the Girondin leader, was executed. This caused him to believe that all of the countries were equally bad, except the Republican United States, which he hoped to make his home.
Historical divisions of the meridian in France By a decree of 8 May 1790, the Constituent assembly ordered the French Academy of Sciences to develop a new measurement system. In August 1793, the French National Convention decreed the metre as the sole length measurement system in the French Republic. The first name of the kilometre was "Millaire". Although the metre was formally defined in 1799, the myriametre ( metres) was preferred to the "kilometre" for everyday use.
Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération, (French) In September 1943, Corsica was the first French metropolitan territory to liberate itself from the Axis. On 6 June 1944, the Allies invaded Normandy and in August they invaded Provence. Over the following year the Allies and the French Resistance emerged victorious over the Axis powers and French sovereignty was restored with the establishment of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF).
Amongst the artists who had most marked her life Gandarias identified Velázquez, Goya and Bacon, along with her teacher and mentor Manuel Villaseñor. She was a member of the Board of the Fundación Yehudi Menuhin Foundation (Spain) and of the Scientific Committee of the “Istituto Internazionale per l'Opera e la Poesia di Verona “ (UNESCO). She was made a Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres in 2005 and was granted the Légion d'honneur of the French Republic in 2010.
French Republic The French position towards the Spanish Republic was characterized by its hesitant attitude and its ambivalence. Thus the government of France did not send direct support to the Spanish Republicans and towards the end of the beleaguered republic ended up turning against it, instead recognizing the Francoist State. President Albert Lebrun opposed direct assistance, but the left-wing government of French Prime Minister Léon Blum was sympathetic to the Republic.Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain. Orion.
Severl hundreds of troops were sent on reconnaissance to inspect the occupation of the walls. They scaled the walls, entered the city withour resistance and opened up three gates (the Hesepoort, Molenpoort and Hertogsteegsepoort), after which the main force was informed. Around 4 am, French troops spread throughout the city to occupy strategic points. From the other side, captain Reine (a Dutch Patriot) advanced to the Hunnerpoort to demand access in the name of the French Republic.
With the conquest of Nijmegen, the French Republic had reached the Rhine and the Waal rivers, which were often claimed to be the 'natural boundary' of France, and that it had tried to seize during the past several revolutionary years.Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Bataafse Republiek ". Daendels, however, pressed the French command to liberate the rest of the Dutch Republic, where the Patriots were increasingly stirring up revolts and demanded the departure of the Orangists.
Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People (1830) portrays the July Revolution using the stylistic views of Romanticism. Since Liberty is part of the motto "Liberté, égalité, fraternité", as the French put it, this painting has become the primary symbol of the French Republic. France has been a center of Western cultural development for centuries. Many French artists have been among the most renowned of their time, and France is still recognized in the world for its rich cultural tradition.
Palais du Luxembourg The French Parliament () is the bicameral legislature of the French Republic, consisting of the Senate () and the National Assembly (). Each assembly conducts legislative sessions at a separate location in Paris: the for the Senate and the for the National Assembly. Each house has its own regulations and rules of procedure. However, they may occasionally meet as a single house, the French Congress (), convened at the Palace of Versailles, to revise and amend the Constitution of France.
But as to the Diocese of Autun of the Ancien Régime, that resignation required papal permission, and Pope Pius VI obliged by dismissing Talleyrand as a schismatic in a bull of 13 April 1791.Lacombe, pp. 250–252. He continued to be a bishop, however, until Napoleon forced Pius VII to concede that the Bishop of Autun "might wear secular attire and serve the French Republic in an official capacity," something that Talleyrand had been doing anyway since 1790.
Prosper Mérimée was born in Paris, the First French Republic, on 28 September 1803, early in the Napoleonic era. His father Léonor was a painter who became professor of design at the École polytechnique, and was engaged in a study of the chemistry of oil paints. In 1807 his father was named Permanent Secretary of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture. His mother Anne was twenty-nine when he was born, and was also a painter.
Spaniards in France comprise of people from Spain residing in France and their descendants. They may be French citizens or non-citizen immigrants or expatriates. Spanish immigration to France began from ancient times up to the present time and the French Republic is the second largest Spanish community outside Spain. The Spanish arrived mainly attracted by the job and new lifestyles, as well due to conflicts and armed movements in Spain which prompted the Spanish to emigrate to France.
The outcome was thoroughly unexpected by contemporary observers—a vindication for the French revolutionaries and a stunning defeat for the vaunted Prussian army. The victory emboldened the newly assembled National Convention to formally declare the end of monarchy in France and to establish the First French Republic. Valmy permitted the development of the Revolution and all its resultant ripple effects, and for that it is regarded by historians as one of the most significant battles in history.
In 1798, Paul I gave Korsakov command of an expeditionary force of 30,000 men sent to Germany to join Austria in the fight against the French Republic. At the beginning of 1799, the force was diverted to drive the French out of Switzerland. Leaving Russia in May, Korsakov reached Stockach in 90 days. With 29,463 men, his command then marched to Zürich to join up with the 25,000-man corps of Austrian general Friedrich von Hotze.
In order to once again begin the function of government, these three men took the oath of "Inviolable fidelity to the sovereignty of the people; to the French Republic, one and indivisible; to equality, liberty and the representative system". Although Sieyès had many ideas, a lot of them were disfavored by Bonaparte and Roger-Ducos. One aspect that was agreed upon was the structure of power. A list of active citizens formed the basis of the proposed political structure.
Portrait of Ioannis Papafis Beginning in the 1760s, Hospitaller Malta became interesting to the Russian Empire, which increased its presence in the Mediterranean and even attempted to impose its rule. A Greek-Russian envoy, Antonio Psaro, negotiated an understanding between the Order and the Russians, integrating Malta with the "Greek Plan" before 1789. Such maneuvers enhanced the rift between the Hospitallers and the French Republic. In June 1798, a French occupation of Malta ended Hospitaller rule.
On 10 December 1891, Schwartzkoppen was appointed as military attaché at the Embassy of the German Empire in Paris, maintaining relations with the French Republic. It was his second diplomatic posting to Paris. In addition to performing formal representational and liaison duties, his subsidiary task was to obtain secret information on the French Army without the knowledge of the German ambassador resident in Paris. Instead, Schwartzkoppen reported directly and in confidence to the Director of Military Intelligence in Berlin.
In order to ensure that a sufficient number of priests would be available to meet the needs of the ever growing number of pilgrims, the shrine was handed over to the Oratorians. They built a convent behind the church and connected the two buildings with a long corridor. The Oratorians took care of the sanctuary until the French Republic annexed the Austrian Netherlands and dissolved all monasteries. The church then returned to the status of a parish church.
Nicolas Chauvin () is a legendary, possibly apocryphal French soldier and patriot who is supposed to have served in the First Army of the French Republic and subsequently in La Grande Armée of Napoleon. His name is the eponym of chauvinism, originally a term for excessive nationalistic fervor, but later used to refer to any form of bigotry or bias (e.g., male chauvinism). According to the stories that developed about him, Chauvin was born in Rochefort, around 1780.
The liberation of Le Havre followed. This was a significant turning point in the war and led to the restoration of the French Republic. The remainder of Normandy was liberated only on 9 May 1945 at the end of the war, when the Channel Island occupation effectively ended. Between 1956 and 2015 Normandy was divided into two administrative regions: Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy; the regions were merged into one single region on 1 January 2016.
At the end of the 17th century, during the Dutch War (1672–1678) Westmalle was almost entirely burned to ashes. At the start of the 18th century, the region suffered during the War of the Spanish Succession when French troops occupied Malle in 1703. Following the French Revolutionary Wars the Austrian Netherlands were invaded and annexed by the First French Republic in 1792. Shortly after the invasion of the French army, an epidemic of dysentery hit Malle.
Historically, Belleville was a working-class neighborhood. People living in the independent village of Belleville played a large part in establishing the Second French Republic through their actions during the Revolution of 1848. In 1871, residents of the incorporated neighborhood of Belleville were some of the strongest supporters of the Paris Commune. When the Versailles Army came to reconquer Paris in May of that year, it faced some of the toughest resistance in Belleville and in neighboring Ménilmontant.
He was born in Monaco, he was educated in Paris. He entered the Sardinian military service in 1784, but suffered imprisonment in 1792 for refusing to bear arms against the French Republic. Beauchamp escaped to France, where he obtained a position in the office of the Minister of Police, and was assigned the surveillance of the press. Beauchamp commenced his Histoire de la Vendée et des Chouans (three volumes, Paris, 1806), which depicted the cruelties of the Fouché regime.
When the French Revolution broke out De Coigny decided to emigrate. In 1791 he joined the émigré army with whom he served against the French Republic during the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars. He commanded the Maison du Roi until its disbandment in 1792, after which he was charged by the Count of Provence with several diplomatic missions. De Coigny entered Portuguese service thereafter and, following the abdication of Napoléon I of France, ultimately returned to France.
Sketchmap of Tunisia during the 1942–1943 campaign Many Tunisians took satisfaction in France's defeat by Germany in June 1940,Perkins 2004, p. 105. but the nationalist parties derived no more substantive benefit from the fall of France. Despite his commitment to terminate the French protectorate, the pragmatic independence leader Habib Bourguiba had no desire to exchange the control of the French Republic for that of Fascist Italy or Nazi Germany, whose state ideologies he abhorred.Perkins 1986, p. 180.
By 1820 – eight years after its formation – it had blossomed into a 30-man team of experts that had reduced the crime rate in Paris by 40%. On 23 April 1941, the French police was nationalized under the Vichy regime, and each was placed under the prefect. The term Police nationale ("National Police") was then first used – with the sole exception of the Paris Police Prefecture. This organisational name was used during the Fourth and Fifth French Republic.
The Battle of Biberach was fought on 2 October 1796 between a First French Republic army led by Jean Victor Marie Moreau and a Habsburg Austrian army led by Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour. The French army paused in its retreat toward the Rhine River to savage the pursuing Austrians. The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars. Biberach an der Riss is located southwest of Ulm.
Leno had a hatred of Napoleon because of his "betrayal of the French Republic" (Napoleon became Emperor of the French after a coup in 1851), and believed he was no friend of England. This view was shared by other Chartists, Lord John Russell, Gladstone and John Bright. Leno printed 10,000 leaflets advertising Napoleon's visit and called for demonstrations at Cheapside and Long Acre. The French refugees in London responded in great numbers, wanting revenge for their expatriation.
He remained conservative, and his Déclin du droit (1949) strongly criticized the post-war juridical situation. His Les Forces créatrices du droit (1955) also criticized the changes to civil law introduced by new French republic. Ripert died suddenly in the morning of 4 July 1958 while correcting the proofs of the 3rd edition of his Traite- de droit commercial. For his rigorous and elegantly written works Philippe Malaurie calls Ripert the greatest jurist of the 20th century.
During the French Revolutionary Wars, he participated in an "outstandingly effective cavalry action" at Avesnes-le-Sec on 12 September 1793, where 4,663 Republican troops suffered losses of 2,000 killed and wounded with the Allies losing only 69 men. In addition, 2,000 soldiers and 20 artillery pieces were captured.Smith, p 54-55.Phipps, Ramsey Weston (1926), The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I, London: Oxford University Press.
He was awarded the 2005 Rule of Law Award by the International Bar Association and the 2006 Manley O. Hudson Medal of the American Society of International Law. He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honor by the President of the French Republic in 2007. He received the Charles Homer Haskins Prize of the American Council of Learned Societies for 2008. In 2009, Meron was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
International French School of Kathmandu (EFIK) is a private international school in Nepal delivering the French National Curriculum with multilingual education in French, English and Nepali. International French School of Kathmandu is listed as a French school located outside the territory of French Republic and has the official status of "French School Abroad". It is part of the Agency for French Education Abroad network (AEFE). The school operates under the responsibility of Parents' Association and its board members.
In 1942 she escaped to England via Portugal, and devoted herself to organizing relief for French refugees and soldiers. She ran a popular club for airmen called the Wing's Club near RAF Wing in Buckinghamshire. In recognition of her heroism, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the Legion of Honor and Croix du Combattant by the postwar French Republic, as well as the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom from the British government.
A rapprochement took place between the Scandinavian kingdoms during the revolutionary wars. Thus, on March 27, 1794, a neutrality compact was formed between with Denmark and Sweden; and their united squadrons patrolled the North Sea to protect their merchantmen from the British cruisers. The French republic was officially recognized by the Swedish government on April 23, 1795. In return, Sweden received a subsidy and a treaty between the two powers was signed on September 14, 1795.
However, the assembly, led by Ledru- Rollin, Crémieux and Lamartine, frustrated her plans and proclaimed the Second French Republic. Helene and her children then left France for Germany, whilst Louis-Philippe and the rest of the royal family moved to the United Kingdom. There they set up home in Claremont, which was lent to them by the owner, King Leopold I of Belgium, Louis-Philippe's son-in-law. Whilst in England in 1858, Helene died of influenza.
In 1862 Otto von Bismarck resided here, before his appointment as Minister president by King William I in September. Following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, it served as the embassy of the German Empire to the French Republic. Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, ambassador from 1873, hosted extravagant ceremonies to improve Franco–German relations. The impressive architecture and premises inspired Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Leo von Klenze, as well as the painter Max Beckmann.
The network was both inspired by, and an expansion of the network of imperial highways constructed by France during the era of Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte. In 1795 a new Dutch republic had been proclaimed with the armed support of the revolutionary French Republic. The country's rule was centralised, and French influence started getting ever stronger. In 1804 Napoleon became emperor of France, and between 1810 and 1813 the Netherlands was made a full part of the French Empire.
Jean Gabriel Marchand, 1st Count Marchand (10 December 1765 – 12 November 1851) went from being an attorney to a company commander in the army of the First French Republic in 1791. He fought almost exclusively in Italy throughout the French Revolutionary Wars and served on the staffs of a number of generals. He participated in Napoleon Bonaparte's celebrated 1796-1797 Italian campaign. In 1799, he was with army commander Barthélemy Catherine Joubert when that general was killed at Novi.
Wallis and Futuna is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic. The collectivity is made up of three traditional kingdoms: ʻUvea, on the island of Wallis, Sigave, on the western part of the island of Futuna, and Alo, on the island of Alofi and on the eastern part of the island of Futuna. The current King of Uvea is Kapiliele Faupala and the current King of Sigave is Visesio Moeliku. They have reigned since 2008 and 2004, respectively.
The trigger for the collapse of the Fourth French Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958. France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization. French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union. Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from Metropolitan France.
A 36 mm wide bronze cross pattée with a laurel wreath between the arms 36 mm across. On the obverse at center, the effigy of the Republic wearing an Adrian's helmet crowned with laurel leaves surrounded by the relief inscription REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE (FRENCH REPUBLIC). On the reverse the relief inscription CROIX DU COMBATTANT (COMBATANT'S CROSS) along the lower circumference framing a vertical sword pointing down, rays protruding horizontally and up from the hilt in a 180° arc.
Of these, 71% lived in the region of Brittany, while 29% lived in the Loire-Atlantique department. In 2012, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes (897,713 inhabitants), Rennes (690,467 inhabitants), and Brest (314,844 inhabitants). Brittany is the traditional homeland of the Breton people and is recognised by the Celtic League as one of the six Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic.
French military missions were sent to Japan in 1872–80, in 1884–89 and the last one much later in 1918–19 to help modernize the Japanese army. Conflicts between the Chinese Emperor and the French Republic over Indochina climaxed during the Sino-French War (1884–85). Admiral Courbet destroyed the Chinese fleet anchored at Foochow. The treaty ending the war, put France in a protectorate over northern and central Vietnam, which it divided into Tonkin and Annam.
Goddet was therefore for the end of the French Republic, although not necessarily its replacement by fascism. It was more a traditionalism associated with right-wing movements, a "dream to restore the virtues of hard work, honesty, and respect for one's social superiors" which Pétain thought had existed in rural society.Price, Roger (1993) A Concise History of France, Cambridge University Press, UK It was nevertheless a period disowned by the French Republic when Charles de Gaulle restored it and for which France took responsibility only in 1995, 50th anniversary of the end of the war, in a speech by President Jacques Chirac marking the round-up of Parisian Jews in the Velodrome d'Hiver.Allocution de M. Jacques Chirac Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris) – Présidence de la République Goddet said in his biography, written 50 years later after his wartime words, "History should not confuse Pétain with Vichy, the true patriotic intentions of the old soldier with the political action of the government in place drawn from the gutter [gouffre]".
The sailors returned home and tried to found an independent republic. While Jacques Peirotes, at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared its independence as the "Republic of Alsace- Lorraine". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power.
It is defined as an "overseas country" under the 1998 Nouméa Accord, and enjoys a high degree of self- government. Currently, in regard to the EU, it is one of the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT). As a result of the Nouméa Accord, New Caledonians voted on an independence referendum in November 2018. This referendum was to determine whether the territory would remain a part of the French Republic as a "sui generis collectivity", or whether it would become an independent state.
However, the other attributes of the republican calendar, the months, and years, remained as they were. The French Republic ended with the coronation of Napoleon I as Empereur des Français (Emperor of the French) on 11 Frimaire, Year XIII (2 December 1804), but the republican calendar would remain in place for another year. Napoleon finally abolished the republican calendar with effect from 1 January 1806 (the day after 10 Nivôse Year XIV), a little over twelve years after its introduction.
In 1957, the ' were renamed French Polynesia. In 1983 French Polynesia became a member of the Pacific Community, a regional development organization. Since 28 March 2003, French Polynesia has been an overseas collectivity of the French Republic under the constitutional revision of article 74, and later gained, with law 2004-192 of 27 February 2004, an administrative autonomy, two symbolic manifestations of which are the title of the President of French Polynesia and its additional designation as an overseas country.
The French Revolution ( ) began in May 1789 when the Ancien Régime was abolished in favour of a constitutional monarchy. Its replacement in September 1792 by the First French Republic led to the Execution of Louis XVI in January 1793, and an extended period of political turmoil. This culminated in the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul in November 1799, which is generally taken as its end point. Many of its principles are now considered fundamental aspects of modern Liberal democracy.
The rapid defeat of the French Army in the 1870 Franco-German War and capture of the Emperor at the Battle of Sedan brought a sudden end to the Second Empire and the proclamation of the French Republic. The new government, headquartered in Bordeaux, tried to continue the war. On September 8, Delescluze returned to Paris and plunged back into revolutionary politics, agitating against the new national government. In November 1870, he was mayor of the working-class 19th arrondissement.
Bernadotte is thrilled to see Désirée again and proposes marriage to her. By July 4, 1799, Désirée and Bernadotte have happily settled into married life and have a son, Oscar (Nicholas Koster). On November 9, 1799, Napoleon is proclaimed First Consul of the French Republic and asks Bernadotte to join his council of state, and Bernadotte agrees. Several years later, Napoleon is proclaimed emperor, and at his coronation, he takes the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII and crowns himself.
The National Order of Merit is a French order of merit with membership awarded by the President of the French Republic, founded 3 December 1963 by President Charles de Gaulle. The order was established to replace the number of ministerial orders previously awarded by numerous ministries, and to create an award for French citizens as well as foreign nationals for distinguished civil or military achievements, though of a lesser level than that required for the award of the Legion of Honour.
The territory was annexed by the French Republic in 1888, and was placed under the authority of another French colony, New Caledonia. The inhabitants of the islands voted in a 1959 referendum to become an overseas collectivity of France, effective in 1961. The collectivity is governed as a parliamentary republic, the citizens elect a Territorial Assembly, the President of which becomes head of government. His cabinet, the Council of the Territory, is made up of the three Kings and three appointed ministers.
Hôtel Majestic, headquarters for the Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich, the German High Military Command in France. They requested that they be made prisoner only by the military and surrendered to Battalion Chief Jacques Massu of the 2e DB. On 25 August, the same day that the Germans surrendered, Charles de Gaulle, President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, moved back into the War Ministry on the Rue Saint-Dominique. He made a rousing speech to the crowd from the Hôtel de Ville.
Louis Philippe was overthrown in 1848 and replaced by the elected government of the Second French Republic, which valued revolutionary themes. The new government designated the Pantheon "The Temple of Humanity", and proposed to decorate it with sixty new murals honouring human progress in all fields. In 1851 the Foucault Pendulum of astronomer Léon Foucault was hung beneath the dome to illustrate the rotation of the earth. However, on complaints from the Church, it was removed in December of the same year.
The Dreyfus Affair (, ) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. "L'Affaire", as it is known in French, has come to symbolise modern injustice in the Francophone world,Guy Canivet, first President of the Supreme Court, Justice from the Dreyfus Affair, p. 15. and it remains one of the most notable examples of a complex miscarriage of justice and antisemitism. The role played by the press and public opinion proved influential in the conflict.
Februar 2016 for his support of art and culture as well as the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon. In 2016, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to Anglo German economic and trade relations. In 2017, he obtained the silver cross of the Bundesland Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) for his support the Arnulf Rainer museum in Baden. In 2018, he was awarded the Chevalier de l'Ordre national du mérite of the French Republic.
Paul Bocuse2 Un des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France (shortened to MOF) is a craftsmen competition in France, held every four years. The title of Un des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France is a unique and prestigious award in France according to category of trades in a contest among professionals. This contest is organized and recognized as a third-level degree by the French Ministry of Labour. The President of the French Republic is granted honorary membership with the title MOF honoris causa.
The European colonial powers of the 19th century had little interest in Mauritania. The French Republic was mostly interested in the territory for strategic reason, as a connection between their possessions in North and in West Africa. Mauritania thus became part of French West Africa in 1904, but colonial control was mostly limited to the coast and the Saharan trade routes, and there were territories nominally within French West Africa which were not reached by European control as late as 1955.
The French Republican leader Maximilien Robespierre became a deeply unpopular figure in Britain because of his role in the Terror. Despite this, Britain initially had no desire to go to war with the new French Republic. The revolution was initially popular in Britain, but later its turmoils turned into a cause of alarm, as this 1792 caricature contrasting "British Liberty" with "French Liberty" demonstrates. During the French Revolution, the anti-monarchical ideals of France were regarded with alarm throughout Europe.
Hängebrücke Cologne lost its status as a free city during the French period. According to the Peace Treaty of Lunéville (1801) all the territories of the Holy Roman Empire on the left bank of the Rhine were officially incorporated into the French Republic (which had already occupied Cologne in 1794). Thus this region later became part of Napoleon's Empire. Cologne was part of the French Département Roer (named after the river Roer, German: Rur) with Aachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle) as its capital.
The comte de Virieu was a Freemason, participating in the 1782 Convent of Wilhelmsbad where he assisted in the development of masonic rituals. This particular convent figures in conspiracy theories regarding the origin of the Illuminati. He was elected by the Estates of the Dauphiné (along with Jean Joseph Mounier and Antoine Barnave) to the Estates General of 1789, as one of their representatives to the Second Estate. He joined the counter-revolution after the declaration of the French Republic in September 1792.
Winchester factory records show an order placed in 1915 for 150 Model 1910 rifles, spare magazines, and 25,000 cartridges of .401SL ammunition by the firm of Andre, Schaub & Pioso as an agent of the French government. A subsequent December 7, 1917 order of 400,000 .401SL cartridges is believed to indicate additional Model 1910 rifles were acquired by the French Republic through other means.Houze, Herbert G. (2003) Winchester's First Self-Loading Rifles National Rifle Association, American Rifleman 151(5): Washington. p.
The Guadeloupe regional football team () represents the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe in international football. The team is controlled by the Ligue Guadeloupéenne de Football (), a local branch of French Football Federation (). As an overseas department of the French Republic, Guadeloupe is not a member of FIFA and is therefore not eligible to enter the FIFA World Cup or any competition organized first-hand by the organization. Guadeloupeans, being French citizens, are eligible to play for the France national football team.
In exchange for the promise of helping Kisan Dogo in removing Kibari and replacing him with a relative of his, Bretonnet held Bussa "in the name of the French Republic" claiming to "occupy effectively the territory of Bussa".Pakenham, Thomas (1992). The Scramble for Africa. Abacus. pp. 515–516. . The latter claim was far from true: Kwara, a son of the king of Wawa that Bretonnet had helped to overthrow, guided a rebellion that extended to vast areas of Borgu.
In the War of the First Coalition against the First French Republic he served as an Engineer on the Rhine, distinguishing himself at Mainz in 1795. Promoted to General officer in 1796 he served under the Archduke Charles in Germany. In 1799 Chasteler was appointed Generalquartiermeister (Chief of Staff) to Suvorov & commander of a wing of the Austrian army in Italy. Serving at the Battle of Cassano 27 April, he invested Tortona in May, but was wounded at Alessandria, 16 July.
The Siege of Roses (or Siege of Rosas) began on 28 November 1794 and lasted until 4 February 1795 when the Spanish garrison abandoned the port and the forces of the First French Republic took control. Dominique Catherine de Pérignon commanded the French army and Domingo Salvator Izquierdo led the Spanish defenders. The siege took place during the War of the Pyrenees which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars. The war ended in July 1795 and Roses was soon restored to Spain.
Cayenne City Hall The President of France appoints a prefect (resident at the prefecture building in Cayenne) as his representative to head the local government of French Guiana. There is one elected, local executive body, the Assemblée de Guyane. French Guiana sends two deputies to the French National Assembly, one representing the commune (municipality) of Cayenne and the commune of Macouria, and the other representing the rest of French Guiana. This latter constituency is the largest in the French Republic by land area.
The British Governor, George Chardin Denton (1901–1911), and his party, 1905 In the ensuing years, Banjul was at times under the jurisdiction of the British Governor-General in Sierra Leone. In 1888, The Gambia became a separate colony. An agreement with the French Republic in 1889 established the present boundaries. The Gambia became a British Crown colony called British Gambia, divided for administrative purposes into the colony (city of Banjul and the surrounding area) and the protectorate (remainder of the territory).
For his work, Jakob Finci has been decorated several times. These honors include: the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as the American decoration First American Freedom in Richmond Virginia. He has also been named Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur of the French Republic, and in 2009. he was proclaimed “Person of the Year” by Sarajevo’s daily newspaper SAN, and Man of the Year for 2013 by Bosnian daily “Večernji list”.
The place was first mentioned in documents in 1345. In the Middle Ages Schopp, together with Waldfischbach, Geiselberg, Schmalenberg and Heltersberg, was under the cloister Hornbach. With the secularization of the monastery in 1557, the places came to the Electorate of Palatinate. From 1798 to 1814, when the Palatinate was part of the French Republic (until 1804) and then part of the Napoleonic Empire, Schopp was incorporated into the canton Waldfischbach in the department of Donnersberg and was under the Mairie Waldfischbach.
The Battle of Friedberg was fought on 24 August 1796 between a First French Republic army led by Jean Victor Marie Moreau and a Habsburg Austrian army led by Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour. The French army, which was advancing eastward on the south side of the Danube, managed to catch an isolated Austrian infantry regiment. In the ensuing combat, the Austrians were cut to pieces. Friedberg is a Bavarian town located on the Lech River near Augsburg.
As a French accredited institution, the school follows the official teaching programmes of the French Republic. The school offers a complete education programme of 15 years which starts with a preliminary 3 years of kindergarten classes and ends by achieving a French baccalaureate degree with two options: "Economic & Social (ES)" and "Scientific (S)". The baccalaureate allows graduates to continue their studying in French universities all over the world as well as some other American, Canadian, European and Middle Eastern universities.
France under German occupation (Germans occupied the southern zone starting in November 1942—Operation Case Anton). The yellow zone was under Italian administration. Chief of State of Vichy France (Chef de l'État Français) After the National Assembly under the Third Republic voted to give full powers to Philippe Pétain on 10 July 1940, the name République Française (French Republic) disappeared from all official documents. From that point on, the regime was referred to officially as the État Français (French State).
Map of the island of Saint Martin The France–Netherlands border, or Saint Martin–Sint Maarten border, is the border between the Saint Martin, an overseas collectivity of France, and Sint Maarten, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, on the island of Saint Martin in the Caribbean. The island is divided roughly 60:40 between the French Republic () and the Kingdom of the Netherlands () by the 16 km (10 m) border, however the two parts are roughly equal in population.
It had been believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. Recent academic work suggests that it would not have been started before 1513. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic itself, on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris since 1797. The Mona Lisa is one of the most valuable paintings in the world.
The War of the First Coalition () is a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against initially the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it. They were only loosely allied and fought without much apparent coordination or agreement; each power had its eye on a different part of France it wanted to appropriate after a French defeat, which never occurred. Noah Shusterman – De Franse Revolutie (The French Revolution). Veen Media, Amsterdam, 2015.
Relations between the French revolutionaries with neighbouring monarchies had deteriorated following the Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791. Eight months later, following a vote of the revolutionary-led Legislative Assembly, France declared war on Prussia and Austria on 20 April 1792. In July 1792, an army under the Duke of Brunswick and composed mostly of Prussians joined the Austrian side and invaded France, only to be rebuffed at the Battle of Valmy in September. One day later the new French Republic was proclaimed.
The feodal Castle of Meldert, build in the second half of the 17th century, was inhabited by the last Lord of Meldert: Marten-Jozef Arrazola de Oñate.L. HEYNENS, Adel in Limburg, Pons Mosae, 2008 Under his tenure the region became a province of the French Republic. All noble privileges were abolished and the final curtain fell for the feudal era. Today, the Arrazola coat of arms is still part of the historical coat of arms of both Meldert and Lummen.
Europe was embroiled in the French Revolutionary Wars from 1791 to 1802. After five years of war, the First French Republic subdued the armies of the First Coalition in 1797. The Second Coalition was formed in 1798, but this too was defeated by 1802, when Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens on 25 March 1802. The peace was to be short lived, with Britain declaring war on France on 18 May 1803, starting the War of the Third Coalition.
Hanover remained unaffected for the rest of the war. After the war ended, peace prevailed until the French Revolutionary Wars started. The War of the First Coalition against France (1792–1797) with Great Britain-Hanover and other war allies forming the coalition, did not affect Hanoverian territory, since the first French Republic was fighting on several fronts, even on its own territory. However, men were drafted to recruit the 16,000 Hanoverian soldiers fighting in the Low Countries under British command against France.
This chart shows the gradual expansion and contraction among the communes over time. The municipal system was created during the French occupation to mirror the systems employed in the rest of the French Republic. These were overhauled in 1823, but the system itself was retained until independence, which was granted under the 1839 Treaty of London. The law regulating their creation and organisation dates to 24 February 1843, which was later enshrined in the Luxembourgian constitution promulgated on 17 October 1868.
Fonds, Vol. 1, p.21. Between 12 May and June 1792, while under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Blanquet Du Chayla, she sailed from Tunis southward via Cerigo and Largentière.Fonds, Vol. 1, p.33. The British captured Flèche on 21 May 1794 at the fall of Bastia. The French proposed in the articles of capitulation that the French Republic retain Flèche and a pink to transport the garrison, such civilians as wished to accompany them, and some timber, to France.
Mathias Rukavina von Boynograd (Croatian: Matija Rukavina Bojnogradski), also Mathias Rukawina, Mathias Ruccavina, Mate Rukavina, (1737 - 3 May 1817) was a Croatian general in the Habsburg Monarchy imperial army service. He joined the army in 1755 and fought against the Kingdom of Prussia, Ottoman Turkey, and the First French Republic. For most of his career he served with the light infantry from the military border with Turkey. He earned the rank of general officer during the French Revolutionary Wars, distinguishing himself at Loano.
His army settled into cantonments in the environs of Augsburg, extending south along the Lech River.Blanning, p. 232; ; Ramsey Weston Phipps. The Armies of the First French Republic, volume 5: The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797-1799, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pp. 49–50. As winter broke in 1799, on 1 March, General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and his army of 25,000, the Army of the Danube, crossed the Rhine at Kehl.
The scene is surrounded by the legend "RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE, DÉMOCRATIQUE, UNE ET INDIVISIBLE" ("French Republic, democratic, one and indivisible") and "24 FEV.1848" (24 February 1848) at the bottom. The reverse bears the words "AU NOM DU PEUPLE FRANÇAIS" ("in the name of the French people") surrounded by a crown of oak (symbol of perennity and justice) and laurel (symbol of glory) leaves tied together with wheat and grapes (agriculture and wealth), with the circular national motto "LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ, FRATERNITÉ".
With the absence of the king, the French Republic sought a new national symbol. It was from these tumultuous times that the French symbol of Marianne emerged. The French Revolution not only challenged the political authority of the Old Regime led by the monarchy; it also challenged the traditional symbols that had thus far defined the French people. Anthropologists have argued that every society needs a "center" which includes social and political mapping that gives the people a sense of their place.
This, as well as yearning for Imperial times or the French Republic, can all likely be traced back to regional disputes in which denominational motives surely played a great role. The formerly Electoral-Trier, thoroughly Catholic Lingerhahn was bigger, and therefore in its own people's opinion at least, more important than Pfalzfeld with its mixture of denominations and its two-fifths Protestant minority, who with their likewise former allegiance to Hesse tended rather to look towards the Evangelical Sankt Goar.
He was also in charge of buildings chosen for the États généraux/States-General or Estates-General (early medieval-"Old Regime" era national parliament), with three "estates" (houses) - "First Estate" (bishops/clergy), "Second Estate" (nobility), and "Third Estate" (commoners/tradesmen), later abolished after beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 when the "Third Estate" along with a few revolutionary progressive/republican members of the other two estates, walked out and declared themselves to be the new National Assembly of the First French Republic.
In the 1920s and 1930s, members of the extreme-right Action Française movement expressed strong animus against Huguenots and other Protestants in general, as well as against Jews and Freemasons. They were regarded as groups supporting the French Republic, which Action Française sought to overthrow. In World War II, Huguenots led by André Trocmé in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in Cévennes helped save many Jews. They hid them in secret places or helped them get out of Vichy France.
For comparison, the UK Military Medal was awarded on 115,000 occasions in World War One, when 673,375 British Army soldiers were killed and 1,643,469 wounded. The award was first established in 1852 by the first President of the French Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte who may have taken his inspiration from a medal established and awarded by his father, Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland. After the First World War, the Military Medal was also temporarily awarded for wounds received in combat.
The Austrians were reluctant to cede the designated territories and the Rastatt delegates could not, or would not, orchestrate the transfer of agreed upon territories to compensate the German princes for their losses. Ferdinand of Naples refused to pay tribute to France, followed by the Neapolitan rebellion, invasion by France, and the subsequent establishment of the Parthenopean Republic. Republican uprising in the Swiss cantons, encouraged by the French Republic with military support, led to the establishment of the Helvetic Republic.Blanning, pp. 230–232.
Other broader issues included Church-State relations in Italy, the Third French Republic, Ireland and the United States; the heresy Pope Leo XIII later called Americanism; divisions in the Church caused by the proclamation of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council; and the status of the First Vatican Council, which had been halted suddenly and never concluded. The length of Pope Pius' reign suggested the cardinals give special consideration to the age and health of the man they elected.
Pinerolo thus became the center of efforts at conversion. Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, Marquis of Saluzzo, Duke of Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont, Count of Aosta, Moriana and Nice, was recognized as King of Sardinia in 1720. In 1743, Carlo Emanuele III established in Pinerolo the Ospizio dei Catecumeni, an institute for those who were converting to the Catholic faith. By decree of the French Republic of 29 January 1799, the institution was suppressed and converted into a charity hospital.
In 1852, the president of the French Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the second Empire, as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in Crimea, in Mexico and Italy which resulted in the annexation of the duchy of Savoy and the county of Nice, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and his regime was replaced by the Third Republic.
The "r" in "rattachism" (from "re-" and "attach"), indicating a re-unification, is in reference to a future unification being a repeat occurrence, after the previous "unity" which transpired during the "French period" (1794–1815). Present-day Belgium was conquered in 1795 by the French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars. It was annexed to the Republic, which later became the Napoleonic Empire. After the Battle of Waterloo (1815), Wallonia became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands under King William of Orange.
Paul Boulet was mayor of Montpellier a second time from 1945 to 1953 and served on the city council until 1957. He was re-elected by the voters of Hérault in 1945 to the lower house of the French parliament, the National Assembly of France which replaced the earlier Chamber of Deputies in the Fourth French Republic, sitting with the Popular Republican Movement. He was unsuccessful in retaining his seat in 1951 and again failed to win election in 1956.
French (green) and German (orange) language areas of Switzerland Röstigraben (; literally "Rösti ditch" or "Rösti trench" also transcribed Röschtigraben in order to reflect the Swiss German pronunciation ) is a humorous term used to refer to the cultural boundary between German-speaking and French-speaking parts of Switzerland. There is also a term Polentagraben which refers to the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino. The term first appeared during World War I, when neutral Switzerland stood between the warring German Empire and the French Republic.
The French Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval in France from 1789 until 1799. The Republicans who overthrew the monarchy were driven by ideas of popular sovereignty, rule of law and representative democracy. The Republicans borrowed ideas and values from Whiggism and Enlightenment philosophers. The French Republic supported the spread of republican principles in Europe, but most of these sister republics became a means of controlling occupied lands as client regimes through a mix of French and local power.
Canon de 12 Gribeauval, top view By the First French Republic, artillery was recognized as one of the three main combat arms, alongside infantry and cavalry. During the Napoleonic era field artillery became the decisive element on many battlefields. At the crisis of the Battle of Wagram in 1809, Napoleon quickly formed a massed battery of 112 guns to fill a gap in his battle line. This stopped a dangerous Austrian attack in its tracks and helped to achieve victory.
The sixth episode covers Adams's term as president and the rift between the Hamilton-led Federalists and Jefferson-led Republicans. Adams's neutrality pleases neither side and often angers both. His shaky relationship with vice president Thomas Jefferson worsens after taking defensive actions against the French Republic because of failed diplomatic attempts and the signing of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adams also alienates himself from the anti-French Alexander Hamilton after taking all actions possible to prevent a war with France.
Guadeloupe Tamils initiated links with Tamil Canadians in developing their language and culture. The French principle of laicité, meaning “secularism”, is practiced in Guadeloupe. The French Republic forces Indian cultural associations to produce messages about Hinduism in Guadeloupe that display Indian culture independently from Hinduism. However, it has proven to be controversial due to the French practice of laique, found in the second article of the French constitution which expresses the principle of separation between government affairs and religious institutions.
David admired Caravaggio's works, especially Entombment of Christ, which mirrors The Death of Marat's drama and light. David sought to transfer the sacred qualities long associated with the monarchy and the Catholic Church to the new French Republic. He painted Marat, martyr of the Revolution, in a style reminiscent of a Christian martyr, with the face and body bathed in a soft, glowing light. As Christian art had done from its beginning, David also played with multileveled references to classical art.
But it also came with the achievements of the new French Republic. Feudalism was abolished, estate privileges (manorial system, patrimonial courts) disappeared. A Liberty Pole was put up in the main street, streets and places were given new names, a revolutionary club was founded, and old symbols and coats of arms of the imperial city and the empire were removed. The old criminal law was abolished, gallows and neck weights were eliminated, the guilds were dissolved and the bürgermeister (mayor) became a "maire".
A further similar mission was mounted in 2008. The 2008 expedition showed the commitment of France, in conjunction with the New Caledonian Association Salomon, to seek further answers about Lapérouse's mysterious fate. It received the patronage of the President of the French Republic as well as the support and co-operation of the French Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, and the Ministry of Culture and Communication. Preparation for this, the eighth expedition sent to Vanikoro, took 24 months.
The Siege of Landrecies (17 – 30 April 1794) was a military operation conducted by the (mobile army) of the Dutch States Army, commanded by the Hereditary Prince (assisted by auxiliary forces from the army of the Austrian empire), against the fortress of Landrecies, garrisoned by troops of the First French Republic under general Henri Victor Roulland during the Spring 1794 campaign of the Flanders Campaign, part of the War of the First Coalition. The fortress capitulated on 30 April 1794.
The First French Empire and the Bourbon Restoration restored more autocratic rule. The Second French Republic had universal male suffrage but was followed by the Second French Empire. The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) resulted in the French Third Republic. Germany established its first democracy in 1919 with the creation of the Weimar Republic, a parliamentary republic created following the German Empire's defeat in World War I. The Weimar Republic lasted only 14 years before it collapsed and was replaced by Nazi dictatorship.
In 1990, Menon was appointed to the rank of "Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" (Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters) by the French Minister of Culture. This order is one of the principal decorations conferred by the French Republic to honor individuals who had distinguished themselves by their contributions to the influence of the arts and literature. Other recipients of the Award include Herbert von Karajan, Wilhelm Kempff, Ray Charles, Leonard Cohen and Jack Nicholson.
South of the village on the Schlossberg was the disappeared Sterrenberg Castle. Until the end of the 18th century, the community belonged to the Otterbach estate, which belonged to the von der Leyen family. From 28 to 30 November 1793, the municipal area was partly the scene of the Battle of Kaiserslautern. From 1798 to 1814, when the Palatinate was part of the French Republic (until 1804) and then part of the Napoleonic Empire, Otterbach was incorporated into the canton of Otterberg.
The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars pitted France against various coalitions of other European nations nearly continuously from 1792 onward. The overthrow and subsequent public execution of Louis XVI in France had greatly disturbed other European leaders, who vowed to crush the French Republic. Rather than leading to France's defeat, the wars allowed the revolutionary regime to expand beyond its borders and create client republics. The success of the French forces made a hero out of their best commander, Napoleon Bonaparte.
On 7 June 1943, he was named commissioner of finance of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN). A few months later, he joined General Charles de Gaulle. In February 1945, he became a member of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) with the rank of ambassador attached to the Italian government. After the war, he occupied several posts as French Ambassador, in Cairo (1950 to 1954), at NATO (1954), in Washington (1955 to 1956) and in Bonn (1956 to 1958).
It contained a bill of rights similar to those of the French Republic and an expanded electorate while reserving power for the propertied classes through a Chamber of Peers. Napoleon's long-term plans are unclear as to whether he intended to rule through the Charter as a constitutional monarch or would renege on it and return to a dictatorship. In the short term, to cement public support, he proposed a grand ceremony in Paris to sign the charter, following its approval by referendum.
134 Bibescu himself abdicated and left into self- exile.Cooke, p.85; Djuvara, p.331; Stavrianos, p.347 Proclamation of the Wallachian constitution, June 27, 1848 On June 25, the two proposed cabinets were reunited into Guvernul vremelnicesc (the Provisional Government), based on the Executive Commission of the Second French Republic; headed by the conservative , Neofit II, the Metropolitan of Ungro-Wallachia, it consisted of Christian Tell, Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Ștefan Golescu, Gheorghe Magheru, and, for a short while, the Bucharest merchant Gheorghe Scurti.
Following the definite overthrow of the Second French Empire, the Third French Republic was established. Bonapartism faded from a civic faith and monarchist bloc to an obscure predilection, more akin to a hobby than a practical political philosophy or movement. The death knell for Bonapartism was probably sounded when Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, the only son of Napoleon III, was killed in action while serving as a British Army officer in Zululand in 1879. Thereafter, Bonapartism ceased to be a political force.
Susan Rubin Suleiman, Crises of Memory and the Second World War, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2006, p.30-31. Other contributors included writers Aragon, Char, Éluard, Elsa Triolet, Eugène Guillevic, Raymond Queneau, Francis Ponge, Jacques Prévert and painter Pablo Picasso. Upon the end of the war and the restoration of French independence, Tzara was naturalized a French citizen. During 1945, under the Provisional Government of the French Republic, he was a representative of the Sud-Ouest region to the National Assembly.
After Eduardo Carrasco left the band in 1989 and became the group director and principal composer. During this period he earned a doctorate in anthropology from the Sorbonne in Paris, and when the activity of the band decreased he worked in the French Ministry of Culture. Parada was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (order of arts and letters) which is a national order of merit the French Republic grants individuals recognized for their outstanding contribution to the development of culture.
On 1 January 1916, Ainsworth was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) "for distinguished service in the Field". In January 1919, he was awarded the Médaille des Epidémies (en Vermeil) by the President of the French Republic "for distinguished services rendered during the course of the campaign". In the 1923 King's Birthday Honours, Ainsworth was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). In June 1934, he was appointed an Officer of the Venerable Order of St John (OStJ).
On 5 Sept., 1874, he went to Rouen for three years as superior, and returned to Vaugirard in 1878. At the closing of the Jesuit colleges by the enactments of the French Republic, the community of Vaugirard was dispersed, and Fr. Martin, with a few others of his fellows, took up their abode in 1882 at No. 1 Rue Desnouettes. Here he remained for five years, never ceasing to collect materials bearing on the history of the country of his predilection.
His future political views were directly shaped by what he saw and experienced at the time. He himself "an old soldier of the French Republic". Inspired by the proclamation of the 2 République, he rejected Puerto Rican aspirations for autonomy (sought from Spain by Puerto Rican politicians since 1810) in favor of Puerto Rican independence.Ojeda Reyes, Félix (as told to Collado Schwarz, Ángel), Ramón Emeterio Betances: Padre de la Patria, Médico de los Pobres, Poeta, Diplomático de Puerto Rico y Cuba en Francia.
Jacques Lassaigne, Theodor Enescu, Ștefan Luchian, Editura Meridiane, Bucharest, 1972, p.51. N. Xenopol made his return to journalism in 1904, when he founded a French-language magazine, Le Mouvement Economique ("The Economic Movement"), directed by him until 1915. By 1906, he had left the PNL and joined the Conservative Party. The Conservative cabinet of Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino made Xenopol a member of its delegation, which negotiated a new trade agreement between the Kingdom of Romania and the French Republic.
The country has never had a diocese and belongs to the Diocese of Urgell, whose bishop, together with the President of the French Republic, shares the role of head of state of the tiny country. From a historical point of view Andorra was evangelized through the bishopric of Urgell, in the reign of St. Just, in the mid-sixth century. The principality is divided into seven parishes: Canillo, Encamp, Ordino, La Massana, Andorra la Vella, Sant Julia de Loria and Escaldes- Engordany.
The boundary is long and is a simplified equidistant line that runs through the Martinique Passage in roughly an east–west direction and roughly parallel to the first boundary. It consists of five straight-line segments defined by six individual coordinate points. The treaty came into force on 23 December 1988 after it had been ratified by both states. The full name of the treaty is Agreement on Maritime Delimitation between the Government of French Republic and the Government of Dominica.
She also argued that women's inclusion was fundamental to saving the Republic by having a politically engage populace, so that the errors of the French Republic would not be repeated. Kent, in contrast, received much more support from Spain's right, including Catholics and traditionalists, during this period of constitutional debate as she, alongside Nelken, opposed women's suffrage. Kent and Campoamor became involved in a grand debate over the issue, receiving large amounts of press related to their arguments around women's suffrage.
Sir Peter Cook (born 22 October 1936) is an English architect, lecturer and writer on architectural subjects. He was a founder of Archigram, and was knighted in 2007 by the Queen for his services to architecture and teaching. He is also a Royal Academician and a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of the French Republic. His achievements with Archigram were recognised by the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2004, when the group was awarded the Royal Gold Medal.
Departments may be divided into arrondissements. The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture (sous-préfecture) or chef-lieu d'arrondissement. Each department is administered by a departmental council (conseil départemental), an assembly elected for six years by universal suffrage, with the President of the Departmental Council as executive of the department. Before 1982, the chief executive of the department was the prefect (préfet), who represents the Government of France in each department and is appointed by the President of the French Republic.
Cornell University Press, 2008, pp. 84-88. The Decadary Cult was a system of worship based on festivals, so-called , which were celebrated every , the day of rest in the 10-day week of the Republican calendar. In addition, there was a cycle of annual festivals, celebrating various themes such as youth, old age, the foundation of the French Republic and the execution of Louis XVI. The festivals included the singing of patriotic songs, banquets, games, and the presentation of awards.
Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo-French assault on Port Said, 5 November 1956. In 1956, another crisis struck French colonies, this time in Egypt. The Suez Canal, having been built by the French government, belonged to the French Republic and was operated by the Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez. Great Britain had bought the Egyptian share from Isma'il Pasha and was the second-largest owner of the canal before the crisis.
Only Great Britain was left fighting Napoleon Bonaparte, the First Consul of the French Republic. A brief lull in hostilities allowed Pitt to concentrate effort on Ireland, where there had been an uprising and attempted French landing in 1798.Ayling, pp. 408–409 In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an Act of Union that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland".
The general has served as the combat Director of Operations for Joint Task Force- Southwest Asia. General Moseley also commanded 9th Air Force and U.S. Central Command Air Forces while serving as Combined Forces Air Component Commander for Operations in Operation Southern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The general is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He has been awarded the Order of National Merit (Officer) and the Order of National Merit (Commander) by the president of the French Republic.
His Majesty, the King of Saudi Arabia, awarded him the King Abdulaziz Excellence Medal, the Kingdom's highest award. The President of the French Republic named him a Commander in the French National Order of Merit. That award is in addition to the President of the French Republic's previous naming him Officer of the French National Order of Merit. He has also been awarded the United Arab Emirates highest award and equally prestigious awards from the Minister of Defense from the Republic of Singapore and from Brazil.
The Pempelfort era came to an end in 1794 when the French Revolution spilled over into Germany following the outbreak of war with the French Republic. The occupation of Düsseldorf by French Troops forced him to resettle and for nearly ten years live in Holstein. There he became intimately acquainted with Karl Leonhard Reinhold (in whose Beitrage his important work, Uber das Unternehmen des Kriticismus, die Vernunft zu Verstande zu bringen, was first published), and with Matthias Claudius, the editor of the Wandsbecker Bote.
François Bonneville, (Musée de la Révolution française). Finally on 16 September 1797, the Spanish Government relented and decreed Muir's release and perpetual banishment from Spanish territories. Still weak and emaciated from his sufferings, Muir made his way to France by way of Madrid and San Sebastian, aided and assisted by a young officer from the French Consulate at Cadiz. In early November 1797, he arrived exhausted at Bordeaux, where he was hailed publicly as a 'Hero of the French Republic' and a 'Martyr of Liberty'.
The Battle of Würzburg was fought on 3 September 1796 between an army of the Habsburg Monarchy led by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen and an army of the First French Republic led by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan. The French attacked the archduke's forces, but they were resisted until the arrival of reinforcements decided the engagement in favor of the Austrians. The French retreated west toward the Rhine River. The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
Eisenhower chose to launch Operation Overlord on June 6, 1944. Supported by 12,000 aircraft and the largest naval force ever assembled, the Allies successfully established a beachhead in Normandy and then advanced further into France. Though reluctant to back an unelected government, Roosevelt recognized Charles de Gaulle's Provisional Government of the French Republic as the de facto government of France in July 1944. After most of France had been liberated from German occupation, Roosevelt granted formal recognition to de Gaulle's government in October 1944.
Promoted Major General in 1790, three years later Kray commanded the advance guard of the Allies under Prince Coburg, operating in Flanders and the Austrian Netherlands. He distinguished himself at Famars, Menin, Wissembourg, Charleroi, Fleurus, and, indeed, at almost every encounter in the Flanders Campaign with the armies of the French Republic. Promoted to Feldmarschalleutnant on 5 March 1796 Kray served in Archduke Charles's Army of the Lower Rhine. On 19 June, after the Battle of Wetzlar, he forced General Jean-Baptiste Kléber to withdraw from Uckerath.
At Rota the squadron was more exposed to the weather than they would have been in Cádiz, and on 17 December a storm swept the bay, driving Victoire, Duquesne and Révolution onto the shore. All three were badly damaged and required extensive repairs in Cádiz before the squadron would be ready to sail once more. It was not until August 1796 that Richery next had an opportunity to return to sea, when diplomatic negotiations between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Spain favoured an alliance.Mostert, p.
On 20 August, under German military escort, Marshal Philippe Pétain was forcibly moved to Belfort, and to the Sigmaringen enclave in Germany on 7 September; there, 1,000 of his followers (including Louis-Ferdinand Céline) joined him. They established the government of Sigmaringen, challenging the legitimacy of de Gaulle's Provisional Government of the French Republic. As a sign of protest over his forced move, Pétain refused to take office, and was eventually replaced by Fernand de Brinon. The Vichy government in exile ended in April 1945.
In 1977, he proposed granting preferential status for jobs to French citizens. In 1990, he judged that immigration was "a permanent and huge" problem. The same year, the general meeting of the RPR led to strict propositions : borders closing, suspension of immigration, and declarations of the incompatibility between Islam and French laws. Many observers argued that the nationalist National Front was less strict on these issues (Marine Le Pen has said on TV that Islam is compatible with the values of the French Republic in September 2016).
The Battle of Tagliamento (16 March 1797) saw a First French Republic army led by Napoleon Bonaparte attack a Habsburg Austrian army led by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen. The Austrian army fought a rear guard action at the crossing of the Tagliamento River but was defeated and withdrew to the northeast. The next day, a French division cut off and captured an Austrian column in the Capitulation of Gradisca. The actions occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
Opposition to the Roman Catholic Church was integral among the causes of the French Revolution, and this anti-clericalism solidified into official government policy in 1792 after the First French Republic was declared. Most of the dechristianisation of France was motivated by political and economic concerns, and philosophical alternatives to the Church developed more slowly. Among the growing heterodoxy, the so-called Culte de la Raison became defined by some of the most radical revolutionaries like Jacques Hébert, Antoine-François Momoro, Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette, and Joseph Fouché.
From 1999 to 2004, she held diplomatic posts in Athens before being appointed Consulate General of Greece in London. In 2009, she was appointed director responsible for Russia and the Caucasus at the Greek Foreign Ministry, rising to Minister Plenipotentiary in 2012 with responsibilities for the United Nations and international organizations. From 2015 to 2017, Theofili served as Ambassador of Greece to the French Republic and to the Principality of Monaco. During the same period, she represented the Prime Minister of Greece at the Francophonie Council.
The château seen from its French formal garden The château seen from the tapis vert across the central canal The Château de Rambouillet, also known in English as the Castle of Rambouillet, is a château in the town of Rambouillet, Yvelines department, in the Île-de-France region in northern France, southwest of Paris. It was the summer residence of the Presidents of the French Republic from 1896 until 2009, and it is now managed by the Centre des monuments nationaux.Château de Rambouillet, official website].
He also abolished political oaths of all kinds and, against an array of moneyed interests, succeeded in procuring the abolition of slavery in the French colonies. On 10 May 1848, Arago was elected a member of the Executive Power Commission, a governing body of the French Republic. He was made President of the Executive Power Commission (11 May 1848) and served in this capacity as provisional head of state until 24 June 1848, when collective resignation of the commission was submitted to the National Constituent Assembly.
The outbreak of the Franco- Prussian War abruptly interrupted her theatrical career. The news of the defeat of the French Army, the surrender of Napoleon III at Sedan, and the proclamation of the Third French Republic on 4 September 1870 was followed by a siege of the city by the Prussian Army. Paris was cut off from news and from its food supply, and the theaters were closed. Bernhardt took charge of converting the Odéon into a hospital for soldiers wounded in the battles outside the city.
Marie Antoinette Murat, (3 January 1793, Labastide-Murat, Lot, French Republic - 19 January 1847, Sigmaringen, Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen) was a member of the House of Murat. Through her marriage to Charles, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Marie Antoinette was also a member of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Princess consort of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Marie Antoinette was the niece of Joachim Murat, King of Naples from 1808 to 1815 and a brother-in-law of Napoleon Bonaparte, through marriage to Napoleon's youngest sister, Caroline Bonaparte.
The atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 around the North Pole is about 30 percent higher than that at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station because nearly all of the world's nuclear reactors and all of its major nuclear reprocessing plants are located in the northern hemisphere, and also well-north of the equator. To be more specific, those nuclear reprocessing plants with significant capacities are located in the United States, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, Mainland China (PRC), Japan, India, and Pakistan.
This was a classic format at the time, but it quickly abandoned trading to concentrate on banking as its sole focus. The firm allowed traders to take out loans, negotiate debts, settle bills of exchange, and more generally it allowed the trade of precious metals to be conducted, and exchange transactions to be carried out. All of this occurred at a time when several currencies were in circulation in Geneva. On 26 April 1798, the Republic of Geneva was annexed by the French Republic.
In 2009 he graduated from history studies at the Jagiellonian University. He was a scholarship holder of the Socrates-Erasmus program at the Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 (2007–2008) and a scholarship holder of the Government of the French Republic (2010–2012). In 2015, he obtained the degree of doctor of humanities upon the thesis on Polish emigration in France between 1944–1949, supervised by Wojciech Rojek and Oivier Forcade. He defended his thesis in French at the Sorbonne, and in Polish at the Jagiellonian University.
In France, an electoral college is particularly formed by the Grands électeurs consisting of local elected representatives (French departmental councillors, French regional councillors and French mayors). Since the beginning of the French Fifth Republic, these Grands électeurs are responsible for electing the senators. Prior to the 1962 French presidential election referendum, the President of the French Republic was elected indirectly by these Grands électeurs; prior to the adoption of the French Constitution of 1958, the President of France was elected by the French Parliament.
French Revolutionary troops were operating in the Western Palatinate beginning in 1793 as the old ruling structures were being dissolved bit by bit. In 1798, the inhabitants of Hohenöllen were under orders to set up a Liberty pole, but they refused to do so. In 1801, the German lands on the Rhine’s left bank were annexed to the French Republic. Hohenöllen now belonged to the Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Lauterecken, the Canton of Lauterecken, the Arrondissement of Kaiserslautern and the Department of Mont-Tonnerre (or Donnersberg in German).
They represented foreign governments, universities and special associations and committees, and there were also many doctors, surgeons, veterinarians and local administrators. Émile Loubet, President of the French Republic, welcomed the attendees on the first day, and held a reception at the Élysée Palace after the congress closed. The Municipality of Paris gave a reception at the Hotel de Ville, and Le Figaro staged an “at home” where well known artistes performed. The president of the congress, Dr. Hérard, gave a soiree at the Hotel Continental.
In 1997, Vieux was named president of the Infotech Commission for the French Republic, under the auspice of the Minister of Economics and Finance. Vieux served on the board of directors for Tandem Computers for two years, until the company's merger with Compaq in 1997. Active in public service, he served as special adviser to the Minister of Industry in France from 1991 to 1993, covering all issues relating to the high-tech industry. In 1988, he was named visiting professor at the University of Paris Dauphine.
President Jules Grévy After the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) and the consequential fall of the French Empire, the Third French Republic was born. However, its politics was divided in two groups, namely the right-wing monarchists (Orléanists and Legitimists) and the left-wing republicans (radicals and moderates). If both republicans were combined by anti-clericalism and social reformism, the radicals were mostly nationalist and anti-German, refusing the Treaty of Versailles with Prussia. The moderates instead supported the Treaty and were more pragmatic on international politics.
During this time he was also a member of the British Section of the Situationist International, from which he was expelled along with the other members of the English section. He was also involved in the group King Mob. In 1973 he published two books based on his PhD dissertation: The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France, 1848–1851 and Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the Second French Republic, 1848–1851. He taught at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1974–76.
Heraldic badge of the French Republic Le vicomte Gilles de Robien (; born 10 April 1941 in Cocquerel, Somme) is a French politician and former government minister.www.whoswho.fr The son of Count Jean de Robien by his wife Éliane Le Mesre de Pas, he is descended from the noble Breton family de Robien. In 1989, De Robien was elected Mayor of Amiens, being re-elected for two further terms. However, in the French municipal elections of 2008, he was defeated by Gilles Demailly of the French Socialist Party.
Madame Thérèse is a novel jointly written by French authors Émile Erckmann and Alexandre Chatrian. It deals with the topics of the French Revolution and the resulting social upheaval, destruction caused by war, the formation of the first French Republic, the ideals of justice and equality among classes, and friendship and devotion. The book was first published in French in 1863. It was translated into English and published under the title Madame Thérèse or The volunteers of '92 by Charles Scribner and Company in 1889.
Almost all of the prominent aviators of the time took part, and the 500,000Hallion 2003 visitors included Armand Fallières, the President of the French Republic and the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, David Lloyd George. It was held on the plain of Bétheny, about north of Reims, which later became the Reims – Champagne Air Base. A large grandstand was constructed for the event, together with a row of sheds to accommodate the aircraft. Next to the grandstand was the "Popular enclosure", complete with an enormous scoreboard.
In 1943 he met Charles de Gaulle in Algiers and joined his Free French Forces government-in-exile as a Commissioner to the Interior. While in London in 1943, he wrote the lyrics for the song "La Complainte du partisan" with Anna Marly, who wrote the music. In English, it is known as "The Partisan" and was recorded by Leonard Cohen, Joan Baez, Buffy Saint Marie and many others. After the Liberation, d'Astier became Minister of Interior in the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF).
The French Republic is divided into 18 régions, 13 of which are in metropolitan France (Corsica, one of these, is strictly speaking not a ', but is often counted as such). Five of the ' are ' (overseas regions). France also has five collectivités d'outre- mer, one territoire d'outre-mer, and one collectivité sui generis. All are integral parts of France and subject to French law, but New Caledonia (the '), and French Polynesia (one of the five ', but with the designation of pays d'outre-mer) have considerably more autonomy.
The Battle of Valvasone (16 March 1797) saw a First French Republic army led by Napoleon Bonaparte attack a Habsburg Austrian army led by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen. The Austrian army fought a rear guard action at the crossing of the Tagliamento River but was defeated and withdrew to the northeast. The next day, a French division cut off and captured an Austrian column in the Capitulation of Gradisca. The actions occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
In 1975, Ménard created the pirate radio station Radio Pomarède and became president of the Association pour la libération des ondes (Association for the liberation of the airwaves). He consequently became the target of many lawsuits, in one of which, François Mitterrand, later President of the French Republic gave a character reference. He later created the free magazine Le Petit biterrois but had to close it down due to a lack of advertisers. In 1985 he co-founded Reporters Without Borders (Reporters sans Frontières).
Certain individuals and associations consider the scarf to be a symbol of belonging to the Muslim community. According to this line of reasoning, women who wear the veil display their religious and community affiliation, which harms the unity and secularism of the French Republic. Examples of texts which use this argument: an article from "l'Humanité" an interview with Bernard Stasi in the paper "La Croix". The position of the French government is that secularism in schools is incompatible with wearing ostentatious religious articles, whatever they be.
He envisioned communities which could be schools of theological exploration, working with the scientific focus of modern society. Pététot was a pastor in Paris, who saw the clergy of the day as worldly and poorly formed. When they met, they found that they shared a desire for secular priests living in community, without vows. In 1903, forced to leave the country as a result of the anti-clerical laws of the Third French Republic, the Oratorians took refuge in Switzerland, returning to France only in 1920.
Today the CMA CGM Group is the city's biggest employer (2,400 staff). In June 2013, and for the first time since 1962, it was the President of the French Republic, François Hollande, welcomed by Saadé, who inaugurated the CMA CGM Jules Verne, flagship of the CMA CGM fleet at the time. The French President met Jacques Saadé again in 2015 for the inauguration of the CMA CGM Bougainville in Port of Le Havre. In 2017, Saadé appointed his son Rodolphe as CEO of CMA CGM.
On 5 March 1790 he had an interview with Pitt, and in July was sent to Paris with a view to inducing the National Constituent Assembly to annul the third Pacte de Famille with Spain. In April 1791 he left Paris for London. Pitt offered him a pension for his past services, and he acted as intermediary between the agents of the French republic in London and the ministry, seeking to prevent war. Unable to obtain further employment from Pitt, he retired to Froyle in Hampshire.
It is famous for being the place where the top officials of the French Republic generally get treated for ailment. The statue standing in the courtyard is that of (as sculpted by in 1843), who was Napoleon's personal surgeon and innovator of the concept of battlefield triage. The old abbey alongside the church is now a museum of French army medicine. Tours of the museum and church are available for a small fee (being a military facility, the grounds are under military guard and tourists are escorted).
The withdrawal of the Germans from southwestern France left the area in political chaos in which "feudal barons," of whom Starr was among the most important, took control. On 16 September 1944, General Charles de Gaulle, head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, visited Toulouse. De Gaulle had little respect for the Resistance which had varying philosophies, among its different groups, of how France should be governed post-war. On meeting Starr and other resistance leaders, De Gaulle denounced them as mercenaries.
The reasons that led to the failed ratification of the Treaty were twofold, concerning major changes in the international scene, as well as domestic problems of the French Fourth Republic. There were Gaullist fears that the EDC threatened France's national sovereignty, constitutional concerns about the indivisibility of the French Republic, and fears about West Germany's remilitarization. French Communists opposed a plan tying France to the capitalist United States and setting it in opposition to the Communist bloc. Other legislators worried about the absence of the United Kingdom.
The Consulate General of France in Cape Town is a consular representation of the French Republic in South Africa. The consular district includes the three Cape provinces, Prince Edward Islands and the British territory of Saint Helena (Saint Helena Island, Tristan Da Cunha Archipelago, Ascension Island). Three honorary Consuls, in Port Elizabeth, East London and Saint Helena depend on the Consulate of Cape Town. People living in Lesotho or in one in the six other South African provinces depend on the French Consulate General of Johannesburg.
The French occupation of Malta lasted from 1798 to 1800. It was established when the Order of Saint John surrendered to Napoleon Bonaparte following the French landing in June 1798. In Malta, the French established a constitutional tradition in Maltese history (as part of the French Republic), granted free education for all, and theoretically established freedom of the press, although only the pro-French newspaper Journal de Malte was actually published during the occupation. The French abolished nobility, slavery, the feudal system, and the inquisition.
After an 11-month blockade, the city of Luxembourg was taken by French Revolutionary troops in 1795. The Duchy of Luxembourg was now integrated as the "Département des Forêts" into the French Republic and later the French Empire. In 1815, after Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna elevated Luxembourg to a Grand Duchy, now ruled in personal union by the King of the Netherlands. At the same time, Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation, and the Luxembourgish fortress became a "federal fortress".
In the Battle of Caldiero on 12 November 1796, the Habsburg army led by József Alvinczi fought a First French Republic army commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte. The French assaulted the Austrian positions, which were initially held by the army advance guard under Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern- Hechingen. The defenders held firm until reinforcements arrived in the afternoon to push back the French. This marked a rare tactical setback for Bonaparte, whose forces withdrew into Verona that evening after having suffered greater losses than their adversaries.
For example, in the waning years of the Second French Empire, the North German Confederation had an embassy in Paris, while Bavaria and the United States had legations. The practice of establishing legations gradually fell from favor as the embassy became the standard form of diplomatic mission. The establishment of the French Third Republic and the continued growth of the United States meant that two of the Great Powers were now republics. The French Republic continued the French Empire's practice of sending and receiving ambassadors.
The "A" denotes the Paris mint and the rooster denotes the mint master Charles-Pierre de l'Espine (1797–1821). Napoleon ordered coins struck in year 11 to be dated with Roman numerals fearing that Arabic numeral eleven would look like a two in Roman numerals and thus remind the public of the horrors of the Reign of Terror which occurred in the year 2.Pond, S., Napoleon Emperor of the French Republic, Selections from the Numismatist, Modern Foreign Currency, Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wis., 1961, pp.
A nationalist figure, the O'Gorman Mahon, also carried the family name, but this was from his mother Barbara O'Gorman. On the more radical republican end of the political spectrum, Richard O’Gorman (1820-1895) was a member of the Young Ireland movement which rose in the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848. Indeed, along with William Smith O'Brien and Thomas Francis Meagher, he visited the newly formed Second French Republic in 1840 and returned with the Irish Tricolour which later became the national flag after 1922.
In 2015 Motte was named a Knight in the Ordre des Palmes Académiques by the French Republic. In 2016 he was named a College Professor of Distinction by the University of Colorado Boulder, and in 2018 he was named a Distinguished Professor, the highest honor the University of Colorado awards to its faculty members. He is married to a French woman with whom he has two sons, one of whom is musician Nathaniel Motte, one half of the American electronic music duo 3OH!3.
The new French Republic had declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 February 1793, following years of rising tension.Gardiner, p.14 The British immediately laid preparations for the deployment of a large fleet to the Mediterranean Sea, in order to enact a blockade on the French Mediterranean Fleet based at Toulon. The British Mediterranean fleet was dispatched in a series of divisions during the spring, led by Vice-Admiral Lord Hood, and numbered 21 ships of the line and associated frigates.
In 1904, among increasing voices to repeal entirely the Falloux Law, the Minister Emile Combes prohibited religious congregations from teaching, including in private schools. However, Catholics responded by creating "lay private schools", where religious education was maintained, although teaching was done by lay people, and not clergy. The Vichy Regime allowed again religious congregations to teach and strongly subsided private Catholic schools. Although these subsidies were interrupted following the Liberation, the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) did not repeal the teaching authorisation given to congregations.
The inhabitants of Metz are called Messin(e)s. Statistics on the ethnic and religious make up of the population of Metz are haphazard, as the French Republic prohibits making distinctions between citizens regarding race, beliefs, and political and philosophic opinions in the process of census taking. This would otherwise document the city to be a Germanic locale, as is the rest of the province and the neighboring Alsace.A law from 1872 forbids the collection by the state of census data based on questions about religious beliefs.
The armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption; the problems became even more acute following the introduction of mass conscription, the levée en masse, which saturated an already distressed army with thousands of illiterate, untrained men. R. Dupuy, Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine. La République jacobine, 2005, p.156. For the French, the Rhine Campaign of 1795 proved especially disastrous, although they had achieved some success in other theaters of war (see for example, War of the Pyrenees (1793–95)).
In April 1848, he planted the Tree of Freedom on the Place des Precheurs to celebrate the French Republic. During his tenure, he also commissioned the construction of new buildings for factory workers and a new slaughterhouse (demolished and now the Pasino), as well as the restoration of a lycee and of a museum. He also served on the General Council Later, he served as a member of the Consistory of Marseille. He also became an officer of the Legion of Honour on July 13, 1880.
Today, for citizens of the European Union the neighbouring village across the border can be reached the same way as a village in one's own country. Although this agreement was signed on a river boat on the river Moselle near Schengen, at the border triangle of Lorraine, Luxembourg and Saarland, it was not created especially for the use of the region, but the whole of the founding members: the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, and now 28 European States.
Following France's liberation, Lefaucheux was elected to the Constituent Assembly of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, representing the Organisation Civile et Militaire. She returned to the Constituent Assembly as a deputy in 1945 and was also elected to the Municipal Council of Paris, where she was vice president. In 1946, after the adoption of a new constitution, Lefaucheux was elected to the first Council of the French Fourth Republic. Lefaucheux then became a member of the French delegation to the United Nations.
Despite the longed-for peace, tensions grew between France and most of the First Coalition allies, either separately or jointly. Ferdinand IV of Naples refused to pay agreed-upon tribute to France, and his subjects followed this refusal with a rebellion. The French invaded Naples and established the Parthenopaean Republic. A republican uprising in the Swiss cantons, encouraged by the French Republic which offered military support, led to the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation and the establishment of the Helvetic Republic.Blanning, pp. 230–232.
Patrick H, Hutton, ed. Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870-1940 (1986) 2:690-94 The Roman Catholic Assumptionist order revolutionized pressure group media by its national newspaper La Croix. It vigorously advocated for traditional Catholicism while at the same time innovating with the most modern technology and distribution systems, with regional editions tailored to local taste. Secularists and Republicans recognize the newspaper as their greatest enemy, especially when it took the lead in attacking Dreyfus as a traitor and stirred up anti- Semitism.
Arena has won several awards, including seven ARIA Awards and the World Music Award for best-selling Australian artist, which she received in both 1996 and 2000. In 2009, she was awarded the Knighthood of the Order of National Merit by the President of the French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy, for her contributions to French culture. She is the first Australian to have received that order of state. In November 2015, she was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame at the annual awards ceremony.
In 1943, its headquarters were relocated to Paris, where the radio service under the direction of the Vichy propaganda minister Philippe Henriot received an anti-Semitic and pro-Axis character. In the meantime, on April 4, 1944, the Provisional Government of the French Republic established its own RN in Algeria. It took over installations in Paris during the liberation of Paris on August 22, 1944. As early as October 1, RN launched its own television channel (Télévision française, later RDF Télévision française) the first in liberated Europe.
Saluting gun, fielded in front of the Invalides and having fired the 21-gun salute in honour of François Hollande, when inaugurated President of the French Republic. The Canon de 75 modèle 1897 is still used in France as a saluting gun. When the French Army discarded its 105 HM2 howitzers to replace them with MO-120-RT mortars,L’ARTILLERIE FRANÇAISE DE 1945 A 1990 (LES PIÈCES ET LEUR ENVIRONNEMENT), Lieutenant-colonel Jean-Paul PAILHES. only 155mm artillery pieces remained, for which no blank cartridges were available.
The summit began in 2009 on the occasion of the 300th year anniversary of the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The founders recognized that whilst similar gatherings of leaders were well established in fields such as economic development and technology, a global forum did not exist for medical practice, research and health care systems. The summit was established under the patronage of the German chancellor, Angela Merkel, and the President of the French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy. Sarkozy's successor, President Francois Hollande, continued the patronage as did Emmanuel Macron.
The port of Rome was to open trade with French vessels and refuse entry to other foreign ships. The terms were harsh upon the Papal States and threatened the states' financial wellbeing. It fell short of some of the directory's original demands which included the abolition of the papacy, establishment of a republic in Rome and the rescinding of Papal bulls issued since 1789 that criticised the French Republic. Pius did, however, consent to issuing instructions that all French Catholics were to support the republican government.
50-52 (at p. 51). p.17 There were tensions between the French colonists and the army; the former favouring the abolition of the military territory as being too protective of the native Algerians. Eventually, on 9 March 1870, the Corps législatif passed a law which would end the military regime in Algeria. When Napoleon III fell and the Third French Republic was proclaimed, the Algerian question fell under the remit of the new Justice Minister, Adolphe Crémieux, and not, as previously, under the Minister of War.
Camille Cabral (born 31 March 1944) is a French-Brazilian politician and dermatologist. The first trans woman to be elected in the history of the French Republic (she was on the council of the 17th arrondissement of Paris with the French Green Party), she is also the founder of the non-governmental organisation PASTT – Prévention, Action, Santé, Travail pour les Transgenres (Prevention, Action, Health and Work for transgender community).Transexual brasileiro é candidato em eleições em ParisCamille Cabral's profileDate of access: 24 of March 2012.
Like other works of Renoir's early maturity, Bal du moulin de la Galette is a typically Impressionist snapshot of real life. It shows a richness of form, a fluidity of brush stroke, and a flickering, sun-dappled light. From 1879 to 1894 the painting was in the collection of the French painter Gustave Caillebotte; when he died it became the property of the French Republic as payment for death duties. From 1896 to 1929 the painting hung in the Musée du Luxembourg in Paris.
In a first meaning, "France" means the whole French Republic. In that case, "French" refers to the nationality, as it is written on the French ID card: "Nationalité : française". The etymology and meaning of the word "France" and "French" have had strong bearings in the abolition of slavery and serfdom in France. Indeed, in 1315, king Louis X issued an edict reaffirming that slavery was illegal in France by proclaiming that "France signifies freedom", that any slave setting foot on (metropolitan) French ground should be freed.
The Principality of Nassau-Saarbrücken was occupied by French revolutionary troops during the First Coalition War in 1793, and incorporated into the French Republic. The princely family moved to Mannheim and then to Aschaffenburg, where Prince Louis died in exile in 1794. The Hereditary Prince Henry Louis followed him in 1797, leaving no offspring. Only eight years old, Adolph, while the last male survivor of the Nassau-Saarbrücken line, could not inherit the principality, as stipulated in the 30 June, 1783 Nassau Family Pact.
The event was a sufficient success that those who rode it and others formed the Audax Club Parisien on 30 November 1904. It was a non-profit organisation "to encourage the development of long-distance touring by bicycle, to educate cyclists, to turn them into ardent cycle-tourists and hardened randonneurs, and to organise excursions." The headquarters was at the café du Veaudeville at 29 rue Vivienne, Paris. The formation of the club was announced in the journal of the French Republic on 28 December 1904.
Decree of 2 March 1907, rattachant à la colonie du Haut-Sénégal et Niger les cercles de N'Gourma et Say, published in the Official Journal of the French Republic on 7 March 1907 (Online) On 1 January 1912, the military territory of Niger was split off from Upper Senegal and Niger,Decree 7 September 1911, rattachant le territoire militaire du Niger au gouvernement général de l'Afrique occidentale française, published in the Official Journal of the French Republic on 12 Septembre 1911 (Online) and was erected into a colony in 1922. Between November 1915 and February 1917, the Colony of Upper Senegal and Niger witnessed vastly popular, temporarily successful, and sustained armed opposition to the colonial government in its western Volta region, which is referred to as the Volta-Bani War. It challenged colonial government authority for more than a year in an area stretching from Koudougou (in present-day Burkina Faso) in the east, to the banks of the Bani River (present-day Mali) in the west. This was the most significant armed opposition to colonial authority organized anywhere in sub- Saharan Africa in the period preceding World War II.
The List of Ambassadors from France to South Korea began after diplomatic relations were established in 1886. The official title of this French diplomat is "Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the French Republic to the Republic of Korea" (ambassadrice extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la République française auprès de la République de Corée).Journal officiel de la République française (JORF), n°0132 du 10 juin 2009 page texte n° 53 Franco- Korean diplomatic relations were initially established during the French Third Republic of French history and during the Joseon period of Korean history.
Piscatory attempted to follow a political career under the Second French Republic and was elected representative for the département of Indre- et-Loire in the Assemblée législative on 13 May 1849. He was one of the most active members of the majority, belonging to the rue de Poitiers committee. Piscatory supported the Rome expedition, the Falloux law on education, 31 May 1850 electoral law (for which he was on the planning commission), and the revision of the French constitution. He took part in the commission for public assistance and foresight, presided over by Thiers.
In 1996, she was appointed a Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite by the President of the French Republic. She was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2000 New Year Honours and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to social science. She was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in June 2000. She has been awarded honorary degrees by the universities of Sussex, Loughborough and Aston and by the Institut d’Études Politiques in Paris.
He idealized country life and saw Paris as a dangerous font of power.Patrick H. Hutton, ed. Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870-1940 (1986) vol 1 pp 12-13. The Radical–Socialist Party was the main governmental party of the Third Republic between 1901 and 1919, and dominated government again between 1924–26, 1932–33 and 1937–40; the centre-right governments dominated by the conservative- liberal centre-right often gave a portfolio to a Radical, who would join cabinet in a personal capacity as the most left-leaning minister.
The President of the French Republic is elected to a five-year term in a two-round election under Article 7 of the Constitution: if no candidate secures an absolute majority of votes in the first round, a second round is held two weeks later between the two candidates who received the most votes. In 2017, the first and second rounds were held 23 April and 7 May. Each presidential candidate must meet a specific set of requirements in order to run. They must be a French citizen of at least 18 years old.
Yana Zhdanova is the co-founder and co-president, along with Sasha Shevchenko, of the non-profit association FEMEN, created on 7 April 2016. The principles of the association, according to its statutes, are to raise the level of feminism in the actual society and to contribute to equality between women and men in a practical way. The documents of the association were submitted to the Police Prefecture in Paris on 2 May 2016 and they were recognized and published in the Official Journal of French Republic on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
French Polynesia (; ; ), officially the Collectivity of French Polynesia, is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic and its sole overseas country. It is composed of 118 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over an expanse of more than in the South Pacific Ocean. Its total land area is . French Polynesia is divided into five groups of islands: the Society Islands archipelago, composed of the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands; the Tuamotu Archipelago; the Gambier Islands; the Marquesas Islands; and the Austral Islands. Among its 118 islands and atolls, 67 are inhabited.
Although little of it survives, Caen stone was imported from northern French Republic to provide details in the Tower's facing, much of it replaced by Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries under the direction of architect Inigo Jones. As most of the Tower's windows were enlarged in the 18th century, only two original – albeit restored – examples remain, in the south wall at gallery level. The White Tower was terraced into the side of a mound, so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level.
In the history of France, the First Republic (French: Première République), officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.
At school, he wrote his first play, The Robbers, which dramatizes the conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious students into the Bohemian forest where they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the younger brother, schemes to inherit his father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social corruption and its affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals astounded its original audience. Schiller became an overnight sensation. Later, Schiller would be made an honorary member of the French Republic because of this play.
After less than six months from his dismissal, the French Monarchy was agonizing, the French Republic was proclaimed and the Royal Family was incarcerated. Later, Narbonne actually incurred suspicion as a Feuillant. The comte de Narbonne-Lara also had on him a prison warrant. Due to this, and also to questions about his policy at the war office, he managed to seek refuge at the Embassy of Sweden, emigrated after 10 August 1792, and later evaded to London and from there to Germany, having visited England, Switzerland and Germany.
The main difficulty is the origin principle of establishing a quota "constituting a breach in the universalistic ideology of the French Republic". On 18 January 2008, the government published a list of 150 job titles that were encountering difficult supply of labour. Most immigrants living in France today are reported to cover the following sectors: agriculture, service to persons in need (childcare, the elderly), construction, education, health and services to businesses.Infos Migrations, Number 14, February 2010 Thus, the government is seeking to match immigrants with the economic makeup of France.
The Chief of the Defence Staff ( [CEMA]; ) is the military head of the Armed Forces of the French Republic, ensuring the commandment of all military operations (under reserve of the particular dispositions relative to nuclear deterrence). They are responsible to the Minister of the Armed Forces and their deputy is the Major General of the Defence Staff. Since the 50s, the office has been held only by five stars generals (OF–9), either from the Army, the Navy or the Air Force. The current Chief is General François Lecointre since 20 July 2017.
Dalberg was at Vienna in the Imperial Chancellery when the stance of his uncle, who had taken the French side, ended his diplomatic career with the Austrian court. He was then named Councillor to the King of Bavaria. After the Treaty of Lunéville (9 February 1801) between the French Republic and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, he was accredited to Paris as minister of the Margrave of Baden. He negotiated the marriage of the young Charles, Grand Duke of Baden, with Princess Stéphanie de Beauharnais, niece of the Empress Josephine.
French and British overseas territories. France–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The historical ties between France and the UK, and the countries preceding them, are long and complex, including conquest, wars, and alliances at various points in history. The Roman era saw both areas, except Scotland, conquered by Rome, whose fortifications exist in both countries to this day, and whose writing system introduced a common alphabet to both areas; however, the language barrier remained.
Even in France where the constitution granted the equal status as citizens since 100 years, the Dreyfus affair made evident that a lot of institutions of the French Republic like the military forces were already ruled by the circles of the ancien régime. So the major population was still excluded from participation and could not identify with the state and its authorities. Social movements and emigration to America or to Palestine were the response, often in a combination. The utopies of these movements were sometimes secular, sometimes religious, and they often had charismatic leaders.
Europe had been in turmoil since the start of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792. In 1797, after five years of war, the French Republic subdued the First Coalition, an alliance of Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, and various Italian states. A Second Coalition, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal and Naples, was formed in 1798, but by 1801, this too had been defeated, leaving Britain the only opponent of the new French Consulate. In March 1802, France and Britain agreed to end hostilities under the Treaty of Amiens.
In 1958 with France mired in a seemingly unwinnable war in Algeria, de Gaulle returned to power in France. He created the Fifth French Republic, ending the post-war parliamentary system and replacing it with a strong Presidency, which became dominated by his followers—the Gaullists. De Gaulle made ambitious changes to French foreign policy—first ending the war in Algeria, and then withdrawing France from the NATO command structure. The latter move was primarily symbolic, but NATO headquarters moved to Brussels and French generals had a much lesser role.
Philip G. Cerny, The Politics of Grandeur: Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle's Foreign Policy (1980).W.W. Kulski, De Gaulle and the World: The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic (1966) passim online free to borrow French policy blocking British entry into the European Economic Community (EEC) was primarily motivated by political rather than economic considerations. In 1967, as in 1961–63, de Gaulle was determined to preserve France's dominance within the EEC, which was the foundation of the nation's international stature. His policy was to preserve the Community of Six while barring Britain.
Bismarck's demand that France surrender sovereignty over Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris, who told the Movimento of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that "Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means." Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, with which he operated around Dijon till the end of the war.
75mm gun firing 21 shots near Les Invalides for the inauguration of François Hollande as President of the French Republic The 21-gun is accorded to the French president, forming part of his "military honors" (honneurs militaires). The salute is given during the inauguration ceremony (by two 75mm guns) and during naval visits. These honors are extended to foreign heads of state when in State visit. All French Navy vessels anchored in a French harbor on Bastille Day must issue a 21-gun salute at noon, subjected to local regulation.
When the député for Paris, Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, proposed abolition he met with little resistance; at most, Claude Basire, friend of Georges Jacques Danton, tried to temper the enthusiasm, recommending a discussion before any decision. However, abbé Henri Grégoire, constitutional bishop of Blois, replied strongly to any suggestion of discussion: Jean-François Ducos supported him in affirming that any discussion would be useless "after the lights spread by 10 August". The summary argument served as a debate and the decision taken was unanimous, giving birth to the First French Republic.
Amsterdam had been a hotbed of Patriot revolutionary fervor during the Patriot Revolution of 1785–1787. After the Prussian intervention of 1787 and the subsequent Orangist repression, the city reverted to control by the ancien regime of the stadtholder. The Dutch Republic became an Anglo-Prussian client state whose foreign policy was determined in London and Berlin, while the exiled Patriots plotted its overthrow in France. When the revolutionary French Republic declared war on the powers of the First Coalition in 1792, the exiles strongly favored the inclusion of the Dutch Republic.
"Biographies," Art in Latin America, Dawn Ades. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1989: 350. In 1968, he was awarded with the Adam Montparnasse prize for his painting exhibit at the Salon de Mai, in Paris, and third prize at the Salón Nacional de Artes Plásticas, in Havana. Additional noteworthy awards Mendive has received include the Alejo Carpentier Medal from the Consejo de Estado of the Republic of Cuba, in 1988, and the Chevalier des Arts et Lettres from the Minister of Culture and Francophony of the French Republic, in 1994.
At the Battle of Ampfing on 1 December 1800, Paul Grenier's two divisions of the First French Republic opposed the Austrian army southwest of the town of Ampfing during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Austrians, under the leadership of Archduke John of Austria, forced their enemies to retreat, though they sustained greater losses than the French. Ampfing is located east of Munich and west of Mühldorf am Inn. In Spring 1800, while Moreau wrecked Austrian defenses in Germany, Generals Massena and Desaix ran into stiff Austrian offensives in Northern Italy.
Baron d'Imbert delivered the port of Toulon to the British navy. Toulon hoisted the royal flag, the fleur de lys, and d'Imbert declared the eight-year-old Louis XVII king of France on the first of October. This result produced a potentially mortal situation for the French republic, as the city had a key naval arsenal and was the base for 26 ships of the line (about one third of the total available to the French Navy). Without this port there was little chance for French naval ambitions.
The colonies (Algeria was officially three departments of France, not a colony) were given the choice between immediate independence and the new constitution. All colonies voted for the new constitution and the replacement of the French Union by the French Community, except Guinea—which thus became the first French African colony to gain independence, at the cost of the immediate cessation of all French assistance. De Gaulle was elected President of the French Republic and of the African and Malagasy Community on 21 December 1958 by indirect suffrage.
General Charles de Gaulle A referendum on the direct election of the President was held in France on 28 October 1962.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p674 The question was whether to have the President of the French Republic elected by direct popular vote, rather than by an electoral college. It was approved by 62.3% of voters with a 77.0% turnout.Nohlen & Stöver, p685 However, the reform was controversial because it strengthened the executive at the expense of Parliament, and because of the disputed constitutionality of the procedure used.
François Mitterrand, who later became President of the French Republic in 1981, in his chronicle La Paille & le Grain, mentions his friendship with Violet Trefusis under 2 March 1972, when he received "the telegram" informing of her death. He goes on to discuss how, before Christmas 1971, he went to Florence to visit her as he knew she was in her last months of life: he had dinner with Violet Trefusis and Frank Ashton-Gwatkin, who was a senior Foreign Office official at the beginning of the Second World War, at her house in Florence.
The House of Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) is a former imperial and royal European dynasty of Italian origin. It was founded in 1804 by Napoleon I, the son of Genoese nobleman Carlo Buonaparte. Napoleon was a French military leader who had risen to power during the French Revolution and who in 1804 transformed the First French Republic into the First French Empire, five years after his coup d'état of November 1799. Napoleon turned the Grande Armée against every major European power and dominated continental Europe through a series of military victories during the Napoleonic Wars.
In the time of the forty-sixth and last abbot of Bonne- Espérance, Bonaventure Daublain, the abbey was twice occupied and pillaged by the French Revolutionary Army, in 1792 and again in 1794, when the community was dispersed. At the time of its suppression the abbey counted sixty-seven members. Although they wished to live in community, they were not allowed to do so during the French Republic, nor after 1815 under King William I of the Netherlands. The last surviving religious gave the abbey to the Bishop of Tournai for a diocesan seminary.
The cumul des mandats (, accumulation of mandates) is a common practice in the Fifth French Republic (1958–present).At the time Pierre Mauroy was prime minister (1981–84), he kept his job as mayor of Lille, one of France's largest cities, without anyone objecting. France has had legions of députés-maires, sénateurs-maires and ministres-maires. It consists of simultaneously holding two or more elective offices at different levels of government — local, regional, national and European — as mayors, MPs, senators, Members of the European Parliament, and President of the General Council in their home regions.
The new status was effective on 31 March 2011 and Mayotte has been recognised as an outermost region by the European Union on 1 January 2014. This decision legally integrates Mayotte in the French Republic. The Comoros is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, the European Development Fund, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Indian Ocean Commission and the African Development Bank. On 10 April 2008, the Comoros became the 179th nation to accept the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
At the end of the Rhine Campaign of 1795, the French Republican called a truce between their forces that had been fighting in Germany.This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May.Ramsay Weston Phipps,The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278. The Austrian Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine included 90,000 troops.
An M8 Greyhound armored car of the US Army's 11th Armored Division entering the Mauthausen concentration camp. The banner in the background (in Spanish) reads as "Anti-fascist Spaniards salute the forces of liberation". After their defeat in the Spanish Civil War, numbers of Republican veterans and civilians went into exile in France; the French Republic interned them in refugee camps, such as Camp Gurs in southern France. To improve their conditions, many joined the French Foreign Legion at the start of World War II, making up a sizeable proportion of it.
Murray was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in June 1910, was made a Knight Commander (KCB) in January 1917, and a Knight Grand Cross (GCB) in January 1931. In addition, he received the Order of the Rising Sun (2nd class) from the Emperor of Japan in October 1917, and was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour by the President of the French Republic in September 1919, in recognition of his service during the First World War. In 1919 he was elected an honorary fellow of Exeter College.
These Patriots now returned under French banners as "Batavians" and "Belgians" to 'liberate' their countries. The republican armies pushed on to Amsterdam and early in 1795 replaced the Dutch Republic with a client state, the Batavian Republic, whilst the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège were annexed by the French Republic. Prussia and Hesse-Kassel would recognise the French victory and territorial gains with the Peace of Basel (1795). Austria would not acknowledge the loss of the Southern Netherlands until the 1797 Treaty of Leoben and later the Treaty of Campo Formio.
The counts remained Roman Catholic after the Protestant Reformation. This way the county provided an opportunity for Catholic inhabitants living in the surrounding areas under the control of the Calvinists to attend Catholic services. In 1795 the Lordship Bokhoven was annexed by the First French Republic. In 1800 it was sold to the Batavian Republic, a precursor state of the present Kingdom of the Netherlands in which Bokhoven became a municipality. In 1922 it was annexed by the municipality Engelen, which again was annexed by ’s-Hertogenbosch in 1971.
Acte de Médiation, 1803 Original in the Swiss federal archives The Act of Mediation () was issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the French Republic on 19 February 1803 establishing the Swiss Confederation. The act also abolished the previous Helvetic Republic, which had existed since the invasion of Switzerland by French troops in 1798. After the withdrawal of French troops in July 1802, the Republic collapsed (in the Stecklikrieg civil war). The Act of Mediation was Napoleon's attempt at a compromise between the Ancien Régime and a republic.
During the 17th century, the Middle Rhine was increasingly the scene of a long-lasting conflict between Germany and France. After devastation of the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Palatine Succession brought in 1688–1692 further destruction of castles and fortifications part of the cities' defenses. The city of Koblenz was reconstructed in the 18th century and is characterized by the style of early classicism. After the French Revolutionary Wars, the left bank of the Rhine was annexed by the French Republic and later the French Empire.
From May 2010 to April 2016, he was the Chief of Protocol for the French Republic and also responsible for the travel of the Prime Minister abroad, as well as coordinating travel of foreign heads of state when visiting France and diplomatic summits held in France. As such, he was the secretary general of the French presidency of the G20 and the G8. Marie-Sophie Ramspacher, « Laurent Stefanini Mandarin des G8 et G20 » sur Les Échos, 1er décembre 2010 Fall 2015 - In October, Stefanini was refused his appointment to the French Embassy in the Vatican.
The ruins served as a quarry soon after the annexation of the Principality of Salm-Salm by the French Republic in 1793. It was bombarded by French artillery during the First World War in 1914 because a German observation post had been established there. Integrated into German territory by the Treaty of Frankfort in 1871, the vestiges of it were classified as a historic monument by the Imperial Administration of Alsace- Lorraine on 6 December. In 1919, the territory was attached to the French département of Bas-Rhin.
It was signed in the city of Amiens on 27 March 1802 (4 Germinal X in the French Revolutionary calendar) by Joseph Bonaparte and Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace." The consequent peace lasted only one year (18 May 1803) and was the only period of general peace in Europe between 1793 and 1814. Under the treaty, Britain recognised the French Republic. Together with the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), the Treaty of Amiens marked the end of the Second Coalition, which had waged war against Revolutionary France since 1798.
He received the honorary degree Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from the Victoria University of Manchester in February 1902, in connection with the 50th jubilee celebrations of the establishment of the university. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1902. In 1902, Rollin received the decoration Officer of the Legion d'honeur from the French Republic in recognition of his services towards the development of commercial relations between the United Kingdom and France, and especially for his services in connection with the Universal Exhibition of 1900.
On his way to Egypt, Napoleon had stopped on the Island of Malta and forcibly removed the Knights of Malta from their possessions, angering Tsar Paul I of Russia, who was the honorary head of the order. The French Directory, furthermore, was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. The weaker the French Republic seemed, the more the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians and the English were discussing this possibility.Gallagher, John, Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme, Tulsa, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, p. 70.
With the superior position, they constituted the ruling class of the colony and they were the ones who widened the usage of the word Canaque as a pejorative. Caldoches tend to be political loyalists (in the context of New Caledonia, they oppose independence from France). They were seen as supporters of the strongly Caldoche Rally for Caledonia in the Republic (Rally for Caledonia inside the Republic) until 2004, when their support shifted considerably towards Avenir ensemble ("Future Together"), which has the vision of a multiracial New Caledonia within the framework of the French Republic.
Ramsay Weston Phipps, The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle, US, Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 (1923–1933), p. 212. These maneuvers left the Army of the Rhine and Moselle isolated. When Wurmser sealed off the French bridgehead at Mannheim, the Army of the Rhine and Moselle was trapped on the east bank. The Austrians defeated the left wing of the Army of Rhine and Moselle at the Battle of Mainz and moved down the west bank.
During their occupation of Gouyave by the rebels—who made it their capital—the town was renamed (Free Port), from where a rudimentary government was established. Here, for the dispensing of revolutionary justice, a guillotine was set up; its victims consisted mostly of ex-slaves who either deserted, expressed views favourable to the old regime or were otherwise deemed counter-revolutionary. Among other enactments, slavery was abolished and allegiance to the French Republic was declared. Fédon appears to have managed to create a fledgeling bureaucracy during this period of relative calm.
The Priory of Sion in Bilzen was founded in 1634 as a daughter house of the Monastery of the Holy Sepulcher in Hasselt. Mother Helena d'Enckevoert, Prioress of the house in Maastricht and St. Agathe in Liège, established the community. A school for poor girls was also established at Sion, which remained in operation until the monastery was closed in 1798 by the armies of the First French Republic during their occupation of the Low Countries. The 20 sisters were expelled and they retreated to the béguinage in Hasselt or to their families.
On 10 June 1940, the Kingdom of Italy declared war on the French Republic and the United Kingdom. The Italian invasion of France was short- lived and the French signed an armistice with the Italians on 25 June, three days after France's armistice with Germany. This left the British and the forces of the Commonwealth of Nations for the Italians to contend with in the Middle East. The Italian air force wanted to hit the British controlled areas of the Middle East: the refineries and ports of Palestine were the first chosen.
On 25 January, Jean Ramadier was in Paris, where he met with the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of the Interior Ahmadou Ahidjo. Jean Ramadier became High Commissioner of the French Republic in Cameroon, he replaced Pierre Messmer. He arrived in Cameroon on 3 February 1958 without his family and only a small suitcase as a personal baggage. On 4 February, he informed Mbida that he had a solution to solve the problem of Cameroon : breaking the interest of the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon by applying its program without it.
The next day, on 11 February 1958, Mbida, who has previously refused the idea of somewhat of independence (i.e. a pupped independence), raised his voice during the Council of Ministers. Mbida informed Ramadier that the French High Commissioner has no right to interfere in the internal affairs of the autonomous State of Cameroon and to talk about the independence of Cameroon. Ramadier retorted by saying that the independence does not fall within the competencies of government of Cameroon but of the High Commissioner of the French Republic in Cameroon.
His grandfather was originally from the Eyalet of Bosnia, and part of the guards of the city of Sofia, hence Osman's name: pasban-oğlu, "son of the guard".Ionescu, p.242 Initially a mercenary in service to the Wallachian prince Nicholas Mavrogenes, Osman Pazvantoğlu disobeyed the latter on one occasion, and was saved from reprisals through Feraios' intervention. Having gathered a large army of mercenaries, he rebelled against the Ottoman sultan Selim III, and, acting as an independent ruler, he minted his own coins and had diplomatic relations with foreign states (including the French Republic).
Following the abolition of slavery by the French Republic on February 4, 1794, Toussaint Louverture was persuaded to abandon the Spanish army to join the French Republicans. According to General Lavaux, Toussaint stopped fighting the Republicans on April 6 and rallied the Republic on May 6. Toussaint asked the Spanish garrison of Saint-Raphaël to be supplied with weapons and ammunition, the thing done a few hours later he turned against his former allies, marched on Saint Raphaël and seized. He then attacked the city of Gonaïves more strongly defended.
During the Bosnian War in 1992, Halilhodžić was wounded in Mostar but recovered within a few months.Vahid Halilhodžić u Angoli "Ne bojim se, proživio sam gore u ratu u Mostaru" He left Mostar in May 1993 due to threats received from the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) as the armed conflict between Bosniaks and Croats escalated in Herzegovina. Following his departure, his house was looted and burned down. On 23 July 2004, during his tenure as the manager of PSG, Halilhodžić received Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur of the French Republic.
Baron Josef Philipp Vukassovich (; 1755 – 9 August 1809) was a Croatian soldier who joined the army of Habsburg Monarchy and fought against both Ottoman Empire and the First French Republic. During the French Revolutionary Wars, he commanded a brigade in the 1796–1797 Italian campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte. He led a division during the Napoleonic Wars and received a fatal wound in action. While serving in the Grenz infantry from the Croatian Military Frontier, Vukassovich received a coveted military award for notable actions in battle against the Ottomans.
In the peaceful years which followed, the "new town" was built. From 1744 until the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) the French and Spaniards were again in possession. In 1775 the king, who in 1718 had swapped his sovereignty of Sicily for the Kingdom of Sardinia, destroyed all that remained of the ancient liberties of the commune. Conquered in 1792 by the armies of the First French Republic, the County of Nice continued to be part of France until 1814; but after that date it reverted to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
The Revolutionary Tribunal was re-established at a time of crisis in the new French Republic. In the Spring of 1793, the war with the First Coalition was going badly and food shortages were worsening. The government responded by taking a number of measures to defend the integrity of the Republic. On 24 February the National Convention decided to create an army of 300,000 by means of a levée en masse; on 9 March it decided to send a représentant en mission from the Convention to every département.
After the Liberation of France, Menthon was Minister of Justice in de Gaulle's Provisional Government of the French Republic from 10 September 1944 to 8 May 1945, and then became Attorney General of France. He led the Commission d'Épuration to root out collaborators, and oversaw the trials of Marshal Philippe Pétain and other members of the Vichy regime. He came under attack for the zeal with which the purge was prosecuted, and resigned. De Gaulle nominated him as the French lead prosecutor at the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal.
In return, he received a few territories like the Free Imperial City of Dortmund, Corvey Abbey and Diocese of Fulda from First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte of the French Republic (Treaty of Amiens), which was established as the Principality of Nassau-Orange- Fulda.He acquired Fulda, Corvey, Weingarten and Dortmund. He lost the possessions again after changing sides from France to Prussia in 1806 when he refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine. Cf. J. and A. Romein 'Erflaters van onze beschaving', Querido, 1979 William V died in 1806.
The abbey was founded by the Benedictine monks of the Abbey of St. Maur of Glanfeuil in France, itself founded in the 7th century. After its suppression under the French Revolution, that abbey remained vacant until it was re-established in 1890 under Louis-Charles Couturier, O.S.B., Abbot of Solesmes Abbey. In 1901, however, the monks were compelled to leave France due to the anti-clerical laws of the Third French Republic. After finding refuge in Baronville, Belgium (now part of the municipality of Beauraing), the monks began to search for a permanent home.
Referring to the latter ideal, Kogălniceanu stressed that it formed: > "the keystone without which the national edifice would crumble". At the same time, he published a more explicit "Project for a Moldavian Constitution", which expanded on how Dorințele could be translated into reality. Kogălniceanu also contributed articles to the Bukovinan journal Bucovina, the voice of revolution in Romanian-inhabited Austrian lands. In January 1849, a cholera epidemic forced him to leave for the French Republic, where he carried on with his activities in support of the Romanian revolution.
The ''''' () is a level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are analogous to civil townships and incorporated municipalities in the United States and Canada, Gemeinden in Germany, comuni in Italy or municipio in Spain. The United Kingdom has no exact equivalent, as communes resemble districts in urban areas, but are closer to parishes in rural areas where UK districts are much larger. Communes are based on historical geographic communities or villages and are vested with significant powers to manage the populations and land of the geographic area covered.
The Concordat recognises four religious traditions in Alsace-Moselle: three branches of Christianity (Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed) plus the Jewish religion. Therefore, the French concept of laïcité, a rigid separation of church and state, does not apply in this region. Several French governments have considered repealing the Concordat, but none have done so. On 21 February 2013, the Constitutional Council of France upheld the Concordat, reaffirming its validity, in response to an appeal from a secularist group which claimed that the Concordat in Alsace-Moselle contradicted the secular nature of the French Republic.
The Army met little resistance as it advanced through the Black Forest in four columns, through the Höllental (Hölle valley), via Oberkirch, and Freudenstadt, and at the southern end of the forest, along the Rhine bank. Although prudent counsel might have advised Jourdan to establish a position on the eastern slope of the mountains, he did not;; Ramsey Weston Phipps. The Armies of the First French Republic. Volume 5: The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797–1799. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pp. 49–50.
The Battle of Ettlingen or Battle of Malsch (9 July 1796) was fought during the French Revolutionary Wars between the armies of the First French Republic and Habsburg Austria near the town of Malsch, southwest of Ettlingen. The Austrians under Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen tried to halt the northward advance of Jean Victor Marie Moreau's French Army of Rhin-et-Moselle along the east bank of the Rhine River. After a tough fight, the Austrian commander found that his left flank was turned. He conceded victory to the French and retreated east toward Stuttgart.
The next day, by Act No 2, Pétain defined his powers and abrogated all the laws of the Third Republic that were incompatible with them. Although given full constituent powers by the law, Pétain never promulgated a new constitution. A draft was written in 1941 and signed by Pétain in 1944, but it was never submitted or ratified. The was an promulgated by the Provisional Government of the French Republic after D-Day asserting the nullity of the Constitutional Law of 1940 and other classes of law passed later by Vichy.
These undertakings applied even to individuals listed as émigrés. The Republican armies also agreed to withdraw from the rebel-held areas. On behalf of the French Republic, the treaty was signed by Ruelle, Delaunay, Pomme, Brue, Lofficial, Chaillon, Bollet, Jary, Menuau, Dornier and Morrisson. On behalf of the Catholic Royalists it was signed by Charette, Fleuriot, Couëtus, Cormatin, de Bruc, Guérin the older, Caillaud, de Foignard, Goguet, Lepinay, Sauvaget, Baudry, Guérin the younger, Solilhac, Béjarry, de Bruc the younger, Prudhomme, Rejeau, de la Roberie, Rousseau, Bossard the younger and the older son of Auvinet.
Ramsay Weston Phipps,The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278. The Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine included 90,000 troops, mostly Habsburg and Reichsarmee (Imperial) troops mustered from the states of the Holy Roman Empire. The 20,000-man right wing under Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the Sieg River, observing the French bridgehead at Düsseldorf.
The President of the French Republic, elected by the Parliament (the National Assembly and the Council of the Republic), played a symbolic role. His main power was to propose a Prime Minister, who was subject to election by the National Assembly before forming a Cabinet. Only the Prime Minister could invoke a parliamentary vote on legitimacy of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister was also the only member of the executive able to demand a vote of confidence from the National Assembly (in the Third Republic any minister could call for a vote of confidence).
Austrian KK stamp cancelled in Italian CURZOLA ca 1863 Korčula had for years supplied the timber for the wooden walls of Venice, and had been a favourite station of her fleets. From 1776 to 1797 Korčula succeeded Hvar as the main Venetian fortified arsenal in this region. According to the Treaty of Campoformio in 1797 in which the Venetian Republic was divided between the French Republic and the Habsburg Monarchy, Korčula passed on to the Habsburg Monarchy. The French Empire invaded the island in 1806, joining it to the Illyrian Provinces.
At the beginning of 1798, the War of the First Coalition had come to an end with French control of Northern Italy, much of the Low Countries and the Rhineland confirmed by the Treaty of Campo Formio.Chandler, p. 78 Of all the major European powers that had at one time allied against the French Republic, only the Kingdom of Great Britain remained hostile, and the French Directory determined to end the French Revolutionary Wars by eliminating Britain. A series of invasions of the British Isles were planned,Come, p.
Most of the United Irish leaders were Catholic and Presbyterian and inspired by the French Revolution, wanted a society without sectarian divisions, the continuation of which they attributed to the British domination over the country. They were sponsored by the French Republic, which was then the enemy of the Holy See. The United Irishmen led the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which was repressed with great bloodshed. As a result, the Irish Parliament voted to abolish itself in the Act of Union of 1800–01 and thereafter Irish MPs sat in London.
The Battle of Lodi was fought on 10 May 1796, giving the general of the army of the French Republic, N. Bonaparte, a claim to having routed Austrian forces. The claim was actually established after he won the Battle of Mantua, the battle at the Arcola, and the Battle of Rivoli. On 27 June an armistice was arranged between Napoleon and the papal armies of Pope Pius VI, in which the Pope lost control of the March of Ferrara and Bologna. On 1 February 1797 the city of Imola was occupied by the French.
Bust of Marianne sculpted by Théodore Doriot, in the French Senate. Marianne () has been the national personification of the French Republic since the French Revolution, as a personification of liberty, equality, fraternity and reason, and a portrayal of the Goddess of Liberty. Marianne is displayed in many places in France and holds a place of honour in town halls and law courts. She is depicted in the Triumph of the Republic, a bronze sculpture overlooking the Place de la Nation in Paris, and is represented with another Parisian statue in the Place de la République.
The Syria-Cilicia Commemorative Medal is 30mm in diameter circular and struck from bronze. The obverse bears the relief image of the "La République" in the form of the left profile of a helmeted woman's bust, the helmet being adorned with a crown of oak leaves. On either side, the relief inscription along the circumference "RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE" ("French Republic"). The reverse, representing both the army and navy, bears the relief images of an infantry rifle crossed with a naval anchor below two military banners and lances surmounted by the relief inscription "LEVANT".
King Victor Amadeus asked for the Austrians to provide him with a general In the spring of 1792, the First French Republic declared war on the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. In the fall, the French invaded the County of Nice on the Mediterranean coast and Duchy of Savoy in the northwest. The French seized Chambéry in Savoy on 24 September and Nice on 29 September. In the south, the Piedmontese army withdrew to a powerful defensive position at Saorge (Saorgio), blocking access to the strategically important Col de Tende (Tenda Pass).
October 2, 1791, all the goods of the Klinglin family and of the church were confiscated and sold to the inhabitants. In 1792, the Émigré, joined forces with the Austro-Prussians begin the hostilities to regain the power in France. From October to December 1793, engagements between the troops of the French Republic and the Austro-Prussians took place around the Hoenheim - Griesheim-on-Souffel - Dingsheim line, until the Austro-Prussians troops were pushed back out of Alsace by January 1794. In 1793, the commune of Hoenheim was attached to the canton of Hausbergen.
As a consequence of this, by the end of the 17th century the Romance-speaking population of the historical Venetian Albania was a minority, according to Oscar Randi. After the French Republic conquered the Venetian Republic, the area of Venetian Albania became part of the Austrian Empire under the Treaty of Campo Formio, and then part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy under the Peace of Pressburg, and then the French Illyrian Provinces under the Treaty of Schönbrunn. In 1814 it was again included in the Austrian Empire.
By the start of World War I, while Romania was still neutral territory, Caion supported France and the other Entente Powers. He was "a Francophile to the uttermost" (according to Boia), publishing the booklet Rolul Franței în istoria omenirii ("France's Role in World History"). Two other books on this subject saw print in 1915: Gallia și înrâuririle ei ("Gaul and Her Influences"), Sparte contre Athènes ("Sparta against Athens"). As noted by a Universul Literar columnist, Caion did not glorify the French Republic, but was rather a fan of the Ancien Régime.
Rémond is the originator of the famous division of French right-wing parties and movement into three different currents, each one of which appeared during a specific phase of French history: Legitimism (counter- revolutionaries), Orléanism, and Bonapartism. Boulangisme, for example, was according to him a type of Bonapartism, as was Gaullism. These he considers as being authoritarian, needing a leader with charisma, and presenting their movements as more "populist" than the others. Legitimism refers to the royalists who refused to accept the French Republic during the 19th century.
Prince Franz Seraph of Orsini-Rosenberg (18 October 1761 - 4 August 1832) was born a member of Orsini-Rosenberg family, son of Prince Vinzenz Fererius von Orsini-Rosenberg and Maria Juliana, Countess von Stubenberg. He joined the army of Habsburg Austria and fought against the Ottoman Turks, winning a prestigious award for bravery. In the 1790s, he served in the wars against the First French Republic and received promotion to general officer. During the Napoleonic Wars he led a division in 1805 and an army corps in 1809.
Michel Winock in March 2010 Michel Winock (born 19 March 1937) is a French historian, specializing in the history of the French Republic, intellectual movements, antisemitism, nationalism and the far right movements of France. He is a professeur des universités in contemporary history at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences-Po) and member of L'Histoire magazine's editing board. Winock has also worked as a reporter for Le Monde. Winock is the author of Siècle des intellectuels (Century of Intellectuals, 1997), for which he received the Prix Médicis in 1997 in the essay category.
When the 1848 Revolution began, Dupont de l'Eure was made President of the provisional assembly, being its oldest member. On the same day, he was made President of the Provisional Government, becoming France's de facto Head of State. He can therefore be considered as France's first Presidential Head of State, though Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, later in the same year, was the first to formally bear the title of President of the French Republic. His prestige and popularity prevented the heterogeneous republican coalition from having to immediately agree upon a common leader.
After having worked in the food industry, he began his political career as a village councilman in 1974. Since 1982, he is the mayor of Bapaume, a small town in northern France (except between 2002 and 2004). Between 1992 and 2002, he was president of the French mayors association and a Senator of the Pas-de-Calais département, before being promoted to Minister of the Civil Service. After two years in the French government, he is appointed as the Mediator of the French Republic (Médiateur de la République), his term of office ending in 2010.
At the end of the eighteenth century the French Republic confiscated the house at Vilvoorde and so put an end to the community's refuge in Belgium. But novices continued to be admitted, who had their time of probation and made their studies either at the house at Heeswijk or in some presbytery of the order. King William I of the Netherlands confirmed the continued existence of the abbey in 1824, as did Pope Gregory XVI in 1832. The abbots lived mostly in Heeswijk, where they had a small castle.
The chief executive officer is responsible for administering the institution's funds and assets and is assisted both by Caisse des Dépôts' Management Committee and by the Group Management Committee, both of which he chairs. The chief executive officer of Caisse des Dépôts, appointed for a period of five years by decree of the President of the French Republic, takes an oath of office before the Supervisory Committee.Jean-François Boudet, La Caisse des dépôts et consignations, Histoire, statut, fonctions,Paris L'Harmattan, 2006. Éric Lombard has served as its CEO since 2017.
One of France's Secretaries of State under the ancien régime was entrusted with control of the French Navy (Secretary of State of the Navy (France). In 1791, this title was changed to Minister of the Navy. Before January 1893, this position also had responsibility for France's colonies, and was usually known as Minister of the Navy and Colonies. In 1947 the naval ministry was absorbed into the Ministry of Defence and reports to the Prime Minister of France and the President of the French Republic at the Elysee Palace.
Franz von Lauer (11 May 1736 – 11 September 1803) began his service in the Habsburg army as an engineer officer and advanced to high rank during his career. After serving in the Seven Years' War he earned promotion to oberst (colonel) over the next two decades. He fought against Ottoman Turkey at Belgrade and became a general officer for his distinguished effort as a siege specialist. He directed sieges against Fort-Louis and Mannheim while fighting the armies of the First French Republic during the War of the First Coalition.
The credibility of the king was deeply undermined, and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The growth of anti-clericalism among revolutionaries resulted in the abolition of the dîme (religious land tax) and several government policies aimed at the dechristianization of France. In a context of civil and international war, Louis XVI was suspended and arrested at the time of the Insurrection of 10 August 1792. One month later, the absolute monarchy was abolished and the First French Republic was proclaimed on 21 September 1792.
Following the war, which resulted in Napoleon III's exile, Germany and Italy, now unified nations, adopted the metric system as their national system of units, but with the prototype copy of the kilogram and metre under the control of the Third French Republic. In 1872 the new republican government reissued the invitations and in 1875 scientists from thirty European and American countries met in Paris. This same year, the International Association of Geodesy held its General Conference in Paris and decided the creation of an international geodetic standard for baselines' measurement calibrated against the metre.
The French military rivalry continued with British opposition of the French Revolution and the ensuing wars with first the new French Republic and then the Empire of Napoleon. His defeat in 1814 was followed by his abdication and exile, but he escaped the following year to begin the Hundred Days. These came to a close with his military disaster at the Battle of Waterloo, facing an Allied force commanded by the Duke of Wellington. The end of the Napoleonic Wars effectively ended the recurrent conflict between France and Britain.

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