A successful American economy relies on open and free competition.
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I think it's a free market, there should be free competition.
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Capitalism to him meant not free competition but connections, special access and, above all, deals.
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In most markets, in fact, economists advocate striking a balance between free competition and regulation.
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As deputy HHS secretary, Azar pushed for more free competition in the pharmaceutical and medical device markets.
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The SMART Infrastructure Act is capitalism at work – drawing inspiration from our nation's emphasis on free competition.
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Free competition inevitably leads to winners and losers: successful companies can use economies of scale to destroy smaller companies.
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" Heineken said in a statement that it repudiates "any practice that could violate the rules governing the right to free competition.
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On the latest episode of Recode Decode, Khanna calls Pai a mouthpiece for the telecom industry and an opponent of free competition.
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There is no example in history of a government monopoly that has provided consumers with the cost-saving benefits of free competition.
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"We would very much like to see free competition over Siberia, and have lobbied for this on several occasions", an SAS spokesman said.
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In the media, free competition means that if one newspaper avoids publishing a scandal, its competitor is likely to jump at the scoop.
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But free competition between different modes of transport is good for travellers as it spurs efficiency and helps keep a lid on fare levels.
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Ultimately, if there's any lesson to be learned here, its that free competition ultimately leads to better service for customers, which is never a bad thing.
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If the deal were carried out as originally planned by the firms, free competition would be placed at risk in certain herbicide and fungicide markets, COFECE said.
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The council said free competition should be encouraged in the sector and it would be in the national interest if competing refineries were bought by competing firms.
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The deal depends on a number of requirements to ensure adherence to Islamic Sharia, transparency and protection of free competition, the central bank said in a statement.
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Different ways, but when you do that to create national champions, to distort competition in that race that should occur, hopefully, in free competition, that was the issue.
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S. If the deal were carried out as originally planned by the firms, free competition would be placed at risk in certain herbicide and fungicide markets, COFECE said.
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U.S. athletes have already been feeling the benefits of Russia-free competition in the build up to Rio, raking in 23 medals at the World Indoor Championships in March.
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"We have strong laws on free competition...The FNE must deliberate and give its opinion with respect to (this deal) and we will abide by their decision," Valente said.
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Vestager, a former Danish economy minister who took over as the EU's powerful antitrust commissioner in late 2014, insists she is simply applying the law and promoting free competition.
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"Frankly, this whole process is a mess and we have real concern that it's preventing free competition in the private sector," said one TV executive, speaking on condition of anonymity.
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This decision ruled American film studios are not allowed to have their own theatres, activating the American film industry; enabling small film companies get further development and achieving free competition.
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"The company operates in total conformity with applicable legislation and always acts toward the consumer in a competitive way and in favor of free competition," it said in a statement.
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In a polarised, short-termist political environment, modern commanders stand out for their impatience with ideology, for taking the long view and for their devotion to the free competition of ideas.
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If the United States is truly committed to drug-free competition, it should sign on to this zero-tolerance policy on its own and implore WADA and IOC to adopt it worldwide.
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LME storage is itself a market with prices in theory set by free competition between multiple players, although the end result has ironically been highly uncompetitive prices relative to off-exchange warehouses.
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Nubank accuses Brazil's largest banks, Itaú Unibanco Holding SA, Banco Bradesco SA, Banco do Brasil, Banco Santander Brasil and Caixa Econômica Federal of trying to block free competition in the credit card business.
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Why it matters: A few of the automated grocery stores are already open in the U.S., but a major push like this could give traditional grocery and convenience stores serious checkout line-free competition.
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It also said that it would amount to cross subsidies to alternative power producers with evident implications for free competition, an issue which EU Competition authorities should assess regarding compatibility with the European law.
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"What I sought is that in the economy, we must have free competition," Mr. Rouhani told a group of news media executives during his visit to the United Nations General Assembly in New York in September.
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In this kind of system, where works of art rise or fall not in free competition but by corrupt criteria, any creator of art that has any genuine vitality must act dumb and agree to tacit understandings.
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But abandoning free competition, giving the "deep state" the exclusive power to decide what health care services should be provided to whom and at what cost, does not have very much going for it as an alternative solution.
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Moderate Republicans can argue that while government should be active in boosting human capital, and in helping rural America, most of what's needed is more dynamic capitalism — more trade, more immigration, more free competition, fewer regulatory burdens, more growth.
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Liberalism is the philosophy of free movement of citizens within the nation-state (particularly from the land, where they were bound by traditional social relations, to the city, where they could find their own level) and free competition in talent.
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" Canadian law professor Richard McLaren, author of last year's WADA report, said in a statement: "I congratulate the IOC for its decision... The sports community is demonstrating its commitment to ensuring athletes benefit from an even playing field and drug-free competition.
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" Canadian law professor Richard McLaren, author of last year's WADA report, said in a statement: "I congratulate the IOC for its decision... The sports community is demonstrating its commitment to ensuring athletes benefit from an even playing field and drug-free competition.
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In its halls, packed on a mid-week afternoon with school groups, workplace delegations and squads of soldiers in uniform, "reform" is treated as a synonym for progress and modernity, rather than as an economic programme of tearing down barriers to free competition and trade.
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He thought that free competition would best benefit the economy—but to achieve this, far from excluding government, he favoured an activist state that would break monopolies and establish the institutional conditions necessary for competition and free trade to flourish and value creation to thrive.
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"It is not up to Google to now charge its competitors for its faulty behavior and the amount of the fine, through an auction system that will benefit neither European consumers nor free competition, which should not be distorted by such process," Qwant added in an emailed press statement.
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The job of a business is "to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition, without deception or fraud," Friedman wrote in 1962.
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The explanation is quite murky here and there is a lot of free competition in the space that does not attach itself to an advertising model for vendors but from what we got from a spokesperson, vendors are charged when people click on a vendor site while searching for articles.
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I mean we're in favor of pluralism, of free competition and at the end of the day it's the market that will decide how many TV channels can survive in Greece and not the government or you know the minister who in charge of this process who happens to be Mr.Tsipras's best friend.
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It's also why Netflix is pouring billions into creating more of its own original content series for TV: The new hit "Tidying Up with Marie Kondo" Hyper-localized content series like "Sacred Games" in India Movies like the viral sensation "Bird Box" Yes, but: Netflix may have an even bigger headache to deal with: free competition.
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MEXICO CITY (Reuters) - Mexico's antitrust commission COFECE said on Tuesday it would condition its approval of ChemChina's planned $43 billion takeover bid of Swiss pesticides and seeds group Syngenta AG. If the deal were carried out as originally planned by the firms, free competition would be placed at risk in certain herbicide and fungicide markets, COFECE said.
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"The rise of shareholder primacy and the recent backlashIn 1962, the economist Milton Friedman wrote "there is one and only one social responsibility of business — to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition, without deception or fraud.
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Patents should be encouraging and rewarding inventors, not an artificial impediment of free competition. In industries where this is impossible, patents should be abolished.
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The Men's 20 kilometre free competition of the 2018 Winter Paralympics was held at Alpensia Biathlon Centre, South Korea. The competition took place on 11 & 12 March 2018.
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The Women's 15 kilometre free competition of the 2018 Winter Paralympics was held at Alpensia Biathlon Centre, South Korea. The competition took place on 11 & 12 March 2018.
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Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union prohibits cartels and other agreements that could disrupt free competition in the European Economic Area's internal market.
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The Men's 20 km Free competition of the Vancouver 2010 Paralympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler, British Columbia. The competition took place on Sunday, March 14, and Monday, March 15.
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The Women's 15 km Free competition of the Vancouver 2010 Paralympics is held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler, British Columbia. The competition took place on Sunday, March 14 and Monday, March 15.
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Article 87 EC, similar to Article 81 EC, lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition, but then grants exceptions for things like charities, natural disasters or regional development.
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The men's floor (or "free") competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics was held at the Waldbühne on 10 and 11 August. It was the second appearance of the event, introduced in 1932.Official Olympic Report, la84.org. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
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And cf. Knut Wicksell’s ‘provisional conclusion that free competition is normally a sufficient condition to ensure maximization of production’, ‘Lectures on Political Economy’ I (1906), Eng. tr. (1934), p. 141. If so, he was relying on a fairly strong premise.
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Until around 1992, airlines had monopoly per route, but prices were regulated with a fixed maximum price per seat kilometer. Managers in the public and private sector were freely allowed to choose air for work travel. After 1992 free competition was introduced, and the price regulation was removed.
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Arlès-Dufour was sympathetic to the workers, having been one himself, and looked for ways to make their life easier. He soon decided that free competition was the answer. He became a convert to Saint-Simonianism in 1829 and remained faithful to these ideals for the rest of his life.
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Pieter de la Court (1618 - May 28, 1685) was a Dutch economist and businessman, he is the origin of the successful De la Court family. He pioneered modern thinking about the economic importance of free competition and was an uncompromising advocate of the republican form of government. Pieter de la Court.
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Howard M. Sachar, The Assassination of Europe, 1918-1942: A Political History, Toronto: Canada, University of Toronto Press, 2015, p. 48 Free competition was encouraged and De Stefani initially also reduced taxes, regulations and trade restrictions on the whole.Sheldon Richman, "Fascism". De Stefani reduced government expenditure and balanced the budget.
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It contained a critical analysis of the economic success of the Dutch Republic and demonstrated how this success had been brought about by the combined effects of free competition and free (i.e. republican) government. It became a bestseller overnight. In Holland the Interest van Holland gained notoriety and infamy as a republican manifesto.
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Society may thus be regarded as consisting of a series of noncompeting industrial groups, with free competition among the members of any one group or class. Now the only condition under which cost of production will regulate value is perfect competition. It follows that the normal value of commodities-the value which gives to the producers the average and usual remuneration will depend upon cost of production only when the exchange is confined to the members of one class, among whom there is free competition. In exchange between classes or non-competing industrial groups, the normal value is simply a case of international value, and depends upon reciprocal demand, that is to say, is such as will satisfy the equation of demand.
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Article 107 lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidize private parties in distortion of free competition and provides exemptions for charities, regional development objectives and in the event of a natural disaster. Leading ECJ cases on competition law include Consten & Grundig v Commission and United Brands v Commission.
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As well, some resources such as water were meant to be left out of the agreement. The Canadians did not succeed in winning free competition for American government procurement contracts. Canadian negotiators also insisted on the inclusion of a dispute resolution mechanism."After 25 years, free-trade deal with U.S. has helped Canada grow up".
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Through the regulations, the airlines had agreed to fly to unprofitable airports, in exchange for making higher profits on other routes. With free competition, this would not be followed, and the authorities announced the introduction of public service obligations on routes that were not profitable. To finance these, a NOK 10 fee would be charged on all primary routes.
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The competition law applies "to all production, distribution and services, including those that are made public persons, particularly in the context of public service delegation agreements", according to Article L. 410-1 of the commercial code. Article L. 461-1 of the Code provides that the Competition Authority "ensures free competition." As such, the Competition Authority has several skills.
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Martin, James J. Men against the State. p. 208. Excluding these, they tended to support free trade, free competition and varying levels of private property such as mutualism based on occupation and use property norms.Anti- capitalist market anarchists support private possession along Warren's, Proudhon's, or similar lines. In contrast, anarcho-capitalists support private property along Lockean or similar lines.
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346 of the Lisbon Treaty: Art. 346, while granting member states the right to classify national information on the subject, i.e., to apply the State secret to arms production and trade of member states, explicitly prohibits the use of civilian (indirect) offset as form of distortion of free competition in the common market of the European Union.
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"Peru - Telecom Market Trends, Key Statistics and Regulatory Overview", Budde.com, 21 May 2014. All telecommunication services have been liberalized and are rendered under a free competition regime according to the Telecommunications Law. Under Peru's single concession regime all telecom services, including fixed-line, mobile, pay TV, and Internet, are provided under unified concessions that cover the entire country.
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Once their use is gone Europeans should, "allow free competition, which in my (Fischer's) opinion means their demise." . The Dualas, a Bantu group in Cameroon readily welcomed German policies The number of German- speaking Africans increased in four West African German colonies prior to 1914. The Duala leadership in 1884 placed the tribe under German rule.
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Writers, to varying degrees, criticized Thomas Hobbes' notions of a selfish humanity that requires a sovereign to rule over it.Roche, pp. 191–92 In terms of economics, the Encyclopédie expressed favor for laissez-faire ideals or principles of economic liberalism. Articles concerning economics or markets, such as "Economic Politics", generally favored free competition and denounced monopolies.
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The Synchro Dimension is a dimension where residents all use Synchro Summoning. It pays homage to Yu-Gi- Oh! 5D's. Its setting is New Domino City (also simply referred to as just "the City"), which serves as the setting of the second season. New Domino City thrives on a free competition society consisting of two classes.
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Additionally, the democrat is "one who is willing to admit of a free competition, in all things ... he is the purest democrat who best maintains his right, and no rights can be dearer to a man of cultivation, than exemptions from unseasonable invasions on his time, by the coarse-minded and ignorant."Cooper (1938), p. 98.
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London: HarperCollins. pp. 564–565. . Collectivist and social anarchists dispute the individualist anarchist claim that free competition and markets would yield the libertarian-egalitarian anarchist society that individualist anarchists share with them. In their views, "state intervention merely props up a system of class exploitation and gives capitalism a human face".Heywood, Andrew (16 February 2017). "Anarchism".
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ISCI's Markets, Organization and Regulation (MORe) group – formerly known as Industrial Organization (IO) – specializes in the study of situations in which it is essential to understand how people and organizations react strategically to the actions of other agents in the environment in which they move. It studies how different alternatives in the design and regulation of markets and organizations affect the wellbeing of consumers, citizens, and, in the last instance, social welfare. Under this viewpoint, the group contributes to the discussion on such matters as free competition, the assignment of resources in the absence of financial markets, and policies to boost productivity and innovation. More group researchers focus on developing and analyzing regulatory mechanisms in key areas for the country like free competition, public concessions, transport, and innovation.
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Léon Walras, one of the founders of the neoclassical economics who helped formulate the general equilibrium theory, had a very similar view. He argued that free competition could only be realized under conditions of state ownership of natural resources and land. Additionally, income taxes could be eliminated because the state would receive income to finance public services through owning such resources and enterprises.
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Since 2008, every year the Institute attributes a "Bruno Leoni Award" dedicated to the thinker whose teachings the Institute refers to, and awarded to distinguished personalities. The award is intended to eminent figures that, through a recently published book, or with the work of a lifetime, have helped to advance the ideas of individual freedom, free market and free competition.
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On December 7, 2011, Danfoss was fined 90 million euro for exercising a cartel with Embraco / Whirlpool Corporation, Panasonic, ACC and Tecumseh Products. The cooperation was entered with compressors from April 2004 to October 2007. The basis of the is the violation of free competition to the detriment of consumers. Danfoss was fined 16.5 million Danish kroner in the United States.
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Socialism and Superior Brain: The Political Thought of George Bernard Shaw. Routledge (UK). 1993. p. 310. According to Carlotta Anderson, American individualist anarchists accept that free competition results in unequal wealth distribution, but they "do not see that as an injustice".Anderson, Carlotta R. All-American Anarchist: Joseph A. Labadie and the Labor Movement, Wayne State University Press, 1998, p. 250.
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As List put it: > I perceived that the popular theory took no account of nations, but simply > of the entire human race on the one hand, or of the single individual on the > other. I saw clearly that free competition between two nations which are > highly civilised can only be mutually beneficial in case both of them are in > a nearly equal position of industrial development, and that any nation which > owing to misfortunes is behind others in industry, commerce, and navigation > ... must first of all strengthen her own individual powers, in order to fit > herself to enter into free competition with more advanced nations. In a > word, I perceived the distinction between cosmopolitical and political > economy.The National System of Political Economy, by Friedrich List, 1841, > translated by Sampson S. Lloyd M.P., 1885 edition, Author's Preface, Page > xxvi.
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On November 4, 2008, the Supreme Court of Spain annulled a prohibition originated from the General Council of Spanish Bar that forbade the use of contingency fees, known in Spain as cuota litis. The rationale of the annulment was that the prohibition did not respect the principles of free competition. From that year onward, lawyers can pursue legal claims based on that type of retribution.
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The first legislation in Canada dealing with competition was first introduced in 1889. The legislation prohibited conspiracies and agreements by businesses in restraint of trade. Inspired by the American Sherman Antitrust Act, the legislation was mostly incorporated into the Canadian Criminal Code two years later. In 1912, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the purpose of the legislation was protect the public interest in free competition.
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Minister of Foreign Affairs Frans Timmermans with President of Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta on 28 November 2013. In May 2005 Hennis-Plasschaert filed a report for the European Parliament concerning the safety of airports. She argued that safety regulations against terrorist attacks, should only apply for airports, and not for the neighbouring areas. Furthermore, the costs and safety regulations should not distort free competition.
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De la Court identified free competition and the republican form of government as the leading factors contributing to the wealth and power of his home country. The book was written in an outspoken and polemic style and went through eight editions in 1662. A revised luxury edition appeared in 1669. It was translated into German in 1665, English in 1702 and French in 1709.
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The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality is a book written by Austrian School economist and libertarian thinker Ludwig von Mises. It is an investigation into the psychological roots of the anti-capitalistic stance that is widespread in the general populations of the capitalist world. Mises suggests various reasons for this mentality, primarily his claim that free competition in the market economy allows for no excuses of one's failures.
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Trotsky did not believe in the true socialism in a single country especially in a backward country and pledged himself to Luxemburgism, trying to represent himself and even Lenin as the left followers of Luxemburgism. He supported democracy and free competition of parties in his book The Revolution Betrayed.[J. Dawsey Trotsky’s Struggle against Stalin //US national WWII museum. 09.2018Chavez, Maduro and their followers present themselves as Trotskyists.
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Liberty, vol. 15, no. 6, p. 16 Tucker praised Herbert's work as "a magnificent assault on the majority idea, a searching exposure of the inherent evil of State systems, and a glorious assertion of the inestimable benefits of voluntary action and free competition..." while admonishing him for his support of profit in trade (but believes, unlike Herbert himself, that Herbert's system would result in an economy without profit).
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In February 1844, Spooner advertised rates of "Postage 6 1/4 cents for each half oz. ... Stamps, twenty for a dollar." He further stated, "The Company design also (if sustained by the public) thoroughly to agitate the question, and test the constitutional right of free competition in the business of carrying letters." Stamps could be purchased and then attached to letters which could be sent to any of its offices.
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This section covers compliance of laws and regulations when obtaining a good or services from a vendor, supplier, or provider. The procurement requirement is established to ensure that such goods and services are obtained in an effective manner and in compliance laws and regulations, including the prohibition of conflicts of interest, the fair selection of vendors, provide open and free competition among vendors, etc.OMB Circular A-110, §____.40 through §____.
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The New Freedom envisaged a return to free competition in the United States. The monopolistic interests had to be destroyed at home and their influence in foreign policy dispelled, and thus Wilson's initial rejection of "dollar diplomacy." Although he was not unqualifiedly hostile to business interests, he believed that their activities ought to serve, rather than dominate, the public interest. Wilson's ethical and religious beliefs also profoundly influenced his foreign policy.
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"United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. at 386–87. The Court explained that in antitrust suits brought by a patent licensee against his licensor, 'we have repeatedly held that the licensee may attack the validity of the patent under which he was licensed, because of the public interest in free competition, even though the licensee has agreed in his license not to do so."See, e.g.
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Secondly, ESA ensures free competition, with the power to inspect and fine companies engaging in cartels or abusing their market position. This also extends to overseeing state aid to undertakings. There are then further administrative tasks related to the approval of EFTA states decisions relating to areas such as banning harmful products or the recognition of driving licences. It also provides information and advice on interpreting and implementing the EEA agreement.
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What society needed, he wrote, was slavery, not just for blacks, but for whites as well. "Slavery," he wrote, "is a form, and the very best form, of socialism."Fitzhugh (1854), pp. 27–28. "Socialism," he continued: > Proposes to do away with free competition; to afford protection and support > at all times to the laboring class; to bring about, at least, a qualified > community of property, and to associate labor.
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The latter upheld the notion that a national bourgeoisie could be consolidated "not through free competition, but with legislation that would expel Jews from the country."Stan, p. 71 In May 1866, while a petition to block Jews from obtaining commercial rights was signed by Ionescu and circulated throughout Moldavia,Puiu (2010), p. 224 antisemitic riots possibly instigated by the Faction erupted in Iași, Bârlad, Roman and Botoșani.
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The theory was that unregulated banking would cause more money to be available and that this would allow proliferation of new businesses which would in turn raise demand for labor. This led Tucker to believe that the labor theory of value would be vindicated and equal amounts of labor would receive equal pay. Later in his life, Tucker grew skeptical that free competition could remove concentrated capital.McKain, Ian, ed. (2008).
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In a tournament up to 22 players can participate. A computer-controlled character can participate even if the player is in debt. Qualifying 3 Zhuo 12 people (6 people advance, ten seed), the quarter-finals involve 4 Zhuo 16 people (eight people advance), the semi-finals involve 2 Zhuo 8 people (4 people advance), and the finals are done in groups of 4 people. The winning prize money goes up in accordance with free competition.
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In many cases, lock-up provisions may impede “free competition”, and thereby restrict the market from acting naturally by preventing rival bids for the target company. Courts will approve lockups if they find that the lockup was used to encourage a bidder to make an offer and not as a device to end an auction or bidding process. Asset lock-ups, however, discourage other bidders, and are generally discouraged by the courts.
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This waived the need for landing slots which had limited capacity at Fornebu, allowing for free competition on the route. KLM returned to Kristiansand on 28 March 1999, introducing flights to Amsterdam using a Fokker 50 three times per day. By 2000 Maersk Air had replaced its F50s with jet aircraft on the Copenhagen route.Ellemose: 125 The airport's patronage peaked at 902,295 in 1999, after which the ridership fell and did not recoup until 2011.
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In United States patent law, the doctrine has been overturned. In 1969, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Lear v. Adkins, held the doctrine inconsistent with a federal policy that the invalidity of specious patents should be unmasked in order to permit full and free competition in technology ideas that belong in the public domain. The strong public interest in invalidating patents, allowing public access to non-patentworthy technology, justified permitting licensees to challenge patents.
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Freedom of expression and free competition in the media market were introduced in Bulgaria after 1989. Newspaper publishing is not regulated by law, and no audit office or official record of the number of publications exist. Over 900 print media titles were estimated in 2007, but their number is today greatly reduced after the effects of the economic crisis. The nationally distributed dailies were 14 in 2009; circulation per capita is very low.
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These laws and regulations must serve, and never overturn, the basic human rights to health, education, employment and cultural life. :3. The public interest requires a balance between the public domain and private rights. It also requires a balance between the free competition which is essential for economic vitality and the monopoly rights granted by intellectual property laws. :4. Intellectual property protection must not be extended to abstract ideas, facts or data. :5.
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It advocates the free competition, female equality and transparency. The daily is published in broadsheet format and uses plain and easy-to-understand words while reporting complex economical and financial affairs in its four sections which have their own colors. It does not employ standard pink paper generally used in financial dailies, instead it uses white paper and full color print. The number of pages on weekdays is 36 whereas it is 64 during weekends.
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Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition and state-sanctioned social policies. The degree of competition in markets and the role of intervention and regulation as well as the scope of state ownership vary across different models of capitalism.Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54. The extent to which different markets are free and the rules defining private property are matters of politics and policy.
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The law of one price (LOOP) states that in the absence of trade frictions (such as transport costs and tariffs), and under conditions of free competition and price flexibility (where no individual sellers or buyers have power to manipulate prices and prices can freely adjust), identical goods sold in different locations must sell for the same price when prices are expressed in a common currency.Mankiw, N. G. (2011). Principles of Economics (6th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
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He was named Minister of Health and Population on 8 January 1953 in the cabinet of René Mayer. His appointment was highly controversial due to his wartime record. It was asserted but not proved that his appointment was due to pressure from the chemical industry, which was concerned about the efforts Boutemy's predecessor had made towards allowing free competition in a European market for pharmaceutical products. He was forced out of office by the communist deputies.
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The European Party of Ukraine () is a Ukrainian political party registered by the Ministry of Justice on August 3, 2006. Its ideology is social-liberalism, when the state should maintain harmonious social relations: create appropriate conditions for free competition, to prevent the formation of market monopolies and protect the vulnerable population strata. They advocate reforms that they claim will increase social standards of life of Ukrainians to the European level. They support integration of Ukraine into the European Union.
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He then suggests the possibility of abandoning the assumption of free competition to address the study of firms that have their own particular market.Sraffa (1926 in 2003, p. 58). This stimulated a whole series of studies on the cases of imperfect competition in Cambridge. However, in the succeeding years Sraffa will follow a different path of research that will bring him to write and publish his main work Production of commodities by means of commodities (Sraffa, 1960).
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2d 539 (1997). California and most jurisdictions hold that there is a privilege to compete for business. “Under the privilege of free competition, a competitor is free to divert business to himself as long as he uses fair and reasonable means. Thus, the plaintiff must present facts indicating the defendant’s interference is somehow wrongful—i.e., based on facts that take the defendant’s actions out of the realm of legitimate business transactions.”Tri-Growth Centre City, Ltd. v.
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That country becomes a market both more extensive and more advantageous for their goods: more extensive, because the goods of other nations being either excluded or subjected to heavier duties, it takes off a greater quantity of theirs: more advantageous, because the merchants of the favoured country, enjoying a sort of monopoly there, will often sell their goods for a better price than if exposed to the free competition of all other nations." :Such treaties, however, though they may be advantageous to the merchants and manufacturers of the favoured, are necessarily disadvantageous to those of the favouring country. A monopoly is thus granted against them to a foreign nation; and they must frequently buy the foreign goods they have occasion for dearer than if the free competition of other nations was admitted. Of Colonies: Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies: :"The interest which occasioned the first settlement of the different European colonies in America and the West Indies was not altogether so plain and distinct as that which directed the establishment of those of ancient Greece and Rome.
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To this theory Cairnes objects that wages, being remuneration, can in no sense be considered as cost, and could only have come to be regarded as cost in consequence of the whole problem being treated from the point of view of the capitalist, to whom, no doubt, the wages paid represent cost. The real elements of cost of production he looks upon as labour, abstinence and risk, the second of these falling mainly, though not necessarily, upon the capitalist. In this analysis he to a considerable extent follows and improves upon Nassau William Senior, who had previously defined cost of production as the sum of the labour and abstinence necessary to production. Cairnes' exposition of the natural or social limit to free competition, and of its bearing on the theory of value: He points out that in any organised society there can hardly be the ready transference of capital from one employment to another, which is the indispensable condition of free competition; while class distinctions render it impossible for labour to transfer itself readily to new occupations.
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19, no. 1, , pp. 85–99 While the CAB regulation suppressed free competition, it provided security for the existing airlines, avoided gluts and shortages of passengers on certain routes, and (partly by allowing airlines to carry air mail) secured airline service for communities that would have otherwise been served less, or not have been served at all (due to low passenger traffic or other reasons). To achieve its goals, the CAB was empowered to provide and administer subsidies to airlines.
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The English doctrine of restraint of trade was the catalyst for much of what is now called "competition laws" (or sometimes "antitrust"). These laws are a way of restraining those who would restrain "free competition" in the market economy, through monopolising production, setting up cartels, imposing unfair trading conditions, prices and so on. The English approach has traditionally been very flexible and liberal in its scope, but draconian when it did deem certain behaviour to be in restraint of trade.
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Will & Ariel Durant, Rousseau and the Revolution, pp. 71–77, Simon and Schuster, 1967, . The doctrine of laissez-faire became an integral part of 19th-century European liberalism. Just as liberals supported freedom of thought in the intellectual sphere, so were they equally prepared to champion the principles of free trade and free competition in the sphere of economics, seeing the state as merely a passive policeman, protecting private property and administering justice, but not interfering with the affairs of its citizens.
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Economiks Relations Economic relations in Constitution of Kosovo are summary in 4 articles. In General principle is: # The Republic of Kosovo shall ensure a favorable legal environment for a market economy, freedom of economic activity and safeguards for private and public property. # The Republic of Kosovo shall ensure equal legal rights for all domestic and foreign investors and enterprises. # Actions limiting free competition through the establishment or abuse of a dominant position or practices restricting competition are prohibited, unless explicitly allowed by law.
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Land policy and government agricultural policy in general shifted dramatically when orthodox economic policies were implemented in 1985. The government, which had once monopolized the production of many key crops, set prices, marketed goods, and closely controlled credit, now effectively withdrew from the sector. As a result, farmers in the late 1980s were in transition from a period characterized by import protection and close cooperation with the government to one of free competition with highly advanced international markets and contraband.
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They obtained patents for the express > purpose of furthering their monopoly. They utilized various types of > restrictions in connection with leasing those patents so as to retain their > dominance in that industry. The history of this country has perhaps never > witnessed a more completely successful economic tyranny over any field of > industry than that accomplished by these appellants. They planned their > monopolistic program on the basis of getting and keeping and using patents > which they dedicated to the destruction of free competition in the glass > container industry.
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While Tucker did not oppose individuals being employed by others, he instead believed that in the present economy individuals do not receive a wage that fully compensates them for their labor due to his interpretation of the labor theory of value. He wrote that if the four monopolies were ended, "it will make no difference whether men work for themselves, or are employed, or employ others. In any case they can get nothing but that wages for their labor which free competition determines".Tucker, Benjamin.
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The individuals who led the reform favored an economic system similar to that in other European countries, which promoted the ideas of capitalism and free trade. The reformers aimed to promote development and to encourage the ownership of private property, free competition, entrepreneurship, and hired labor. This they hoped would bring about an economic system with minimal regulations and tariffs, thus a more "laissez- faire" economy. Soon after the reforms there was a substantial rise in the amount of production of grain for sale.
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The press reported the price of Braathens SAFE to be NOK 1.2 billion, but that this had been rejected as too expensive by SAS.Tjomsland and Wilsberg, 1995: 308–317 Prior to a government report being presented on 30 March 1993, SAS had launched 1 November 1993 as their preferred date of free competition, while Braathens SAFE had launched 1 April 1997 as their preferred date. Braaathens SAFE was worried that the high debt the company had due to the purchase of new aircraft would make them illiquid in a price war.
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For classical economists such as Adam Smith, the term free market does not necessarily refer to a market free from government interference, but rather free from all forms of economic privilege, monopolies and artificial scarcities. This implies that economic rents, i.e. profits generated from a lack of perfect competition, must be reduced or eliminated as much as possible through free competition. Economic theory suggests the returns to land and other natural resources are economic rents that cannot be reduced in such a way because of their perfect inelastic supply.
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Despite the deregulation of the market in 1994, the lack of free slots at Fornebu made it impossible to have free competition, since no new airlines could establish themselves and no new international airlines could fly to Fornebu. Gardermoen allowed this to happen, and from 1 August 1998, Color Air started with flights from Oslo, pressing down prices on domestic routes. Although the airline went bankrupt the following year, the losses for Braathens were so high that it was taken over by SAS. The gap was then filled by Norwegian Air Shuttle.
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In this case, the result was to place a floor under the market > — a floor which served the function of increasing the stability and firmness > of market prices. That was repeatedly characterized in this case as > stabilization. But in terms of market operations stabilization is but one > form of manipulation. And market manipulation in its various manifestations > is implicitly an artificial stimulus applied to (or at times a brake on) > market prices, a force which distorts those prices, a factor which prevents > the determination of those prices by free competition alone.
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Almost a year after World War II ended, Congress established the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology. Reflecting America's postwar optimism, Congress declared that atomic energy should be employed not only in the Nation's defense, but also to promote world peace, improve the public welfare, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise. Later legislation enacted by Congress split the AEC into our current Department of Energy and Nuclear Regulatory Commission.Alice Buck (1983). "The Atomic Energy Commission", U.S. Department of Energy, p. 1.
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Despite the deregulation of the market in 1994, the lack of free slots at Fornebu made it impossible to have free competition, since no new airlines could establish themselves and no new international airlines could fly to Fornebu. Gardermoen allowed this to happen, and from 1 August 1998, Color Air started with flights from Oslo, pressing down prices on domestic routes. Although Color Air went bankrupt the following year, the losses for Braathens were so high that they were taken over by SAS. The gap was then filled by Norwegian Air Shuttle.
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But the limits of this dispensation are uncertain: the boundary condition may be that state law may operate so long as the omission from federal regulation is not the result of a congressional decision that the area should be left open to free competition; an alternative boundary rule may be that the state law must not upset a delicate balance which the court perceives that the federal system has struck.See Leo J. Raskind, Assessing the Impact of Feist, 17 331 (1992). See also Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
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Australia has led the way in the emergence of tipping competitions where the object is to win prizes for registering virtual bets. The focus of the majority of these competitions has been Australian rules football but the commonly referred to term for the activity of Footy tipping now also covers Soccer, Rugby league and Rugby Union. In the UK there are a growing number of such competitions but most relate to the Horse Racing industry. In theory, tipping for prizes in a free competition provides a viable alternative to gambling for real.
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At one time, clothing designs were not subject to copyright law, or "uncopyrightable," in the United States. In 1941, the Court heard Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC, which considered the fashion industry's practice of boycotting sale of their "high fashion" works at places that would sell knock-offs made by other companies for lower prices, so-called "style piracy". The court ruled against the Guild, saying that this practice of attempting to create a monopoly outside of the copyright system suppressed free competition and violated the Sherman Antitrust Act.
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Further consolidation of growers is expected as the market changes due to technology and market pressures. Over the years the PMC has been involved with dispute with some growers such as Spud Shed owner Tony Galati who are calling for the regulatory agency to be scrapped and allow free competition. The WA state government has confirmed it will abolish the agency within two years. The President of the Potato Growers Association of WA, Dean Ryan has been opposed to scrapping the agency as it will put growers out of business.
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Awarded since 2004, the Templeton Freedom Award is named for the late investor and philanthropist Sir John Templeton. The award annually honors his legacy by identifying and recognizing the most exceptional and innovative contributions to the understanding of free enterprise, and the public policies that encourage prosperity, innovation, and human fulfillment via free competition. The award is supported by Templeton Religion Trust and is presented during Atlas Network’s Liberty Forum & Freedom Dinner closing ceremony in New York City. The winning organization receives a $100,000 prize and the five runners-up receive $20,000.
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W-CDMA may also be better suited for deployment in the very dense cities of Europe and Asia. However, hurdles remain, and cross-licensing of patents between Qualcomm and W-CDMA vendors has not eliminated possible patent issues due to the features of W-CDMA which remain covered by Qualcomm patents. W-CDMA has been developed into a complete set of specifications, a detailed protocol that defines how a mobile phone communicates with the tower, how signals are modulated, how datagrams are structured, and system interfaces are specified allowing free competition on technology elements.
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Lacking sufficient money, income or assets, people may be effectively excluded from participation. Thus, whereas people may have sufficient funds to participate in some markets, their funds are inadequate to participate in other markets. This raises the question of whether markets are ever truly "open", and suggests that the "openness" of markets is more a relative concept. In response to this type of criticism, the concept of open market is often redefined to mean a situation of free competition, and the inability to participate is explained as a lack of competitiveness.
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In any event, the league did not survive for long. Sports historian Rudolf K. Haerle observed that the U.S. Baseball League "stressed the inherent 'good' of baseball for all individuals and communities, and indicated that it wished to conduct its business in the accepted capitalist style-free competition in the marketplace". The new league, however, quickly incurred the scorn and hostility of the baseball establishment. Burdened with weak leadership, limited financing, poor attendance, and a lack of skillful players, the U.S. Baseball League "folded after about one month of action".
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Wicksell, referring to his definition of optimality, commented: > With such a definition it is almost self-evident that this so-called maximum > obtains under free competition, because if, after an exchange is effected, > it were possible by means of a further series of direct or indirect > exchanges to produce an additional satisfaction of needs for the > participators, then to that extent such a continued exchange would doubtless > have taken place, and the original position could not be one of final > equilibrium.K. Wicksell, ‘Lectures on Political Economy’ I (1906), Eng. tr. > (1934), pp.
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34–64 Vertical integration is often closely associated with vertical expansion which, in economics, is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of companies that produce the intermediate goods needed by the business or help market and distribute its product. Such expansion is desired because it secures the supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product. Such expansion can become undesirable when its actions become anti-competitive and impede free competition in an open marketplace. The result is a more efficient business with lower costs and more profits.
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Lenin portrayed Imperialism as the closure of the world market and the end of capitalist free-competition that arose from the need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion. Later Marxist theoreticians echo this conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism, which explained the World War as the battle between imperialists for control of external markets. Lenin's treatise became a standard textbook that flourished until the collapse of communism in 1989–91.Hale, The Great Illusion, 1900–1914 (1971) pp. 5–6.
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On May 17, 2007, Falabella agreed to merge with D & S to form the largest retail company in Chile, but a ruling of the Court of Defense of Free Competition on January 31, 2008 rejected the operation. Giving as fundamental arguments that the merge would produce a huge change in the market structure, creating a company that would be the dominant player in integrated retail and all its segments and a substantial and lasting decrease in the conditions of competition of the market that would be detrimental of consumers. The same year, Falabella acquired 60% of the largest hardware store in Chile, Imperial.
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The Interest van Holland was published in 1662 and immediately became a bestseller in Holland and later also elsewhere. The book contained an analysis of the miraculous economic success of Holland, the leading province of the Dutch Republic, and then set out to establish the economic and political principles on which that success was based. De la Court identified free competition and the republican form of government as the leading factors contributing to the wealth and power of his home country. The book was written in an outspoken and polemic style and went through eight editions in 1662.
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Finally, Articles 106 and 107 TFEU regulate the state's role in the market. Article 106(2) EC states clearly that nothing in the rules cannot be used to obstruct a member state's right to deliver public services, but that otherwise public enterprises must play by the same rules on collusion and abuse of dominance as everyone else. Article 107 TFEU, similar to Article 101 TFEU, lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition, but then grants exceptions for things like charities, natural disasters or regional development.
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On the political front, the shrinking unions lost influence in the Democratic Party, and pro-Union liberal Republicans faded away.Nicol C. Rae, The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present (1989) Union membership among workers in private industry shrank dramatically, though after 1970 there was growth in employees unions of federal, state and local governments.Robert H. Zieger, and Gilbert J. Gall, American Workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century (3rd ed. 2002); Lawrence Richards, Union-Free America: Workers and Antiunion Culture (2010) The intellectual mood in the 1970s and 1980s favored deregulation and free competition.
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The state enterprise was transformed to a joint-stock company after the fall of the Communist regime. It continued in production of the Z-42 and Z-43 series but the sales were rapidly falling and the sales network became disorganized as the company organization did not adapt to the market changes from centrally organized eastern markets to the free competition. Also the aircraft design was outdated (mainly engines) and the company could not find customers for its specific advantages (reliability and simple maintenance). The company suffered financial problems in 2002, it was renamed Moravan-Aeroplanes a.s.
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Articles 119 to 144 concern economic and monetary policy, including articles on the euro. Chapter 1: Economic policy – Article 126 deals with how excessive member state debt is handled. Chapter 2: Monetary policy – Article 127 outlines that the European System of Central Banks should maintain price stability and work with the principles of an open markets and free competition. The Article 140 describes the criteria for inclusion in monetary union (the euro) or having exception from it, and also says that it is a majority of the council, not the state alone, which decides upon usage of euro or national currency.
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Pushkin himself published some of his most famous works in this paper. Literaturnaya Gazeta was the first to publish Gogol, and published works by Baratynsky, Belinsky, Nekrasov and many other Russian authors. After the Russian Revolution, the Soviet literary establishment decided to resume the venture on April 22, 1929, and the paper has been published regularly ever since. From 1929 to 1932, Literaturnaya Gazeta was the official organ of the Federation of Unions of Soviet Writers, which had as its stated aim "to foster in the area of creative writing the principle of free competition of the various groupings and tendencies".
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Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s when the Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its own steel rather than buying it from suppliers). Vertical integration and expansion is desired because it secures supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product. Vertical integration and expansion can become undesirable when its actions become anti-competitive and impede free competition in an open marketplace. Vertical integration is one method of avoiding the hold-up problem.
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There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. As well as reducing free competition, but sometimes maintaining a good quality of work, often these rules made it difficult or impossible for women, immigrants to the city, and non-Christians to run businesses working in the trade. One of the legacies of the guilds: the elevated Windsor Guildhall originated as a meeting place for guilds, as well as a magistrates' seat and town hall. An important result of the guild framework was the emergence of universities at Bologna (established in 1088), Oxford (at least since 1096) and Paris (c.
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In March 1912, organizers of the proposed league- described by members of the sports establishment as an "outlaw league"-met in New York's Hotel Imperial. The U.S. Baseball League subsequently organized teams in Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, New York, Reading, Pennsylvania; Richmond, Virginia; and Washington, D.C. The league president was William Witmann. Sports historian Rudolf K. Haerle observed that the U.S. Baseball League "stressed the inherent 'good' of baseball for all individuals and communities, and indicated that it wished to conduct its business in the accepted capitalist style-free competition in the marketplace". Despite these lofty ambitions, the league quickly incurred the scorn and hostility of the baseball establishment.
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Before moving to Oxford Allingham's main work was on general equilibrium theory; while he was teaching at Magdalen it was on rational choice theory; and subsequently it has been on distributive justice. General equilibrium theory is widely accepted as 'the most prestigious economics of all'.March and Blaug, Appraising Economic Theories, Elgar, 1991 (508-509) In substance, it concerns the workings of the entire economy; in style, it is axiomatic and rigorous. Léon Walras, the founder of general equilibrium theory, claimed in 1854 that 'pure economics is, in essence, the theory of the determination of prices under a hypothetical regime of perfectly free competition'.
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One MLS, Realcomp in Michigan, refused to enter a settlement/consent agreement with the FTC, asserting it had the right to hide listings of discounters because such competition is detrimental to the revenue of its members. In 2006, the FTC filed a lawsuit against the Realcomp MLS alleging violations of federal anti-trust laws and squelching free competition. The lawsuit went to trial in 2007 and the FTC lost,, but won the case in a 4–0 unanimous ruling on appeal in 2009. In Canada, CREA has come under scrutiny and investigation by the Competition Bureau and litigation by former CREA member and real estate brokerage Realtysellers (Ontario) Ltd.
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Professor James Rahl sees the Klor's case as posing a dilemma for the Supreme Court, which it dodged by refusing to explain its ruling. At that time, the antitrust rule on boycotts was not clear: > Either all joint refusals to sell are illegal, or only such refusals are > illegal as may "restrain free competition in the market." Adoption of the > first alternative would require confession that some antitrust prohibitions > do not necessarily rest upon any clear danger to economic competition. . . . > [That] would be without benefit of precedent, since none of the past boycott > cases cited by the Court would yield such a simple generalization.
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Yang rejects the notion that constitutionalism "is a good word", and rejects the introduction of a term "socialist constitutional governance" (or another formulation of it) into Chinese ideological discourse. Constitutionalism, Yang believes, has discourse hegemony since it is backed by the bourgeoisie. Similarly to Engels' and Vladimir Lenin's conclusions (among others), Yang concludes that constitutional systems are ruled by property relations which gives the bourgeoisie considerable control. In The Condition of the Working Class in England Engels' states (a position which is still endorsed by the CCP); > Free competition will suffer no limitation, no State supervision; the whole > State is but a burden to it.
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As a precursor to the social dividend concept, Léon Walras, one of the founders of neoclassical economics who helped formulate the general equilibrium theory, argued that free competition could only be realized under conditions of state ownership of natural resources and land. Walras argued that nationalized land and natural resources would provide a source of income to the state that would eliminate the need for income taxes. In Karl Marx's critique of political economy, property income is a component of surplus value, which refers to the net value above the total wage bill. The surplus value is distributed among a small minority of passive owners - capitalists and private shareholders.
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The operator for unprofitable services usually rents trains from the county transport authority or a special state organisation. This is because trains are expensive, take from two to three years to buy (from tender to delivery), and are hard to sell if the operator loses the contract. However, for the SJ monopoly traffic, SJ usually own the trains. A decision was made in March 2009 to cancel the monopoly for SJ. Already in the autumn 2009 free competition will be allowed on Saturdays and Sundays when there is more room on the tracks, and to a full extent all days in the autumn 2010.
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After the conclusion of the Sanremo Festival the label Ultrasuoni, a record company founded by RTL 102.5, RDS and Radio Italia, which has Modà as signed artist, has accused Radio RAI of boycotting the single, not including it in their playlists. The director of Radio Rai defended himself against the accusations, declaring: "Modà? We appreciate them, but their product is not in line with the sound and the musical choices of our radio regarding the so-called playlist." In the same period, the AGCM, the agency of free competition and the market, released a statement, after some record companies have denounced the exaggerated overexposure of the Modà on the three radio networks.
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Tucker opposed protectionism, believing that tariffs caused high prices by preventing national producers from having to compete with foreign competitors. He believed that free trade would help keep prices low and therefore would assist laborers in receiving what he called their "natural wage". Tucker objected to the exploitation of individuals and explained that only under anarchism will man be truly free, saying: "When interest, rent, and profit disappear under the influence of free money, free land, and free trade, it will make no difference whether men work for themselves, or are employed, or employ others. In any case they can get nothing but that wage for their labor which free competition determines".
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Your greatest danger ahead is the probable practical failure of the application of your philosophy in the United States." George Orwell responded with both praise and criticism, stating, "in the negative part of Professor Hayek's thesis there is a great deal of truth. It cannot be said too often – at any rate, it is not being said nearly often enough – that collectivism is not inherently democratic, but, on the contrary, gives to a tyrannical minority such powers as the Spanish Inquisitors never dreamt of." Yet he also warned, "[A] return to 'free' competition means for the great mass of people a tyranny probably worse, because more irresponsible, than that of the state.
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Similarly, a licensed broker who chooses to neither join the trade association nor operate a business within the association's rules, cannot join most MLSes. However, there are brokers and many online services which offer FSBO sellers the option of listing their property in their local MLS database by paying a flat fee or another non-traditional compensation method. When discount and flat fee compensation arrangements started growing in popularity in the early 2000s some MLSes changed their membership rules or rule enforcement to make discount/flat fee MLS listings difficult or impossible. In response, the Federal Trade Commission investigated, found several violations of anti-trust laws, and entered into settlements with five MLSes to enable free competition for listings.
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Ely was a product of the German historical school with an emphasis on evolution to new forms, and never accepted the marginalist revolution that was transforming economic theory in Britain and the U.S. He was strongly influenced by Herbert Spencer and strongly favored competition over monopoly or state ownership, with regulation to "secure its benefits" and "mitigate its evils." What was needed was "to raise its moral and ethical level."Ely, Studies in the Evolution of Industrial Society, p. 97. However, whereas Herbert Spencer believed that free competition was best served by deregulation and a smaller state, Richard Ely believed that more regulation and a more interventionist state was the policy to follow.
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In addition, the Nazis privatized public properties and public services, only increasing economic state control through regulations. Hitler believed that private ownership was useful in that it encouraged creative competition and technical innovation, but insisted that it had to conform to national interests and be "productive" rather than "parasitical". Private property rights were conditional upon following the economic priorities set by the Nazi leadership, with high profits as a reward for firms who followed them and the threat of nationalization being used against those who did not. Under Nazi economics, free competition and self-regulating markets diminished, but Hitler's social Darwinist beliefs made him retain business competition and private property as economic engines.
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Nicholai Bukharin (1914) The Economic Theory of the Leisure Class, Chapter 3, Section 6. . Similarly a later Marxist critic, Ernest Mandel, argued that marginalism was "divorced from reality", ignored the role of production, further arguing: :It is, moreover, unable to explain how, from the clash of millions of different individual "needs" there emerge not only uniform prices, but prices which remain stable over long periods, even under perfect conditions of free competition. Rather than an explanation of constants, and of the basic evolution of economic life, the "marginal" technique provides at best an explanation of ephemeral, short-term variations.Mandel, Ernest; Marxist Economic Theory (1962), “The marginalist theory of value and neo-classical political economy”.
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Walras wrote that ‘exchange under free competition is an operation by which all parties obtain the maximum satisfaction subject to buying and selling at a uniform price’.Paraphrased from Leçon 18 (first ed.) of the Éléments. ‘L’échange de deux marchandises entre elles sur un marché régi par la libre concurrence est une opération par laquelle tous les porteurs soit de l’une des deux marchandises, soit de l’autre, soit de toutes les deux, obtiennent la plus grande satisfaction de leurs besoins compatible avec cette condition de donner de la marchandise qu’ils vendent et de recevoir de la marchandise qu’ils achètent dans une proportion commune et identique.’ According to Wicksell this passage moved to Leçon 10 in the 4th ed.
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Lenin portrayed Imperialism as the closure of the world market and the end of capitalist free-competition that arose from the need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion. Later Marxist theoreticians echo this conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism, which explained the World War as the battle between imperialists for control of external markets. Lenin's treatise became a standard textbook that flourished until the collapse of communism in 1989–91.Tony Brewer, Marxist theories of imperialism: a critical survey (2002) Some theoreticians on the non-Communist left have emphasized the structural or systemic character of "imperialism".
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"How ridiculous are the ideas of the individualists of the Jean Jacques Rousseau school and of the Proudhonian mutualists who conceive society as the result of the free contract of individuals absolutely independent of one another and entering into mutual relations only because of the convention drawn up among men. As if these men had dropped from the skies, bringing with them speech, will, original thought, and as if they were alien to anything of the earth, that is, anything having social origin". While individualist anarchists advocate free-market anarchism and support mutualist property rights, seeing state interventions as distorting free competition, collectivist anarchists see such interventions as "merely prop up" for a "system of class exploitation", giving capitalism "a human face".
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Substantively, Marx argues that the prices of new products sold will, assuming free competition for an open market, tend to settle at an average level that enables at least a "normal" rate of profit on the capital invested to produce them, and, as a corollary, that if such a socially average rate of profit cannot be reached, it is much less likely that the products will be produced at all (because of comparatively unfavourable profitability conditions).Karl Marx, Theories of surplus value. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971, Part III, p. 83. Marx defines the "general rate of profit" as the (weighted) average of all the average profit rates in different branches of production - it is a "grand average" profit rate on production capital.
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However, the proponents of the new system did not believe they could develop a viable business model that did not include commercially viable interchange fees for the participating banks, a concern they raised with the European Commission. The Commission was unwilling to allow any movement that could erode free competition, and therefore refused to entertain any system, even a new entrant, with interchange fees that exceeded the low level that the Commission was seeking. Commercial interests prevailing over a pan-European solution, and in the absence of a clear source of income for the issuing banks, progress on the project was put to a halt. It was dissolved in April 2012 due to "the perceived absence of a viable business model", according to the European Central Bank.
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The following are the objectives of the Central Bank of Kosovo, as listed in "Objectives," Article 7, Chapter III of the Law No. 03/L-209 : # The primary objective of the Central Bank shall be to foster and to maintain a stable financial system, including a safe, sound and efficient payment system. # An additional objective of the Central Bank, which is subordinated to the primary objective of the Central Bank, is to contribute to achieving and maintaining domestic price stability. # Without prejudice to attainment of these two objectives, the Central Bank shall support the general economic policies of the Government. # The Central Bank shall act in accordance with the principle of an open market economy with free competition, favoring an efficient allocation of resources.
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The regulatory policy the national telecommunications plan make sure of the quality of the telecommunication networks and services are supplied at inexpensive fees for all citizens. Additionally, forming a licensing framework for liberalized offerings and developing a licensing system for networks and services covering character licenses and sophistication licenses for all telecommunication applications. Regulations were approved according to the Egyptian constitution; to prohibit anti-competitive practices, which include the misuse of a dominant role side, pass-subsidization, refusal to supply main facilities, vertical charge squeezing, misuse of data and restrictive agreements as well as planning to create an appropriate environment for the marketplace liberalization where there will be a free competition and investment. The government has approved the certified telecommunications operators in Egypt.
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Thus, if all markets but one are in equilibrium, then that last market must also be in equilibrium. While teaching at the Lausanne Academy, Walras began constructing a mathematical model that assumes a “regime of perfectly free competition”, in which productive factors, products, and prices automatically adjust in equilibrium. Walras began with the theory of exchange in 1873 and then he proceeded to map out his theories of production, capitalization and money in his first edition. His theory of exchange began with an expansion of Cournot’s demand curve to include more than two commodities, also realizing the value of the quantity sold must equal the quantity purchased thus the ratio of prices must be equal to the inverse ratio of quantities.
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Although the Vestibular format changes from university to university, it typically consists of a week- long examination on compulsory high school subjects such as Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Geography, Portuguese language and literature, and a foreign language (usually English). Private universities usually "condense" this week-long examinations into a couple of days, but some public universities still require a week-long marathon. Since public universities are completely tuition-free, competition at the Vestibular is usually fierce for a place in a public university. Due to high number of applicants, the Vestibular at some public universities may include a preliminary elimination phase (known as "Primeira Fase"), typically consisting of multiple-choice questions and held between one and two months before the subject exams.
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In economics, automatic stabilisers are government programs that are intended to work as negative feedback to dampen fluctuations in real GDP. Mainstream economics asserts that the market pricing mechanism operates to match supply and demand, because mismatches between them feed back into the decision-making of suppliers and demanders of goods, altering prices and thereby reducing any discrepancy. However Norbert Wiener wrote in 1948: :"There is a belief current in many countries and elevated to the rank of an official article of faith in the United States that free competition is itself a homeostatic process... Unfortunately the evidence, such as it is, is against this simple-minded theory."Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine p.
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Turgot's opinion was that a compromise had to be reached between both methods. Among other works written during Turgot's intendancy were the Mémoire sur les mines et carrières, and the Mémoire sur la marque des fers, in which he protested against state regulation and interference and advocated free competition. At the same time he did much to encourage agriculture and local industries, among others establishing the manufacture of porcelain at Limoges. During the famine of 1770–1771 he enforced on landowners "the obligation of relieving the poor" and especially the métayers (sharecroppers) dependent upon them, and organized in every province ateliers and bureaux de charité for providing work for the able- bodied and relief for the infirm, while at the same time he condemned indiscriminate charity.
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Originally, Hilferding's vision of a socialism replacing organized capitalism was highly Kautskyan in assuming an either/or perspective and expecting a catastrophic clash between organized capitalism versus socialism. By the 1920s, Hilferding became an adherent to promoting a gradualist evolution of capitalism into socialism. He then praised organized capitalism for being a step towards socialism, saying at the SPD congress in 1927 that organised capitalism is nothing less than "the replacement of the capitalist principle of free competition by the socialist principle of planned production". He went on to say that "the problem is posed to our generation: with the help of the state, with the help of conscious social direction, to transform the economy organized and led by capitalists into an economy directed by the democratic state".
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Cabotage, the carriage of national passengers on a leg of the international journey, has hitherto not been permitted by the Autorité de régulation des activités ferroviaires (ARAF), the body which regulates free competition in the French rail network; tickets between Paris and Dijon are therefore not offered by Thello. Beginning on 9 December 2012, Thello took over services between Paris and Rome, which had previously been operated by Artesia,previous timetable Rome-Paris but the service was withdrawn after one year, on 14 December 2013; Thello reported a loss of 30 million euros in 2012. The specific reason given was difficulties in obtaining timetable routes with attractive travel times. In 2013, Thello got permission to run daily train services between Marseille and Milan starting in 2014, with stops in Genoa and Nice.
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This was to be achieved through violent revolution, first starting with a small cohesive group through acts of armed insurrection, or propaganda by the deed, which would inspire the workers and peasants as a whole to revolt and forcibly collectivize the means of production. Collectivization was not to be extended to the distribution of income as workers would be paid according to time worked, rather than receiving goods being distributed "according to need" as in anarcho-communism. This position was criticised by later anarcho- communists as effectively "uphold[ing] the wages system". While individualist anarchists advocate free-markets and mutualist property rights, seeing state interventions as distorting free competition, collectivist anarchists see such interventions as "merely prop up" for a "system of class exploitation", giving capitalism "a human face".
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With the termination of NSB's and SJ's cooperation Linx on the Oslo–Stockholm route in January 2005, Ofotbanen announced they would be willing to take over operation of the route from the summer. However, SJ and NSB held monopolies on non-subsidized passenger trains services in their respective countries, and it would not be possible for a private company to operate the route. In May 2007, Ofotbanen announced its plans for the Oslo–Stockholm train, after necessary permissions had been granted from Norwegian and Swedish authorities, who decided to allow free competition on international routes. By then, SJ had already reopened its route on the line. In March 2008, plans had been launched to start operations in April, but Ofotbanen did not met the requirements to get a safety license from the inspectorates.
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Among those covered in the book are Josiah Warren, Stephen Pearl Andrews, Lysander Spooner, William Batchelder Greene, Ezra Heywood, and Benjamin Tucker. Rocker argues that these anarchists' emphasis on "free competition of individual and social forces as something inherent in human nature, which if suppressed will inevitably lead to the destruction of the social equilibrium" distinguishes them from authoritarian socialists. He claims that the problem in modern society is not too much competition, but a lack of it as the result of "the destructive forces of monopoly". Further, Rocker seeks to dispel the myth that radicalism in the United States was merely a foreign import, pointing to the fact that most of the thinkers covered by the book were undoubtedly American by descent and born in the New England states.
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Theoretical discussion of negative taxation began with Vilfredo Pareto, who first made a formal distinction between allocative efficency (ie. the market's ability to give people what they want subject to their incomes) and distributive justice (ie. the question of whether these incomes are fair in the first place). He sought to show that market economies allocated resources optimally within the income distributions they give rise to, but accepted that there was nothing optimal about these distributions themselves. He concluded that if society wished to maximise wellbeing, it should let market forces govern production and exchange and then correct the result by ‘a second distribution... performed in conformity with the workings of free competition’.Manuale di Economia Politica con una Introduzione alla Scienza Sociale (1906) / Manuel d’Économie Politique (1909), §53 and §55 of Chap.
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ADIF is the result of Railway Sector Act, which arises from the transposition of European Directives. It requires that large European national railway independently manage the infrastructure and trains on it. The ultimate goal was to allow any other rail operator operating on the network to do so on equal terms with the operator, in this case, Renfe, promoting free competition. The RENFE division became effective on 1 January 2005 between the two companies: #Renfe Operadora (newly created entity): Owner of trains and responsible for its circulation, which works in competition with other railway companies #ADIF (Legal successor of RENFE): Owner of infrastructure and responsible for its management, which provides its services to any rail operator who requests A similar operation was conducted on 31 December 2012 with FEVE, a company that managed the narrow gauge railways.
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In creating the AEC, Congress declared that atomic energy should be employed not only in the form of nuclear weapons for the nation's defense, but also to promote world peace, improve the public welfare and strengthen free competition in private enterprise. At the same time, the McMahon Act which created the AEC also gave it unprecedented powers of regulation over the entire field of nuclear science and technology. It furthermore explicitly prevented technology transfer between the United States and other countries, and required FBI investigations for all scientists or industrial contractors who wished to have access to any AEC controlled nuclear information. The signing was the culmination of long months of intensive debate among politicians, military planners and atomic scientists over the fate of this new energy source and the means by which it would be regulated.
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The social implications of the theory of evolution by natural selection also became the source of continuing controversy. Friedrich Engels, a German political philosopher and co- originator of the ideology of communism, wrote in 1872 that "Darwin did not know what a bitter satire he wrote on mankind, and especially on his countrymen, when he showed that free competition, the struggle for existence, which the economists celebrate as the highest historical achievement, is the normal state of the animal kingdom." Herbert Spencer and the eugenics advocate Francis Galton's interpretation of natural selection as necessarily progressive, leading to supposed advances in intelligence and civilisation, became a justification for colonialism, eugenics, and social Darwinism. For example, in 1940, Konrad Lorenz, in writings that he subsequently disowned, used the theory as a justification for policies of the Nazi state.
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The spirit of the 1991 constitution led to reform of the Superintendency of Industry and Commerce (SIC) in order to foster competition and protect consumer rights by strengthening its capacity to prevent monopolistic activities and promote competition and market access. Offenses against free competition, collusion, and abuses of market power were defined, and the SIC gained the capacity to sanction individuals and firms for violations. The changes also strengthened a period of trade liberalization, increasing the degree of competition in domestic markets after a long period of import-substitution industrialization and export-promotion policies. Before 1990 it was common to have subsidized sources of credit for industries, mainly through the Bank of the Republic (Colombia's central bank), the Industrial Development Institute (Instituto de Fomento Industrial, or IFI), and the Export Promotion Fund (Fondo para la Promoción de las Exportaciones, or Proexpo).
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Le Pen with 264x264px Le Pen has blamed globalization, intergovernmental organizations, 'euro-mondialism', free trade and ultra- liberalism for the decline of the agriculture and fishing sectors, deindustrialization, offshoring and structural unemployment. She opposes supranationalism (in favour of a 'Europe of the nations' as a loose confederation of nation states), the euro and the eurozone, the Brussels technocracy, and EU federalism. She opposes the direct European tax favoured by the leaders of the European Parliament and European Commission, claiming that an indirect European tax already exists since France is a net annual contributor to the EU budget by up to 7 billion euros annually. She has described the Treaty of Lisbon as the "gravedigger of the independence and identity of European nations" and the "executioner of public utilities in the name of a cult of profitability and free competition – both mortal enemies of public interest".
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However, the agreement was subject to CNMC intervention. After several months of consideration, on August 28, 2002 CNMC published a report in which the organization recognized that the existence of both satellite companies was unviable, but it warned of fusion's danger to free competition, in markets like movies and sports broadcasting, as well as in pay-TV channels production.Demoledor informe contra la fusión digital de la Comisión del Mercado de las Telecomunicaciones El Mundo, 29 de agosto de 2002 On November 13, CNMC Defense Court sent the definitive report to the government, containing 10 conditions, including PPV's cession to cable companies, and limitations in football clubs rights contracts renewals.Competencia autoriza la fusión con condiciones cómodas para Polanco El Mundo, 14 de noviembre de 2002 Days later, on November 29, Ministers Council approved the fusion, with an increase to 34 conditions (24 more ones than CNMC requested).
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A decision was made in March 2009 to cancel the monopoly for SJ. Already in the autumn 2009 free competition will be allowed on Saturdays and Sundays when there is more room on the tracks, and to a full extent all days in the autumn 2010. While most current railway lines of Sweden were decided and built by the state, and receive their technical upkeep from the public as well, SJ no longer holds a monopoly on operating and owning passenger trains where such can be run profitably on a commercial basis. Large parts of the rail network serve parts of the country which don't generate enough passenger or cargo traffic to make a profit, and on some of these stretches SJ has held a de facto monopoly until very recently (2010, see below in this section) Average speed is an important factor regarding profitability (more distance per hour means more income per hour).
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Monument to Karl Mannheim in Golder's Green Columbarium, part of Golder's Green Crematorium In his British phase Mannheim attempted a comprehensive analysis of the structure of modern society by way of democratic social planning and education. Mannheim's first major work published during this period was Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction 1935, in which he argues for a shift from the liberal order of laissez-faire capitalism, "founded on the unregulated trade cycle, unextended democracy, free competition and ideas of competitive individualism" to planned democracy. In Diagnosis of Our Time, Mannheim expands on this argument and expresses concern for the transition from liberal order to planned democracy, according to Longhurst, arguing "...the embryonic planned democratic society can develop along democratic or dictatorial routes...as expressed in the totalitarian societies of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union". His work was admired more by educators, social workers, and religious thinkers than it was by the small community of British sociologists.
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According to its supporters, this would result in the society as advocated by democratic socialists, when socialism is not understood as state socialism and conflated with self-described socialist states and the free market and laissez-faire are understood to mean as being free from all forms of economic privilege, monopolies and artificial scarcities. This is consistent with the classical economics view that economic rents, i.e. profits generated from a lack of perfect competition, must be reduced or eliminated as much as possible through free competition rather than free from regulation. David McNally, a professor at the University of Houston, has argued in the Marxist tradition that the logic of the market inherently produces social inequality and leads to unequal exchanges, writing that Adam Smith's moral intent and moral philosophy espousing equal exchange was undermined by the practice of the free market he championed as the development of the market economy involved coercion, exploitation and violence that Smith's moral philosophy could not counteract.
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Velarde attended Universidad del Pacífico, where he gained a B.A. in economics graduating first of his class in 1974. He obtained an M.A. from Brown University in 1977 and is a Ph.D. candidate from the same university. Later, he made advanced studies of economics at the Kiel Institute for the World Economy in 1990. Between 1978 and 1983 Velarde worked as researcher and associate professor of economics at Universidad del Pacífico. In the 1980s he served successively as Manager of the Bank of Industry, Economic Advisor to the Minister of Industry and Financial Manager of the Central Mortgage Bank of Peru. In 1990 he was appointed member of the Board of Governors of the Central Reserve Bank and Advisor to the Minister of Finance and from 1993 to 1999 he held senior positions at the National Institute for the Defense of Free Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property, Financing Bank and Bank of Commerce.
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Prior to 1974, Tooth relied on a handshake agreement with its interstate rivals that they would not intrude in each other's territories, while Tooth's hotels were 'tied', meaning licensees were bound to market Tooth Beers. Both of these practices would be outlawed under the Commonwealth Trade Practices Act in 1974. Tooth appointed McKinsey and Company, a management consultant firm, to review its procedures, which was headed by Fred Hilmer, a strong advocate of free competition. Following the review, Tooth made a number of structural changes; McKinsey generally followed the Harvard school of thought that the company should use external consultants for its non-core activities. Between 1975 and 1980, Tooth made numerous acquisitions, two of which were Wright-Heaton Pty Ltd (a catering firm), and Budge Refrigeration. In 1975, Tooth reconstructed the brewing facilities at Irving Street, Sydney, which was funded from cash flow. Between 1976 and 1982, Tooth and Co owned Penfolds winery. As indication of the conservative financial status of Tooth, the acquisition was funded by tightening credit terms with the hoteliers from 90 days down to 30 days.
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He gave prominence to the national idea and insisted on the special requirements of each nation according to its circumstances and especially to the degree of its development. He famously doubted the sincerity of calls to free trade from developed nations, in particular Britain: > Any nation which by means of protective duties and restrictions on > navigation has raised her manufacturing power and her navigation to such a > degree of development that no other nation can sustain free competition with > her, can do nothing wiser than to throw away these ladders of her greatness, > to preach to other nations the benefits of free trade, and to declare in > penitent tones that she has hitherto wandered in the paths of error, and has > now for the first time succeeded in discovering the truth.The National > System of Political Economy, by Friedrich List, 1841, translated by Sampson > S. Lloyd M.P., 1885 edition, Fourth Book, "The Politics", Chapter 33. His idea of productive powers was influenced by the philosophy of productivity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.
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"So what we have here," the court said, "is a patentee who gives a license to a manufacturer for a stipulated consideration, part of the consideration being that the licensee will abstain from manufacturing any other kind of nontangling spring washer except those covered by the license." The court recognized that this case was different on its facts from the Supreme Court's prior tie-in patent misuse cases such as Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co., in which the Court held that a patentee "may not claim protection of his grant by the courts where it is being used to subvert" patent policy.. The patentee is not imposing a tie-in, but it is "using its patent monopoly to suppress the manufacture of possible competing goods not covered by its patent." The patentee: > is attempting by means other than that of free competition to extend the > bounds of its lawful monopoly to make, use and vend the patented device to > the extent where such device would be the only one available to a user of > such an article.
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In December 2014, Peninsula began to be traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Peninsula is rated “A” by S&P; Maalot. Peninsula expanded and also established investment private equity fund. In December 2015, the company won a bid of ILS 450 million to the Ministry of Economy for the establishment and management of an investment fund for long-term growth of medium-sized businesses. In August 2017, another fund was launched called “The Peninsula Fund for 100+ Businesses” scaled at about ILS 200 million. In September 2012, Avni wrote an article published in the “Calcalist” journal which discussed limiting the use of cash. This prompted a discussion that appointed the “Locker Committee” to reduce the use of cash. The committee’s conclusions turned into a bill which was adopted into law by the Israeli parliament in 2018 and will go into effect at the beginning of 2019. In each of the years 2015, 2016 and 2018 Avni was elected to the list of The Marker’s 100 Most Influential People in Israel following his involvement in opening the credit market to free competition.
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"Catalogue of the Books in the Manchester Free Library, Manchester Public Libraries, Vol. 3, C. Sever, printed by H. Blacklock & Co., Manchester, 1881 Prinsep simultaneously urged a government policy of opening up the India market to the free competition of British merchants, a policy eventually adopted, but one which he was not able to participate in due to financial reversals resulting from the market crisis occasioned at the end of the American War of Independence. In 1780 Prinsep wrote to Lord North while still in Calcutta "outlining his intention of introducing indigo, sugar and tobacco into Britain from South Asia", wrote historian H. V. Bowen in his The Business of Empire. "He did so with the belief that a 'richer tribute may by such means be drawn from Bengal than is furnished by the present almost worn out system of investing it in manufactures which are every day falling in estimation at home since European industry has adopted such variety of imitation and improvement on the fabricks of the East.
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While he was not a socialist, in protesting against laissez faire and invoking the state "to regulate the progress of wealth" he was an interesting precursor of the German Historical school of economics. Focuses of his work are central to the idea of taking particular economic situations and analyzing them in the situational setting of history from which one is drawing data or insight. Sismondi is known for the study of economic crises rooting from “the social ramifications of the economic system rather than on its structure.” His interpretations put him before Marx, in semi-defining the bourgeoisie and proletariat division in society. Key to his philosophy, Sismondi saw these class divisions to coincide with crises in the economy and didn't see extreme social reform as the answer, but rather moderate versions that allowed for technological advances to be slowed for the economy to catch up, via limiting production and the limitation of what he referred to as “the prevailing glorification of free competition”, all while, most importantly, allowing individuals to retain private property and any revenues generated from it.
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His promotion of the idea of "planisme", or planning, was widely influential in the early 1930s, in particular among the Non-Conformist Movement in France, a movement also called the Third Way; he was connected briefly to the Personalist Emmanuel Mounier, and even thought of himself as something of a "13th century Thomist".per John Hellman The doctrine of Henri de Man intended to overcome the successive crises of capitalism by the nationalization of bank credit and an elevation of the degree of authority of the State in financial affairs, while preserving the structures of a capitalist economic system. The “planism” refuted the socialization of the means of production and the construction of a classless society, but on the contrary sought to encourage the private sector by freeing it from certain monopolies entrusted to the State and making it the protector of free competition and individual initiative. From a tactical point of view, marked by the crushing of the German Social Democrats by Hitler, which he attributes to the defection of the middle classes towards the NSDAP, de Man thinks it necessary to move towards a rapprochement with liberal parties.
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