Tesla has come under scrutiny in recent months, thanks to its negative cash flow, production problems, and high-profile crashes of its semi-autonomous cars.
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Until the capital markets open up and allow U.S. oil companies to spend outside of their cash flow, production will not increase and crude prices will continue to rise, Tapstone Energy CEO Tom Ward said Thursday.
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He was a great early 20th century pioneer in progressive management, flow production, and industrial automation.
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Flow must cause no harm; if it does, then material and information will not flow. Woollard understood and practised what today we call "Continuous Improvement" and "Respect for People" – the two principles of Lean management, and embodied them in his 18 principles of flow production (Woollard, 1954, p. 51). Woollard's work in flow production in the mid-to-late 1920s pre-dates Kiichiro Toyoda's interest in flow production by nearly 15 years. It is notable that Woollard's work was well publicised in technical automotive production and engineering journals.
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Flow production (Process Production) is also a very common method of production. Flow production is when the product is built up through many segregated stages; the product is built upon at each stage and then passed directly to the next stage where it is built upon again. The production method is financially the most efficient and effective because there is less of a need for skilled workers.
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Woollard wrote numerous journal papers and trade magazine articles on his flow production system in the mid-1920 and into the late 1940s and mid-1950s. His detailed technical papers were published in a widely read journal called Machinery. Those papers, as well as his 1954 book, Principles of Mass and Flow Production, fell into obscurity for reasons that are not at all clear. Woollard is the forgotten pioneer of Lean management.
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Woollard's application of flow production beginning in 1923 means that timelines for discoveries and attributions of key accomplishments in Lean management must be revised. For example, Kiichiro Toyoda is credited with creating Just-in-Time (JIT) production in 1937, while Taiichi Ohno is credited with inventing "supermarkets" in 1953 to supply downstream processes. These innovations were established and used in flow production by Woollard between 1923 and 1925. Other innovations, such as autonomation, appear to have been discovered independently by Sakichi Toyoda and Frank Woollard.
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The term "batch processing" originates in the traditional classification of methods of production as job production (one-off production), batch production (production of a "batch" of multiple items at once, one stage at a time), and flow production (mass production, all stages in process at once).
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Papers written by Woollard and William Morris showed their strong desire to share the details of their innovative continuous flow production system with others and to showcase British industrial prowess. Their work was no secret and was readily available to anyone interested in learning about advanced automobile production methods.
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Aaron Pena, simply known as Doble A, was born in the Dominican Republic, but raised in Boston, Massachusetts. Anthony Calo Cotto, artistically known as Nales, was born and raised in Virginia, U.S., before moving to Puerto Rico when he was 15 years old. Doble A & Nales, both from the Mas Flow production team, form the producing duo Los Presidentes.
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In valuing equity, securities analysts may use fundamental analysis—as opposed to technical analysis—to estimate the intrinsic value of a company. Here the "intrinsic" characteristic considered is the expected cash flow production of the company in question. Intrinsic value is therefore defined to be the present value of all expected future net cash flows to the company; i.e. it is calculated via discounted cash flow valuation.
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Woollard had risen to the position of Assistant Managing Director of E G Wrigley & Co. Ltd., another Morris supplier, which Morris bought from the Receiver in January 1924 and the business was renamed Morris Commercial Cars Ltd.. Woollard was already a successful pioneer in the techniques of mass and flow production and the results he achieved at the Gosford Street factory were largely due to his expertise in managing men and machines.
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Woollard's work has been revived by Lean management historian and author Professor Bob Emiliani. In January 2009 he published a 55th Anniversary Special Edition of Woollard's 1954 book, Principles of Mass and Flow Production, which also includes his 1925 paper "Some Notes on British Methods of Continuous Production" and commentary and analysis of Woollard's work by Dr. Emiliani. Morris Motors Ltd. ceased to exist in 1952 when it merged with Austin Motor Company, Ltd.
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Titanium powder is manufactured using a flow production process known as the Armstrong process that is similar to the batch production Hunter process. A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium metal; the products (sodium chloride salt and titanium particles) is filtered from the extra sodium. Titanium is then separated from the salt by water washing. Both sodium and chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride.
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But it's an academic purpose. From a business point of view, the first priority purpose is to keep the customer's due date. Most major factories ask for scheduling to smooth flow production, level the production, keep safety stock, keep cycle time, or keep assigning jobs to auto-machines or lines as the next priority. In some situations, scheduling can involve random attributes, such as random processing times, random due dates, random weights, and stochastic machine breakdowns.
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Continuous production is a flow production method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interruption. Continuous production is called a continuous process or a continuous flow process because the materials, either dry bulk or fluids that are being processed are continuously in motion, undergoing chemical reactions or subject to mechanical or heat treatment. Continuous processing is contrasted with batch production. Continuous usually means operating 24 hours per day, seven days per week with infrequent maintenance shutdowns, such as semi-annual or annual.
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To achieve this remarkable increase in output, Woollard developed an advanced flow production system for low volume production. The major changes in production system design took place quickly, over a period of less than two years. In comparison, reorganisation of Toyota's engine shop, some 25 years later in the 1950s, took six years – and at half the production volume of Morris Motors. In 1926 Woollard joined the main board of Morris Motors but following disagreements with W R Morris who kept a firm grip on policy he moved on to managing director of Rudge-Whitworth in 1932.
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Mass production of Consolidated B-32 Dominator airplanes at Consolidated Aircraft Plant No. 4, near Fort Worth, Texas, during World War II. A modern automobile assembly line Mass production, also known as flow production or continuous production, is the production of large amounts of standardized products in a constant flow, including and especially on assembly lines. Together with job production and batch production, it is one of the three main production methods.Production Methods, BBC GCSE Bitesize, retrieved 2012-10-26. The term mass production was popularized by a 1926 article in the Encyclopædia Britannica supplement that was written based on correspondence with Ford Motor Company.
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Upon completing his education at City of London School, Woollard apprenticed for five years as a mechanical engineer at the London and South Western Railway starting in 1899. His first experience with a basic form of flow production was in the manufacture of railway coaches in 1904. Around 1905 he entered the British automotive industry as an auto parts designer. In 1910 he joined E G Wrigley & Co Limited, Birmingham, a maker of gear boxes, axles, and steering components for various British automobile companies, as chief draftsman in a department with a professional staff of 18, then in 1914 Woollard assumed responsibilities as production engineer.
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Lean CFP (Complex Flow Production) Driven is a new approach which takes into account not only the widely implemented Lean manufacturing, but combines the principles of Lean with the Operating Curve, an approach based on the theoretical approach of Queuing Theory developed in academia in the 1970s.Aurand S. Steven, Miller J. Peter; The Operating Curve: A Method to Measure and benchmark manufacturing line productivity; IEEE, USA, 1997. The goal of Lean CFP Driven is to eliminate waste in order to achieve higher quality, increase productivity and at the same time understand the relationship between utilization, lead time and variability in order to maximize performance within the semiconductor industry.
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This included (using current terminology): U-shaped cells, multi-skilled workers, takt time, standardised work, Just-In-Time, supermarkets, autonomation, quick change-over, etc. As a result, Woollard was able to prove, prior to Toyota, that achieving flow in lower volume production resulted in costs that were as low or lower than that which could be achieved by Ford's large scale production system. He was also the first to develop mechanical materials handling equipment known as automatic transfer machines to facilitate flow production, which some 25 years later would become common in the global automotive industry. Overall, Woollard's contribution to progressive manufacturing management practices is substantial and comparable to Taiichi Ohno at Toyota.
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In 2005, Bodek won the Books and Monographs category of the Shingo Prize for Excellence in Manufacturing, a prize that awards companies worldwide that "achieve world-class operational excellence status," for his book, Kaikaku, The Power and Magic of Lean.'Hirano's Eight Conditions for Flow Production', Superfactory, 2005 In 2010, Bodek was inducted into Industry Week's Manufacturing Hall of Fame. The award recognized him as one of a team of "industrial superstars whose collective careers have had an immeasurable impact and influence on U.S. manufacturing."'2010: The Dream Team', Manufacturing Hall of Fame Norman recently wrote a new book, A Miraculous Life, an unending search for freedom where he shares what he learned throughout his life from numerous masters in management and in the spiritual world.
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Woollard is regarded as one of the fathers of the British motor industry for his major contributions to flow production, progressive management practices, and industrial automation. In 1918, Woollard was awarded Member of Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his work on in improving the design and production of tank gearboxes, which had been the bottleneck in tank production during World War I. Woollard's innovative work at Morris Engines Limited, later known as Morris engines branch, beginning in 1923, enabled Morris Motors Limited to grow rapidly and achieve a commanding 34 percent domestic market share by 1930. Born in London, England, his father George was a butler and his mother Emily (Powell) was a kitchen maid, Woollard was educated at City of London School where he excelled in mathematics and science. In 1914, Woollard married Catherine Elizabeth Richards, and they gave birth to a son who died in infancy and daughter Joan Elizabeth on 20 September 1916.
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The term "job" has a traditional meaning as "piece of work", from Middle English "jobbe of work", and is used as such in manufacturing, in the phrase "job production", meaning "custom production", where it is contrasted with batch production (many items at once, one step at a time) and flow production (many items at once, all steps at the same time, by item). Note that these distinctions have become blurred in computing, where the oxymoronic term "batch job" is found, and used either for a one-off job or for a round of "batch processing" (same processing step applied to many items at once, originally punch cards). In this sense of "job", a programmable computer performs "jobs", as each one can be different from the last. The term "job" is also common in operations research, predating its use in computing, in such uses as job shop scheduling (see, for example and references thereof from throughout the 1950s, including several "System Research Department Reports" from IBM Research Center).
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From 1936 he seemed unable to find employment with the major vehicle manufacturers but he returned to writing, took up some industry directorships and became active at the University of Birmingham and Birmingham College of Technology. He chaired the College of Technology's industrial administration group from 1951 to 1957.Wayne Lewchuk, Woollard, Frank George (1883–1957), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 His innovative methods seemed little appreciated by the industry though he was active and it would seem respected in his professional associations which included: :IAE President 1945–1947 of the Institution of Automobile Engineers – which he had joined in 1915 :IME first chairman, automobile division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers – he arranged the merger of IAE and IME in 1947 :Member of the Institution of Production Engineers :Chairman executive committee of the Aluminium Development Association 1949–1952 :Chairman Zinc Alloy Diecasting Association 1952–1956 :founding member of British Institute of Management :Member of the American Society of Automotive Engineers He died of heart failure in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham on 22 December 1957. Woollard's flow production system was remarkably similar to current-day Lean production, and used most features of today's Lean production system methods and processes.
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