Humans may be partially rational thinkers, but they're never truly free thinkers.
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By contrast, in China, says Mr Mokyr, free thinkers had few escape routes.
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Free thinkers, writers, activists, bloggers and religious minorities in Bangladesh have been targeted.
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Dascha Polanco is raising her kids to be free thinkers — but with some boundaries.
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I don't think people know there were black atheists and free thinkers in black history.
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The basis of his views is that we (we being "the people") should be free thinkers.
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" Her father said after the speech he has always taught his children to be "free thinkers.
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"Coming in 2017, the Bubble is a planned community of like-minded free thinkers," Zamata said.
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It is the tie of choice for cowboys and free-thinkers, people who can't be hemmed in.
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Eccentric people will enter your inner circle—but that's fine, as you love being around free thinkers!
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What is troubling in Reason Rally, in Movement Atheism, among Dawkins and Nye, in the throngs of free thinkers turned out on a dry Saturday to hear the talk of turning points and revolutions, what is troubling in all of this is the optimism of these free thinkers.
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They helped us to identify criminal behavior so that dissidents and free-thinkers could be purged from society.
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Keep up the great work, you and those free thinkers that support your ideas are to be commended.
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Just move to The Bubble, a planned community for like-minded free-thinkers — and absolutely no one else.
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With the new Reagan administration coming on, it was a nightmare for people who were free thinkers or progressives.
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Big Tech has become a favorite punching bag for self-styled free thinkers despite limited evidence it systematically stifles speech.
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The Wisconsin-based group of atheists, agnostics and free-thinkers, was enraged by the devotional and accused the preacher of proselytizing.
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The anarchists have rented her property for a party during Anarchapulco, an annual event that draws thousands of free thinkers to Acapulco.
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Contrary to what Kanye West, who says he's never voted, might want you to believe, black Trump worshippers are not free thinkers.
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Nestling in a shallow bowl of hills and noted for picturesque cobbled lanes, Frome has long been a magnet for free thinkers.
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The skit depicts a city, literally covered in a bubble, for "like-minded free-thinkers" in disbelief over Donald Trump's recent election victory.
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To me, he's just a rich person trying to tell people to be free thinkers whiles he sits in his $60 million house.
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But the murder of Mr Sheremet seemed designed for a similar purpose: to frighten free-thinkers and demonstrate the country's vulnerability to violence.
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Alex believes—alongside many brilliant free thinkers, including the late psychedelic guru Terence McKenna—that these drawings are proof of ancient psychedelic culture.
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She's drawn to the deathbed scenes of Voltaire and Hume, their age's most renowned free thinkers, and the attention paid to their last words.
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The city itself serves as a fuel for rebels, creatives and free-thinkers, giving them the drive it takes to build interesting, great companies.
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In times of divide and discord, echo chambers and news bubbles, refugees such as myself and artistic free thinkers have the responsibility to be loud and disruptive.
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Bloggers and scientists, Hindus and humanitarians, free-thinkers and foreigners, religious minorities and academics, have all been targeted, many of them meeting similarly brutal ends as Joarder did.
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Bloggers and scientists, Hindus and humanitarians, free-thinkers and foreigners, religious minorities and academics, have all been targeted, many of them meeting similarly brutal ends as the Sufi spiritual leader.
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The rift between the ruling party and mainly Islamist opposition in Bangladesh is widely seen as contributing to militant violence that has targeted foreigners, free thinkers and members of religious minorities.
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People sympathetic to Gamergate's professed cause, who consider themselves part of the gaming industry's free thinkers, invulnerable to political or personal influence, surely wouldn't follow so nakedly a self-interested leader.
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INGRAHAM: -- and whether it&aposs, you know, whether it&aposs Clarence Thomas or whether it&aposs, you know, Walter Williams or Tom Sowell or any given number of free thinkers out there.
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The bitter rift between the Awami League and mainly Islamist opposition in Bangladesh is widely seen as contributing to militant violence that has targeted foreigners, free thinkers and members of religious minorities.
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All we seek to do is create a digital landscape where free thinkers, and new age beings who see beyond the constructs in front of us, can come together and prosper without judgement.
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Lopez Obrador has said that as president, he will have to consult with the millions of Catholics, evangelicals and "free thinkers" who he represents to make decisions about same-sex marriage and abortion.
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"However hard I tried," he wrote, "I just could not see anything in my memories that had to deal with collectivization, killings, political trials, endless bread lines, imprisoned free thinkers," and so on.
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Many of the videos found on the Twitter page call Blexit a movement for "free thinkers" and claim that there is a sort of mass exodus of black people "waking up" and leaving the Democratic Party.
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After speaking earlier in our conversation about 2017 being the year many powerful men fell from their seemingly impenetrable pedestals, Alex touches on a generational divide—us, versus the so-called free-thinkers of the past.
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I feel like the tragedy of Best of Enemies is that you have two cultural figures [Gore Vidal and William F. Buckley] who were grown-ups, who were free thinkers, who I think lamented the thing that their debates gave birth to.
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In short, yes, we will be closed on that day and post a note on the front door and web about the reasons why — mainly as we represent artist that are part of the LGBT community, Women Artists, and free thinkers in general.
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The historical trajectory within African American social thought has been marginalized for many many decades, even though there were many prominent secularists and skeptics and free thinkers dating back to Frederick Douglass's time and blossoming during the Harlem Renaissance and the Black Power movement in the 1960s.
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Those who are attacking the mainsprings of Indianness, who are hacking away at the deep roots of liberalism in our soil and flying in the face of generation upon generation of free thinkers and iconoclasts are ironically posing as the so-called defenders of "Indian" identity.
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Sure, we are all allowed to be free thinkers and have our own opinions, but from the very beginning his of political campaign, Trump's empty rhetoric about Mexicans, "shithole countries," and women have been disregarded by his supporters, who seem to be fueled by the hate he is spewing.
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Earlier this month, a WIRED contributor managed to subvert all the warm, fuzzy feelings produced by the "10-year challenge" meme on social media by asking the question that has haunted free thinkers throughout history: Am I doing what I want to do, or what they want me to do?
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Academics and free-thinkers on the left and the right often circulate proposals for a single, binational state, or some similar formulation, but in opponents' minds that quickly raises questions about the primacy of law and language, and whether the Palestinians, who have so long lived without a state, would have equal billing within a binational structure.
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It doesn't just include the hijab-wearing women and bearded men you see on your TV. It includes the beer-drinking Muslim colleague you work with; it includes the Muslim girl at college who had doubts about her religion's views on women; it includes agnostics, atheists, and free thinkers like me who want the freedom to change our minds without literally having to lose our heads.
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These recent events are the latest in a string of high profile conflicts between venture capital's idealized version of itself as a meritocratic haven for free-thinkers of all stripes, and the more unfortunate reality of a business beset by the same problems of systemic privilege as any other that involves massive monied interests and a highly selective group of (mostly) hyper-educated, white, male elites as its gatekeepers.
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Alciphron title page (1732). Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher is a philosophical dialogue by the 18th-century Irish philosopher George Berkeley wherein Berkeley combated the arguments of free-thinkers such as Mandeville and Shaftesbury against the Christian religion. It was first published in 1732. The dialogue is primarily between four characters, the free-thinkers Alciphron and Lysicles, Berkeley's spokesman Euphranor, and Crito, who serves as a spokesman for traditional Christianity.
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Anthropology Senior Theses. Paper 181.Schiller, 1979, pp. 216, 219 In parallel with his medical career, in 1848, Broca founded a society of free-thinkers, sympathetic to Charles Darwin's theories.
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The founder of the Warsaw Circle intellectuals since the 1930 editor and publisher of the press organ – Rationalist. Author of sketches of anti-religious (Warsaw: Polish Association of Free Thinkers, 1923).
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Free- thinkers of the Church have been given the opportunity to practice the funeral action monopoly in, because the church has the corporate income tax annually about twice as much as the church spent in maintaining the funeral of the action. The Association believes that the discriminatory special role of religion reflected in the fact that companies in Finland pay a tax to the church. This is the union of the internationally unique. Free-thinkers consider church festivals must be eliminated from the group of official holidays.
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There are burial plots and urn compartments for Buddhist, Taoist, Catholics, Christians and free-thinkers. It's the only private memorial park operator in Johor that provides a dedicated burial area for Catholics and Christians to house their departed loved ones.
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From his earliest days as a writer, Berkeley had taken up his satirical pen to attack what were then called 'free-thinkers' (secularists, skeptics, agnostics, atheists, etc.—in short, anyone who doubted the truths of received Christian religion or called for a diminution of religion in public life). In 1732, in the latest installment in this effort, Berkeley published his Alciphron, a series of dialogues directed at different types of 'free-thinkers'. One of the archetypes Berkeley addressed was the secular scientist, who discarded Christian mysteries as unnecessary superstitions, and declared his confidence in the certainty of human reason and science.
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" Jazz Word review July 16, 2012 Chris Spector of Midwest Record states "Certainly music for free thinkers." Midwest Record review Aug. 2011 D. Oscar Groomes of O's Place Jazz Magazine states "Dynamic . . . high level of musicianship.” O's Place Jazz Magazine Review Oct.
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Although there was no legal opposition, an illegal group of free-thinkers existed for about 20 years, the so-called Democratic Opposition (Hu: Demokratikus ellenzék) under close surveillance by the state apparatus. Its predecessor was the so-called Budapest School (Hu: Budapesti iskola).
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The film rights for Majority went for $500,000. He returned to Broadway and wrote a series of plays, but none had the success of his first. A musical adaptation of Cafe Crown was not produced. The Free Thinkers was announced for 1961 but not made.
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The park is home to the annual Grey Lynn Park Festival, which attracts around 100,000 visitors on the third Saturday in November. The character of the area is often seen as "arty", and one of being a "traditional home to free-thinkers and anti-establishment types".
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The Moslem Chronicle started publication in 1895. It was published by Abdul Hamid. The Muslim Chronicle was the mouthpiece of the educated Bengali Muslims who were educated in English language. The newspaper was known for supporting mordernization of the Muslim community and providing a space for free thinkers.
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He was also strongly anti-clerical. He became associated with the 'free thinkers', a humanistic, non-religious movement associated with the exiled Victor Hugo. In 1866, Eudes became managing editor of the journal La Pensée Libre (Free Thought). He also briefly ran a progressive bookstore and became a freemason.
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A writer (Dafoe) is invited to the house of a noblewoman (Olin) who adores free-thinkers. He attempts to seduce her but she insists that he tell her of his past love exploits. While doing so, he takes her through his time in prison where he was unknowingly incarcerated in the cell beside hers.
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Constitution § 11 guaranteed by the right to freedom of thought, to use the pre-school age into custody, which selects either religious education or ethics education. Freethinkers Association has criticized FOR A day-care centers for children aloud prayer ttamista. Free-thinkers, the rukoiluttaminen infringe the child's fundamental human rights within the freedom of thought, which must be respected.
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Serra explained at the time of the sculpture's installation, "It points to how scholars either become free thinkers and invent or become subjugated to the dictates of history. This is the classical problem posed to every student."Princeton Weekly Bulletin, November 20, 2000 Vol. 90, No. 10 His reading therefore reverses the moral order of the original fable.
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Buenos Aires: Booket, 2004. Soto settled in Punta Arenas and managed a small hotel, which served as a meeting place of libertarians, intellectuals, and free-thinkers. He also founded the Centro Republicano Español, the Centro Gallego, a branch of the Red Cross, and a cinema named Libertad. On 11 May 1963, Soto died in Punta Arenas at age 65.
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Obituaries rather than confessional names are the Christian cross other pictorial motifs, in addition to the traditional toast to the flame logo free-thinkers such as Flowers and birds.Aurejärvi-Karjalainen 1999, s. 158. Secularist is in Finland a few private cemeteries. In 1999, Prometheus ceremonies Oy, whose partners are the Freethinkers Association was founded, Finnish Humanist Association and Prometheus Camp.
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The German Churches Under Hitler. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 241. One of the groups closed down by the Nazi regime was the German Freethinkers League. Christians appealed to Hitler to end anti-religious and anti-Church propaganda promulgated by Free Thinkers, and within Hitler's Nazi Party some atheists were quite vocal in their anti-Christian views, especially Martin Bormann.
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Great Books: The Foundation of a Liberal Education, New York: Simon & Schuster. The common core is still an important feature of Chicago's undergraduate education. In addition to pioneering this new undergraduate curriculum, the university took steps to eliminate "distractions" such as varsity sports, fraternities, and religious organizations. This attracted free-thinkers such as Carl Sagan and Kurt Vonnegut to the university.
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The movement initially invited various different groups, including: religious free-thinkers (included Jews), racialists, and even socialists, to join a seemingly antagonistic group to the Nazi Church. However, racialists, including Hauer, did not believe Jews should be included in the movement, thus leaving only racialists and those who had abandoned German Christianity (i.e. unconventional) to compose the German Faith Movement.
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The FFE (Israélite) section was also a member of the EIF, sharing local groups and formations. By 1927 the EIF was publicly supporting cultural Zionism, was cooperating with Zionist scout groups, and was open to all Jews including free-thinkers and Zionists. In 1930 the leaders of the EIF were informed by the Central Committee that they were being "too Jewish".
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It > retains the authoritarian principle, and this principle, despite what > supposed free-thinkers may say about it, is nothing but an ancient relic of > the belief in a higher power. > (...)In the merciless war that we have declared on the bourgeoisie, we ask > no mercy. We mete out death and we must face it. For that reason I await > your verdict with indifference.
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Gradually, he became part of the debating circles representing the rationalists. According to Jabbar, "Islam is against democracy, secularism, gender justice and all that makes a modern society". He began his professional career as a school teacher and later turned into a popular orator in Kerala. He achieved more fame from his activities on social media in the "Free Thinkers" community.
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1387- Persian Calendar) Magazines: Arts of Living, Esoteric Knowledge, Motivators, Science of Success, Art of Transcendental Life, and Sublime Thinking. Institutions: Avamer-e-Yasin, Science of Success, Association of Free Thinkers and Researchers, Nature Front Association, Yasin Society of Writers and Researchers (Payam), Professional Management Research Group, Elyasin Human Rights and International Affairs. Publishing houses: Divine Guidance (Taalime Hagh), Haa-Mim, Ya-hou and Vassama.
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On 9 December 2013, Zhang was notified that he would be fired due to not apologizing for writings championing the Chinese constitution's protections. New Common Sense, an online book written by him, states that one-party rule is illegal. His teaching privileges had been temporarily suspended earlier in August by the university's Communist Party committee. There has been a wide suppression of free thinkers in China.
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Both men were members of the Whig Party. In 1856 Herndon was one of the organizers of the fledgling Republican Party after the dissolution of the Whigs. Lincoln also joined the Republican Party, hoping to "fuse" people of disparate political affiliations who wanted to end slavery. Herndon loved to learn and developed "one of the best private libraries in Springfield" including works by historians, economists, humanists, free-thinkers and philosophers.
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Mittelberger expounds upon the lack of religious belief and practice in mid-18th century Philadelphia. He was astonished by the general absence of belief in God and a lack of knowledge of the Bible. Contrarily, he is confronted by a city dominated by free thinkers and infidels. The cultural influence of the Enlightenment is thus attested by Mittelberger's firsthand experience of religious skepticism, naturalism, and the popularity of Deism.
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She was soon pregnant once more and declared that the child was "Frank coming again".E.S. Pankhurst 1931, p. 103. She gave birth to a son on 7 July 1889 and named him Henry Francis in honour of his deceased brother. Pankhurst made their Russell Square home into a centre for political intellectuals and activists, including, "Socialists, Protesters , Anarchists, Suffragists, Free Thinkers, Radicals and Humanitarians of all schools."E.
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Nonetheless, cremation remained uncommon until the end of the 20th century. With the work of anticlerical and free-thinkers (Charles-Ange Laisant, André Lorulot), the use of cremation became more popular after overturning of the ban by the Catholic Church in 1963. From 49 cremations in 1889, there were about 5,000 cremations at the beginning of the 21st century. In 2012, cremation represents 45% of funerals in Paris.
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Beecher thought that women could best influence society as mothers and teachers, and did not want women to be corrupted by the evils of politics. She felt that men and women were put on the earth for separate reasons and accepted the view that women should not be involved in politics, but rather, they would teach male children to be free thinkers and moral learners and help shape their political ideas.
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"I fear I am forever doomed to remain public property and to have my life worn out through the care for the lives of others."Quoted in Chalberg, p. 87. Goldman's Mother Earth magazine became a home to radical activists and literary free thinkers around the US. In 1906, Goldman decided to start a publication, "a place of expression for the young idealists in arts and letters".Goldman, Living, p. 377.
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His aim was to induce a personal and rational Lutheran faith. He saw the influence of Orthodox theologian Gisle Johnson as unpassable, under a certain influence from free-thinkers Søren Kierkegaard and Georg Brandes. Johnson disciple and bishop Johan Christian Heuch in 1902 declared Jansen as a "dangerous" man, citing that his liberal tendencies could open Christendom for "Muhammedans and pagans". Jansen died while vacationing at Ringebu in 1912.
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Dozens of novels he wrote in 1880s-1890s (including The Orlov Brothers, The Foundling, The Volodimir Princess, The Don Spanyards, and Free Thinkers) only cemented Salias de Tournemire's reputation of the 'best-loved contemporary author in Russia'.Любимец читающей России. Russian Reader's Best-loved Author. Biography by Yuri Belyayev Salias de Tournemire died after prolonged illness in his Moscow house at the Pokrov Levshin region where he spent the last 18 years of his life.
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Most of the riders were radicals, hippies, groovers and free thinkers. They attracted a following and had a hit single with "Dance around the world" which was nominated for the Loxene Golden Disc in 1971, a local musical award at the time. After 1973 the Blerta project ran out of steam, and Lawrence turned his hand back to acting in such movies as Smash Palace in 1981.Colin Broadley and Judith Jones, eds.
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Some high-profile anarchists and free thinkers lived, raised families and wrote about the free thinking anarchist movement in Home. Such individuals brought their share of scandal and intrigue to the community. One such figure was Gertie Vose, who once lived in Portland and contributed to The Firebrand (alongside other notable anarchists like Jay Fox and Emma Goldman). Her move to the Home colony was thought to be motivated by her son, Donald Vose.
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In London on 28 January 1816, Caroline Ashurst was born to Elizabeth Brown and William Ashurst. Her siblings were William Henry Ashurst, Eliza Ann Ashurst (Bardonneau), Emilie Ashurst (Venturi) and Matilda Ashurst (Biggs). She grew up in the Ashurst home in Muswell Hill. The daughters were brought up in Muswell Hill, London in a community of 19th-century reformers and free thinkers who advocated for more equality in society including anti- slavery.
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Along with other free thinkers, he joined the French section of the First International. However, Eudes was drawn to a more radical ideology than the humanism of Hugo or the Mutualist doctrine of the followers of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who dominated the French section of the International. He joined the revolutionary socialist followers of the imprisoned veteran revolutionary Louis Auguste Blanqui. His associates included radicals like Ernest Granger, Gustave Tridon and Anne and Victor Jaclard.
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Jamie King is an award-winning filmmaker, writer, and activist best known for directing Steal This Film, a documentary that observes intellectual property in favour of P2P filesharing. He is also the founder of VODO, an innovative online crossmedia distribution project for film, games, books, and music. Ted Hope described King as one of the "great free thinkers of Indie film." He is currently host of the podcast STEAL THIS SHOW, produced in conjunction with TorrentFreak.
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While they were devoted Christians, the Walkers were "free thinkers" who raised their children to question the regulations and restrictions of various denominations. The Walker parents also demonstrated non-traditional gender roles to their children regarding sharing work around the farm: Vesta often participated in heavy labor while Alvah took part in general household chores. Walker worked on her family farm as a child. She did not wear women's clothing during farm labor because she considered it too restricting.
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The Fascio Operaio was a clandestine association of free thinkers founded in the Tre Zucchette tavern of Bologna on 27 November 1871 by a group of Garibaldian veterans of the French campaign led by Erminio Pescatori. The purpose of the association was the emancipation of the people from ignorance and poverty. From the beginning, Giuseppe Garibaldi and a young Andrea Costa joined the Fascio Operaio. The Fascio was the first Emilian section of the Lega Internazionale dei Lavoratori.
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Rai Bahadur Hara Chandra Ghosh (archaic Hurro Chunder Ghose) was one of the prominent leaders of the Young Bengal group (a group of radical Bengali free thinkers emerging from Hindu College, Calcutta of British India in the early 19th century).Sengupta, Nitish, 2001/2002, History of the Bengali-speaking People, p. 228, UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd., He was the first Bengali to be a judge of the Calcutta Small Causes Court from 1854 to 1868.
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Fröbel was pardoned by Field Marshal Prince Alfred of Windisch-Grätz before the date of his execution was fixed. On the dissolution of the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849, he emigrated to the United States, where he became editor of a German-language newspaper, lectured in New York City, and was a member of the law firm of Zitz, Kapp & Fröbel for a time. He was for a time residing among German Free Thinkers in Sisterdale, Texas.
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This opened on 1 January 1799, and its library opened on 1 May 1800. The early members of the club included "entrepreneurs, slavery-abolitionists, free-thinkers, and political radicals, who regarded themselves as the commercial and intellectual champions of Liverpool". At this time there were gentlemen's clubs in London, but these were more political in nature, or were institutions for gambling. The opening of the Liverpool Athenaeum preceded the club of the same name in London by 27 years.
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It was the social milieu of the 1800s which led Howard to consider the social problems of the time and try to find alternatives. Howard mingled with free thinkers, anarchists and socialists, whose revolutionary and reforming ideas greatly influenced him. Following the death of his wife Eliza Ann Bills (1853–1904) in 1907 he married Edith Annie Hayward (1864–1941), who ended her days as Edith, Lady Howard, and with whom he is buried in Letchworth Cemetery.
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The Los Angeles Times journalist and Pulitzer Prize winner Borzou Daragahi described the street as a bastion of liberalism [that] embraces multiple religions and political views; Hamra Street is an amalgam of all of Lebanon's religious groups, including Sunnis, Maronites, Melkites, Greek Orthodox Christians, Druze, and Shias. Hamra, however, remains Lebanon's secular haven, melting pot for free thinkers and the least religiously affiliated area around Beirut as the area hosts a limited number of churches and mosques.
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In 2087, free thought is illegal and the population is controlled by governments. A small band of free thinkers sends Garth A7 (Michael Rennie), a cyborg via travels back in time to 1966 to prevent Professor Sigmund Marx (Eduard Franz) from revealing his new discovery. The discovery will eventually make mind control possible and create a tyranny in Garth's time. He is pursued by two "Tracers" (also cyborgs) sent by the government out to stop him.
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Tze Chun and the film's producer Mynette Louie were named in Ted Hope's list of "21 Great Free Thinkers of Indie Film" for their DIY festival/DVD distribution strategy. The film debuted theatrically in Boston on February 26, 2010, and in New York and Los Angeles on March 12, 2010, followed by additional theatrical engagements in other cities. It was released on Video-on-Demand beginning in June 2010, and on DVD on August 10, 2010.
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Passionate about reading and writing, Lorulot was editor of the journal L'Anarchie from 1909 to 1911. He founded L'Idée libre in 1911 and La Calotte in 1930, allowing him to escape censorship from major publications for his revolutionary ideas and his promotion of the rights of women. His entry into politics coincided with the Dreyfus affair. Lorulot fought alongside "dreyfusard" free thinkers including Émile Zola, Georges Clemenceau, Jean Jaurès and Sébastien Faure, and Republicans, socialists, anarchists, and trade unionists.
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That information bound them, if only unconsciously, so that the ministers controlled the lives of many members, telling them that their information matched God's will. A new generation of free thinkers appeared in Europe in the 1950s, but that development passed by the church. This was partly because the church publicly withdraw into a hedgehog-like defensive position through fear of attacks from other churches, and thus social change became impossible. That dictatorial hierarchy remained until the 1980s and the ecumenical opening.
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His work incorporates the themes of moral justice, free thinking and rationalism, and also featured autobiographical elements. His characters were often creative and rebellious free-thinkers, whose intellectual abilities made them independent, but were eventually destroyed by non-conformism. His most well-known works are his "romanettoes", written in the 1860s and the 1870s, predecessors of the modern detective story. They are mostly set in Central Europe, and they usually feature a gothic mystery, which is resolved by logical reasoning.
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A poster advertising an Anti-War Dance at the Dill Pickle Club during 1918. The Dil Pickle Club or Dill Pickle Club was once a popular Bohemian club in Chicago, Illinois between 1917 and 1935. The Dil Pickle was known as a speakeasy, cabaret and theatre and was influential during the "Chicago Renaissance" as it allowed a forum for free thinkers. It was founded and owned by Wobbly John "Jack" Jones and was frequented by popular American authors, activists and speakers.
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Georg Forster, a Protestant, became his librarian and William Heinse, another Protestant, and author of the lascivious romance "Ardinghello", was his official reader. Erthal suppressed the Carthusian monastery and two nunneries at Mainz and used their revenues to meet the expenses of the university, in which he appointed numerous Protestants and free-thinkers as professors. Notorious unbelievers such as Felix Anthony Blau and others were invited to the university in 1784 to supplant the Jesuits in the faculty of theology.
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The film was previewed at the Edinburgh Film Festival in June 2014. Variety took the view that there were "many ways in which 'Castles in the Sky' adheres timidly to biopic convention...from Mark Russell’s sugary score to Gill Horn’s elegant but unworn costumes. Watson-Watt may stress the importance of 'free thinkers, rule-breakers and men without ties,' but this tweedy portrait never undoes its top button."Lodge, Guy, "Film Review: ‘Castles in the Sky’", Variety, 25 June 2014.
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Politically, Ghisleri was close to the revolutionary movements of his time: in 1895 he was one of the founders of the Italian Republican Party. His friend and fellow radical and Freemason Filippo Turati took over the journal in 1891 and renamed it Critica Sociale, moving it quickly into a socialist direction. In 1867, Ghisleri founded the Società di Liberi Pensatori (Society of the Free Thinkers) in Cremona, on behalf of the Grand Master Giuseppe Garibaldi, together with Mauro Macchi and Ausonio Franchi.
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In 1915, Veleda founded the Women's Democratic Propaganda Association (Associação Feminina de Propaganda Democrática), designed to encourage women to become free thinkers and fight inequality and militarism. Upset by the violence of the newly founded republican regime, she abandoned politics in 1921. Instead, she turned to spiritualism, founded the Spiritualist Group Light and Love (Grupo Espiritualista Luz e Amor), organized the Portuguese Spiritual Congress (1925), and contributed articles to the spiritualist press. Maria Veleda died in Lisbon on 8 April 1955.
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In 1901, Yosano brought out her first volume of tanka, Midaregami (Tangled Hair), which contained 400 poems and was mostly denounced by literary critics. Despite this critical reaction, it was widely read and became a sort of lighthouse for free-thinkers of her time. Her first book, by far her best known, brought a passionate individualism to traditional tanka poetry, unlike any other work of the late Meiji period. The majority are love poems through which Akiko expresses her feelings towards Tekkan Yosano.
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Eliza moved to California and was among pioneers in Riverside, where she lived first with her son and his wife Harriet, Luther Tibbets' eldest daughter.'Eliza Tibbets' , Evergreen Memorial Historic Cemetery, accessed 13 October 2014 Among the pioneers in the 1870s were a group of "spiritualists and free thinkers" in the 1870s.Klotz, 13, quoting Robert Hornbeck, 1913, Robidoux's Ranch in the '70's (Riverside, California: Press, 1904). Eliza and Luther finally had a justice of the peace regularize their relationship.
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Liberals, libertarians, left-libertarians, feminists, democratic socialists, social democrats, anarchists, free thinkers and progressives often claim him as an intellectual ancestor. Paine's critique of institutionalized religion and advocacy of rational thinking influenced many British freethinkers in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as William Cobbett, George Holyoake, Charles Bradlaugh, Christopher Hitchens and Bertrand Russell. The quote "Lead, follow, or get out of the way" is widely but incorrectly attributed to Paine. It can be found nowhere in his published works.
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Waldorf schools were ground-breaking in the early part of the 20th century. Co-education, classes with students from mixed socio- economic backgrounds, and the inclusion of practical arts in an academic curriculum were new ideas. There were closed down by the Nazi party during the war years because they taught "free thinkers". In the present day, extensive years of looping (the same class teacher moving through the grades with a class) and guiding students in creating their own 'textbooks' are unique approaches.
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Józef Landau (Born in 1875, died in November 1933Horizon Information Portal) is a poet, essayist, philosopher, educational activist, assimilationist, a leading representative of the movement of freethought. Member and promoter of the progressives united in the Association of Commercial Employees of the Jews in Warsaw. Since 1921 board member of the main Polish Association of Free Thinkers and chief editor of "Free Thought" (1923–1924) and "Free Life". Delegate to the International Congress of Free Thought in Paris (1925) and Luxembourg (1929).
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The aim is to legislative changes, the state church system, demolition and removal of religious education from schools, day care, as well as state universities. Two of the state churches, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and Finnish Orthodox Church, will change customary associations, who will inherit the membership fee as well as other associations and church tax through. Churches should not have public legal status and any privileges. Leading atheist free-thinkers have been VT Aaltonen, Väinö Voipio, Erkki Hartikainen and Kari Saari.
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Anderson Fair was founded as a restaurant in 1969 by partners Marvin Anderson and Grey Fair. In the early days, patrons would flock to the Fair for a lunchtime meal such as spaghetti or tacos. The club was housed in the Montrose area of Houston which was, at that time, an enclave for artists, free-thinkers, and war protestors. As a result, it was not long before the Fair became a gathering place for musicians and artists from the community to come together and talk politics.
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Meiklejohn wrote a retrospective of the Experimental College during the first half of 1932. John Dewey reviewed the published book and declared it "a contribution to the philosophy of American education". He saw the college to be a true expression of liberal education as it fostered rational faculties and self-criticism, and noted the college's place in fighting norms on a much larger timescale. For its ability to produce free- thinkers in an age without similar values, Dewey found the college "a tragic success".
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While free-thinking Protestants were sympathetic with the movement, the conservative Protestants did what they could to discourage it. Soon a split began within the movement between the more conservative Czerski and the more liberal Ronge, and an 1847 council in Berlin failed to mend it. The New Catholics were later forced to change their name to German Catholics. A Protestant group analogous to the New Catholics, the Friends of the Light, joined with the German Catholics in 1849, forming the Freireligiöse ("free- thinkers") communities.
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Levi Ponce's Luminaries of Pantheism mural in Venice, California at The Paradise Project headquarters The Paradise Project is a non-profit organization founded in 2004 that is "dedicated to celebrating and connecting diverse independent free thinkers who are deeply spiritual about science and nature." The organization hosts pantheism.com and aims to spread awareness about pantheism through social media, meetings, meditation gatherings, and book borrowing programs. It hosts a Facebook fan page about pantheism with over 300,000 fans and group pages with over 15,000 members.
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In recent years there has been a tendency for growing dissatisfaction with Catholicism, the dominant religion. Some convert to other branches of Christianity, most notably Protestantism (with a growing number of Protestant churches throughout Costa Rica). But others stay as agnostics, atheists or "free thinkers". It is these latter groups, especially if already interested or practicing some form of meditation, that can become influenced or inspired by "exotic religions" (in Costa Rica) such as Buddhism and therefore convert to it, or adopt it as a philosophy.
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In the aftermath, a group of the French Workers' Party and a House of the people are created. 1899, the phone has already arrived in Abbeville but its operation does not any satisfaction. In 1899, Abbeville industry had a mill, a table linen factory, a rope factory, a factory of weight scales, three smelters, a boiler works, a locksmith for buildings, a wood grinding mill, a distillery, etc. On 7 July 1907 was the inauguration of the , gathering many Republicans, delegates from Socialist groups and free-thinkers.
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Most of Paine's arguments had long been available to the educated elite, but by presenting them in an engaging and irreverent style, he made deism appealing and accessible to the masses. Originally distributed as unbound pamphlets, the book was also cheap, putting it within the reach of a large number of buyers. Fearing the spread of what it viewed as potentially- revolutionary ideas, the British government prosecuted printers and booksellers who tried to publish and distribute it. Nevertheless, Paine's work inspired and guided many free thinkers.
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In 1968, Warhol moved the Factory to the sixth floor of the Decker Building, 33 Union Square West, near Max's Kansas City, a club which Warhol and his entourage frequently visited. By the time Warhol had achieved a reputation, he was working day and night on his paintings. Warhol used silkscreens so that he could mass-produce images the way corporations mass-produced consumer goods. To increase production, he attracted a ménage of adult film performers, drag queens, socialites, drug addicts, musicians, and free-thinkers who became known as the Warhol Superstars, to help him.
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Roger Bourke White described their parents as "Free thinkers who were intensely interested in advancing themselves and humanity through personal achievement," attributing this quality in part to the success of their children. He was not surprised at his sister Margaret's success, saying "[she] was not unfriendly or aloof". Margaret's interest in photography began as a hobby in her youth, supported by her father's enthusiasm for cameras. Despite her interest, in 1922, she began studying herpetology at Columbia University, only to have her interest in photography strengthened after studying under Clarence White (no relation).
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The organization began in Detroit during the early 1960s as a communal living environment, but later relocated to Ann Arbor, Michigan.Trans Love Energies that was a nucleus of artists who believed in common goals that if the people work together those goals can be reached Its founder was poet and political activist, John Sinclair. The commune consisted of two houses located side-by-side. Each house was home to a musical band, and to free-thinkers of the time, including members of the White Panther movement, the Ann Arbor Argus newspaper, and the MC5.
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In 1978, she was instrumental in setting up Wellspring after the Davidson Clinic closed and its tasks were taken over by the National Health Service in Scotland. In the late 1970s, she established a movement entitled Sempervivum which brought together free thinkers at annual 'Easter Schools'. Dr Rushforth gave regular lectures at the Salisbury Centre, in Salisbury Road, Edinburgh, until her late 90s. She ran weekly dream groups and "Search for God" groups from her house at 11 Lauder Road, Edinburgh, almost until the time of her death.
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Biography of Asaf Jafarov After his creative trips to regions of Azerbaijan he created "Snow in Baku", "Caspian Sea", "Absheron", "Winter in Baku", "Spring", "A Hot Day", "Winter", "Mashtagha Village", "Buzovna Village", "Evening Time" and other paintings. Asaf Jafarov had also historical paintings like "Nasimi is in the assembly of free thinkers" and "Awakening".90th Anniversary Exhibition of Asaf Jafarov90th Anniversary of Asaf Jafarov The artist has participated in many international exhibitions, and won the "Grand Prix" at "The World Art Exhibition" in Austria (1980). Asaf Jafarov died on April 3, 2000 in Baku.
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Jon is a former president of the Red River Free Thinkers and publishes frequently on their website. Lindgren's blog, Views of a Freethinker is a Featured Areal Voices in Forum Communications Company's newspapers. Since the blog's inception in 2011 it has had over half a million visits. The blog has evolved into a virulent anti- theist diatribe, evidenced by such blog titles as "Trump Is The Death Rattle Of White Evangelical America", "The No-Priests-Alone-With-Children Project", "Religions Love Rape", "Jesus Killed a Fig tree", and "An Anti Abortion Weapon: Monitoring Miscarrages".
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La Fontaine website The house itself has now been converted into a museum, outside which stands the life-sized statue created by Bernard Seurre.Images de Picardie Inside the museum is Louis-Pierre Deseine’s head and shoulders clay bust of La Fontaine.Flickriver Further evidence of La Fontaine's enduring popularity is his appearance on a playing card from the second year of the French Revolution.Getty Images In this pack royalty is displaced by the rationalist free-thinkers known as Philosophes, and the ironical fabulist figures as the King of Spades.
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He was born at Münzbach in the Diocese of Linz, Upper Austria on August 17, 1819. He was ordained in 1842 and worked in his home diocese until 1847, when an appeal from the visiting first Bishop of Milwaukee, John Martin Henni inspired him to work in foreign missions. After arriving in Milwaukee in October, 1847, he was appointed to a small country mission, but soon his success caused the bishop to make him pastor of St. Mary's congregation at Milwaukee. There, he was opposed by German free- thinkers and he struggled with them.
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Mouvement de la Paix activists demonstrating on 1 May 2007 August 2006 demonstration organised by pacifist associations including Mouvement de la Paix in Avignon against the 2006 Lebanon War The Mouvement de la Paix is an organisation which promotes a culture of peace initiated by the United Nations. The movement was created in the aftermath of the Second World War by the large resistance movements, particularly those associated with communists, Christians and free-thinkers, and was linked directly to the Mouvement mondial des partisans de la paix whose aim was to struggle for peace.
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Lamberet was born in a family of free thinkers. As a young professor of history and geography, she collaborated with the historian Max Nettlau, notably producing the work "The First International in Spain (1868-1888)". Max Nettlau, Renée Lamberet, La Première Internationale en Espagne (1868-1888), Dordrecht, D. Reidel, 1969, . During the Spanish Revolution of 1936, she fostered intense activity under the auspices of the Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA), aiding to develop the "Spartaco" children's colony to host refugee children from Basque Country, Asturias and the front in Madrid.
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The newspaper was affiliated with the National Association of Free Thinkers of France, the Human Rights League of France, and the Association anticlerical des Lanterniers. In 1905, the German Empire banned its distribution in Alsace-Lorraine. As early as May 1906 Les Corbeaux published "images of anti-clerical propaganda (...) to be spread everywhere". These 16 x 18 cm leaflets with anti-clerical drawings on fifteen different subjects, to be distributed "at conferences, public meetings, polling station doors, cafes", as well as posters to be pasted, Calendars, almanacs and amount of postcards (about 150).
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"Spirit of the Age" by Tom Paulin. 5 April 2003 The Guardian A critical mass of such people, including "dissident intellectuals, pedagogues with reforming ideas and Dissenters" and "the well-to-do edge of radical Protestantism" clustered around Newington Green. Not all of these free-thinkers were Unitarians, such as Quaker John Coakley Lettsome (physician, philanthropist, and abolitionist) or the Anglicans Vicesimus Knox (pacifist and writer) and George Gaskin (minister and long-time secretary of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge), but most had some connections to the chapel on the green.
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Against his arguments, Berkeley mounted a subtle defense of the validity and usefulness of these elements of the Christian faith. Alciphron was widely read and caused a bit of a stir. But it was an offhand comment mocking Berkeley's arguments by the 'free-thinking' royal astronomer Sir Edmund Halley that prompted Berkeley to pick up his pen again and try a new tack. The result was The Analyst, conceived as a satire attacking the foundations of mathematics with the same vigor and style as 'free-thinkers' routinely attacked religious truths.
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In "Pam's Replacement", he joins Andy, Darryl and Kevin's band with a surprising talent for the harmonica, but it gradually appears that when his musically talented friends come to play, the original trio are phased out. When Andy takes much of the staff to visit Gettysburg, Robert is elated to see those who stayed behind and calls them the "free thinkers". He then has a staff meeting where they will present all their best ideas. While he shoots down many of the ideas, Robert takes a shine to Kevin's cookie idea with the vending machine.
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In early 1890, Farr moved in with her sister, Henrietta, and brother-in-law, painter and stage designer Henry Marriott Paget, to Bedford Park, a bohemian London enclave of intellectuals, artists and writers. Bedford Park was known for its "free thinkers" and the "New Woman"(a term coined by Sarah Grand), where women participated in discussions on politics, art, literature and philosophy on an equal basis with men.Johnson (1974) An early feminist, Farr was known for advocating equality for women in politics, employment, wages, etc., amongst her intellectual circle of acquaintances.
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According to one biographer, Roy gained an appreciation from Bankim that true religion required one not to be cloistered from the world, but to work actively for the public good; Vivekananda reinforced this notion of social service and further advanced the idea that Hinduism and Indian culture was superior to anything the western world could offer.Ray, In Freedom's Quest, vol. 1, pp. 15–16. With his cousin and childhood friend Hari Kumar Chakravarti (1882–1963), he formed a band of free-thinkers including Satcowri Banerjee and the brothers, Saileshvar and Shyamsundar Bose.
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The protests were organised by Michael De Dora, the director of the CFI's Office of Policy and the organization's representative to the U.N., and coordinated by Avijit Roy, the founder of Mukto-Mona, an independent site for free thinkers and skeptics of Bengali origin. Maryam Namazie, an Iranian-born activist, independently called for 25 April to be an international day to defend Bangladesh's bloggers and activists. Many writers, activists, and prominent intellectuals around the world including Taslima Nasrin, Hemant Mehta, PZ Myers publicly expressed their solidarity and support.
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A barn on the Herff–Rozelle Farm in Boerne Boerne came into being as an offshoot of the Texas Hill Country Free Thinker Latin Settlements, resulting from the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. Those who came were Forty-Eighters, intellectual liberal abolitionists who enjoyed conversing in Latin and who believed in utopian ideals that guaranteed basic human rights to all. Freethinkers Association of Central Texas They reveled in passionate conversations about science, philosophy, literature, and music. TexFiles The Free Thinkers first settled Castell, Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC.
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Situated in the E corner of the cemetery this Greek Revival structure was for the use of all non-Anglican denominations and of non- believers. Only part of the cemetery was consecrated, and Dissenters could opt to be buried in the non-consecrated areas following a service here. The cemetery became favoured by nonconformists, free-thinkers, non Christians, and atheists, and thus this chapel became popular. The Dissenters' Chapel had become derelict and partly roofless, so in 1995 was leased to the Historic Chapels Trust who undertook £447,000 of restoration.
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Emigration from the German states of Schleswig and Holstein to Scott County began as early as 1836 and continued through the 1880s. It first peaked after the failure of First Schleswig War in the early 1850s to liberate these states from the domination of Denmark. with The German free-thinkers who wanted to protect their civil rights, and later those motivated by economic factors, made up a quarter of the county's population by the 1880s. Sheridan Township was initially dominated by Scotch-Irish emigres, but by 1860s the German's started to appear.
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Dowd and his wife Connie Barlow travel North America, teaching their "Gospel of Evolution." They present their case for "the marriage of religion and science" at events sponsored by a diverse group of denominations, including Christian, Unitarian Universalist, Unity Church, Free Thinkers, Religious Science, secular humanism and Religious Naturalists venues. Barlow is a writer/lecturer with four published works. Together they travel the continent by van as nomads, offering a view of evolutionary theology and relating their Great Story (Epic of Evolution) to both secular and religious audiences.
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God of commerce Mercury and goddess of wisdom Minerva were placed left and right of the central entrance in the 17th century to make it clear that this was the home of a wise merchant (Mercator Sapiens). Lodewijk and Laurens de Geer, from 1634 residents of the House with the Heads for 150 years, were besides affluent entrepreneurs also patrons of free thinkers and made the printing of their works possible. Their home library of approximately 6,000 books shows similarities with the books that are now once again in the museum library.
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The Superarchitettura theoretical framework, part of the Radical Design movement, after its beginning, got split up in two main philosophical entities and interpretations, the first incarnated by Archizoom Associati, the second by Superstudio. Archizoom and Superstudio held the Exhibition. Such event represented a milestone in the Italian Radical Design. According to the first group (to which belonged "free thinkers" -architects and designers- like Andrea Branzi, Gilberto Corretti, Paolo Deganello, Massimo Morozzi, Dario Bartolini and Lucia Bartolini), in order to get away from Tradition, men must overturn conventions and exalt everything kitsch as a statement of aesthetic and ideological challenge.
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215 was attended by thousands, with hundreds of Confederate veterans, including Colonel William Lyne Crawford and Texas governor Charles Allen Culberson. There were also Masons, Knights Templar, Free Thinkers and German Turners. The Galveston Daily noted that a black woman threw granite at a carriage on the way, but she was dismissed as "insane." The dedication of both the cornerstone and the monument itself took place during Katie Doswell Cabell's first of two terms (25 May 1896–17 Dec 1897 and 17 Oct 1921–19 Oct 1922) as president of the Texas Division of the UDC.
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According to college friend Gary Lucas, a guitarist who went on to collaborate with avant-garde acts like Captain Beefheart, at Yale in the early 1970s he fell in with "lunatic fringe types and free thinkers". Bill Moseley, another college friend who went on to a career in horror movies like Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, stated, "I think of him as an artist first and foremost". Upon graduation, he "tried his hand at documentary work for NBC News" before going to Stanford University to earn his MBA. He sits on both his alma maters' respective advisory boards.
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Retrieved 2006-07-13 by which Lodges could "adopt" sisters, wives and daughters of Freemasons, imparting to them the mysteries of several degrees.Mackey, A. C. Eastern Star, Order of the, Encyclopedia of Freemasonry and its Kindred Sciences . Retrieved 2006-07-13 In 1879, following differences among members of the Supreme Council of France, twelve lodges withdrew from it and founded the Grande Loge Symbolique Ecossaise (GLSE). One of these Lodges, Les Libres Penseurs (The Free Thinkers) in Le Pecq, reserved in its charter the right to initiate women as Freemasons, proclaiming the essential equality of man and woman.
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His parents were free-thinkers who encouraged their son to make his own decisions about religion, education, and career. Carr states in his autobiography that the local community "firmly believed in the value of book learning—in so far as its acquisition did not interfere with the serious pursuits of life." With a thirst for knowledge even in these early years, Carr supplemented the teachings provided in his high school and taught himself physics, algebra, and chemistry from textbooks. Though college education was not typical or expected in the community, Carr was driven to learn more.
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In Iowa city he published the journal Slovan amerikánský (American Slav), became involved with the free-thinker movement, and for the new Union of Free Thinkers he published the newssheet Hlas (Voice, 1872). He moved to Chicago with this journal, where he established another title – Svojan (Own Man). Although Klácel industriously translated, published and wrote a number of popular scientific handbooks, American reality did not meet with his imaginations and he fell into serious financial difficulties. Charitable events were organised in his support both in the USA and in the Czech lands, but these did not have a long-term effect.
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Rose also stated that he observed in the Spanish a "sense of spiritual drift, of having come unanchored from their religious moorings." He recorded an increase of not only atheists and free thinkers but also a rise in the religiously indifferent and a decline of attendance at Catholic religious services. One literary man told Rose that he no longer believed in "the ceremonies or the rites of my Church; I pray to God at home"Rose (1875), p. 235. but that he has not publicly "renounced that credo; it is more convenient not to have an open rupture".
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Tayler delivered a radical sermon "On Communion with Unbelievers" on March 30, 1828 that acquired some notoriety, The Manchester Chronicle (5 April) branded him an "apologist of infidelity" and the clerical establishment in the pages of The Congregational Magazine described him as the "arch-fiend", who in proposing to welcome Free-thinkers into his church had revealed "the hideous and malignant features of the apostate spirit".See The Congregational Magazine, For the Year 1829. New Series. Vol. V. Twelfth Volume From the Commencement. (London, 1829). The Unitarian William J. Fox had given a sermon in 1819 on The duties of Christians towards Deists.
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Louise Todd Lambert was born in 1905 in San Francisco, California, to Max Todd and Rosalie Dinslage, German immigrants and socialists. In her oral history, Lambert characterized her parents as free thinkers who encouraged lively discussion, debate, and exchange of ideas in the home. Her first experience with political persecution came in 1915, when her father, a San Francisco baker, was investigated for potential ties to the Preparedness Day Bombing. As a youth, Lambert was active in the women's suffrage movement, the Junior League of the Nature Friends, and the Young Workers League, a predecessor of the Young Communist League.
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Some local sleeper cells of international terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda and the so-called Islamic State have claimed responsibilities of the attacks on secular writers, free thinkers and human rights activists in Bangladesh. The law enforcement authorities of Bangladesh have been in active pursuit of the perpetrators with some success since their anti-terror drive has intensified following the Holy Artisan terror attacks in Gulshan. Dipan's death was widely covered in global and local media, had sparked outrage among general public and received strong condemnation from many organisations including the UN and the US Embassy in Dhaka.
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The AllMusic review by Ken Dryden states "Billy Hart's inspired drumming is the undercurrent of the date, pushing the younger musicians to play at the top of their respective games". JazzTimes' Thomas Conrad noted "Like a new-millennium Art Blakey, Hart leads a young sextet of hot emerging players, but the band here is edgier than the Jazz Messengers ever were. The careening, cacophonous repertoire comes from an earlier generation of free thinkers like Ornette Coleman and Sam Rivers. ...But the best thing about a recording led by Hart is the generous exposure to his volcanically eruptive, complex creative process".
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Richard Earl Moore was three years into a five-year sentence at Comstock Prison when he learned Malcolm X had been assassinated. Moore, who had a spotty disciplinary record at Comstock, felt the Nation of Islam was dogmatic and valued myrmidons rather than free thinkers, but he admired Malcolm X, who he felt "wasn't just a bow tie, a talking head. He was funny; he was witty; he was analytical." Moore had been reading Malcolm X's teachings and speeches and had considered joining with Malcolm X's army after being released from prison, and was stunned by Malcolm X's public execution.
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Bisi Alimi is a recipient of and nominee for several awards. He has also been included in the “Independent on Sunday” Pink List of most influential LGBT people in Britain in 2011, 2012, 2013, peaking at number 90 in 2012. He was listed third on the 100 most influential Non White Atheist and Free thinkers in Britain and Northern Ireland. On New Year’s Day, 2014, he was added to The Gay UK LGBT 2014 Honour List in recognition of his exemplary work for 'Education in the LGBT Community' and he has been nominated for the “Out In The City” magazine’s Diversity Champion of the Year Award.
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According to Moisiodax, this precluded Greek society from advancing socially or culturally, thus putting Greece at a disadvantage to many parts of Europe. Additionally, some Greeks at this time believed that ancient philosophers, such as Aristotle, created infallible philosophical theories which they felt compelled to follow instead of modern philosophical theories. This served as an obstacle to Moisiodax's argument for the incorporation of modern philosophical theories into Greek social and cultural life. In his attempt to change this notion, Moisiodax, as influenced by John Locke's theory on human perception, argued that people must employ reason to evaluate the theories of ancient philosophers to become free thinkers.
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For Wilhelm, someone like Chamberlain, the Englishman who came to Germany to praise the Fatherland as the world's greatest nation, and who had "scientifically" proven that "fact" in The Foundations, was a "dream come true" for him.Buruma (2000) pp. 219–20 Writing about the Chamberlain-Wilhelm relationship, Field stated: > Chamberlain helped place Wilhelm's tangled and vaguely formulated fears of > Pan Slavism, the black and yellow "hordes", Jews, Ultramontanes, Social > Democrats, and free-thinkers to a global and historical framework copiously > footnoted and sustained by a vast array of erudite information. He elevated > the Emperor's dream of a German mission into an elaborate vision of divinely > ordained, racial destiny.
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Gutman, Herbert G. "The Tompkins square 'Riot' in New York City on January 13, 1874: A re-examination of its causes and its aftermath". Labor History6:1 (1965) p. 65 At the same time, the New York City Police Department increased their surveillance and harassment of political organizations. They were able to intimidate landlords into evicting radical groups and canceling meetings on their premises.Gutman, Herbert G. "The Tompkins square 'Riot' in New York City on January 13, 1874: A re-examination of its causes and its aftermath". Labor History6:1 (1965) p. 60-62THE FREE THINKERS.; THE PROPOSED MASS-MEETING A FAILURE THE ACTION OF THE POLICE AT TOMPKINS SQUARE DENOUNCED.
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It concludes with A Prayer for the Worthy and against Sinners, chastising "atheists, blasphemers, free- thinkers, the vain-glorious, resolute Jews, anglican heretics, Simoniac freemasons and others." Earlier that year Satie had published two Brochures, Commune qui mundi nefas (24 January) and Intende votis supplicum (8 March). The suspension of his publications through the Metropolitan Church of Art and his following third abortive attempt at application to the Académie des Beaux- Arts in 1896, upon the vacancy left by Ambroise Thomas, marks the conclusion of what is sometimes considered Satie's "Mystic Period" and the commencement of his adoption of a less religiously affectatious eccentricity.
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Campanella described the work as representing his personal progression from rationalism to sincere Christian belief. However, both Protestants and Catholics found the arguments he presents for atheism disturbingly strong. In The 48 Laws of Power, Robert Greene categorizes it as "a book attacking free- thinkers, Machiavellians, Calvinists, and heretics of all stripes" in which Campanella made the statements of heretical beliefs relatively "[b]rief and eloquent" and those for Catholicism "stale clichés and convoluted rationales", so that the work in effect promoted heresy while on the surface arguing for conformism, and became "a bible for atheists, Machiavellians and libertines".Robert Greene, The 48 Laws of Power, New York: Penguin, 1998, , pp.
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A third volume of his Dissenting Churches appeared in 1810; a fourth in 1814, with a preface (1 May 1814) showing his personal interest in the older types of nonconformity. According to Alexander Gordon in the Dictionary of National Biography, the later volumes of his work exhibit a softer attitude towards the free-thinkers of dissent, and his facts are given fairly. By 1818 he was ready to publish a fifth and completing volume, if five hundred subscribers could be obtained; but it never appeared. In 1822 he announced a life of Daniel Defoe, of whose publications he had made a much larger collection than had previously been brought together.
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Madison's performances were based on an acting style she developed during her time as a vaudeville performer, relying on large gestures and melodramatic facial expressions. She did not avoid physical exertion in pursuit of convincing portrayal, as demonstrated in The Trey of Hearts (1914) in which her character endured a number of physical challenges such as being in a car crash, being shot at, and escaping a forest fire. Her characters often defied stereotypical roles of women in film and encompassed heroines, free-thinkers, villains, temptresses, and adventurers. Madison's acting style employed her total commitment and passion to each role, and her performances were often acclaimed as such.
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Gates was the third non-biped member (after Quislet and Tellus) in the history of the Legion (the first after the 1994 Reboot). He was also unique amongst Legionnaires in being their only unwilling member, having been drafted by his planetary government to represent them in the Legion (which he perceived as being militaristic and inherently fascist). Apparently Gates is one of the very few free-thinkers on his homeworld; the rest are unindividualistic conformists. Gates has played key roles in many missions; his tactics enabled Star Boy to defeat Validus of the Fatal Five and he was able to resist the Emerald Eye's possession.
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"Like an indulgent lifestyle of alcoholic excesses, the use of this drug became the hallmark of the free thinkers of the age" (Englehardt 2008:473). Livia Kohn describes Ruan Ji's artistic expression, > His friends and fellow poets induced ecstatic experiences through music, > wine, and drugs, especially the notorious Cold Food Powder which created > psychedelic states and made the body feel very hot, causing people to take > off their clothes and jump into pools. When back in their ordinary selves, > they wrote poetry of freedom and escape, applying the Zhuangzi concept of > free and easy wandering in the sense of getting away from it all and > continuing the text's tradition in their desperate search for a better world > within.
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Allardyce, p22-23) Oliver Cromwell's family had links there: his great-granddaughter Mary was born at the Green on 11 April 1691. A critical mass of "dissident intellectuals, pedagogues with reforming ideas and Dissenters" and "the well- to-do edge of radical Protestantism" clustered around Newington Green, and other villages nearby such as Stoke Newington and Hackney."Spaces of Dissent and the Public Sphere" by Ana M. Acosta inEighteenth-Century Life 2003 27(1):1-27; Not all of these free-thinkers were Unitarians: other notables include the Quaker physician John Coakley Lettsome and the Anglican pacifist Vicesimus Knox. One such academy was set up on north of the Green, run by Charles Morton.
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When Bradlaugh was ultimately admitted in 1886, he took up the issue and saw the Oaths Act 1888 passed, which confirmed the right to optionally affirm declarations for inaugurations to office and offering testimony to government bodies. In 1881, The Freethinker began circulation as Britain's longest-running humanist periodical. In 1896, the Union of Ethical Societies was formed in the United Kingdom by American Stanton Coit as a union of pre-existing British Ethical movement societies; this group would later become known as the Ethical Union and the British Humanist Association. In 1899, the Rational Press Association was formed by a group of free-thinkers including Charles Albert Watts and George Holyoake.
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The poet and journalist Elizabeth Riddell, in an interview given during her 80s, spoke affectionately about her time on the editorial staff of Woman in the 1940s; she said that she and Haire were 'honest with each other and got along well'. Editor, columnist and ex-parliamentarian Peter Coleman called Haire 'one of Australia's most famous free thinkers and sex reformers' and said the column in Woman was 'probably the most free-thinking series of articles ever written for a mass circulation magazine'.Peter Coleman, Obscenity, Blasphemy, Sedition: Censorship in Australia. Brisbane: Jacaranda Press, 1962, P. 82. Haire was the key speaker in an ABC radio debate 'Population Unlimited?' in 1944 but was hounded by the security service which suspected him of being 'a secret communist'.
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This was particularly true in San Francisco, due in part to the first major underground LSD factory, established there by Owsley Stanley. There was also an emerging music scene of folk clubs, coffee houses and independent radio stations catering to a population of students at nearby Berkeley, and to free thinkers that had gravitated to the city.R. Unterberger, Eight Miles High: Folk-Rock's Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock (London: Backbeat Books, 2003), , pp. 11–13. From 1964, the Merry Pranksters, a loose group that developed around novelist Ken Kesey, sponsored the Acid Tests, a series of events based around the taking of LSD (supplied by Stanley), accompanied by light shows, film projection and discordant, improvised music known as the psychedelic symphony.
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Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Numan al-Ahval known as Mo'mean al-tagh () was a prominent theologian among Kufa theologians who unify the pontificate to other theological issues. He was the follower of Muḥammad al-Bāqir (the fifth Shiite imam) and then, the ardent supporters of Ja'far ibn Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq (the sixth Shia Imam) and Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Shiite Imam) finally reunited. He has numerous different debates with religious groups such as the Kharijites, Mu'tazilah, Hanafi and free thinkers (Zindiqs) at the time, and was a prolific writer. Some of his works include: "Imamate Book", "Book of Reply to the Mu'tazilah in front of him take priority" and several other treatises, probably the nature of the dispute and has been controversial.
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The Café A Brasileira (The Brazilian Lady Cafe) is a café at 120 Rua Garrett (at one end of the Largo do Chiado in the district of the same name), in civil parish of Sacramento, near the Baixa-Chiado metro stop and close to the University.Noël Riley Fitch, Andrew Midgley (2006), p.114 One of the oldest and most famous cafés in the old quarter of Lisbon, that ensures constant activity, the shop was open by Adrian Telles to import and sell Brazilian coffee in the 19th century, then a rarity in the households of Lisbon. Over time the space has been the meeting point for intellectuals, artists, writers and free-thinkers, weathering financial difficulties and becoming a tourist attraction, as much as another coffee-shop.
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The official beginning of what would become Sloppy Joe's Bar, the famous and infamous Key West saloon, was December 5, 1933--the day Prohibition was repealed. The bar was destined to go through two name changes and a sudden change of location before it would become Sloppy Joe's seen by millions of visitors to Florida's southernmost outpost. In Key West, being a bastion of free thinkers even in the thirties, Prohibition was looked on as an amusing exercise dreamed up by the government, and Joe Russell was just one of the enterprising individuals who operated an illegal Speak Easy on Front Street. Even Ernest Hemingway, who made Key West his home at the time, slipped over to Russell's on occasion to buy illicit bottles of Scotch and the two struck up an enduring friendship.
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Freethinkers Association believes that Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and Finnish Orthodox Church, will be changed into ordinary associations that do not have to levy taxes. Vapaa-ajattelijain liitto ja Suomen ateistiyhdistys vaativat lainsäädännössä muun muassa # State Church system, dismantling, so that in any social activities is not required or engage in any kind of religious activity # Cessation of social support for the religious denominations # Cessation of religious education from day care centers, schools and the theological faculties the abolition of state universities # I believe peace - and blasphemy aside # General funeral action the transfer of the State and municipalities. Removing # faiths tax law and marriage marriage ceremonies. Free-thinkers, the main reason for the Finns belong to the church is the church of cemeteries maintenance, although in many European countries municipalities take care of the funeral action.
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2006 and were known collectively as les bébés rockers ("baby rockers"), were initially derided in some sections of the press because of their bobo backgrounds: as Kate Spicer observed in the Sunday Times, "it's as if a bunch of privileged Islington kids had picked up their guitars and proclaimed themselves the new Sex Pistols".Sunday Times Style, 25 March 2007. Islington is an upper-middle class area of London; the Sex Pistols were a leading punk band of the late 1970s. By 2010 bobos – "free-thinkers at the weekend, but bankers Monday to Friday" – were said to be squeezing out young, genuinely creative Parisians from their traditional neighborhoods,Brian Scofield, Sunday Times Travel, 18 July 2010 with Porte de Bagnolet, in the 20th arrondissement, cited as an alternative base for "the next generation of diverse Parisian voices".
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DHARMA-Houses The Dharma Initiative and its origins are first explored in the episode "Orientation" by an orientation film in the Swan Station. Dr. Pierre Chang (Francois Chau), under the alias of Dr. Marvin Candle, explains that the project began in 1970, created by two doctoral candidates from the University of Michigan, Gerald and Karen DeGroot (Michael Gilday and Courtney Lavigne), and was funded by Alvar Hanso (Ian Patrick Williams) of the Hanso Foundation. They imagined a "large-scale communal research compound", where scientists and free thinkers from around the globe could research meteorology, psychology, parapsychology, zoology, electromagnetism, and a sixth discipline that the film begins to identify as "utopian social-" before being cut off. The episodes "LaFleur" and "He's Our You" indicate that mathematician Horace Goodspeed was in charge of Dharma Initiative operations on the Island, at least from the very early 1970s through the time of "the Incident".
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Before 2003 Stott published academic books including books on Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning (with Simon Avery) and other aspects of Victorian culture. Since 2003 she has published books of creative non-fiction which explore the boundaries between literature, intellectual history and the history of science. Darwin and the Barnacle (Faber, 2003) tells the story of Darwin's obsession with breaking the riddle of a single aberrant barnacle species he had found in a conch shell on a beach in Southern Chile and which led him to complete an enormous work of barnacle taxonomy while his revolutionary work on natural selection lay locked away in a drawer. In 2012 she published a book about the history of evolution before Darwin which documents a 2,200 year history, a tale of heretics and free thinkers who were prepared to risk public censure or even imprisonment by asking questions that challenged religious orthodoxies.
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Frankfurth was born in Gudensberg, Hesse, Germany. He joined the Freie Gemeinde or "Free Thinkers" movement that arose in Germany and after the failed revolution of 1848, he immigrated to the United States in 1850, settling in Milwaukee. His first job was with the John Pritzlaff Hardware Company.Frankfurth, William 1829 - 1891, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, United States. In 1861, he founded his own hardware firm, the Frankfurth Hardware CompanyThe Milwaukee Sentinel: 'Hardware Firm 80 Years Old - Frankfurth's One of City's Pioneer Concerns May 25, 1941 which also manufactured tin items (such as tubs, pails, and kettles).The Milwaukee Sentinel: "Frankfurth Thriving at 104" April 22, 1965 In 1875, the company expanded into the wholesale business and by 1885, exited the retail side of the business, becoming one of the largest hardware wholesalers in the Midwest distributing to over 1,200 retail stores in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois.
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Gordon Bajnai announced his return to politics on 23 October 2012, during the anti-government demonstration of the One Million for Press Freedom (Milla).Bajnai said to announce return to politics on October 23 On the protest, he called for an anti-Orbán coalition so as to form a supermajority in Parliament with the help of which the changes done by Orbán's ruling party, Fidesz could be undone. Ex-prime minister Gordon Bajnai, who announced the establishment of the Together alliance on 23 October 2012 In his speech, Bajnai repeatedly used a variant of the term ("We may fail on our own, but together, we shall prove victorious!"),Gordon Bajnai's speech as published on the home page of his organization when he proclaimed his support for such a "cooperation between hopeful left-wingers, disappointed rightwingers, politically abandoned free-thinkers and committed Greens" that his organization along with two other civilian body named Together 2014 as a reference to the date of the next general elections in Hungary.
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While the traditional history of the order claims descent from European mystics in the 12th-13th century there is no way to confirm the Society’s continued existence from before the late 1800s, however the historic narrative appears to refer to real groups and events from the obscure history of European free-thinkers, and tracks a thread of spiritual influence through the ages. France: In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the Amalrician (followers of Amalric of Bena and David of Dinant) preached an independent, pantheistic, and mystical Christianity. They proclaimed that God is All (omnia sunt deus), and declared "all people will eventually reach salvation". Those not killed as heretics in 1209 later merged with the Beguines and Beghards, independent lay monastic communities who adopted the habit and Rule of the Franciscan Third Order. The sect spread through France, Italy, and Germany by travelling weavers (until 1474, entry to the Beghards was limited to members of the weavers' guild).
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He was one of the early German Free Thinkers in Sisterdale, Texas. Texas State Historical Association In 1853, he was elected Texas State Historical Association the President of the Freethinker abolitionist organization Die Freie Verein (The Free Society), which called for a meeting of abolitionist German Texans Texas State Historical Association in conjunction with 14 May 1854 Staats-Saengerfest (State Singing Festival) in San Antonio, Texas. The convention adopted a political, social and religious platform, The Texas State Historical Association including: > 1) Equal pay for equal work; 2) Direct election of the President of the > United States; 3) Abolition of capital punishment; 4) Slavery is an evil, > the abolition of which is a requirement of democratic principles...; 5) Free > schools – including universities - supported by the state, without religious > influence; and 6) Total separation of church and state. After the Civil War he left the USA for a visit to Germany, but fell ill during the voyage.
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By his ambiguous point of view and use of allegory, Hawthorne seems to be trying to focus the readers' attention on the fact that certain aspects of the American past were already shrouded and obscured by myth. It is not too difficult to see the Merry Mounters as the precursors of hippies (Beats, or, perhaps, more accurately free thinkers) or the Puritans as the archetype of the establishment. Hawthorne goes against the tradition of casting America as a promised land where people came to act out their daydreams or to possess it by portraying both the Puritans and the Merry Mounters as a persecuted minority who sought refuge in the new land. Being a descendant of the earliest arrivals who were seeking freedom over 200 years before, Hawthorne must have known well the stories that typically lie behind official tales, such as those that we find from William Bradford, John Endicott, John Winthrop, and others.
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The Vortex Garden, along with the “Haus Hubertus” built in 1921 by the architect Jan Hubert Pinand for the Diefenbach family, is the basis of a new form of “sacred topography”, a tribute to the life reform movement, which considered itself an alternative to both communism and capitalism. The charismatic effect of the German and Swiss artists’ colonies of Mathildenhoehe, Worpswede, Amden and Monte Verità nurtured creativity in bohemians and free thinkers and was conducive to the emergence of other utopian projects and a new context of alternative thinking in Europe. Behind this was the dream of all those who suffered from the loss of paradise and longed to find a new one: Anarchists, Nudists, Feminists, Dadaists, Pacifists, Freemasons, Theosophists and Self-seekers. What appealed to these people more and more was the spirit of utopia and a new definition of self through the creation of their own mythology far removed from time-honoured life processes and habits.
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In the following years, the government called on his services from time to time. In 1897, Ernest Constans sent him on an inspection tour of Christian schools in Palestine. After a short period at the Ministère des Colonies in 1906, beside Georges Leygues (also from south west France), he was charged by Jean Cruppi, then minister of Foreign Affairs, to work in 1911 for the restoration of diplomatic relations between France and Venezuela. In 1894, he married Adrienne Willems, nièce of the painter Florent Willems and frequented, alongside many free-thinkers and free-masons, the Luscrambo, an association which grouped the Toulousains of Paris, founded by the singer and future director of the Opéra Pedro Gailhard. His novel Gaucher Myrian, written in collaboration with the Bordeaux intellectual and musicologist Anatole Loquin was published in 1893, and attests to his interest in catharism. In 1906, he became a member of the Eglise gnostique catholique, alongside Léonce- Eugène Fabre des Essarts and Gabriel Fauré.
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In 1931 Don Carlos Idaho Gesell purchased of sand dunes, and over the years he planted many thousands of trees and built a home for his family. Between the 1940s and the 1970s the population of Villa Gesell swelled as hippies and free thinkers fleeing the crowded metropolis of Buenos Aires made their way to the picturesque coastal village. In the early years of Villa Gesell, Don Carlos Gesell introduced the "Plan galopante" (galloping plan) which meant if one would purchase a property inside Villa Gesell, and have built a home within a specified period of time, a percentage of the purchase price would be returned, or cut off from the remainder of payments, in time bringing about thousands of people from around the world, especially Germany and Italy and other European nations, seeking a quiet and peaceful place to live. In or around 1970 Villa Gesell gained its status as a city, and as the settlement of Villa Gesell grew in popularity, commercial interests took over, ruining Calos Gesell's idea of a tranquil village surrounded by nature.
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Gordon Bajnai, who served as Prime Minister between 2009 and 2010, preceding Orbán, announced his return to politics on 23 October 2012, during the anti-government demonstration of the One Million for Press Freedom (Milla) non-governmental organization. On the protest, he called for an anti-Orbán coalition so as to form a supermajority in Parliament with the help of which the changes done by Orbán's ruling party, Fidesz could be undone. In his speech, Bajnai repeatedly used a variant of the term ("We may fail on our own, but together, we shall prove victorious!"),Gordon Bajnai's speech as published on the home page of his organization when he proclaimed his support for such a "cooperation between hopeful left-wingers, disappointed rightwingers, politically abandoned free-thinkers and committed Greens" that his organization along with two other civilian body named Together 2014 as a reference to the date of the next general elections in Hungary.BBC News - Mass rallies mark 1956 Hungary uprising In December 2012, Bajnai announced that he intends to become a Member of Parliament in the 2014 national election.
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The postwar decade was a time of social and political unrest underpinned by austerity and acute economic hardship. Luise Dornemann became increasingly radicalized, and in 1928 became a member of the Communist Party ("Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands" / KPD). Two years later, in 1930, she started to work at the national head office of the "National Association of proletarian free thinkers" (" Zentral-Verband der Proletarischen Freidenker Deutschlands"), an organisation for which her husband served in a leadership capacity as "secretary". In 1932 she was a co- founder, in Düsseldorf, of the "United Association for Proletarian Sexual Reform and Mothers' Protection" ("Einheitsverbandes für proletarische Sexualreform und Mutterschutz"). After several years of intensifying political polarisation, everything changed at the start of 1933 when the Nazis took power and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. Luise's husband, Hans Dornemann, was murdered in Düsseldorf by Nazi paramilitaries in March 1933. The Nazi government quickly put an end to the sexual reform movement which she had championed, with abortion laws becoming more restrictive than before.
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Zandik (Middle Persian: 𐭦𐭭𐭣𐭩𐭪) is a Zoroastrian term conventionally interpreted as heretic in a narrow sense, or, in a wider sense, for a person with any belief or practice that ran contrary to Sassanid-mediated Zoroastrian orthodoxy. The Middle Persian term engendered the better-attested Arabic زنديق zindiq, with the same semantic field but related to Islam rather than Zoroastrianism. In the Islamic world, including Islamic-era Iran, the term was also variously assigned to Manichaeans, Mandaeans, Mazdakites, Zoroastrians, Buddhists, Christians, and free-thinkers in general, including Muslims.. Whether zandik was also used in any of these ways in Zoroastrian times is unknown; in that context, the term is only attested in three texts (two from the same author), and in all three appears as a hapax legomenon used in a pejorative way, but with no additional hints from which to infer a meaning. In several now-obsolete studies related to Zoroastrianism, the word was also speculated to be the proper name of a particular (but hypothetical) priestly tradition that embraced Zurvanite doctrine.
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The literary tradition of Birmingham originally grew out of the culture of religious puritanism that developed in the town in the 16th and 17th centuries. Birmingham's location away from established centres of power, its dynamic merchant-based economy and its weak aristocracy gave it a reputation as a place where loyalty to the established power structures of church and feudal state were weak, and saw it emerge as a haven for free-thinkers and radicals, encouraging the birth of a vibrant culture of writing, printing and publishing. The 18th century saw the town's radicalism widen to encompass other literary areas, and while Birmingham's tradition of vigorous literary debate on theological issues was to survive into the Victorian era, the writers of the Midlands Enlightenment brought new thinking to areas as diverse as poetry, philosophy, history, fiction and children's literature. By the Victorian era Birmingham was one of the largest towns in England and at the forefront of the emergence of modern industrial society, a fact reflected in its role as both a subject and a source for the newly dominant literary form of the novel.
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Belgium has been comparatively slow in the absorption of Buddhism compared with other countries in Europe because there were no Buddhist countries amongst the territories colonized by Belgium. Alexandra David-Néel introduced the Maha Bodhi Society to the Congress of Free Thinkers in Brussels as early as 1910.Jacques Brosse (1991) Alexandra David-Neel (Albin Michel) There was reportedly a group of those interested in Buddhism who met in Brussels in the period between the Wars.A. Peel Shitoku Vroege geschiedenis van het Boeddhisme in België (A Brief History of Buddhism in Belgium) EKO no.s 74 (September 1997), 75 (December 1997) & 76 (March 1998) Buddhism had already come to the attention of Belgians academically through the works and translations of the two famous Indologists Louis de La Vallée Poussin at the Ghent University and his disciple Étienne Lamotte at the Catholic University of Louvain, founders of what is internationally known as the Belgian School of Buddhist studies, still now active in Ghent (with the Ghent Centre for Buddhist Studies of the UGent) and Louvain-la-Neuve (at the Institut orientaliste de l'Université catholique de Louvain).
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The interior of the Library of BirminghamThe literary tradition of Birmingham originally grew out of the culture of religious puritanism that developed in the town in the 16th and 17th centuries. Birmingham's location away from established centres of power, its dynamic merchant-based economy and its weak aristocracy gave it a reputation as a place where loyalty to the established power structures of church and feudal state were weak, and saw it emerge as a haven for free-thinkers and radicals, encouraging the birth of a vibrant culture of writing, printing and publishing. The 18th century saw the town's radicalism widen to encompass other literary areas, and while Birmingham's tradition of vigorous literary debate on theological issues was to survive into the Victorian era, the writers of the Midlands Enlightenment brought new thinking to areas as diverse as poetry, philosophy, history, fiction and children's literature. By the Victorian era Birmingham was one of the largest towns in England and at the forefront of the emergence of modern industrial society, a fact reflected in its role as both a subject and a source for the newly dominant literary form of the novel.
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Viktor Petrovich Klyushnikov (, born 22 March 1841, village Leksianovka, Gzhatsk region, Smolensk Governorate, Imperial Russia, - 19 November 1892, Saint Petersburg, Imperial Russia) was a Russian writer, editor and journalist, whose debut novel, Marevo (Марево, Haze, Russky Vestnik, 1864), was considered by contemporary Russian critics to be one of the four 'great anti-nihilist' novels of the time, alongside Troubled Seas by Alexey Pisemsky, No Way Out by Nikolai Leskov and Demons by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Both Ivan Turgenev and Alexey K. Tolstoy reacted positively, hailing the arrival of the original, even if erratic literary talent, "who [was playing] with his gift in acrobatic fashion," according to Tolstoy. None of Klyushnikov's later works, among them Bolshiye korabli (Большие корабли, Big Ships, 1866), Tsygane (Цыгане, Gypsies, 1869), Drugaya zhizn (Другая жизнь, Another Life, 1865), Pri Petre (При Петре, In the Times of Peter the Great, 1872, co-authored by Vasily Kelsiyev), Semya volnodumtsev (Семья вольнодумцев, Free-Thinkers' Family, 1872, co-authored by Pyotr Petrov), Gosudar-otrok (Государь-отрок, The Young Tsar, 1880), have come even close to repeating the success of his debut. According to the modern literary historian O. Mayorova, Klyushnikov was continuously dogged by financial troubles which might have accounted for the fact that most of his novels and novelets, bear the mark of utter haste, boasting stilted characters and improbable twists of plots.
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