Feliz then walked Josh Reddick and Danny Valenzuela, forcing in two runs.
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Mike Napoli drew a walk, forcing in Kipnis with the second run of the inning.
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He then walked Yasmani Grandal, forcing in one run, before striking out pinch-hitter Trayce Thompson.
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Joe Kelly then allowed consecutive walks to James McCann and Jones, forcing in the final run.
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Chapman then hit Rizzo on the forearm with his first pitch, forcing in the tying run.
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He walked Troy Tulowitzki on a 215-226 pitch, forcing in the go-ahead run, and Martin singled.
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Gomes drew a walk to load the bases and Zimmer also walked, forcing in Encarnacion with the tying run.
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Collins's plan was foiled, however, when Milone wasted an 0-2 count and walked Marte, forcing in a run.
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Maybin, the No. 9 batter, also drew a walk, forcing in a run and giving the Tigers a 1-0 lead.
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Miley struck out Kipnis for the second out, but then Miley walked Lindor, forcing in Uribe to make it 2447-215.
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Junis hit Ryon Healy with a pitch to load the bases with one out, then hit Khris Davis, forcing in a run.
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The V30 is another well-rounded phone from LG. The company hasn't really sacrificed any features for the sake of forcing in others.
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He walked as a pinch hitter with the bases loaded in the ninth inning, forcing in a run during an 22-24 loss to Washington.
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Alex Gordon then walked on four pitches, forcing in a run, before McBroom hit a Stanek fastball down the right field line to clear the bases.
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"Including volcanic forcing in climate models can account for the cooling, and we estimate it increases the likelihood of the extremely cold temperatures by up to 100 times," Schurer said.
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Do we have anything specific in mind other than making our energy costs higher by forcing in renewables that are intermittent suppliers of energy, and forcing out resilient coal-fired electricity?
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Washington answered in the bottom of the inning as Gray issued three of his five walks in a span of five batters, with the last free pass to Parra forcing in a run.
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The existence of the subdomains were first reported by BoingBoing this morning, and was discovered by a researcher using a tactic known as DNS brute forcing in order to find common versions of the Predpol.
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After RBI singles by Whit Merrifield and Hunter Dozier, Alex Gordon then walked on four pitches, forcing in a run, before McBroom hit a Stanek fastball down the right field line to clear the bases.
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Guyer, who led the American League in each of the past two years in getting hit by pitches, got hit in the leg on an 23-2 pitch, forcing in Napoli with the Indians' second run.
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With no one up in the pen, Callaway was forced to stay with Familia, who hit Moises Sierra with a pitch, loading the bases yet again, and then walked Michael Taylor, forcing in the go-ahead run.
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Although technical details on how exactly GrayKey breaks into phones are generally unavailable, the device, expectedly, uses techniques to churn through different passcode combinations—or brute forcing in hacker lingo—according to demonstration slides seen by Motherboard.
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The strategic alliance is one that has two of the world's largest e-commerce retailers joining forcing in an effort to combat Amazon, and is yet another example of how Walmart is using large-scale partnerships to aid in that battle.
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Other tricks use cognitive illusions like "choice blindness" (in which someone is steered to defend a choice they didn't actually make) and "forcing" (in which people believe that they have free choice in a decision that's been carefully managed all along).
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"Excluding American citizens from American waters and forcing in this case fishermen onto the high seas to do their business - something just doesn't quite sit right," said Sean Martin, president of the Hawaii Longline Association, explaining the expansion could raise his costs.
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Ron Guidry came in and retired Craig Reynolds, but then walked Mazzilli, forcing in Morgan with the winning run. Sutter retired the side, including two strikeouts, in the ninth to get the win.
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Olsen, P.E. and D.V. Kent, 1995: Milankovich climate forcing in the tropics of Pangea during the late Triassic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 122, 1-26. Interglacial periods correlate well with an intensification of the monsoon circulation.Francis, J.E., 2009: Palaeoclimates of Pangea- geological evidence.
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Climate change mitigation is the action to decrease the intensity of radiative forcing in order to reduce the potential effects of global warming. Most often, mitigation efforts involve reductions in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, either by reducing their source or by increasing their sinks.
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The airborne fraction is a scaling factor defined as the ratio of the annual increase in atmospheric to the emissions from anthropogenic sources.Forster, P, V Ramaswamy, P Artaxo, et al. (2007) Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
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Teleconnections within the tropical Pacific began to be understood thanks to the idealized calculations of A.E. Gill and later through more complex models. Building upon the "proto-model", much of the early theory of teleconnections dealt with barotropic, linearized model of atmospheric flow about a constant mean state. However, the model was soon invalidated when it was discovered that actual teleconnection patterns were nearly insensitive to the location of the forcing, in direct contradiction with the predictions offered by this simple picture. Simmons and collaborators showed that if a more realistic background state was prescribed, it would become unstable, leading to a similar pattern regardless of the location of the forcing, in accordance to observations.
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Amorphous sets cannot exist if the axiom of choice is assumed. Fraenkel constructed a permutation model of Zermelo–Fraenkel with Atoms in which the set of atoms is an amorphous set. After Cohen's initial work on forcing in 1963, proofs of the consistency of amorphous sets with Zermelo–Fraenkel were obtained.
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Jemile Weeks and Eric Sogard were then walked, loading the bases. Coco Crisp then grounded out, scoring Smith. Yoenis Céspedes was then hit by a pitch, reloading the bases. The game then ended in the bottom of the twelfth inning when Adam Dolliver was hit, forcing in the winning run.
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Examples of oral hygiene for patients are brushing the teeth, cleaning the dentures and using mouth wash. Allow patients to have sufficient time to swallow food before forcing in another mouthful. Sufficient liquid with the meal can also be provided. Make sure not to leave the patient until their appetite is satisfied.
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Therefore, some of the more difficult machinery used in set-theoretic forcing can be eliminated or substantially simplified when defining forcing in recursion theory. But while the machinery may be somewhat different, recursion-theoretic and set-theoretic forcing are properly regarded as an application of the same technique to different classes of formulas.
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Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 3341-3357.Olsen, P.E. and D.V. Kent, 1995: Milankovich climate forcing in the tropics of Pangea during the late Triassic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 122, 1-26. The monsoon during the late Triassic appears to have been particularly impacted by Milankovich cycles for a period extending over at least 22 million years.
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Although has a high GWP, for a long time its radiative forcing in the Earth's atmosphere has been assumed to be small, spuriously presuming that only small quantities are released into the atmosphere. Industrial applications of routinely break it down, while in the past previously used regulated compounds such as and PFCs were often released. Research has questioned the previous assumptions.
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Eccentricity seems to have significantly affected precipitation cycles, but further research is required to better understand this correlation.Olsen, P.E. and D.V. Kent, 1995: Milankovich climate forcing in the tropics of Pangea during the late Triassic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 122, 1-26. Climate modelers are additionally attempting to further understand and account for the surface and deep water circulations of the Panthalassic Ocean.
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These increases in levels of gases such as , methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide have increased radiative forcing. In 2018, the concentrations of and methane had increased by about 45% and 160%, respectively, since 1750.. In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassed 400 ppm for the first time (normal pre- industrial levels were ~270ppm).
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The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere. This is the opposite of the expected pattern if the Sun, currently closer to the Earth during austral summer, were the principal climate forcing. In particular, the Southern Hemisphere, with more ocean area and less land area, has a lower albedo ("whiteness") and absorbs more light. The Northern Hemisphere, however, has higher population, industry and emissions.
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He followed that up with a walk to Mike Menosky, forcing in a run. Elmer Miller then tripled to clear the bases, and George Burns singled Miller home. Only after Del Pratt followed with another single did manager Tris Speaker pull Hamann, who also threw a wild pitch in what was his only major league appearance. Burns also eventually came around to score, for the sixth and final run charged to Hamann.
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Detroit scored on two singles, a walk, and an error on a potential double play grounder which produced the first run. With the bases loaded, Norm Cash walked, forcing in the tying run. With both the A's infield and outfield playing in, Jim Northrup hit a deep fly ball off Dave Hamilton to drive in the winning run. In Game 5, Blue Moon Odom of the A's would be facing Woodie Fryman of the Tigers.
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NVH needs good representative prototypes of the production vehicle for testing. These are needed early in the design process as the solutions often need substantial modification to the design, forcing in engineering changes which are much cheaper when made early. These early prototypes are very expensive, so there has been great interest in computer aided predictive techniques for NVH. One example is the modelling works for structure borne noise and vibration analysis.
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With the score tied and bases loaded with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning, Burns fields a right-handed hitter against a left-handed pitcher and pinch hits Homer for Strawberry. Distracted by Burns' exaggerated gesturing, Homer is hit in the head by the first pitch, knocking him out and forcing in the winning run. The team wins the title and Homer, still unconscious, is paraded as a hero.
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Scientists opposing the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming express varied opinions concerning the cause of global warming. Some say only that it has not yet been ascertained whether humans are the primary cause of global warming; others attribute global warming to natural variation; ocean currents; increased solar activity or cosmic rays. The consensus position is that solar radiation may have increased by 0.12 W/m2 since 1750, compared to 1.6 W/m2 for the net anthropogenic forcing. , in .
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The different elements of the climate system respond to external forcing in different ways. One important difference between the components is the speed at which they react to a forcing. The atmosphere typically responds within a couple of hours to weeks, while the deep ocean and ice sheets take centuries to millennia to reach a new equilibrium. The initial response of a component to an external forcing can be damped by negative feedbacks and enhanced by positive feedbacks.
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Adams walked Dyson to load the bases. With only one reliever – Carlos Torres – remaining in the Washington bullpen, Martinez left Adams in to face the next batter, center fielder A. J. Pollock, as well, and Adams also walked Pollock, forcing in what turned out to be the winning run in a 4–3 Diamondbacks victory. On April 29, the Nationals optioned Adams back to Syracuse. Adams was designated for assignment on April 30, 2019, following the selecting of Dan Jennings’ contract.
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In tomatoes, increases in fruit yield are typically the results of increased fruit size.Pogonyi, A., Z. Pek, L. Helyes, and A. Lugasi 2005 Grafting tomatoes for early forcing in spring has a major impact on the overall quality of main fruit components. Acta Alimentaria 34:453-462 Research has shown that possible mechanisms for increased yield are likely due to increased water and nutrient uptake among vigorous rootstock genotypes. Conductance through the stoma was improved in tomato plants when grafted onto vigorous rootstock.
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Miguel spent the entire year with the club compiling a 4–7 record and an ERA of 5.11. His Major League debut in relief versus the Chicago White Sox on April 6, 2002 was inauspicious as his first 16 pitches were out of the strike zone, forcing in a run before he even threw his first Major League strike. Due to an injury shortened season, he only started eight times for the Royals in . He spent the season recovering from Tommy John surgery.
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These effects are believed to be small in comparison to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing in the long term, but large volcanic eruptions, for example, can exert a substantial temporary cooling effect. Human GHG emissions are a model input, although it is possible to include an economic/technological submodel to provide these as well. Atmospheric GHG levels are usually supplied as an input, though it is possible to include a carbon cycle model that reflects vegetation and oceanic processes to calculate such levels.
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On May 31, 1968, Wendelstedt made a call that preserved Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Don Drysdale's consecutive shutouts and scoreless innings streaks. Giants catcher Dick Dietz came to the plate in the top of the 9th inning with the bases loaded and no outs. On a 2–2 count, Drysdale hit Dietz on the elbow, apparently forcing in a run that would have ended the streaks. However, Wendelstedt ruled that Dietz made no attempt to avoid being struck by the pitch, and called him back.
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Typical cirrus clouds may be susceptible to modification to reduce their lifetime and optical thickness, and hence their net positive radiative forcing (in contrast to the typical low, warm liquid clouds). Material to seed such modification could be delivered via drones or by aircraft. Scientists believe that cirrus clouds in the high latitude upper troposphere are formed by homogeneous freezing, resulting in large numbers of small ice crystals. If effective ice nuclei were introduced into this environment, the cirrus may instead form by heterogeneous freezing.
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Coastal margins have high sedimentation rates due to sediment input by rivers, which account for the vast majority of sediment delivery to the ocean. In most cases, sediments are deposited near the river mouth or are transported in the alongshore direction due to wave forcing. In some places sediment falls into submarine canyons and is transported off-shelf, if the canyon is sufficiently large or the shelf is narrow. Coastal margins also contain diverse and plentiful marine species, especially in places that experience periodic upwelling.
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On September 11, 1996, a weak low-pressure area was situated close to Lake Superior, as well as a shortwave trough over Ontario. Its surface central pressure over Lake Michigan was . The northwest tilt of the low indicated that the surface center was strengthening due to baroclinic forcing. In addition to this, analyses of the atmosphere concluded that the cyclone extended into the upper troposphere. The cyclone's overall strength increased dramatically while meandering over the Great Lakes, with surface winds building from 11 mph (18 km/h) to 67 mph (108 km/h).
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Corollary to fourth suit forcing One of the negative inferences of fourth suit forcing is that all other simple jumps by responder at his second turn are invitational and not game forcing. In the unopposed sequence 1 club -- 1 heart -- 1 spade: a jump by responder to two no-trumps, three clubs, three hearts or three spades are all invitational and not forcing. They suggest 10-12 HCP. Conversely, going through 2 diamonds, the fourth suit, lets you make any of those calls at your next turn and have the call be forcing.
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The 2008 report also addressed the global concern of warming and concluded that the brown clouds have masked 20 to 80 percent of greenhouse gas forcing in the past century. The report suggested that air pollution regulations can have large amplifying effects on global warming. Another major impact is on the polar ice caps. Black carbon (soot) in the Asian Brown Cloud may be reflecting sunlight and dimming Earth below but it is warming other places by absorbing incoming radiation and warming the atmosphere and whatever it touches.
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David Freese had a game-tying two-run double in the bottom of the first, breaking the post-season RBI record, and Allen Craig hit a go-ahead homer in the third. Craig even robbed a home run from Nelson Cruz in the sixth. St. Louis added two runs off Scott Feldman in the fifth inning without getting a hit. Yadier Molina walked with the bases loaded, C. J. Wilson came on to relieve Feldman and promptly hit Rafael Furcal with his first pitch, forcing in another run to make it 5–2.
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Forcing in recursion theory is a modification of Paul Cohen's original set- theoretic technique of forcing to deal with the effective concerns in recursion theory. Conceptually the two techniques are quite similar: in both one attempts to build generic objects (intuitively objects that are somehow 'typical') by meeting dense sets. Both techniques are described as a relation (customarily denoted \Vdash) between 'conditions' and sentences. However, where set-theoretic forcing is usually interested in creating objects that meet every dense set of conditions in the ground model, recursion-theoretic forcing only aims to meet dense sets that are arithmetically or hyperarithmetically definable.
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ICDP proposals seek to help understand how both the climate and the environment have changed on global and regional scales. Areas of research within this theme include paleoclimate studies investigating the manner in which Earth's past climate has changed, the reasons for such changes, as well as the role of environmental forcing in human evolution, for example in the Eastern Rift Valley of Africa. Other ICDP proposals focus on the effects of volcanism and major impacts on climate and mass extinctions. Deep biosphere research has also become an important component of drilling projects to help get a better understanding of evolution and extent of life on Earth.
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Magidor obtained several important consistency results on powers of singular cardinals substantially developing the method of forcing. He generalized the Prikry forcing in order to change the cofinality of a large cardinal to a predetermined regular cardinal. He proved that the least strongly compact cardinal can be equal to the least measurable cardinal or to the least supercompact cardinal (but not at the same time). Assuming consistency of huge cardinals he constructed models (1977) of set theory with first examples of nonregular ultrafilters over very small cardinals (related to the famous Guilmann Keisler problem concerning existence of nonregular ultrafilters), even with the example of jumping cardinality of ultrapowers.
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They predicted that continued greenhouse gas emissions would cause additional future temperature increases "at a rate similar to that observed in recent decades". In addition, the study notes "uncertainties in historical forcing" — in other words, past natural forcing may still be having a delayed warming effect, most likely due to the oceans. Stott's 2003 work largely revised his assessment, and found a significant solar contribution to recent warming, although still smaller (between 16 and 36%) than that of greenhouse gases. A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.
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The main goal of achieving interoperability had mixed success in the beginning. Deployment has been slow, as there is no business case for replacing existing train protection systems, especially in Germany and France which already had advanced train protection systems installed in most mainlines. Even though these legacy systems were developed in the 1960s, they provided similar performance to ETCS Level 2, thus the reluctance of infrastructure managers to replace these systems with ETCS. There are also significant problems regarding compatibility of the latest software releases or baselines of infrastructure- side equipment with older on-board equipment, forcing in many cases the train operating companies to replace ETCS equipment after only a few years.
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It has been proposed several times that mass loss from the faint young Sun in the form of stronger solar winds could have compensated for the low temperatures from greenhouse gas forcing. In this framework, the early Sun underwent an extended period of higher solar wind output. This caused a mass loss from the Sun on the order of 5−10 percent over its lifetime, resulting in a more consistent level of solar luminosity (as the early Sun had more mass, resulting in more energy output than was predicted). In order to explain the warm conditions in the Archean era, this mass loss must have occurred over an interval of about one billion years.
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Several factors need to be considered in determine the ocean's response to tidal forcing. These include loading effects and interactions with the solid Earth as the ocean mass is redistributed by the tides, and self- gravitation effects of the ocean on itself. However the most important is the dynamical response of the ocean to the tidal forcing, conveniently expressed in terms of Laplace's tidal equations. Because of their long periods surface gravity waves cannot be easily excited and so the long period tides were long assumed to be nearly in equilibrium with the forcing in which case the tide heights should be proportional to the disturbing potential and the induced currents should be very weak.
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When the noise is very strong a large number of switches occur for each period of the sinusoid and the system response does not show remarkable periodicity. Between these two conditions, there exists an optimal value of the noise that cooperatively concurs with the periodic forcing in order to make almost exactly one switch per period (a maximum in the signal-to-noise ratio). Such a favorable condition is quantitatively determined by the matching of two time scales: the period of the sinusoid (the deterministic time scale) and the Kramers rateKramers, H.A.: Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical reactions. Physica (Utrecht) 7, 284–304 (1940)} (i.e.
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The Diamond Jaxx became the Double-A affiliate of the Chicago Cubs. The team would play their home games at the newly constructed 6,000-seat Pringles Park, which cost approximately US$8 million. The West Tenn Diamond Jaxx opened their inaugural season on the road against the Jacksonville Suns on April 2, 1998, at Wolfson Park in Jacksonville, Florida, winning 6–4. They played their home opener on April 16 before a sellout crowd of 6,054 people at Pringles Park. Tied 4–4 in the bottom of the ninth inning with the bases loaded, Jackson's Terry Joseph was hit by a pitch forcing in the winning run in the 5–4 victory.
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This is the "Head of France", granted to all "Bonnes Villes", which shows the heraldry of his former monarchs: of azure laden with three golden fleurs de lys (a blue background adorned with three yellow lily flowers). In the 13th century, merchants' guilds embarked on a revolt against the power of the Archbishop-Count of Lyon. These used their own flags with a lion to symbolize their strength, forcing in 1320 King Philip V of France to intervene in this conflict. As a result of the intervention of the king, the city happened to depend directly on the French Crown, being included the list of "Bonnes Villes" and receiving its shield (and flag) of arms.
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It was served at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, when Prince Regent George IV of the United Kingdom (1762–1830) used it as a seaside retreat. By the Victorian Era sea kale had become "in very general use" as a vegetable in Britain, according to the popular cookbook Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, in which it is called a type of asparagus, although at nine pennies for a basket of sprouts, it was one of the most expensive vegetables to be had. Its cultivation is discussed in older books on vegetable growing. Wild stocks were severely reduced in Britain by forcing in situ and collecting for food until the practice was banned in the early 20th century.
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If Jacoby transfers are not played, there are two approaches to resolve the situation when responder has a 5-card major but only invitational values. In one, more common, referred to as non-forcing Stayman, in the sequence: :1NT - 2; 2 - 2 responder's simple rebid of a major suit is invitational, showing 8-9 points and a 5-card spade suit. In the forcing Stayman variant, the bid is one-round forcing. In the original Precision Club system, forcing and non-forcing Stayman are differentiated in the start: 2 by responder shows only invitational values (and the continuation is the same as in basic Stayman), while 2 is forcing to game (responder bids 2NT without majors).
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Because the existence of a significant cosmic ray climate link implies that solar variability will also have a large effect on the climate, Shaviv advocated the idea that natural climate variations play a significant role in 20th century climate change. Moreover, if solar activity increase over the 20th century contributed to warming in addition to the anthropogenic forcing, then the overall climate sensitivity should be lower than advocated by standard scenarios which do not include solar forcing. In 2008, Shaviv used the oceans as a giant calorimeter to quantify the solar radiative forcing. He found that the peak to peak variations are close to 1 W/m2, significantly more than can be expected from the changes in the solar irradiance.
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In axiomatic set theory, the Rasiowa–Sikorski lemma (named after Helena Rasiowa and Roman Sikorski) is one of the most fundamental facts used in the technique of forcing. In the area of forcing, a subset E of a poset (P, ≤) is called dense in P if for any p ∈ P there is e ∈ E with e ≤ p. If D is a family of dense subsets of P, then a filter F in P is called D-generic if :F ∩ E ≠ ∅ for all E ∈ D. Now we can state the Rasiowa–Sikorski lemma: :Let (P, ≤) be a poset and p ∈ P. If D is a countable family of dense subsets of P then there exists a D-generic filter F in P such that p ∈ F.
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While the principal greenhouse gas emission from powered aircraft in flight is CO₂, other emissions include nitrogen oxides or NOₓ (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide), water vapour and particulates (soot and sulfate particles), sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide (bonding with oxygen to become CO₂ upon release), incompletely burned hydrocarbons, and radicals such as hydroxyl, depending on the type of aircraft in use. As jet airliners fly in the tropopause, their total impact on climate change may increase beyond CO₂ emissions, contributing to climate change in four ways:> ; Carbon dioxide (CO₂) : CO₂ emissions from aircraft-in-flight are the most significant and best understood element of aviation's total contribution to climate change.Sausen et al. (2005). "Aviation radiative forcing in 2000: an update on IPCC" (PDF).
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He started out in engineering science on a scholarship at the University of Toronto, but then became preoccupied with existential questions, leading him into unconventional areas of study, with the result that he graduated in 1974 with an interdisciplinary BSc. After some years working as a roofer, he enrolled at the University of Calgary and, in 1983, completed an MSc in mathematics with specialization in mathematical foundations, writing his thesis about forcing in topoi. He switched to psychology graduating in 1989 from the University of Regina with a PhD in psychology and specialization in the study of consciousness. Since 1987 he has been teaching courses in psychology, mostly about consciousness, at King's University College, where he has risen to the rank of professor.
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The game included an inside-the-park home run by Hunter Pence, ejections of both managers (Alex Cora for Boston, Chris Woodward for Texas), and the first career ejection of Andrew Benintendi. Texas took a 2–1 first- inning lead in the third game of the series, with Boston going ahead 3–2 in the fifth inning, and the Rangers tying the score at 3–3 in the top of the eighth. In the bottom of the ninth, the Red Sox loaded the bases on a double, and single, and a walk. Mookie Betts then also walked, forcing in Marco Hernández with the winning run, 4–3. In the final game of the series, the Red Sox were down 6–1 in the middle of the second inning, with starter David Price leaving the game after allowing six runs on five hits in innings.
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Ted Honderich has challenged the thesis of anomalous monism, forcing, in his words, the "inventor of anomalous monism to think again". To understand Honderich's argument, it is helpful to describe the example he uses to illustrate the thesis of AM itself: the event of two pears being put on a scale causes the event of the scale's moving to the two-pound mark. But if we describe the event as "the two French and green things caused the scale to move to the two-pound mark", then while this is true, there is no lawlike relation between the greenness and Frenchness of the pears and the pointers moving to the two-pound mark. Honderich then points out that what we are really doing when we say that there is "no lawlike relationship between two things under certain descriptions" is taking certain properties and noting that the two things are not in relation in virtue of those particular properties.
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By the late 1980s, Platt's research program at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography had reached a stage where the solid foundations built from a close relationship between theoretical developments and observations at sea provided the ready capabilities to embrace the possibilities offered by satellite remote sensing of the ocean. With his close collaborator Shubha Sathyendranath, Platt successfully implemented the analytical solutions and measurement-driven algorithms at regional and ocean basin scales to compute integrated primary production through the water column. In 1995, the long- sought calculation of annual global production by marine phytoplankton was made possible for the first time, after Alan Longhurst successfully partitioned the global ocean into a set of biogeochemical provinces within which the phytoplankton are likely subject to common physical forcing. In later years after the estimation of marine primary production at large geographical scale was made operational, Platt increasingly turned his attention to the use of remotely-sensed ocean colour as indicators of ecosystem performance towards the management of fisheries and stewardship of the ocean.
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Radiative forcing can be used to estimate a subsequent change in steady-state (often denoted "equilibrium") surface temperature (ΔTs) arising from that forcing via the equation: : \Delta T_s =~ \lambda~\Delta F where λ is commonly denoted the climate sensitivity parameter, usually with units K/(W/m2), and ΔF is the radiative forcing in W/m2. A typical value of λ, 0.8 K/(W/m2), gives an increase in global temperature of about 1.6 K above the 1750 reference temperature due to the increase in over that time (278 to 405 ppm, for a forcing of 2.0 W/m2), and predicts a further warming of 1.4 K above present temperatures if the mixing ratio in the atmosphere were to become double its pre-industrial value; both of these calculations assume no other forcings. Historically, radiative forcing displays the best predictive capacity for specific types of forcing such as greenhouse gases. It is less effective for other anthropogenic influences like soot. A new framework called ‘effective radiative forcing’ or ERF removes the effect of rapid adjustments within the atmosphere that are unrelated to longer term surface temperature responses.
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